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*The common garter snake of North America is a harmless nonvenomous snake that eats slugs, earthworms, tadpoles, and other small creatures. Because of this, it has a relatively small mouth and small teeth that are adapted to manipulating its small prey.*
*Meanwhile, nonvenomous Old World pythons and New World boas ca... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
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irds are the only animals on Earth with feathers, which is what makes them birds. The variety of birds, from the world's tiniest bird—the bee hummingbird, weighing just 1/15 of an ounce—to the largest bird on Earth—the ostrich, weighing up to 350 pounds—is truly amazing. This lecture will dive into the science of ornit... | {
"Header 1": "Beaks, Claws, and Eating like a Bird",
"token_count": 326,
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*There are about 50 million active birders in the United States and many more around the world. Watching birds in individual backyards is one of the most popular kinds of birding.*
*If you want to set up your own bird-watching location, a simple way is to establish a bird feeder where you can watch it. Make your bird... | {
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#### Shorebirds
Although shorebirds have short bills, long bills, straight bills, and curved bills, they are all similar in their beak shapes being like tweezers. The red knot, a type of sandpiper shorebird, migrates north to the United States from as far south as Argentina, flying almost 5000 miles from there to t... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 1928,
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Vervain and bee hummingbirds are the 2 smallest creatures living today in the entire bird world.
#### Flightless Bird Nests
- At the opposite end of the continuum, ostrich eggs are huge. They are at least 6 inches in diameter and can weigh up to 3 pounds. But they are only about 2% t... | {
"Header 1": "DID YOU?",
"token_count": 2002,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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The fat that they build up around their bodies during migration is the fat they use on their long flights.
- Every spring in the Delaware Bay, horseshoe crabs spawn billions of eggs, basically fat globules that the shorebirds stop and eat on their way to the Arctic to breed. The huge infusion of fat from the
horsesho... | {
"Header 1": "DID YOU?",
"token_count": 1712,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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ammals are vertebrates—animals with a spinal cord and bony spine. Among the vertebrates, there are about 30,000 species of fish, more than 8000 species of reptiles, almost 10,000 species of birds, and only about 5400 species of mammals, according to Smithsonian's Dr. Don Wilson and Bucknell University's Dr. DeeAnn Reed... | {
"Header 1": "What Makes a Mammal? Hair, Milk, and Teeth",
"token_count": 1201,
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*The spiny covering of hedgehogs and the horns of rhinoceros are made of keratin, the same substance that hair is made of.*
#### Milk
- In addition to hair, the other identifying trait of a mammal is the ability of female mammals to produce milk. In ma... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 1694,
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f the 5400 species that make up the mammal class, fewer than 300 of these species are large herbivores, such as elephants, rhinoceroses, giraffes, horses, cows, and deer. There are many smaller herbivores, including more than 2000 species in the rodent order, which includes mice, rats, guinea pigs, beavers, chinchillas... | {
"Header 1": "Herbivore Mammals: Ruminants and Runners",
"token_count": 493,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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*The only places ungulates aren't found in the wild are Australia (Australia's mammals are mostly marsupials) and Antarctica, where an herbivore would have a hard time surviving because Antarctica has almost no plants.*
and our gastrointestinal system. We humans have a generalized dent... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
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But they're not exclusively male.
- In the Bovidae family, we see lots of variation in this. In cows, sheep, and goats, animals of both sexes have horns, although the males' horns may be larger for premating combat.
- Among antelopes, horns might be carried by only the males, by both sexes, or not at all. Oryxes are am... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 1730,
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*Lions are one of the few carnivores that are able to take prey greater than their own weight.*
starve if food is not plentiful. After gorging themselves, lions may rest for up to a week before they try to hunt again.
Large areas of land are necessary to support herds of lions' natur... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW?DID YOU",
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*Polar bears are the largest terrestrial carnivores on the planet.*
#### Threats to Mammalian Carnivores
Mammologists from the International Union for Conservation of Nature believe that almost 1/4 of our world's mammals are threatened with extinction, and carnivores such as black-fo... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 285,
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oologists officially recognize more than 630 species of primates. The primate order includes lemurs, lorises, tarsiers, New World monkeys, Old World monkeys, lesser apes, and great apes, which includes us humans. This lecture will explore the ecology and behavior of our closest relatives in the animal kingdom, the prim... | {
"Header 1": "Primate Mammals: Diverse Forest Dwellers",
"token_count": 1012,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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*The New World monkeys include a competitor for the world's smallest primate, the common pygmy marmoset, which is only about 13 centimeters long and weighs just under 120 grams (about 4 ounces) on average.*
*The world's largest primate belongs to the great ape group. It's the gorilla, which weighs about 4 pounds at b... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 2016,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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Each species has its own form and function that is most adapted to its niche in the environment so that individuals survive and reproduce the next generation, making the species successful over time.
