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The body of a nematode is circular in cross-section, hence the name **s** (Figure 3.9). They may be free living or parasitic on plants and animals, aquatic or terrestrial. Roundworms have organsystem level of organisation. They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and **pseudocoelomate** animals. Body is unsegmen... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.5 PHYLUM-NEMATODA**",
"Header 3": "**3.5.1 General Characters**",
"token_count": 448,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The term annelida (L. *annulus* : little ring and Gr. *edios* : form) was coined by **Lamarck**. They may be aquatic (marine and freshwater) or terrestrial; free-living, and sometimes parasitic. They exhibit organ-system level of body organisation and bilateral symmetry. They are triploblastic, **metamerically segmente... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.6 PHYLUM-ANNELIDA**",
"Header 3": "**3.6.1 General Characters**",
"token_count": 568,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Hirudinea (*hirudo* : leech) includes *leeches*; all are ectoparasites; majority live in fresh water; some are marine and others live on moist land (terrestrial). They have dorso-ventrally flattened body with a **definite number** of segments ; the segments are externally sub divided into **annuli**; internal segmentat... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.6 PHYLUM-ANNELIDA**",
"Header 3": "**Class-3: Hirudinea**",
"token_count": 265,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
*Pheretima posthuma* has a long cylindrical body which is divided into 100 to 120 segments (metameres). The dorsal surface of the body is marked by a dark mid-dorsal line (representing the dorsal blood vessel) along the longitudinal axis of the body. The ventral surface of the body shows genital apertures (pores). The ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.6.3 EARTHWORM**",
"Header 3": "**I. Morphology**",
"token_count": 520,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The alimentary canal is a straight tube and runs from the first to the last segment of the body (Figure 3.14). The mouth opens into the **buccal cavity** (1-3 segments) which leads into the muscular **pharynx** (4th segment). A small narrow tube, **oesophagus** (5-7 segments), continues into a muscular **gizzard** (8th... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.6.3 EARTHWORM**",
"Header 3": "**III. Digestive system**",
"token_count": 360,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The excretory organs occur as segmentally arranged coiled tubules called **nephridia** (sing: *nephridium*). They are of three types:
**i) septal nephridia**, present on both the sides of the inter-segmental septa of segments 15th/ 16th to the last. They open into the intestine
**ii) integumentary nephridia**, atta... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.6.3 EARTHWORM**",
"Header 3": "**VI. Excretory system**",
"token_count": 393,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Earthworm is a hermaphrodite (bisexual) (Figure 3.17). There are two pairs of **testes** one pair each present in the 10th and 11th segments. Their **vasa deferentia** run up to **78** *Zoology*
**Fig: 3.17 Reproductive system of Pheretima**
**Fig. 3.18 ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.6.3 EARTHWORM**",
"Header 3": "**VIII. Reproductive system**",
"token_count": 372,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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This is the **largest phylum** of the Kingdom: Animalia, and it includes the **largest Class** called **Insecta**. Over two-thirds of all named species on earth are arthropods accounting for 80% of the animal species (Figure 3.19 to 3.25). They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, metamerically segmented and coe... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.7 PHYLUM-ARTHROPODA**",
"Header 3": "**3.7.1 General Characters**",
"token_count": 611,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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They are aquatic. Head and thorax fuse forming the **cephalothorax** (covered by chitinous **carapace**). In some the exoskeleton is hardened by calcium carbonate (crabs and lobsters). Cephalic region bears two pairs of antennae (*antennules* and **antennae**
β *a unique feature*), one pair of mandibles and two pairs... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.7 PHYLUM-ARTHROPODA**",
"Header 3": "**Class-i: Crustacea**",
"token_count": 235,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Insecta includes the most successful and the largest group of animals on the Earth. They are cosmopolitan, but absent from the marine habitat. Body consists of head, thorax and abdomen. Head bears paired compound eyes, antennae, mandibles, maxillae and an unpaired labium. Thorax consists of three segments and each segm... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.7 PHYLUM-ARTHROPODA**",
"Header 3": "**Class-iv: Insecta**",
"token_count": 210,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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**Mollusca** is the **second largest** phylum (Figures 3.26-3.28) in the Kingdom Animalia. Molluscs are terrestrial or aquatic (marine or fresh water). They are **bilaterally symmetrical** (some are asymmetrical, e.g. snail) and **coelomate** animals. Body is covered by a **calcareous shell** (mostly external, in some ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.8 PHYLUM-MOLLUSCA**",
"Header 3": "**3.8.1 General Characters**",
