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Louis Ridout
Louis Ridout (born 24 January 1990 in Taunton) is an English international indoor and outdoor bowls player.
Bowls career
In 2015 he won the pairs bronze medal at the Atlantic Bowls Championships.
In 2016 he won the National title in the Pairs with Sam Tolchard. The bowler who represents Devon represented England during the 2016 World Outdoor Bowls Championship.
He was selected as part of the English team for the 2018 Commonwealth Games on the Gold Coast in Queensland where he claimed a bronze medal in the Fours with David Bolt, Jamie Chestney and Sam Tolchard.
He was crowned National singles champion in August 2018 after defeating Andrew Squire 21–16 in the final. He subsequently became the British singles champion after winning the British Isles Bowls Championships the following year. He bowls for Kings BC, who have won the Top Club championship four years running from 2016 to 2019.
In 2022, he competed in the men's triples and the men's fours at the 2022 Commonwealth Games. The team of Ridout, Nick Brett and Jamie Chestney won the triples gold medal and in the fours he also secured a bronze medal.
In 2023, he was selected as part of the team to represent England at the 2023 World Outdoor Bowls Championship. He participated in the men's triples and the men's fours events. In the triples with Nick Brett and Jamie Walker, he won the bronze medal. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:SriHalasomeshwaraswamyji
__NOINDEX__
The result of the discussion was Delete. Ricky81682 (talk) 05:55, 11 December 2014 (UTC)
User:SriHalasomeshwaraswamyji
Where to start: this page is a userpage about a person, in Kannada, using Infobox temple for a person and appears to be the same as the user, whose username is the same. See also User:Hirehadagali Halaswamy Math and User:Halaswamymath. Auric talk 13:24, 30 November 2014 (UTC)
* Delete per WP:NOTFACEBOOK. User has no other contributions, at least from this account. JohnCD (talk) 17:22, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Plotting with Makie safe frames
Hi there,
I’m new in the world of Julia. At the moment I’m working on a little project developing a solver on my GPU. To plot my results I’m using Makie.jl since I’m working on the GPU anyway.
So far I used the Makie.record command to record my solution evolving in time, but I want to edit some details in the video and therefore it seems to be reasonable just to save the plots at every single time step as a .png and render all pictures afterwards in a separate program. Unfortunately I run into problems using the following little sample code ( initial_data just return a 3D Arrays depending on the vector k_in)
using Makie
using CuArrays
alpha=0
i=1
for i=1:10
k_in=[i,-i,i^2]
scene = Scene()
z=initial_data(N, k_in, x_min, x_max, y_min, y_max, z_min, z_max)
Makie.volume!(scene, real(z), algorithm=:iso, isovalue=alpha,transparency=true,color=:red)
Makie.save("test$i.png", scene)
end
Here all timesteps are plottet into a single scene which is definetly nowt what I want, by neglecting the broadcast command ! I run into the following error
ERROR: LoadError: No overload for Volume{...} and also no overload for trait AbstractPlotting.VolumeLike() found! Arguments: (Scene, Array{Float64,3})
Stacktrace:
[1] #convert_arguments#214(::Base.Iterators.Pairs{Union{},Union{},Tuple{},NamedTuple{(),Tuple{}}}, ::Function, ::Type{Volume{...}}, ::Scene, ::Vararg{Any,N} where N) at C:\Users\Noobie\.julia\packages\AbstractPlotting\NOT5R\src\conversions.jl:54
[2] convert_arguments(::Type{Volume{...}}, ::Scene, ::Array{Float64,3}) at C:\Users\Noobie\.julia\packages\AbstractPlotting\NOT5R\src\conversions.jl:49
[3] #plot!#195(::Base.Iterators.Pairs{Union{},Union{},Tuple{},NamedTuple{(),Tuple{}}}, ::Function, ::Scene, ::Type{Volume{...}}, ::Attributes, ::Scene, ::Vararg{Any,N} where N) at C:\Users\Noobie\.julia\packages\AbstractPlotting\NOT5R\src\interfaces.jl:494
[4] plot!(::Scene, ::Type{Volume{...}}, ::Attributes, ::Scene, ::Array{Float64,3}) at C:\Users\Noobie\.julia\packages\AbstractPlotting\NOT5R\src\interfaces.jl:481
[5] #volume#96(::Base.Iterators.Pairs{Symbol,Any,NTuple{4,Symbol},NamedTuple{(:algorithm, :isovalue, :transparency, :color),Tuple{Symbol,Int64,Bool,Symbol}}}, ::Function, ::Scene, ::Vararg{Any,N} where N) at C:\Users\Noobie\.julia\packages\AbstractPlotting\NOT5R\src\recipes.jl:17
[6] (::getfield(AbstractPlotting, Symbol("#kw##volume")))(::NamedTuple{(:algorithm, :isovalue, :transparency, :color),Tuple{Symbol,Int64,Bool,Symbol}}, ::typeof(volume), ::Scene, ::Array{Float64,3}) at .\none:0
[7] top-level scope at C:\Users\Noobie\Documents\TESTJULIAGPU\03\testplotpng.jl:9 [inlined]
[8] top-level scope at .\none:0
in expression starting at C:\Users\Noobie\Documents\TESTJULIAGPU\03\testplotpng.jl:5
So my question is if there is some way to clear your scene before plotting the next time step and store it into a .png file? Or there are other useful tools in Makie.record to achieve something similar? I don’t find anything useful for my concrete problem in the Makie documentation.
PS: I have one further little question, is there any similar string formatting operator as %04d in Phyton to name your output files in the following manner test0001.png,test0002.png ,… . This would be very convenient for post-processing.
Cheers
but I want to edit some details in the video and therefore it seems to be reasonable just to save the plots at every single time step as a .png
What video editing software do you use, that doesn’t support importing videos? :smiley:
Anyways, this is how you should do this:
using Makie, FileIO, Printf
alpha=0
# initialize plot
z = zeros(Float32, 200, 200, 200)
scene = Makie.volume(z, algorithm=:iso, isovalue=alpha,transparency=true,color=:red)
volplot = scene[end] # last plot
screen = display(scene)
for i in 1:10
k_in = [i, -i, i^2]
z2 = initial_data(N, k_in, x_min, x_max, y_min, y_max, z_min, z_max)
# update first argument (volume(z)) with new values in place
volplot[1] = (z .= Float32.(real.(z2)))
# Save colorbuffer (more efficient then save(scene))
save(@sprintf("test_%04d.png", i) , AbstractPlotting.colorbuffer(screen))
end
I’m using OpenShot, I achieve the best output by doing so :smiley:
Hi,
sry I have to ask you a last question,. First your sample codes works well, but I can’t apply it in the 2D case, when I not want to plot the evolution a a single component. But I’m very confused about the data types and I can’t adapt your code above to that circumstances. Here x denotes a vector which entries are my grid points in the x-direction
#initialize the scene
z=CuArrays.zeros(ComplexF64, Jx)
scene = Makie.lines(x,z)
volplot = scene[end] # last plot
screen = display(scene)
for t=1:M
...update z...
volplot[1] = ((x,z) .= tuple.(x,real(z))
save(@sprintf("test_%04d.png", t) , AbstractPlotting.colorbuffer(screen))
end
What did I do? First I looked up the data type of scene[end][1] and it gives me
Observable{Array{Point{2,Float32},1}} with 2 listeners. Value: ...
Then I said to me if the above syntax works for the volume plot then I just should do something natural similar in the case of lines(). But this ended up in an error message, also slight variations and multiple searches at the Makie.jl side didn’t bring the enlightenment.
Can u maybe help me by explaining what scene[end] exactly represents and how I can overhand the data that I want to its first component [1] exactly?
Thank you in any case!
Cheers | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Clifford P. Kubiak
Research Interests
Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2
The electrocatalytic generation of energy dense liquid fuels to replace rapidly depleting petrochemical sources is attractive because it could represent a way not only to mitigate environmental impact, but also to generate chemically useful molecules from light. As a result, the electrochemical reduction of CO2 either directly into liquid fuels or into intermediates that can be further converted into liquid fuels is a major research effort in our lab. Our approach focuses on the optimization of transition metal molecular electrocatalysts through synthetic modification to enhance the properties required for the efficient conversion of CO2 to molecules of interest. A parallel area of study is the characterization of the mechanistic aspects relevant CO2 reduction and the development of new and more efficient catalytic systems.
Further Reading:
Benson, E. E.; Sathrum, A. J.; Smieja, J. S.; Kubiak, C. P. Electrocatalytic and homogeneous approaches to conversion of CO2 to liquid fuels. Chem. Soc. Rev., 2009, 38, 89-99.
Smieja, J. M.; Kubiak, C.P. Re(bipy-tBu)(CO)3Cl – Improved Catalytic Activity for Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. IR-Spectroelectrochemical and Mechanistic Studies. Inorg. Chem., 2010, 49, 9283-9289.
Sathrum, A. J.; Kubiak, C. P. Kinetics and Limiting Current Densities of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Electrocatalysts. J. Phys. Chem. Lett., 2011, 2 (18), 2372-2379.
Photoelectrocatalytic Reduction of CO2
In the reduction of CO2, large kinetic barriers may be mitigated by electrocatalysts that create alternate pathways toward reduction products. In particular, semiconductor photoelectrodes may be used to ease the applied potential requirements in these catalytic systems with illumination. In an example system, the creation of a heterojunction between a semiconductor surface such as p-type silicon and an active solution spontaneously generates an inherent resting potential. Under illumination, this potential can act as both a charge separator to shuttle electrons to the electrode surface and as a source of photovoltage that cumulatively adds to the applied potential. The end result of such a system is a reduced energy requirement for catalysis to occur. Of note is that photoelectrodes of this type may either be used as catalysts for the direct reduction of CO2 or as reductants of molecular catalysts. Our approach is to combine our optimized molecular catalytic systems with electrodes by either direct surface attachment to the photoelectrodes or interfacing the photoelectrodes with molecules in solution to maximize these effects.
Further Reading:
Kumar, B.; Llorente, M.; Froehlich, J.; Dang, T.; Sathrum, A.; Kubiak, C. P. Photochemical and Photoelectrochemical Reduction of CO2. Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem., 2012, 63, 541-569.
Smieja, J.M.; Benson, E.E.; Kumar, B.; Grice, K.A.; Seu, C.S.; Miller, A.J.M.; Mayer, J.M; Kubiak, C.P. Kinetic and Structural Studies, Origins of Selectivity, and Interfacial Charge Transfer in the Artificial Photosynthesis of CO. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci., 2012, 109 (39), 15646-15650.
Kumar, B.; Beyler, M.; Kubiak, C. P.; Ott, S. Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Generation by an [FeFe] Hydrogenase Active Site Mimic at p-Type Silican/Molecular Catalyst Junction. Chem. Eur. J., 2012, 18 (5), 1295-1298.
Electron-Transfer Reactions in Inorganic Mixed-Valence Systems
We study mixed-valence inorganic systems, which have been shown to display the effects of electron dynamics on the picosecond timescale. Through synthetic and environmental modifications, we characterize the behavior of the relevant vibrational modes within these systems, assigning their localized and delocalized behaviors at the borderline of Class II/III systems. We have employed theoretical modeling of donor-bridge-acceptor complexes to identify two intervalence charge-transfer bands, metal-to-metal and metal-to-bridge in character, helping to expand our understanding of related systems. Our library of relevant complexes includes nanoparticle- and hydrogen-bonded systems, which allow for the exploration of new types of supramolecular mixed-valence complexes, molecular assemblies which incorporate nanoscale structures, and the hardening of otherwise soft molecular interactions (hydrogen-bonds). This has allowed us to make significant contributions to the understanding of the mechanics of molecular scale electron transfer and also has implications for the development of molecular electronic devices.
Further Reading:
Kubiak, C.P. Inorganic Electron Transfer: Sharpening a Fuzzy Border in Mixed Valency and Extending Mixed Valency across Supramolecular Systems. Inorg. Chem., 2013, 52 (10), 5663-5676.
Glover, S. D.; Kubiak, C. P. Persistence of the Three-State Description of Mixed Valency at the Localized-to-Delocalized Transition. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2011, 133, 8721-8731.
Glover, S. D.; Goeltz, J.C.; Lear, B. J.; Kubiak, C.P. Inter- or Intramolecular Electron Transfer Between Triruthenium Clusters: We'll Cross that Bridge When We Come to It. Coord. Chem. Rev., 2010, 254, 331-345.
Ito, T.; Hamaguchi, T.; Nagino, H.; Yamaguchi, T.; Washington, J., Kubiak, C.P. Effects of Rapid Intramolecular Electron Transfer on Vibrational Spectra. Science, 1997, 277, 660-663. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The U.S. cities attracting job talent under the radar
In an age of superstar cities, in which 25 bustling metros account for half the country's economy, some under-the-radar cities and rural areas are thriving. Why it matters: Much of the country is in search of a playbook that can bring in even a fraction of the riches that have rained on the economic frontrunners. The big picture: The rift between superstars and laggards is in danger of widening, worsening political polarization as it goes. It's a bleak outlook for the areas left behind — but it's not that great for the superstars, either. These cities — notably San Francisco and Seattle — have been buried under homelessness and traffic as they exploded uncontrollably in recent years. Driving the news: A report released Wednesday by Emsi, an economic analysis firm, charts the cities the company deemed most attractive to talent, with some unexpected results. "There's a lot of talk out there about the superstar cities on the coastal metros that are taking all the jobs," says Josh Wright, an EVP at Emsi. But, he says, "there are places all over that are doing a lot better than people think." Emsi ranked every county in the U.S. based on six variables it says contribute to attracting talent. They include job growth, migration flows, education and job openings for skilled work. Among big cities, Jacksonville, Fla., Phoenix and Las Vegas came out on top. The top smaller metros — cities with fewer than 100,000 people — were Lake Charles, La., Macon and Waynesboro, Ga. Unlike traditional tech hubs, the front-running Jacksonville isn't built around a single industry or company. The top jobs, Emsi says, are in the ubiquitous restaurant and hospital sectors — but the area has been boosted by new Amazon and Wayfair distribution centers. For smaller cities, an anchoring corporate headquarters or university can be a boon. But there's hope even for those without a flagship institution. Cities are finding success with "placemaking," says Kristin Sharp, a partner at Entangled Solutions, an education consulting company. That means they're figuring out a brand that convinces people to move there — or, often, move back home after a stint in a bigger city. Much of this is built around quality-of-life factors. Think Boulder's outdoorsy beer scene, or Detroit's mansions that are cheaper than a Brooklyn studio. What's next: Automation threatens to throw the balance even further off kilter. New jobs are likely to accrue to already advantaged super-cities, while the losers stand to lose even more. Go deeper: The cities where low-wage workers are being left behind | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Interactions of planar polarity and the cytoskeleton
Project: Research project
Project Details
Description
Polarization of epithelial cells with respect to their apical-basal axis as well as within the plane of the epithelium is crucial for proper organ function. Epithelial planar cell polarity (PCP) is characteristic for epithelia of species as diverse as humans and insects. For example, it is visible in the highly structured compound eye and on wing hairs of Drosophila, as well as on the scales of fish or in the mammalian inner ear. Sensory cells of the inner ear and the vestibular system produce an exquisite array of ordered stereocilia of defined length and arrangement. Genetic diseases affecting stereocilia formation and orientation lead to deafness and balance problems. The genetic network responsible for PCP establishment in Drosophila is very similar to those in humans and mice. Mutations in genes such as vangl2, celsr1 and myosinVIIA or their fly homologs stbm, fmi and zipper, all affect PCP. The short generation time and the powerful genetic and molecular tools available make Drosophila ideal for identifying components of PCP signaling, and the high degree of conservation makes it extremely likely these genes will also have corresponding roles in vertebrates. During PCP signaling, epithelial cells convert signals into positional information and modify their cytoskeletal apparatus in order to move or produce properly oriented structures. We will study the non-canonical Fz signaling pathway that has been shown to play a central role in this process and whose signaling activity is precisely regulated by components such as stbm/vangl2. We will 1) precisely characterize protein interactions of Stbm and define their mechanistic role and 2) identify missing components linking PCP signaling to changes in cell shape and the cytoskeleton using a combination of molecular and genetic approaches. The information gained from Drosophila will be used to design experiments in the mouse inner ear system that will be performed in collaboration with Dr. M. Kelley at the NIDCD. It will, therefore, be possible to extend our discoveries to mammalian ear development.
StatusFinished
Effective start/end date4/1/053/31/09
Funding
• National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders: $27,330.00
Fingerprint
Explore the research topics touched on by this project. These labels are generated based on the underlying awards/grants. Together they form a unique fingerprint. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Coding Better: Using Classes vs. Interfaces
Introduction:
We basically have two different ways to provide abstractions in our source code: Classes and Interfaces. First, let's look at the differences between a class and an interface. The biggest and most apparent difference is that a class can hold functional logic while an interface is used to organize code and/or provide a boundary between different levels of abstraction. In OOP terms, the class provides both encapsulation and abstraction while the interface only provides abstraction but cannot directly encapsulate any logic. The second big difference is that class in the .NET Framework we can only inherit from one class but can implement multiple interfaces. While these differences seem to be minor, they become very significant to the structure, complexity, maintainability and readability of code. This difference will also affect how the code will "grow", change and potentially break over time as code is modified.
Using Interfaces:
If you have ever tried to dig into a model with a deep class hierarchy (more than two levels of class inheritance), it quickly becomes complex and difficult to understand. This complexity makes it less flexible and buggier and thus harder to maintain and modify. The limitations on interfaces in that they cannot implement any functional code makes source code a easier to read because they provide a consistent surface are for consumption of functionality. Also, when we see a piece of functionality coded to an interface we can think of the interface as more like a "window" into some functionality that we know is encapsulated and will reside somewhere else.
The nice thing about a concise interface is that when diving into an object model, we can stop our descent when we hit an interface because the interface provides a nice solid boundary between the different levels of abstraction compared to when we hit a class and have to keep digging because we don't know what lies just beneath the surface of the class. The ability for classes to encapsulate functionality is both their greatest asset in providing code reuse and flexibility but can also easily and quickly become a cause of unnecessary complexity if inheritance is not used judiciously.
One way to think of an interface is as an abstract class with no implementation and ignore the differences in inheritance. When looking at it this way, the problem with using an interface is that if we make a change to the surface such as adding a method or changing a parameter signature for a method this change must be made in all the classes implementing the interface. This cascading code break problem would also appear if we have an abstract class and add an abstract method because all classes derived from our abstract class would be required to implement the new abstract method. This is something we really have to be careful of when exposing public interfaces and abstract classes for consumption but not really a concern if our interfaces are internal to our library and are only consumed by code in our library.
Using classes:
Exposing an abstract class in lieu of an interface gives us the ability to provide a default implementation and not break any consuming libraries code. Because of the way interfaces respond to change it is a good idea to avoid having interfaces model domain level logic because this is where the most change happens in code. As a general rule of thumb interfaces should be used to model more granular, non-domain-specific functionality and abstract classes should be used for domain specific modeling.
One issue with using classes for providing extensibility is that in the .NET Framework we do not have multiple inheritance so our path for extensibility has no branches and we end up with overly complex and deep class hierarchies. This is also why it is generally better to favor composition over inheritance for code extensibility. Using composition we generally end up with much tighter encapsulation boundaries and we don't end up getting lost dredging through an inheritance chain.
When I'm coding I try to limit the length of inheritance chains as much as possible. The real power of OOP can only be fully harnessed with inheritance but it is a big gun and often not used judiciously enough. If I see a class hierarchy with more than two levels of inheritance it is a red flag that encapsulation boundaries are possibly starting to get a bit fuzzy and I'll start thinking about refactoring. One exception is when the long inheritance chain actually provides a simpler and more concise object model than using composition would have. Many design patterns take advantage of the power of inheritance but when coupled with a complex domain sometimes make code unmanageable so they should only be used where necessasry.
Picking what to use:
Classes and interfaces need to be thought of as entirely different animals and are not both suited to do the same job well. I have heard arguments that an abstract class is superior to an interface in that you can add additional methods and provide a default implementation so as not to break the code implementing the interface. Personally, I think this argument means there are initial design flaws in the surface are of the interface. Most likely the interface was modeling domain-level logic and a class actually should have been used in the first place.
Using inheritance for extensibility usually causes "pockets" of code encapsulation in the different layers of inheritance and the maintainability of the code base will deteriorate over time. However, sometimes there is no other way to make our code extensible from outside our library. We have to keep in mind extensibility is different from consumption of functionality which can usually be achieved through composition. Our goal should be to have a simple and clean model where encapsulation is as complete as possible for each class which will promote readability and maintainability and keep our domain model healthy. Unfortunately there is no silver bullet and some thought is always required to make sure we are always striving to use the best tool for the job at hand.
To examine the differences between classes and interfaces we can also examine the surface area or boundaries exposed by the class or interface alone and ignore the implementation code residing inside classes for a minute. Because interfaces will break consuming code if they change they should be thought of as defining "hard" boundaries between different levels of encapsulation. Classes as much more malleable and can be thought of as providing "soft" boundaries. Because class boundaries are softer, classes are much more forgiving to future change. Publicly exposed interfaces should not change after they are published because they will break consuming code.
We have the same cascading break issue if method signatures change for the publicly exposed surface are of our code which is why it is a good idea to keep as many classes and interfaces internal to our library as possible and have publicly exposed methods take classes or interfaces as arguments wherever possible because it is more robust than exposing a long list of more granular parameters.
I sometimes use internal interfaces to define hard domain level encapsulation boundaries within my code because any breaks only affect my code base and will not break consuming code but I am also very careful to not ever expose them publicly. These internal interfaces can provide scaffolding for the way code is structured in the library, provides nice hooks for testability and makes it easier to ensure consistency in the classes. But when I need to expose some functionality publically for consumption by another library my first choice is composition. My second choice is to opt for an abstract class with no implementation because it allows me more flexibility in changing my code and not breaking my consumers. I'll only use an interface when it is non-domain specific and I can be reasonably sure it won't change.
Generally it is good to keep classes and interfaces as cohesive as possible which will limit their surface areas. There is a correlation between the size of the surface are of our classes and interfaces and the probability they will be "hit" by change requests coming from bug fixes, refactoring, or changing requirements. On the other hand, having too many granular classes can also clutter the domain and add additional complexity. I have found that the lesser of the two evils can be found by focusing on writing cohesive code.
Wrap up:
Classes and interfaces need to be thought of as entirely different animals and are not both suited to do the same job well. Classes (both abstract and concrete) are great for modeling domain-level objects and because of their softer surface area they can be added to in the future with less impact.
Generally we should try to avoid having public interfaces model domain level logic because they have harder boundaries and the domain surface is usually subject to the greatest change over the life of the code. Public interfaces are great for defining smaller more granular pieces of non-domain-specific functionality and defining rules for how classes should interact. Public interfaces should generally be smaller and designed so that they will never have to change. Some examples of good interface design are IDisposible, IEnumerable and IEnumerator because they are simple and can be useful for many different types of objects regardless of their domain.
Internal interfaces can be coarser and define encapsulation boundaries in domain logic but we need to be careful that they don't become public because most likely they will change over time and cause cascading breaks which we don't want to bubble outside our code base.
Finally, classes are primarily where our domain modeling and implementation should take place. They can hold up better over time with larger surface are than interfaces would. This is because classes have more malleable surface areas and can accommodate change as our domain becomes better defined or changes.
I hope you found this article useful.
Until next time,
Happy coding
" | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Adalbert Theodor Michel
Adalbert Theodor Michel (Vojtěch Theodor Michl, 15 April 1821 – 30 September 1877) was an Austrian lawyer, law professor and rector of Universities in Olomouc (1854) and in Graz (1867).
Biography
Michel graduated University in Prague as doctor of law in 1844. After graduating he was shortly lecturing at the Universities in Prague and Vienna. Since 1847 he was lecturing at the Cracow University, but by 1849 he was again shortly back at the University in Prague. In 1850 he obtained professorship at the Olomouc University Faculty of Law. He became the rector of the University of Olomouc in 1854. Shortly thereafter the Faculty of Law was closed as retribution for Olomouc's students and professors support for democratization and the Czech National Revival in 1848 and Michel went to lecture private and railway law at the University of Innsbruck in 1858, and since 1860 at the University of Graz. He became the rector of the University of Graz in 1860, and the dean of Graz's Faculty of Law in 1876.
In 1870 Michel became deputy at the Graz town council as well as in the Landtag. There, he was gradually becoming more influential, especially as a member of various committees. Foremost it was the Landtag Committee, which entrusted him with the authority of evaluation of bill proposals and of cultural happenings.
Selected works
* Die Darstellung der Gewährleistung nach dem österreichischen Privatrechte, Prag 1849.
* Sammlung der neuesten auf das österreichische Allgemeine Privatrecht sich beziehenden Gesetze und Verordnungen, Prag 1850. (second issue 1861)
* Handbuch des allg. Privatrechtes für das Kaiserthum Österr., Olomouc 1853 (second broadened issue 1856)
* Grundriss des heutigen österreischischen allgemeinen Privatrechtes, Olomouc 1856
* Österreichs Eisebahnrecht, Vienna 1860
* Landesgesetze des Herzogthums Steiermark, Graz 1867
* Beitrr. zur Geschichte des österr. Eherechtes, Graz (2 svazky)
* Various articles in Magazin für Rechts- und Staatswissenschaften | WIKI |
Wikipedia talk:NMAI Native American Women Edit-a-thon
Comment
Just announced this event to a couple WikiProjects and several users who contributed to Native art articles. Is it okay if we add our own suggestions for articles to the project page? Ahalenia (talk) 19:28, 24 March 2021 (UTC)Ahalenia
Article Suggestion - Barbadian Lokono
The Lokono page has a large section devoted to someone called "Princess Marian" that's pretty undue weight for the article, but if she's notable, would belong on her own page. It's sourced to an author that seems like a username/editorial, but if there's a decent RS out there, it would be an easy spin-out.
If this is useful for this edit-a-thon, I might be able to come up with some other ideas for indigenous women of Guyana. Cheers, Estheim (talk) 11:48, 25 March 2021 (UTC)
* I've been considering an article on the Red Thread Women's Development Organisation which works in Guyana where there's 10% Amerindian population. They do research, outreach, and sometimes theirs is the only data on women's issues, so they're often cited by international organizations. They're without-a-doubt notable, but I just haven't gotten around to article creation (and I personally prefer improving content over making articles). Red Thread would be a great topic for a newbie, imo. Cheers, Estheim (talk) 14:52, 26 March 2021 (UTC)
* Both of these are great ideas! Talking to the organizer, their scope reflects that of NMAI, so this event covered Indigenous peoples of the Americas, not just US. You can add those articles to the list of "Articles to create" on the project page and add your name as a participant :) Ahalenia (talk) 15:45, 26 March 2021 (UTC)Ahalenia
Missing notable Alaska Native women
That's a start with subjects of obvious notability. I haven't the time right now to go through the Alaska Women's Hall of Fame list and separate the obviously notable from those whose notability is questionable. The most glaring omission is Katie John. An attempt at an article was started at Draft:Katie John, but draftspace was designed to be blatantly anti-collaborative. Perhaps you may be interested in retrieving it through WP:REFUND and trying again. RadioKAOS / Talk to me, Billy / Transmissions 07:08, 1 April 2021 (UTC)
* Adelheid Hermann — Alaska Legislature, Alaska Pacific University
* Brenda Itta — Alaska Legislature, Alaskool, New York Times, University of Alaska Fairbanks
* Grace A. Johnson — Alaska Legislature, other source material may be found at Ancestry website
* Irene Nicholia — Alaska Legislature, plus Doyon, Limited may have pointers to additional sources in their archives (her husband is one of their executives)
* Kay Wallis — Alaska Legislature
* I added these women to the main project space. Please correct any errors in their cultural/tribal affiliations! Ahalenia (talk) 15:41, 1 April 2021 (UTC)Ahalenia
Pop Wea
I nominated Pop Wea for deletion because there are no published, secondary sources about her. She simply isn't notable. Even Ancestry.com (which, of course, is unusable since it only produces primary documents) yields no results. Ahalenia (talk) 00:11, 2 April 2021 (UTC)Ahalenia | WIKI |
Build Your Own Video Community With Lighttpd And FlowPlayer (Debian Lenny) - Page 2
6 Configuring Lighttpd
Now we have to open lighttpd's main configuration file, /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf, and add/enable the modules mod_secdownload and mod_flv_streaming in it. It is very important that mod_secdownload is listed before mod_flv_streaming in the server.modules stanza. When I did it the other way round, I found that fast-forwarding the video in FlowPlayer didn't work!
vi /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf
[...]
server.modules = (
"mod_access",
"mod_alias",
"mod_accesslog",
"mod_compress",
# "mod_rewrite",
# "mod_redirect",
# "mod_evhost",
# "mod_usertrack",
# "mod_rrdtool",
# "mod_webdav",
# "mod_expire",
"mod_secdownload",
"mod_flv_streaming",
# "mod_evasive"
)
[...]
In the same file, we add also add the following configuration (you can add it right at the end of /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf):
[...]
flv-streaming.extensions = ( ".flv" )
secdownload.secret = "somesecret"
secdownload.document-root = "/var/videos/flv/"
secdownload.uri-prefix = "/dl/"
secdownload.timeout = 120
Please replace somesecret with your own secret string (you can choose one).
What mod_secdownload does is this: a web application (e.g. a PHP script) can have a link in it of the following form:
<uri-prefix>/<token>/<timestamp-in-hex>/<rel-path>
e.g.
/dl/d8a8cb150f7e5962f6a8443b0b6c6cc2/46c1d9f6/video.flv
where <token> is an MD5 of
1. a secret string (user supplied)
2. <rel-path> (starts with /)
3. <timestamp-in-hex>
mod_secdownload will then map this link to the appropriate file in the secdownload.document-root (which is outside the document root of the web site) and allow access to that file for secdownload.timeout seconds. After secdownload.timeout seconds, the link isn't valid anymore, and access is denied.
After we have installed FlowPlayer, we will use a PHP script to generate the appropriate video links for mod_secdownload.
You can find more information about mod_secdownload here: http://trac.lighttpd.net/trac/wiki/Docs%3AModSecDownload
Don't forget to restart lighttpd after your changes to /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf:
/etc/init.d/lighttpd restart
7 Installing FlowPlayer
Go to http://flowplayer.org/download and download the latest FlowPlayer version to your /tmp directory, e.g. like this:
cd /tmp
wget http://releases.flowplayer.org/flowplayer/flowplayer-3.1.5.zip
FlowPlayer comes in .zip format, so we must install unzip to uncompress it:
aptitude install unzip
Afterwards we can uncompress it:
unzip flowplayer-3.1.5.zip
This creates a directory called flowplayer in the /tmp directory. I'd like to have that directory in the document root of my video web site (/var/www), so I move it there:
mv flowplayer /var/www/
8 Configuring FlowPlayer
FlowPlayer is now installed, so all that is left to do is create an HTML file that lets us watch our video. I will create a PHP file for this called /var/www/flowplayertest.php which contains all parameters to start FlowPlayer in the user's browser and which also creates valid video links for mod_secdownload:
vi /var/www/flowplayertest.php
<?php
$secret = "somesecret";
$uri_prefix = "/dl/";
# filename
$f = "/video.flv";
# current timestamp
$t = time();
$t_hex = sprintf("%08x", $t);
$m = md5($secret.$f.$t_hex);
?>
<html>
<head>
<title>Flowplayer Test</title>
<script src="/flowplayer/example/flowplayer-3.1.4.min.js"></script>
</head>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#FF0000" alink="#FF0000" vlink="#FF0000">
<a
href="<?php printf('%s%s/%s%s', $uri_prefix, $m, $t_hex, $f, $f); ?>"
style="display:block;width:320px;height:256px;"
id="player">
</a>
<script language="JavaScript">
flowplayer("player", "/flowplayer/flowplayer-3.1.5.swf");
</script>
</body>
</html>
It's very important that $secret has the same value than secdownload.secret in /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf. Also, $uri_prefix and secdownload.uri-prefix must match. If this is fulfilled, the above script will generate valid links. $f must hold the filename of the FLV video, beginning with a slash (/). (The filename is hard-coded in the above example, but of course you can program whatever you like to dynamically generate the filename.)
The important parts that call FlowPlayer are <script src="/flowplayer/example/flowplayer-3.1.4.min.js"></script> (which refers to the flowplayer-3.1.4.min.js script in the /var/www/flowplayer/example directory) in the <head></head> section and the following two parts in the <body></body> section:
<a
href="<?php printf('%s%s/%s%s', $uri_prefix, $m, $t_hex, $f, $f); ?>"
style="display:block;width:320px;height:256px;"
id="player">
</a>
(The most important setting is the href parameter (which is set by PHP in the above script) which specifies the path to the FLV video. In the style parameter, we can specify the width and height of our video player.)
and
<script language="JavaScript">
flowplayer("player", "/flowplayer/flowplayer-3.1.5.swf");
</script>
(Here we specify the path to our FlowPlayer .swf file.)
