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Tobacco has been used by human beings for more than 400 years. It contains a large number of chemical substances including **nicotine**, an alkaloid. While buying cigarettes one cannot miss the statutory warning printed on the packet **'Smoking is injurious to health'**.
**Mode of abuse:** It is smoked or chewed as '... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.4 TOBACCO, DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE (TDA ABUSE)**",
"Header 3": "**6.4.1 Tobacco**",
"token_count": 234,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Drugs are the chemical substances used in the treatment, cure and prevention of diseases so as to enhance one's physical or mental well being. For hundreds of years, several plants, fruits and seeds with hallucinogenic properties have been used in folk-medicine, religious ceremonies (such as '**bhang**' on the **'Holi ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.4 TOBACCO, DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE (TDA ABUSE)**",
"Header 3": "**6.4.2 Drugs**",
"token_count": 907,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- **1. Adolescence:** It is the time period between the beginning of puberty and the beginning of adulthood. In other words, it is the bridge linking childhood and adulthood. The age between 12-18 years is considered **'adolescence period'**. It is both 'a period and a process' during which a child becomes mature. It i... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.4 TOBACCO, DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE (TDA ABUSE)**",
"Header 3": "**6.4.3 Adolescence and TDA abuse**",
"token_count": 314,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The TDA abuse leads to addiction and dependence.
- **1. Addiction:** It is a psychological attachment to certain effects such as euphoria. The most important thing one fails to realise is, the inherent **'addictive nature'** of tobacco, drugs and alcohol. With the repeated use of TDA, the tolerance level of the recep... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.4 TOBACCO, DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE (TDA ABUSE)**",
"Header 3": "**6.4.4 Addiction and Dependence**",
"token_count": 255,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The immediate adverse effects of drugs and alcohol abuse are manifested in the form of reluctant behaviour, vandalism and violence. Excessive doses of drugs may lead to coma and death due to respiratory or heart failure or cerebral haemorrhage. A combination of drugs or their intake along with alcohol generally results... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.4 TOBACCO, DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE (TDA ABUSE)**",
"Header 3": "**6.4.5 Adverse effects of drugs and alcohol abuse**",
"token_count": 317,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The age-old adage of **'Prevention is better than cure'** holds true here also. Some of the measures useful for prevention and control of TDA abuse among the adolescents are:
- **i) Avoid undue parental pressure:** Every child has his/her own choice, capacity and personality. The parents should not force their childr... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.4 TOBACCO, DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE (TDA ABUSE)**",
"Header 3": "**6.4.6 Prevention and Control**",
"token_count": 217,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Abscess:** A wound consisting of a localized collection of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue
**Abuse:** Improper or excessive use.
**Alkaloid:** Natural bases containing nitrogen, found in plants. e.g. Quinine
**Alveoli of lungs**: Tiny sacs for holding air in the lungs in which the exchange of gases takes plac... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**GLOSSARY**",
"token_count": 1134,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- **i) Bronchitis:** Inflammation of the membranes lining the bronchial tubes
- **ii) Chikungunya:** It is a viral disease caused by *Chikungunya virus* (CHIKV) which is a heat sensitive RNA virus **Mode of infection:** Inoculation through the bite of *Aedes aegypti* which bites during the day time. **Symptoms:** Fever... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**GLOSSARY**",
"Header 3": "**SOME MORE COMMON DISEASES**",
"token_count": 647,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. Define parasitism and justify this term.
- 2. Distinguish between vector and a reservoir host.
- 3. Distinguish between mechanical vector and biological vector.
- 4. What is a hyper-parasite? Mention the name of one hyper-parasite.
- 5. What do you mean by parasitic castration? Give one example.
- 6. What are the ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**GLOSSARY**",
"Header 3": "**VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 868,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. What is the need for parasites to develop special adaptations? Mention some special adaptations developed by the parasites.
- 2. Distinguish between hypertrophy and hyperplasia with an example for each.
- 3. Describe the structure of a trophozoite *of Entamoeba histolytica.*
- 4. Explain the life cycle of *Entamoe... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**GLOSSARY**",
"Header 3": "**SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 333,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. Why should *Anopheles* only be the vector for *Plasmodium* when there are several other types of mosquitoes in the world ?