"token_count": 508,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Gatropoda is the largest and most diverse class of the phylum Mollusca; includes snails, slugs, limpets, etc.; mostly marine; some are freshwater or terrestrial. Shell is external, univalve and spirally coiled or internal (*Aplysia*) or absent (*Doris*). Head is distinct with eyes and tentacles. **Radula** occurs in th... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.8 PHYLUM-MOLLUSCA**",
"Header 3": "**Class-4: Gastropoda** (Gr. *Gaster* : belly; *podos* : foot)",
"token_count": 254,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
This class includes *mussels, oysters, clams,* etc. Body is laterally compressed and covered by a shell made up of two valves (Bivalvia). Head and sensory appendages are greatly reduced. Foot is '*wedge shaped*' (hence the name pelecypoda) and adapted for digging. Byssus threads occur in some (e.g. *Mytilus)* and help ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.8 PHYLUM-MOLLUSCA**",
"Header 3": "**Class-6: Pelecypoda or Bivalvia or Lamellibranchiata** (Gr. *pelekys* : axe, hatchet; *podos* : foot)",
"token_count": 260,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
This class includes *cuttle fishes, squids, octopuses, nautili* etc. Head is distinct with conspicuous eyes similar to those of vertebrates, a pair of horny beak like jaws and a radula occur in the buccal cavity. Shell may be external and multi-chambered (*Nautilus*) or internal (*Sepia, Loligo*) or absent (*Octopus*).... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.8 PHYLUM-MOLLUSCA**",
"Header 3": "**Class-7: Cephalopoda or Siphonopoda** (Gr. *cephalo* : head; *podos* : foot)",
"token_count": 387,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The **echinoderms** (**Gr.** *echinos* : spiny; *dermos* : skin) are non-chordate deuterostomes and enterocoelomates. All are marine. The adult echinoderms are **radially symmetrical** (**pentamerous radial symmetry**), but the larvae are **bilaterally symmetrical**. Body wall is thick and body surface spiny; echinoder... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.9 PHYLUM-ECHINODERMATA**",
"Header 3": "**3.9.1 General Characters**",
"token_count": 472,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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They are free moving and do not have a stalk. Mouth (oral surface) is directed downwards. Madreporite is present. Ambulacral grooves are closed (except in *Asteroidea*).
The Sub-phylum **Eleutherozoa** is classified into **four classes 1. Asteroidea 2. Ophiuroidea 3. Echinoidea** and **4. Holothuroidea**.
**Class-1... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.9 PHYLUM-ECHINODERMATA**",
"Header 3": "**Sub-phylum-1: Eleutherozoa** (Gr. *eleuthros* : free; *zoon* : animal)",
"token_count": 474,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
This class includes 's*ea urchins'* such as*, heart urchins, sand dollars, sea biscuits,* cake urchins etc. The body is ovoid (*sea urchin*) or discoid (*sand dollars*) and covered with movable spines. Arms are absent; **Fig. 3.30 Brittle star** *Animal Diversity - I* **87**
tube feet bear suckers. Calcarious ossicle... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.9 PHYLUM-ECHINODERMATA**",
"Header 3": "**Class-3: Echinoidea** (Gr. *echinos* : hedgehog; *eidos* : form)",
"token_count": 247,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Hemichordata was earlier considered a sub-phylum under phylum Chordata. But now it is placed as a separate phylum under the non-chordates. This phylum consists of a small group of **worm-like** marine animals. They are **bilaterally symmetrical**,
**triploblastic** and **coelomate (enterocoelous) animals**. The body ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.10 PHYLUM - HEMICHORDATA**",
"Header 3": "**3.10.1 General Characters**",
"token_count": 228,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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- **Amphids:** They are the cuticular depressions present on the lips surrounding the mouth in the nematodes. They are well developed in free living nematodes and serve as chemoreceptors.
- **Autotomy:** It is the process of voluntary breaking of the injured part of the body (self mutilation or amputation). It is a dev... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.10 PHYLUM - HEMICHORDATA**",
"Header 3": "**GLOSSARY**",
"token_count": 1562,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. Name the cells and sytem peculiar to porifera.
- 2. Which structures form the skeleton of a sponge? What are the chemicals involved in the formation of these structures?
- 3. What are the functions of canal system of sponges?
- 4. What are the two chief morphological 'bodyforms' of cnidarians? What are their chief... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.10 PHYLUM - HEMICHORDATA**",
"Header 3": "**VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 891,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. Write short notes on the salient features of the anthozoans.
- 2. What is the class to which the flukes belong? Write short notes on the chief characters of that group?
- 3. What are the salient features exhibited by polychaetes?
- 4. How do the hirudineans differ from the polychaetes and oligochaetes?
- 5. What a... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.10 PHYLUM - HEMICHORDATA**",
"Header 3": "**SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 283,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. Why do we call *Limulus*, a 'Living fossil'?
- 2. How do you distinguish a '**King crab**' from a '**scorpion**' based on a morphologically distinctive character, on the ventral aspect of the prosomas of the two animals.
