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With continued rise of temperature, however, the respiration diminishes. In contrast to other like phenomena the fall in the respiratory curve is exceedingly steep, so that the optimum and maximum almost coincide.
Respiration is commonly spoken of as a process of combustion. Were this correct it might be expected tha... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "V. Respiration and Fermentation",
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"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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While most plants use organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, in respiration, certain Bacteria utilise other sources of energy. Thus, the nitrite bacteria which commonly occur in the soil oxidise ammonia to nitrous acid, and the associated nitrate bacteria further oxidise the nitrous acid to nitric acid. By the he... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "B. Oxidation of Inorganic Material (47)",
"token_count": 291,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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With the removal of oxygen intramolecular respiration begins, but this cannot supply the necessary energy to maintain life in the higher plants, although it may do so in lower organisms. Many Bacteria, Fungi, and certain Algae (Characeae) are notably independent of a supply of oxygen; they succeed with slight traces of... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II PHYSIOLOGY",
"Header 2": "C. FERMENTATION (48)",
"token_count": 1117,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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'Heat (50).—Since typical respiration is a process of oxidation, it is easy to understand that it is accompanied by an evolution of heat. That this evolution of heat by plants is not perceptible is due to the fact that it is not sufficiently great, and that considerable quantities of heat are rendered latent by transpi... | {
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Any movement of the wheel, induced by the elongation of the shoot, and the consequent descent of the weight (g), is recorded on the revolving drum (C) by the pointer attached to the weight Z, which is in turn balanced by the counter-weight
Fig. 255.—Simple and self-registering auxanome... | {
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The types of restitution may be distinguished
as regeneration and reparation.
REPARATION is when the lost organ is again formed from the wounded surface. This kind of restitution, though not uncommon in lower plants such as Algae and Fungi, is of very restricted occurrence in the higher plants. Only tissues that ar... | {
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As has been seen on p. 140, a distinction is drawn between primary and secondary growth in thickness. Only the primary growth in thickness is a phenomenon of the kind that is here being considered. In secondary growth new meristematic cells are formed from an intercalary meristem or cambium, and only later pass into a ... | {
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In attempting to determine the factors which influence development it is necessary to treat of examples which show in characteristic fashion the effect of particular factors. Completeness, either in the enumeration of the factors or as regards their influence, is out of the question. It is advisable to select the simpl... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "II. The Factors of Development",
"token_count": 2009,
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When the direction of the action of gravity coincides with that of the main shoot and root of the plant no effect is perceptible; when it forms an angle with the line of these organs curvatures are produced (see Geotropism), as in the case of illumination from one side. Apart from these curvatures an action of gravity ... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "II. The Factors of Development",
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The effect of these formations on the normal development of the tissues of a plant is more or less disturbing, according to their position, whether it be in the embryonic substance of the growing point, in the tissues still in course of differentiation, or finally in those already developed. Galls which are products of... | {
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"Header 2": "II. The Factors of Development",
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In lateral grafting, the shoot, after being cut down, is wedged into a lateral incision in the stock.
Fig. 268.—Different modes of grafting. I, Crown grafting; II, splice grafting; III, bud grafting.
W, Stock; E, scion. (After Noll...)
A special kind of grafting is known as BUDDING... | {
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"Header 2": "II. The Factors of Development",
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The course of development consists of a succession of processes which tend to be repeated in the same order in any particular kind of plant. Observations in nature suffice to show that this succession must be capable of modification. Deviations from typical form which are spoken of as monstrosities are not uncommonly m... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "III. The Course of Development and its Dependence on External and Internal Factors",
"token_count": 640,
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Attention has already been directed to the fact that three distinct states may be recognised in the plant: active life, latent life, and death. It was further pointed out that all the manifestations of life are at a standstill in the condition of latent life; the activities of metabolism, even respiration, are suspende... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "A. Resting Condition and the Commencement of Growth (65)",
"token_count": 2021,
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When species of different sizes are compared, the range in size of cell is not found to be as great as that in the size of the plant as a whole. In other words, large
plants are mainly (but not entirely) determined by a large number of cells (71).