- 2. The epithelium surrounding the wall of the gut is called peritoneum. Inflammation of peritoneum is called peritonitis. From the information provided above, which of the following can poss... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "*For ignited minds* **- NOT FOR EVALUATION**",
"token_count": 511,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Cockroach belongs to the phylum Arthropoda and the class Insecta. Insecta is the largest class of animals in the Kingdom –Animalia. These are terrestrial animals but adapted to live in all habitats, except in deep waters of the seas. Insects are distinguished from other arthropods in possessing three *tagmata* in the b... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "*Periplaneta americana* **(Cockroach)**",
"token_count": 236,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Cockroach has an elongated, narrow, elliptical, dorso-ventrally depressed body. It exhibits bilateral symmetry. The wings extend beyond the tip of the abdomen in the males. The colour is reddish brown with a light yellow area around the edges of the pronotum. The complete body is externally covered by a **chitinous cut... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "7.2 EXTERNAL FEATURES (MORPHOLOGY)",
"token_count": 742,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
A pair of first maxillae is situated on the sides of the mouth immediately behind the mandibles. Each maxilla is 'biramous' and consists of three parts: the protopodite, endopodite, and the exopodite. **Cardo** and **stipes** constitute the protopodite. A five jointed maxillary palp, arising from a sclerite called **pa... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "7.2 EXTERNAL FEATURES (MORPHOLOGY)",
"Header 3": "**First maxillae**",
"token_count": 201,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The second pair of maxillae lies behind the first pair. Both the second maxillae fuse to form a broad plate like **labium** or **lower lip**. It consists of three parts: the upper submentum, the middle mentum and the lower prementum. A three segmented labial palp, arising from a sclerite called **palpiger**, is present... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "7.2 EXTERNAL FEATURES (MORPHOLOGY)",
"Header 3": "**Second maxillae (Labium or Lower lip)**",
"token_count": 314,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Neck is short, slender, flexible tube (a part or extension of the thorax) that connects the head with the thorax. It is supported by *four cervical sclerites*. It is not a 'tagma' of the body. It helps in the movement of the head.
**B. Thorax:** The thorax is the second 'tagma' of the body. It consists of three segme... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "7.2 EXTERNAL FEATURES (MORPHOLOGY)",
"Header 3": "**Neck (cervicum)**",
"token_count": 1223,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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The foregut includes pharynx, oesophagus, crop, and gizzard. It is internally lined by a chitinous cuticle. Mouth opens into the **pharynx**, which in turn leads into a narrow tubular oesophagus. The **oesophagus** opens behind into a thin walled distensible sac called **crop**. The crop serves as a reservoir for stori... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.4 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**1. Foregut or stomodaeum**",
"token_count": 259,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The midgut is a short and narrow tube behind the gizzard. It is also called **mesenteron** or **ventriculus**. Between the ventriculus and the gizzard, arising from ventriculus, there are six to eight finger like diverticula called **hepatic caecae.** They are helpful in digestion and absorption of the digested food ma... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.4 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**2. Midgut (mesenteron or ventriculus)**",
"token_count": 326,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
There is a pair of salivary glands attached to the ventrolateral sides of the crop, one on each side. Each salivary gland has two lobes. Each lobe of salivary gland has many lobules called **acini**. Each acinus is a group of secretory cells called *zymogen cells* with a small ductule. The ductules of both the lobes of... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.4 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**1. Salivary glands**",
"token_count": 304,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- **a) Food collection:** Cockroach is an **omnivorous** insect. It feeds on all types of organic matter. It locates the food by the olfactory sensillae of antenna, labial palps and maxillary palps. The food is seized with the help of forelegs, labrum and labium. It is passed to the mandibles for biting and chewing. Th... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.4 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**III. Physiology of Digestion**",
"token_count": 460,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The circulatory system helps in the transportation of digested food, hormones etc., from one part to another in the body. Periplaneta has an **open type** of circulatory system as the blood, or haemolymph, flows freely within the body cavity or haemocoel. Blood vessels are poorly developed and open into spaces. Viscera... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.5 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"token_count": 419,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The blood flows forward in the heart by the contractions of its chambers. At the anterior end of the heart, the blood flows into the aorta and from there it enters the sinus of the head. From the head sinus, the blood flows into the perivisceral and sternal sinuses. On contraction of the alary muscles the pericardial s... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.5 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**4. Circulation of blood**",
"token_count": 202,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Due to the absence of respiratory pigment, the blood of cockroach is colourless and it cannot carry oxygen to different tissues. Therefore a tracheal system is developed to carry the air directly to the tissues. The respiratory system of cockroach consists of stigmata, tracheae and tracheoles.