- 3. When there is no respiratory pigment in the blood of an insect or a centipede or a millip... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**3.10 PHYLUM - HEMICHORDATA**",
"Header 3": "**92** *Zoology For ignited minds* **- Not For Evaluation**",
"token_count": 523,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**The 'Bioarchitecture' of the 'Chordates' and the 'Emerging Bioarchitect'** *- A Brief History of 'Chordates'*
About 60,000 known species of highly evolved, heterogeneous group of organisms constitute the phylum **Chordata**. The evolution of the chordates dates back to more than half a billion years. The developmen... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**Animal Diversity - II**",
"token_count": 1061,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
*Chordates are one of the most familiar groups of animals to mankind. Phylum Chordata includes all those animals that possess the notochord (a primary endoskeletal element, their chief distinctive character) at some stage in their life time. It is one of the major animal phyla in terms of the number of species. Chordat... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**4.0 PHYLUM: CHORDATA**",
"token_count": 214,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It is a flexible rod like structure situated along the mid dorsal line between the gut and the nerve cord. It is the first part of the endoskeleton to appear in the embryo. It is derived from the embryonic **chorda mesoderm**. It is made up of a core
**Fig. 4.1 Longitudinal view of not... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**4.0 PHYLUM: CHORDATA**",
"Header 3": "**1. Notochord**",
"token_count": 248,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**(GR.***OURA*- A TAIL; **L.** *CHORDA***-** CORD**)**
All urochordates are marine and occur from the surface water to greater depths. They are either sessile (ascidians) or pelagic (*Salpa,Doliolum*) and solitary(*Ascidia*) or colonial (*Pyrosoma*). Body is un-segmented and covered by a **test** or **tunic** compose... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**4.1 SUBPHYLUM-UROCHORDATA** OR **TUNICATA**",
"token_count": 457,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**(GR.** *KEPHALE*- HEAD; **L.** *CHORDA*- CORD**)**
**Fig. 4.5** *Branchiostoma*
Cephalochordates are marine animals which lead a burrowing mode of life in shallow sea waters. They are small 'fish like', translucent forms with median fins but without paired fins. They are often desc... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**4.2 SUBPHYLUM-CEPHALOCHORDATA**",
"token_count": 371,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Cyclostomes are jawless aquatic (marine or freshwater) forms. Body is scaleless, long, slender and eel-like. Endoskeleton is cartilaginous. Vertebrae are represented by imperfect neural arches in some. Mouth is circular and suctorial. Tongue bears **horny teeth**. Respiratory organs include six to fifteen pairs of gill... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**4.4 SUPER CLASS: AGNATHA** (**GR.** *A*- WITHOUT; *GNATHOS*- JAW)",
"Header 3": "**4.4.1 Class: Cyclostomata (Gr.** *cyklos***-** circular; *stoma***-** mouth**)**",
"token_count": 302,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Fishes, the 'first jawed vertebrates', are completely aquatic and gill breathing animals. The extinct jawless fishes, the **ostracoderms** gave rise to the earliest jawed fishes during the **Silurian** period. **Devonian** period is considered the '**Golden age of fishes**', because they emerged as the predominant grou... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**4.5 SUPER CLASS: GNATHOSTOMATA** (**GR.** *GNATHOS*- JAW; *STOMA*- MOUTH)",
"Header 3": "**4.5.1 Pisces** (**L.** *piscis***-** fish)",
"token_count": 287,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- Fishes are completely aquatic poikilothermic (cold blooded) animals.
- Body of a fish is usually streamlined and differentiated into head, trunk and tail.
- Exoskeleton consists of **mesodermal** scales or bony plates. A few are scaleless.
**Fig. 4.9 Circulation of blood in a fish- ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**4.5 SUPER CLASS: GNATHOSTOMATA** (**GR.** *GNATHOS*- JAW; *STOMA*- MOUTH)",
"Header 3": "**General characters**",
"token_count": 468,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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They are marine fishes which possess cartilaginous endoskeleton. Caudal fin is **heterocercal** (asymmetrical both externally and internally). Skin is covered by dermal **placoid** scales also called dermal denticles. Sharks are highly predaceous. Respiratory gaseous exchange is performed by five to seven **lamelliform... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**4.5 SUPER CLASS: GNATHOSTOMATA** (**GR.** *GNATHOS*- JAW; *STOMA*- MOUTH)",
"Header 3": "**4.5.2 Class - Chondrichthyes / Cartilagenous fishes)** (**Gr.** *chondros*- cartilage; *ichthys*- fish)",
"token_count": 315,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoolog... |
They are bony fishes which live in all kinds of aquatic habitats. Caudal fin is **homocercal** (symmetrical externally and asymmetrical internally) in **teleost fishes** and **diphycercal** (symmetrical both externally and internally) in lung fishes and *Latimeria*. Exoskeleton is in the form of **cosmoid**, **ganoid**... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**4.5 SUPER CLASS: GNATHOSTOMATA** (**GR.** *GNATHOS*- JAW; *STOMA*- MOUTH)",
"Header 3": "**4.5.3 Class - Osteichthyes** (**Gr.** *osteon***-** bone; *ichthys***-** fish)(**Bony fishes**)",
"token_count": 368,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"... |
Amphibians are the first vertebrates to come out of water and 'walk' on land. They are the tetrapods which have the ability to live in the aquatic habitat of their ancestors, the fishes (osteolepids) and in the terrestrial habitat that they
**Fig. 4.12 Origin of an amphibian**
first ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**4.6 TETRAPODA** (**GR.** *TETRA***-**FOUR; *PODOS***-**FOOT)",
"Header 3": "**4.6.1 Class: Amphibia** (**Gr**. *amphi***-**both; *bios***-**life)",
"token_count": 231,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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- They are the **first tetrapods** and lead a **dual mode of life**, i.e. on land and in freshwater.