Little is known as to the particular causes of cell division (72). I... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "A. Resting Condition and the Commencement of Growth (65)",
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in diameter, and a Water Cypress (Taxodium mexicanum) near Oaxaca, Mexico, are also well-known examples of old trees. The celebrated Dragon tree of Orotava, which was overturned in a storm in 1868, and afterwards destroyed by fire, must have been some 600 years old. Bryophytes also may attain a great age; the apically-... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "A. Resting Condition and the Commencement of Growth (65)",
"token_count": 505,
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In nature reproduction appears to follow vegetative growth with some degree of necessity. It commences as a rule when the vegetative growth is slackening and the plant has attained a certain age. It can, however, be shown that this succession is not obligatory, and that the natural course of development is determined b... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "1. The Conditions of Reproduction (74)",
"token_count": 2032,
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Fertilisation.—The product of fusion of the egg and sperm-cell surrounds itself, as a rule, with a cell wall. In the lower plants an oospore or zygospore is thus formed which germinates, usually after first undergoing a period of rest. In the higher plants growth and cell division take place forthwith; an embryo is p... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "1. The Conditions of Reproduction (74)",
"token_count": 2037,
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Such a union is termed HYBRIDISATION, and its products HYBRIDS. They are also spoken of as HETEROZYGOTES or individuals derived from two dissimilar sexual cells, in contrast to HOMOZYGOTES, which have arisen from the union of sexual cells with identical determinants. Hybrids are as a rule obtained more readily the clos... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "1. The Conditions of Reproduction (74)",
"token_count": 2046,
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It is impossible to predict which characters will prevail in any cross, and the question can only be settled by experiment; usually the phylogenetically younger character appears to be dominant.
With regard to the above example of dominance Correns (83) has
grow two plants of the same origin under completely identi... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "1. The Conditions of Reproduction (74)",
"token_count": 2036,
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#### A. Mechanism of Movements of Locomotion
In a fuller consideration of changes of position we can leave on one side the carriage forward in a straight line by means of growth of the growing point, since this has been dealt with in the chapter on development. We thus confine ourselves to the protoplasmic movements ... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "I. MOVEMENTS OF LOCOMOTION (88)",
"token_count": 1361,
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Phototactic movements may be best observed when a glass vessel containing water in which are Volvocineae, Chlamydomonadinae, or swarm-spores of Algae is exposed to one-sided illumination from a window. After a short time the uniform green tint of the water disappears, since the motile organisms have all accumulated at ... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "1. Phototaxis (92)",
"token_count": 814,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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Chemotaxis results, as mentioned above, from the unequal distribution of substances dissolved in water. tive chemotaxis leads to the irritable plants accumulating in the region of higher concentration of the chemotactic material.
Such substances are of definite nature. Thus, for example, many bacteria are "attracted"... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "2. Chemotaxis (94)",
"token_count": 2050,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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The watery contents do not, however, separate from the cell wall nor does a rupture occur in the liquid, since the adhesion to the wall and the cohesion of the molecules of water is very great, amounting to hundreds of atmospheres (96). A deformation of the cell wall, therefore, follows the diminishing water-content; t... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "2. Chemotaxis (94)",
"token_count": 2052,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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The same factors that give rise to the stimulus may also intensify or weaken the receptiveness. Other substances, such as the narcotics so well known in animal physiology, may blunt the receptiveness. The stimulus must give rise to definite changes in the plant; the protoplasm must react to these changes in such a way ... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "2. Chemotaxis (94)",
"token_count": 573,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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It is a matter of experience that the trunks in a Fir wood are all vertical, and therefore parallel to one another; the branches and leaves of those trees, on the other hand, take other positions. instead of a tree, we consider a seedling, for example of the Maize, we find that, at any rate to begin with, the organs st... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "1. Geotropism (99)",
"token_count": 2042,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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280.—Geotropic curvature of the roots of a seedling of Vicia Faba. I, Placed horizontally; II, after seven hours; III, after twenty-three hours; Z, a fixed index. (After Saces.)
only through growth. The power of a downward curving root-tip to penetrate mercury (specifically much the heavier), and to overcome the resi... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "1. Geotropism (99)",
"token_count": 2049,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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In this way the fruits of *Trifolium subterraneum* and of *Arachis hypogaea* become buried in the soil. In twining stems also a change of tone has been noted; while young they do not twine.