*Periplaneta americana*... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.6 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"token_count": 648,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
As air enters the tracheoles, oxygen from the air is taken into the cells and CO2 is released into haemolymph. The CO2 from the haemolymph mostly goes out through the inter-segmental membranes of the body wall.Cockroach and some other insects such as grasshoppers and beetles exhibit the phenomenon of **discontinuous ve... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.6 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**5. Exchange of gases**",
"token_count": 289,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The excretory system of cockroach helps in eliminating the nitrogenous wastes from the body in the form of **uric acid.** So *Periplaneta* is called a **uricotelic** animal. The structures associated with excretory function are: **Malpighian tubules**, **Fat bodies**, **Uricose glands**, **Nephrocytes** (Ref. NCERT) an... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.7 EXCRETORY SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"token_count": 677,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The two ventral nerve cords are solid and ganglionated. They arise from the sub-oesophageal ganglion and extend upto the 7th abdominal segment. The two
**Fig. 7.10** *Periplaneta* **: Nervous system**
nerve cords remain separate except at the ganglia. Three thoracic ganglia are prese... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.8 NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSE ORGANS OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**2. Ventral nerve cord**",
"token_count": 228,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It consists of nerves arising from the central nervous system .It receives a pair of, **optic nerves**, from the compound eyes, a pair of **antennal nerves,** from the antennae and a pair of **labral nerves**, from the labrum. Motor neurons of the frontal nerve to the **frontal ganglion** join the sensory neurons of th... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.8 NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSE ORGANS OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**II. Peripheral Nervous System**",
"token_count": 307,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
This system is also called **stomatogastric nervous system** or 'visceral nervous system'. It controls the visceral organs, particularly the muscles of the alimentary canal, and the heart. Autonomous nervous system includes four ganglia, a **frontal ganglion** on the dorsal wall of the pharynx, in front of the brain, *... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.8 NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSE ORGANS OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**III. Autonomous Nervous System**",
"token_count": 262,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Each typical ommatidium is an elongated sub unit of the compound eye, consisting of the following parts.
- **1. Cornea:** It is the outermost part of an ommatidium and corresponds to a 'hexagonal facet' of the compound eye. It is a biconvex, transparent part of the cuticle and allows light to pass through it. Cornea ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.8 NERVOUS SYSTEM AND SENSE ORGANS OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**1. Structure of an Ommatidium**",
"token_count": 995,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The male reproductive system consists of a pair of **testes.** These are elongated and lobed structures lying one on each lateral side in the **fourth** to **sixth abdominal segments**. They are embedded in the fat bodies. From the posterior end of each testis, there starts a thin duct, the **vas deferens**. The two va... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.9 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**7.1.2 Male Reproductive System**",
"token_count": 493,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
A pair of large **ovaries** lies laterally in 2 to 6 abdominal segments. They are light yellow in colour surrounded by fat bodies. Each ovary consists of eight tubules called ovarian tubules or **ovarioles**. Each ovariole consists of a tapering anterior filament called **germarium**, and a posterior wider **vitellariu... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.9 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**Ovaries**",
"token_count": 566,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The fertile female produces certain **pheromones** (chemical substances useful in chemocommunication) , that attract the males for copulation. Copulation occurs during summer and it takes place during the night time. For copulation the male and female cockroaches bring their posterior ends very close. The male deposits... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.9 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**7.9.3 Life history**",
"token_count": 437,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Abdomen**: Third or posterior division (tagma) of an insect
**Antenna**: A sensitive feeler from the animals head; tactile and olfactory in function
**Appendage**: A movable projecting part of the body; mouth parts are modified appendages.
**Arolium**: A soft hairy pad between claws in the leg of cockroach.
*... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.9 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**GLOSSARY**",
"token_count": 582,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. What are the structures with which cockroach walks on smooth surfaces and on rough surfaces respectively?
- 2. How is a tripod formed with reference to locomotion in cockroach?
- 3. Name the muscles that help in elevating and depressing the wings of a cockroach?
- 4. Name the different blood sinuses in cockroach?
... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**7.9 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OF** *PERIPLANETA*",
"Header 3": "**VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 568,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
1. Do you know that animals send out nitrogenous wastes in the form of ammonia, urea, uric acid, guanine, etc. Ammonia is the *most toxic substance* and it can be sent only in very dilute form. It requires loss of more water (urine is hypotonic). Some fishes excrete ammonia (ammonotelic), as availability of water is no... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "*For ignited minds* **- NOT FOR EVALUATION**",
"token_count": 956,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The 'Address and 'Profession' of organisms - A holistic approach to the study of organisms
**T**he branches of Biology such as 'morphology' and 'anatomy' give us a fairly good picture of organisms. However **Modern Biology** lays stress on studying the habitat, environment - organism relationship (**Ecology**) to get... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**Ecology and Environment**",
"token_count": 1052,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Ecology is a subject which deals with the study of the interactions among organisms and between the organisms and their physical (abiotic) environment. The word 'ecology' was derived from the Greek term 'oikos' which means 'house', and 'logos' meaning 'study'. Ecology was defined by **Ernst Haeckel** as "**the study of... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**Ecology and its Importance**",
"Header 3": "**8.0.1 What is Ecology?**",
"token_count": 289,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**8.1.1 Levels of organization**
**8.1.2 Environment**
**8.1.3 Habitat**
**8.1.4 Niche**
Ecology at the organism level is essentially **physiological ecology** which tries to understand how different organisms are adapted to their environments in terms of not only survival but also reproduction. You may have le... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.1 ORGANISMS AND ENVIRONMENT**",
"token_count": 404,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Since plants produce food through photosynthesis, a process which is possible only when sunlight is available as a source of energy, we can easily understand the importance of light for all living organisms, particularly the 'autotrophs'. Many species of small plants (herbs and shrubs) growing in forests are adapted to... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.2 ECOSYSTEM- ELEMENTARY ASPECTS**",
"Header 3": "**8.2.1 Light**",
"token_count": 253,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The duration of the light hours / exposure to light in a day is known as **photoperiod.** The response of organisms for the photoperiod is called **photoperiodism**. The response to photoperiod often centers on reproduction and survival(production of flowers, the migration of birds etc.,). The specific day length which... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.2 ECOSYSTEM- ELEMENTARY ASPECTS**",
"Header 3": "**6. Effect of 'photoperiod' on animals (photoperiodism)**",
"token_count": 351,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
During summer in temperate lakes, the density of the surface water decreases because of increase in its temperature (21-250C). This 'upper more warm layer' of a lake is called epilimnion. Below the epilimnion there is a zone in which the temperature decreases at the rate of 10C per meter in depth, and it is called **th... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.2 ECOSYSTEM- ELEMENTARY ASPECTS**",
"Header 3": "**Summer stratification**",
"token_count": 276,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The 'Fall' is followed by 'Winter'. In this season the surface water cools down. The upper water freezes when the temperature reaches 00C. Below the upper icy layer, the
**Fig. 8.6 Stratification in temperate lakes**
cool (4OC) water occupies the lake. The aquatic animals continue th... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.2 ECOSYSTEM- ELEMENTARY ASPECTS**",
"Header 3": "**Winter stratification /stagnation**",
"token_count": 256,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
van't Hoff, a Nobel Laureate in thermochemistry, proposed that, with the increase of every 100C, the rate of metabolic activities doubles. This rule is referred to as the **van't Hoff's rule**. van't Hoff's rule can also be stated in reverse saying that the reaction rate is halved with the decrease of every 100C. The e... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.2 ECOSYSTEM- ELEMENTARY ASPECTS**",
"Header 3": "**3. van't Hoff's rule**",
"token_count": 202,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The cyclic seasonal morphological variations among certain organisms is called **cyclomorphosis**. This phenomenon has been demonstrated in the cladoceran (a sub group of crustacea) *Daphnia (water flea)*. In the winter season the head of *Daphnia* is
**Fig. 8.7 Cyclomorphosis in Daphn... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.2 ECOSYSTEM- ELEMENTARY ASPECTS**",
"Header 3": "**4. Cyclomorphosis**",
"token_count": 291,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
In the polar seas, aquatic mammals such as the seals have a thick layer of fat (**blubber**) that acts as an **insulator** and reduces the loss of body heat, underneath their skin.
The animals which live in colder regions have larger body size with greater mass. The body mass is useful to generate more heat. As per *... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.2 ECOSYSTEM- ELEMENTARY ASPECTS**",
"Header 3": "**b. Morphological and anatomical adaptations**",
"token_count": 318,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
In most animals, all the physiological functions proceed 'optimally' in a narrow temperature range (in humans, it is 370C). However there are microbes (**archaebacteria**) that flourish in hot springs and in some parts of deep seas, where temperatures far exceed 1000C. Many fish thrive in Antarctic waters where the tem... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.2 ECOSYSTEM- ELEMENTARY ASPECTS**",
"Header 3": "**c. Physiological adaptations**",
"token_count": 241,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Some organisms are able to maintain homeostasis by physiological (sometimes behavioural also) means which ensures constant body temperature, constant osmotic concentration, etc., All birds and mammals, and a very few lower vertebrate and invertebrate species are indeed capable of such regulation (**thermoregulation** a... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.2 ECOSYSTEM- ELEMENTARY ASPECTS**",