- Body is divided into distinct '**head**' and '**trunk**'. Tail may or may not be present.
- Skin is **soft**, **scale-less** (except the members of Apoda), **moist** and **glandular**.
- The body bears two pairs of **... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**4.6 TETRAPODA** (**GR.** *TETRA***-**FOUR; *PODOS***-**FOOT)",
"Header 3": "**I. General characters**",
"token_count": 620,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Frog and toad are tailless amphibians that belong to the order **Anura**/ **Salientia**.
- **1. Habitat and Habit:** They live in a variety of environments. Most of the frogs live in or near water, whereas the toads are well-adapted to comparatively dry environments. All the adult frogs and toads are **carnivores**. ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**II. Frog**",
"token_count": 360,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The body of a frog is divisible into **head** and **trunk**. The neck and tail are absent. Above the snout, a pair of external nostrils is present. The eyes are bulged and covered by a nictitating membrane that protects them while in water. Behind each eye, a membranous tympanum (ear drum) receives sound waves. The for... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**1. Body Divisions**",
"token_count": 218,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It begins with the mouth which is a wide, semi-oval slit bound by the upper and lower jaws. Mouth opens into a large, wide and shallow **buccopharyngeal cavity**. It shows teeth along the margin of the upper jaw, a muscular and bifid tongue which is attached in front and free behind. It opens into a short **oesophagus*... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**A. Alimentary Canal**",
"token_count": 277,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Gastric glands** of the stomach are microscopic and secrete the gastric juice. **Liver** is the 'largest gland' and it opens into the duodenum through hepato-pancreatic duct as it collects pancreatic juice also on the way. It secretes bile, which is stored in the gall bladder. Bile has no digestive enzymes, but conta... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**B. Digestive glands**",
"token_count": 334,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Frog uses three types of respiratory surfaces. They are the skin, mucous lining of bucco-pharyngeal cavity and inner lining of the lungs.
- **a) Cutaneous respiration:** It is the most important of the three types. The scaleless skin in frog is thin, **moist** and **vascular**. The skin is permeable to O2 and CO2. Th... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**4. Respiratory System**",
"token_count": 324,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The blood vascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels and blood. The heart is a muscular organ situated in the antero-vental part of the body cavity. It has two separate atria and a single undivided ventricle. It is covered by a double layered membrane called **pericardium**. A triangular chamber called **sinu... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**5. Blood Vascular System**",
"token_count": 438,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Control and co-ordination of body systems is highly developed in frog. It includes both nervous and endocrine systems. The chemical integration of various organs of the body is achieved by the hormones, which are secreted by the endocrine glands. The prominent endocrine glands found in frog are **pituitary**, **thyroid... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**6. Integrating System**",
"token_count": 399,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Frog has sense organs such as the organs of **touch**, **taste**, **smell**, **sight** and **hearing**. The well-organised structures among them are eyes, internal ears and the rest are 'cellular aggregations' around **nerve endings**. The receptors of touch (sensory pupillae) occur in the **skin**. Organs of taste are... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**7. Special senses**",
"token_count": 295,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The elimination of the nitrogenous wastes and the maintenance of water and salt balance are performed by a well-developed excretory system. It consists of a pair of **kidneys**, **ureters**, a **urinary bladder** and a **cloaca**.
The kidneys are elongated, flat and dark red coloured structures situated a little post... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**8. Excretory System**",
"token_count": 338,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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The male reproductive system consists of a pair of yellowish and ovoid testes, which are attached to the kidneys and dorsal body wall by a double fold of peritoneum called **mesorchium**. Each testis is composed of innumerable **seminiferous tubules** which are connected to form 10 to 12 narrow tubules, the **vasa effe... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**9. Reproductive System**",
"token_count": 419,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Reptiles are ectothermic (organisms that regulate their body temperature largely
by exchanging heat with their surroundings; cold-blooded) amniotes. The extinct **labyrinthodont** amphibians gave rise to reptiles during the carboniferous period. They emerged as the dominant vertebrate group during the **Mesozoic era*... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**4.6.2. Reptilia (L.** *reptilis* **-** creeping**)**",
"token_count": 436,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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- They are the first true terrestrial, usually creeping or burrowing, amniotic tetrapods.
- Body is divided into **head**, **neck**, **trunk** and **tail**.
- Skin is rough and dry. The exoskeleton occurs in the form of horny epidermal **scales**, **shields**, and **claws** (which appeared for the first time in reptile... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**General Characters**",
"token_count": 712,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
1. **Chelonia** - *Chelone* (marine green turtle), *Testudo* (terrestrial form), *Trionyx* (fresh water form)
2. **Rhynchocephalia** - *Sphenodon* (a 'living fossil', endemic to New Zealand)
3. **Crocodilia** - *Crocodylus palustris* (Indian crocodile or maggur), *Alligator* (alligator),*Gavialis gangeticus* (India... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**The extant reptiles are grouped into four orders**",
"token_count": 317,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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The class Aves includes a few extinct and a large number of extant birds. They are feathered, bipedal endothermic vertebrates. Modern flying birds have undergone modifications in their morphological, anatomical and physiological features as adaptations to suit their aerial mode of life. Feathers, wings, powerful breast... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**4.6.3 Class - Aves** (**L.** *avis***-**bird)",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Body is streamlined and is distinguished into **head**, **neck**, **trunk** and **rudimentary tail**.