Geotropism as a Phenomenon of Irritability.—The discoverer of geotropism, KNIGHT, attempted to explain the geotropic movements o... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "1. Geotropism (99)",
"token_count": 1569,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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A good opportunity for the observation of heliotropic phenomena is afforded by ordinary window-plants. The stems of such plants do not grow erect as in the open, but are inclined towards the window, and the leaves are all turned towards the light. The leaf-stalks and stems are accordingly orthotropic and Positively Pho... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "2. Phototropism (Heliotropism) (105)",
"token_count": 2057,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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In certain leaves, however, the lamina is able to perceive a phototropic stimulus without being able to carry out the corresponding movement; this takes place only after the stimulus has been conducted to the leaf-stalk. It is true that the leaf-stalk can also react to direct stimulation, but as a rule the dominant imp... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "2. Phototropism (Heliotropism) (105)",
"token_count": 269,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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In the same way as light and gravity, heat and electricity, when their action is one-sided, may bring about directive movements of the plant. Since, however, these movements play no great part in nature they need not be further considered. Those directive movements which are brought about by the unequal distribution of... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "3. CHEMOTROPISM (110)",
"token_count": 2053,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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In other species of Wild Vine the suckers are only produced as the result of contact, and the tendrils of these plants are also able to grasp thin supports.
Sometimes, as in the case of Lophospermum scandens (Fig. 288), the leaf-stalks, although bearing normal leaf-blades, are irritable to contact stimuli and functio... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "3. CHEMOTROPISM (110)",
"token_count": 654,
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Many foliage leaves and floral leaves assume different positions by day and by night. According as the change from the one position to the other is brought about by variations in the intensity of light, in the temperature, or in both factors at once, we distinguish between photonasty, thermonasty, and nyctinasty. The m... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "1. Nyctinastic Movements (114)",
"token_count": 956,
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Chemonasty bears the same relation to chemotropism as photonasty does to phototropism. From whatever side a chemical stimulus (such as the vapour of ether, chloroform, or ammonia) acts on a sensitive tendril the same side of the latter always becomes concave; this is the side which is especially sensitive to haptotropi... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "2. Chemonasty (116)",
"token_count": 564,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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In Dionaea the two halves of the leaf-blade (Fig. 217) close together not only as a result of chemical stimuli but also owing to a mechanical stimulus. In contrast to the haptotropic movements of tendrils or of Drosera resulting from contact with solid bodies, in the case under consideration every disturbance resulting... | {
"Header 1": "D. Production of Heat and Light in Respiration and Fermentation",
"Header 2": "3. Seismonasty (117)",
"token_count": 1740,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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SPECIAL Botany is concerned with the special morphology, physiology, and ecology of plants. While it is the province of general botany to ascertain the laws that hold for the structure, vital processes, and the adaptations in the whole vegetable kingdom, it is the task of special botany to deal with the separate groups... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "SPECIAL BOTANY",
"token_count": 794,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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Since the time of Linnaeus the Thallophytes, Bryophytes, and Pteridophytes have been termed collectively Cryptogams in contrast to the Phanerogams or Spermatophyta. These two main divisions are, however, of unequal systematic value, for the lower Phanerogams approach the Pteridophyta, from which they have originated, m... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "THALLOPHYTA. BRYOPHYTA. PTERIDOPHYTA",
"token_count": 755,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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It was formerly customary to divide the Thallophyta into Algae, Fungi, and Lichens. The Algae are Thallophytes which possess chromatophores with pigments, particularly chlorophyll; they are, therefore, capable of assimilating and providing independently for their own nutrition (autotrophic). The Fungi, on the other han... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "I. THALLOPHYTA (1)",
"token_count": 1536,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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Bacteria are unicellular or filamentous organisms of very simple construction. Chlorophyll is wanting in them, and their mode of life is usually a parasitic or saprophytic one. A large number of species exist distributed over the whole earth, in water, in the soil, in the atmosphere, or in the bodies of dead or living ... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Bacteria (1, 8-9)",
"token_count": 2062,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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296.—Bacteria of fermentation. a-c, Vinegar bacteria; a, Bacillus aceti; b, Bac. Pasteurianus; c, Bac. Kutzingtanus; d, Bac. acidi lactic, lactic acid bacillus; e, Clostridium butyricum, butyric acid bacillus; f, Plectridium paludosum, fermentation bacterium from marsh water. (x 1000. From A. Fischen, Vorles, über Bact... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Bacteria (1, 8-9)",
"token_count": 2024,
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These bacteria oxidise sulphuretted hydrogen into sulphur, and store the latter substance in the form of rounded granules within their cells, ultimately oxidising it to sulphuric acid. Some Haplobacteria also belong to this physiological group (cf. p. 276).