This FlowPlayer configuration is taken from http://flowplayer.org/demos/installation/index.html.
To learn more about other ways of calling FlowPlayer and how to call it with specific settings, take a look at the examples on http://flowplayer.org/demos/index.html.
Now it's time to test our setup. Direct your browser to http://192.168.0.100/flowplayertest.php or http://server1.example.com/flowplayertest.php, and your video should start to play in your browser (including sound):
This is how the native Flash 9 full screen mode looks:
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cormoran's note
cormoran
競技プログラミング・電子工作・ロボットなどで遊びます
Recent Post
CodeFestival-2015-Final-G
G.スタンプラリー
問題概要
1を根とする木の、行きがけ順順序が与えられる。
元の木として考えられるものの総数を求めよ。
ただし、あるノードから子に遷移する場合、常に、まだ訪れていない最小の番号の子に移動することとする。
解法
本番中は部分木でDPできそうって思うところまでは行ったけどDPが書けず、諦めた。
下で実装した解法はchokudaiさんの解説そのまま。以下参照。（スライドはminになってるけどΣの間違いっぽい？）
http://www.slideshare.net/chokudai/code-festival-2015-final
区間DPをする。
行きがけ順序を{C[i]}とする。
DPTree[l][r] : C[l] を根とし、C[r]までを子とする木の総数
DPForest[l][r] : C[l] を一番左の木の根として、C[r]まで使って作られる森の総数
するとDPテーブルは、
森の根全てをC[l]の子にする
$$ DP\_Tree[l][r] = DP\_Forest[l+1][r] $$
森の左端に木をくっつける、(木は森)
以下を満たすmについて$$ l<m+1<=r , C[l]<C[m+1] $$ $$ DP\_Forest[l][r] = DP\_Tree[l][r] + \sum_m{DP\_Tree[l][m] * DP\_Forest[m+1][r]} $$
初期値
(単一点からなる木、森の種類は１種類)
$$ DP\_Forest[i][i] = DP\_Tree[i][i] = 1 $$
( i > j の部分は使わない)
DPテーブル２個使うのは初めて解いた気がする。テーブルの埋まり方はTree,Forestともに、右下からC[l]<C[m+1]の条件を満たすところだけ埋まっていく感じだと思う
1 2 3 4
1 1 - - -
2 x 1 - -
3 x x 1 -
4 x x x 1
1 2 3 4
1 1
2 x 1 - -
3 x x 1 -
4 x x x 1
1 2 3 4
1 1
2 x 1
3 x x 1 -
4 x x x 1
// CodeFestival-2015-Final-G / 2015-11-17
#include<iostream>
#include<vector>
using namespace std;
typedef long long ll;
typedef pair<ll,ll> pll;
typedef ll int__;
#define rep(i,j) for(int__ i=0;i<(int__)(j);i++)
#define repeat(i,j,k) for(int__ i=(j);i<(int__)(k);i++)
#define all(v) v.begin(),v.end()
template<typename T>ostream& operator << (ostream &os , const vector<T> &v){
rep(i,v.size()) os << v[i] << (i!=v.size()-1 ? " " : "\n"); return os;
}
template<typename T>istream& operator >> (istream &is , vector<T> &v){
rep(i,v.size()) is >> v[i]; return is;
}
#ifdef DEBUG
void debug(){ cerr << endl; }
#endif
template<class F,class...R> void debug(const F &car,const R&... cdr){
#ifdef DEBUG
cerr << car << " "; debug(cdr...);
#endif
}
const ll MOD = 1000000007;
vector<vector<ll>> dp_tree;
vector<vector<ll>> dp_forest;
ll rec_tree(const vector<ll> &C,ll l,ll r);
ll rec_forest(const vector<ll> &C,ll l,ll r){
if(dp_forest[l][r] >= 0) return dp_forest[l][r];
ll ret = 0;
ret += rec_tree(C, l, r);
repeat(m,l,r){
if(C[l] < C[m+1]){
ret += rec_tree(C, l, m) * rec_forest(C, m+1, r);
ret %= MOD;
}
}
dp_forest[l][r] = ret;
debug("forest");
debug(dp_forest);
return ret;
}
ll rec_tree(const vector<ll> &C,ll l,ll r){
if(dp_tree[l][r]>=0)return dp_tree[l][r];
dp_tree[l][r] = rec_forest(C, l+1, r);
debug("tree");
debug(dp_tree);
return dp_tree[l][r];
}
bool solve(){
ll N;cin>>N;
vector<ll> C(N);cin>>C;
if(C[0] != 1){
cout << 0 <<endl;
return false;
}
rep(i,N)C[i]--;
dp_tree.resize(N,vector<ll>(N));
dp_forest.resize(N,vector<ll>(N));
rep(i,N)rep(j,N){
dp_tree[i][j]=dp_forest[i][j]=-1;
}
rep(i,N){
dp_tree[i][i] = 1;
dp_forest[i][i] = 1;
}
cout << rec_tree(C, 0, C.size()-1) %MOD <<endl;
return false;
}
int main()
{
ios::sync_with_stdio(false);
while(solve());
return 0;
}
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Name
anim_offset — create an animation table for an object rigidly attached to another object.
Synopsis
anim_offset -o # # # [-r ] in.table out.table
DESCRIPTION
This filter operates on animation tables of the type used by tabsub and anim_script. Given a table specifying the position and orientation of one object at every applicable time, anim_offset calculates the position of another object which is rigidly attached to it.
The columns of the input table should be time, three columns of position, followed by yaw, pitch, and roll. The output will normally be a four-column file specifying time and position. If the -r option is used, the output is a seven-column file in which the last three columns are copies of the orientation information from the input file.
The position of the object relative to the rigid body should be given on the command line in the order x, y, z, with the -o # # # option. These offset values should be as measured from the centroid of the rigid body.
EXAMPLES
This filter could be used, for example, to do an animation where the camera is placed inside a moving vehicle.
Suppose that truck.table contains the desired position of the center of the front axle of the truck as well as its orientation at each time. One row of the table might look like this:
35.2 12450 -140 600 90.0 0.0 0.0
Thus 35.2 seconds into the animation, the center of the front axle will be at (12450, -140, 600), and the truck will be pointed in the positive y direction. (yaw = 90).
Now, suppose we want the camera to ride along in the cab, above and behind the front axle and somewhat to the left. To specify this offset, we use the coordinate frame of the truck, with the origin at the center of the front axle, the x-axis to the front, y to the left, and z pointing up. Let the exact offset from the axle to the desired camera position in this case be (-600, 900, 1200), in units of mm. Now we use the routine:
anim_offset -o -600 900 1200 < truck.table > camera.table
The result is a four-column table giving the desired position of the virtual camera at each time. The row corresponding to the sample row above would be:
35.2 11550 -740 1800
With the -r option, the output would have been:
35.2 11550 -740 1800 90.0 0.0 0.0
Now tabsub and/or anim_script can be used to process these two animation tables into an animation script.
BUGS
The program will only use orientations specified as yaw, pitch, and roll. You can get around this using anim_orient, which converts between different orientation representations.
AUTHOR
Carl J. Nuzman
COPYRIGHT
This software is Copyright (c) 1993-2016 by the United States Government as represented by U.S. Army Research Laboratory.
BUG REPORTS
Reports of bugs or problems should be submitted via electronic mail to <devs@brlcad.org>. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Early Autumn (1926).pdf/34
And giving his daughter-in-law a quick look of affection he led Mrs. Soames away across the terrace to his motor.
It was only after they had gone that Olivia discovered Sabine standing in the corridor in her brilliant green dress watching the two old people from the shadow of one of the deep-set windows. For a moment, absorbed in the sight of John Pentland helping Mrs. Soames with a grim courtliness into the motor, neither of them spoke, but as the motor drove away down the long drive under the moon-silvered elms, Sabine sighed and said, "I can remember her as a great beauty . . . a really great beauty. There aren't any more like her, who make their beauty a profession. I used to see her when I was a little girl. She was beautiful—like Diana in the hunting-field. They've been like that for . . . for how long. . . . It must be forty years, I suppose."
"I don't know," said Olivia quietly. "They've been like that ever since I came to Pentlands." (And as she spoke she was overcome by a terrible feeling of sadness, of an abysmal futility. It had come to her more and more often of late, so often that at times it alarmed her lest she was growing morbid.)
Sabine was speaking again in her familiar, precise, metallic voice. "I wonder," she said, "if there has ever been anything. . . ."
Olivia, divining the rest of the question, answered it quickly, interrupting the speech. "No . . . I'm sure there's never been anything more than we've seen. . . . I know him well enough to know that."
For a long time Sabine remained thoughtful, and at last she said: "No . . . I suppose you're right. There couldn't have been anything. He's the last of the Puritans. . . . The others don't count. They go on pretending, but they don't believe any more. They've no vitality left. They're only hypocrites and shadows. . . . He's the last of the royal line." | WIKI |
Edie Adams
Edie Adams (born Edith Elizabeth Enke; April 16, 1927 – October 15, 2008) was an American comedian, actress, singer and businesswoman. She earned a Tony Award and was nominated for an Emmy Award.
Adams was well known for her impersonations of sexy stars on stage and television, especially Marilyn Monroe. She was the frequent television partner of Ernie Kovacs, her husband. Adams founded two beauty businesses: Edie Adams Cosmetics and Edie Adams Cut 'n' Curl.
Early life
Adams was born in Kingston, Pennsylvania, the only daughter of Sheldon Alonzo Enke and Ada Dorothy (née Adams), whom she described as "two conservative native Pennsylvanians". She had an elder brother, Sheldon Adams Enke. The family moved to nearby areas such as Shavertown and Trucksville and spent a year in New York City before settling in Tenafly, New Jersey, where she attended Tenafly High School. Ada Enke, who had a "trained dramatic soprano voice," taught her daughter singing and piano; mother and daughter were members of the Grove City Presbyterian church choir. Adams's grandmother, a seamstress, taught her how to sew. She made her own clothing beginning in the sixth grade and Adams would later have her own designer line of clothing, called Bonham, Inc.
After high school, she wanted to pursue a career as a vocalist, but was unsure whether she would make the cut after music school auditions. She knew that her costuming skills were at a level to constitute a fallback, with Traphagen School of Fashion as her "safe school" during the college application process. In the event, she succeeded in getting into Juilliard, where she earned a vocal degree from Juilliard and then took a "fifth year" and graduated from Columbia School of Drama. She also later studied at the Actors Studio in New York. While at Juilliard she was, by her own account, one of the first women to be interviewed for the Kinsey Report on female sexuality. While still at Juilliard, she taught part-time at the Barbizon School of Modeling and gave assemblies at New Jersey high schools, intended to recruit female students for various colleges and commercial schools. The assemblies had been conceived more as lectures, but once she discovered that her pay would be mainly commissions for interest generated, she turned them much more into performances.
Although she studied and sang serious music at Juilliard, summer jobs (including performing in a production of The Pirates of Penzance) and her New York social life introduced her to lighter, more popular performance styles, as well as to New York's café society and the Brill Building crowd. One of her vocal teachers, Dusolina Giannini gave her some half-encouraging, half-discouraging advice: to abandon her hopes of being an opera singer and "go straight into musical comedy." After turning down an offer from Richard Rodgers to be an understudy in the road company of South Pacific. She also turned down a 5-year contract from MGM that would have groomed her toward becoming a movie actress, but would not have promised her any specific film work.
She knew that with her Juilliard education she could fall back to being a music teacher, but was still determined to try to break into show business. She began going to every audition (not only as a singer, but for legitimate theater) and entering every vocal contest she could find. She passed an audition to go on the road with Vaughn Monroe, but her father put his foot down about her traveling with a big band. In 1949–50, she appeared in the early live television show Bonnie Maid's Versatile Varieties as one of the original "Bonnie Maids" doing live commercials for the sponsor. According to her memoir, she did a three-week stint in Montreal and Toronto singing with a trio led by Artie Arturo.
In 1950, she won the "Miss U.S. Television" beauty contest, which led to an appearance with Milton Berle on his television show. Her earliest television work billed her as Edith Adams. One of her early appearances was on Arthur Godfrey's Talent Scouts. She was seen by the producer of the Ernie Kovacs show Three to Get Ready (in Philadelphia), who invited her to audition. Adams had very little experience with popular music and could perform only three songs. She later stated: "I sang them all during the audition, and if they had asked to hear another, I never would have made it." She became part of the show in July 1951. Adams had never seen the program she was hired for. When he saw his daughter on the show, Adams's father was upset to find her role involved trying to avoid pies in the face. In one of his last interviews, Kovacs looked back on the early days, saying, "I wish I could say I was the big shot that hired her, but it was my show in name only—the producer had all the say. Later on I did have something to say and I said it, 'Let's get married.'"
Career
Adams began working regularly on television with Kovacs and talk show pioneer Jack Paar. After a courtship that included mariachi bands and an unexpected diamond engagement ring, Adams and Kovacs eloped; they were married on September 12, 1954, in Mexico City. Adams was initially uncertain about marrying Kovacs. She went on a six-week European cruise, hoping to come to a decision. After three days away and many long-distance phone calls, Adams returned home with an answer: yes. It was Kovacs's second marriage and lasted until his death in a car accident on January 13, 1962.
Adams and Kovacs received Emmy nominations for best performances in a comedy series in 1957. In 1960, she and Kovacs played themselves in The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour final television special on CBS, during which she performed the send-off song "That's All". Adams made four appearances on What's My Line? (once as "Edith Adams (Mrs. Ernie Kovacs)" while her husband was on the panel; once together with Kovacs; twice alone as Edie Adams).
Adams starred on Broadway in Wonderful Town (1953) opposite Rosalind Russell (winning the Theatre World Award), and as Daisy Mae in Li'l Abner (1956), winning the Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. She played the Fairy Godmother in Rodgers and Hammerstein's original Cinderella broadcast in 1957. Adams was to play Daisy Mae in the film version of Li'l Abner but was unable due to the late arrival of her daughter, Mia Susan Kovacs.
After Kovacs's death, his network, ABC, gave Adams a chance with her own show, Here's Edie, which received five Emmy nominations but lasted one season, in 1963. Kovacs was a noted cigar smoker, and Adams did a long-running series of TV commercials for Muriel Cigars. She remained the pitch-lady for Muriel well after Kovacs's death, intoning in a Mae West style and sexy outfit, "Why don't you pick one up and smoke it sometime?" Another commercial for Muriel Cigars, which cost 10 cents, showed Adams singing, "Hey, big spender, spend a little dime with me" (based on the song "Big Spender" from the musical Sweet Charity). Adams's cigar commercials made her one of the top three most-recognizable television celebrities. In subsequent years, Adams made sporadic television appearances, including on Fantasy Island, The Love Boat, McMillan & Wife, Murder, She Wrote and Designing Women.
Adams played supporting roles in several films in the 1960s, including the embittered secretary of two-timing Fred MacMurray in the Oscar-winning film The Apartment (1960). She was the wife of a presidential candidate (played by Cliff Robertson) in The Best Man (1964) and was reunited with Robertson for the comedy The Honey Pot (1967). In 2003, as one of the surviving headliners from the all-star comedy It's a Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World (1963), she joined actors Marvin Kaplan and Sid Caesar at a 40th anniversary celebration of the film. She was also a successful nightclub headliner.
Shortly after her husband's death, Adams won a "nasty custody battle" with Kovacs's ex-wife over Edie's stepdaughters. His ex-wife had previously kidnapped the girls during a visit years before; because Kovacs was their legal guardian, he and Edie had worked tirelessly to locate his daughters and bring them home.
Another court battle began for Adams in the same year, this time with her mother-in-law, who refused to believe there were more debts than assets in her son's estate. Mary Kovacs accused her daughter-in-law of mismanaging the estate and petitioned for custody of her granddaughters. The dispute lasted for years, with Adams remaining the administrator of her husband's estate and guardian of the three girls. She worked for years to pay her late husband's tax debt to the IRS. The couple's celebrity friends planned a TV special benefit for Edie and her family, but she declined, saying, "I can take care of my own children." She spent the next year working practically non-stop.
Starting over
Adams started her own businesses, Edie Adams Cosmetics, which sold door-to-door, and Edie Adams Cut 'n' Curl beauty salons, which she began in 1967. She once owned a 160-acre (65 ha) California almond farm and was the spokeswoman for Sun Giant nuts. Because of her 20 years of commercials for Muriel Cigars (retiring in 1976) and her successful business ventures, Adams went from being mired in debt after Kovacs's fatal accident in 1962 to being a millionaire in 1989.
Personal life
After Kovacs's death, Adams was married two more times. In 1964, she married photographer Martin Mills. In 1972, she married trumpeter Pete Candoli, with whom she appeared in a touring production of the Cole Porter musical Anything Goes. In addition to raising stepdaughters Bette and Kippie from her marriage to Kovacs, Adams gave birth to daughter Mia Susan Kovacs (killed in an automobile accident in 1982) and son Joshua Mills.
Although Adams identified as a Democrat, she campaigned for Republican Dwight Eisenhower's re-election during the 1956 presidential election,. as well as for other liberal Republicans such as Jacob Javits and later Nelson Rockefeller.
Adams was an early advocate of civil rights, frequently lending her support to the movement at celebrity events and on her own television show during the early sixties. She insisted that her duet with Sammy Davis Jr. on her variety show Here's Edie be staged so that they were seated next to each other – as equals. Prior to that, entertainers of different races and sexes were unable to perform next to one another, so that one had to be in front of or behind the other.
Death
Adams died in Los Angeles, California, on October 15, 2008, at age 81, from cancer and pneumonia. She was interred in Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Hollywood Hills, alongside her first husband Ernie and between her daughter, Mia, and her stepdaughter, Kippie. After her death an article in The New York Times said that her work "both embodied and winked at the stereotypes of fetching chanteuse and sexpot blonde".
Kovacs' legacy
Adams archived her husband's television work, which she described during a 1999 videotaped interview with the Archive of American Television. She later testified on the status of the archive of the short-lived DuMont Television Network, where both she and husband Kovacs worked during the early 1950s. Adams said that so little value was given to the film archive that the entire collection was loaded into three trucks and dumped into Upper New York Bay.
Upon discovering that her husband's work was disappearing through being discarded and re-use of the tapes, Adams initially used the proceeds of his insurance policy and her own earnings to purchase the rights to as much footage as possible.
Since 2008, Edie Adams' son Joshua Mills has run Ediad Productions, Inc., which controls the rights to all the Ernie Kovacs and Edie Adams TV shows and recordings. Ben Model is the archivist for the Ernie Kovacs and Edie Adams television collections.
In 2015, the Library of Congress acquired a collection of more than 1,200 kinescopes, videotapes and home movies featuring Ernie Kovacs and Edie Adams, from Joshua Mills, Edie Adams' son and the president of Ediad Productions. | WIKI |
Investors are selling stocks, but the market keeps rising
The Dow gained nearly 500 points last week to close at 26,424. It's now just "1.5% shy of its all-time high of 26,828.39, set on Oct. 3, 2018," Barron's notes. The S&P 500 is just 1.3% from its record close, and the Nasdaq is just 2.1% away from a record high. Why it matters: U.S. stocks have shaken off almost all of their December sell-off, yet banks continue to report that investors are selling, not buying, equities. "Fund flows continue to rotate towards bonds and out of equities. Bonds funds have continued to rake in flows ($11.4 billion this week) across almost every category, while large equity outflows persist (-$7.7 billion this week)," analysts at Deutsche Bank said in a Sunday note to clients. So far in 2019, bond funds have seen almost $150 billion of inflows while equity funds have recorded $50 billion of outflows. "The persistent outflows despite the strong equity rally are unusual but as we noted last week, have been driven by investors chasing falling yields," Deutsche analysts added. Yes, but: Data from Lipper also shows money moving out of equities (-$11 billion) and into not just bonds but safe-haven money market funds, which took in $31.6 billion in net new money at the end of March, according to the most recently released report. The bottom line: Aside from hedge funds, real money has largely been on the sidelines during the equity market's run, a theme that has been in place all year. What seems to really be pushing the stock market higher is corporate buybacks, which are on pace to surpass last year's record total. But buybacks have long been a major part of U.S. stocks' rise. A recent study from researchers at the Abu Dhabi Investment Authority found that from 1997 to 2017, net buybacks explain 80% of the difference in countries’ stock market returns. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Selective killing of Helicobacter pylori with pH-responsive helix–coil conformation transitionable antimicrobial polypeptides
Menghua Xiong, Yan Bao, Xin Xu, Hua Wang, Zhiyuan Han, Zhiyu Wang, Yeqing Liu, Songyin Huang, Ziyuan Song, Jinjing Chen, Richard M. Peek, Lichen Yin, Lin Feng Chen, Jianjun Cheng
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Abstract
Current clinical treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection, the main etiological factor in the development of gastritis, gastric ulcers, and gastric carcinoma, requires a combination of at least two antibiotics and one proton pump inhibitor. However, such triple therapy suffers from progressively decreased therapeutic efficacy due to the drug resistance and undesired killing of the commensal bacteria due to poor selectivity. Here, we report the development of antimicrobial polypeptide-based monotherapy, which can specifically kill H. pylori under acidic pH in the stomach while inducing minimal toxicity to commensal bacteria under physiological pH. Specifically, we designed a class of pH-sensitive, helix–coil conformation transitionable antimicrobial polypeptides (HCT-AMPs) (PGA)m-r-(PHLG-MHH)n, bearing randomly distributed negatively charged glutamic acid and positively charged poly(γ-6-N-(methyldihexylammonium)hexyl-L-glutamate) (PHLG-MHH) residues. The HCT-AMPs showed unappreciable toxicity at physiological pH when they adopted random coiled conformation. Under acidic condition in the stomach, they transformed to the helical structure and exhibited potent antibacterial activity against H. pylori, including clinically isolated drug-resistant strains. After oral gavage, the HCT-AMPs afforded comparable H. pylori killing efficacy to the triple-therapy approach while inducing minimal toxicity against normal tissues and commensal bacteria, in comparison with the remarkable killing of commensal bacteria by 65% and 86% in the ileal contents and feces, respectively, following triple therapy. This strategy renders an effective approach to specifically target and kill H. pylori in the stomach while not harming the commensal bacteria/normal tissues.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)12675-12680
Number of pages6
JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Volume114
Issue number48
DOIs
StatePublished - Nov 28 2017
Keywords
• Antimicrobial peptide
• Conformational transition
• H. pylori
• pH sensitiveness
• α-helix
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• General
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Draft:Taikyu Shrine
undefined was Shinto Shrine in Daegu during the Japanese occupation of Korea.
The main deities enshrined here were Amaterasu Okami and Kunitama, and Susanoo no Mikoto was also enshrined.
It was linked to imperialism and State Shinto rather than local support for Shintoism,
Japan's defeat in World War II led to the shrine's abolition on November 17, 1945 | WIKI |
TY - JOUR AB - Macrophages form a crucial component of the innate immune system, and their activation is indispensable for various aspects of immune and inflammatory processes, tissue repair, and maintenance of the balance of the body's state. Macrophages are found in all ocular tissues, spanning from the front surface, including the cornea, to the posterior pole, represented by the choroid/sclera. The neural retina is also populated by specialised resident macrophages called microglia. The plasticity of microglia/macrophages allows them to adopt different activation states in response to changes in the tissue microenvironment. When exposed to various factors, microglia/macrophages polarise into distinct phenotypes, each exhibiting unique characteristics and roles. Furthermore, extensive research has indicated a close association between microglia/macrophage polarisation and the development and reversal of various intraocular diseases. The present article provides a review of the recent findings on the association between microglia/macrophage polarisation and ocular pathological processes (including autoimmune uveitis, optic neuritis, sympathetic ophthalmia, retinitis pigmentosa, glaucoma, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, subretinal fibrosis, uveal melanoma, ischaemic optic neuropathy, retinopathy of prematurity and choroidal neovascularization). The paradoxical role of microglia/macrophage polarisation in retinopathy of prematurity is also discussed. Several studies have shown that microglia/macrophages are involved in the pathology of ocular diseases. However, it is required to further explore the relevant mechanisms and regulatory processes. The relationship between the functional diversity displayed by microglia/macrophage polarisation and intraocular diseases may provide a new direction for the treatment of intraocular diseases. AD - School of Opthalmology, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China AU - Li,Haoran AU - Li,Biao AU - Zheng,Yanlin DA - 2024/05/01 DO - 10.3892/ijmm.2024.5369 IS - 5 JO - Int J Mol Med KW - microglia/macrophage polarization ocular disease retinopathy of prematurity choroidal neovascularization autoimmune uveitis proliferative vitreoretinopathy subretinal fibrosis diabetic retinopathy PY - 2024 SN - 1107-3756 1791-244X SP - 45 ST - Role of microglia/macrophage polarisation in intraocular diseases (Review) T2 - International Journal of Molecular Medicine TI - Role of microglia/macrophage polarisation in intraocular diseases (Review) UR - https://doi.org/10.3892/ijmm.2024.5369 VL - 53 ER - | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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• Mike Norng
Ceramic Coatings - What do they do?
Updated: Mar 8, 2020
People have busy schedules these days. Busier than ever. Waxing your car for the weekend to take it to the drive in on Saturday night isn't usually feasible for most people. Wax makes your car look nice and glossy, but the protective properties are pretty weak and the lifespan of a wax job is typically a few days or until the next car wash. Most people are now looking for something that not only offers better performance and gloss but also lasts much longer than a few car washes. With the advent of nanotechnology, ceramic paint coatings have quickly become the preferred method of protecting your vehicle's clearcoat. It makes a lot of sense to invest in protection to protect your investment.
Nanotechnology, what's this?
Car wax doesn't actually bond to your vehicle's clearcoat in any way, it merely sits in the pores of the finish. Car wax is not just wax, it's a complex mix of silicones and oils as carnauba wax is actually hard like a rock and could be thrown through a glass window. What's the problem with this? When you wash your car, you are using a detergent. Detergents are used to break down grease ie oils, waxes, silicones and by cleaning, it will also clean away your beautiful glossed up wax finish. Nano coatings however are covalantly bonded to the clearcoat surface, this means it actually becomes part of the clearcoat by sharing electrons and is not easily removed unless if it's polished or sanded off. For this reason, ceramic nano particles will not be washed off the vehicle and will continue to shine, protect from uv damage, repel dirt, grime and water for a year or more.
Hydrophobic ?
That is the question! What is hydrophobic? Technically it's a fear of water. In scientific terms, it means that water does not have the ability to easily stick to a surface. I definitely find it satisfying to watch a hydrophobic finish throw water beads in every direction as I'm rinsing a car. The measure of how hydrophobic a surface performs is it's contact angle. Some ultra high performance coatings like MMT Ceramic Coating will offer a contact angle of 115 degrees, this creates such tension that the water really wants to run off of the car. What's the other benefit of hydrophobic coatings? As you're rinsing your vehicle, these beautiful beads of water will help to pick up some dirt and debris and carry it away from your car. This makes it so you are cleaning a cleaner surface and minimize the opportunity to induce wash scratches into it's finish. As you continue on to your foam cannon rinse, followed by a two bucket hand wash with grit guards and drying with plush microfiber towels, you will be rewarded with a ultra glossy finish that would impress the best of detailers.
Is the most expensive ceramic coating the best?
It may be the best for gloss, hydrophobics, protection and durability, but that doesn't always mean it's the best coating for your needs. There is a lot of technology that goes into these robust coatings so the cost of a top of the line coating can be substantially more than a lower priced option. Many other variables should be considered when choosing a coating including maintenance. How do you maintain your vehicle? Is it hand washed every week, even in the winter? If so, you would be a great candidate for a top of the line coating, this will not only make your maintenance much easier, but you will be rewarded with a coating that offers years of good service. And yes, you must wash your car during the winter, this is actually the time of year that your vehicle gets the most dirty. Ceramic coatings don't like to be dirty, they like to be clean and will perform their best when nothing is clogging it. If you're not the OCD maintainer of vehicles and your car is getting daily driver duty, we will usually recommend one of our entry level or mid grade ceramic coatings, this will cost less money up front and you will have set a proper expectation that you want to maintain your vehicle but it's better to bring it back every year or even every 2-3 years to have a new application of ceramic coating applied. Having ceramic protection is great, but if you don't maintain the finish at all it could be wasted money.
Are nano coatings just for paint?
Absolutely NOT. Durable nano coatings are designed to be used on pretty much every surface or finish on a vehicle. We have a high temp nano coating that works great for wheels and brake calipers. This makes them much easier to clean and also helps protect from corrosion damage and fading. Another coating is used for plastic trim to prevent it from fading, another product is used on the glass, this dramatically improves visibility when driving in the rain. Interior coatings make cleaning a breeze and provide you with antimicrobial properties. We literally have coatings for pretty much every surface and if you can afford to have it applied it's a cleaner way to live!
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Low-Noise Receiver Performance Measurements
March 1969 Electronics World
March 1969 Electronics World
March 1969 Electronics World Cover - RF Cafe Table of Contents
Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics. See articles from Electronics World, published May 1959 - December 1971. All copyrights hereby acknowledged.
I was first introduced to the concept of receiver noise figure at the start of my engineering career in 1989 at General Electric Aerospace Electronics Systems Division (AESD) in Utica, New York. During my four years in the U.S. Air Force (1978 to 1983) working on airport surveillance and precision approach radars, I do not recall having ever heard the term noise figure or noise temperature. We did signal to noise and signal sensitivity measurements as part of the normal maintenance, but the terms never arose. Ditto for my courses at the University of Vermont. We never did cascade parameter calculations for noise figure, intercept points, compression points, etc. That is primarily the realm of practicing design engineers, evidently. Maybe I was asleep in class at tech school (Keesler AFB, Mississippi) and UVM the day(s) it came up.
I would be remiss without taking the occasion of this article to promote my Wireless System Designer software that provides an incredible level of RF system design calculations for a mere $45. That price doesn't even amount to a single hour of your company's billing time for your work.
Low-Noise Receiver Performance Measurements
By Lee R. Bishop / U. S. Air Force
Noise-figure measurements are easy to make; it's an efficient, simple, and accurate method of determining receiver performance.
During the past decade, low-noise receivers have become practical devices and are widely used in commercial and military communications systems.
Thermally agitated electrons cause noise in receiver input circuits - RF Cafe
Fig. 1 - Thermally agitated electrons cause noise in receiver input circuits. Johnson noise reduces signal intelligibility.
However, the literature which describes their performance continues to confuse many engineers and technicians. In this article, two of the most meaningful receiver sensitivity terms-"noise figure" and "effective noise temperature" (ENT) - have been related and the problems involved in gauging the actual sensitivity of a receiver rated with a "negative" noise figure shown. The hot/cold body standard technique, a testing procedure specifically designed to measure the noise figure or ENT of low-noise receivers, is also discussed.
Both noise figure and ENT are currently used by engineers to indicate the performance of low-noise radio-frequency amplifiers. Most engineers prefer to use ENT for the extremely low noise devices and noise figure for conventional receivers (for example, those with noise figures greater than 6 decibels).
Noise Figure
The noise figure of a receiver represents a comparison between an actual receiver and its theoretically perfect counterpart. The term "noise figure" was first used in 1940 by radar engineers making receiver sensitivity measurements. They found that a receiver's bandwidth had a disturbing effect on sensitivity readings: the narrower the bandwidth, the better the reading. But when sensitivity was measured using gas or thermal noise generators, the bandwidth did not affect the readings; low receiver gain showed up as an abnormal noise figure.
The noise figure of a network is defined by the IEEE as the ratio of the total noise power available at the output port when the input termination is at 290° Kelvin to that portion of the total available noise power produced by the input termination and delivered to the output by the primary signal channel. It will become apparent from the discussion clarifying this definition that noise figures below zero decibels are automatically excluded. Therefore, the "perfect" amplifier has a noise figure of 0 dB.
Fig. 1 illustrates the case of the perfect receiver with its input network at a temperature of 290° K (63° F). The resistance (R), which represents the impedance of the feed, generates a noise voltage called Johnson noise. This noise results from the random motion of thermally agitated free electrons. Although this noise voltage has an infinitely wide bandwidth, we are only interested in the signals which fall within the receiver's bandwidth because only these noise voltage signals pass through the amplifier and register on the power meter. It is only this noise with which the incoming signals have to compete.
When a perfect receiver is matched to an input network, the input noise power (in watts) can be expressed as:
noise power input = kBT (1)
where k is Boltzmann's constant (1.38 X 10-23 joule/degree Kelvin), B is noise bandwidth of the amplifier in Hz, and T is 290° K.
The noise bandwidth of the network is not the same as the half-power bandwidth normally given in performance specifications; rather, it is somewhat wider and normalized at the network's center frequency. In some cases, it is quite close to the 3-dB bandwidth, but sometimes it is as much as 1.57 times the half-power figure. However, as long the receiver is tested with very wide thermal or gas noise sources, this difference is of no great concern.