- When we study animals' form and function in our modern way, we're in the disciplines of anatomy and physiology. Anatom... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 1974,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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Comparisons of metabolic rate against size and life-span across species still appear to trend in the opposite direction.
- Within the small family group of bears, the small tropical sun bears, which are the size of a German shepherd, are not even close to the size of the largest of bears, the Kodiak bears and polar bea... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 2024,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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The stratum corneum of the reptile epidermis is well developed
*Pigment cells, known as chromatophores, are abundant in amphibians and reptiles and help in camouflage or as warning coloration.*
and produces horny scales. Reptile scales often form crests or spines, so these creatures ... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 2014,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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We eat plants, fungi, and animals in various forms.
- And our teeth are generalized for these activities: We can slice with our incisors, hold onto meat with our canines, and grind with our premolars and molars. We can digest fruits and juices, nuts, and meat in our relatively simple stomachs.
- Humans even developed f... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 750,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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atching animals behave, and understanding that behavior, has been incredibly important for human survival—for understanding our pets and domestic animals, for understanding game species, and for understanding and managing threatened species to save animals from extinction. For good management of both wild and domestic ... | {
"Header 1": "Ethology: Studying Animal Behavior",
"token_count": 2017,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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*Charles Darwin studied barnacles and earthworms most of his life because he found them to be incredibly interesting for answering the questions he had about natural selection and the beneficial nature of these creatures.*
not observed in the felids due to their ecological niche and ev... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
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The chimps grimaced menacingly at their image at first, but after a while, the chimps moved back and forth in front of the mirror to see what the mirror image would do. This phase of understanding a mirror is called contingency testing.
- When Gallup's chimps finally recognized their image in the mirror as themselves, ... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 2008,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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#### Canine Distemper Virus
The International Union for Conservation of Nature estimates that there are fewer than 2500 adult tigers left in nature, a decline in range
*Zoo pathology labs are where some of the detectives of the wildlife profession work, and pathologists at Smithsonian's National Zoo and Conservat... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 2030,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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Smithsonian's National Zoo and other zoos accredited by the Association of Zoos & Aquariums (AZA) are trying to make a difference in saving animals from extinction by restoring animals and plants to their natural habitats and restoring environmental systems.
- Smithsonian's National Zoo conservation biologists are very... | {
"Header 1": "? DID YOU KNOW? DID YOU",
"token_count": 1981,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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#### General Resources
*Association of Zoos and Aquariums*. https://www.aza.org/.
*Encyclopedia of Life*. http://www.eol.org/.
Hickman, Cleveland P., Susan L. Keen, David J. Eisenhour, Allan Larson, and Helen L'Anson. *Integrated Principles of Zoology*. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2017.
*The IUCN Red List ... | {
"Header 1": "Bibliography",
"token_count": 2033,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
*Gifts of the Crow: How Perception, Emotion, and Thought Allow Smart Birds to Behave like Humans*. New York: Atria, 2013.
McGavin, George C. *Insects and Other Terrestrial Arthropods.* Smithsonian Handbooks. New York: DK, 1997.
Montgomery, Georgina M. *Primates in the Real World: Escaping Primate Folklore and Creat... | {
"Header 1": "Bibliography",
"token_count": 991,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
- Page 4–5: © natmint/iStock/Thinkstock.
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- Page 20: © Dole08/i... | {
"Header 1": "Image Credits",
"token_count": 2043,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
} |
Page 184–185: © LaserLens/iStock/Thinkstock.
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Page 199: © CreativeNature\_nl/iStock/Thinkstock... | {
"Header 1": "Image Credits",
"token_count": 933,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-1266.pdf"
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Text Book
Pages : xx + 276 + iv
*©* **National Council of Educational Research and Training, 2007**
**Reprint : 2023**
Copies : 13000
#### **ALL RIGHTS RESERVED**
- No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**Zoology**",
"token_count": 412,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
I congratulate Akademi for starting its activities with printing of textbooks from the academic year 2021 – 22.