Chlamydothrix (Leptothrix) ochracea, the so-called Iron-Bact... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Bacteria (1, 8-9)",
"token_count": 230,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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The Cyanophyceae are simply organised unicellular or filamentous Thallophytes of a bluish-green colour; the cells or filaments are frequently united into colonies by the gelatinous swelling of the cell walls. The numerous species, which are distributed over the earth, live in water, or form gelatinous or filamentous gr... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Cyanophyceae, Blue-green Algae (1, 10)",
"token_count": 2054,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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The Diatomeae and the Heterocontae appear to have been derived from the neighbourhood of the Chrysomonadinae, so that these three groups might be associated together as the Chrysophyta.
The Cryptomonadinae are rather more highly organised than the Chrysomonadinae and differ from them in the dorsiventral protoplast ob... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Cyanophyceae, Blue-green Algae (1, 10)",
"token_count": 1064,
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The Myxomycetes forman independent group of lower Thallophytes; in certain respects they occupy an intermediate position between plants
and animals, and have in consequence also been termed Mycetozoa or Fungus-animals. They are represented by numerous species, and are widely distributed over the whole earth. In the f... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Myxomycetes (Slime Fungi) (1, 18, 14, 15)",
"token_count": 2005,
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Its myxamoebae occur in numbers in the cells of the hypertrophied parenchyma of these swellings; after the contents of the host-cell have been exhausted they fuse into plasmodia, and these, after repeated nuclear divisions, give rise to the numerous spores, which are set free by the disorganisation of the plant. In the... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Myxomycetes (Slime Fungi) (1, 18, 14, 15)",
"token_count": 724,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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The Peridineae or Dinoflagellatae are connected as an independent and further developed group with certain Flagellata. They occur as
Fig. 316.—Peridinium tabulatum.
(After Schilling.)
unicellular, free-swimming organisms in fresh water, but for the most part in the sea, where, togeth... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Dinoflagellatae (1, 11, 17:19)",
"token_count": 850,
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The Diatomeae (Bacillariaceae) constitute a very large class of unicellular Algae. They occur, usually associated together in large numbers, in both fresh and salt water, and also on damp soil.
The cells are either solitary or form colonies; they are free-floating, or are attached by means of gelatinous stalks, excre... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Diatomeae (Diatoms) (1, 11, 20-23)",
"token_count": 2058,
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A, Cell seen from the valve side. B, Two cells lying alongside one another; their contents have divided into two daughter cells, each of which possesses two nuclei. C, D, Conjugation in pairs of the daughter cells to form the auxospores, which af first contain four nuclei. E, The two full-grown auxospores. (× 500. Afte... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Diatomeae (Diatoms) (1, 11, 20-23)",
"token_count": 781,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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This class of green fresh-water Algae includes unicellular and simply filamentous forms, and is clearly distinct from that of the Chlorophyceae. Their cells, which increase in number by cell division, are uninuclear, and differ from those of the Diatoms in having a cell wall which is not silicified, and in the presence... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Conjugatae (1, 11, 24-26)",
"token_count": 2016,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
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In the Heterocontae a number of genera of green Algae are included which were formerly placed in the Chlorophyceae but are now separated as an independent class derived from the Chrysomonadinae.