"Header 3": "**(i) Regulate**",
"token_count": 337,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Animals living in freshwaters have to tackle the problem of **endosmosis**. The osmotic pressure of freshwater is very low and that of the body fluids of freshwater organisms is much higher. So water tends to enter into bodies by endosmosis. To maintain the balance of water in the bodies, the freshwater organisms acqui... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.2 ECOSYSTEM- ELEMENTARY ASPECTS**",
"Header 3": "**1. Adaptations in freshwater habitat**",
"token_count": 241,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Seawater is high in salt content compared to that of the body fluids. So, the marine animals continuously tend to lose water from their bodies by **exosmosis** and face the problem of dehydration. To overcome the problem of water loss, marine fishes have **aglomerular kidneys** with less number of nephrons. Such kidney... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.2 ECOSYSTEM- ELEMENTARY ASPECTS**",
"Header 3": "**2. Adaptations in marine habitat**",
"token_count": 234,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Pressure is another factor that changes dramatically with depth in the ocean. Organisms on land face less than one 'atmosphere' of pressure at the sea level. Since water is much heavier than air, marine organisms are under much more pressure than those on land. The pressure in water increases at the rate of 1 atmospher... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.2 ECOSYSTEM- ELEMENTARY ASPECTS**",
"Header 3": "**8.2.5 Pressure**",
"token_count": 373,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**8.3.1 Inter-specific Interactions 8.3.2 Predation 8.3.3 Competition 8.3.4 Parasitism 8.3.5 Commensalism 8.3.6 Mutualism**
Can you think of any natural habitat on earth that is inhabited just by a single species? There is no such habitat and such a situation is unimaginable. For any species, the minimal requirement ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.3 POPULATION INTERACTIONS**",
"token_count": 206,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Inter-specific interactions arise from the interaction of populations of two different species. They could be beneficial, detrimental or neutral (neither harmful nor beneficial) to one of the species or both. Assigning a '+' sign for beneficial interaction, '–' sign for detrimental and '0' for neutral interaction, let ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.3 POPULATION INTERACTIONS**",
"Header 3": "**8.3.1 Inter-specific Interactions**",
"token_count": 393,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
If a predator is too efficient and overexploits its prey, then the prey might become extinct and following it, the predator will also become extinct due to lack of food. This is the reason why predators in nature are 'prudent'.
Prey species have evolved various defenses to lessen the impact of predation. They include... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.3 POPULATION INTERACTIONS**",
"Header 3": "**C. Predators are prudent (practical) pertaining to preys**",
"token_count": 443,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Another evidence for the occurrence of competition in nature comes from what is called '**competitive release**'. Competitive release occurs when one of the two competing species is removed from an area, thereby releasing the remaining species from one of the factors that limited its population size. A species, whose d... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.3 POPULATION INTERACTIONS**",
"Header 3": "**III. Competitive release**",
"token_count": 203,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Considering that the parasitic mode of life ensures free 'lodging' and 'meals', it is not surprising that parasitism has evolved in so many taxonomic groups from plants to higher vertebrates. Many parasites have evolved to be **host-specific** (they can parasitize only a specific species of host) in such a way that bot... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.3 POPULATION INTERACTIONS**",
"Header 3": "**8.3.4 Parasitism**",
"token_count": 349,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**I. Ectoparasites:** These parasites feed on host organism while remaining outside the body of the host. The most familiar examples of this group are the *lice* on humans and **ticks** on dogs. Many marine fish are infested with ectoparasitic copepods.
**Plant examples**: *Cuscuta*, a parasitic plant that is commonl... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.3 POPULATION INTERACTIONS**",
"Header 3": "**The Types of Parasites**",
"token_count": 352,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
This is the interaction in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefited. Barnacles growing on the back of a whale benefit while the whale derives no noticeable benefit.
The 'cattle egret' (a kind of bird) and 'grazing cattle' living in close association, is a good example of commensalism. ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.3 POPULATION INTERACTIONS**",
"Header 3": "**8.3.5 Commensalism**",
"token_count": 242,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
This type of interaction benefits both the interacting species.
The most common examples of mutualism are found in plant-animal relationships. Plants need the help of animals for **pollinating** their flowers and **dispersing** their seeds. Animals obviously have to be paid '**fees**' for the services that plants der... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.3 POPULATION INTERACTIONS**",
"Header 3": "**8.3.6 Mutualism**",
"token_count": 741,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Based on the **salinity** of water, three types of aquatic ecosystems are identifiedmarine, freshwater, and estuarine.
- **i. The Marine Ecosystem**: It is the largest of all the aquatic ecosystems. It is the most stable ecosystem
- **ii. Estuarine Ecosystem:** Estuary is the zone where river joins the sea. Sea water... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.4. ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR COMPONENTS**",
"Header 3": "**8.4.2 Aquatic Ecosystems**",
"token_count": 272,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
To understand the fundamentals of an aquatic ecosystem, let us take a 'lake' as an example. This is fairly a self-sustainable unit and rather a simple example that explains even the complex interactions that exist in an aquatic ecosystem.