Education is a real asset which cannot be stolen by anyone and it is the foundation on which children build their future. As the world has become a global village, children will have to compete with the wor... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**MESSAGE**",
"token_count": 356,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
In accordance with the syllabus developed by the Board of Intermediate, State Council for Higher Education, SCERT etc., we design high quality Text books by recruiting efficient Professors, department heads and faculty members from various Universities and Colleges as writers and editors. We are taking steps to print t... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**Message of Chairperson, Telugu and Sanskrit Akademi, A.P.**",
"token_count": 252,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
I Congratulate Telugu and Sanskrit Akademi for taking up the initiative of printing and distributing textbooks in both Telugu and English media within a short span of establishing Telugu and Sanskrit Akademi.
Number of students of Andhra Pradesh are competing of National Level for admissions into Medicine and Enginee... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**MESSAGE**",
"token_count": 346,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Ajit Kumar Kavathekar,** *Reader* (Botany), Sri Venkateswara College, University of Delhi, Delhi
**B.B.P. Gupta,** *Professor,* Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong
**B.N. Pandey,** *Principal,* Ordinance Factory Higher Secondary School, Dehradun
**C.V. Shimray,** *Lecturer,* Departmen... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**Textbook Development Committee (NCERT)**",
"Header 3": "**Members**",
"token_count": 502,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Dr. M. Ananda Rao,** Associate Professor of Zoology, Govt. Degree college, Puttur, Chittoor
**K. Jaganmohan Rao,** Sr. Lecturer in Zoology, Narayana Jr. College, Madapur, Hyderabad,
**Dr. M. Guru Prasad Rao,** Deputy Secretary, BIE, Hyderabad,
**Ahmedullah Qureshi,** Jr. Lecturer in Zoology, GJC (B), Mahaboobna... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**TEXT BOOK DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE - A.P.**",
"Header 3": "**Members**",
"token_count": 230,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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**Prof. K.S. Tilak,** (Retd.), Dept., of Zoology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur.
**Prof. W. Rajendra,** Dept. of Zoology, S.V. University, Tirupati, Chittoor.
**Prof. G. Gnana Mani,** Dept. of Zoology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam.
**Dr. P. Indira,** Dept. of Zoology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, An... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**Subject Committee Members - BIE., A.P.**",
"token_count": 373,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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The Government of India vowed to remove the educational disparities and adopt a common core curriculum across the country especially at the Intermediate level. Ever since the Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Board of Intermediate Education (BIE) swung into action with the task of evolving a revised syllabus in all ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**Foreword**",
"token_count": 494,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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This Edition Is the outcome of the indefatigable effort of the BIE, over the last four months, and the deliberations of the committee of Experts set up to frame a new syllabus for Zoology on the lines recommended by the **COBSE**. With the Scope of the text book clearly defined by the authorities concerned, the Editori... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**Preface**",
"token_count": 548,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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| | UNIT I : Diversity of Living World | 1-28 |
|------|-----------------------------------------------------|--------|
| 1.1 | What is Life? | 3 |
| 1.2 | Nature, Scope and Meaning of Zoology | 6 |
| 1.3 | Branches of Zoology ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**Contents**",
"token_count": 1404,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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*Biology* is the science of life and living processes. The living world comprises an amazing **diversity** of living organisms. However, living organisms show '*Fundamental Similarity*' in many respects. The study of 'Life' involves a multidisciplinary approach, involving many of the principles of **chemistry**, **phys... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**Diversity of Living World**",
"token_count": 959,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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**'***Life***'** is an exclusive property of the various types of living organisms in the world. Recent discovery of fossils of some microscopic organisms extended the known 'history of life' on the Earth to about **3.5** billion years. *Biology* is the science dealing with the study of living organisms which are broad... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.1 WHAT IS LIFE ?**",
"token_count": 1398,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Biology is a science devoted to the study of living organisms. Science progressed by breaking down complex subjects into their component parts and so today there are numerous branches of biology of which BOTANY , ZOOLOGY and MICROBIOLOGY are the principal, heterogeneous and divergent groups .
Zoology (zoon-animal; lo... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.2 NATURE, SCOPE AND MEANING OF ZOOLOGY**",
"token_count": 226,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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**1. Taxonomy** (Taxis - arrangement; nomos - rule, custom)
It is the theory and practice of identification, nomenclature and classification of organisms. The term 'Taxonomy' was coined by A.P. de Candolle.