They are characterised by the yellowish green colour of the discoid chromatophores, which contain in addition to chlorophyl... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Heterocontae (1, 11, 27)",
"token_count": 799,
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When the green Conjugatae and Heterocontae are separated there remains the large natural group of the Chlorophyceae, including several series of genera. The majority of these Algae live in fresh water or in damp situations; some large forms occur on the sea coast but do not contribute to the plankton. Their characteris... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Chlorophyceae (1, 11, 28-38)",
"token_count": 2032,
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1, Vegetative cell and cell divided into 8 zoospores; 2, free zoospores; 3, zoospores after they have formed cell walls. (After Beverince, from Oltmanns' Algae.)
cells, while on the margin it consists of cells more or less acutely crenated. The formation of asexual swarm-spores is effected in *Pediastrum* by the divi... | {
"Header 1": "PART II SPECIAL BOTANY",
"Header 2": "Chlorophyceae (1, 11, 28-38)",
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341 *C*, a) consisting of but few cells, and are developed from asexual swarm-spores (ANDROSPORES) which, after swarming, attach themselves to the female filaments, or even to the oogonia. In the upper cells of the
dwarf male filaments thus derived from the androspores, spermatozoids are produced which are set free b... | {
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The swarm-spores of *Vaucheria*, which differ from those of the other Siphonales, are developed in special sporangia, cut off from the swollen extremities of lateral branches by means of transverse walls (Fig. 347). The whole contents of such a sporangium become converted into a single green swarm-spore. The wall
o... | {
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The Phaeophyceae, like the Chlorophyceae, can be derived from Flagellata. They attain a higher grade of organisation in their vegetative organs than do the Green Algae.
With the exception of a very few fresh-water species, the Phaeophyceae are only found in salt water. They attain their highest development in the col... | {
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355.—Ectocarpus siliculosus. 1, Female gamete surrounded by a number of male gametes; seen from the side. 2.5, Stages in the fusion of gametes. 6, Zygote after 24 hours. 7.9, Fusion of the nuclei in conjugation, as seen in fixed and stained material. (1.5 after Berthold); 6.9 after Oltmanns.)
![](_page_424_Picture_7.... | {
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From the inner wall of the conceptacles, between the oogonia and antheridia, spring numerous unbranched sterile hairs or PABAPHYSES, some of which protrude in tufts from the mouth of the conceptacle (Fig. 359 p). The antheridia are oval in shape, and are formed in clusters on special short and much-branched filaments (... | {
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The Characeae or Charophyta form a group of highly organised green Thallophytes sharply isolated from both simpler and higher forms. Their origin must be looked for in the Chlorophyceae, but the complicated structure of their sexual organs does not allow of any immediate connection with the oogamous Green Algae. On the... | {
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The Rhodophyceae or Florideae constitute an independent group of the higher Algae, the phylogenetic origin of which is perhaps to be sought among the higher Green Algae, but they also exhibit connections with the Brown Algae. They are almost exclusively marine, and specially characterise the lowest algal region on the ... | {
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The trichogyne and egg-cell are only separated by a cell wall after fertilisation (\*\*\*).
