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Schärer, 2003, *Angewandte Chemie*, in press.] 4 3 2
roles of most of these XP proteins in nucleotide excision repair are now well understood (see Figure 23-30).
Remarkably, five polypeptide subunits of TFIIH, a general transcription factor, are required for nucleotide excision repair in eukaryotic cells, including... | {
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"Header 2": "Some Carcinogens Have Been Linked to Specific Cancers",
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The devastating effects of doublestrand breaks make these the "most unkindest cuts of all," to borrow a phrase from Shakespeare's *Julius Caesar.*
#### **Telomerase Expression Contributes to Immortalization of Cancer Cells**
**Telomeres,** the physical ends of linear chromosomes, consist of tandem arrays of a short... | {
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Define *metastasis.* Explain the rationale for the following new cancer treatments: (a) batimastat, an inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases and of the plasminogen activator receptor, (b) antibodies that block the function of integrins, integral membrane proteins that mediate attachment of cells to the basal laminae a... | {
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Folkman. 1998. Vasculogenesis, angiogenesis, and growth factors: ephrins enter the fray at the border. *Cell* **93**:661–664.
#### The Genetic Basis of Cancer
Bienz, M., and H. Clevers. 2000. Linking colorectal cancer to Wnt signaling. *Cell* **103**:311–320.
Clark, J., et al*.* 2002. Identification of amplified ... | {
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#### RE-WRITTEN BY
DR. HANS FITTING
PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY
OF BONN
Dr. LUDWIG JOST
PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY
OF HEIDELBERG
Dr. HEINRICH SCHENCK
PROFESSOR IN THE TECHNICAL ACADEMY OF DARMSTADT DR. GEORGE KARSTEN
PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY
OF HALLE/SAALE
FIFTH ENGLISH EDITION
REVISED WITH THE FO... | {
"Header 1": "STRASBURGER'S TEXT-BOOK OF BOTANY",
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The original authors of this text-book as it appeared in 1894 were Professors Eduard Strasburger, Fritz Noll, Heinrich Schenck, and A. F. W. Schimper. The death of Professor Strasburger since the last English edition was published renders it inaccurate to give his name as an author of the work. His position as the orig... | {
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"Header 2": "PREFATORY NOTE",
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| INTRODUCTION | ٠. | | | | AGE<br>1 |
|-----------------------------------------------------|-------|-----|---|---|----------|
| PART I. GENERAL BO | OTAI | Y | | | |
| DIVISION I. MORPHO ... | {
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Heterotrophic cormophytes 188 II. Organs of Reproduction 192 SECTION IV. THE THEORY OF DESCENT AND THE ORIGIN OF NEW SPECIES 206 B. Formation of species and the origin of adaptations 210 DIVISION II. PHYSIOLOGY ... | {
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The phases of growth 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 282 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283 283... | {
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The measurement of growth 278 2. The phases of growth 282 II. The Factors of Development 288 A. External factors 288 B. Internal factors 296 IM. The Course of Development and its Dependence on External and Internal Factors 301 A. Restin... | {
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| | | | | | | | 398 |
| Phaeophyceae | | | | | | | | | 409 |
| Characese . | | | | | | | | | 418 |
| Rhodophycea | a . ... | {
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| • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 684 |
| PENTACYCLICAE | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 684 |
| Ericinae | • | • | • | • | • | • | • | 684 |
| Diospyrinae ... | {
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·V
1
ORGANISMS are customarily distinguished as animals and plants and a corresponding division of Biology, which treats of living beings generally, is made into the sciences of Zoology and Botany.
The green, attached, flowering, and fruiting organisms are distinguished as plants in contrast to animals, which are... | {
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"Header 2": "INTRODUCTION",
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MORPHOLOGY is the study of the external form and the internal structure of plants and the ontogenetic development of the plant body as a whole and of its members. In seeking to establish the significance and the phylogenetic origin of the parts of plants and the causes of the formative processes, it aims at a scientifi... | {
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"Header 2": "MORPHOLOGY",
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They are indeed essential in the construction of the more highly organised plants in which dead cells form the water-conducting tracts and contribute to mechanical rigidity.