Convert effective noise temperature measurements to their true noise figure - RF Cafe
Fig. 2 - This graph can be used to convert effective noise temperature measurements to their true noise figure value.
A power meter hooked to the output of a perfect receiver as shown in Fig. 1 would read a power N1 equal to kBTG, where G is the power gain of the receiver. However, a receiver contributes noise of its own (ΔN) so that an actual receiver's output (N2) is kBTG + ΔN. Specifically, the term noise figure (F) is a ratio that compares a receiver with its ideal counterpart and is equal to the noise power output from an actual receiver with its input network at 290° K, divided by the noise power output from an ideal receiver with its input network at 290° K. Or,
F = N2 / N1 = (kBTG + ΔN) / kBTG (2)
Expressed in decibels, the noise figure is:
f =10 log10 F (3)
If the device under test were perfect, ΔN would be zero and the receiver's noise figure would reach the limit of unity or 0 dB.
Effective Noise Temperature
The effective noise temperature is more difficult to determine. When a receiver's input-network temperature is raised above 290° K, the random noise generated by the network increases and the output noise power rises to a new value of N2. The ENT is the number of degrees that the input network's temperature had to be raised before the receiver's output reached the new value of N2.
When the expression for N2 in equation (2) is resolved into thermal components, the equation has the following form:
F = [KBG (T + Te)] / KBTG (4)
Component T is the noise from the receiver's input network (at 290° K) and Te is the internally generated amplifier noise or ENT:
If the receiver contributed no noise of its own, Te would be zero and F would again be unity or 0 dB. When the kBG terms of equation (4) are cancelled, we are left with a simple expression for noise figure in terms of ENT:
F = (T + Te) / T = 1 + T/Te (5)
Measurement errors are greater at the lower noise figure values - RF Cafe
Fig. 3 - Measurement errors are greater at the lower noise figure values. This graph is used when the input network behaves as though it were operating at other than 290° Kelvin. In the example, a 5-dB measurement is corrected to read 6 db.
ENT is an absolute quantity in degrees Kelvin defined by the relationship Te = (F - 1)T. It is emphasized at this point that ENT is not the physical temperature of the receiver's input network; it is an apparent temperature that is representative of an amplifier's internally generated noise. Fig. 2 is a graph for converting ENT ratings to noise figure and vice versa.
Measuring Errors
We have excluded negative values from our definition of noise figure and have, until now, assumed that all networks behave as though they were at 290° K. Quite frequently, however, a network acts as though it were at a lower temperature. The result is an abnormal noise figure which, by conventional measuring techniques, is difficult to distinguish from an acceptable noise figure measurement. If, for example, the input circuit behaved as though it were at a temperature lower than 290° K and the amplifier itself contributed little noise, the quantity of noise proportional to kBTG + ΔN, which conventional techniques measure, is small. On the other hand, the quantity kBTG, which conventional techniques calculate, will be considerably greater than its true value, If the amplifier's true noise figure is low enough and the network's temperature deviation from the assumed 290° K is large enough, the calculated value almost equals the measured values.
The magnitude of the measurement error depends upon the true noise figure. Measurement errors increase rapidly as lower noise figure values are reached. Fig. 3 is a graph of the equation used to correct the values of noise figures. In the example shown on the graph, the 5-dB noise figure measurement was made while the input network behaved as though it were operating at 100° K. The correction is +1 dB so that the true noise figure, referenced to 290° K, is 6 dB.
Hot/Cold Body Standards
Hot/cold body standards enable the previously described measurement difficulties to be overcome. While not suitable for the amateur or small shop owner, they enable the manufacturer to test his products and assign them a proper noise figure or ENT.
Hot/cold body standards use two resistive elements, one immersed in liquid nitrogen at 77.3° K and the other in a temperature-controlled oven at 373.1° K. The noise power (in watts) from either resistor equals kBT, where T is the temperature of the particular resistor in degrees Kelvin and k and B are the quantities described in equation (1) . The testing procedure is illustrated in Fig. 4.
Noise Temperature Equation - RF Cafe (6)
where To is 290° K, T1, is 77.3° K, T2 is 373.1° K, and Y is N2/N1. By measuring N1 when the receiver's input network is at a known temperature (T1) and measuring N2 when it is terminated at T2, the corrected noise figure can be calculated directly by equation (6).
Other Errors
Accurate noise figure measurements - RF Cafe
Fig. 4 - Accurate noise figure measurements can be obtained by switching a receiver between an input network immersed in liquid nitrogen and a network in a temperature-controlled oven.
Although hot/cold body standards were specifically developed to clear up the problems that arose when low-noise amplifiers were tested by conventional methods, they have, unfortunately, also been used as a means to further improve noise figure specifications. In examining the literature, one can find examples of noise figures specified as the ratio of ENT to the nitrogen bath temperature. Such ratings are usually presented as negative noise figures. Another practice, even more misleading because it yields a positive noise figure, is that of specifying noise figure as the ratio of the nitrogen bath temperature plus ENT to the bath temperature.
A further difficulty, not necessarily associated with the hot/cold body standards, is the tendency of some experimenters to specify noise figures based on reference temperatures other than 290° K.
Noise figure and ENT are equivalent ways of describing low-noise receiver performance. For absolute comparisons to be made between devices, however, both terms must be referenced to the standard temperature of 290° K.
Posted January 8, 2018
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What is an esophageal pH check?
An esophageal pH check actions how usually abdomen acid enters the esophagus, the tube that connects your throat to your abdomen. It also actions how extended the acid stays there. The check requires placing a catheter (a slender tube), or a unique gadget termed a pH probe, into your esophagus. The catheter or gadget will measure your acid degree (regarded as pH degree) for 24 to ninety six several hours.
The check can exhibit if you have acid reflux or GERD (gastroesophageal reflux condition). Acid reflux is a problem that takes place when abdomen acid flows back again into the esophagus. When the acid touches the esophagus, it can bring about a burning emotion in your chest or neck. This is regarded as heartburn.
Acid reflux can lead to GERD, a extra major form of reflux. When acid reflux and GERD are not lifestyle-threatening, the signs and symptoms can be really awkward and have an impact on your high-quality of lifestyle. Also, if not addressed, GERD can hurt the esophagus and lead to extra major health and fitness troubles.
Other names: esophageal pH monitoring 24-hour esophageal pH check, esophageal reflux monitoring, esophageal acidity check, pH monitoring, pH probe review | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Deletion sorting/Cycling/archive
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* Bernard Esterhuizen - (4065) - speedy keep - closed 03:19, 15 June 2024 (UTC)
* Axel Downard-Wilke - (7990) - (unknown) - closed 08:07, 24 May 2024 (UTC)
* Max Wirth (cyclist) - (5994) - soft delete - closed 04:14, 7 May 2024 (UTC)
* Stages Cycling - (3782) - soft delete - closed 22:13, 2 May 2024 (UTC)
* Day Smith - (3437) - delete - closed 07:54, 18 April 2024 (UTC)
* Rasa Mažeikytė - (3765) - speedy keep - closed 12:27, 16 March 2024 (UTC)
* Winning streak - (37538) - no consensus - closed 00:39, 5 March 2024 (UTC)
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* Terrible One - (4690) - merge - closed 12:26, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
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* Nikos Loverdos - (4094) - delete - closed 08:23, 18 November 2023 (UTC)
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* José Velásquez (cyclist) - (3630) - soft delete - closed 07:19, 31 October 2023 (UTC)
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* Alexandru Sabalin - (6551) - delete - closed 05:28, 27 August 2023 (UTC)
* Elona Rusta - (4465) - delete - closed 01:06, 9 August 2023 (UTC)
* Urban Road Cycling Course - (3443) - redirect - closed 18:56, 2 August 2023 (UTC)
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* Eleven Cities Cycling Tour - (3396) - keep - closed 17:18, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
* List of Surinamese records in track cycling - (4117) - soft delete - closed 04:22, 26 June 2023 (UTC)
* Navid Ghasemi - (4006) - soft delete - closed 23:17, 24 June 2023 (UTC)
* Tour de Cure (BC Cancer Foundation) - (8012) - merge - closed 06:24, 24 June 2023 (UTC)
* Vuelta por un Chile Líder - (4669) - keep - closed 20:20, 12 June 2023 (UTC)
* Meron Abraham - (8102) - delete - closed 18:12, 1 June 2023 (UTC)
* Fernand Gandaho - (5390) - redirect - closed 03:47, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
* Tesfay Abraha - (3473) - delete - closed 14:14, 22 May 2023 (UTC)
* Martin Krňávek - (9284) - keep - closed 20:41, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
* Saymon Musie - (7738) - delete - closed 20:39, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
* Jani Tewelde - (9185) - delete - closed 23:39, 16 May 2023 (UTC)
* Elyas Afewerki - (9289) - delete - closed 13:35, 15 May 2023 (UTC)
* Italian Cycling Federation - (5287) - keep - closed 06:56, 9 May 2023 (UTC)
* 2019 Ronde van Drenthe (women's race) - (13533) - merge - closed 11:21, 1 May 2023 (UTC)
* Brian Keich - (3432) - delete - closed 06:10, 8 April 2023 (UTC)
* Samuele Conti - (3781) - delete - closed 08:13, 29 March 2023 (UTC)
* History of cycling in Syracuse, New York - (4522) - delete - closed 21:09, 21 March 2023 (UTC)
* Islamic bicycle (2nd nomination) - (15444) - no consensus - closed 14:06, 14 February 2023 (UTC)
* List of France stage winners on July 14th "Bastille Day" - (6389) - delete - closed 22:59, 9 February 2023 (UTC)
* Justin Mottier - (12214) - keep - closed 18:26, 7 January 2023 (UTC)
* Danny van der Tuuk (2nd nomination) - (16712) - no consensus - closed 18:08, 9 December 2022 (UTC)
* Islamic bicycle - (16278) - keep - closed 06:38, 2 January 2023 (UTC)
* David Alonso Castillo - (4621) - delete - closed 00:36, 18 December 2022 (UTC)
* Gabriel Tan - (3203) - delete - closed 00:26, 17 December 2022 (UTC)
* Anthony Mortimore - (3500) - delete - closed 04:12, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
* Alexey Voloshin - (3153) - delete - closed 04:29, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
* Steve Fisher (cyclist) - (6738) - keep - closed 22:32, 11 December 2022 (UTC)
* Maxime Bertrand - (3844) - redirect - closed 06:33, 26 November 2022 (UTC)
* Marcel Dohis - (3710) - redirect - closed 16:04, 24 November 2022 (UTC)
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* Comparison of bicycle route planning websites - (3877) - delete - closed 15:43, 4 November 2022 (UTC)
* Fritz Bossi - (4141) - redirect - closed 23:12, 20 October 2022 (UTC)
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* Lionel Birnie - (3615) - soft delete - closed 05:51, 3 October 2022 (UTC)
* Gilberto Vendemiati - (5917) - no consensus - closed 13:24, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* Max Jenkins (cyclist) - (6344) - keep - closed 03:38, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* Madeinox–BRIC–AR Canelas - (7851) - keep - closed 21:46, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
* Kim Gyong-hui - (3655) - soft delete - closed 23:35, 9 September 2022 (UTC)
* Christos Kythraiotis - (5841) - delete - closed 23:17, 3 September 2022 (UTC)
* Jamie Alvord - (5283) - soft delete - closed 06:27, 16 August 2022 (UTC)
* The FredCast (2nd nomination) - (5415) - delete - closed 03:05, 6 August 2022 (UTC)
* Ben Hill (cyclist) - (3490) - keep - closed 07:45, 31 July 2022 (UTC)
* Bangladeshi Cyclists (2nd nomination) - (11144) - no consensus - closed 04:47, 9 July 2022 (UTC)
* J. Bérard - (4950) - delete - closed 05:34, 22 June 2022 (UTC)
* Fangio (cycling team) - (6544) - keep - closed 16:40, 16 June 2022 (UTC)
* John Woodcock (cyclist) - (10927) - keep - closed 00:55, 20 May 2022 (UTC)
* Vinod Punamiya - (4179) - soft delete - closed 14:33, 10 March 2022 (UTC)
* G. Sylva - (21269) - procedural keep - closed 13:34, 16 February 2022 (UTC)
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* Best PC Ecuador - (6910) - keep - closed 15:37, 4 December 2020 (UTC)
* Dave Moulton (2nd nomination) - (3200) - Speedy Keep - closed 12:28, 25 November 2020 (UTC)
* Basma El Ghouate - (5371) - no consensus - closed 10:34, 19 November 2020 (UTC)
* Matt Jones (mountain biker) - (4953) - soft delete - closed 01:29, 16 September 2020 (UTC)
* Price Bicycles - (4813) - delete - closed 18:34, 12 September 2020 (UTC)
* Olav Kooij (3rd nomination) - (4986) - speedy keep - closed 07:28, 30 August 2020 (UTC)
* Nicholas P. Clark - (7840) - delete - closed 17:17, 29 August 2020 (UTC)
* Miyata 310 - (4760) - merge - closed 07:09, 15 August 2020 (UTC)
* Cycling age categories - (7050) - delete - closed 21:03, 24 July 2020 (UTC)
* Awais Khan - (5536) - keep - closed 09:36, 24 July 2020 (UTC)
* Kimberley Ashton - (4519) - keep - closed 15:34, 22 June 2020 (UTC)
* Olav Kooij (2nd nomination) - (3888) - delete - closed 07:02, 18 June 2020 (UTC)
* Lars Pria - (4666) - delete - closed 06:31, 15 June 2020 (UTC)
* Franzen (cyclist) - (9460) - delete - closed 19:58, 12 June 2020 (UTC)
* EuroCyclingTrips - CMI Pro Cycling - (5274) - keep - closed 16:05, 10 June 2020 (UTC)
* Benno Bikes - (17827) - keep - closed 21:44, 12 April 2020 (UTC)
* Arthur Tenn - (4766) - speedy keep - closed 20:23, 19 March 2020 (UTC)
* Olav Kooij - (3392) - delete - closed 07:45, 16 February 2020 (UTC)
* Danny van der Tuuk - (3732) - delete - closed 07:46, 16 February 2020 (UTC)
* Hermann Keller - (4392) - delete - closed 03:29, 14 February 2020 (UTC)
* Hermann Keller - (4392) - delete - closed 03:29, 14 February 2020 (UTC)
* 2020 Tour de Hongrie - (5186) - keep - closed 12:51, 8 February 2020 (UTC)
* Mehdi Rajabi - (4304) - delete - closed 18:50, 21 January 2020 (UTC)
* Santa Wheels (2nd nomination) - (3716) - delete - closed 15:40, 10 January 2020 (UTC)
* List of CCC Racing Team wins - (4655) - redirect - closed 21:49, 22 December 2019 (UTC)
* Raleigh Grifter - (11420) - keep - closed 19:55, 3 December 2019 (UTC)
* Owen Geleijn - (5315) - delete - closed 19:10, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
* Blake Becker - (3274) - delete - closed 04:43, 26 September 2019 (UTC)
* Oxford Cycle Workshop - (6248) - delete - closed 19:38, 2 September 2019 (UTC)
* Ion Göttlich - (6019) - soft delete - closed 03:58, 23 August 2019 (UTC)
* Jimmy Duquennoy - (5032) - keep - closed 07:50, 2 August 2019 (UTC)
* 2008 Omloop der Kempen - (5086) - redirect - closed 20:04, 29 July 2019 (UTC)
* Tim Rowson - (4339) - delete - closed 20:44, 28 July 2019 (UTC)
* Sride (company) - (5867) - soft delete - closed 15:20, 15 July 2019 (UTC)
* Rebecca Rusch - (9286) - keep - closed 00:32, 13 July 2019 (UTC)
* National Roads and Cyclists Association - (5767) - delete - closed 09:13, 20 June 2019 (UTC)
* Cycleswap - (4632) - keep - closed 11:12, 21 May 2019 (UTC)
* Sprockettes - (5235) - delete - closed 14:34, 18 April 2019 (UTC)
* A2B Bicycles - (7814) - keep - closed 05:01, 24 March 2019 (UTC)
* Skagit Bicycle Club - (4648) - delete - closed 01:06, 14 February 2019 (UTC)
* Delfast Inc. - (6363) - delete - closed 00:46, 20 October 2018 (UTC)
* Peugeot X80 Series - (4835) - delete - closed 03:40, 8 October 2018 (UTC)
* Ken Kifer - (4145) - Speedy Keep - closed 12:06, 18 August 2018 (UTC)
* Ankit Arora (cyclist) - (19338) - delete - closed 13:57, 19 July 2018 (UTC)
* Mid Shropshire Wheelers - (4619) - delete - closed 01:14, 25 June 2018 (UTC)
* Rhys Lloyd (cyclist) - (6054) - delete - closed 14:54, 17 June 2018 (UTC)
* Fantasy Toys Lowrider Bicycle & Hobby - (3934) - delete - closed 21:04, 21 April 2018 (UTC)
* Scott McKinley - (4662) - speedy keep - closed 16:44, 1 April 2018 (UTC)
* John Croom (Cyclist) - (4893) - soft delete - closed 13:10, 1 March 2018 (UTC)
* Robert Stannard (cyclist) - (4480) - keep - closed 21:00, 19 February 2018 (UTC)
* Big Northern Setup - (2749) - soft delete - closed 06:50, 26 January 2018 (UTC)
* Zak Carr - (9699) - no consensus - closed 05:46, 5 January 2018 (UTC)
* Scott Peoples - (5441) - delete - closed 02:01, 29 December 2017 (UTC)
* Jason MacIntyre - (5229) - keep - closed 02:01, 29 December 2017 (UTC)
* Boca Grande Bike Path - (6251) - keep - closed 13:41, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
* Rivendell Bicycle Works - (6019) - no consensus - closed 06:50, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
* Stella Carey - (4258) - delete - closed 19:52, 1 November 2017 (UTC)
* Hollywood Trails - (6099) - delete - closed 16:31, 30 September 2017 (UTC)
* California Association of Bicycling Organizations - (4389) - delete - closed 09:21, 18 September 2017 (UTC)
* John Cline - (10822) - delete - closed 14:09, 2 September 2017 (UTC)
* France at the 2013 European Road Championships - (5118) - soft delete - closed 06:46, 28 August 2017 (UTC)
* Pedego Electric Bikes - (29299) - no consensus - closed 11:05, 7 August 2017 (UTC)
* Didi Senft - (3392) - keep - closed 14:49, 1 August 2017 (UTC)
* Hot cycling - (4426) - keep - closed 22:42, 15 July 2017 (UTC)
* The National Byway - (6193) - keep - closed 23:32, 22 June 2017 (UTC)
* Neotel (cycling team) - (6956) - keep - closed 00:32, 20 June 2017 (UTC)
* 2017 Tour of Qatar - (3851) - speedy keep - closed 19:46, 6 June 2017 (UTC)
* Nicole Dal Santo - (7217) - keep - closed 11:47, 15 May 2017 (UTC)
* Pure Cycles - (4961) - delete - closed 00:52, 12 May 2017 (UTC)
* Chad Young - (10456) - merge to Tour of the Gila - closed 17:46, 10 May 2017 (UTC)
* Pawel Brylowski - (13063) - keep - closed 23:50, 4 May 2017 (UTC)
* Magdalena Zamolska - (33468) - delete - closed 15:44, 29 April 2017 (UTC)
* Andy McGrath - (4198) - delete - closed 02:48, 25 April 2017 (UTC)
* NANOO folding bike - (3753) - delete - closed 07:29, 24 April 2017 (UTC)
* Cap City Cyclocross - (3128) - delete - closed 21:39, 16 April 2017 (UTC)
* Airwheel E6 - (3718) - delete - closed 01:10, 9 April 2017 (UTC)
* Nikodemus Holler - (4330) - delete - closed 03:17, 2 April 2017 (UTC)
* Mohammed Bloxz - (4173) - delete - closed 00:05, 25 March 2017 (UTC)
* White Rose cycle route - (4155) - Keep - closed 01:21, 17 March 2017 (UTC)
* Jamie Calon - (4428) - delete - closed 04:53, 14 March 2017 (UTC)
* Amna Suleiman - (4893) - keep - closed 13:14, 5 March 2017 (UTC)
* John J Pezzin - (7762) - delete - closed 01:09, 20 February 2017 (UTC)
* 1998 UCI Road World Championships start list - (5607) - delete - closed 19:49, 13 February 2017 (UTC)
* List of cyclists at the 2016 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships - (4167) - speedy keep - closed 22:49, 29 January 2017 (UTC)
* Ukraine at the 2013 European Road Championships - (9370) - delete - closed 03:51, 16 January 2017 (UTC)
* List of Olympians and cyclists and weightlifters at World Championships - (13806) - delete - closed 17:15, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
* Stanislaw Aniolkowski - (6350) - no consensus - closed 04:51, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
* Veronika Sharametsyeva - (7675) - keep - closed 01:03, 14 January 2017 (UTC)
* 2006 Buitenpoort-Flexpoint Team season - (3587) - speedy keep - closed 04:07, 13 January 2017 (UTC)
* Rachael Elliott - (3759) - delete - closed 02:17, 12 January 2017 (UTC)
* Team Aqua Blue Sport - (4231) - merge to Aqua Blue Sport - closed 20:08, 12 December 2016 (UTC)
* Bicycle law - (4373) - keep - closed 02:53, 15 November 2016 (UTC)
* Jon Aberasturi - (5995) - keep - closed 23:59, 28 October 2016 (UTC)
* Tour of the Moon - (4087) - delete - closed 05:52, 21 October 2016 (UTC)
* List of teams and cyclists in the 2016 Tour of Britain - (5201) - delete - closed 14:39, 9 October 2016 (UTC)
* Bike to Work Week Victoria - (4631) - merge to Victoria, British Columbia § Recreation - closed 01:06, 19 September 2016 (UTC)
* Ian Adamson (adventure racer) - (5905) - no consensus - closed 19:07, 29 August 2016 (UTC)
* Chris Barton (cyclist) - (4888) - keep - closed 19:17, 23 August 2016 (UTC)
* Arkimedes Arguelyes - (4255) - keep - closed 03:46, 23 August 2016 (UTC)
* US National Cycling Center - (4030) - delete - closed 02:58, 7 July 2016 (UTC)
* Knackered Barnacle Enduro Racing p/b FedX - (3684) - delete - closed 18:26, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
* Accell - (4786) - delete - closed 10:42, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
* Bikeway selection - (5435) - keep - closed 09:08, 6 June 2016 (UTC)
* David Graf (BMX rider) - (5758) - speedy keep - closed 11:43, 24 April 2016 (UTC)
* Renate Franz - (4713) - delete - closed 00:13, 16 April 2016 (UTC)
* Nathan Guerra - (4376) - delete - closed 11:32, 10 April 2016 (UTC)
* List of cycling clubs in Scotland - (4400) - delete - closed 19:58, 4 April 2016 (UTC)
* Tour de Bremen - (3921) - delete - closed 11:27, 31 March 2016 (UTC)
* Gary Chan (cyclist) - (4765) - keep - closed 00:32, 19 March 2016 (UTC)
* List of professional mountain bikers - (5515) - keep - closed 18:12, 10 March 2016 (UTC)
* Rafael Serrano (cyclist) - (5151) - delete - closed 02:16, 20 February 2016 (UTC)
* Kenny Lisabeth - (4495) - delete - closed 12:10, 30 January 2016 (UTC)
* Dave Heal - (4546) - delete - closed 01:10, 27 January 2016 (UTC)
* Center for Appropriate Transport - (9082) - keep - closed 08:51, 19 January 2016 (UTC)
* Tour de Rotary - (3482) - delete - closed 00:45, 16 January 2016 (UTC)
* Team Hollandse Frietjes – non-professional cycling - (7481) - delete - closed 01:24, 8 January 2016 (UTC)
* KENNY SANDERS - (5050) - delete - closed 07:53, 20 December 2015 (UTC)
* Troy Lee - (6176) - delete - closed 10:46, 18 December 2015 (UTC)
* Bikeheight.com - (5944) - delete - closed 20:31, 4 December 2015 (UTC)
* Torkil Veyhe - (8283) - delete - closed 09:34, 9 November 2015 (UTC)
* Solé Bicycle Co. - (8332) - Keep - closed 19:44, 7 November 2015 (UTC)
* Bicycle cooperative - (7545) - keep - closed 02:34, 1 November 2015 (UTC)
* Global Cycling Network - (5697) - delete - closed 01:24, 27 October 2015 (UTC)
* Jean-Pierre Delphis - (4181) - speedy keep - closed 23:24, 21 September 2015 (UTC)
* Apple Cider Century - (5054) - merge - closed 19:19, 20 September 2015 (UTC)
* Junior Heffernan - (6135) - keep - closed 07:07, 31 July 2015 (UTC)
* Tour of Faroe Islands - (13808) - keep - closed 13:19, 25 July 2015 (UTC)
* Gaurav Siddharth - (4143) - delete - closed 23:11, 20 July 2015 (UTC)
* Stradalli Cycle - (4810) - speedy delete - closed 20:45, 11 July 2015 (UTC)
* Pink Street Cycling - (5144) - delete - closed 17:12, 29 May 2015 (UTC)
* List of Giro d'Italia classification winners - (6971) - keep - closed 01:46, 23 May 2015 (UTC)
* List of mountain passes and hills in the Tour of California - (4563) - merge to 2011 Tour of California - closed 07:28, 22 May 2015 (UTC)
* Cold-weather biking - (3667) - delete - closed 17:02, 22 May 2015 (UTC)
* 2012 Tour of Faroes Islands - (5487) - redirect - closed 13:20, 27 October 2014 (UTC)
* Underwater cycling - (6467) - keep - closed 04:55, 21 October 2014 (UTC)
* Underwater Bike Race - (3930) - keep - closed 18:48, 21 October 2014 (UTC)
* Bicycle Safety Camp - (5717) - merge to American Academy of Pediatrics - closed 23:48, 26 November 2014 (UTC)
* SkyDive Dubai Pro Cycling Team - (4226) - keep - closed 20:43, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Team Budget Forklifts - (5050) - keep - closed 20:29, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Champion System-Stan's NoTubes - (5553) - keep - closed 20:35, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Bissell Development Team - (5387) - keep - closed 20:35, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* 5-Hour Energy (cycling team) - (5642) - keep - closed 20:34, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Funvic Brasilinvest-São José dos Campos - (4184) - keep - closed 20:46, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* San Luis Somos Todos - (4073) - keep - closed 20:43, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Matrix Powertag - (5158) - keep - closed 20:35, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Singha Infinite Cycling Team - (4110) - keep - closed 20:43, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* ISD Continental Team - (4069) - keep - closed 20:42, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Firefighters Upsala CK - (4168) - keep - closed 20:42, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Radenska (cycling team) - (4232) - keep - closed 20:42, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Groupement Sportif des Pétroliers d´Algérie - (4202) - keep - closed 20:34, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Matt Cooke (cyclist) (2nd nomination) - (5306) - keep - closed 20:31, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Alpha Baltic-Unitymarathons.com - (4122) - keep - closed 20:42, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* SP Tableware - (4417) - keep - closed 20:31, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Team Differdange-Losch - (4089) - keep - closed 20:42, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Cyclingteam Jo Piels - (4011) - keep - closed 20:42, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Utensilnord Ora24.eu - (4071) - keep - closed 20:40, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* NFTO (cycling team) - (4084) - keep - closed 20:40, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Team Kuota - (4261) - keep - closed 20:31, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Euskadi (Continental cycling team) - (4143) - keep - closed 20:40, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Bauknecht-Author - (4054) - keep - closed 20:39, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* AC Sparta Praha (cycling team) - (4748) - keep - closed 20:31, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Burgos BH - (3994) - keep - closed 20:39, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Roubaix-Lille Métropole - (4070) - keep - closed 20:31, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Frøy-Bianchi - (4037) - keep - closed 20:38, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Team Øster Hus-Ridley - (4073) - keep - closed 20:38, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Team Sparebanken Sør - (4067) - keep - closed 20:38, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Team Joker - (4002) - keep - closed 20:38, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Efapel-Glassdrive - (4066) - keep - closed 20:31, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* LA-Antarte - (4400) - keep - closed 20:31, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Adria Mobil (cycling team) - (4298) - keep - closed 20:31, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* OFM-Quinta da Lixa - (4431) - keep - closed 20:31, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Rádio Popular-Onda - (4433) - keep - closed 20:29, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Louletano-Dunas Douradas - (4469) - keep - closed 20:29, 13 December 2014 (UTC)
* Joshua Berry - (6262) - delete - closed 02:13, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
* Defiance cycle ride - (5213) - delete - closed 03:11, 15 January 2015 (UTC)
* Michela Balducci - (10548) - Keep - closed 07:17, 28 February 2015 (UTC)
* Kurt Osburn - (5507) - merge to Cycling records - closed 00:42, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
* José Antonio Díez - (3852) - speedy keep - closed 02:44, 26 February 2015 (UTC)
* 1988 UCI Road World Championships – Men's road race - (5151) - no consensus - closed 08:12, 14 March 2015 (UTC)
* SCUL - (4090) - keep - closed 06:44, 26 February 2015 (UTC)
* C.h.u.n.k. 666 - (5548) - no consensus - closed 10:16, 13 March 2015 (UTC)
* Elastic interface - (4648) - delete - closed 00:39, 26 March 2015 (UTC)
* Richmond Bikeshare - (4237) - delete - closed 01:06, 27 March 2015 (UTC)
* James Glasspool - (5613) - keep - closed 04:15, 23 March 2015 (UTC)
* Scott Ambrose - (8900) - Delete - closed 13:58, 31 March 2015 (UTC)
* Bikes to Rwanda - (4571) - keep - closed 03:01, 7 April 2015 (UTC)
* Charlie Cole (cyclist) - (4315) - delete - closed 10:50, 18 April 2015 (UTC)
* SolaRoad - (9397) - keep - closed 00:30, 10 April 2015 (UTC)
* Cycling's Greatest Fraud - (3888) - delete - closed 23:56, 25 April 2015 (UTC) | WIKI |
User:Joe Chick/sandbox
Friary Bowling Club is an outdoor flat green bowling club based in Winchester and part of Bowls England. The club was founded in 1820 and their bowling green, located on St Michael’s Road, is the oldest in Winchester.
The club has about 40 members and competes in two leagues, the Southampton and District League and the Whitchurch League. In 2012 the club won Combination 4 of the Southampton and District League.
History
The Friary Bowling Club derives its name from a medieval Friary of St Augustine which once stood nearby. The land on which the green now sits used to be the Friary's gardens and orchards, an area which became known as Friary Fields once the religious house had been disbanded.
In 1820 a group who met at the adjacent Crown Inn on Kingsgate Street decided to the form the club. For a number of decades the ground continued to be accessible from the inn.
Early members of the club include William Harding, Thomas Mitchener (a smith from Canon Street), Charles Benny (Mayor of Winchester in 1833 and 1834) and Mr Corfe (the owner of shop in Little St Swithun). In December 1899 the post of President was instituted. Councillor Joseph Marks, Mayor of Winchester and cuterl and gunsmith by trade, was elected as the first President.
There were a number of attempts by the club to buy their land, spanning a few decades. In 1922 this backfired, with the proposal being turned down and prompting the Bishop of Winchester to raise the rent on their land. In 1927 a group of members, including seasoned bowler W. J. McQuillan who was dubbed 'Father of the Green', finally succeeded in purchasing the green for the club.
Green
The Friary Bowling Club green, the oldest in Winchester, has been in use since 1820. It is located on St Michael’s Road, on the south of the city centre, in sight of Winchester Cathedral.
Early club rulebooks indicate that the game used by played by bowling from the corners of the green. In April 1905 the modern system of parallel rinks was introduced for the first time.
The green is roughly a 35 metre square. It is noted for its unusual characteristic of not having right-angle corners, providing a challenge to bowlers when lining the rinks up correctly.
Southampton and District League
* Winners of Combination 4 in 2012
Whitchurch League
* Division Winners in 2011 | WIKI |
Charles C. Cannon
Charles C. Cannon may refer to:
* Charles Craig Cannon, aide to General Dwight D. Eisenhower
* Charles C. Cannon, alumni of Florida Institute of Technology | WIKI |
Buitenplaats
A buitenplaats (literally "outside place") was a summer residence for rich townspeople in the Netherlands. During the Dutch Golden Age of the 17th century, many traders and city administrators in Dutch towns became very wealthy. Many of them bought country estates, at first mainly to collect rents, however soon mansions started to be built there, which were used only during the summer.
History
Buitenplaatsen or buitenhuizen could be found in picturesque regions which were easily accessible from the owner's home in town, and they were near a clean water source. Most wealthy families kept their children in buitenhuizen during the summer to flee the putrid canals of the cities and the accompanying onset of cholera and other diseases. Though most buitenhuizen have been demolished, examples are still in existence along the river Vecht, the river Amstel, the Spaarne in Kennemerland, the river Vliet and in Wassenaar. Some still exist near former lakes (now polders) like the Watergraafsmeer and Beemster, which were popular too. In the 19th century with improvements in water management, new regions came into fashion, such as the Utrecht Hill Ridge (Utrechtse Heuvelrug) and the area around Arnhem.