The formation of the antheridia (\*\*\*a\*) as well as of the frequently very complicated cystocarps follows a variety of types in the Florideae. In all cases, however, according to Oltmanns, the carpospores are to be regarded... | {
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In the structure both of their thallus and sexual organs the Phycomycetes exhibit a close connection with the Siphoneac. The phylogenetic origin of most of the Phycomycetes is probably to be sought in this group, though certain forms point to a relationship with other Green Algae (e.g. Basidiobolus with the Conjugatae,... | {
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The tubular antheridia, with a number of nuclei that undergo
one mitotic division, apply themselves to the ocgonia and send fertilising tubes to the egg-cells. One male nucleus enters the eggcell and fuses with its nucleus. The ocspore after fertilisation acquires a thick wall. The reduction division takes place on t... | {
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One of the most widely distributed species is *Mucor Mucedo*, frequently found forming white fur-like growths of mould on damp bread, preserved fruits, dung, etc. *Mucor stolonifer* (= Rhizopus nigricans), with a brown mycelium, occurs on similar substrata. The spherical sporangia are borne on the ends of thick, erec... | {
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When the Phycomycetes are excluded there remain two great groups of Fungi, the Ascomycetes and the Basidiomycetes, regarding the classification and phylogeny of which there is still much un-The attempt has been made to derive them from the certainty. Phycomycetes. Not only is the construction of the thallus against thi... | {
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The Ascomycetes in their typical forms possess sexual organs, the oogonia, which here go by the name of ascogonia or, as in the Red Algae, of carpogonia, and antheridia. The sexual organs have been accurately investigated in relatively few forms; a number of distinct types are found.
- 1. In the Laboulbeniaceae (Fig.... | {
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These are uninucleate cells, separated from the mycelium by partition walls, and stand close together. The male nucleus passes into the
oogonium by an opening which forms in the cell walls (Fig. 382, 1-4). After fertilisation the oogonium is surrounded by investing filaments which spring from its stalk cell or from t... | {
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Each perithecium contains a number of asci with eight long, filiform ascospores, which are ejected and carried by the wind to the inflorescences of the grass.
Nectria ditissima (68) is a very injurious parasitic fungus which inhabits the
Fig. 887.—Claviceps purpures. A, Mycelial hyph... | {
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1, A fructification in vertical section (× 5); a, the cortex; d, air-containing tissue; c<sub>i</sub> dark veins of compact hyphae; h, ascogenous tissue. 2, A portion of the hymenium (× 460). (After Tulasne, from v. Tavel. Püzc.)
Of the edible varieties, the most important are the so-called black truffles belonging t... | {
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The Basidiomycetes no longer possess sexual organs; only in the Uredineae or Rust Fungi are structures found which can be regarded as persisting, though functionless, male organs, and cells which appear to correspond to the carpogonia of Ascomycetes. In place of asci, BASIDIA are present which produce by a process of b... | {
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Avenae*, *U. Sorghi*, *U. Panici miliacei*, *U. Crameri*. The Smut of Maize can infect all parts of the plant while in a young state and the disease is limited to the infected spots.
The life-history of the Tilletiaceae is similar to that of the Ustilaginaceae. The best-known species are Tilletia Tritici (= T. Caries... | {
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Two of the daughter nuclei remain in the lower part and two pass to the upper portion of the dividing cell, and this upper portion is separated by a transverse wall as the first sporemother-cell (D). In other respects the formation of the aecidiospores proceeds as described above. A peridium is not formed in Phragmidiu... | {
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The mature aecidiospores behave like the teleutospores of the other Uredineae; their two nuclei fuse, and the spore germinates to form a basidium bearing four uninucleate basidiospores. This is preceded by a reduction division of the nucleus (Fig. 408). Possibly Endophyllum may be regarded as a primitive form. Caeoma n... | {
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They form on the trunks of trees either flat, leathery incrustations bearing the hymenium on their smooth upper surfaces; or the flat fructifications become raised above the substratum and form bracket-like projections, which frequently show an imbricated
Fig. 412.—Clavaria botrytis. (... | {
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mappa (Fig. 419), yellow or yellowish white. All three have white
gills and a swollen base to the stalk, which in the two first-named species bears a large lobed sheath. Russula emetica, with a red pileus and white lamellae; Lactaria torminosa having a shaggy, yellow or reddish-brown pileus and white milky juice.