**Fig. 4.24 Bird - skeleton**
- The fore limbs are modified into 'wings' and hind limbs are adapted for walking, running, swimming, perching (sitting on a branch) etc.
- Skin is dry ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**I. General Characters**",
"token_count": 1127,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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The class mammalia consists of extinct and extant animals including humans. They are hairy, homeothermic amniotes. They nourish their young with milk secreted by specialised mammary glands from which the word 'mammalia' was coined. They show lot of variations in size and shape. The smallest of all the mammals is the re... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**4.6.4 Class - Mammalia** (**L.** *mamma***-**breast)",
"token_count": 289,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- The body is divided into head, neck, trunk and tail.
- Body is covered by hair, which is one of the unique characters of mammals. Hair is reduced in **whales**, **armadillos** etc. Hair is present at least in some stage of development in all mammals.
- Skin is glandular and consists of **sweat glands**(sudoriferous),... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**General characters**",
"token_count": 747,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
*Ornithorhynchus* (duckbilled platypus), *Macropus* (Kangaroo), *Pteropus* (flying fox), *Camelus* (camel), *Macaca* (monkey),*Rattus* (rat), *Canis* (dog), *Felis* (cat), *Elephas* (elephant), *Equus* (horse), *Delphinus* (common dolphin), *Balaenoptera* (blue whale), *Panthera tigris* (tiger; National Animal of India... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**Examples**",
"token_count": 255,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Atrium**: One of the chambers of the heart; the tympanic cavity of ear; the spacious ectoderm-lined cavity, enclosing the pharynx in most tunicates and cephalochordates.
**Creatine phosphate**: A high-energy phosphate compound, found in the muscles of vertebrates and some invertebrates, used to regenerate ATP.
**... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**CHORDATA**",
"token_count": 349,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Acrodont**: Having teeth attached to the edge of the jawbone without sockets.
**Claspers**: They are formed from the posterior portion of pelvic fins in male cartilaginous fish. They serve as intromittent organs used to channel semen into the female's cloaca during mating.
**Coelacanth**: An ancient, extant bony ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**PISCES**",
"token_count": 415,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Alveolus**: A small cavity or pit, such as a microscopic air sac of the lungs, terminal part of an alveolar gland, or bony socket of a tooth in the jaws of mammals and crocodiles.
**Amplexus**: The copulatory embrace of frogs or toads during which the male and female shed their gametes.
**Chyme**: Semifluid mass ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**AMPHIBIA**",
"token_count": 505,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Allantois**: It is one of the four extra embryonic membranes of the amniotes. It participates in respiration and excretion in sauropsids and also in the formation of placenta in most of the therians.
**Amnion**: It is the innermost of the extra embryonic membranes. It is a fluid-filled sac enclosing the embryo in t... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**REPTILIA**",
"token_count": 332,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Altricial hatchling**: It is the hatchling of carinate bird which is 'incapable of moving around on its own soon after hatching'.
**Carinate birds**: These are the birds with a 'keeled sternum' for the insertion of flight muscles. e.g. flying birds.
**Heterocoelous vertebra**: It is the type of vertebra in which ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**AVES**",
"token_count": 240,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**Cochlea**: A tubular cavity of the inner ear containing the essential organs of hearing; occurs in crocodiles, birds and mammals. In the eutherians, it is spirally coiled with 'organ of Corti'- a specialized region for sound perception.
**Diphyodont dentition**: It is the type of dentition in which two sets of teet... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**MAMMALIA**",
"token_count": 344,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. List out the characters shared by chordates and echinoderms.
- 2. Write four salient features of cyclostomes.
- 3. What is the importance of endostyle in lancelets and ascidians?
- 4. Name the type of caudal fin and scales that are present in a shark and Catla, respectively.
- 5. What is the importance of air blad... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**VERY SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 585,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. Give three major differences between chordates and non-chordates, and draw the sketch of a chordate's body showing those features.
- 2. Name the four hallmarks of chordates, and explain the principal function of each of them.
- 3. Describe the features of a tunicate that reveals its chordate identity .
- 4. Compar... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 559,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1*. Amphioxus* is described as a typical chordate. When the urochordates are also chordates (protochordates along with the cephalochordates), why can't we call the urochordates also 'typical' chordates?
- 2. There is a marked morphological difference between the 'jawless fishes' and 'jawed fishes', with reference to ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**III.** *Rana tigrina*",
"Header 3": "**124** *Zoology For ignited minds* **- NOT FOR EVALUATION**",
"token_count": 843,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
In our day-to-day life we move our limbs, jaws, eyelids, tongue, etc. without any change in the position or location of our body. Plants perform tropic movements in response to stimuli of light and gravity. These movements do not result in any change in the place or location of the body of an organism.