**2. Morphology** (morphos - form; logos - study)
It deals with the study of form, size, shape, colour and ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.3 BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY**",
"Header 3": "**Sub branches of Zoology**",
"token_count": 658,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Human beings are not only interested in knowing more about different kinds of organisms and their diversities, but also the relationships among them. This branch of study is referred to as **SYSTEMATICS**. Systematics is the branch of science that deals with the vast diversity of life. It also reveals the trends and ev... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.6 LEVELS AND HIERARCHY OF CLASSIFICATION**",
"token_count": 1341,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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*Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist, popularised the 'binomial nomenclature' by using it in the 10th edition of his book* **Systema Naturae***. It is the type of nomenclature in which each organism is provided with an appropriate scientific name consisting of two components, the "binomen". The first word refers to th... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.7 NOMENCLATURE**",
"Header 3": "**I. Binominal Nomenclature**",
"token_count": 432,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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*Species is the 'basic unit' of classification. Species is a Latin word meaning 'kind' or 'appearance'. John Ray in his book 'Historia Generalis Plantarum', used the term 'species' and described* it on the basis of common descent (origin from common ancestors) as a group of morphologically *similar organisms. Linnaeus ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.8 SPECIES CONCEPT**",
"Header 3": "**I. Species**",
"token_count": 270,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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In the above example '**indica**', '**dorsata**', '**mellifera**' and '**florea**' are different species belonging to the same genus called **Apis**.
**Example- 2:** *Pheretima posthuma, Periplaneta americana* and *Panthera leo*. In the example 2 the words *'posthuma*', '*americana*' and '*leo*' are names of differen... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.8 SPECIES CONCEPT**",
"Header 3": "**Example- 1:** *Apis indica*, *Apis dorsata*, *Apis mellifera* and *Apis florea*",
"token_count": 285,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Animalia includes eukaryotic, multicellular heterotrophs (generally obtain nourishment by ingestion i.e, holozoic method and digesting the ingested food). They have specific body plans and do not possess cell walls and photosynthetic pigments. Tissue formation is common except in the sponges. Higher forms show elaborat... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.9 KINGDOM: ANIMALIA**",
"token_count": 202,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Animals of this group possess a body cavity between the body wall and the alimentary canal (perivisceral space derived from the embryonic blastocoel).
However it is not a 'true coelom/ secondary body cavity' as it is not lined by mesodermal epithelial layers (parietal and visceral peritoneal layers). Pseudocoel is a ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.9 KINGDOM: ANIMALIA**",
"Header 3": "**Sub-division: ii) Pseudocoelomata (***pseudo*:**false;** *coelom***:bodycavity**; *ata***:having**)**:**",
"token_count": 246,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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These are eucoelomates in which anus is formed from or near the blastopore. Mouth is formed later (secondarily), away from the blastopore at the opposite end. In deuterostomes cleavage pattern is 'radial' and 'indeterminate'. It includes only one subdivision, **Enterocoelomata**.
#### Sub-division: Enterocoelomata
... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.9 KINGDOM: ANIMALIA**",
"Header 3": "Division: II) Deuterostomia (deuteron: secondary; stomium: mouth)",
"token_count": 292,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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When we observe our surroundings we find different kinds of organisms which vary in size, form, feeding habits, behaviour, etc. For example there are more than 20,000 species of ants, 3,00,000 species of beetles, 28,000 species of fishes and
> 20,000 species of orchids. This variation of life at various levels of bio... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.10 BIODIVERSITY**",
"Header 3": "**I. What is Biodiversity?**",
"token_count": 208,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Diversity at a higher level of organization, i.e. at the ecosystem level is called 'Ecological diversity'. e.g: India with its deserts, rain forests, mangroves, coral reefs, wet lands, estuaries and alpine meadows has greater ecosystem diversity than many other countries such as the Scandinavian country Norway.
The t... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.10 BIODIVERSITY**",
"Header 3": "**3. Ecological diversity**",
"token_count": 203,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Biodiversity is not uniform throughout the world but shows rather uneven distribution. The most important pattern of biodiversity is latitudinal gradient in diversity. This means that there is an increasing diversity from the poles to the equator (terrestrial biodiversity increases from the poles to the equator). There... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.10 BIODIVERSITY**",
"Header 3": "**1. Latitudinal Gradient in Diversity**",
"token_count": 234,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Teachers of Biology might find it difficult to understand and explain the mathematical expression represented in this part. The graphic representation is essentially intended to explain the relationship between 'species richness' and 'area'. In a specified area the relation between '**S**' (species richness) and '**A**... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.10 BIODIVERSITY**",
"Header 3": "**A simplified explanation to help Biology Teachers**",
"token_count": 348,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Communities with more types of species (more biodiversity) tend to be more stable than those with less number of types of species .Stable communities generally withstand disturbances (natural or man-made). **Tilman**'**s** experiments with 'outdoor plots' showed that 'plots with more species showed less variations in b... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.10 BIODIVERSITY**",
"Header 3": "**Importance of Species Diversity to the Ecosystems**",
"token_count": 237,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Biodiversity is beneficial to human beings as it plays an important role at various levels of development and to explain the role played, the different aspects are categorised into three types,
- 1. Narrowly utilitarian argument
- 2. Broadly utilitarian argument
- 3. Ethical argument
- **1) Narrowly utilitarian argum... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.10 BIODIVERSITY**",
"Header 3": "**IV. Role of biodiversity**",
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} |
The following are the '*four major causes*' (*THE EVIL QUARTET*) for accelerated rates of species extinction in the world.