R... | {
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The Lichens are symbiotic organisms; they consist of higher Fungi, chiefly the Ascomycetes, more rarely Basidiomycetes, and unicellular or filamentous Algae (Cyanophyceae or Chlorophyceae), living in intimate connection, and together forming a compound thallus or CONSORTIUM. Strictly speaking, both Fungi and Algae shou... | {
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425.—Cetraria islandica. ap, Apothecium.
(Nat. size.) OPPICIAL.
species the erect podetia are slender and cylindrical, simple or forked; in *C. rangiferina*, Reindeer Moss, which has a world-wide distribution, particularly in the tundras of the North, the podetia are finely branched (Fig. 428), and bear the small
!... | {
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The Bryophyta or Muscineae comprise two classes, the *Hepaticae* or Liverworts, and the *Musci* or Mosses. They are as regards their general segmentation Thallophyta, but are distinguished from them by the characteristic structure of their sexual organs, ANTHERIDIA and ARCHEGONIA, which are similar to those of the Pter... | {
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The spermatozoids of Mosses are attracted by cane-sugar solution, those of the Liverwort *Marchantia* also by proteid substances and by salts of potassium, rubidium, and caesium (%) (cf. p. 331).
The archegonium develops from a single superficial cell. In Liverworts this divides into a lower cell, which gives rise ... | {
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(After GOEBEL.)
protonema in a great variety of ways, becoming separated later (97).
There are difficulties in the way of the phylogenetic derivation of the Bryophyta from any definite group of Algae. I'etween the Bryophytes on the one hand, and
the higher Green Algae and Characeae on the other, no transitional f... | {
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Most Liverworts inhabit moist situations and have a corresponding hygrophilous structure. True aquatic forms are, however, only sparingly represented. Some delicate Jungermanniaceae grow among Mosses. Other less numerous forms live in extremely dry habitats on the bark of trees, on rocks or on the ground; these have xe... | {
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The branches producing the male organs terminate in lobed discs, which bear the antheridia on their upper sides in flask-shaped depressions, each containing an antheridium (Fig. 445 B). The depressions, into each of which a narrow canal leads, are separated from each other by tissue provided with air-chambers. (The str... | {
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In the Anakrogynae the apex is not used up in the formation of the archegonia, and the sporogonia are situated on the dorsal surface and are surrounded by a sheath-like outgrowth of the thallus forming a perichaetium. To this group belong the thalloid forms (Pellia, Metzgeria)
Fig. 450... | {
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The Mosses include a large number of forms distributed in all parts of the world. They grow on dry soil, in swamps, on rocks, on tree-trunks and in tropical forests, also as epiphytes on the branches, and less commonly in water;
their structure is correspondingly various. Close tufts or masses are especially characte... | {
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Special branches of the tufted heads are distinguishable by their different structure and colour: on these the sexual organs are produced. The male branches give rise, near the leaves, to spherical stalked antheridia. The archegonia are borne at the tips of the female branches. The sporogonium develops a short stalk wi... | {
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The Pteridophytes include the Ferns, Water-Ferns, Horse-tails, and Club Mosses, and represent the most highly developed Cryptogams. In the development of the plants forming this group, as in the Bryophyta, a distinct alternation of generations is exhibited. The
sexual generation bears the antheridia and archegonia; t... | {
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marginarise). E, Polypodium nereifolium (v. goniophlebii). F, Onoclea sensibilis (v. sageniae).
Fig. 466. — Development of the sporangium of Asplenium. A, First divisions of the young sporangium which has originated from a single superficial cell. B, Division into the wall (w), and the... | {
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- Order 1. Sphenophyllaceae.—Stem slender; leaves in whorls. Sporophylls with 1-4 sporangia, borne in cones. Homosporous. Extinct plants.
- 4. Lycopodinae.—Stem simple or dichotomously branched. Roots dichotomous. Leaves alternate, simple. Sporangia with firm walls, always borne singly in the axils of the sporophylls.