It was due to the investigation of the cell walls that cells were recognised first in plants. An English micrographer, ROBERT HOOKE, was the fir... | {
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"Header 2": "MORPHOLOGY",
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#### A. The Constituent Parts of the Cell
If a thin longitudinal section of the growing point of the stem of one of the higher plants is examined under the high power of the microscope it is seen to consist of nearly rectangular cells (Fig. 2), which are full of protoplasm and separated from one another by delicate w... | {
"Header 1": "PART I GENERAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "II. THE LIVING CELL CONTENTS. THE PROTOPLAST (4)",
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Active protoplasm generally gives an alkaline, under certain conditions a neutral reaction, but never an acid one. It is not a simple substance chemically, but consists of a mixture of a large number of chemical compounds. Some of these undergo continual changes, upon which undoubtedly many important manifestations of ... | {
"Header 1": "PART I GENERAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "C. Chemical Properties of the Protoplast (8)",
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py, Pyrenoids; k, nuclei. (After Schmitz.)
chlorophyll, is essential for the decomposition of carbon dioxide in the chloroplasts.
The most recent investigations (18), especially those of Willstätter and his pupils, have shown that four pigments are present in the chloroplasts. There are two closely related green pi... | {
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"Header 2": "C. Chemical Properties of the Protoplast (8)",
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All the living elements of the protoplast, the cytoplasm, the nucleus, and the chromatophores, are never newly formed but always arise from the corresponding elements of previous generations. They increase in mass by a process of growth, BUT THEY INCREASE IN NUMBER, LIKE THE PROTOPLAST AS A WHOLE, ONLY BY DIVISION OF T... | {
"Header 1": "PART I GENERAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "E. Origin of the Elements of the Protoplast (4)",
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13, 9 v), and their number is increased by the interposition of others (Fig. 13, 10, 11). In consequence of rion, resting, and this a barrel-shaped figure, the PHRAGMOPLAST is formed. At the same time the connecting fibres become thickened (Fig. 13, 11) at the equatorial plane, and the short rod-shaped thickenings form... | {
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"Header 2": "E. Origin of the Elements of the Protoplast (4)",
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In addition to the minute microsomes which are always present in the cytoplasm, larger non-living inclusions make their appearance in the cytoplasm and chromatophores of all cells as they pass from the meristematic to the mature condition. The cell sap, which in larger or smaller vacuoles is hardly ever absent from a c... | {
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"Header 2": "III. THE LARGER NON-LIVING INCLUSIONS OF THE PROTOPLASTS (24)",
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The crystals may be developed singly in a cell, in which case they are of considerable size (Fig. 130 k, 175 Bk, 184 k), or many minute crystals may fill the cell as a crystalline sand. In other cases they form crystal aggregates (Fig. 130 k, 186 k), clusters of crystals radiating in all directions from a common centre... | {
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25 C, D) occur in potatoes, together with simple grains. In oats (Fig. 27) and rice all the starch grains are compound. The compound starch grains of rice consist of from 4 to 100 single grains; those of the oat of about 300, and those of Spinacia glabra sometimes of over 30,000. Starch grains have thus distinctive for... | {
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Each protoplast in plants is as a rule enclosed by a firm investment called the cell wall. This is formed on the outside of the
protoplast and is not itself regarded as living. Many plants commence their development as naked protoplasts, e.g. swarm-spores or egg-cells. These cells, before developing further and divid... | {
"Header 1": "PART I GENERAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "IV. THE CELL WALL (80)",
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They stain blue with chlor-zine-iodide solution but not with iodine alone. This
reaction holds for many hemicelluloses which are also polysaccharides. The cell wall nearly always contains other substances in considerable amount, some of which are stained other colours than blue by chlorzinc-iodide. The PECTIC SUBSTAN... | {
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Every close association of protoplasts enclosed in cell walls is termed a tissue.
Only the lowest organisms are composed of a single uninucleate or multinucleate protoplast and are thus unicellular throughout their life. Usually the body of a plant is multicellular, consisting of many protoplasts separated by cell wa... | {
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"Header 2": "A. The Idea and Significance of Cellular Tissues",
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Connections of the Protoplasts in Tissues.—The harmonious co-operation of all the living parts of the body, which is such a striking feature of the life of an organism as a whole, would hardly be possible if the protoplasts forming the tissues were completely divided from one another by the cell walls. It can in fact b... | {
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In this way the intercalary growth of these and other plants is brought about.