- 1. **Habitat Loss And Fragmentation :** These are the most important reasons for the loss of biodiversity.
- a) Deforestration-leads to species extinction in forests e.g: tropical rain forests ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.10 BIODIVERSITY**",
"Header 3": "**V. Threats to Biodiversity**",
"token_count": 205,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It is the process of formation of discontinuities in the natural habitats due to geological processes or human activities. Geological fragmentation may lead to speciation, but fragmentation caused by man (human activity) mostly leads to extinction of many species.
- 2. **Over-exploitation: When need turns to greed it... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.10 BIODIVERSITY**",
"Header 3": "**Fragmentation**",
"token_count": 400,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
In-situ conservation is the process of protecting an animal species in its natural habitat. The benefit is that it maintains recovering populations in the surrounding where they have developed their distinctive properties. Conservationists identified certain regions by name 'Biodiversity hot spots' for maximum protecti... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.10 BIODIVERSITY**",
"Header 3": "1. In-situ conservation (On-site conservation)",
"token_count": 258,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
This is through legislation,preservation and organisations
- **1. Legislation**: Under the provision of the **Wildlife Act of 1972**, killing endangered wild animals is strictly prohibited. Trading wildlife products (like tusks, rhino's horns, etc.) is a punishable offence.
- **2. Preservation**: National Parks, Sanc... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.10 BIODIVERSITY**",
"Header 3": "**VIII. Conservation of wild life in INDIA**",
"token_count": 266,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- **Nutrition**: The process by which an organism assimilates food and uses it for growth and maintenance.
- **Protein**: Building blocks of life which are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
- **Prokaryotes**: Single celled organisms that lack a membrane bound nucleus.
- **Eukaryotes**... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.10 BIODIVERSITY**",
"Header 3": "**GLOSSARY**",
"token_count": 302,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. Define the term metabolism. Give any one example.
- 2. How do you differentiate between growth in a living organism and nonliving object?
- 3. What is biogenesis?
- 4. Define the term histology. What is it otherwise called?
- 5. Distinguish between embryology and ethology.
- 6. In a given area, remains of animal t... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1.10 BIODIVERSITY**",
"Header 3": "**VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 358,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
1. If you drink a 'sugar rich' soft drink , the sugar levels in your blood increase quickly. If the sugar levels in blood increase sensitive cells such as' brain cells' are damaged. Your pancreatic islets produce a hormone called 'insulin' which allows uptake of sugars by body cells so that the body cells utilise them ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**<sup>28</sup>** *For ignited minds Zoology* **- Not For Evaluation**",
"token_count": 815,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
TISSUES-THE 'JACKS OF ALL TRADES AND MASTERS OF NONE'
In the evolution of animals, the major event of significance is the 'development of tissues'. The 'tissue grade of organisation' evolved for the first time in the 'cnidarians'. When the zygote undergoes cleavage, it results in the production of many cells. During ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "Structural Organisation in Animals",
"token_count": 759,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It is the highest level of organisation among the animals and is exhibited by the triploblastic animals such as the flat worms, nematodes, annelids, arthropods, molluscs, echinoderms and chordates. In the triploblastic animals, the evolution of '**mesoderm**' resulted in structural complexity. In these animals, the tis... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.1 LEVELS OF ORGANISATION**",
"Header 3": "**IV. Organ-system level of organisation**",
"token_count": 348,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
When **only one plane** (*median sagittal plane*) that passes through the central axis (anterior – posterior axis) divides an organism into two identical parts, it is called **bilateral symmetry**. It is the *'principal type of symmetry'* in the **triploblastic** animals. Among the
**pe... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.2 SYMMETRY**",
"Header 3": "**ii) Bilateral symmetry**",
"token_count": 269,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The bilaterian animals in which the body cavity is absent are called acoelomates, e.g. Platyhelminthes (lowest bilaterians). In these animals, the mesenchyme derived from the third germinal layer, called mesoderm, occupies the entire blastocoel,
**Fig. 2.5 T.S of acoelomate**
between ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.3 COELOM**",
"Header 3": "**2.3.1 Acoelomate bilaterians**",
"token_count": 202,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Fig. 2.6 T.S of pseudocoelomate**
In some animals, the body cavity is not lined by mesodermal epithelia. Such animals are called Pseudocoelomates. They include the members of phylum Aschelminthes (Nematoda, Rotifera and some minor phyla). During the embryonic development, mesoderm (m... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.3 COELOM**",