Lakes are large inland water bodies containing standing/still water (Recall: Le... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.4. ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR COMPONENTS**",
"Header 3": "**8.4.3 Lake Ecosystem**",
"token_count": 457,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Littoral zone is rich with pedonic flora (especially up to the depth of the effective light penetration). At the shore proper '**emergent vegetation'** is abundant with firmly fixed roots in the bottom of the lake and shoots and leaves are exposed above the level of water. These are **amphibious plants**. Certain emerg... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.4. ECOSYSTEMS AND THEIR COMPONENTS**",
"Header 3": "**Biota (animal and plant life of a particular region) of the littoral zone**",
"token_count": 770,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
You may have heard of the earthworm being referred to as the farmer's 'friend'. This is so because they help in the breakdown of complex organic matter as well as in loosening of the soil (making the soil porous). Similarly, decomposers break down complex organic matter into simple inorganic substances like carbon diox... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.5 FOOD CHAINS, FOOD WEB, PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY FLOW**",
"Header 3": "**3. Decomposers**",
"token_count": 371,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Decomposition is largely an oxygen-requiring process. The rate of decomposition is controlled by chemical composition of the detritus and *climatic factors*. In a particular climatic condition, decomposition rate is slower if detritus is rich in **lignin**
**Fig. 8.12 Diagrammatic repre... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.5 FOOD CHAINS, FOOD WEB, PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY FLOW**",
"Header 3": "**Decomposition**",
"token_count": 206,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Energy flows into biological systems (ecosystems) from the Sun. The biological systems of environment include several food levels called **trophic levels**. A trophic level is composed of those organisms which have the same source of energy and having the same number of steps (energy storing and transfer steps) away fr... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.5 FOOD CHAINS, FOOD WEB, PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY FLOW**",
"Header 3": "**8.5.2 The Food Chains**",
"token_count": 343,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It is also known as predatory food chain. It begins with the green plants (producers) and the second, third and fourth trophic levels are occupied by the herbivores, primary carnivores and secondary carnivores respectively. In some food chains there is yet another trophic level – the climax carnivores. The number of tr... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.5 FOOD CHAINS, FOOD WEB, PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY FLOW**",
"Header 3": "**I. Grazing Food Chain**",
"token_count": 330,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The detritus food chain (**DFC**) begins with dead organic matter (such as leaf litter, bodies of dead organisms and faeces of animals). It is made up of **decomposers** which are **heterotrophic organisms**, mainly the 'fungi' and 'bacteria'. They meet their energy and nutrient requirements by degrading dead organic m... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.5 FOOD CHAINS, FOOD WEB, PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY FLOW**",
"Header 3": "**III. Detritus Food Chain**",
"token_count": 352,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Except for the deep sea **hydro-thermal**
**ecosystem7**, sun is the only source of energy for all ecosystems on Earth. Of the incident solar radiation less than 50 per cent of it is **photosynthetically active radiation** (PAR). We know that plants and photosynthetic bacteria (autotrophs), fix Sun's radiant energy t... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.5 FOOD CHAINS, FOOD WEB, PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY FLOW**",
"Header 3": "**8.5.3 Energy Flow**",
"token_count": 570,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The 10 percent law for the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next was introduced by Lindeman (the Founder of the modern Ecosystem Ecology). According to this law, during the transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next,only about 10 percent of the energy is stored/ converted as body mass / bioma... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.5 FOOD CHAINS, FOOD WEB, PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY FLOW**",
"Header 3": "**The 10 percent Law**",
"token_count": 219,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
You must be familiar with the shape of a pyramid. The base of a pyramid is broad and it narrows down towards the apex. The trophic relationship is expressed in terms of numbers; biomass or energy arranged one on the top of its lower trophic level, resulting in a pyramidal shape. It is a graphical representation of the ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.5 FOOD CHAINS, FOOD WEB, PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY FLOW**",
"Header 3": "**8.5.5 Ecological Pyramids (Eltonian pyramids)**",
"token_count": 544,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
However, there are certain limitations of ecological pyramids, such as –
- i) it does not take into account the same species belonging to two or more trophic levels,
- ii) It assumes a simple food chain, something that almost never exists in nature,
- iii) it does not accommodate a food web, iv) moreover, saprophytes... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.5 FOOD CHAINS, FOOD WEB, PRODUCTIVITY AND ENERGY FLOW**",
"Header 3": "**Limitations of Ecological Pyramids**",
"token_count": 384,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**8.6.1 Carbon Cycle 8.6.2 Nitrogen Cycle 8.6.3 Phosphorous Cycle**
Organisms need a constant supply of nutrients to grow, reproduce and regulate various body functions. The amount of nutrients, such as carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium, etc., present in the soil at any given time, is referred to as the **standin... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.6 NUTRIENT CYCLES**",
"token_count": 263,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The element carbon constitutes 49 percent of the dry weight of organisms and is next only to water. Among the total carbon quantity present on the Earth, 71 percent is found dissolved in oceans. This 'oceanic reservoir' regulates the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It will be interesting to know that the at... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.6 NUTRIENT CYCLES**",
"Header 3": "**8.6.1 Carbon Cycle**",
"token_count": 294,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Apart from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen is the most prevalent element in living organisms. Nitrogen is a constituent of amino acids, proteins, hormones, chlorophylls and many of the vitamins. Plants compete with microbes for the limited nitrogen that is available in the soil. Thus nitrogen is a 'limiting nutri... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.6 NUTRIENT CYCLES**",
"Header 3": "**8.6.2 Nitrogen Cycle**",
"token_count": 452,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**8.7.1 Population attributes 8.7.2 Population growth 8.7.3 Lifehistory variation**
In nature, animals of any species which live as isolated single individuals are very rare. Majority of them live in groups, in a well defined geographical area. They share or compete for similar resources and interbreed to produce fer... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.7 POPULATION**",
"token_count": 232,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
A population has certain attributes that an individual organism does not exhibit.