Locomotion is ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**LOCOMOTION**",
"token_count": 249,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
These are found in **rhizopods**. The pseudopodia are temporary extensions of cytoplasm that develop in the direction of the movement. These temporary structures are useful to move on the substratum as our legs do, hence the name 'pseudopodia'. There are four kinds of pseudopodia namely **lobopodia** (blunt finger-like... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**5.1 Locomotion in Protozoa**",
"Header 3": "**5.1.1 Pseudopodia**",
"token_count": 411,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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The long whip-like locomotor organelles are called flagella (sing. flagellum). These are found in the **mastigophoran protozoans** (mastig β whip; phoran - bearer). Bacteria also possess flagella, which are structurally different from those of the eukaryotes The movement of spermatozoa of animals involves flagellar mov... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**5.1 Locomotion in Protozoa**",
"Header 3": "5.1.2 Flagella",
"token_count": 903,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Based on the presence or absence and/or the number of rows of lateral appendages, five types of flagella are recognised.
- **a. Stichonematic:** This flagellum bears one row of lateral appendages on the axoneme. E.g. *Euglena* and **A***stasia.*
- **b. Pantonematic:** This flagellum has two or more rows of lateral ap... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**5.1 Locomotion in Protozoa**",
"Header 3": "**II. Types of Flagella**",
"token_count": 301,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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It is located just below the pellicle in the ectoplasm of a ciliate. It includes **kinetosomes**, **kinetodesmal fibrils** and **kinetodesmata**. The kinetosomes are present at the bases of cilia in transverse and longitudinal rows. The kinetodesmal fibrils are connected to the kinetosomes and run along the right side ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**5.1 Locomotion in Protozoa**",
"Header 3": "**II. Infraciliary system**",
"token_count": 393,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Flagellum shows undulation movements, sidewise lash movements and spiral gyration movements.
**a) Undulation movements:** Undulatory movements from the base to the tip causes *a pushing force* (like the propeller of a boat) and the organism is *pushed* backwards(undular movement). Undulation from the tip to the base ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**5.2 FLAGELLAR AND CILIARY MOVEMENT**",
"Header 3": "**5.2.2 Flagellar locomotion**",
"token_count": 385,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Ciliary locomotion is observed in ciliates. It is performed by bending movements of the cilia. Cilium also shows swift back and forth movements during locomotion as in the case of a flagellum. These are called *effective* and *recovery* strokes respectively. Cilium moves the water parallel to the surface of its attachm... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**5.2 FLAGELLAR AND CILIARY MOVEMENT**",
"Header 3": "**5.2.3 Ciliary Locomotion**",
"token_count": 487,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It is seen in flagellates such as *Euglena*, *Trypanosoma* etc. In this type of binary fission, the body divides into two halves longitudinally, hence called longitudinal **binary fission**.
*Euglena* possesses two flagella arising from two basal granules, one contractile vacuole, stigma, paraflagellar body (photorec... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**5.3 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION**",
"Header 3": "**I. Longitudinal Binary Fission**",
"token_count": 361,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It is performed by *Paramecium*, commonly called "slipper animalcule". It has an oral groove, cytostome and cytopharynx in the oral surface. It also has one macronucleus (**polyploid**) and one micronucleus (**diploid**), two contractile vacuoles (anterior and posterior), trichocysts, infraciliary system and many cilia... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**5.3 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION**",
"Header 3": "II. Transverse Binary Fission",
"token_count": 444,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- **Phototropism**: It is the tendency of an organism to move towards or to move away from the source of light stimulus.
- **Organelle**: A living component of the cell with a specific structure and function. e.g., Mitochondrion, Lysosome, Ribosome, Golgicomplex, etc.
- **Heliopodia**: These are sunray-like pseudopodia... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**5.4 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION**",
"Header 3": "**GLOSSARY**",
"token_count": 271,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. Name the system that controls the fastest swimming movement of protozoans and write its components.
- 2. Write the mechanism of bending of flagellum and explain effective and recovery strokes.
- 3. What are lateral appnedages? Based on their presence and absence, write the various types of flagella giving at least... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**5.4 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION**",
"Header 3": "**SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS**",
"token_count": 212,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 1. If, a row of lateral appendages is added to the flagellum of chilomonas, what type of flagellum does it transform into, hypothetically speaking?
- 2. What are the structures associated with locomotion that occur in higher animals such as man?
- 3. What is the primary source of energy for any type of movement, be i... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**140** *Zoology For ignited minds* **- NOT FOR EVALUATION**",
"token_count": 369,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
- 10. All undulipodia (**Hyman's terminology**) do not show undular movement. Do you agree with the statement. If so, how?
- 11. The total number of microtubules present above the level of pellicle of a flagellum is 20.