"Header 3": "**2.3.2 Pseudocoelomate bilaterians**",
"token_count": 369,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Coelom or 'true coelom' is a fluid-filled cavity, that lies between the body wall and the visceral organs and is lined by mesodermal epithelium, the peritoneum. The portion of the peritoneum that underlines the body wall is the *parietal peritoneum* or *somatic peritoneum*. The portion of the peritonieum that covers th... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.3 COELOM**",
"Header 3": "**2.3.3 Eucoelomate bilaterians**",
"token_count": 459,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Animals in which the body cavity is formed by 'splitting of mesoderm' are called **schizocoelomates**. Annelids, arthropods and molluscs are schizocoelomates in the animal kingdom. All the schizocoelomates are **protostomians** and they show '**holoblastic**', '**spiral**' and '**determinate**' **cleavage**. **The 4d b... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.3 COELOM**",
"Header 3": "**I. Schizocoelomates**",
"token_count": 463,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. Visceral organs of eucoelomates are muscular (because of their association with mesoderm) and so they can contract and relax freely independent of the muscular movements of the body wall in the coelomic space, e.g. peristaltic movements of alimentary canal.
- 2. Gametes are released into the coelom in some inverte... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.3 COELOM**",
"Header 3": "**Advantages of coelom over pseudocoelom**",
"token_count": 300,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Epithelium (epi,- upon; thelia: growing) forms the outer covering of the body and the lining of internal organs/cavities. Cells of an epithelium are held together by an intercellular '**cementing substance**'. The specialized 'junctions' provide both structural and functional links between the individual cells of an ep... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**2.4.1 Epithelial Tissues**",
"token_count": 627,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It is made up of more than one layer of cells. Its main function is to provide protection against chemical and mechanical stress.
- i. It covers the dry surfaces of the skin as **stratified**, **keratinized**, **squamous epithelium**.
- ii. It covers the moist surface of buccal cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and vagina... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**2. Compound epithelium (stratified epithelium)**",
"token_count": 268,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Some of the columnar or cuboidal cells that get specialised for the production of certain secretions, form glandular epithelium. The glands are of two types -
- **i) Unicellular glands** consisting of isolated glandular cells such as goblet cells of the gut.
- **ii) Multicellular glands**, consisting of clusters of c... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**3. Glandular epithelium**",
"token_count": 370,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It is one of the most widely distributed connective tissues in the body. It forms the packing tissue in almost all the organs. Areolar tissue forms subcutaneous layer of the skin. It has cells, fibres and empty spaces called 'areolae'. Cells of the areolar tissue are *fibroblasts*, *mast cells*, *macrophages*, *adipocy... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**i. Areolar tissue**",
"token_count": 481,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It is specialized for **fat storage**. It consists of a large number of **adipocytes** (fat storing cells) and few fibres. Adipose tissue which is found beneath the skin provides **thermal insulation** e.g., **blubber** of aquatic mammals such as whales and sea cows. It acts as a storage tissue in the **hump** of camel... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**ii. Adipose tissue**",
"token_count": 248,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
In this tissue, collagen fibres are arranged parallel to one another in bundles. **Tendons** which attach the skeletal muscles to bones and **ligaments** which attach bones to other bones are examples of this type of connective tissue.
**Fig. 2.16 Dense regular fibrous tissue**
**46**... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**i. Dense regular connective tissue**",
"token_count": 316,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Cartilage is a solid, but **semi-rigid (flexible) connective tissue**. It resists compression. Matrix is firm, but somewhat pliable. It has collagen fibres, elastic fibres (only in the elastic cartilage) and matrix-secreting cells called **chondroblasts**. These cells are enclosed in fluid filled spaces called **lacuna... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**1. Cartilage (Gristle)**",
"token_count": 584,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Bone is highly calcified (mineralized), solid, hard and rigid connective tissue. It is the major component of the endoskeleton of most adult vertebrates. It is the main tissue that provides structural framework to the body. It supports the soft tissues, and protects the delicate organs. Limb bones of animals serve the ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**2. Bone (osseous) tissue**",
"token_count": 319,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- **a. Types of bones based on the method of formation**
- **i) Cartilage bones (replacing bones** or **endochondral bones)** are formed by ossification within the cartilage e.g. bones of limbs, girdles and vertebrae.