- **1. Natality (**Birth rate**)** and **Mortality (**Death rate**):** An individual may have birth and death, but a population has **birth rate (natality)** and **death rate (mortality)**. Natality is the number of new individuals prod... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.7 POPULATION**",
"Header 3": "**8.7.1 Population Attributes**",
"token_count": 963,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The size of a population for any species is not a static parameter. It keeps changing in time, depending on various factors including availability of food, 'predation pressure' and '**environmental resistance**'. These changes in population density provide information whether it is '*flourishing* or *declining*'. Whate... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.7 POPULATION**",
"Header 3": "**8.7.2. Population Growth**",
"token_count": 430,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Does the growth of a population with time show any specific and predictable pattern? Uncontrolled growth of human population and resultant problems in our country are seriously concerning our planners. Therefore naturally we are curious to know whether different animal populations in nature behave the same way or show ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.7 POPULATION**",
"Header 3": "**Growth Models**",
"token_count": 1068,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Nitrogen oxides are considered to be major primary pollutants. The source is mainly automobile exhaust. The air polluted by nitrogen oxides is not only harmful to humans and animals, but also dangerous for the life of plants. Nitrogen oxide pollution also results in **acid rains** and formation of **photochemical smog*... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**4. Nitrogen Oxides**",
"token_count": 315,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Tiny particles of solid matter suspended in a gas or liquid constitute the 'particulate matter'. 'Aerosols' refer to particles and/or liquid droplets and the gas together (**a system of colloidal particles dispersed in a gas\***). Combustion of 'fossil fuels' (petrol, diesel, etc.,), fly ash produced in thermal plants,... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**5. Particulate matter/Aerosols**",
"token_count": 336,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
In India, **Air (Prevention and control of pollution) Act** came into force in 1981. In 1987 it was amended to include noise also as an air pollutant. Undesirably high sounds constitute **noise pollution**. Sound is measured in units called decibels (dB). The human ear is sensitive to sounds ranging from **0 to 180 dB*... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**Noise Pollution**",
"token_count": 221,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Delhi leads the country not only as the National Capital but also in it's level of air pollution. Air pollution problem in the city of Delhi reached such a serious stage that a public interest litigation (court case) was filed in the Supreme Court of India. Under the directions of the Apex Court, the Government took va... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "*8.8.1.1 Controlling vehicular air pollution: A case study*",
"token_count": 457,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Presence of large amounts of nutrients in waters also causes excessive growth of planktonic algae and the phenomenon is commonly called 'algal blooms'. Algal blooms impart distinct colour to the water bodies and reduce the quality of water. It also causes mortality of fish. Some algae which are involved in algal blooms... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**Algal blooms**",
"token_count": 216,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Fig. 8.24 Biomagnification of DDT in an aquatic food chain**
Increase in the concentration of the pollutant or toxicant at successive trophic levels in an aquatic food chain is called **Biological Magnification** or **Bio-magnification**. This happens in the instances where a toxic s... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**Biomagnification**",
"token_count": 248,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Wastewater including sewage can be treated in an integrated manner, by combining both artificial and natural processes. A good example for such an initiative comes from the town of **Arcata,** situated along the northern coast of **California**. In collaboration with biologists from the Humboldt State University, the p... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "*8.8.2.2* **A Case Study Of Integrated Waste Water Treatment**",
"token_count": 291,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Any thing (substance/material/articles/goods) that is thrown out as waste in solid form is referred to as **solid waste**. Municipal solid wastes are wastes from homes, offices, institutions, shops, hotels, restaurants etc., in towns and cities.