Buitenplaatsen are often mistaken for castles; however, a castle usually dates from medieval times and thus was usually founded and owned by nobles, while buitenplaatsen were primarily built and owned by the newly rich bourgeoisie during the late 17th and early 18th centuries. Many buitenhuizen are built on top of the ruins of earlier castles that were destroyed during the Dutch revolt. The owners adopted the castle name, giving themselves a hint of nobility. Like early English country houses, buitenhuizen were only used during the summer. The wealthy owners then returned in the autumn to their residences in Amsterdam, Utrecht, Leiden, The Hague, Haarlem, Dordrecht, and other prominent cities. By the end of the 18th century these places were lined up side by side along the banks of the more prominent rivers. William Thomas Beckford, who published an account of his letters back home from his Grand Tour, traveled by trekschuit from Amsterdam to Utrecht and wrote home on July 2, 1780, with this to say about the buitenhuizen along the Vecht river; "Both sides of the way are lined with the country-houses and gardens of opulent citizens, as fine as gilt statues and clipped hedges can make them. Their number is quite astonishing: from Amsterdam to Utrecht, full thirty miles, we beheld no other objects than endless avenues and stiff parterres scrawled and flourished in patterns like the embroidery of an old maid’s work-bag."
The core of a buitenplaats was the mansion, a stately building in which the owner and his family were housed. Around it was a garden decorated with fountains and statues. Often there were also an orangerie with exotic plants, an aviary or a grotto with shells. The buitenplaats was often connected to a farm or a forest.
During the 19th century buitenplaatsen became outmoded, and often they were also too expensive to use exclusively in the summer. In some regions buitenplaatsen disappeared altogether, in other regions, such as Vecht and Kennemerland they still exist. Most were torn down to make way for housing developments, infrastructural changes (most of the Wijkermeer is under the North Sea Canal), and apartment buildings. Even in the case of Hofwijck, whose inhabitants were so notable that the house is a museum today, the place was nearly flattened in the early 20th century to make way for the railway, and today commuters between The Hague and Zoetermeer can get a good look at the old house. Often the street name or park name is a reminder of the old house (such as Groenendaal Park). Few are open to the public however, as many of them are still inhabited, though not usually year round.
Notable buitenplaatsen still existing
* Het Loo Palace in Apeldoorn
* Beeckestijn in Velsen-Zuid
* Elswout in Bloemendaal
* Huys Clingendael in Wassenaar
* Frankendael in the Watergraafsmeer
* Goudestein in Maarssen
* Groeneveld in Baarn
* Hofwijck in Voorburg
* Huis Honselaarsdijk in Honselersdijk
* Trompenburgh in 's-Graveland
* Hartekamp in Heemstede
* Berkenrode in Heemstede
* Iepenrode in Heemstede
* Huis te Manpad in Heemstede
* Villa Welgelegen in Haarlem
* Oud Poelgeest in Oegstgeest
* Keukenhof te Lisse
* Gunterstein in Breukelen
* Bolenstein in Maarssen
* Rustenhoven in Maartensdijk
* Sparrendaal in Driebergen
* Wester-Amstel in Amstelveen | WIKI |
The farnesyltransferase inhibitor L744832 potentiates UCN-01-induced apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cells
Authors:
Pei XY, Dai Y, Rahmani M, Li W, Dent P and Grant S
In:
Source: Clin Cancer Res
Publication Date: (2005)
Issue: 11(12): 4589-4600
Research Area:
Cancer Research/Cell Biology
Immunotherapy / Hematology
Cells used in publication:
U266
Species: human
Tissue Origin: blood
U266B1
Species: human
Tissue Origin: blood
Platform:
Nucleofector® I/II/2b
Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to characterize interactions between the farnesyltransferase inhibitor L744832 and the checkpoint abrogator UCN-01 in drug-sensitive and drug-resistant human myeloma cell lines and primary CD138+ multiple myeloma cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: Wild-type and drug-resistant myeloma cell lines were exposed to UCN-01 +/- L744832 for 24 hours, after which mitochondrial injury, caspase activation, apoptosis, and various perturbations in signaling and survival pathways were monitored. RESULTS: Simultaneous exposure of myeloma cells to marginally toxic concentrations of L744832 and UCN-01 resulted in a synergistic induction of mitochondrial damage, caspase activation, and apoptosis, associated with activation of p34cdc2 and c-Jun-NH2-kinase and inactivation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Akt, GSK-3, p70(S6K), and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). Enhanced lethality for the combination was also observed in primary CD138+ myeloma cells, but not in their CD138- counterparts. L744832/UCN-01-mediated lethality was not attenuated by conventional resistance mechanisms to cytotoxic drugs (e.g., melphalan or dexamethasone), addition of exogenous interleukin-6 or insulin-like growth factor-I, or the presence of stromal cells. In contrast, enforced activation of STAT3 significantly protected myeloma cells from L744832/UCN-01-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS: Coadministration of the farnesyltransferase inhibitor L744832 promotes UCN-01-induced apoptosis in human multiple myeloma cells through a process that may involve perturbations in various survival signaling pathways, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, Akt, and STAT3, and through a process capable of circumventing conventional modes of myeloma cell resistance, including growth factor- and stromal cell-related mechanisms. They also raise the possibility that combined treatment with farnesyltransferase inhibitors and UCN-01 could represent a novel therapeutic strategy in multiple myeloma. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
-- RIM’s Plunge Adds Pressure to ‘Sell, Break Up or Die’
Research In Motion Ltd. (RIM) plunged 19
percent, the biggest decline in more than a year, after posting
a loss and delaying the next BlackBerry operating system,
increasing pressure on the company to find an acquirer. RIM reported a first-quarter loss yesterday of 37 cents a
share, excluding some items, more than five times bigger than
what analysts had predicted. Sales tumbled 43 percent to $2.8
billion, missing a prediction of $3.05 billion, and the company
said it would cut 5,000 jobs. The Waterloo, Ontario-based smartphone maker had been
waiting for a release of the BlackBerry 10 in the fall to decide
on its strategic options, betting that the success of the
product would let it avoid a sale, according to two people
familiar with the situation. With no new lineup this year -- and
the next version of Apple Inc. (AAPL) ’s better-selling iPhone looming
-- RIM may have to seek a buyer now. “They either sell, break up the company or die,” said
Matt Thornton , an analyst at Avian Securities LLC in Boston who
has a neutral rating on RIM. “It is just a question of when.” Chief Executive Officer Thorsten Heins said in May that RIM
had hired JPMorgan Chase & Co. (JPM) and RBC Capital Markets to help
evaluate its strategic options, though he said a sale wasn’t the
company’s goal. RIM would prefer to find a partner or license
its operating system. Heins reiterated that notion yesterday,
saying he was “convinced” that RIM has a future as a maker of
hardware and software. Not Ready RIM declined to comment on takeover speculation. “RIM will comment on any detail from its strategic review
when it’s ready,” said Heidi Davidson, a company spokeswoman. The stock fell to $7.39 at the close in New York. The
shares have now lost 95 percent of their value since peaking in
mid-2008, cutting the business’s market value to $3.9 billion. The company has struggled to keep pace with Apple’s iPhone
and devices based on Google Inc. (GOOG) ’s Android platform, spurring
customers to flee the BlackBerry platform. The new BB10 software
-- the linchpin of its comeback plan -- now won’t arrive until
the first quarter of next year, RIM said yesterday. That’s more
than a year later than originally planned. “The delay increases the likelihood of a sale,” said
Michael Walkley , an analyst at Canaccord Genuity Inc. in
Minneapolis . “Even if BB10 launched in the fall against iPhone
5, it would be very, very tough to get consumers to try it
out.” Microsoft, IBM Some investors were already pushing RIM to put itself on
the block before the latest results. “We would like to see a sale of the company or a breakup,
and if a breakup, the sale of each of the parts,” Vic Alboini,
chairman of the Toronto-based investment firm Jaguar Financial
Corp. (JFC) , said last month. He sees Microsoft Corp. (MSFT) or International
Business Machines Corp. as potential buyers. “We’re pushing and cajoling RIM to get to the promised
land of a sale or breakup,” he said. The job cuts will shrink RIM’s workforce by about 30
percent, cutting it from 16,500 to 11,500 by March, RIM said. The company also reported a pretax writedown of $335
million and expects to post an additional operating loss in the
second quarter. The first-quarter net loss was $518 million, or
99 cents a share, compared with a profit of $695 million, or
$1.33, a year earlier. Cost Savings The company is trying to save $1 billion in annual
operating costs by eliminating workers and manufacturing sites.
The effort so far has saved RIM $300 million, Chief Financial
Officer Brian Bidulka said yesterday on a conference call. The
company’s cash investments rose to $2.2 billion last quarter,
from $2.1 billion in the previous three months. Still, future operating losses and severance payments will
force RIM to burn through much of that money, said Walkley, who
has a hold rating on the shares. The situation may come to a head in the coming months, said
Brian Blair , an analyst at Wedge Partners Corp. in New York. “My view is that things get so bad this year and in early
2013 that they get forced into a sale,” he said. “It gets
worse and worse for the next six months, guaranteed.” RIM can’t expect any assistance from the Canadian
government, Jim Flaherty , the country’s finance minister, told
reporters today on a conference call. Choosing a Path “They need to look at their own options and to choose
their path,” Flaherty said. He said he’s not aware of any
interest from other companies in acquiring RIM. A takeover of RIM’s size would trigger a review to
determine whether an acquisition is in the national interest. In
2010, Prime Minister Stephen Harper ’s government rejected
Melbourne-based BHP Billiton Ltd. (BHP) ’s $40 billion hostile takeover
of Potash Corp. of Saskatchewan Inc. over concerns that the sale
would cut jobs and tax revenue . RIM had previously said that the first of the new
BlackBerry 10 phones would come out in the latter part of this
year, and the product was originally expected in the first
quarter of 2012. Pushing BlackBerry 10 to 2013 means the phones
may come out months later than the iPhone 5 and products built
on Microsoft’s Windows 8 platform. In the meantime, sales of the existing lineup are slumping.
RIM shipped 7.8 million BlackBerrys and 260,000 PlayBook tablets
in its last fiscal quarter, which ended June 2. A year earlier,
it shipped 13.2 million BlackBerrys and 500,000 PlayBooks. “The delay may just be the final nail in the coffin,”
said Sameet Kanade, an analyst at Northern Securities in Toronto
who has a sell rating on the stock. “This is not just a
disappointing quarter, but is a big question mark about the
company going forward.” To contact the reporters on this story:
Hugo Miller in Toronto at
hugomiller@bloomberg.net ;
Serena Saitto in New York at
ssaitto@bloomberg.net . To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Nick Turner at nturner7@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Joji Matsumoto
Deletion?
There is a more detailed and informative article on the same individual here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%8Dji_Matsumoto It doesn't seem like there's any reason to have a less informative stub article around. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:07, 29 July 2014 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:The Fountain of Lamneth
Untitled
I suggest that this article be merged into Caress of Steel, seeing as it it rather short and is a component of that album.
You say 1 of 3 epic songs, what about 2112 (being the most popular one of the epics done by Rush) and The Necromancer? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:11, 12 November 2007 (UTC)
I believe it was specifically "side-long" epics. The Necromancer wasn't sidelong. I believe however 2112 was part of that count. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:57, 3 June 2010 (UTC) | WIKI |
By this measure, stocks are a crazy bargain
Before you lie two doors, and behind each lies a prize. Behind door No. 1 is a promise from the U.S. government to give you $1.90 each year for the next 10 years. Behind door No. 2 is a vague commitment from America's biggest companies to give you $2.25 in the next year, more the year after that, more the year after that and so on. Oh, and if you pick door No. 2, you also get a set of tiny pieces of America's biggest companies — a bonus prize that has tended to increase in value by 7 percent every year. Which door will you choose? This is a simplistic version of the decision facing an investor trying to decide between allocating the marginal hundred dollars to a product that tracks the or to a 10-year Treasury note. While the best decision will obviously depend on the investor's market expectations and financial circumstances, choosing door two — stocks — has actually gotten a bit easier lately. In the modern era, the 10-year Treasury yield has generally been higher than the S&P's dividend yield. The rationale is that stocks offered the possibility, if not the outright expectation, of capital appreciation, while bonds hold no such opportunity if held to maturity. For instance, 15 years ago, the dividend yield granted by the S&P 500 over the prior 12 months was 1.4 percent, with about 1.5 percent expected over the following 12 months. This as the 10-year Treasury yield sat a touch below 5 percent. On Monday, the 10-year yield was below 1.9 percent, while the S&P 500 dividend yield over the past 12 months has been 2.1 percent, with about 2.3 percent expected over the next year. This is mostly a story of the plunge in Treasury yields, which has come as dividend payouts have crept higher. Still, it is striking to see the S&P's dividend yield outpace Treasury rates. This development, combined with the high likelihood of dividend increases and the relatively small dividend cuts in times of crisis, convinces Convergex strategist Nicholas Colas that "stocks still look attractive versus bonds." To provide some context, one rudimentary way of valuing stocks is the so-called Fed model, which states that the market's earnings yield (earnings divided by price, or the inverse of P/E) should be equivalent to the 10-year note yield. This earnings-to-price ratio (at about 6 percent) is so high compared to Treasury yields that the mere slice of S&P 500 earnings that are returned to investors in the form of dividends itself dominates the Treasury rate. While this may be viewed as a sign to buy stocks, another possible conclusion is that investors have become highly pessimistic about how future stock market returns will compare to their long-term average. Dividend yields have generally been lower than bond yields throughout all of recent market history, but "if you go back to the '20s, people used to consider stocks to be more risky, and therefore required a higher dividend yield than they did on bonds," pointed out Boris Schlossberg, strategist at BK Asset Management, in a Thursday "Trading Nation " segment. In some small way, perhaps that logic is taking root once again. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Auris's tinnitus drug misses main goals in study; shares sink
(Reuters) - Auris Medical Holding AG said its experimental drug for acute inner ear tinnitus missed the main goals of a late-stage study, sending its shares down more than 40 percent in premarket trading. The trial did not meet the two co-primary effectiveness goals of statistically significant changes in tinnitus loudness and tinnitus burden compared to a placebo, Auris said. However, the Swiss company said data supported the positive safety profile established in previous studies. Auris said results from a second late-stage trial were expected in the fourth quarter. Tinnitus, or ringing in the ears, is a symptom common to various ear or other diseases. Inner ear tinnitus may be caused by injuries to the cochlea due to loud noise or inflammation. There is no effective treatment. Up to Wednesday’s close of $5.35, stock had risen about 9.4 percent this year. Reporting by Ankur Banerjee in Bengaluru; Editing by Ted Kerr and Anil D'Silva | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Altova StyleVision Server 2024
This topic describes how to start Altova LicenseServer (LicenseServer for short) and StyleVision Server. To be able to start these programs, you can use one of the following options: (i) you can be the root user and leave out the sudo keyword from the commands listed below (leaving out sudo is optional), or (ii) you can run the sudo command as a normal user with the corresponding permissions for sudo.
Start LicenseServer
To correctly register and license StyleVision Server with LicenseServer, LicenseServer must be running as a daemon on the network. Start LicenseServer as a daemon with the following command:
[≥ Debian 8], [≥ CentOS 7], [≥ Ubuntu 15]
sudo systemctl start licenseserver
If at any time you need to stop LicenseServer, replace start with stop in the command above. For example:
sudo systemctl stop licenseserver
© 2017-2023 Altova GmbH | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Which is better – Presta or Schrader valve?
which is better presta or schrader valve
Many valve types have been invented since the invention of pneumatic tires. But for bikes mainly, Presta and Schrader are still in use.
The Presta Valve is the slimmer of the two and it is a bit more complex to use because it uses a lock nut rather than a spring for closure.
Originally, Presta valves were used in sports and racing bikes because they were slim and allowed racers to pump tires using a pump attached with chunk without a hose.
Presta valves are relatively easier to pump because there is no valve spring to deal with. Although valve depressors designed for Schrader valves can also be used to alleviate this, a check valve would be required.
The small diameter of the Presta valve needs a smaller hole in the rim. The size is relevant for narrow rims where cross sectional strength is greatly reduced by a stem hole. In narrow rims, the space left between tire beads for wider Schrader valves by clincher tires is insufficient.
In contrast, Schrader valves are more universally used. They are larger, more robust and have an easily removable core. They are easier to use because of the spring closure mechanism, which means you only need to press the inflation chuck (that is, the pump head) onto the Schrader valve at an automobile service station. For hand pumps, a screwed or lever chuck makes the valve depressor. The depressor makes inflation easier, and is also necessary to read back pressure in the tire.
Although Presta valves have been made with removable cores, these types of Presta valves are very uncommon. A Presta core is removable if it has two wrench flats on the coarse valve cap threads.
There is no general syllogism of which is better because it has more to do with the type of bike and the biker’s preferences. However, the major differences and advantages of each over the other are discussed below.
Advantages of Presta Valves Over Schrader Valves
1. They’re slimmer and require smaller rim holes, which enhances strength.
2. They can be extended with adaptors which makes them good for deeper-section aerodynamic rims.
3. They’re lighter, which enables balance for the stem weight to spin smoothly.
4. They seal tightly without mechanical check valves. (Schrader valves on the other hand, need a mechanical check valve to seal tightly.)
5. Presta valves are easier to pump.
Advantages of Schrader Valves Over Presta Valves
1. They have easily removable cores.
2. They are more universally used.
3. They are simpler to use because of the spring closure mechanism possessed.
4. Schrader valve allows more air for a tubeless set up.
5. Either valves can be used on Schrader drilled rims.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN PRESTA AND SCHRADER VALVES
1) Schrader valves are thicker, and can hardy fit through the tube of a road rim. In narrow road tires the space might not be enough for the Schrader valve to fit in.
Presta valves will also need electrical tape, shims or adapters to fit on a mountain bike rim because they are narrower in contrast to Schrader valves.
2) Presta valves are easier to pump with little efforts required. they can be inflated with small capacity hand pumps, due to the fact that there is no spring in the valve. Schrader valves are relatively more difficult to pump as it requires a pump with a mechanism to deflate the spring in the schrader valve.
3. The two valves require different types of pump head, which implies that a Schrader headed pump cannot inflate a Presta tube valve and vice versa.
There is a solution to this as pump head with dual attachments have been invented. This type of pump features both head, thefore, you can use either of the pump head designed for your valve.
4. Schrader valves tube valves are wide and flat on the end. While Presta valves tube valves are narrower and have a locking nut at the top. The locking nut can be loosened to add or release air. Releasing the air is quite easy, it is done by loosening the locking nut then pressing to let the air out.
REPLACING A VALVE
Most valves are attached to the tubes so in most cases you will have to change the tube. However, you can replace valves in cases where you have;
1. Replaceable Cores.
Some Presta valves have the replaceable core that unscrew key for adding tire sealant, or adding valve extenders to aero rim. Replaceable cores are available for sale at almost every local bike shop. Your valve has replaceable cores if it’s sides have small, flat parts right as the valve tapers across the nut at the top.
2. Presta Valves.
Presta valves for tubeless tires are sealed by a knurled nut that fixes the valve to the rim. If the seal happens to fail and is letting air out of your tire, the valve can just be replaced. Some tubeless valves have a specific rim model. Make sure you get the correct replacement, or the gasket might not seal properly.
Because the rims of bicycles drilled for Presta valves cannot contain the wider Schrader valves, drilling the rim is usually necessary for such replacements to be made, which can weaken the rim in a way.
On the other hand, when a Presta valve is fitted into the bigger Schrader rim hole, reducers or grommets are used to fill up the excess space sometimes. The standard Presta valve has an external thread. An adapter can be used to fit the thread to allow Presta valves connect to a pump with Schrader chuck.
SWITCHING VALVES
The major differences between a Presta and Schrader valves are the diameters. While Schrader valves are larger, Presta valves are rather slimmer and consequently, the valve holes on bicycle rims are drilled to suit a particular size or another.
The major concern with using a Presta valve in a rim drilled for a Shrader valve is not necessarily movement of the valve stem, but rather a hernia of the tube through the excess space at high pressure, causing a blowout.
Most mountain bike tires maintain a low pressure, therefore you might get away with it. However, there is an adapter, also known as a ‘valve grommet’, which is made out of rubber or metal. It helps to make the valve hole small enough for a Presta valve to fit tightly. It will also remain tight when under high pressure.
In conclusion, there is no general consensus on which is better. It all depends on the factors discussed and preferences. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
NHL: Predators acquire Subban from Canadiens for Weber
(The Sports Xchange) - Montreal and Nashville pulled off a major trade involving two veteran defensemen on Wednesday as the Predators acquired P.K. Subban from the Canadiens for Shea Weber. Subban was the 2013 winner of the Norris Trophy, which goes to the NHL’s top defenseman. The 27-year-old Subban had six goals and 45 assists this past season. Subban has six years remaining on his contract that carries an annual salary cap hit of $9 million. He is heading into the third season of his eight-year, $72-million pact. “P.K. Subban is an elite offensive defenseman with tremendous skill and contagious energy that makes the Nashville Predators a better team now and into the future,” Predators general manager David Poile said. “Superstar defensemen of his caliber are a rare commodity, and we are thrilled to add him to the organization.” Weber had spent the past 11 seasons with the Predators and has played in four All-Star Games. The 30-year-old had 20 goals and 31 assists in 78 regular-season games this past season. This was the eighth NHL season in which Weber had at least 40 points. He added three goals and four assists in 14 postseason games this year. Weber is under contract for 10 more seasons. His average annual salary cap hit is $7.85 million. “We completed today an important transaction which I am convinced will make the Canadiens a better team. It was also one of the most difficult decisions I had to make as general manager of the Montreal Canadiens,” Montreal general manager Marc Bergevin said. “In Shea Weber, we get a top rated NHL defenseman with tremendous leadership, and a player who will improve our defensive group as well as our power play for many years to come. “Shea Weber led all NHL defensemen last season with 14 power-play goals. He is a complete rearguard with impressive size and a powerful shot. “P.K. Subban is a special and very talented player. He provided the Canadiens organization with strong performances on the ice and generous commitment in the community. I wish him the best of luck with the Predators.” Editing by Mark Lamport-Stokes | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Phonophobia
Hello! I'm Phonophobia. I am a very casual editor on Wikipedia. I made an account to fix a single dead link that I found, but I will continue making occasional edits and fixes as I stumble across areas that need it.
I have several interests and areas that I may be active in editing:
* I enjoy watching motorsports and racing, with a particular interest in Formula One.
* I am also a fan of Sumo wrestling.
* I am very interested in History, particularly European History, with a focus on Classical Antiquity and from the Industrial Revolution to the Present.
* I am a firm believer in freedom of information and believe that copyright and DRM are harmful to consumers.
* I like Music, especially Dream pop and Shoegaze. | WIKI |
Author:Jeremy Quentin Greenstock
Works
* Letter to UN Security Council (20 March 2003)
* Iraq: The Cost of War (2016) | WIKI |
2022 FIVB Women's Volleyball Challenger Cup
The 2022 FIVB Women's Volleyball Challenger Cup was the third edition of the FIVB Women's Volleyball Challenger Cup, an annual women's international volleyball tournament contested by eight national teams that acts as a qualifier for the FIVB Women's Volleyball Nations League. The tournament was held at Krešimir Ćosić Hall in Zadar, Croatia, between 28 and 31 July 2022.
Four teams made their first appearance in the women's Challenger Cup in this edition: Belgium, Cameroon, France and Kazakhstan.
Croatia won the title, defeating Belgium in the final, and earned the right to participate in the 2023 Nations League replacing Belgium, the last placed challenger team in the 2022 edition. Puerto Rico defeated Colombia in the 3rd place match.
Qualification
A total of eight teams qualified for the tournament.
Format
The tournament will compete in a knock-out phase (quarterfinals, semifinals, and final), with the host country (Croatia) playing its quarterfinal match against the lowest ranked team among the participating teams. The remaining seven teams are placed from 2nd to 8th positions as per the FIVB World Ranking as of 3 July 2022. Rankings are shown in brackets except the hosts.
Rule changes
* 1) Court switch at the end of the sets to be eliminated due to COVID-19 safety guidelines and for a better television broadcasts.
* 2) Each team is allowed to call only one time-out during each set in the preliminary. The time-out lasts 30 seconds long. During the finals, each team is granted one time-out before the technical and one time-out after the technical, except in a fifth set.
* 3) Only one technical time-out is made when the leading team reaches 12 points, but no technical in a fifth set.
Knockout stage
* All times are Central European Summer Time (UTC+02:00).
Quarterfinals
* }
Semifinals
* }
3rd place match
* }
Final
* }
Final standing
Source: VCC 2022 final standings | WIKI |
Yannis Spathas
Yannis Spathas (30 November 1950 – 6 July 2019) was a Greek guitarist, founding member of the rock band Socrates Drank the Conium (or simply Socrates), and one of the most famous Greek electric guitar players.
Biography
Born in 1950 in Paxos, Yannis came in contact with music through his father and uncles and he learned how to play various instruments. He grew up in Pireas, where he formed the band Persons (1966-1969), with Antonis Tourkogiorgis and Ilias Asvestopoulos, and later on formed the Socrates band again with Tourkogiorgis.
In 1983, after the split of the Socrates band, Spathas collaborated as an orchestra and guitarist with artists. In 1999 he released his first personal album, in which Haris Alexiou participated. According to Spathas, his greatest influences were Jimi Hendrix and Anastasios Chalkias. | WIKI |
Rhinoplasty 101 (Nose Job 101): What you must know before your consultation.
Payman Simoni, MD
Article by
Beverly Hills Facial Plastic Surgeon
Most rhinoplasties are performed because the patient desires an improvement in appearance and/or nasal function. (S)he may simply want a nose which is in harmony with the rest of the face rather than one which is out of proportion with respect to the other facial features. On the other hand, it may be, as is often the case, that the nose is becoming progressively more disfigured the older the patient becomes until breathing difficulty occurs.
At times, patients have deformities of the inside of the nose which impair breathing, cause headaches, or contribute to sinus trouble. These problems cannot be satisfactorily treated medically without simultaneously straightening the external nose.
Like faces, every nose is different; some noses are too long, some too wide, some have large humps, some project away from the face, and so on.
Since rhinoplasty surgery is as much artistic in nature as it is scientific, rarely are any two patients' noses identical. A skilled rhinoplastic surgeon would strive to make each patient's nose fit his or her face.
The alterations your doctor recommends will be determined by many factors, including one's height, age, skin thickness, ethnic background and configuration of other features such as the forehead, eyes and chin. All in all, a rhinoplasty specialist strives to achieve a natural looking nose rather than one which appears to have been operated upon. No patient really wants an assembly line "nose job"; they want a nose individually tailored to their own features.
The nose is reduced in size by removing excess bone and cartilage. The remaining structures are repositioned through a series of carefully planned internal nasal incisions. The skin then heals to the new framework.
Rhinoplasty: The Surgery Protocol
Prior to surgery, certain medications may be given to promote healing and help hold to a minimum the amount of swelling and discoloration, which may occur.
The surgery is usually done in a surgery center or hospital. Following surgery, the average patient can be discharged.
At the completion of surgery, a small protective adhesive dressing and splint are applied to the nose. The external protective splint and tape are to remain in place for about one (1) week.
Although a drip dressing is applied which obstructs the nostrils, some surgeons like Dr Simoni do not "pack" the nose after surgery. Patients, therefore, are more comfortable and generally less swollen. With the elimination of nasal packing, pain, swelling, bleeding, discoloration, etc., are dramatically reduced making the recovery period much more pleasant for the patient. In this technique, the surgeon sutures the internal nasal tissues back in place eliminates the necessity of packing. This technique has been one of the greatest advances in nasal surgery, reducing much of the undesirable postoperative discomfort those patients whose noses are "packed" experience.
Septoplasty: Nasal Breathing Problems
One of the common causes of breathing difficulties is a "deviated" or crooked nasal septum. The septum is a bony and cartilaginous partition that divides the inside of the nose into two chambers. If it is dislocated or leans to one side it can interfere with the flow of air through one or both sides of the nose.
Even patients whose septum is not "deviated" frequently have a dominant nostril (airway passage). Most of us have a dominant eye, hand or foot; it is not unusual for one nasal airway to be better than the other. Your surgeon will evaluate the inside of the nose and attempt to improve the airway if (s)he feels it might be improved with corrective surgery.
Surgery can often straighten or remove the offending portions of the crooked bones and cartilages and improve breathing; however, the membranes lining the inside of the nose can become swollen from one or more of the following conditions:
a. Allergies (hay fever)
b. Changes in temperature or environmental factors
c. Viral infections (colds)
d. Bacterial infections
e. Emotional disturbances
f. Over-use of nasal sprays
g. Exposure to irritants in the air (hair spray, smoke, etc.)
None of these "membrane conditions" are corrected by surgery but if the patient has a deviated septum plus one of these problems, correction of the septum frequently makes it easier for the patient to tolerate the membrane swelling.
Rhinoplasty Specialist
Most Rhinoplasty specialists are usually board certified by the American Board of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery(ABFPRS). "The ABFPRS certifies surgeons exclusively in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. The ABFPRS is dedicated to improving the quality of facial plastic surgery available to the public by measuring the qualifications of candidate surgeons against certain rigorous standards."
"To achieve certification by this Board (ABFPRS), a surgeon must:
- Complete an accredited residency training program after medical school that provides training in facial plastic surgery.
- Achieve previous certification by one or both of the basic boards in the field: The American Board of Plastic Surgery or the American Board of Otolaryngology.
- Successfully complete an additional two-day examination (written and oral) focused solely on facial plastic and reconstructive surgery. Present for peer review at least 100 surgical cases in facial plastic and reconstructive surgery for each of the previous two years."
The ABFPRS holds its member surgeons to a published code of ethical conduct. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Bentley- Trent's Last Case (Nelson, nd).djvu/288
F you insist,' Trent said, 'I suppose you will have your way. But I had much rather write it when I am not with you. However, if I must, bring me a tablet whiter than a star, or hand of hymning angel; I mean a sheet of note-paper not stamped with your address. Don't under-estimate the sacrifice I am making. I never felt less like correspondence in my life.'
She rewarded him.
'What shall I say?' he enquired, his pen hovering over the paper. 'Shall I compare him to a summer's day? What shall I say?'
'Say what you want to say,' she suggested helpfully.
He shook his head. 'What I want to say–what I have been wanting for the past twenty-four hours to say to every man, woman, and | WIKI |
Fulvio Pennacchi
Fulvio Pennacchi (December 27, 1905, in Villa Collemandina – October 5, 1992, in São Paulo) was an Italian-Brazilian artist who specialized in painted murals and made ceramics.
He was part of the Santa Helena Group, together with Alfredo Volpi, Francisco Rebolo, Aldo Bonadei, Alfredo Rizzotti, Mario Zanini, Humberto Rosa and others.