- **ii) Investing bones (membrane bones** or **dermal bones)** are formed by the ossification in the e... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**A. Types of bones:**",
"token_count": 203,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Diaphysis (shaft) is a part of a long bone that lies in between expanded ends (*epiphyses*). In a growing bone there is a region called metaphysis between the diaphysis and epiphysis. It consists of an epiphyseal plate (formed by hyaline cartilage). It helps in the elongation of the bone. In adults it is represented by... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**B. Structure of a compact bone**",
"token_count": 673,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It is the fluid matrix of blood. It consists of 92% of water and 8% of solutes. Solutes include plasma proteins, mineral salts, nutrients, gases, excretory wastes, enzymes, hormones, etc. Plasma proteins include albumins, globulins and blood clotting proteins such as *fibrinogen*, *prothrombin* and anticoagulant hepari... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**A. Plasma**",
"token_count": 244,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Erythrocytes of mammals are circular (elliptical in camels and Llamas), biconcave and enucleate. The biconcave shape provides a large surface areato-volume ratio, thus providing more area for the exchange of gases. These are 7.8 *m* in diameter. The number of RBC per cubic millimeter of blood is about 5 million in a ma... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**i. Red blood corpuscles (Erythrocytes)**",
"token_count": 393,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Lymph is a colourless fluid. It lacks RBC, platelets and large plasma proteins, but has more number of leucocytes. It is chiefly composed of plasma and lymphocytes. When compared to the tissue fluid, it contains very small amounts of nutrients (except fats) and oxygen, but has abundant CO2 and other metabolites. The mo... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**2. Lymph**",
"token_count": 277,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Muscular tissue is **mesodermal** in origin, except muscles of the *iris* and *ciliary body*, which are *ectodermal* in origin. Muscles show three essential properties such as **excitability**, **conductivity** and **contractility**. Muscle fibers contract (shorten) in response to stimulation, then relax (lengthen or r... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**2.4 ANIMAL TISSUES**",
"Header 3": "**2.4.3 Muscular Tissue**",
"token_count": 364,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It is located in the walls of the **visceral organs** such as blood vessels, trachea, bronchi, stomach, intestine, excretory and genital
**Fig. 2.20 (b) Striped muscle fibre**
ducts, and so this is also called '**visceral muscle**'. As cross striations... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1. Skeletal (striped and voluntary) muscle**",
"Header 3": "**2. Smooth (unstriped and involuntary) muscle**",
"token_count": 291,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The cardiac muscle is striated like the skeletal muscle (shows **sarcomeres**). Cardiac muscle is found in the 'myocardium' of the heart of vertebrates.
**Fig. 2.20 (d) Cardiac muscle**
The cardiac muscle cells or the 'myocardial cells' **are short, cylindrical, mononucleate or binucl... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1. Skeletal (striped and voluntary) muscle**",
"Header 3": "**3.Cardiac (striped and involuntary) muscle**",
"token_count": 414,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
An axon is a single, long, cylindrical process that originates from a region of the cyton called **axon hillock**. Plasmalemma of an axon is called **axolemma**, and the cytoplasm is called **axoplasm**, which contains neurofibrils. However, Nissl bodies are absent. An axon may give rise to **collateral branches**. Dis... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1. Skeletal (striped and voluntary) muscle**",
"Header 3": "**3. Axon**",
"token_count": 242,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- **i) Unipolar neurons:** They are '**sensory neurons**' having a single process arising from the cell body, which divides into two branches, one of which acts as a *dendrite* and the other as an **axon**. The 'soma' is found in the **dorsal root ganglion** of spinal nerve. They are also called '**pseudounipolar neuro... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1. Skeletal (striped and voluntary) muscle**",
"Header 3": "**II. Types of neurons based on the types of processes**",
"token_count": 203,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- **i) Myelinated axons:** In a myelinated fibre of the PNS, the plasmalemma of a Schwann cell wraps around an 'internode' of an axon. The layers of the Schwann cell contain '**myelin**' (with a high proportion of lipids). The outermost layer that contains cytoplasm and nucleus is called the **neurilemma**. Some Schwan... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1. Skeletal (striped and voluntary) muscle**",
"Header 3": "**III. Types of axons based on the presence or absence of myelin sheath**",
"token_count": 237,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
These are the supporting and 'non-conducting' cells that provide a microenvironment suitable for neuronal activity. Unlike neurons, they continue to divide throughout the life. Neuroglial cells of the CNS include
- **i. Oligodendrocytes** (that form myelin sheath as mentioned above);
- **ii. Astrocytes** (star shaped... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1. Skeletal (striped and voluntary) muscle**",
"Header 3": "**VI. Neuroglia (supporting cells)**",
"token_count": 272,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- **Anticoagulants**: These are the substances that prevent the coagulation of blood, when blood flows through blood vessels. e.g. heparin
- **Articular cartilage**: It is the cartilage found at the free surfaces of long bones that forms joints
- **Blubber**: It is the thick, fatty layer that lies underneath the skin o... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1. Skeletal (striped and voluntary) muscle**",
"Header 3": "**GLOSSARY**",
"token_count": 987,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. The body of sponges does not possess tissue level of organisation, though it is made up of thousands of cells. Comment on it.