The municipal solid wastes generally consist of paper, food wastes, plas... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**Solid Wastes**",
"token_count": 460,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
A Bangalore based plastic sack manufacturer **Ahmed Khan**, found an ideal solution to the ever-increasing problem of accumulating plastic waste. He is in the field of producing plastic sacks for more than 20 years. A few years ago, he realised the threat posed by plastic waste. As a remedy, his company developed a fin... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**8.8.3.1 A Case Study Of Remedy For Plastic Waste**",
"token_count": 255,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Integrated organic farming is a *zero-waste* procedure, where recycling of waste products is efficiently carried out. Wastes originated from one process are used as nutrients for other processes. This allows the maximum utilisation of resource and increases the efficiency of production. A method practiced by **Ramesh C... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**8.8.3.2 Case Study of organic farming**",
"token_count": 200,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The term '**Greenhouse effect**' has been derived from a phenomenon that occurs in a 'greenhouse'. Greenhouse is a small glass house and is used for growing plants especially during winter. In a greenhouse the glass panel allows the passage of light into it, but does not allow heat to escape (as it is reflected back). ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**8.8.4 Green house effect and global warming**",
"token_count": 574,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Ozone, formed in the lower atmosphere (troposphere) is known as **'bad ozone'** which harms plants and animals. Ozone found in the upper part of the atmosphere called the stratosphere is known as '**good ozone'**, and it acts as an efficient **shield** by absorbing ultraviolet radiation from the sun. UV rays are highly... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**stratosphere**",
"token_count": 487,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The degradation of natural resources can occur, not just by the action of pollutants but also by improper resource utilisation practices.
- **i) Soil erosion** and **desertification**: The development of the fertile **top-soil** takes centuries. But, it can be removed very easily due to human activities like overcult... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**8.8.6 Degradation by improper resource utilisation and maintenance**",
"token_count": 559,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
People's participation in 'protecting forests ' has a long history in India. In 1731, the king of Jodhpur in Rajasthan asked one of his ministers to arrange wood for constructing a new palace. The minister and workers went to a forest near a village, inhabited by Bishnois, to cut down trees. The **Bishnoi community** i... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**Amrita Devi Bishnoi wildlife protection Award**",
"token_count": 270,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Autecology**: ecology of individual species
**Basking**: Exposing the body to sun light, to gain temeprature.
**Benthos**: It refers to all the attached, creeping or burrowing organisms that inhabit the bottom of rivers, lakes and sea.
**Biomass**: The total mass of living material within a specified area at a ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**GLOSSARY**",
"token_count": 1766,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. Define the term ecology and its branches.
- 2. Define a community?
- 3. What is an ecosystem?
- 4. What is a biome? Name any two biomes you studied.
- 5. Explain the difference between the 'niche' of an organism and its 'habitat'.
- 6. How does your body solve the problem of altitude sickness, when you ascend tall... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 432,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. What is summer stratification? Explain.
- 2. What is the significance of stratification in lakes?
- 3. Explain vant' Hoff rule.
- 4. Unlike mammals the reptiles cannot tolerate environmental fluctuations in temperature. How do they adapt to survive in desert conditions?
- 5. How do terrestrial animals protect them... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**8.8 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 368,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. All types of UV rays are not useless to man. How do you defend the statement?
- 2. Elephant is a large sized animal and an herbivore. How do you justify it?
- 3. Lakes in temperate countries are much better places for aquatic life than the tropical lakes. Do you agree with above statement? Explain.
- 4. Even thoug... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**268** *Zoology For ignited minds* **- NOT FOR EVALUATION**",
"token_count": 351,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- Biological sciences –D.J Taylor ,N.P.O Green and G.W Stout.
- Integrated principles of zoology-Hickman, Roberts and Larson
- Environmental science towards a sustainable future-Richard t Wright, Dorothy F.Boorse
- Environmental science-Y. Anjaneyulu
- Biodiversity principles and conservation-Kumar, Asija.
- Zoology Ph... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**268** *Zoology For ignited minds* **- NOT FOR EVALUATION**",
"Header 3": "**References**",
"token_count": 663,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
| | Name of Topics and sub topics | No of Periods |
|------|--------------------------------------------------------------------|---------------|
| | UNIT- I: ZOOLOGY – Diversity of Living World | 16 |
| 1.1 | What is life? ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**Zoology- I (w.e.f 2012-13)**",
"token_count": 1994,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
| | Preface<br>xvii |
|-----|-------------------------------------------------|
| 1. | Introduction to Analytical Chemistry 1 |
| 2. | Basic Tools of Analytical Chemistry 13 |
| 3. | The Vocabulary of Analytical Chemistry 41 |
| 4. | Evaluating Analytical ... | {
"Header 1": "Brief Table of Contents",
"token_count": 285,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
| | Preface xvii | |
|-------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------|
| A<br>Organization | ... | {
"Header 1": "Detailed Table of Contents",
"token_count": 1666,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
101 |
| 4F.2 Comparing $s^2$ to $\sigma^2$ | 10/ |
| 4F.3 Comparing Two Sample Variances | |
| 4F.4 Comparing Two Sample Means | |
| | |
| 4G Detection Limits ... | {
"Header 1": "Detailed Table of Contents",
"token_count": 4506,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/clairvoyance.ipynb.pdf"
} |
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