2. Secondary Meristems are derived either from the above-mentioned inactive remains of the primary meristem or are newly formed from cells of the permanent tissue, which alter their function and by new cell divisions are transformed into m... | {
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The thickening of the outer walls results from the apposition of cellulose layers, the outer of which usually, but not always, become more or less strongly cutinised (Fig. 190).
The outer walls of the epidermis, whether thickened or not, except in the case of those forming the surface of subterranean organs and espec... | {
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The stomata are formed by the division of a young epidermal cell into two cells of unequal size, one of which, the smaller and more abundantly supplied with
protoplasm, becomes the stoma mother cell; while the larger, containing less protoplasm, usually forms an ordinary epidermal cell. The stoma mother cell become... | {
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This band gives the appearance of a dark dot or a dark lens-shaped body, Fig. 57 B, Fig. 161 S) in transverse sections, while
it appears as an undulated band in radial longitudinal section. In older endodermal cells, as in the cells of the cutis, a secondary layer of corky substance is ... | {
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The firm thick walls of solerenchymatous cells and fibres are not infrequently further hardened by deposits of mineral substances. The resistance which these forms of tissue offer when the attempt is made to cut, tear, or break them affords sufficient evidence of their hardness, tenacity, and rigidity.
Sclerenchyma... | {
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In the Oak also tracheae two metres in length are frequent. As a rule, however, they do not exceed 1 m. and are usually only about 10 cm. in
length. The widest as well as the longest vessels are met with in climbing plants; in them they may be 0.7 mm. wide, while those of the Oak are about 0.25 mm. and of the Lime 0.... | {
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The non-septate LATICIFEROUS CELLS which contain the secretion called LATEX belong here. They are richly-branched tubes without cross walls, with a smooth elastic cellulose wall that is usually unthickened (Fig. 72). They have a layer of living protoplasm with numerous nuclei lining the wall and sometimes contain sta... | {
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Such a distinction is shown both in free motile forms, in which the direction of progression is usually determined by the polar construction of the body, and in attached forms, where the
organism is attached to the substratum by its basal pole.
Every section through a part of a plant parallel to the longitudinal ax... | {
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(a) Algae, Fungi, Liehens. 1. Simplest Forms.—The only forms that are quite unsegmented externally are a number of microscopically small unicellular or multicellular plants. The simplest form that can be assumed by an organism is that of the sphere.
For example, such spherical cells are shown by some Algae that form ... | {
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"Header 2": "A. THE THALLUS (50)",
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Parasitic fungi, if not inhabiting the cells, usually send suctorial projections of the hyphae (haustoria) into the living cells of the host plant from the hyphae in the intercellular spaces (Fig. 85).
7. Division of Labour between the Branches of the Thallus.—The most highly-segmented types of thallus are met with i... | {
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In ribbon-shaped Liverworts, such as Metzgeria and Aneura, as in some similarly-shaped Algae, the apical cell is wedge-shaped (Fig. 94), and cuts off segments in two or sometimes four rows. The segments in the former case are cut off by oblique walls inclined alternately to the right and left; the four-sided apical c... | {
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The shoot in land plants may be wholly or in part exposed to the air (AERIAL SHOOT) or be partly buried in the soil (SUBTERRANEAN SHOOT, Fig. 138); the latter is the case in many perennial herbaceous plants (cf. Figs. 123, 138). It consists of the STEM or AXIS of the shoot and the LEAVES. The latter on the aerial shoot... | {
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while the transverse zones of the stem where the leaves are inserted are the NODES. The growth in length is much less in the nodes than in the internodes. latter it is often limited to a with involute vernation [ptyxis]; s, each leaf narrow zone, for example at the has two stipules. (x 15. After STRASBURGER.) base of t... | {
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In the dotted parastichies, on the other hand, they are 1+13=14, 14+13=27, etc. This regularity depends on the fact that in every system of parastichies there must be as many leaves between the successive leaves of one parastichy as the remainder of the parastichies of that system. (This, in the system indicated by unb... | {
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These arrangements are on the whole better shown in the stems of Monocotyledons than in the primary structure of the stems of Dicotyledons and Gymnosperms. In the latter the rigidity can be increased by the secondary thickening. In stems which are green and carry on assimilation the mechanical tissue is somewhat remove... | {