... | {
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The great majority of existing Pteridophytes belong to the Ferns, taking the group in a wide sense. Two sub-classes are distinguished according to the structure of the sporangia. The Eusporangiate Ferns are characterised by sporangia, the thick wall of which consists of a number of layers of cells. They open by a longi... | {
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#### Order 1. Marattiaceae (116)
This order, perhaps the most primitive of existing Ferns, includes about 20 stately tropical ferns with thickened tuberous stems and usually very large leaves provided with two stipules at the base. The sporangia are situated in groups (sori) on the under surface of the leaves, and ar... | {
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The Filices, or Ferns, in the narrower sense of the word, comprise a large number of genera with numerous species, being widely distributed in all parts of the world. They attain their highest development in the tropics. The Tree-Ferns (Cyathea, Alsophila, Dicksonia), which include the largest representatives of the or... | {
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(After Schlumberger.) C, Spermatozoid of Struthiopteris germanics; k, nucleus; d, cilia; b, vesicle derived from the vacuole; c, cytoplasm. (x 850. After Shaw.)
(Fig. 461), bearing the antheridia and archegonia on the under side which is turned from the light.
In certain Hymenophyllaceae (*Trichomanes*) the prothal... | {
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The MICRO-SPORANGIA enclose a large number of microspores, which, as a result of their development in tetrads from the mother-cells, are disposed in groups of four (C), and embedded in a hardened frothy mass filling the cavity of the sporangium. This frothy interstitial substance is derived from the tapetal cells, whic... | {
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A cartilaginous cord of tissue lying within the ventral suture of the sporocarp swells greatly, and splitting the ventral suture emerges bearing with it the sori, enclosed by membranous investments (Fig. 482).
From the microspore a reduced male prothallus is developed within the spore-membrane. This when mature conta... | {
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#### Order 1. Equisetaceae
The Equisetaceae include only the one genus Equisetum, comprising 20 species, found widely distributed over the whole world. The genus can be traced back to the Triassic period. Developed partly as land, partly as awamp plants, they may always be distinguished by the characteristic structur... | {
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The leaves (Annularia, Fig. 488) stood in alternating whorls; their form was narrowly lanceolate and at their bases they united into a sheath. In the most ancient type, Archaeocalamites (Fig. 488), they were dichotomously divided, and thus more fern-like. The cones or flowers had in this genus the same structure as tho... | {
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The Lycopodinae are sharply distinguished from the other Pteridophyta, by their general habit and the mode of their sporangial development.
They were abundantly represented in the palaeozoic period and included arborescent forms belonging mainly to the extinct orders of Sigillariaceae and Lepidodendraceae.
The nume... | {
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The antheridia are somewhat sunk in the tissue (Fig. 491 C) and enclose numerous spermatozoid mother-cells, in which small oval spermatozoids, with two cilia attached below the apex, are formed. The archegonia (Fig. 491 E, F) are constructed like those of the Ferns,
but the upper cells of the neck become disorganised... | {
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The development of the embryo, in which a suspensor consisting of one or several cells, the apex of the stem with the first leaves, the first rhizophore and the foot are distinguishable, proceeds in a great variety of ways in the genus.
Fig. 498.—Selaginella Martensii. Embryo before ... | {
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So far as our knowledge goes the Equisetinae, Sphenophyllinae, and Lycopodinae are branches of the Pteridophyte stock which have undergone no further development in the direction of the more highly organised plants. From the Filicinae, on the other hand, the first seed-plants had arisen even in palaeozoic times. These ... | {
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#### DIVISION II
#### SPERMATOPHYTA
The Transition from the Pteridophyta to the Spermatophyta (1).— The Pteridophyta are characterised by the type of alternation of generations they exhi... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"token_count": 2035,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
204) in the spore-mother-cells of Archegoniates and Spermatophyta have resulted in a confirmation of the limits of the two generations in the latter (2). The number of chromosomes characteristic of any plant is diminished to one-half, during the divisions that lead to the origin of the sexual generation, and the full n... | {
"Header 1": "DIVISION II SPERMATOPHYTA",
"token_count": 465,
"source_pdf": "datasets/websources/biochem/strasburgers_text-book_of_botany_1921.pdf"
} |
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