- 2. What is 'tissue' level of organisation among animals? which metazoans do exhibit this organisation?
- 3. Animals exhibiting which level of organisation lead relatively more efficient w... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1. Skeletal (striped and voluntary) muscle**",
"Header 3": "**VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 626,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. Describe the four different levels of organization in metazoans?
- 2. In which group of bilaterians do you findsolid bauplan? Why is it called so?
- 3. Mention the advantages of coelom over pseudocoelom?
- 4. Describe the formation of schizocoelom and enterocoelom.
- 5. Describe briefly about the three types of in... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1. Skeletal (striped and voluntary) muscle**",
"Header 3": "**SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 239,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. **Microtome** invented by **His** is used for taking fine sections of tissues for their observation under a microscope.
- 2. **Canada balsam** is used in the preparation of permanent slides to mount sections of tissues and microorganisms as its refractive index is same as that of glass.
- 3. **Collagen** is the mo... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**1. Skeletal (striped and voluntary) muscle**",
"Header 3": "**62** *Zoology For ignited minds* **- Not For Evaluation**",
"token_count": 860,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Animalia (**Metazoa**) includes **multi-cellular**, **heterotrophic** (obtain nourishment by mostly ingesting and digesting the ingested food), **eukaryotes** with specific body plans (**bauplans**). Animal cells do not have cellulose cell walls, but they are held together by certain structural proteins. **Collagen** i... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "LIFE - LOOKS SO SIMPLE - YET IT IS SO COMPLEX ANIMAL DIVERSITY, THE LANGUAGE OF COMPLEXITY",
"token_count": 1244,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The term *Porifera* (*pore bearing*) was coined and their true '*animal nature*' was established by **Robert Grant**. Members of this phylum are commonly called sponges. They are generally marine (with the exception of families Potamolepidae and Spongillidae, which include freshwater **sponges** e.g. *Spongilla*). They... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.1 PHYLUM-PORIFERA**",
"Header 3": "**3.1.1 General Characters**",
"token_count": 701,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Cnidarians (previously called coelenterates) are aquatic, mostly marine, solitary or colonial, sessile or free-swimming, **radially symmetrical** animals (sea anemones are biradially symmetrical) (Figure 3.2). The recent name Cnidaria is derived from the '*stinging cells*' called **cnido... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.2 PHYLUM-CNIDARIA (COELENTERATA)**",
"Header 3": "**3.2.1 General Characters**",
"token_count": 529,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
They may be solitary (e.g.Hydra) or colonial. Life history includes sedentary, asexual, polypoid form and free swimming, sexual, medusoid form alternating with each other (e.g. *Obelia*). Mesoglea is non-cellular. Coelenteron is undivided (simple). Cnidocytes (cnidoblasts) occur only in the ectoderm. Germ cells are der... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.2 PHYLUM-CNIDARIA (COELENTERATA)**",
"Header 3": "**Class-1: Hydrozoa**",
"token_count": 280,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Ctenophores, commonly known as '**sea walnuts**' or '**comb jellies**' or '*sea gooseberries'*, are exclusively marine, **radially symmetrical**, diploblastic organisms with tissue level of organisation. The body bears *eight* external rows of ciliated **comb plates**, which help in locomotion, hence the name 'ctenopho... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.3 PHYLUM-CTENOPHORA**",
"Header 3": "**3.3.1 General Characters**",
"token_count": 221,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
They have **dorso-ventrally flattened body**, hence are called **flatworms**. These are mostly endoparasites found in animals, including human beings. Flatworms are the first **bilaterally symmetrical**, **triploblastic** and **acoelomate** animals with **organ-system level of organisation** (Fig. 3.6- 3.8). Body is no... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.4 PHYLUM-PLATYHELMINTHES**",
"Header 3": "**3.4.1 General Characters**",
"token_count": 456,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
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