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The arrangement of the bundles in a young twig of Taxus baccata as shown in Fig. 114 is less simple, though in this case also the leaf-trace consists of only one bundle. Each leaf-trace can be followed down through twelve internodes before it joins on to another bundle. It first runs straight down for four internodes a... | {
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These are either the
Fig. 119.—Transverse section of a concentric bundle from the petiole of Pteris aquilina. sc, scalariform vessels; sp, protoxylem (spiral tracheides); sc\*, part of a transverse wall showing scalariform perforations; lp, xylem parenchyma; v, sleve-tubes; pr, protoph... | {
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rhizome of Ophioglossum). These examples show how either a reticulate tube of concentric bundles or a hollow tube composed of collateral bundles can be derived from a centrally-placed concentric bundle. If we assume that the phylogenetic development has proceeded on these lines, it is clear that neither one collateral ... | {
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Fig. 122.—Acer platanoides. A, External view of a bud, with two young leaves between which the apical cone of the stem is visible; sp, the leaf-blade, in which five segments are indicated, the uppermost one being developed first; st, the zone, by the growth of which the leaf-stalk will a... | {
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136) bearing leaflets on the two sides of the rachis of the first or second order are of frequent occurrence. The leaflets of a compound leaf may be entire or more or less deeply incised. They may be inserted directly on the rachis or be stalked, and in some cases, e.g. Phaseolus (Fig. 132 fg), Robinia, Mimosa, be prov... | {
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In some plants layers of cells placed parallel to the surface instead of at right angles to it are found in the usual situation of the palisade tissue. In the leaves of the Pine and some other plants the same position is occupied by large, more or less isodiametric cells the internal surface of which is considerably ... | {
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When the stipules take part in the assimilation of carbon dioxide they are green and resemble the leaf-blade in structure (Fig. 209).
In some species of Galium in which the stipules completely resemble the leaf-blades, there is an appearance of whorls of four, six, or eight leaves; in reality the arrangement of the... | {
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139.—Longitudinal section of a bifurcating shoot (p) of Lycopodium alpinum, showing equal development of the rudimentary shoots, p', p''; b, leaf-rudiments; c, cortex; f, vascular strands. (× 60. After Hegelmaier.)
Fig. 140.—Sympodium arising from successive dichotomies.
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144 A); it may thus be regarded as arising from the union of two lateral bracteoles ( $^{68}$ ). In Dicotyledons the two bracteoles ( $^{\alpha}$ and $^{\beta}$ ) stand as a rule right and left in the transverse plane, the later leaves following in a different arrangement.
Apart from this the lateral buds may show ... | {
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147. — Raceme of Linaria striata. d, Bracts. (After A. F. W. Schimper.)
of the first order grow erect, as in the Cypress and in many shrubs, there may be no difference in length between them and the main axis; the branch-system has in such cases an oval or spherical form.
The racemose inflorescences may be divided ... | {
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This protection is afforded by a special organ composed of permanent tissue which is called the ROOT-CAP or CALYPTRA; it covers the tip of the root as a thimble does that of the finger, the true growing point having an intercalary position within the tissue of the root-tip. The outer cell walls of the root-cap become m... | {
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The innermost layer of the cortex is usually developed as an ENDODERMIS (71) (Figs. 159, 160 e, 161 S, 163's), which sharply marks the limit between cortex and central cylinder. The endodermis consists of somewhat elongated, rectangular, prismatic cells which in transverse sections show the dark Caspary dots on their r... | {
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This is especially the case in marsh and water plants where the roots arise from the lower nodes of the stem between, and alternating with, the leaves; they replace the primary root-system which has been lost when the older part of the plant died off (73). They are especially numerous on the under side of rhizomes (Fig... | {
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Secondary growth in thickness was present in certain Pteridophytes known to us as fossil remains, but only became of general occurrence in the Gymnosperms and Dicotyledons.
Secondary Growth in Thickness of Monocotyledons.—In some arborescent Liliiflorae (Dracaena, Cordyline, Yucca, Aloe) the axis exhibits growth in... | {
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The cambial cells which give rise to medullary rays are shorter and their end walls are more horizontal, for when a medullary ray is to be initiated the ordinary cambium cell becomes divided transversely or obliquely.
The origin of the cambium and the nature of its activity can be distinguished into three main type... | {
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174). In the formation of wood parenchyma the cambial cells undergo repeated transverse divisions. The resulting parenchyma thus consists of rows of cells, the origin of which from a cambial cell is indicated by the row ending above and below in a pointed cell (Fig. 173 hp).