His painting is sensitive and personal, particularly in the interpretation of major biblical themes and the lives of saints, owing to his childhood marked by a Catholic religious education. He was remarkable also for his interpretation of the caipira world. | WIKI |
function [ ml, mu, m ] = bandwidth_var ( element_order, element_num, ... element_node, node_num, var_node, var_num, var ) %*****************************************************************************80 % %% bandwidth_var() determines the bandwidth for finite element variables. % % Discussion: % % We assume that, attached to each node in the finite element mesh % there are a (possibly zero) number of finite element variables. % We wish to determine the bandwidth necessary to store the stiffness % matrix associated with these variables. % % An entry K(I,J) of the stiffness matrix must be zero unless the % variables I and J correspond to nodes N(I) and N(J) which are % common to some element. % % In order to determine the bandwidth of the stiffness matrix, we % essentially seek a nonzero entry K(I,J) for which abs ( I - J ) % is maximized. % % The bandwidth M is defined in terms of the lower and upper bandwidths: % % M = ML + 1 + MU % % where % % ML = maximum distance from any diagonal entry to a nonzero % entry in the same row, but earlier column, % % MU = maximum distance from any diagonal entry to a nonzero % entry in the same row, but later column. % % We assume the finite element variable adjacency relationship is % symmetric, so we are guaranteed that ML = MU. % % Note that the user is free to number the variables in any way % whatsoever, and to associate variables to nodes in any way, % so that some nodes have no variables, some have one, and some % have several. % % The storage of the indices of the variables is fairly simple. % In VAR, simply list all the variables associated with node 1, % then all those associated with node 2, and so on. Then set up % the pointer array VAR_NODE so that we can jump to the section of % VAR where the list begins for any particular node. % % The routine does not check that each variable is only associated % with a single node. This would normally be the case in a finite % element setting. % % Licensing: % % This code is distributed under the MIT license. % % Modified: % % 03 September 2006 % % Author: % % John Burkardt % % Input: % % integer ELEMENT_ORDER, the order of the elements. % % integer ELEMENT_NUM, the number of elements. % % integer ELEMENT_NODE(ELEMENT_ORDER,ELEMENT_NUM); % ELEMENT_NODE(I,J) is the global index of local node I in element J. % % integer NODE_NUM, the number of nodes. % % integer VAR_NODE(NODE_NUM+1), used to find the variables % associated with a given node, which are in VAR in locations % VAR_NODE(NODE) to VAR_NODE(NODE+1)-1. Note that the last entry of % this array points to the location just after the last location in VAR. % % integer VAR_NUM, the number of variables. % % integer VAR(VAR_NUM), the indexes of the variables, which % are presumably (but not necessarily) 1, 2, 3, ..., VAR_NUM. % % Output: % % integer ML, MU, the lower and upper bandwidths of the matrix. % % integer M, the bandwidth of the matrix. % ml = 0; mu = 0; for element = 1 : element_num for node_local_i = 1 : element_order node_global_i = element_node(node_local_i,element); for var_local_i = var_node(node_global_i) : var_node(node_global_i+1)-1 var_global_i = var(var_local_i); for node_local_j = 1 : element_order node_global_j = element_node(node_local_j,element); for var_local_j = var_node(node_global_j) : var_node(node_global_j+1)-1 var_global_j = var(var_local_j); mu = max ( mu, var_global_j - var_global_i ); ml = max ( ml, var_global_i - var_global_j ); end end end end end m = ml + 1 + mu; return end | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Global Natural Gas Reserves Rose 6.3 Percent Last Year
(Corrects size of reserve increase in first paragraph.) Global natural-gas reserves
increased 6.3 percent to 208.4 trillion cubic meters in 2011, BP
Plc (BP/) said in its annual statistical review, received by e-mail. North American reserves rose 4.9 percent to 10.8 trillion
cubic meters in 2011, the report showed. To contact the reporter on this story:
Matthew Brown in London at
mbrown42@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Lars Paulsson at
lpaulsson@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Santa Olalla del Cala
Santa Olalla del Cala is a large village within the Autonomous region of Andalucia in southern Spain. The village is also a municipality located in the province of Huelva. the village is situated 1.1 mi west of the A66-E803 motorway which runs from Sevilla to Salamanca. The village is 43.7 mi north of the city of Sevilla and 40.9 mi south of the town of Zafra. The village is 447.5 km from the Spanish capital of Madrid and takes approximately 6 hours to travel from there by taxi.Taxi fare to Santa Olalla The nearest airport is Sevilla Airport which is 52.0 mi to the south of the village. The nearest railway station is at Llerena which is 34.6 mi north east of the village.
Location
The village is situated in the southern slopes of the foothills of the Sierra Morena mountain range close to the border between the regions of Andalusia and Extremadura. The municipality is in the northeast of the Province of Huelva, and is within the Aracena Natural Park, which is a protected areas of the Community and occupies the entire north of the province. The village sits on the eastern slope of a proment hill which is topped with a castle fortress, a parish church which in the past has been a Jewish synagogue and a Moorish Mosque. The surrounding countryside consists of meadows and small hills covered predominantly forest of oaks, chestnut trees and scrubland, through which numerous small streams flow, forming a landscape of outstanding natural beauty.
Local Economy
The local economic activity of the municipality is in agriculture especially Olive groves and Holm Oak foraging groves. The village is also renowned for its cork and wood crafting works as well as embroidery and crochet needle Crafts. Other working activities in the village also include wholesale and retail trading, houses building, activities related to the sale and repair of private and agricultural vehicles and motorbikes. The local gastronomy incorporates a large range of tasty products derived from the Iberian pig. Santa Olalla’s famous sausages are the best elements of its gastronomy.
The Castle
The castle stands on a prominent rocky ridge above the village. The fortress, although the ramparts are reminiscent of Moorish castles, was built by the Christian king of Castile, Sancho IV in the thirteenth century replacing a much smaller fortress which had been built earlier by the Muslim rulers of Andalucía. The Muslim structure is thought to have been built on top a much early Roman fortification. The castle was part of a defence system built to protect the city of Seville from the Portuguese. This defence system was called the Banda Gallega or The Galician Band. The system composed of three lines of defence, which mostly utilized older Moorish fortresses. The first line contained the castles of Aroche, Encinasola and Fregenal de la Sierra. In the second line was the Torre of San Bartolomé and Cortegana castle. The third line included Santa Olalla del Cala and the fortress at Aracena.
Construction
The castle is constructed from stone masonry and brickwork. The curtain walls have ten towers in total. Four of the towers are circular and the other six are rectangular in shape. The towers are constructed of solid stone and rise to the height of the parapet at which there is a vaulted chamber. This is topped by battlements of which some have pyramidal and brick cube castellation. The inner precinct is of an irregular coffin shape and follows the plan of the ridge top of the hill. On the North West elevation there is an entrance tower which is turned 90° to the main curtain wall of the fortress.
Later years
Following the castle’s decline as a fortress other uses were found for the stronghold. In the 19th century and into the 20th century the castle precinct and curtain walls were used as the municipal cemetery. The walls were pierced to form burial niches. This had a detrimental effect on the castle, considerably weakening the structure. In 1949 the castle was declared a site of cultural interest and measures were taken to preserve the site.
Iglesia de Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion
The church of Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion stands at the southern end of the rocky hill were the castle is situated. The church you see today has had different uses in since it was first built in the 9th century. In the 10th century it was a synagogue and was the Jewish quarter of the village. Two columns from that period can be seen inside the church. During the period of Muslim occupation the building became a mosque. The Apse still retains it Mudejar style with its brick arches and vaults. Two noted features of the Christian church include a fine example of a Gothic doorway, and a statue of the Virgin de los Dolores carved by the Spanish Baroque sculptor Juan de Mesa y Velasco of Seville. Unusually, there is also a preserved ship's anchor, kept here to commemorate the time when Santa Olalla was the base to a Maritime infantry regiment during the Napoleonic wars.
Pilgrimage Cross
Opposite the doorway to the Iglesia de Nuestra Senora de la Asuncion, and a little down the hill, stands a 16th-century Plateresco style cross erected to mark the way of Pilgrimage known as the 'Silver Way' or Vía de la Plata to Santiago de Compostela from the Andulucian city of Seville. The marker consists of a baluster column topped by a Genovese capital. Above the capital sits a Plateresque flint cross. | WIKI |
Page:A Dictionary of Music and Musicians vol 4.djvu/183
TREMOLO. kind. In soft passages it has a beautifully weird and ethereal effect of half-light when not spun out. In vocal music it is to be used in the first-named situations. The human voice loses its steadiness in every-day life under the influence of joy, sorrow, eagerness, fear, rage, or despair, and as subjects for vocal treatment usually have their fair share of these emotions, we must expect to hear both the vibrato and the tremolo in their places, and are very much disappointed if we do not. Reason, judgment, and taste must be brought to bear with the same kind of philosophical and critical study by means of which an actor arrives at the full significance of his part, and it will be found that a big vocal piece like 'Ah perfido,' 'Infelice,' or 'Non più di fiori,' requires more psychological research than is generally supposed. Singers, and those of this country especially, are very little (in too many cases not at all) alive to the fact, that the moment singing is touched, we enter upon the region of the dramatic. In speaking generally of dramatic singing, the operatic or theatrical is understood. But the smallest ballad has its share of the dramatic, and if this were more widely felt, we should have better singing and a better use of the tremolo and vibrato, which can hardly fail to place themselves rightly if the import of the piece to be sung be rightly felt and understood. By tremolo is usually understood an undulation of the notes, that is to say, more or less quickly reiterated departure from true intonation. In some cases this has been cultivated (evidently) to such an extent as to be utterly ludicrous. Ferri, a baritone, who flourished about thirty-five years ago, gave four or five beats in the second, of a good quarter-tone, and this incessantly, and yet he possessed a strong voice and sustaining power to carry him well through his operas. But there is a thrill heard at times upon the voice which amounts to neither tremolo nor vibrato. If it is the result of pure emotion, occurring consequently only in the right place, its effect is very great.
The vibrato is an alternate partial extinction and re-enforcement of the note. This seems to have been a legitimate figure, used rhythmically, of the fioritura of the Farinelli and Caffarelli period, and it was introduced in modern times with wonderful effect by Jenny Lind in 'La Figlia del Reggimento.' In the midst of a flood of vocalisation these groups of notes occurred—
executed with the same brilliancy and precision as they would be on the pianoforte, thus—
[See, iii. 496; also .] [ H. C. D. ]
TREMULANT. A contrivance in an organ producing the same effect as tremolando in singing. Its action practically amounts to this:—the air before reaching the pipes is admitted into a box containing a pallet to the end of which is attached a thin arm of metal with a weight on the end of it; when the air on its admission raises the pallet the metal arm begins to swing up and down, thus producing alternately an increase and diminution of wind-pressure. Its use is generally limited to such stops as the Vox humana and a few other stops chiefly of the reed family. The tremulant is happily much less in vogue in this country than on the continent, where its abuse is simply offensive. It is difficult to conceive how good taste can tolerate these rhythmical pulsations of a purely mechanical pathos. [ J. S. ]
TRENCHMORE, an old English country dance, frequently mentioned by writers of the 16th and 17th century. According to Mr. Chappell ('Popular Music') the earliest mention of it is in a Morality by William Bulleyn, published in 1564. The character of the dance may be gathered from the following amusing quotation from Selden's 'Table Talk' (1689): 'The Court of England is much altered. At a solemn Dancing, first you had the grave Measures, then the Corrantoes and the Galliards, and this is kept up with Ceremony; at length to Trenchmore, and the Cushion-Dance, and then all the Company dance, Lord and Groom, Lady and Kitchen-Maid, no distinction. So in our Court, in Queen Elizabeth's time, Gravity and State were kept up. In King James's time things were pretty well. But in King Charles's time, there has been nothing but Trenchmore, and the Cushion-Dance, omnium gatherum tolly-polly, hoite come toite.' Trenchmore appears first in the Dancing Master in the fifth edition (1675), where it is directed to be danced 'longways for as many as will.' The tune there given (which we reprint) occurs in 'Deuteromelia' (1609), where it is called 'Tomorrow the fox will come to town.'
[ W. B. S. ]
TRENTO,, composer, born in Venice, 1761 (or 1765), date of death unknown, pupil of Bertoni, and composer of ballets. His first, 'Mastino della Scala' (1785), was successful enough to procure him commissions from various towns. He was induced by Dragonetti to come to London, and there he composed the immensely popular 'Triumph of Love' (Drury Lane, 1797). His first opera buffa, 'Teresa Vedova,' succeeded, and was followed by many others. In 1804 he composed 'Ifigenia in Aulide.' In 1806 he became impresario in Amsterdam, and there produced with great success an oratorio 'The Deluge' (1808). Soon afterwards he went to Lisbon, also as impresario. In 1824 he returned to Venice, and after that his name disappears. He composed about 10 ballets, 20 operas, and a | WIKI |
This section is from the book "Popular Law Library Vol1 Introduction To The Study Of Law Legal History", by Albert H. Putney. Also see: Popular Law-Dictionary.
In such cases, one last resort, and only one, was left to the party needing relief. The King was still considered as the head of the judicial system of the country, and the fount from which all justice was ultimately derived. It was in his power, if he so desired, to sit as a judge in any of his courts; it was in his power to grant extraordinary relief in special cases. A direct petition to the King was therefore the course pursued by those who could not obtain redress at the common law, either because of the defects of that system, or because of the power and high position of their antagonists. The King, being too busy to deal with these matters himself, referred them to the various high officials of his court, and gradually he began to refer them more and more to his Chancellor, until finally, the Chancellor had jurisdiction in all such cases and petitions began to be addressed to the Chancellor directly, instead of to the King. For nearly three centuries we find equity jurisdiction in what might be called its formulative state. The theory of the equity judges was largely summed up in the equitable maxim: "Equity will not suffer a right to be without a remedy." During this period new classes of cases were constantly taken jurisdiction of, and new methods of relief granted, by the authority of the judges themselves, and without any parliamentary sanction. Finally, near the beginning of the seventeenth century, this formulative period came to an end; a general outline of equity jurisdiction had become established and equity jurisdiction could no longer be extended by the authority of its own judges.
The extraordinary or equitable jurisdiction of the court of Chancery seems to have been permanently established as a distinct system of jurisprudence during the reign of Edward III. This may perhaps be mainly attributed to the writ or ordinance of the twenty-second year of his reign which referred all petitions addressed to him relating to matters which were as "of grace" to the Chancellor or keeper of the privy seal. In spite of this writ, however, questions of this character were still referred at times to the Great Council or the Privy Council. The exclusive jurisdiction of the Chancery court dates from the succeeding reign, in which petitions or bills (as they now began to be called) began to be addressed directly to the Chancellor. | FINEWEB-EDU |
In Trump, Netanyahu Sees an Ally Who Helps Him Push the Envelope
News Analysis WASHINGTON — Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s vow for Israel to annex parts of the West Bank would flout four decades of American policy, under both Republican and Democratic presidents. But nothing emboldened Mr. Netanyahu to take such a risk more than the support of his ally President Trump. From recognizing Israel’s sovereignty over the Golan Heights to moving the United States Embassy to Jerusalem, Mr. Trump has given Mr. Netanyahu the political cover and legal legitimacy to embrace a position that critics say would all but extinguish the dream of a viable Palestinian state. Mr. Trump’s moves are not merely temporary gestures, which a future president or Israeli leader could reverse. They are policy changes that experts say have permanently altered the contested landscape of the Middle East, making his own stated goal of a peace agreement between Israel and the Palestinians more unattainable than ever. “They talk about a peace plan, but we never see it,” said Martin S. Indyk, a former American ambassador to Israel who tried to negotiate a deal between Israel and the Palestinians during the Obama administration. “What we see are new facts on the ground that will make a two-state solution impossible.” The White House declined to comment on Monday on Mr. Netanyahu’s latest remarks. Partly, this reflected qualms about speaking out on a delicate diplomatic issue on the eve of an Israeli election. But it also revealed the extent to which Mr. Trump has become Mr. Netanyahu’s biggest enabler. For Mr. Trump, who has talked about brokering a “deal of the century” between Israel and the Palestinians, Mr. Netanyahu’s aggressive move could pose a long-term problem. There is no obvious alternative to a two-state solution, however bleak its prospects. If Mr. Netanyahu is re-elected and follows through on his promise to annex territory, it would force the United States to retire a diplomatic strategy that dates to President Richard M. Nixon. Mr. Trump continues to promote the idea of a peace accord, placing his hope in a blueprint drafted by three of his senior aides: Jared Kushner, his son-in-law and senior adviser; Jason D. Greenblatt, his special envoy for Middle East peace; and David M. Friedman, the American ambassador to Israel. The Trump administration, officials said, still intends to present the plan sometime after the Israeli election. “A big thing for me, and some of you won’t like this maybe, but I would love to see peace in the Middle East,” Mr. Trump said Saturday at a meeting of the Republican Jewish Coalition in Las Vegas. “If those three can’t do it, you’ll never have it done.” The setting captured the tension between Mr. Trump’s diplomatic ambitions and his domestic political imperatives. Acknowledging that the audience might not welcome a peacemaking effort that required compromises by Israel, he spent most of his time taking credit for decisions like the Jerusalem embassy and Golan Heights, which are popular with right-wing Jews and evangelical voters. In Israel, meanwhile, Mr. Netanyahu suggested that he had the tacit backing of Mr. Trump to annex Jewish settlements in the West Bank. The prime minister told Israeli news media over the weekend that the White House was aware of his plans and said that he hoped to “do it, if possible, with American support,” though he added that he would not change his position, regardless of how the United States reacted. There was little in Washington’s silence to indicate that Mr. Netanyahu would face pushback. At every step of the prime minister’s hard-fought campaign to stay in power, Mr. Trump has tried to help him. The president’s announcement on the Golan Heights last month came at a critical moment, when Mr. Netanyahu faced a rising opponent and damaging new disclosures in the corruption cases against him. Even Mr. Trump’s announcement on Monday that the State Department would designate the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps a foreign terrorist organization paid dividends for Mr. Netanyahu. On his Hebrew-language Twitter feed, Mr. Netanyahu thanked Mr. Trump for “keeping the world safe from Iran aggression and terrorism.” Mr. Trump has wrapped Mr. Netanyahu in a warm embrace from the beginning of his presidency, even as he has voiced mild support for a two-state solution. “That’s what I think works best,” he said last fall during a meeting with the prime minister at the United Nations General Assembly. While Mr. Trump’s moves have been unstintingly pro-Israel, some could also be interpreted as a way to pressure the Palestinians to come back to the bargaining table. The administration cut off aid to Palestinian groups, closed its diplomatic office in Washington and ended funding for a United Nations agency that helps Palestinian refugees. None of that persuaded the Palestinians to reopen a dialogue with the United States that was cut off after Mr. Trump announced the embassy move in late 2017. The threat of annexation, experts said, might be the last form of leverage the United States has over the Palestinians. Unless they agree to a peace deal, the United States could give Mr. Netanyahu a green light to claim territory. “The one issue that clearly opened a Pandora’s box was the Golan Heights announcement,” said Ghaith al-Omari, a former Palestinian negotiator. “Once they broke that particular taboo, they opened the door for all the annexationists in Israel to say, ‘Now go for the West Bank.’” Whatever his election-eve theatrics, some analysts argue that Mr. Netanyahu would be loath to take such a radical step. They say he is motivated less by a desire to upend decades of diplomacy than by his own political survival. Dangling the prospect of annexation is a way to nail down the support of smaller right-wing parties, which he will need to form a government. “He’s smart enough to realize that if he goes through with this, he is creating with his own hands a Bosnia on the Mediterranean,” said David Makovsky, a senior fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy. But Mr. Makovsky acknowledged that if the Trump administration presented its plan and was rebuffed by the Palestinians — a scenario he and other veterans of peace negotiations view as likely — Mr. Netanyahu could use that as a pretext for selective annexation of large settlements. Mr. Trump’s aides have kept a tight lid on the details and timing of their plan. Some analysts speculated that they might introduce it after the election, but before the victor forms a government, so as to influence the makeup of the new coalition. That scenario now seems less likely, given Mr. Netanyahu’s weakened position, because he will probably have to reach out to right-wing parties to form a government — and none of those are interested in a Palestinian state. Some former diplomats argue that the intense focus on the peace plan misses the point: The Trump administration has utterly transformed the paradigm for American engagement in the Middle East. “What we’re watching in terms of American policy is a shell game,” said Daniel C. Kurtzer, a former American ambassador to Israel and Egypt. “They want you to watch the peace plan — it’s 40 pages long; it’s 60 pages long. What they don’t want you to watch is how they are trying extraordinarily hard, under cover of the plan, to change things on the ground.” | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
The Benefits of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)
What is Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT)?
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) is one of the emerging therapeutic models proven to effectively treat developmental and mental health difficulties in children, such as ADHD, oppositional defiance disorder, anxiety disorders, and mood disorders.
As a parent of a child who has trouble with these conditions mentioned before, you might be out of options. However, joining parent-child interaction therapy may help your child regain their confidence and learn coping skills they can use for life.
Parent-Child Interaction Therapy is a research-based, multisession treatment program designed to help parents who have a child with developmental or mental health difficulties through an effective relationship with their children.
The program aims to teach parents how to work together with their children to promote new ways of interacting to help the child acquire the life skills they need. The techniques that are a part of this therapy method can be used in natural settings and even when the therapist is not present.
The program is based on the idea that parents can have a better relationship with their children by being more involved in parenting, not just being permissive or authoritarian, but being empathic and helping their children grow up to be confident adults.
Benefits of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy
What Are Four Approaches to Parent-Child Interaction
There are four approaches to this method of therapy which include:
1. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for ADHD involves teaching parents how to help their children solve everyday problems through brief conversations with them. The therapists will teach parents different ways to communicate with their children effectively while encouraging adaptive coping skills training.
2. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Anxiety Disorders helps children develop coping skills they can use for life by interacting with their parents. Therapists will help parents understand their child’s world of emotions and responsively deal with them.
3. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Oppositional Defiant Disorder helps children feel less anxious about themselves and others through better communication with their parents. For example, children who have ODD experience a lot of anger and anxiety, but interacting with their parents, will help them learn how to control those feelings about themselves and others.
4. Parent-Child Interaction Therapy for Mood Disorders helps children manage negative feelings through positive interactions with their parents. Therapists will teach parents how to understand their child’s emotions and be more responsive in a helpful way.
The Benefits of PCIT
Parent-child interaction therapy is a helpful way to help children grow up to be confident adults. It provides children with what they need to have a healthy relationship with their parents, and in turn, helps their parents have a closer relationship with their children.
If you are interested in learning more about this therapy method or other therapeutic services, please feel free to contact Washington Psychological Wellness today for a complimentary 15-minute initial consultation!
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nguyen Thi Hong Vaan
The result of the nomination was no consensus. Mackensen (talk) 03:22, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
Vaan Nguyen
Weak Delete - NN journalist. --Haham hanuka 14:46, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
* 170 results on Google, most of the from Wikipedia and mirrors . --Haham hanuka 14:48, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
* Comment This AfD is still improperly listed, as were all previous AfDs by the same nominator. gidonb 16:59, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
* Improperly listing (as in not completing the entry) is not a reason to speedy delete the AfD. The proper thing would be to complete it. So, that's what I just did, added it to the July 2nd entries. Metros232 17:13, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
* Thank you for listing it! The user really does this several times per day. I daily clean up after him and so do several others. I hope he will improve his ways someday. gidonb 17:21, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
* Transwiki to a new language wiki. There are several of these. Ste4k 22:36, 2 July 2006 (UTC)
* He is NN to the Hebrew reader as well. --Haham hanuka 20:47, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
* Keep. Being the subject of a serious documentary sounds notable. The article is in English, and can't be transwikied to the Hebrew-language wiki. --TruthbringerToronto 00:28, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
* Strong Keep - the torll Haham is fighting against all the israeli cinema. Shmila 20:39, 3 July 2006 (UTC)
* Keep per Truthbringer. Royalbroil 05:04, 5 July 2006 (UTC)
| WIKI |
What Are Amino Acids And What Do They Do?
Many bodybuilders consider amino acids to be wondrous things. In fact, newbies to bodybuilding will be surprised at how much they can do for their bodies.
This substance gives the body the vitamins and minerals it needs to function well. They also provide micro-nutrients and fuel for growth.
What Are Amino Acids?
The amino acids found in food make up protein. When the body digests protein, it is again broken down into various amino acids.
These acids are then put together for different uses. The new proteins formed make up most of the solid matter in a human body.
Listed below are numerous ways that amino acids can help the body.
What Are Amino Acids And What Do They Do– They aid growth and repair.
– Radiation protection and removing excess metals from the body.
– Produces gastric juices to speed up the digestion process.
– Longer orgasms and a healthier sex life.
– Aids the absorption of calcium.
– Mobilizes fat for energy use.
– Maintains nitrogen balance.
– Helps maintain a lean frame when the body is under stress and/or fatigue.
– Produces antibodies.
– Repairs damaged tissue.
– Builds new muscle protein.
– Maintains healthy blood vessels.
What Bodybuilders Need to Know About Amino Acids
In short, amino acids can help bodybuilders achieve their fitness goals and make them feel great. However, excessive use can result in some unpleasant side effects. Anyone who is taking an amino acid regularly should be following the dosage instructions on the bottle.
Those with a medical condition should check with their doctor whether it is okay to take amino acid supplements. This advice also needs to be followed when trying other types of supplements.
If used correctly, amino acids can be beneficial to both bodybuilders and regular people. These supplements can be purchased at offline health stores, supermarkets and on the internet. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Polarization Dependences of Terahertz Radiation Emitted by Hot Charge Carriers in p-Te
• P. M. Tomchuk Institute of Physics, Nat. Acad. of Sci. of Ukraine
• V. M. Bondar Institute of Physics, Nat. Acad. of Sci. of Ukraine
• L. S. Solonchuk Institute of Physics, Nat. Acad. of Sci. of Ukraine
Keywords: terahertz radiation, hot carriers, polarization dependences
Abstract
Polarization dependences of the terahertz radiation emitted by hot charge carriers in p-Te have been studied both theoretically and experimentally. The angular dependences of the spontaneous radiation emission by hot carriers is shown to originate from the anisotropy of their dispersion law and the anisotropy of the dielectric permittivity of a tellurium crystal. We have shown that the polarization dependences of radiation are determined by the angle between the crystallographic axis C3 in p-Te and the polarization vector; they are found to have a periodic character.
References
1. V.M. Bondar, O.G. Sarbei, and P.M. Tomchuk, Fiz. Tverd. Tela 44, 1540 (2002).
2. V.M. Bondar and N.F. Chernomorets, Ukr. Fiz. Zh. 48, 51 (2003).
3. P.M. Tomchuk and V.M. Bondar, Ukr. Fiz. Zh. 53, 668 (2008).
4. T.H. Mendum and R.N. Dexter, Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc. 9, 632 (1961).
5. R.V. Parfen'ev, A.M. Pogarskii, I.I. Farbshtein, and S.S. Shalyt, Fiz. Tverd. Tela 4, 3596 (1962).
6. P.M. Tomchuk, Ukr. Fiz. Zh. 49, 682 (2004).
7. M.S. Bresler, V.G. Veselago, Yu.V. Kosichkin, G.E. Pikus, I.I. Farbshtein, and S.S. Shalyt, Zh. Eksp.Teor. Fiz. 57, 1479 (1969).
8. M.S. Bresler and D.S. Mashovets, Phys. Status Solidi B 39, 421 (1970). CrossRef
9. A.S. Dubinskaya and I.I. Farbshtein, Fiz. Tverd. Tela 8, 1884 (1966).
10. P.M. Gorlei, P.M. Tomchuk, and V.A. Shenderovskyi, Ukr. Fiz. Zh. 20, 705 (1975).
11. P.M. Gorlei, V.S. Radchenko, and V.A. Shenderovskyi, Transport Processes in Tellurium (Naukova Dumka, Kyiv, 1987) (in Russian).
12. A.S. Davydov, Quantum Mechanics (Pergamon Press, New York, 1976).
13. I.M. Dykman and P.M. Tomchuk, Transport Phenomena and Fluctuations in Semiconductors (Naukova Dumka, Kyiv, 1981) (in Russian).
Published
2018-10-05
How to Cite
Tomchuk, P., Bondar, V., & Solonchuk, L. (2018). Polarization Dependences of Terahertz Radiation Emitted by Hot Charge Carriers in p-Te. Ukrainian Journal of Physics, 58(2), 135. https://doi.org/10.15407/ujpe58.02.0135
Section
Solid matter
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44 A.3d 626
John Hancock Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.), successor to The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company (U.S.A.), successor to The Manufacturers Life Insurance Company; Lasalle Bank, N.A., as Trustee for Bear Stearns Commercial Securities, Inc.; Wells Fargo Bank, N.A., as Trustee for the benefit of the Registered Holders of J.P. Morgan Chase Commercial Mortgage Securities Corporation, Commercial Mortgage Pass-Through Certificates, Series 2006-LDP6; Marlton Crossing Maintenance Association, a New Jersey Non-Profit Organization; The TJX Companies, Inc., a Delaware Corporation doing business as T.J. Maxx; Carter’s Retail, Inc., a Delaware Corporation, doing business as Carter’s; Household Finance Corporation III, a Delaware Corporation; Lee Tsuy, doing business as Oriental Nail Salon; Supercuts, Inc., a Delaware Corporation, doing business as Supercuts; HomeGoods, Inc., a Delaware Corporation, doing business as HomeGoods; Tween Brands, Inc., a Delaware Corporation, doing business as Justice for Girls; Cosmetic Gallery, Inc., a New Jersey Corporation, doing business as Image Cosmetics; Burlington Coat Factory Warehouse of Montville, Inc., a New Jersey Corporation; Five Below, Inc., a Pennsylvania Corporation, doing business as Five Below; Difillippo X, Inc., a New Jersey Corporation, doing business as Saladworks; Blink Hair/Face/Body Inc., a New Jersey Corporation, doing business as Blink Spa; The Spaghetti House, Inc., a New Jersey Corporation, doing business as The Spaghetti House; TD Ameritrade, Inc., a New York Corporation, doing business as TD Waterhouse; PRG Group, Inc., a New Jersey Corporation, doing business as Fleet Feet of Marlton; Andreas Boutique, Inc., a New Jersey Corporation, doing business as Andrea’s Boutique; Bob Timmins, doing business as Great Wraps; Donna’s Bag, Inc., a New Jersey Corporation, doing business as Donna’s Bag; Marlton Crossing Fitness, a New Jersey Limited Liability Company, doing business as Smart Bodies; The Little Gym International Inc., a Delaware Corporation, doing business as The Little Gym of Marlton; Giadon Corporation, a New Jersey Corporation, doing business as Scruples Hair Salon; Dish It Out Ltd., a New Jersey Corporation, doing business as Dish It Out; South Jersey Tanning and Spa, L.L.C., a New Jersey Limited Liability Company, doing business as Planet Beach Tanning Salon; Palz Foods, Inc., a New Jersey Corporation, doing business as Food for Thought; Circle Center Cleaners, a New Jersey Limited Liability Company; Scrubs & Beyond, L.L.C., a Delaware Limited Liability Company, doing business as Scrubs & Beyond; Guitar Center Stores, Inc., a Delaware Corporation, doing business as Music & Arts; Dana’s Hallmark; Joe’s Peking Duck House, Inc., a New Jersey Corporation; Noppakao of Marlton, Inc., a New Jersey Corporation, doing business as Thai Taste; Claudia Hughes, doing business as Smoothie King; Joyce Leslie, Inc.; Jay Madi, Inc., a New Jersey Corporation, doing business as Quizno’s Subs; Pearle Vision, Inc., a Delaware Corporation; The Playing Field Too, a New Jersey Limited Liability Company, doing business as The Playing Field; Kaplan Educational Centers, Inc., a Delaware Corporation, doing business as Kaplan Learning Center; Jenny Craig Weight Lost Centre’s, Inc., a Delaware Corporation; DSW Shoe Warehouse, Inc., a Missouri Corporation; Carryl Slobotkin, doing business as Jazz Unlimited Dance Studio; Champps of Marlton, Inc., a New Jersey Corporation, doing business as Champps American Restaurant; and Township of Evesham, in the County of Burlington, a Municipal Corporation of New Jersey, Defendants. STATE OF NEW JERSEY, BY THE COMMISSIONER OF TRANSPORTATION, PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT, v. MARLTON PLAZA ASSOCIATES, L.P., A DELAWARE LIMITED PARTNERSHIP; AND MARLTON PLAZA ASSOCIATES II, L.P., A DELAWARE LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, DEFENDANTS-RESPONDENTS, AND BANK OF AMERICA, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, SUCCESSOR TO BANK OF NEW ENGLAND, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, BY VARIOUS MERGERS AND NAME CHANGES; FREEDMAN AND LORRY RETIREMENT PLAN, FREEDMAN AND LORRY P.C. RETIREMENT PLAN, COMPONENTS CORPORATION OF AMERICA PENSION TRUST;
Superior Court of New Jersey Appellate Division
Argued February 14, 2012
Decided June 8, 2012.
Before Judges PARRILLO, SKILLMAN and HOFFMAN.
David R. Patterson, Deputy Attorney General, argued the cause for appellant (Jeffrey S. Chiesa, Attorney General, attorney; Melissa H. Raksa, Assistant Attorney General, of counsel; Nonee Lee Wagner, Deputy Attorney General, on the brief).
David B. Snyder argued the cause for respondents (Fox Rothschild LLP, attorneys; Mr. Snyder, of counsel and on the brief).
Jamie M. Bennett argued the cause for amicus curiae New Jersey Coalition of Automotive Retailers, Inc. (Wilentz, Goldman & Spitzer, attorneys; Marvin Brauth, of counsel and on the brief; Ms. Bennett, on the brief).
Drew K. Kapur argued the cause for amicus curiae Maple Shade Properties, LLC (Duane Monis LLP, attorneys; Mr. Kapur, of counsel and on the brief; Michael J. McCalley, on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
PARRILLO, P.J.A.D.
At issue is the scope of damages awardable to condemnees at a just compensation trial where a highway improvement project involves both a modification of access and a condemnation.
Pursuant to its authority under the State Highway Access Management Act, N.J.S.A. 27:7-89 to -98 (Access Act), the New Jersey Department of Transportation (DOT) closed one of several access driveways leading into defendants’ shopping center. Later, in an eminent domain proceeding, it condemned a small strip of land, a slope easement, and a temporary work area within the shopping center in the vicinity of the former driveway.