- 12. The total number of microtubules present in the kinetosome is 27 (3Γ9)
- 13. The 9 **radial sp... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**140** *Zoology For ignited minds* **- NOT FOR EVALUATION**",
"Header 3": "**[CLUE- Production of a clone does not involve pronuclei].**",
"token_count": 360,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
THE '*UNINVITED GUESTS***'** AND THE '*SILENT EPIDEMICS*' THEY CAUSE
- A PEEP INTO THE WORLD OF **PARASITES** vis-Γ -vis **MAN**
**A**t least one-third of all animal species are estimated to be parasites according to one estimation. In ancient Greece, a person, who flattered and amused the host in return for free me... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**Biology in Human Welfare**",
"token_count": 519,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
*Biology is the youngest of the Natural Sciences. Progress in Physics and Chemistry proceeded much faster than in Biology. However, the 20th century and certainly the 21st century have demonstrated the utility of biological knowledge in furthering human welfare, medical field, agriculture and animal husbandry. The disc... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**WONDER-MAN OF MIRACLE DRUGS**",
"Header 3": "**Biology in Human welfare: Introduction**",
"token_count": 228,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Based on the interaction between the host and the parasite, various types of parasites are recognised. Some of them are listed below.
- **i) Ectoparasite:** A parasite that lives on the surface of the host's body is called ectoparasite.
- **e.g.** head lice and itch mites on humans, ticks on dogs, copepods on marine ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.1 PARASITISM AND PARASITIC ADAPTATIONS**",
"Header 3": "**I. Types of parasites**",
"token_count": 575,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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- **i) Primary host** or **Definitive host:** It is the host that harbours the adult stage or sexually mature stage of a parasite or the host in which the parasite undergoes sexual reproduction.
- **e.g.** Man for *Wuchereria bancrofti,* female *Anopheles* for *Plasmodium,* etc.
- **ii) Intermediate host** or **Seconda... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.1 PARASITISM AND PARASITIC ADAPTATIONS**",
"Header 3": "**II. Types of Hosts**",
"token_count": 233,
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Parasites have evolved special adaptations to meet the requirements and lead successful life in the hosts.
- In order to live in the host, some parasites have developed structures like hooks, suckers, rostellum, etc., for **'anchoring'**. **e.g.** *Taenia solium*
- Some intestinal parasites have developed **protectiv... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.1 PARASITISM AND PARASITIC ADAPTATIONS**",
"Header 3": "**6.1.2 Parasitic adaptations**",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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In general, the parasites cause weakening of the body of their hosts by causing the deprivation of nutrients, fluids and metabolites as they compete with their hosts for the same. They may also cause pathological effects in their hosts such as
- **Parasitic castration:** Some parasites cause the degeneration of gonad... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.1 PARASITISM AND PARASITIC ADAPTATIONS**",
"Header 3": "**6.1.3 Effects of parasites on hosts**",
"token_count": 498,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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The term health is very frequently used by everybody. How do we define it? For a long time, **'health'** was considered a state of body and mind where there was a balance of certain 'humors' according to **'Good humor'** hypothesis. This is what early Greeks like Hippocrates as well as the Indian Ayurveda system of med... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**6.2.1 Health**",
"token_count": 440,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Any change from the normal state of health that causes discomfort or disability is called **disease**. When the functioning of one or more organs or systems of the body is adversely affected characterized by various signs and symptoms, we say that we are not healthy or we have a disease. Diseases can be broadly grouped... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**6.2.2 Disease**",
"token_count": 218,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Phylum : Protozoa
Subphylum : Sarcomastigophora
Class : Rhizopodea.
Do you know the reason for the death of the famous Mughal emperor **Akbar** and the most famous Telugu King **Sri Krishna Devaraya**?
*Entamoeba histolytica* (Gr: *entos* - within; *amoibe* - change; *histos* - tissues; *lysis* - dissolve) is a... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**I. Systematic position**",
"token_count": 208,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
*Entamoeba histolytica* passes through three distinct stages in its life cycle, namely:
i) Trophozoite stage
- ii) Precystic stage and
- iii) Cystic stage
**1. Trophozoite stage:** It is the most active, motile, feeding and *pathogenic stage* that lives in the mucosa and sub-mucosa membranes of the large intestin... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**II. Structure**",
"token_count": 712,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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The trophozoites undergo binary fissions in the wall of the large intestine and produce a number of daughter entamoebae. They feed upon the bacteria and the host's tissue elements, grow in size and again multiply. After repeated binary fissions, when the trophozoites increase in number, some of the young ones enter the... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**III.Life cycle:**",
"token_count": 305,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Some times, the trophozoites may rupture the wall of capillaries, enter the blood stream and primarily reach the liver where they may cause 'abscesses' (some call it 'secondary amoebiasis). From there, they may go to lungs, heart, brain, kidneys, gonads, etc., and cause abscesses in those parts leading to *severe patho... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**2. Extra-intestinal amoebiasis**",
"token_count": 201,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
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Phylum : Protozoa
Subphylum : Apicomplexa (Sporozoa)
Class : Telosporea Genus : *Plasmodium*
Species : *vivax*
Do you know the reason for the death of **'Alexander the Great'**? No one was able to defeat **Alexander,** but the tiny Indian mosquitoes 'defeated' him. Do you know how?