The walls between cells of the wood parenc... | {
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On the other hand, woody plants that usually have definite annual rings may exceptionally show a smaller number of rings than that corresponding to their age, owing to the limits between some of the rings not being clearly marked. In
this way the number of rings on one radius of the stem may be less than when they ar... | {
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This depends in the first place on the arrangement of the annual rings and medullary rays, but also in many cases (e.g. Hazel) upon a wavy course of the elements of the wood; this may be brought about by the crowded arrangement of lateral or adventitious buds or lateral roots, or by the stimulus of wounding.
C. Subse... | {
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In the bast such growth is frequently very marked in the case of the medullary rays; in the Lime this leads to the formation of a secondary meristem which gives off rows of parenchymatous cells to either side in the tangential direction, so that the medullary rays of the bast widen year by year towards the outside Fig.... | {
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The open ends of the vessels in the leaf-scar become occluded with wound-gum or thyloses or both; the ends of the sieve-tubes become compressed and lignified.
When young tissue is exposed by a wound, a formation of CALLUS usually takes place. All the living cells which abut on the wound grow out and divide, becoming ... | {
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The form and structure of the cormus are closely connected with its mode of life, which in turn depends on the environment. Practically all plants thus appear adapted to the environments in which they are usually found. The uniform physiognomy exhibited by the plants of any locality, as well as the differences in the p... | {
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1. Water Plants. Hydrophytes (85).—Special peculiarities in structure are found in plants which live in water. These can
absorb both water and nutrient salts and also the necessary gases (carbon dioxide and oxygen) from the water by the whole surface of their stems and leaves. In considering the conditions of life in... | {
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190.—Transverse section of the epidermis of Aloe nigricans.
i, Inner, uncutinised thickening layer. (× 240. After STRASBURGER.)
piration. Some of these adaptations may at the same time be protective against strong insolation or overheating.
The following are anatomical features which serve to diminish transpirati... | {
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In rare cases the roots are transformed for waterstorage (e.g. Oxalis tetraphylla). Leaf-succulents are more common (e.a. Sedum, Sempervivum. Agave, Aloe, Mesembryanthemum), while examples of stem-succulents are afforded by the Cactaceae. of Euphorbia, species Stapelia, and other Asclepiadaceae (Figs. 197, 200) and Kle... | {
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While all transitions between rhizomes and shoot-tubers exist, roots are usually absent from the latter, while the rhizomes, which may grow horizontally, obliquely, or vertically, and be branched or unbranched, as a rule bear roots.
In Fig. 138 is shown the root-stock of Solomon's Seal (Polygonatum multi-florum), whi... | {
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In the luxuriant vegetation produced under favourable climatic conditions plants of large or gigantic size are met with. As mentioned
Fig. 208.—Portion of stem and leaf of the common Pea, Pisum sativum. s, Stem; n, stipules; b, leaflets of the compound leaf; r, leaflets modified as ten... | {
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They then become filled with either water or air, depending upon the amount of moisture contained in the surrounding atmosphere. These root-envelopes absorb water like blotting-paper; when the velamen is filled with water the underlying tissues impart a greenish tint to the root; but if it contains only air the root ap... | {
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The so-called insectivorous or carnivorous plants must be referred to here (91). These are plants provided with arrangements
for the capture and retention of small animals, especially insects, and for the subsequent solution, digestion, and absorption of the captured animals by means of enzymes. All these
![](_page... | {
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The green cormophytes utilise the light and by means of their chlorophyll construct organic substance from carbon dioxide and water; they also require to transpire in order to accumulate the nutrient salts from the soil in sufficient amount. Besides these forms others, which obtain some or all of their organic substanc... | {
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A. Significance of Reproduction to the Organism.—A natural or an accidental death is the end of every organism. For the maintenance of living beings reproduction is thus as essential as nutrition. The main feature of reproduction lies in portions of an individual continuing after its death, with the power of developing... | {
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The unicellular organism in these cases has at the period of reproduction become converted into a receptacle containing the germ cells, or a SPORANGIUM; the germ cells which give rise to daughter organisms may be termed ENDOSPORES or SPORANGIAL SPORES.
Among the multicellular Thallophytes simply-organised forms are m... | {
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As in the case of the formation of asexual reproductive cells, certain cells or organs with definite positions carry on the sexual reproduction. The parts of the plant body which bear the sexual organs may be specialised in relation to this.