At the just compensation trial, defendants claimed that they were entitled to damages not only for the value of the condemned land and easements, but also for losses in property value allegedly caused by the closure of the access driveway. The trial court agreed and allowed defendants to present expert testimony concerning internal traffic congestion that would result from the driveway closure and the impact of such congestion on the shopping center’s value. The jury accepted this testimony, at least in part, as it awarded defendants considerably more compensation than a taking of the land and easements alone would warrant.
The State now appeals the order for judgment and fixing just compensation at $1,607,000. For reasons that follow, we reverse and remand for a new trial.
Due to congestion in the area, in 2001 DOT moved forward with the Marlton Circle Project, which would eliminate the traffic circle created by the confluence of Routes 70 and 73 in Evesham Township and replace it with a flyover so that Route 73 would cross Route 70 on an overpass. The project affected the roadways around defendants’ property, the thirty-two acre Marlton Crossing Shopping Center (Center).
The Center lies on two irregularly-shaped parcels of land, close to where Route 73 crosses Route 70. The north parcel consists of 16.8 acres with 956 feet of frontage along Route 73. The south parcel consists of 15.3 acres, with 786 feet of frontage along Route 73. An internal connector road lies between the two parcels.
The Center originally had three access driveways that provided ingress and egress onto Route 73: the northern driveway, the central driveway leading to the connector road, and the southern driveway. The Center could also be accessed through driveways on Old Marlton Pike, Lippincott Drive, and Centre Boulevard.
Construction of the new overpass/underpass interchange required that a traffic ramp be built directly in front of the north parcel. Because the northern-most of the Center’s three access driveways on Route 73 would intersect Route 73 at the point where cars were merging from the traffic ramp, DOT determined to close that driveway and notified defendants of the proposed closing sometime in the Fall of 2003.
Defendants submitted a counter-proposal, which DOT incorporated into a new access modification plan. When defendants objected to the modified plan, a meeting was held between defendants and representatives of DOT. As the result of that meeting, defendants submitted a second counter-proposal that included the closure of the northern driveway. This counter-proposal was discussed at a second meeting with representatives of DOT on April 6, 2005. At that time, DOT agreed to defendants’ alternate proposal and also agreed to make parking lot improvements necessary to remediate the closure. Revised plans reflecting the agreed-upon modifications were completed on April 11, 2005, and copies were sent to defendants’ consultant. Defendants did not appeal from, or seek further DOT review of, the access modification determination depicted in those plans, see N.J.A.C. 16:47-4.33, which ultimately became part of the final construction package. Consequently, as part of the construction project, the State removed the driveway, replaced it with new curbing and pavement and striped the pavement for parking spaces.
In order to construct the new interchange, the State condemned a small strip of land (.23 acres or 10,021 square feet) along the Center’s frontage on Route 73. It also condemned a slope easement (.179 acres or 7,807 square feet) so that it could level the grade between the parking lot and the traffic ramp. Finally, it condemned a temporary work easement so that it could make the improvements necessitated by the removal of the driveway. Interestingly, due to a straightening of the property line, the takings actually increased the Center’s road frontage on Route 73 from 1,731 feet to 1,748 feet.
On August 25, 2006, DOT formally offered defendants $179,600 for the land taken in fee and slope easement. One year later, on August 23, 2007, the State filed a complaint in condemnation against defendants, and on September 13, 2007, a declaration of taking of the land and premises described in the condemnation complaint. The estimated just compensation of $179,600 was deposited with the Clerk of the Superior Court.
On December 10, 2007, a Law Division judge entered an order finding that the State had duly exercised its power of eminent domain. Accordingly, the court appointed commissioners, who thereafter fixed the compensation to be paid defendants at $218,300. Both the State and defendants appealed from the commissioners’ report.
Prior to jury trial, the State moved in limine to preclude testimony of defense witnesses concerning any diminution in property value resulting from the driveway closure. The judge denied the motion, finding that defendants were entitled to present their damage claims to the jury, reasoning that “the taking of the access, even if it’s under the police power, went hand in hand with the condemnation of the property____This happened part [and] parcel of the same proceeding.”
At trial, Craig Black, a real estate appraiser retained by the State, valued the condemned property and easements as of August 24, 2007, based on a comparable sales analysis, at $160,300 for the land taken; $31,228 for the easement; and a nominal $1,000 for the temporary work area easement, for a total value of $194,428. Black did not consider any impact the access modification would have on the Center, stating that he did not believe that the taking had any effect on the remainder of the property.
Defendants’ real estate appraiser, William Steinhart, reached a similar conclusion as to the value of the land taken in fee and slope easement. He disagreed, however, as to the value of the temporary work area easement, concluding that it should be valued at $250,000 — a figure derived from 25% of the Center’s total rental income for a two-month period. His appraisal also differed from Black’s in that Steinhart considered the effect that changed internal traffic circulation had on the remainder of the Center.
David Shropshire, a traffic engineering consultant retained by defendants, testified that the closure of the northern driveway would have a critical impact on internal traffic circulation. His opinion was based on his pre-closure measurement of traffic flow at intersections within the Center, rather than traffic circulation post-closure. In this regard, he made certain assumptions concerning how traffic would be redistributed and concluded that there would be significant delays at an internal intersection on the connector road at peak hours, which would compromise internal traffic circulation in terms of safety and service.
Steinhart also believed that shopper dissatisfaction with decreased maneuverability within the Center could manifest itself as a decrease in rent, an increase in vacancy rates, or additional investment risk. Using an income approach to value, he estimated that the total damages caused by the takings and by the changes in internal traffic circulation amounted to $2,250,000.
The State presented rebuttal testimony from Jay Etzel, a traffic engineer who disagreed with Shropshire’s analysis, taking issue with two assumptions the expert made concerning post-closure conditions. Specifically, Etzel opined that Shropshire erred by assuming 1) that 100% of the traffic that formerly used the northern driveway would divert to the central driveway and 2) that the peak hour factor Shropshire calculated from pre-closure field data would remain unchanged post-closure, despite increased traffic volume. Using a peak hour factor derived from professionally established values and assuming that at least some vehicles would avoid the central driveway if it were congested, Etzel concluded that the internal intersection in question would provide a satisfactory level of service even at peak volumes. Further, Etzel noted that new signals and routing options that had been established around the Center cast doubt on conclusions based entirely on pre-closure data.
In its jury charge, the court instructed the jury that
[i]t is up to you to determine the existence and amount by which the value of the remaining property was reduced or diminished as a result of onsite conditions created by the taking and you will consider such factors, if any, in arriving at your value of the property after the taking and ultimately in your award of compensation.
The court explained that a property owner is not entitled to compensation for diminution of access per se, but the owner can recover “[i]f as a result of a change in access there is a real or genuine affect [sic] on the property because of onsite damages such as effects on internal traffic maneuverability.”
Following a seven-day trial, the jury returned a unanimous verdict setting the compensation owed defendants at $1,607,000. Thereafter the court entered final judgment in that amount plus interest.
On appeal, the State argues that the court erred by conflating DOT’s authority to regulate highway access with its power to condemn private property through eminent domain and that defendants’ redress for the driveway closure was limited to the procedures set forth in the Access Act. Because the court mistakenly allowed defendants to present evidence of diminished value due to altered internal traffic circulation, the State maintains that the jury verdict should be vacated and the matter remanded for a new just compensation trial.
Consideration of the State’s claims of error in the trial court’s evidentiary ruling and jury charge calls for de novo review. Manalapan Realty, L.P. v. Manalapan Twp. Comm., 140 N.J. 366, 378, 658 A.2d 1230 (1995); see also Dempsey v. Alston, 405 N.J.Super. 499, 509, 966 A.2d 1 (App.Div.) (holding that when trial court’s decision turns on question of law, appellate review is de novo), certif. denied, 199 N.J. 518, 973 A.2d 386 (2009); State v. Russo, 333 N.J.Super. 119, 135, 754 A.2d 623 (App.Div.2000) (observing that trial court’s legal conclusions not entitled to same deference as factual findings). Specifically, the question to be resolved presents a purely legal issue, namely, whether proof of value lost due to access modifications imposed in accordance with the Access Act can be considered in arriving at a just compensation award in a condemnation proceeding.
I
In essence, the State argues that regulation of access is an administrative process unrelated to condemnation, and that as an exercise of the State’s police power, access regulation is noncompensable as long as any value remains in the affected property. Because the present matter involves the intersection of these two procedures, we must review both the relevant provisions of the Access Act and the law as to regulatory takings of private property.
A
The New Jersey Legislature recognized that the State has a responsibility to effectively manage and maintain each highway within the State highway system and that unrestricted access to State highways can impair the purpose of that system. N.J.S.A. 27:7 — 90(e), (d). Although every owner of property that abuts a public road has a right of reasonable access to the road, that right is subject to regulation for the purpose of protecting the public health, safety and welfare. N.J.S.A 27:7-90(e). Governmental entities through regulation may not, however, eliminate all access to the general system of highways without providing just compensation. N.J.S.A. 27:7-90(f).
After the DOT Commissioner determines that alternate access is available, a property owner’s access permit may be modified or revoked upon written notice and hearing. N.J.S.A. 27:7-94(a). Alternate access is assumed to exist if the property owner enjoys reasonable access to the general system of streets and highways, and in the case of a commercial property owner, if access is available onto “any parallel or perpendicular street, highway, easement, service road or common driveway, which is of sufficient design to support commercial traffic to the business or use.” N.J.S.A. 27:7-94(c)(l).
Pursuant to N.J.S.A. 27:7-94(d):
When the commissioner revokes an access permit pursuant to this section, the commissioner shall be responsible for providing all necessary assistance to the property owner in establishing the alternative access, which shall include the funding of any such improvements by the department. Until the alternative access is completed and available for use, the permit shall not be revoked____
As provided in this subsection, necessary assistance shall include but not be limited to the costs and expenses of relocation and removal associated with engineering, installation of access drives in a new location or locations, removal of old drives, on-site circulation improvements to accommodate changes in access drives, landscaping, replacement of directional and identifying signages and the cost of any lands, or any rights or interests in lands, and any other right required to accomplish the relocation or removal.
When reasonable alternative access is not available, the commissioner may acquire by condemnation any right of access to “any highway upon a determination that the public health, safety and welfare require it.” N.J.S.A. 27:7-98.
As directed by N.J.S.A. 27:7-91, DOT adopted the State Highway Access Management Code, N.J.A.C. 16:47-1.1 to -9.1 (Access Code). N.J.A.C. 16:47-4.33 sets forth the procedures to be followed when DOT modifies or revokes highway access permits in conjunction with a highway improvement project. See generally, In re Route 206 at New Amwell Rd., 322 N.J.Super. 345, 356-57, 731 A.2d 56 (App.Div.) (discussing the procedural requirements of N.J.A.C. 16:47-4.33), certif. denied, 162 N.J. 197, 743 A.2d 849 (1999).
In the case of modification, DOT must notify each lot owner in writing of a proposed access modification and provide the lot owner with a plan showing the modification prior to beginning construction. N.J.A.C. 16:47-4.33(e)(2). The lot owner must respond to DOT in writing within thirty days of receipt of notice, either accepting the modification plan or appealing it. N.J.A.C. 16:47-4.33(e)(4).
If the lot owner appeals, the Manager of the Bureau of Major Access Permits must schedule an informal meeting with the lot owner to resolve any differences. N.J.A.C. 16:47-4.33(e)(5). The Manager must issue a decision in writing within thirty days of the meeting. Ibid. If the lot owner does not agree with the decision, he or she may submit an appeal to the Director, Division of Design Services, within thirty days. Ibid.
The Director must schedule an informal hearing within ten days of receipt of the appeal, where the lot owner will have an opportunity to present further information regarding objections to the modification plan. N.J.A.C. 16:47-4.33(c)(6). The Director must render a final agency decision, with reasons, within thirty days of the informal hearing and notify the lot owner of the decision in writing. N.J.A.C. 16:47 — 4.33(c)(7). The lot owner may appeal the final agency decision to the Appellate Division as of right within forty-five days from the date of service of the decision. R. 2:2-3(a)(2); R. 2:4-l(b).
Here, DOT was clearly authorized by N.J.S.A. 27:7-90 to modify or revoke defendants’ access permit for the northern driveway. It served notice on defendants of its plan in accordance with N.J.A.C. 16:47-4.33. Defendants did not appeal the proposal, but rather opted to negotiate a more favorable plan, to which they ultimately consented. The meetings that took place with project management staff were not the meetings contemplated by N.J.A.C. 16:47-4.33(c)(5). Because defendants never formally appealed the access determination, neither the Manager of the Bureau of Major Access Permits nor the Director, Division of Design Services had occasion to consider defendants’ objections or address the question of whether the access that remained after the closure was reasonable. Because defendants consented to DOT’s plan, that plan became the final agency determination.
B.
It remains to determine whether the modification of highway access at issue here amounted to a regulatory taking for which compensation is due defendants.
“When the state regulates lands to ... provide for the general welfare of its citizens there are inevitably consequences that affect the rights of property owners.” Mansoldo v. State, 187 N.J. 50, 53,898 A.2d 1018 (2006).
The Takings Clause of the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, made applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides that property shall not “be taken for public use, without just compensation.” Lingle v. Chevron U.S.A. Inc., 544 U.S. 528, 536, 125 S.Ct. 2074, 2080, 161 L.Ed.2d 876, 886 (2005). The New Jersey Constitution, article I, paragraph 20, and article IV, section 6, paragraph 3, likewise provide protections against governmental takings of private property without just compensation. Klumpp v. Borough of Avalon, 202 N.J. 390, 404-05, 997 A.2d 967 (2010). The State constitutional protections have been found to be coextensive with the federal Takings Clause. Id. at 405, 997 A.2d 967; OFP, L.L.C. v. State, 395 N.J.Super. 571, 581, 930 A.2d 442 (App.Div.2007), affd, 197 N.J. 418, 963 A.2d 810 (2008).
While early jurisprudence interpreted the Takings Clause as reaching only a direct appropriation of property, Lucas v. S.C. Coastal Council, 505 U.S. 1003, 1014, 112 S.Ct. 2886, 2892, 120 L.Ed.2d 798, 812 (1992), evolving case law recognized that “government regulation of private property may, in some instances, be so onerous that its effect is tantamount to a direct appropriation or ouster — and that such ‘regulatory takings’ may be compensable under the Fifth Amendment.” Lingle, supra, 544 U.S. at 537, 125 S.Ct. at 2081, 161 L.Ed.2d at 887 (citing Pennsylvania Coal Co. v. Mahon, 260 U.S. 393, 43 S.Ct. 158, 67 L.Ed. 322 (1922)); accord Tahoe-Sierra Pres. Council, Inc. v. Tahoe Reg’l Planning Agency, 535 U.S. 302, 325, 122 S.Ct. 1465, 1480, 152 L.Ed.2d 517, 542 (2002). As Justice Holmes explained, “while property may be regulated to a certain extent, if regulation goes too far it will be recognized as a taking.” Mahon, supra, 260 U.S. at 415, 43 S.Ct. at 160, 67 L.Ed. at 326.
The difficulty, of course, has always been in determining when any given regulation of property goes “too far.” Lingle, supra, 544 U.S. at 538, 125 S.Ct. at 2081, 161 L.Ed.2d at 887; Lucas, supra, 505 U.S. at 1015, 112 S.Ct. at 2893, 120 L.Ed.2d at 812. See also Washington Mkt. Enters., Inc. v. City of Trenton, 68 N.J. 107, 116, 343 A.2d 408 (1975) (observing that “[t]he general question as to when governmental action amounts to a taking of property has always presented a vexing and thorny problem”). The United States Supreme Court “has been unable to develop any ‘set formula’ for determining when ‘justice and fairness’ require that economic injuries caused by public action be compensated by the government, rather than remain disproportionately concentrated on a few persons.” Penn Cent. Transp. Co. v. New York City, 438 U.S. 104, 123-24, 98 S.Ct. 2646, 2659, 57 L.Ed.2d 631, 648 (1978); accord Tahoe-Sierra Pres. Council, supra, 535 U.S. at 326, 122 S.Ct. at 1481, 152 L.Ed.2d at 543; Karam v. N.J. Dep’t of Envtl. Prot., 308 N.J.Super. 225, 233, 705 A.2d 1221 (App.Div.1998), affd o.b., 157 N.J. 187, 723 A.2d 943, cert. denied, 528 U.S. 814, 120 S.Ct. 51, 145 L.Ed.2d 45 (1999).
The Court has nevertheless staked out two narrow categories of regulatory action that generally will be deemed per se takings. Lingle, supra, 544 U.S. at 538, 125 S.Ct. at 2081, 161 L.Ed.2d at 887. The first is “where government requires an owner to suffer a permanent physical invasion of her property.” Ibid. The second “applies to regulations that completely deprive an owner of all economically beneficial use of her property.” Ibid. (quotation omitted).
Neither of these categories apply here. Closure of the northern access did not constitute a permanent invasion of defendants’ property; nor did the closure completely deprive defendants of all economically beneficial use of their property. Testimony established that the highest and best use of defendants’ property is as a shopping center; following the driveway closure, it continued to be used as a shopping center.
Thus, the regulatory action at issue here falls within the broad standards set forth in Penn Central Transportation Co., where the Court identified several factors that have particular significance in evaluating a takings claim. Lingle, supra, 544 U.S. at 538, 125 S.Ct. at 2081, 161 L.Ed.2d at 888; Tahoe-Sierra Pres. Council, supra, 535 U.S. at 330, 122 S.Ct. at 1483, 152 L.Ed.2d at 545; Mansoldo, supra, 187 N.J. at 59, 898 A.2d 1018. Primary among those factors is “[t]he economic impact of the regulation on the claimant and, particularly, the extent to which the regulation has interfered with distinct investment-backed expectations.” Penn Cent., supra, 438 U.S. at 124, 98 S.Ct. at 2659, 57 L.Ed.2d at 648; OFP, supra, 395 N.J.Super. at 581, 930 A.2d 442.
Also relevant is the character of the government action. Penn Cent., supra, 438 U.S. at 124, 98 S.Ct. at 2659, 57 L.Ed.2A at 648; OFP, supra, 395 N.J.Super. at 581, 930 A.2d 442. “ ‘Government hardly could go on if to some extent values incident to property could not be diminished without paying for every such change in the general law,’ and [the Supreme Court] has accordingly recognized ... that government may execute laws or programs that adversely affect recognized economic values.” Penn Cent., supra, 438 U.S. at 124, 98 S.Ct. at 2659, 57 L.Ed.2d at 648 (quoting Mahon, supra, 260 U.S. at 413, 43 S.Ct. at 159, 67 L.Ed. at 325). Indeed, taking challenges have been dismissed “on the ground that, while the challenged government action caused economic harm, it did not interfere with interests that were sufficiently bound up with the reasonable expectations of the claimant to constitute ‘property’ for Fifth Amendment purposes.” Id. at 124-25, 98 S.Ct. at 2659, 57 L.Ed.2d at 648. “[I]n instances in which a state tribunal reasonably concluded that the health, safety, morals, or general welfare would be promoted by prohibiting particular contemplated uses of land, [the Supreme Court] has upheld land-use regulations that destroyed or adversely affected recognized real property interests.” Id. at 125, 98 S.Ct. at 2659, 57 L.Ed.2d at 649 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
Another way of phrasing this is that takings jurisprudence has traditionally been guided by the understandings of our citizens regarding the content of, and the State’s power over, the “bundle of rights” that they acquire when they obtain title to property____[T]he property owner necessarily expects the uses of his property to be restricted, from time to time, by various measures newly enacted by the State in legitimate exercise of its police powers; “as long recognized, some values are enjoyed under an implied limitation and must yield to the police power.”
[Lucas, supra, 505 U.S. at 1027, 112 S.Ct at 2899, 120 L.Ed.2d at 820 (quoting Mahon, supra, 260 U.S. at 413, 43 S.Ct at 159, 67 L.Ed. at 325).]
See also Tahoe-Sierra Pres. Council, supra, 535 U.S. at 327, 122 S.Ct. at 1481, 152 L.Ed.2d at 543 (noting that where an owner possesses a full bundle of property rights, destruction of one strand of the bundle is not a taking); Simmons v. Loose, 418 N.J.Super. 206, 243, 13 A.3d 366 (App.Div.2011) (relying on bundle-of-rights analysis from Lucas); Karam, supra, 308 N.J.Super. at 234, 705 A.2d 1221 (stating that antecedent inquiry into nature of owner’s estate is guided by citizens’ understanding regarding bundle of rights they acquire when obtaining title to property).
The rights obtained when an individual acquires title to property are defined by state law. Stop the Beach Renourishment, Inc. v. Fla. Dep’t of Envtl. Prot., U.S. -, 130 S.Ct. 2592, 2597, 177 L.Ed.2d 184, 192 (2010). For example, in Stop the Beach Renourishment, a case involving rights to a beach boundary area between property owners’ dry land and submerged land owned by the State of Florida, the Supreme Court applied state law to determine what rights the owners had in littoral property and avulsions before deciding whether a taking had occurred. Id. at -, 130 S.Ct. at 2611, 177 L.Ed.2d at 206. Likewise, in Karam, supra, 308 N.J.Super. at 235, 705 A.2d 1221, the question of whether the State’s regulation of riparian land constituted a taking was examined in light of the interest that was vested in the property owner by state law.
In the instant matter, a property owner’s right to access the State highway system is clearly defined by State law. While a property owner has a right of reasonable access to the State’s highway system, he or she does not have an absolute right to access the highway from any particular point on his or her property. N.J.S.A. 27:7-90; State, by Comm’r of Transp. v. Weiswasser, 149 N.J. 320, 339-40, 693 A.2d 864 (1997); High Horizons Dev. Co. v. Dep’t of Transp., 120 N.J. 40, 48-49, 575 A.2d 1360 (1990); State, by Comm’r of Transp. v. Dikert, 319 N.J.Super. 310, 318, 725 A.2d 119 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 161 N.J. 150, 735 A.2d 575 (1999); Mueller v. N.J. Highway Auth., 59 N.J.Super. 583, 595, 158 A.2d 343 (App.Div.1960). It follows then under the reasoning of Stop the Beach Renourishment, supra, U.S. at-, 130 S.Ct. at 2611, 177 L.Ed.2d at 206, and Penn Central, supra, 438 US. at 124-25, 98 S.Ct. at 2659, 57 L.Ed.2d at 648, that property owners’ interests in any particular access point are not sufficiently bound up with their reasonable expectations of ownership to constitute “property” for Fifth Amendment purposes. Thus, modification or revocation of an access point, so long as free and reasonable access remains, does not constitute a taking.
This conclusion, derived from decisions of the United States Supreme Court, is consistent with the Access Act as well as the common law principle, long recognized in New Jersey, that changes in access per se are not compensable. See High Horizons, supra, 120 N.J. at 49, 575 A.2d 1360 (holding that limitation of access is accomplished under state’s police power and is not compensable); Lima & Sons, Inc. v. Borough of Ramsey, 269 N.J.Super. 469, 476, 635 A.2d 1007 (App.Div.1994) (holding that “[w]here, by virtue of state action, access is limited but remains reasonable, there is no such denial of access as entitles the landowner to compensation”); State Highway Comm’r v. Kendall, 107 N.J.Super. 248, 252, 258 A.2d 33 (App.Div.1969) (noting that “[t]he law recognizes a ‘non[-]compensable interference with private highway access’ ”); State, by Comm’r of Transp. v. Charles Inv. Corp., 143 N.J.Super. 541, 544, 363 A.2d 944 (Law Div.1976) (holding that denial of access per se is non-compensable), affd o.b., 151 N.J.Super. 14, 376 A.2d 534 (App.Div.1977), affd, 76 N.J. 86, 385 A.2d 1227 (1978); see also Washington Mkt. Enters., supra, 68 N.J. at 116, 343 A.2d 408 (noting that if regulatory action does not amount to a taking, “any loss that may have been suffered is damnum absque injuria”). Although changes in access may result in an owner suffering some diminution of property value, regulation under the police power “secures an ‘average reciprocity of advantage’ to everyone concerned.” Lucas, supra, 505 U.S. at 1018, 112 S.Ct. at 2894,120 L.Ed.2d at 814 (quoting Mahon, supra, 260 U.S. at 415, 43 S.Ct. at 160, 67 L.Ed. at 326); see also Karam, supra, 308 N.J.Super. at 233, 705 A.2d 1221.
Of course, if the access that remains following DOT regulation is not reasonable, the property owner’s Fifth Amendment rights are implicated. In such an event, both the Access Act, N.J.S.A. 27:7-98, and the common law, Weiswasser, supra, 149 N.J. at 339, 693 A.2d 864, require that the State acquire the property interest through condemnation. This result is also in accord with the reasoning of Penn Central, supra, 438 U.S. at 124, 98 S.Ct. at 2659, 57 L.Ed.2d at 648, since lack of reasonable access would interfere with the property owner’s distinct investment-backed expectations.
In this case, the remaining access to the Center is clearly reasonable. The Center retains two access driveways onto Route 73 and three additional driveways onto surrounding roads. Indeed, the most used driveway, handling more than fifty percent of the Center’s traffic, is the one leading to Old Marlton Pike and that driveway was improved during the construction to create easier access onto Route 73. The record is bereft of any facts indicating that defendants were not left with reasonable access to their property. Moreover, as noted, defendants did not appeal from DOT’s access determination and thus waived the issue of reasonable access.
In sum, DOT’s decision to close the northern driveway did not constitute a Fifth Amendment taking. Any diminution of value the Center might have suffered as the result of the change in access is therefore non-compensable.
C.
The issue remains then as to the true measure of compensation where, as here, there is only a partial condemnation. When private property is taken by the State for public use, the owner is entitled to compensation for the property taken; damages, if any, to any remaining property; and any additional compensation as may be fixed according to law. N.J.S.A. 20:3-29.
“Where the entire property is taken, just compensation is ‘the fair market value of the property as of the date of the taking____’” State, by Comm’r of Transp. v. Simon Family Enters., L.L.C., 367 N.J.Super. 242, 249, 842 A.2d 315 (App.Div. 2004) (quoting State, by Comm’r of Transp. v. Silver, 92 N.J. 507, 513-14, 457 A.2d 463 (1983)). Where only a portion of the private property is taken, the owner “is not only entitled to just compensation for the fair-market value of the portion that has actually been taken, but also for the diminution in the value, if any, of the remaining land, referred to as ‘severance damages.’ ” Ibid.; accord Dikert, supra, 319 N.J.Super. at 323, 725 A.2d 119. In assessing severance damages, “the market value of the property remaining after a taking should be ascertained by a wide factual inquiry into all material facts and circumstances ... that would influence a buyer or seller interested in consummating a sale of the property.” Silver, supra, 92 N.J. at 515, 457 A.2d 463.
A party seeking severance damages pursuant to a partial condemnation may only recover for losses in value directly attributable to the taking itself, however. Weiswasser, supra, 149 N.J. at 341, 693 A.2d 864. In Weiswasser, supra, for example, the Court determined that the property owner could only recover severance damages for loss of visibility if the loss arose directly from changes that occurred on the property taken. Id. at 344, 693 A.2d 864. Similarly, in Pub. Serv. Elect. & Gas v. Oldwick, 125 N.J.Super. 31, 34-35, 308 A.2d 362 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 64 N.J. 153, 313 A.2d 213 (1973), a property owner, over whose property a utility company condemned an easement for passage of transmission lines, sought severance damages for value lost due to the construction of three large towers on nearby land. The court held that the property owner could not recover damages arising from the total project, but instead was entitled to compensation only for damages caused by the use of the land actually taken from him. Id. at 36-38, 308 A.2d 362; see also, Dikert, supra, 319 N.J.Super. at 324, 725 A.2d 119 (holding that owners of access easement had no claim for severance damages arising from condemnation of servient tenement).
Following this reasoning, defendants here were only entitled to severance damages that arose directly from the property actually taken. The property taken was 0.23 acres in fee simple, 0.179 acres subject to a permanent slope easement, and a temporary easement in the parking lot where improvement work would be performed. The northern access was not taken in the condemnation as it had been modified in the prior administrative proceeding. Even if the access closure were considered to be an inseparable part of the construction project, the closing of a single access point did not amount to a Fifth Amendment taking because, as noted, the property retained reasonable access to the highway system. Thus, it still was not part of the property taken. Because defendants attributed their internal circulation problems— and hence their loss of value — solely to the access modification, any loss they experienced therefore did not arise directly from property taken and therefore severance damages were not recoverable.
II
In arguing otherwise, that they are entitled to compensation for diminution in value of the remainder due to on-site impacts caused by vehicular maneuverability, defendants rely primarily on the holdings in State v. Van Nortwick, 260 N.J.Super. 555, 617 A.2d 284 (App.Div.1992) (Van Nortwick I), and State v. Van Nortwick, 287 N.J.Super. 59, 670 A.2d 548 (App.Div.), certif. denied, 143 N.J. 320, 670 A.2d 1061 (1995) (Van Nortwick II). Amicus curiae Maple Shade Properties adds that the State should not be allowed to use the Access Act to avoid paying constitutionally-mandated just compensation for condemned property, basing its argument, as does its fellow amicus, New Jersey Coalition of Automotive Retailers, similarly on the Van Nortwick decisions, which they argue, hold that on-site damages are compensable when access changes are effected by the State. We find these decisions distinguishable.
In Van Nortwick I, supra, the State appealed from the verdict of a just compensation trial, arguing that the trial court had erred by allowing the defendant to present expert testimony concerning diminution of value caused by an access revocation and by allowing the jury to consider that evidence in awarding damages. 260 N.J.Super. at 557, 617 A.2d 284. The defendant owned a 1.65-acre parcel of land with 328 feet of frontage along Route 37. Ibid. In order to construct a highway improvement project, the State condemned 0.232 acres of the parcel, consisting of a strip of land 28.5 feet deep along the property’s entire frontage. Ibid. Originally, the defendant had access to Route 37 from the full 328-foot frontage; after the taking, access was limited to 140 feet. Ibid. Further, the existing driveway onto Route 37 was moved to the back of the property and connected to Route 37 through a new right of way. Id. at 557-58, 617 A.2d 284.
A panel of this court concluded that because there was no dispute concerning the reasonableness of the remaining access, the trial court had erred by failing to exclude diminution of access as an element of damages. Id. at 558-59, 617 A.2d 284. In so doing, the court remarked in dicta that “[although a diminution of access may cause other conditions on the property itself which may be compensable, as for example, ... such things as a limitation of design options or on-site maneuverability, as long as the remaining access is reasonable, the diminution per se is not compensable.” Van Nortwick I, supra, 260 N.J.Super. at 558, 617 A.2d 284. It reversed the just compensation award and remanded the matter for a new trial. Id. at 559, 617 A.2d 284.
Van Nortwick II, supra, involved the State’s appeal after remand. 287 N.J.Super. at 62-63, 670 A.2d 548. At the remand trial, the Law Division had determined that the defendant was entitled to compensation for on-site impacts caused by the diminution of access. Id. at 63, 670 A.2d 548. The court held that such on-site impacts were compensable as part of severance damages and that a properly instructed jury could separate compensable on-site damage from non-compensable diminution per se damages. Ibid. Another panel of this court agreed and affirmed. Id. at 64, 670 A.2d 548.
In reviewing the facts, the panel noted that the most significant impacts of the taking would be on the property’s depth and on its amount of buildable area. Ibid. It further noted testimony from the defendant’s expert that identified four separate types of on-site damage. Id. at 66, 670 A.2d 548. These were the need for a depth variance, the loss of buildable areas, the loss of design flexibility, and the limitation of on-site maneuverability. Van Nortwick II, supra, 287 N.J.Super. at 66, 670 A.2d 548. The expert opined that limitation of vehicular maneuverability would result not from denial of access to the highway per se, but from the location of a single driveway at the back of the lot. Ibid. Such access would not allow drivers to loop in one driveway and out another, but would require them to double-back on wide drive aisles. Ibid.
The court observed that both sides agreed that the access that remained to the property was reasonable. Id. at 67, 670 A.2d 548. It also observed that this was “not a typical ‘highway access’ case where the property owner complains that the limitations on access causes [sic] inconveniences or business losses by the resulting need to follow a more circuitous route.” Id. at 69, 670 A.2d 548. It framed the precise issue before the court as “whether a property owner is entitled to just compensation for on-site damages to his remaining property caused by the manner in which his access was limited.” Id. at 70, 670 A.2d 548. In addressing this question, the court recognized that not all damages are compensable, particularly if those damages are speculative, incidental, or “peculiar to the owner as opposed to being directly attributable to the realty.” Id. at 71-72, 670 A.2d 548.
The court found that the defendant’s situation was similar to that of the condemnee in State, by Comm,’r of Transp. v. Inhabitants of Phillipsburg, 240 N.J.Super. 529, 573 A.2d 953 (App.Div. 1990), where the State’s taking cut off one portion of a property’s remainder from another. Van Nortwick II, supra, 287 N.J.Super. at 72, 670 A.2d 548. The Phillipsburg court had found that the loss in value was not solely due to the rerouting of traffic, but rather arose from the fact that the taking affected the ability of potential developers to develop the land. Ibid, (citing Phillips-burg, supra, 240 N.J.Super. at 547-48, 573 A.2d 953).