Among the protozoans, *Plas... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**Systematic position**",
"token_count": 337,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The term '**Malaria**' is taken from Italian language which means 'bad air' (*Mala* bad; *aria* - air) as it was thought that malaria was due to foul air. *Charles Laveran*, a French military doctor discovered *Plasmodium* in the blood of a malaria patient. *Sir Patrick Manson*, a Scottish doctor while working on eleph... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**I. History of Malaria**",
"token_count": 240,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
The ultra-structure of the sporozoite of *Plasmodium vivax* was studied by **Garnham**. It is sickle shaped with a swollen middle part and pointed at both ends of its body. It measures about 15 microns in length and one micron in width. The body is covered by an elastic pellicle with **'microtubules'** which help in th... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**II. Structure of sporozoite**",
"token_count": 218,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Whenever the sporozoites reach the liver cells, they transform into **trophozoites**. They feed on the contents of the hepatic cells, assume spherical shape and attain the maximum size. This stage is called **schizont** stage. Its nucleus divides several times mitotically, followed by the cytoplasmic divisions resultin... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**A. Pre-erythrocytic cycle**",
"token_count": 213,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It was first described by *Camillo Golgi*. Hence it is also called **'Golgi cycle'**. This cycle is initiated either by the cryptozoites of pre-erythrocytic cycle or the micrometacryptozoites of exo-erythrocytic cycle. In the fresh RBC, these stages assume spherical shape and transform into *trophozoites*. It develops ... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**A. Cycle of Golgi**",
"token_count": 417,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
When a female *Anopheles* mosquito bites and sucks the blood of a malaria patient, the gametocytes along with the other stages of the erythrocytic cycle reach the crop of mosquito. Here all the stages are digested except the gametocytes. Further part of the life cycle consists of:
- i) Gametogony
- ii) Fertilization
... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**IV. Life cycle of** *Plasmodium* **in mosquito (The mosquito phase) β Ross cycle**",
"token_count": 955,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
*Plasmodium vivax* causes benign tertian malaria. The clinical symptoms of this disease include bouts of fever which can be expressed in three stages namely cold stage, hot stage and sweating stage.
**Cold stage:** Chills, shivering, headache and giddiness.
**Hot stage:** High temperature of the body , rapid breath... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**V.Pathogenicity**",
"token_count": 301,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Do you know the reason for giving the species name '*lumbricoides*' for *Ascaris*? Clue : There is an earthworm called *Lumbricus*
**Phylum** : Nematoda **Class** : Phasmidia
*Ascaris lumbricoides* is commonly called the **common round worm**. It is one of the most common entericparasites of man. It is monogenetic,... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "*6.2.3.3 Ascaris lumbricoides*",
"token_count": 346,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Copulation takes place in the small intestine of man. After copulation, the female releases approximately two lakh eggs per day. Each egg is surrounded by '**a protein coat**' with
rippled surface. Hence the eggs of *Ascaris* are described as **'mammillated eggs'.** The protein coat is followed by a chitinous shell a... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**II. Life history**",
"token_count": 494,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Both male and female worms are found coiled together in the lymphatic vessels of man. After copulation the female releases the sheathed microfilaria larvae into the lymph of man. Each sheathed microfilaria larva measures 0.2 to 0.3 mm in length. It is surrounded by a loose cuticular sheath which is supposed to be the m... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**1. In man**",
"token_count": 200,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
In the midgut of mosquito, the sheath of the larva is dissolved within 2 to 6 hours of the infection. The ex-sheathed microfilaria larva penetrates the gut wall and reaches the haemocoel of mosquito. From there, it reaches the **'thoracic muscles'** and transforms into a '**sausage shaped larva**' within two days. It i... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**2. In mosquito**",
"token_count": 262,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
Light infection causes filarial fever which is characterised by headache, mental depression and increase in the body temperature. In general, the infection of filarial worm causes inflammatory effect in lymph vessels and lymph glands. Inflammation of the lymph vessels is called **lymphangitis** (*Gr., angeos - vessels,... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.2 HEALTH AND DISEASE**",
"Header 3": "**III. Pathogenicity**",
"token_count": 235,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
**i) Typhoid fever:** It is caused by *Salmonella typhi* which is a Gram negative bacterium. It mainly lives in the small intestine of man and then migrates to other organs through blood. It can be confirmed by **Widal test**.
**Mode of infection:** Contamination through food and water.
**Symptoms:** Sustained feve... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.3 BRIEF ACCOUNT OF SOME OTHER DISEASES**",
"Header 3": "**6.3.1 Bacterial diseases**",
"token_count": 282,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
It is not an exaggeration to say that there is no person in this world who has not suffered from cold at least once in his life time.
**Common cold:** It is caused by **Rhino virus** group of viruses. They infect nose and respiratory passage but not lungs.
**Mode of infection:** Contamination by direct inhalation o... | {
"Header 1": "**Zoology**",
"Header 2": "**6.3 BRIEF ACCOUNT OF SOME OTHER DISEASES**",
"Header 3": "**6.3.2 Viral Diseases**",
"token_count": 215,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/Zoology-I.pdf"
} |
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