In the simplest types of sexual reproduction met with in the lower Algae and... | {
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After pollination the pollen grain grows out into a POLLEN TUBE,
which in Angiosperms makes its way by means of the style to the cavity of the ovary and through the outer layers of sterile cells of an ovule to the egg-cell. When an open connection has been established between the pollen tube and the egg-cell, the l... | {
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At this stage kinoplasmic filaments are becoming applied to the nuclear membrane (6); the latter disappears, and the nuclear spindle, which is at first multipolar (7) but ultimately becomes bipolar (8), originates from the kinoplasmic fibres. The paired chromosomes become attached to the fibres of the spindle and arran... | {
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In the same way reduced functionless organs found in some plants have been derived from plants in which the corresponding organs are still well formed. In the family of the Scrophulariaceae (Fig. 235) the number of stamens ranges from five in Verbascum to two in such forms as Calceolaria; in the genus Scrophularia one ... | {
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That so few descendants of an individual survive is due to many being destroyed at all stages from the germ cell onwards. They are overcome in the STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE with the environment in which other organisms of the same or different species are included. Were all the offspring alike, accident only would decide ... | {
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THE object of Physiology is to describe the phenomena of life, to study their dependence on external factors, and so far as possible to trace them back to their CAUSES. Physiology, like Chemistry and Physics, is concerned with inquiries into the causes of what takes place. It must, however, also take into consideration... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY (1)",
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The protoplasm, on the other hand, cannot be artificially synthesised, and only arises in the organism by the activity of existing protoplasm.
The protoplasm can, however, only carry on its activity by continual interaction with the surrounding world. The influence of the latter is threefold. It provides the material... | {
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"Header 2": "PHYSIOLOGY (1)",
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Any consideration of the metabolic changes in the plant requires a knowledge of its chemical composition. This is studied by chemical methods.
Water and Dry Substance.—Some insight into the composition of the plant can be obtained without special means of investigation. Every one who has dried plants for a herbarium ... | {
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"Header 2": "I. The Chemical Composition of the Plant (7)",
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The materials taken into a plant may be necessary, unnecessary, or harmful. In any particular case this can only be decided experimentally, for it would lead to erroneous conclusions to assume that all substances constantly present in a plant are necessary. It has indeed been found that only ten of the thirteen element... | {
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"Header 2": "II. The Nutrient Substances: their Absorption and their Movement within the Plant",
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In many cases the cell wall is stretched by the pressure some 10 per cent to 20 per cent, in extreme cases even 50 per cent, and it contracts when the pressure ceases. When the cell is pricked or the protoplasm killed, the pressure is removed and the wall contracts (Fig. 237). By the distension the cell wall becomes mo... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "II. The Nutrient Substances: their Absorption and their Movement within the Plant",
"token_count": 1977,
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The vegetable cell, like every free surface of water or substance swollen with water (e.g. gelatine, mucilage), must give up water to the air so long as the latter is not completely saturated. Under certain conditions the loss of water from some parts of plants (e.g. roots, submerged portions, shade plants) is very gre... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "Transpiration (18)",
"token_count": 2026,
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It has been calculated that during the period of vegetation the Beech requires 75 litres and the Pine only 7 litres for every 100 grammes of leaf substance. For every gramme of dry, solid matter produced, 250-900 grammes of water are evaporated on the average.
It is evident from these and similar experiments that mor... | {
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"Header 2": "Transpiration (18)",
"token_count": 655,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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The discharge of water in a liquid state by direct exudation is not of so frequent occurrence as its loss by transpiration, but is found under special conditions, viz. when the plant is saturated with water and the air is saturated with water vapour. Early in the morning, after a warm, damp, but rainless night, drops o... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "Exudation $(^{16})$",
"token_count": 1637,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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The water, which is partly given off in the form of vapour, especially from the leaves, and in part exudes in the liquid form from hydathodes and wounds, has, as a rule, been absorbed by the roots. It has thus to traverse a path which, even in annual plants, may amount to some metres, and in the giants of the vegetable... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "Conduction of Water (18)",
"token_count": 1879,
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| | K <sub>2</sub> O | Na <sub>2</sub> O | CaO | MgO | Fe <sub>2</sub> O <sub>8</sub> | Mn <sub>8</sub> O <sub>4</sub> | PgO <sub>5</sub> | 803 | SiO <sub>2</sub> | Cl | |
| Rye (grain) | 2:09 | 32·10 | 1.47 | 2.94 | 11.... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "Conduction of Water (18)",
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Even in halophytes, in which it is present in greatest quantity, sodium is not indispensable. These plants live in soils rich in sodium chloride not because this substance is necessary to them but because they bear it better than other plants do. The concurrence of these in such localities is thus prevented. The char... | {
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"Header 2": "Conduction of Water (18)",
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investigations of Brown and Escombe have shown that a finely perforated septum, if the perforations are a certain distance apart, offers no obstacle to diffusion (25).