The court summarized Van Nortwick’s arguments as follows:
Defendant’s claim for severance damages included a claim that a potential developer would pay less for this land, not just because there was a smaller piece of land remaining (for which defendant was being separately compensated), and not just because access to his property from the highway would be limited (which the law did not recognize as compensable), but because the restriction and location of the limited access, combined with the prevailing zoning requirements in the town, caused his property to be less useful and less valuable in terms of its highest and best use.
[Id. at 72-73, 670 A.2d 548.]
The court found that there was ample credible testimony from which the jury could have concluded that a potential commercial developer would be restricted in the size, shape and number of structures he or she could build on the property. Id. at 73, 670 A.2d 548.
This is because room would have to be allowed for wider chiving aisles on the property to permit cars to double back and exit from the same driveway they entered. That double-backing was directly due to the fact that the State had not only decreased the amount of defendant’s access but also changed the location of it.
[Ibid.]
Van Nortmck I simply set forth the well-established principle that loss of access per se is non-eompensable. Its language concerning damages for loss of on-site maneuverability was merely dicta, and, in any event, too vague, in that it failed to explain what “diminution of access” is or when it occurs.
Van Nortwick II is distinguishable. In the first instance, the case dealt with access revocation and not, as here, access modification, the former generally involving a greater deprivation than the latter. But more importantly, the court never considered whether the access revocation constituted a Fifth Amendment taking. That is doubtlessly because the State specifically included “the owner’s right of direct access to and from the deceleration lane” in its description of the property to be condemned. Thus, the court had no occasion to apply the jurisprudence of regulatory takings. Because the issue was not considered, Van Nortwick II is not dispositive when access revocation is effected through regulation and not condemnation.
The more compelling distinction between Van Nortwick II and the matter at hand, however, is fact-driven. All of the deleterious on-site effects cited in Van Nortwick II arose directly from the taking in fee. The need to relocate the access, the requirement for a depth variance, the loss of buildable area, and the loss of design flexibility all flowed directly from condemnation of the 28.5-foot strip at the front of the property, which reduced the parcel’s depth by thirteen percent. Even limitations imposed by the construction of wider driving aisles stemmed directly from the taking, since if the access was simply moved to the back of the property but no land was taken, there would have been more room inside the property to accommodate driveways. Thus, as the Van Nortwick II court recognized, the damages claimed were not peculiar to the owner but were directly attributable to the realty. 287 N.J.Super. at 71-72, 670 A.2d 548. This comports with the classic definition of severance damages as the diminution in the value of the remaining land that is directly attributable to the taking itself. Weiswasser; supra, 149 N.J. at 341, 693 A.2d 864. In other words, the damages that were awarded in Van Nortwick II arose from the condemnation in fee, not the relocation of access.
The same is not true of the instant matter, where the asserted severance damages stemmed solely from the access modification and not the taking. The rerouting of traffic in the Center was not caused by the condemnation of a small strip of land in the property’s set-back. Indeed, the taking did not even require the closing of the northern driveway, as demonstrated by the fact that DOT’s first set of modified plans allowed for that driveway to remain open. Although DOT determined that preventing egress from the driveway would further the purposes of traffic safety, nothing in the taking itself prevented the driveway from remaining at its original location. Thus, unlike Van Nortwick II, the matter here appears to be the “typical ‘highway access’ case where the property owner complains that the limitation on access causes inconveniences or business losses by the resulting need to follow a more circuitous route.” 287 N.J.Super. at 69, 670 A.2d 548.
Not only did the revocation of access in Van Nortwick cause a change in the property’s highest and best use and impact its ability to meet zoning requirements, but it also comprised a substantial portion of the condemned property and caused a reduction of frontage and depth of the property. Here, in contrast, the change in access had no such effect and in fact there was an increase in the Center’s road frontage on Route 73 and the takings fell entirely within the local setback requirements. Thus, the circumstances of this ease are significantly different than those in Van Nortwick II, and for all the above reasons, do not warrant severance damages.
Ill
Despite the clear weight of authority holding otherwise, amici nevertheless contend that the State’s two-pronged approach in using the access management process to acquire property and avoid paying just compensation for on-site damages caused by the change in access is inherently unfair to the property owner. We disagree.
As noted, the regulation of access is a separate administrative process distinct from the eminent domain action. Moreover, the process is transparent and affords property owners adequate procedural due process protections. Under the Access Act, property owners are entitled to early notification of the State’s plans; the opportunity to meet with DOT officials to express concerns, submit alternate modification proposals, and request compensation; and the right to have the agency’s decision reviewed. N.J.S.A. 27:7-89 to -98; N.J.A.C. 16:47-4.33.
In the case of modification, DOT’s determination is reviewable internally and the property owner may challenge the agency’s final decision by appealing to the Appellate Division. Ibid. In the case of revocation, the property owner is afforded a hearing in the Office of Administrative Law and may appeal the final agency decision to the Appellate Division. Ibid. Further, if access is revoked, and does not amount to a “taking,” DOT is required to provide the property owner with all necessary assistance to secure reasonable alternate access to the State highway system. N.J.S.A. 27:7-94(d). If the agency or court determines that reasonable access does not remain after the regulatory action, and thus a “taking” has occurred, then the Commissioner must file a condemnation action and provide the property owner with just compensation. N.J.S.A. 27:7-98.
Given the due process sufficiency of the legislative scheme, defendants’ redress for the driveway closure was limited to the procedures set forth in the Access Act and DOT regulations promulgated thereunder. Significantly, defendants did not seek further review of the access determination within the DOT, nor did they appeal the agency’s decision to this court. Therefore, their present claim for so-called severance damages arising from the internal effects of the access modification, which they consented to and left them with reasonable alternate access, may not be appropriately considered in the condemnation trial concerning the State’s acquisition phase. Because the jury in this instance was instructed otherwise and allowed to compensate defendants for the alleged diminution in value due to impacts caused by poor vehicle maneuverability, the trial court committed reversible error for which a new trial is warranted.
Reversed and remanded for a new trial.
The State Highway Access Management Code prohibits an access point to be located on an acceleration ramp. N.J.A.C. 16:47-3.5(e)(6).
This figure reflects a credit of $1,900 that Black allowed defendants for the cost of replacing certain landscaping and pavement.
Modification is defined as "changing the number of access points." N.J.A.C. 16:47-4.33(c)(l). Revocation, on the other hand, is restricted to eliminating direct ingress or egress to the State highway and providing alternative access through a road other than the State highway. N.J.A.C. 16:47 — 4.33(d)(1). Thus, the regulatory action here was a modification and not a revocation.
While the State Highway Access Management Code contemplates a hearing in the Office of Administrative Law in the case of a revocation, N.J.A.C. 16:47-4.33(d)(1), there is no similar provision applicable to a modification. We have no occasion to pass upon the distinction this regulation draws between revocation and modification.
Most States generally recognize that regulation of access per se is noncompensable so long as the property retains a reasonable means of ingress and egress. See, e.g., Ark. State Highway Comm'n v. Union Planters Nat'l Bank, 231 Ark. 907, 333 S.W.2d 904, 912-13 (1960) (holding that loss of business attributable to change in traffic flow is non-compensable); W.R. Assocs. of Norwalk v. Comm'r of Transp., 46 Conn.Supp. 355, 751 A.2d 859, 874 (1999) (reasoning that since "[i]t is well known that damages resulting merely from circuity of access have been considered damnum absque injuriaf,]" inconvenience is not a dispositive damage yardstick); Treat v. State, 117 N.H. 6, 369 A.2d 214, 215-16 (1977) (rejecting a landowner’s claim for damages resulting from a highway reconstruction project that had limited his access and made his remaining property unsuitable for its highest and best use, because the plaintiff shared the hardship resulting from regulation with all other abutters); Merritt v. State, 113 Idaho 142, 742 P.2d 397, 397-400 (1986) (rejecting a plaintiff's complaint that the limitation of access would hamper the ability of large fuel trucks to make deliveries to his gas station and would increase congestion on nearby roads, and ruling that State regulation of private access onto a public road constituted a taking only when vehicular access to the property was totally destroyed), aff d on reh'g, 113 Idaho 142, 742 P.2d 397 (1987). But see Narloch v. State of Wis., Dep't of Transp., 115 Wis.2d 419, 340 N.W.2d 542, 547 (1983) (finding that condemnees were entitled to damages for loss of highway access based on a specific provision of the Wisconsin statutes that included "(djeprivation or restriction of existing right of access to highway from abutting land” as a factor for the condemnor to consider when arriving at the compensation to be paid).
The State, of course, was authorized to condemn Van Nortwick's right of access. N.J. Const, art. IV, § 6, 11 3. Significantly, the revocation of highway access in Van Nortwick predated enactment of the Access Act and so obviously the revocation was not accomplished in accordance with the procedures and provisions of the Access Act.
| CASELAW |
Template:tpw-conj-'e/documentation
Conjugations provided by: Being irregular, unnatested forms were mostly ommited. Forms that are possible to reconstruct or are only present in the aforementioned works are marked with an asterisk. | WIKI |
TY - JOUR AU - Tebekeme OKOKO AU - Faith O. ROBERT PY - 2022/09/23 Y2 - 2022/11/29 TI - Inhibitory potential of rutin on lipopolysaccharide-induced toxicity and inflammatory response of raw U937 cells and macrophages JF - Notulae Scientia Biologicae JA - Not Sci Biol VL - 14 IS - 3 SE - Research articles DO - 10.55779/nsb14311294 UR - https://www.notulaebiologicae.ro/index.php/nsb/article/view/11294 AB - Rutin is an important flavonoid found in plants with enormous pharmacological activities in various experimental models while lipopolysaccharide is an amphipathic glycolipid with potent inflammatory activity. The protective effect of rutin on lipopolysaccharide-mediated cytotoxity and inflammatory effect on U937 cells and macrophages was investigated. U937 cells were incubated with or without rutin (50 - 200 µM) and later exposed to lipopolysaccharide (5 µg/mL). Cell viability and the production of reactive oxygen species were later analyzed. In the other experiment, the cells were differentially-induced to macrophages and incubated with or without rutin before lipopolysaccharide exposure. The secretion of cytokines and expression of some transcription factors and enzymes were analyzed. It revealed that incubating cells with lipopolysaccharide alone caused significant cell death and production of reactive oxygen species which were reduced when cells were pre-incubated with rutin. Exposure of macrophages to lipopolysaccharide also resulted in significant secretion of both TNF-α and IL-6 which was reduced by rutin. Endotoxin also enhanced the expression of the transcription factors (NF-κB and iNOS) while reduced the expression of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase. The lipopolysaccharide-induced alterations in transcription were significantly reduced when macrophages were pre-incubated with rutin. Implications of the findings are discussed. ER - | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Unveiling the Health Benefits of a Vegetarian Lifestyle
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A vegetarian lifestyle has been associated with a lower risk of certain types of cancer, including colon, lung, and prostate cancer. This protective effect is attributed to the abundance of antioxidants, fiber, and phytochemicals found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. These compounds neutralize harmful free radicals, reduce inflammation, and promote overall cellular health, decreasing the chances of cancerous cell growth.
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Adopting a vegetarian diet can effectively lower blood pressure levels, particularly among individuals with hypertension. The high potassium content in plant-based foods counteracts the effects of sodium, helping to regulate blood pressure. Additionally, the fiber in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains aids in maintaining a healthy weight, further contributing to optimal blood pressure control.
Embracing Vegetarianism for Weight Management and Metabolic Health
Vegetarian diets are often lower in calories and unhealthy fats compared to meat-based diets. This, combined with the satiating properties of fiber-rich plant foods, promotes weight loss and helps maintain a healthy weight. Furthermore, a vegetarian lifestyle may improve insulin sensitivity, reducing the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and its associated complications.
Enhancing Mental Well-being with a Plant-Based Approach
Adopting a vegetarian diet can positively impact mental well-being. Studies have found that vegetarians tend to have lower rates of depression and anxiety, possibly due to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of plant-based foods. Additionally, the increased consumption of fruits and vegetables has been associated with improved cognitive function and a reduced risk of dementia in older adults.
This information is intended for general knowledge purposes only and does not constitute medical advice. Please consult your healthcare provider for personalized guidance and recommendations. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Gnomon (figure)
Figure wanted
As a not-very-mathematical (nor very visual) user, I had a time understanding the relationship between the gnomon and the parallelogram. Does anyone have a figure or illustration? Thanks --Ben 11:43, 19 April 2007 (UTC)
* Image added. ~ Oni Lukos ct 23:46, 21 July 2007 (UTC)
factoring property
Has anyone else noticed that our (recursively) thus far known gnomon (n^2), increased by one "segment" (+2n+1), factors to ((n+1)^2)? Therefore, (n+1)^2=(n+1)(n+1)=1n^2+2n+1. This works for any other exponent too:
(n+1)^3=(n+1)(n+1)(n+1)=1n^3+3n^2+3n+1
(n+1)^4=(n+1)(n+1)(n+1)(n+1)=1n^4+4n^3+6n^2+4n+1
(n+1)^5=(n+1)(n+1)(n+1)(n+1)(n+1)=1n^5+5n^4+10n^3+10n^2+5n+1
(n+1)^6=(n+1)(n+1)(n+1)(n+1)(n+1)(n+1)=1n^6+6n^5+15n^4+20n^3+15n^2+6n+1...
Also, if you examine the coefficients of the expanded forms(Bold), they digitally add to the respective exponent of eleven(Italic)(above):
11^2=121
11^3=1331
11^4=14641
11^5=161051
11^6=1771561 —Preceding comment added by varka (talk) 05:31, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
* See Pascal's triangle --Oni Lukos ct 06:13, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
Questions
The definition and picture seem to suggest gnomon as nonconvex hexagonal plane region. The application to polygonal numbers would think of it as a line of dots with one bend. For p-polygonal numbers would one not need p-2 bends? After all, polygonal numbers need not be composite. Is there a name for the region obtained by removing a small polygon from a larger similar one with which it shares a corner?--Gentlemath (talk) 00:45, 16 February 2009 (UTC)
Too narrow definition
The definition "In geometry, a gnomon is a plane figure formed by removing a similar parallelogram from a corner of a larger parallelogram" seems too narrow. See: here, here, and here. JocK (talk) 01:43, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
* Quite right. But see the main article gnomon. I would hate to see this diagram in that article but without the diagram this could just fold into that page. --Gentlemath (talk) 02:21, 25 March 2009 (UTC)
* The generic geometric definition is hidden in the article gnomon. I have added a sentence to the definition here, as this seems the appropriate place for a proper geometrical definition. A merger into the article gnomon would perhaps be preferrable. JocK (talk) 01:26, 26 March 2009 (UTC)
bad definition
I was reading up on this in my old New Book of Knowledge Encyclopedia Series, and it give it a MUCH better, more insightful definition than what is given here. the section I will quote from appears to be written by Patricia G Lauber,
"Gnomon Numbers and Square Numbers:
You can also arrange objects in an "L" shape. This shape is Called Gnomon. The vertical part of the L has as many objects in it as the horizontal part. You can arrange any odd number of objects in the shape of a Gnomon."
(the book then diagrams the gnomons of 3, 5, and 7 simply using zeros as the objects. These Gnomons have the L shape and the median object is the corner of the L.)
"Another shape the Greeks studied was the square. A number is square if objects representing the number can be arranged in the shape of the square. to be a square, the figure must have the same number of rows as it has columns. The number 9 can be represented by a square. The square has 3 rows and 3 columns. you can add up the rows or columns and get 9. This is the same thing as writing 3x3. You have "squared" 3.
(then it shows a 3x3 square of zeros with a 9 denoting the number of zeros.)
"Another example is 16. You can arrange 16 objects in the shape of a square with 4 rows and 4 columns. Thus, 16 is 4 squared."
(same thing as last square, instead of 9, with 16 zeros arranged in a square)
"The Greeks found an interesting relationship between Gnomon numbers and square numbers. They saw that if you add one gnomon to the next gnomon, starting with 1, you get a square."
(the diagram shows first one zero, then 2x2 square of zeros, and then a 3x3 square of zeros, and then a 4x4 square of zeros. underneath is written: 1, 1+3=4, 1+3+5=9, 1+3+5+7=16)
"Each time you add another Gnomon, you get another square. In other words, when you add Gnomon numbers in the order of increasing size, you get square numbers."
Okay i am done quoting. I just want to add my two cents and that will be it....
I think this definition is a much better definition, because it is a laymans explanation of something that quite simply is a layman's subject. a visual technique for squaring numbers should be relatively simple and easy to understand, but I continually find that wikipedia's mathematics articles are really poorly written. the idea of having this material is not for people who already know it to reference it, but rather to make information available to people who would like to learn it. From the way Gnomon numbers are portrayed here, it appears that it was a fairly simple concept. i propose instead of having a 9x9 square demonstrating every gnomon from 1-8, it just has the gnomons of one two three and maybe four like it is explained here. I find what makes mathematics sometimes difficult to understand is not the concepts themselves, but the people doing such a poor job of relaying the concepts. math problems and math articles should be more inviting, easier to understand, and more intuitive, that way all people can get a taste of math in their own way. also, more visuals need to be incorporated, and submitting images and visuals needs to be easier to do. by the way, i am not a proponent of dumbed down mathematics, but i am just saying this for the purpose of this forum. I was logging on Wikipedia in high school and i want people to continue to do so for answers to all their needs. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:29, 22 December 2009 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:The Judgment Day.pdf/193
ring its continuance, repeatedly, several were swept from the map of Europe in a single campaign: and though the most considerable were restored at the peace, it was with such great alterations, both in their internal polity and external relations, that it is strictly correct to say, that the entire face of the European, yea, of the whole Christian comonwealth, has been completely changed. To apply the prophetic phrase in the sense which commentators usually assign to it;—the former heaven and earth of every state of Christendom have passed away; and they have been, with scarce an exception, so entirely new-modelled, that they have received, politically, a new heaven and earth in their place.
Now it may be observed, as at least a remarkable coincidence, that the troubles which have had so extraordinary a career and termination, broke out at exactly the same distance of time after the date assigned by Swedenborg for the performance of the Last Judgment in the spiritual world, and of which he published his account in the year 1758, as that which intervened between the conclusion of the judgment performed by the Lord while in the world, and the troubles which led to the destruction of Jerusalem.
But if the political changes experienced by Christendom have been so great, how has it fared with her ecclesiastical constitutions? Are we not here particularly struck with the change which has been effected, almost before our eyes, in the state of the Papal Power, once so terrific and irresistible? It is a fact acknowledged by the Protestant interpreters of Scripture (and indeed the features of the portrait are so plain, that nothing but strong prejudice can close the mental eye against a recognition of the original,) that the great harlot, whose name is mystical Babylon (Rev. xvii.) is a personification of the Roman Catholic religion: consequently, the judgment denounced upon her (chaps. xvii.-xviii.) must denote, primarily, according to our view of the nature of the Last Judgment, the removal from the intermediate region of the spiritual world, to the regions of despair, of those who were confirmed in the evils of that religion: that is, of those who made religion a pretext for establishing their own dominion over the minds and bodies of men. Now the consequence of such a judgment in the spiritual world, must be, the diminution of the power of such persons in this world, and the loosening of the influence of that religion over men's minds. Do we not then behold manifest proofs, which multiply around us continually, that Babylon, even in this world, has received her judgment; and, consequently, the | WIKI |
Eternity (disambiguation)
Eternity is a term in philosophy referring to the idea of forever or to timelessness.
Eternity may also refer to:
Comics
* Eternity (Marvel Comics), a fictional cosmic entity in Marvel Comics
* Eternity Comics, an imprint of Malibu Comics
* Kid Eternity, a superhero in Quality Comics and DC Comics
Literature
* Eternity (novel), a 1988 novel by Greg Bear
* Eternity, an organization in the 1955 Isaac Asimov novel The End of Eternity
* The Eternity Cure, a 2013 young adult novel by Julie Kagawa
Magazines
* Eternity (magazine), a defunct American Christian magazine
* Eternity (newspaper), an Australian Christian newspaper founded in 2009
* Eternity SF, a 1970s American science fiction magazine
Film and television
* Eternity (1943 film), a controversial 1943 film made in Japanese-occupied China
* Eternity (1990 film), a film starring Jon Voight
* Eternity (2010 Thai film), a Thai film
* Eternity (2010 South African film), a South African film
* Eternity (2013 film), a New Zealand film directed by Alex Galvin
* Eternity: The Movie (2014 film), an American film
* Eternity (2016 film), a French film
* Eternity (2018 film), a Peruvian film
* "Eternity" (Angel), a 2000 episode of the television show Angel
* Eternity, a 1993 TVB drama, starring Faye Wong
Performers
* Eternity∞, a side-project by Jade Valerie and Roberto "Geo" Rosan, also an album by the group
* Eternity (group), a South Korean virtual band
Albums
* Eternity (Alice Coltrane album), 1975
* Eternity (Amplifier EP), 2008
* Eternity (Anathema album), and the three-part title song
* Eternity (April EP), 2017
* Eternity (DJ Heavygrinder), 2008 album
* Eternity (Every Little Thing album), 2000
* Eternity (Freedom Call album), 2002
* Eternity (Kamelot album), and the title song
* Eternity (Kangta album), and the title song
* Eternity (Michael Learns to Rock album), and the title song
* Eternity (Tina Guo album), 2013
* Eternity: Best of 93 – 98, by Takara
* Sempiternal (album), the fourth studio album by British rock band Bring Me the Horizon
Songs
* "Eternity" (Alibi song), a 2000 single by Alibi (Armin van Buuren and DJ Tiësto)
* ""Eternity"/"The Road to Mandalay", a 2001 single by Robbie Williams
* "Eternity" (Ian Gillan single), a 2006 song from the video game Blue Dragoon
* "Eternity" (VIXX song), a 2014 single recorded by South Korean idol group VIXX
* "Eternity", a 1969 single by Vikki Carr
* "Eternity", by capsule from the album Flash Back
* "Eternity", by Dark Moor from the album Dark Moor
* "Eternity", by Dreams Come True from the soundtrack for the film The Swan Princess
* "Eternity", by Jolin Tsai from the album Don't Stop
* "Eternity", by Jonas Brothers from the album Flesh Gordon
* "Eternity", by Paul van Dyk featuring Adam Young from the album Evolution
* "Eternity", by Sheena Easton from the album No Sound But a Heart
* "Eternity", by Stratovarius from the album Episode
* "Eternity", by Your Memorial from the album Redirect
Other
* Eternity (graffito), a word chalked by Arthur Stace around Sydney, Australia, from the 1940s to the 1960s
* Eternity (fragrance), a Calvin Klein fragrance
* Eternity puzzle, a puzzle game
* Project Eternity, a fantasy role-playing video game
* Eternity Range
* Eternity clause, a clause intended to ensure that the law or constitution cannot be changed by amendment | WIKI |
3
I have developed a custom Drupal field.
All works fine. We are already using the field in production for a year. But the status report for exactly this field says:
Mismatched entity and/or field definitions
I would like to get rid of that message. It gives me a bad feeling about the reliability of my Drupal installation.
I could write an update hook if I knew in detail what is wrong.
How can I find out what exactly does not match?
2
• 1
It's unclear why you want to get rid of this message. Normally you develop a new module and then deploy it, which means install the module in different environments and import configurations. If this is about an already deployed module you need an update hook for the database schema updates. If you want to get rid of this message in your dev environment you can either re-install the module or use drupal.org/project/devel_entity_updates
– 4uk4
Sep 15, 2021 at 7:57
• Thanks for you comment, @4k4. I have edited my answer and explained that the field is in use in production and that the error message makes me fear that the Drupal installation is not reliable. Sep 15, 2021 at 8:47
1 Answer 1
3
OK, if this happened in production you probably had a code change in FieldItemInterface::schema().
The most detailed information you get is from
\Drupal::entityDefinitionUpdateManager()->getChangeList()
returning a list of entity fields affected and the status 1,2 or 3. If your field is listed with 2 (DEFINITION_UPDATED) then check your code history for schema changes. If you don't have a code history you could check the current state of the database table(s). If you don't see the changes then install the module on a fresh site and compare the created tables.
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2021 Phoenix Rising FC season
The 2021 Phoenix Rising FC season was the club's eighth season in the USL Championship and their fifth as Rising FC. They are the defending USL Championship Western Conference champions.
Friendlies
All times from this point on Mountain Standard Time (UTC-07:00)
Statistics
(regular-season & Playoffs)
* One Own Goal each scored by LA Galaxy II and Sacramento Republic FC | WIKI |
In release 17 of the XPages Extension Library, a new theme was added to the Bootstrap plugin, namely the "Bootstrap3_blank.theme". The new “blank” theme provides all of the necessary definitions for an XPages Bootstrap theme except for the Bootstrap CSS and Javascript files. This means that application developers can easily insert their own custom Bootstrap build by extending the blank theme.
Unlike the two existing themes, "Bootstrap3.theme" and "Bootstrap3_flat.theme", this new theme is not visible in the theme dropdown list in Domino Designer. The reason for this is that this theme is considered to be a theme for advanced use cases and is unlikely to be one that is used commonly by XPages application developers. Also, by itself, this theme will not work out of the box since it is missing the Bootstrap resources and requires some extra steps to use it properly.
The steps for using the blank theme are as follows:
1. Create a custom build of Bootstrap.
1. On the Bootstrap website at http://getbootstrap.com/customize/, you can easily customize your own Bootstrap build, by altering many of its default properties and components. Then click on “Compile and Download” to download your custom Bootstrap build.
2. Alternatively, if you fork the Bootstrap git repository, you can locally generate your own custom build. See the following instructions on the Bootstrap website for more info: http://getbootstrap.com/getting-started/#grunt.
2. Add your custom built Bootstrap files to your NSF. Specifically you will need to add these files, though some are optional:
1. bootstrap.min.css (required)
2. bootstrap.css (optional)
3. bootstrap-theme.min.css (optional)
4. bootstrap-theme.css (optional)
5. bootstrap.min.js (required)
6. bootstrap.js (optional)
3. Create a new theme in your application (for example, customBootstrap3.theme).
4. Set your theme to extend `Bootstrap3_blank` (see Example 1 below).
5. Add the bootstrap resources you require to the theme (see Example 1 below).
6. After the bootstrap css file(s), you need to add two other CSS file references. One to the "dbootstrap.css" file and the other to the "xsp-mixin.css" file (see Example 1 below). It is important that these CSS files are loaded after the bootstrap CSS and in the order shown below. This is so that the CSS specific to the XPages controls will be applied correctly.
Example 1. A theme that extends the “Bootstrap3_blank.theme”
<theme extends="Bootstrap3_blank" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="platform:/plugin/com.ibm.designer.domino.stylekits/schema/stylekit.xsd" >
<resources>
<styleSheet href="/bootstrap.min.css"></styleSheet>
<script src="/bootstrap.min.js" clientSide="true"></script>
<styleSheet href="/.ibmxspres/.extlib/responsive/dijit/dbootstrap-0.1.1/theme/dbootstrap/dbootstrap.css"></styleSheet>
<styleSheet href="/.ibmxspres/.extlib/responsive/xpages/css/xsp-mixin.css"></styleSheet>
</resources>
<control>
<name>ViewRoot</name>
<property mode="concat">
<name>styleClass</name>
<value>xsp dbootstrap</value>
</property>
</control>
</theme>
7. (Optional) If you want to include the file "bootstrap-theme.min.css" or "bootstrap-theme.css" in your custom theme, which provide additional Bootstrap styling, then you need to add the desired CSS file and change the styleClass property of the ViewRoot in your custom theme. This is to ensure that it works correctly in your XPages application.
Example 2. Theme that uses “bootstrap-theme.min.css”
<theme extends="Bootstrap3_blank" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:noNamespaceSchemaLocation="platform:/plugin/com.ibm.designer.domino.stylekits/schema/stylekit.xsd" >
<resources>
<styleSheet href="/bootstrap.min.css"></styleSheet>
<styleSheet href="/bootstrap-theme.min.css"></styleSheet>
<script src="/bootstrap.min.js" clientSide="true"></script>
<styleSheet href="/.ibmxspres/.extlib/responsive/dijit/dbootstrap-0.1.1/theme/dbootstrap/dbootstrap.css"></styleSheet>
<styleSheet href="/.ibmxspres/.extlib/responsive/xpages/css/xsp-mixin.css"></styleSheet>
</resources>
<control>
<name>ViewRoot</name>
<property mode="concat">
<name>styleClass</name>
<value>xsp dbootstrap bootstrap-theme</value>
</property>
</control>
</theme>
8. In the xsp.properties of your application, now select your custom theme in the application theme dropdown.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Store Skagastølstind
Untitled
See Store Styggedalstinden. We need to select one or split by east and west. Williamborg 03:22, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
Store Styggedalstinden is not the same peak as Store Skagadølstind. Neltah 23:08, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
You're right, of course. Not sure what I could have been thinking; guess it's what happens when you have more thna one page editing at a time and lose track of your thoughts. Williamborg 04:13, 15 March 2006 (UTC)
Hiking/climbing
I'm neither 100% sure about the conventions for describing the ascent, and certainly not the route to this summit, but I think the point is to describe the different kinds of techniques need to scale it. For example, if you had to hike 10 km, then scale a cliff, and then climb an ice wall, you'd note all t three. --Leifern 23:58, 11 May 2006 (UTC)
Thought of as the highest?
Has anybody thought of Storen as the highest? I thought that was settled very early, i.e. 1840-ties, shortly after the "discovery" of the range (before that, Snøhetta was thought of as the highest)? The Slingsby/Heftye debate was not about whether the peak was the highest, but whether it was the most prominent mountain that had to be climbed. --Kjetil Kjernsmo (talk) 22:18, 30 January 2008 (UTC)
I removed that line and wrote a few memories from the Slingsby/Heftye dispute instead --Kjetil Kjernsmo (talk) 21:04, 11 March 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
British International School Bratislava
The British International School Bratislava (BISB), established in 1997, is one of the oldest international schools in Slovakia. The school educates over 770 students between the ages of 3 and 18 years from over 45 countries. BISB educates children at pre-school, primary and secondary level and it is located in Dubravka. The school follows a curriculum based on the National Curriculum of England, International General Certificate in Secondary Education (IGCSE) and the Baccalaureate Diploma Program (IBDP).
The language of instruction is English. At the age of seven, students can choose a second foreign language (German, French or Spanish). Slovak and Korean nationals can study their mother tongues during the curriculum time. The school is accredited by the Ministry of Education of the Slovak Republic, Cambridge Examinations Board and International Baccalaureate Organisation.
Campus and location
The British International School Bratislava is located 8 km from the city center in Dubravka, Bratislava. The school has three campuses: Nursery at Dolinskeho 1, Early Years Centre at Peknikova 4, Primary and Secondary School (main building) at Peknikova 6.
Nord Anglia Education
The BISB is a part of Nord Anglia Education (NAE). This family of schools consists of over 80 international schools located in China, Europe, the Middle East, Southeast Asia and the Americas. Together, they educate more than 67,000 students from kindergarten through to the end of secondary education.
Accreditations
* The Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic since 1997.
* Cambridge Examinations Board
* International Baccalaureate Organisation
* Council of British International Schools
Curriculum
The school provides a nursery, early years, primary and secondary school education. The curriculum in nursery to year 9 is based on the National Curriculum of England and Wales. Students then complete the two-year IGCSE programme in years 10 and 11, followed by the IB Diploma programme in years 12 and 13. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Task of the Day/Image Project/Backlog header
This can be the header for all of the 2008 image project backlog pages.
Thank you for participating in the Wikipedia Task of the Day project. Currently, the project's focus is on images with missing or improperly formatted Fair Use Rationales. On average, over 1,500 images are uploaded to Wikipedia on a daily basis. Many of these are not suitable for use in the encyclopedia, and are deleted. However, some non-free images may be used in articles if a proper fair use rationale is provided for each article in which the image is to be used. When no rationale exists, or if the rationale does not specify the name of the article, the image may be removed and deleted, even if it is otherwise acceptable for use in the encyclopedia.
Here's where you come in. Have a look at five of these images - or as many as you like. For each image, find the Fair Use Rationale. Determine if it has the following information:
* Description of the Image
* Source of the Image
* The portion of the image used - is it cropped, zoomed, or otherwise adjusted?
* The resolution of the image - has the resolution been lowered?
At the bottom of the image page, there is a list of the articles in which the image appears. For each article on that list, the following information is required:
* The name of the article, and a link to the article
* The purpose for the image in that article - why is the image necessary?
* The replaceability of the image - are there free images available or obtainable that work as well as this non-free image?
If any of this information is missing, and the image seems to comply with Wikipedia's Official Exemption Doctrine Policy, please edit the image to add it. You may find one of these templates useful:
* Template:Non-free use rationale, for a simple means of entering the required information for a valid Fair Use Rationale.