Movements of diffusion may also take place within a cell if dissolved substances are not at the same concentration throughout the cell. Movements of d... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "Conduction of Water (18)",
"token_count": 2037,
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The Movement of Gases from cell to cell and their interchange between the cells and the intercellular spaces takes place by diffusion. In the intercellular spaces movements in mass due to pressure are Unequal pressure is set up by the warming or cooling of the air in the intercellular spaces, or by movement of the pa... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "Conduction of Water (18)",
"token_count": 2045,
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248.—Absorption spectrum of chlorophyll according to Gr. Kraus. The Fraunhofer lines (B, C, etc.) are indicated above and the wave-lengths (700 $\mu\mu$ -400 $\mu\mu$ ) below. The black and shaded regions are those where the light is absorbed or weakened.
still such as to allow our eyes to read. Within certain limi... | {
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"Header 2": "Conduction of Water (18)",
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Similarly an artificial increase of carbonic acid in the air is followed by increased assimilation. Whether and to what extent an artificial enriching of the air in CO<sub>2</sub> would be of advantage in horticulture or agriculture cannot be said (\$\frac{32}{2}\$).
The CO<sub>2</sub> assimilation, like all vital pr... | {
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"Header 2": "Conduction of Water (18)",
"token_count": 1548,
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Certain Bacteria, which will be described in another part of this text-book, are characterised by the power of increasing their substance in a purely inorganic food-solution; they do this in the dark and without chlorophyll so long as carbonates are present. This has been determined for the Nitrite- and Nitrate-bacteri... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "2. The Gain in Carbon by Bacteria (84)",
"token_count": 291,
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While the gain of carbon from carbon dioxide is to be considered as the typical carbon assimilation of plants, it is by no means the only method found in the vegetable kingdom. Since it depends—leaving the Bacteria mentioned above out of account—on the presence of
chlorophyll and of sunlight, it cannot come into cons... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "3. The Gain in Carbon in Heterotrophic Plants",
"token_count": 2032,
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Nitrogen is present not only in proteids but in LECITHINS and in ORGANIC BASES. The former are complex esters in which glycerine is combined with two molecules of fatty acid, one molecule of phosphoric acid, and the nitrogen-containing base, cholin. They are never absent from living protoplasm. The majority of organi... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "3. The Gain in Carbon in Heterotrophic Plants",
"token_count": 2057,
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Stahl regards the significance of fungal infection of the flowering plant to lie in the active absorption of nutritive salts from the soil by the fungus. The advantage to the fungus is obviously, at least in the cases in which it infects green plants, the provision of carbohydrates which it obtains. It is probable that... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "3. The Gain in Carbon in Heterotrophic Plants",
"token_count": 2020,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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While many inorganic catalysators influence very various chemical processes, the influence of organic catalysators is quite specific; thus diastase only acts on starch. Since the catalysator either does not enter into the reaction or at least does not do so permanently, a small amount of it is able to hydrolyse a large... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "3. The Gain in Carbon in Heterotrophic Plants",
"token_count": 1517,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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When the reserve materials have been brought by the aid of the proper enzymes into the soluble form, or have been transformed into substances with smaller molecules, they are capable of being transported; we may speak of them as being mobilised. movements are governed by the general principles of translocation of subst... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "B. TRANSPORT OF THE MOBILISED RESERVE MATERIALS",
"token_count": 995,
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In the higher plants all the organic substance produced in assimilation is not used for construction and storage purposes; a part of it is always broken down and returns to the state of inorganic compounds. The significance of this process, which is usually associated with the absorption of oxygen and is termed respira... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "V. Respiration and Fermentation",
"token_count": 2042,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
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