* Template:Non-free image data, for use with images used in multiple articles
Once you have added a rationale that includes the information above, don't forget to remove any Disputed Fair Use Rationale tags that may be on the page. If you're not sure about an image, or if you are concerned that the image doesn't actually qualify as a fair use image, then please feel free to add , and move on to another image. The template will list the image for further review by other editors, and it's possible that the image actually should be deleted under Wikipedia's policies.
Thank you for your assistance on this project. Please feel free to direct any questions or concerns to the Task of the Day project's talk page, which may be found at Wikipedia talk:Task of the Day. | WIKI |
Page:Lyrical ballads, Volume 1, Wordsworth, 1800.djvu/202
150 Oh! smile on me, my little lamb!
For I thy own dear mother am.
My love for thee has well been tried:
I've sought thy father far and wide.
I know the poisons of the shade,
I know the earth-nuts fit for food;
Then, pretty dear, be not afraid;
We'll find thy father in the wood.
Now laugh and be gay, to the woods away!
And there, my babe; we'll live for aye. | WIKI |
68000 Assembly/Instruction Set
The 68K instruction set is very orthogonal. Most instructions can operate on all data sizes, and very few are restricted to less than three addressing modes. 68K instructions are rather slow, but they do a lot more than instructions for the Z80 or x86 processors.
Detailed descriptions of every instruction in the MC68000 family can be found in the Programmer's Reference Manual. See the External Links section.
Insert instruction table here - this version will probably have far more columns than the tables that were here. | WIKI |
Zag de Sujurmenza
Rabbi Zag de Sujurmenza was a Jewish convert of 13th-century Spain who helped King Alfonso X of Castile with his scientific works.
Zag de Sujurmenza was commissioned by the king to write Astrolabio redondo (spherical astrolabe), Astrolabio llano (flat astrolabe), Constelaciones (constellations) and Lámina Universal (an instrument that improved on the astrolabe); he also translated the book Armellas de Ptolemy, and wrote about the Piedra de la sombra (stone of the shadow, or sundial), Relox de agua (clepsydra, or water clock) Argente vivo o azogue (quicksilver or mercury) and Candela (candle clock). Of his works, the most important are those of the "round astrolabe" and the "flat astrolabe". In the first, the author rises to profound scientific considerations that reveal the vast knowledge he possessed in sciences. It has been said that with this book, Zag Sujurmenza reformed the character of the science of astronomy and contributed to its advancement, without losing sight of the studies of Arab scholars, following in their footsteps and correcting their errors. Other works of Zag de Sujurmenza, if less extensive, are not without merit. | WIKI |
How the Sun can affect your skin
How The Sun Can Affect Your Skin (Scientific Proof)
According to scientists, sun exposure is one of the leading causes of skin aging. It is estimated that as much as 90% of how young or old you look, depending on your age, is directly linked to how much sun exposure your skin has had. This is because Ultraviolet Rays, which comes from the sun degrades your skin texture and reduces skin elasticity, as well as causes pigmentation, wrinkles, sun spots, and premature aging. Outlined below are the results of various studies showing just how much exposure to the sun can affect your skin.
1. H.O Report
Almost 90% of visible skin changes are attributed to aging caused by sun exposure, according to a report published by the World Health Organization (W.H.O). The report stated that, in addition to the effect of UV rays in the significant reduction of the effectiveness of the body’s immune system, overexposure to the sun also weakens the elasticity of your skin and also change its texture.
1. Study on Caucasian Women
A study conducted on Caucasian women found that there is a strong correlation between exposure to the sun and apparent age across all age groups. The women were divided into two groups of sun-phobic and sun-seeking individuals, and researchers noted a strong link between wrinkles and pigmentation disorders, and UV exposure. The researchers, thus, concluded that, indeed, exposure to UV rays was responsible for 80% of visible facial aging signs.
1. Research Paper on Identical Twin
A research paper, which studied the facial changes of the skeleton, skin and soft tissue over time, published some results which linked sun exposure to aging. The medical doctors who conducted this research recorded the result of a 61-year-old twin with varying levels of sun exposure. One of the twin had approximately 10 hours more exposure than the other, and she was perceived to be 11.25 years older than her twin sister. The other twin with less sun exposure also had a slightly higher body mass index than the twin with more sun exposure.
Based on these studies, it is clear that the sun can actually cause several skin aging signs, such as wrinkling, unevenness, pigmentation, and other skin damages issues. Therefore, you should take appropriate measures to prevent or minimize your exposure to sunlight.
If you are already suffering from skin damage as a result of exposure to the sun, you should visit an expert skin care facility, such as Silk Skin Laser Spa. We are an advanced treatment facility specialized in helping our clients maintain a healthy and glowing skin. We offer a wide range of excellent treatment options, customized to suit your skin type, including skin rejuvenation, microneedling, melasma treatment, and more. Contact us today to book a free skin consultation.
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Synelnykove
Synelnykove (Синельникове, ) is a city and municipality in Dnipropetrovsk Oblast, Ukraine. It is the largest city in the south-eastern part of the region. It serves as the administrative center of Synelnykove Raion within the oblast. It is named after the Russian governor Ivan Sinelnikov. Population:
History
It was created as a settlement in Yekaterinoslav Governorate in the 19th century on a private territory that was given as a gift to the Russian governor Ivan Sinelnikov by the Russian Imperial government. August 1868 is considered to be the official date of establishment, Synelnykove was then nothing more than a train station. It was named in honor of the noble Synelnikov family, who owned these lands until the end of the 18th century. In 1896 the train station was connected to the Kursk-Kharkiv-Sevastopol railways and was officially opened on 15 November 1873. With the development of the railway Synelnykove became an important transport hub. Industry and trade began to develop in the city.
In 1917 Synelnykove became a district center of the Yekaterinoslav Governorate. In 1932 it received the status of a city.
During World War II, since October 1941 until September 1943 it was occupied by German troops.
Since 1979 and until 18 July 2020, Synelnykove was incorporated as a city of oblast significance and served as the administrative center of Synelnykove Raion though it did not belong to the raion. In July 2020, as part of the administrative reform of Ukraine, which reduced the number of raions of Dnipropetrovsk Oblast to seven, the city of Synelnykove was merged into Synelnykove Raion.
Due to the law "On the Condemnation and Prohibition of Propaganda of Russian Imperial Policy in Ukraine and the Decolonization of Toponymy" (in April 2023 signed by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy) the city needs to be renamed. According to law this renaming has to take place before 27 January 2024. On 1 January 2024 five (new) name options were offered to a public discussions would last until 20 January 2024.
On 20 March 2024, the Verkhovna Rada Committee on the organization of state power, Local Self-Government, Regional Development and urban planning decided to propose the name Ridnopillia. The ultimate decision on the renaming will be made only after a vote.
Population
In January 1989 the population was 37 807 people
According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, the city's population was 32,302. Ukrainians accounted for 84.5% of the population and Russians for 12.5%. Ukrainian was the native language for 78% of the population, and Russian for 20.2%.
In January 2013 the population was 31 568 people. | WIKI |
Page:Willich, A. F. M. - The Domestic Encyclopædia (Vol. 2, 1802).djvu/330
298] consist of an alkaline earth, which is soluble by itself in water; but which, when combined with a large quantity of fixed-air, becomes insoluble; losing the properties of quick-lime, and assuming the appearance those earths naturally have, when not reduced to a calcareous state.
Dr. observed the same phenomenon in white magnesia, and in alkalis both fixed and volatile. Their effervescence with acids, and their mildness, depend on the fixed-air which these bodies contain; because alkalis and calcareous earths become in a high degree caustic, when divested of that gas. He farther remarked, that fixed-air had different degrees of affinity with various substances; being stronger with calcareous earth than with fixed alkali; with the latter than with magnesia; and with this than with volatile alkali.
This new gas was introduced into the catalogue of medicines, by its strongly properties: it cannot, however, on account of its fatal effects, be inspired in large quantities, though in small portions it may be inhaled without danger.
Dr. first administered it on a large scale, and directed his patients, in more than thirty cases of pulmonary consumption, to inspire the steam of effervescing mixtures of chalk and vinegar through the spout of a coffee-pot. By this treatment, the hectic fever was, in several cases, considerably abated, and the matter expectorated became less offensive, and better digested. Although Dr. was not so fortunate as to effect a cure in any one instance, yet the late Dr. met with better success; as one of three patients was thus restored to perfect health; another received great benefit, and was much relieved; and the third was kept alive by inhaling this gas for more than two months. Fixed-air, however, can only be employed with advantage in those stages of pulmonary consumption, when a purulent expectoration, or a rupture and discharge of an abscess in the lungs, have taken place: in such cases, this remedy affords a powerful palliative.
Farther, it is equally useful when applied to foul ulcers; and instances have occurred, in which the sanies, or corrupt matter issuing from , has been sweetened, the pain alleviated, and a better suppuration produced, even after the carrot-poultice had failed. But, though fixed-air evidently checks the progress of a cancer, there is reason to apprehend that it never will effect a cure.
Considerable benefit has also been received in ulcerated sore-throats, from inhaling the vapours arising from effervescing mixtures. This remedy ought, however, by no means to exclude the use of other antiseptic applications.
In that dreadful disorder, the malignant fever, wines strongly impregnated with fixed-air may be administered, with a view to check the septic ferment, and to neutralize the putrid matter in the stomach and intestines. If the patient's common drink were thus prepared, it might be attended with beneficial effects.—As the latter stages of malignant fevers are generally accompanied with putrid diarrhœas, this evacuation ought not to be restrained by the use of medicines; because the retention of putrid matter in the body will aggravate the delirium, and increase the vehemence of the fever. And if | WIKI |
Foliar Garden
What Shade of Green are Leaves
The shade of green that leaves are can vary depending on the type of tree or plant. For example, pine needles are a darker green than the leaves of a citrus tree. The pigments in the leaves reflect different wavelengths of light, which is what gives them their unique colors.
The leaves on trees and plants come in a wide range of colors, from deep green to pale yellow. But what determines the color of a leaf? Chlorophyll is the pigment that gives leaves their green color.
This substance is essential for photosynthesis, which is how plants convert sunlight into energy. Chlorophyll absorbs light in the blue and red wavelengths, which makes it appear green to our eyes. Leaves also contain other pigments, such as carotenoids and anthocyanins.
These pigments can cause leaves to appear yellow, orange, or red. The amount of chlorophyll in a leaf will determine its overall color. For example, leaves that are high in chlorophyll will appear darker green, while those with less chlorophyll will be lighter green or yellow.
So next time you take a walk through the woods or your garden, take a closer look at the leaves and appreciate all the different shades of green!
What Shade of Green are Leaves
Credit: www.dreamstime.com
What Color are Leaves Actually?
What color are leaves actually? leaves are green because of a pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light from the sun, but reflects green light back to our eyes.
This is why most leaves look green to us. However, there are other pigments in leaves that can give them different colors. For example, carotenoids absorb blue and violet light, so they make leaves look yellow or orange.
And anthocyanins reflect back red or purple light, making some leaves look red or pink.
What is the Shade of Green of Plants?
Most plants are green because they have a pigment called chlorophyll. This pigment helps the plant absorb light from the sun, which is used in photosynthesis to produce food for the plant. Chlorophyll also reflects green light, which is why most plants appear green to us.
There are other pigments that can be found in plants, such as carotenoids. These pigments can give plants a yellow, orange or red color. However, chlorophyll usually masks these colors so they are not often seen in plants.
Some plants may appear to be a different color due to environmental factors such as sunlight or soil conditions. For example, leaves may turn red in fall because the chlorophyll breaks down and the carotenoids become visible. Or, if a plant does not have enough iron in its soil, its leaves may turn yellow.
What is the Green Color in Leaves Called?
Chlorophyll is the green pigment found in leaves. This molecule is essential to photosynthesis, which helps plants convert sunlight into energy. The green color of chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light from the sun, reflecting back green light.
What are Shade Leaves?
Shade leaves are leaves that protect plants from excessive sunlight. They are usually larger than sun leaves and have a thicker texture. Shade leaves are found on trees and other tall plants.
Science Behind: Why are leaves Green?
Why are Leaves in the Shade Thinner
One of the most interesting things about leaves is that they come in all shapes and sizes. Some leaves are thick and leathery, while others are thin and delicate. But why is it that some leaves are thinner than others?
It turns out that the thickness of a leaf is determined by its exposure to light. Leaves that receive more light (such as those in the sun) tend to be thicker, because they need to be able to withstand more intense conditions. On the other hand, leaves in the shade are often thinner because they don’t need to be as tough.
So, if you’re ever wondering why some leaves are thicker than others, just take a look at their location. The amount of light they receive will give you a clue!
Light Green Leaves And Dark Green Leaves
One of the most common questions we receive at our nursery is “What’s the difference between light green leaves and dark green leaves?” There are actually a few different answers to this question, depending on what you’re looking for in your plants. Here are some of the key differences between these two types of foliage:
-Leaf color: As you might expect, light green leaves are lighter in color than dark green leaves. This can be due to a number of factors, including genetics and the amount of chlorophyll present in the leaves. -Sunlight requirements: Light green leaves typically require more sunlight than dark green leaves in order to maintain their color.
If you live in an area with limited sunlight, you may find that your light green plants begin to turn yellow or brown if they don’t get enough sun. -Water requirements: In general, light green plants also require more water than dark green plants. This is because they tend to lose more water through their foliage than plants with darker leaves.
Why are Leaves Darker on Top And Lighter on Bottom
The top of a leaves is darker because it is exposed to more sunlight than the bottom. The bottom of the leaves are lighter because they are protected from the sun by the upper leaves. This difference in exposure to sunlight causes the chloroplasts in the leaves to produce more chlorophyll on the top of the leaves, which makes them appear darker.
Why Do Leaves Change Color in the Fall
As the weather cools and days grow shorter in autumn, trees begin to prepare for winter. They do this by shutting down their food-making process and stopping the flow of water to their leaves. As the chlorophyll breaks down, other leaf pigments that were hidden all summer long are revealed.
These include carotenoids (yellow and orange colors) and anthocyanins (red and purple). The red color of some fall leaves is actually produced by the tree as it protects its leaves from damage from the sun’s ultraviolet rays. Leaves may also turn brown as tannins are produced to prevent herbivores from eating them.
So why do leaves change color? It’s basically due to a chemical reaction that happens when daylight hours grow shorter and temperatures cool in autumn. As trees prepare for winter, they start to shut down their food-making process and stop sending water to their leaves.
This causes the chlorophyll—which makes leaves appear green—to break down, revealing other colors that were hidden all summer long, like yellow, orange, red, and purple. The exact mix of these colors depends on the type of tree; for example, sugar maples tend to be more yellow while red maples have a reddish tint. Interestingly, the red color in some fall foliage isn’t actually produced by the pigment in the leaf; instead, it’s created by a chemical reaction that happens as trees try to protect their leaves from damage caused by ultraviolet rays from the sun.
Leaves may also turn brown during this time as tannins are produced as a way to deter herbivores from eating them. So there you have it: an explanation for why leaves change color in the fall!
Why are Some Leaves Not Green
As the leaves on trees change color in autumn, you may have noticed that some leaves are not green. Why is this? It all has to do with a pigment called chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll is what gives plants their green color and helps them absorb sunlight for photosynthesis. During the fall, as days become shorter and nights become longer, trees produce less chlorophyll. As the chlorophyll breaks down, other pigments that were hidden by the chlorophyll begin to show, resulting in yellow, orange, and red leaves.
So why are some leaves not green? It’s all due to a pigment called chlorophyll!
Leaves are Green in the Sunlight Because
Did you know that leaves are green in the sunlight because of a substance called chlorophyll? Chlorophyll is what gives plants their green color and helps them to convert sunlight into food. leaves also contain other pigments, such as carotene (which makes carrots orange) and anthocyanins (which make blueberries blue).
These other pigments can mask the green color of chlorophyll, but when the leaves are exposed to sunlight, the chlorophyll shines through.
Conclusion
In the fall, leaves change color as they prepare to drop from trees. The green in leaves comes from chlorophyll, which helps plants make food from sunlight. As summer days get shorter and nights get longer, chlorophyll production slows down.
At the same time, other pigments in the leaves begin to show through. These pigments include carotenoids (yellow and orange colors) and anthocyanins (red and purple). As these pigments become more visible, we see a beautiful display of color in autumn foliage. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 9.djvu/374
LOMAN 335 LOMAN
towards the supremacy of the State in the externals of hand and be in a position to persecute the Catholics,
religion. This unquiet condition lasted during the earlier part of
Outline of the Hislory of the LoUarde. — ^The troubled the reign of Henry VI. There were many rccanta- days of Richard II at the close of the fourteenth cen- tions though few executions, and in 1429 Convocation tury had encouraged the spread of Lollardy, and the lamented Uiat heresy was on the increase throughout accession of the House of Lancaster in 1399 was fol- the southern province. In 141.3 there was even a lowed by an attempt to reform and restore constitu- small rising of heretics at Abingdon. Yet from this tional authority in Church and State. It was a task date Lollaray Ijegan to decline and when, about 1445, which proved m the long run beyond the strength of Richard Pecock wrote his unfortunate " Repressor of the dynasty, yet something was done to remedy the overmuch blaming the Clergy", they were far less of a worst disorders of the previous reign. In order to put menace to Church or State than they had been in Wal- down religious opposition the State came, in 1401, to den's day. They diminished in numbers and import- the support of the Church by the Act " Do Haeretico ance, but the records of the bishops' courts show that Comburendo"^ L e. on the burning of heretics. This they still survived in their old centres, London, Coven- Act recited in its preamble that it was directed against tr>', Leicester, and the eastern counties. They were a certain new sect ''who thought damnably of the sacra- mostly small artisans. William Wych, a priest, was ments and usuiped the office of proacliing". It em- indeed executed, in 1440, but he was an old man and powered the bisnops to arrest, imprison, and examine belonged to the first generation of Lollards, offenders and to hand over to the secular authorities The increase in the number of citations for heresy such as had relapsed or refused to abjure. The con- under Henry VII was probably due more to the re- denmed were to be burnt "in an high place" before the newed acti\'ity of the bishops in a time of peace pMBople. This Act was prol)ably due to the authorita- than to a revival of Lollardy. There was such a re- live Archbishop Arundel, but it was merely the appli- vival, however, under Henry VIII, for two heretics cation to England of the common law of Christenaom. were burnt on one day, in 1511, and ten years later Its passing was immediately followed by the burning there were many prosecutions in the home counties of the first victim, William Sawtrey, a ]x>ndon priest, and some executions. But though Lollardjr thus re- He had previously abjured but had rcla{)Kcd, and he mained alive, ''conquered but not extinguished", as now refused to declare his lielief in transubstantiation Erasmus expressed it in 1523, until the New Leuning or to recognize the authority of the Church. was brought into the country from Germany, it was a
No fresh execution occurred till 1410, and the Act movement which for at least half a century had exer-
was mercifully carried out by the bishops. Great cised little or no influence on English thought. The
pains were taken to sift the evidence when a man de- days of its popularity were long passed and even its
nied his heres}^^ the relapsed were nearly always al- martyrdoms attracted but little attention, llie little
lowed the benefit of a fresh abj urat ion, and as a matter stream of English heresy cannot be said to have added
of fact the burnings were few and the recantations much to the Protestant flood which rolled in from the
many. Eleven heretics were recorded to have been Continent. It did, however, bear witness to the
burnt from 1401 to the accession of Henry VII in existence of a spirit of discontent, and mav have pre-
1485. Others, it is true, were executed as traitors for pared the ground for religious revolt near London and
being implicated in overt aSts of rel)ellion. Yet the m the eastern counties, though there is no evidence
activity of the Lollards during the first thirty years of that any of the more prominent early reformers were
the fifteenth centuiy was great and their influence Lollards before they were Protestants. spread into parts of the coimtry which had at first The authoritiea for the life and teaching: of Wyclif Dv-ill be
been unaffected. Thus the eastern counties l>ecame, found at the close of his biography; many of the Enslish tracts
»d ^ loM to remain «n important Lollard centre.!^f.n contains a num-
Scriptures, and the theological e
J J. ,]^Trt "^1 xi-^rt/j-» v/ »^vv.*iK.vy s» ^v/i* Thomas of Walsinoham. Chronxcon Angha m Rolls Senes,
demnedm 1410 no less than 26/ propositions collected and inthecontinuatorof KNioHTON»'CA«)nirtmin/2o//«.SmM
out of Wyclif's writings, and hnaDv the Council of Foxe, Book of Martyrs includes the records of a number of
Constance, in 1415, solemnlv declared him to have ^",?"i *"A^' ^"^ »^ must^naturally be u8«l with the Krcatert
r^ i! x» rm- j'« "j. J. 1- caution. Of modern works Lechijer, J oAann twi ^ tcUf (2
been a heretic. These different measures seem to nave vob., Leipzlflr, 1873), contjiins what is probably the most
been successful at least as far as the clergy" were con- complete account of the movement, while Gairdner, Lollardy
cemed, and Lollardy came to be more ancl more a lay "l^ i^^. Reformation in England (2 vols., Lon(k)n. 1908) is an
' . £. ^ .J -Al I-4,- 1 J- J. I ailmirable study of its character and aims. Bncfcr sketches
movement, often connects with political discontent, ^iu be found in Poole, WycUJ[e and Movements for Reform in
Its leader during the reign of Henrv V was Sir John Epochs of Church History Sencs (Ix>ndon, 18S9), and in Cam'
Oldcastle, commonly known as Ix)rd Cobham, from ^' r^^^F?^ ^Vi^ rh'^Vf'^'^A' '''?ko-J- T«S^'=^\^^•
,. .' -._ r< Vu u • Tj* T 11 J u J England %n the Age of Wych ffe {ljon<\oii,\^^ I ) ^R-WQWyKTiXijea
his marriage to a Cobham heu^s. UlS Lollardy had and useful, but it is murkctf by a frank hostility towards and
long been notorious, but his po.sition and wealth pro- by a ^:ood deal of i^onmcc of medieval and Catholic ideas and
tected him and he was not proceeded against till 1413. P'^*^« ^^ &^ Zimmermann in Kirrhenlexicon, s. y LtA-
.-- „ J 1 u - * I ^ • 1 J larden: Bonet-Maury, Les pncurseurs de la R^forme (ParuL
After many delays he was arrcsted from the Tower and F. F. Urquhart.
organised a rising outside I^ndon early in 1414. The
young king suppressed the movement in person, but Loman, Saint, Bishop of Trim in Ireland, nephew Oldcastle again escaped. He remained in liiding but of St. Patrick, wa« remarkable as l)eing the first placed seems to have inspired a number of sporadic disturb- over an Irish see by the Apostle of Ireland. This was ances, especially during Henry's alj.sence in France, in the year 433. St. Loman ha<l convertoii lx)th Fort- He was finally captiu-ed on the west border, con- chem, the Prince of Trim (grandson of Laeghaire, demned by Parliament, and executed in 1417. His King of Meath), and his father Foidilmid, and was personality and activity made a great impression on given Trim for an episcopal see. Some say that he
hiB contemporaries and his poorer followers put a was a bishop before he came to Ireland, but this
this time, expected that they would get the upper that he was only a simple priest, but consecrated by | WIKI |
Banik, Subhadeep Bogdanov, Andrey Luykx, Atul Tischhauser, Elmar SUNDAE: Small Universal Deterministic Authenticated Encryption for the Internet of Things
2018 2018 Lightweight cryptography was developed in response to the increasing need to secure devices for the Internet of Things. After significant research effort, many new block ciphers have been designed targeting lightweight settings, optimizing efficiency metrics which conventional block ciphers did not. However, block ciphers must be used in modes of operation to achieve more advanced security goals such as data confidentiality and authenticity, a research area given relatively little attention in the lightweight setting. We introduce a new authenticated encryption (AE) mode of operation, SUNDAE, specially targeted for constrained environments. SUNDAE is smaller than other known lightweight modes in implementation area, such as CLOC, JAMBU, and COFB, however unlike these modes, SUNDAE is designed as a deterministic authenticated encryption (DAE) scheme, meaning it provides maximal security in settings where proper randomness is hard to generate, or secure storage must be minimized due to expense. Unlike other DAE schemes, such as GCM-SIV, SUNDAE can be implemented efficiently on both constrained devices, as well as the servers communicating with those devices. We prove SUNDAE secure relative to its underlying block cipher, and provide an extensive implementation study, with results in both software and hardware, demonstrating that SUNDAE offers improved compactness and power consumption in hardware compared to other lightweight AE modes, while simultaneously offering comparable performance to GCM-SIV on parallel high-end platforms. Conference Papers | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Thread:User talk:Internoob/Anglo-Egyptian Sudan
Under the entry for Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, I noted that the official legal status of the colony, that of being jointly ruled by the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland/Northern Ireland and Egypt, was nominal, and that in reality the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland/Northern Ireland was the sole ruler of the country. Is it ok that I pointed out that fact, or is that to detailed for a dictionary? | WIKI |
Revolution Spring
Revolution Spring is the seventh studio album by the Detroit, Michigan punk rock band The Suicide Machines, released on March 27, 2020 by Fat Wreck Chords. It's the band's first album in 15 years, since 2005's War Profiteering Is Killing Us All.
Critical reception
The album was positively reviewed. New Noise Magazine wrote that the band picked up right where they left off 15 years ago with much "pent-up venting".
Personnel
* Jason Navarro – vocals
* Ryan Vandeberghe – drums
* Rich Tschirhart – bass
* Justin Malek – guitar | WIKI |
WordPress как на ладони
Недорогой хостинг для сайтов на WordPress: wordpress.jino.ru Самая быстрая Тема-конструктор для WordPress
функция не описана
WPSEO_Import_WPSEO::cleanup_post_meta() private Yoast 1.0
Deletes wpSEO postmeta from the database.
Это метод класса: WPSEO_Import_WPSEO{}
Хуков нет.
Возвращает
true/false. Cleanup status.
Использование
// private - только в коде основоного (родительского) класса
$result = $this->cleanup_post_meta();
Код WPSEO_Import_WPSEO::cleanup_post_meta() Yoast 15.1.1
<?php
private function cleanup_post_meta() {
global $wpdb;
// If we get to replace the data, let's do some proper cleanup.
return $wpdb->query( "DELETE FROM {$wpdb->postmeta} WHERE meta_key LIKE '_wpseo_edit_%'" );
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
low explosive
Noun
* 1) An explosive compound whose rate of decomposition proceeds through the material at less than the speed of sound. | WIKI |
Annual Computer Security Applications Conference (ACSAC) 2022
Full Program »
iService: Detecting and Evaluating the Impact of Confused Deputy Problem in AppleOS
Confused deputy problem is a specific type of privilege escalation. It happens when a program tricks another more privileged one into misusing its authority. On AppleOS, system services are adopted to perform privileged operations when receiving inter-process com- munication (IPC) request from a user process. The confused deputy vulnerabilities may result if system services overlook the checking of IPC input. Unfortunately, it is tough to identify such vulnerabil- ities, which requires to understand the closed-source system ser- vices and private frameworks of the complex AppleOS by unravel- ing the dependencies among the binaries. To this end, we propose iSeRvice, a systematic method to au- tomatically detect and evaluate the impact of confused deputies in AppleOS system services. Instead of looking for insecure IPC clients, it focuses on sensitive operations performed by system services, which might compromise the system if abused, ensuring whether the IPC input is properly checked before the invocation of those operations. Moreover, iSeRvice evaluates the impact of each confused deputy based on i) how severity of the corresponding sen- sitive operation if abused, and ii) to what extent the sensitive oper- ation could be controlled by external input. iSeRvice is applied to four versions of MacOS (10.14.3, 10.15.7, 11.4, and 12.4) separately. It successfully discovers 11 confused deputies, five of which are zero-day bugs and all of them have been fixed, with three of them are considered to be high risk. Furthermore, the five zero-day bugs have been confirmed by Apple and assigned with CVE numbers to date.
Yizhuo Wang
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Yikun Hu
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Xuangan Xiao
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Dawu Gu
Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Paper (ACM DL)
Slides
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Copyright©2002-2023 Zakon Group LLC | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
conan info
$ conan info [-h] [--paths] [-bo BUILD_ORDER] [-g GRAPH]
[-if INSTALL_FOLDER] [-j [JSON]] [-n ONLY]
[--package-filter [PACKAGE_FILTER]] [-db [DRY_BUILD]]
[-b [BUILD]] [-e ENV] [-o OPTIONS] [-pr PROFILE] [-r REMOTE]
[-s SETTINGS] [-u] [-l [LOCKFILE]]
path_or_reference
Gets information about the dependency graph of a recipe.
It can be used with a recipe or a reference for any existing package in your local cache.
positional arguments:
path_or_reference Path to a folder containing a recipe (conanfile.py or
conanfile.txt) or to a recipe file. e.g.,
./my_project/conanfile.txt. It could also be a
reference
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
--paths Show package paths in local cache
-bo BUILD_ORDER, --build-order BUILD_ORDER
given a modified reference, return an ordered list to
build (CI)
-g GRAPH, --graph GRAPH
Creates file with project dependencies graph. It will
generate a DOT or HTML file depending on the filename
extension
-if INSTALL_FOLDER, --install-folder INSTALL_FOLDER
local folder containing the conaninfo.txt and
conanbuildinfo.txt files (from a previous conan
install execution). Defaulted to current folder,
unless --profile, -s or -o is specified. If you
specify both install-folder and any setting/option it
will raise an error.
-j [JSON], --json [JSON]
Path to a json file where the information will be
written
-n ONLY, --only ONLY Show only the specified fields: "id", "build_id",
"remote", "url", "license", "requires", "update",
"required", "date", "author", "None". '--paths'
information can also be filtered with options
"export_folder", "build_folder", "package_folder",
"source_folder". Use '--only None' to show only
references.
--package-filter [PACKAGE_FILTER]
Print information only for packages that match the
filter pattern e.g., MyPackage/1.2@user/channel or
MyPackage*
-db [DRY_BUILD], --dry-build [DRY_BUILD]
Apply the --build argument to output the information,
as it would be done by the install command
-b [BUILD], --build [BUILD]
Given a build policy, return an ordered list of
packages that would be built from sources during the
install command
-e ENV, --env ENV Environment variables that will be set during the
package build, -e CXX=/usr/bin/clang++
-o OPTIONS, --options OPTIONS
Define options values, e.g., -o Pkg:with_qt=true
-pr PROFILE, --profile PROFILE
Apply the specified profile to the install command
-r REMOTE, --remote REMOTE
Look in the specified remote server
-s SETTINGS, --settings SETTINGS
Settings to build the package, overwriting the
defaults. e.g., -s compiler=gcc
-u, --update Check updates exist from upstream remotes
-l [LOCKFILE], --lockfile [LOCKFILE]
Path to a lockfile or folder containing 'conan.lock'
file. Lockfile can be updated if packages change
Examples:
$ conan info .
$ conan info myproject_folder
$ conan info myproject_folder/conanfile.py
$ conan info Hello/1.0@user/channel
The output will look like:
Dependency/0.1@user/channel
ID: 5ab84d6acfe1f23c4fae0ab88f26e3a396351ac9
BuildID: None
Remote: None
URL: http://...
License: MIT
Updates: Version not checked
Creation date: 2017-10-31 14:45:34
Required by:
Hello/1.0@user/channel
Hello/1.0@user/channel
ID: 5ab84d6acfe1f23c4fa5ab84d6acfe1f23c4fa8
BuildID: None
Remote: None
URL: http://...
License: MIT
Updates: Version not checked
Required by:
Project
Requires:
Hello0/0.1@user/channel
conan info builds the complete dependency graph, like conan install does. The main difference is that it doesn’t try to install or build the binaries, but the package recipes will be retrieved from remotes if necessary.
It is very important to note, that the info command outputs the dependency graph for a given configuration (settings, options), as the dependency graph can be different for different configurations. Then, the input to the conan info command is the same as conan install, the configuration can be specified directly with settings and options, or using profiles.
Also, if you did a previous conan install with a specific configuration, or maybe different installs with different configurations, you can reuse that information with the --install-folder argument:
$ # dir with a conanfile.txt
$ mkdir build_release && cd build_release
$ conan install .. --profile=gcc54release
$ cd .. && mkdir build_debug && cd build_debug
$ conan install .. --profile=gcc54debug
$ cd ..
$ conan info . --install-folder=build_release
> info for the release dependency graph install
$ conan info . --install-folder=build_debug
> info for the debug dependency graph install
It is possible to use the conan info command to extract useful information for Continuous Integration systems. More precisely, it has the --build-order, -bo option, that will produce a machine-readable output with an ordered list of package references, in the order they should be built. E.g., let’s assume that we have a project that depends on Boost and Poco, which in turn depends on OpenSSL and zlib transitively. So we can query our project with a reference that has changed (most likely due to a git push on that package):
$ conan info . -bo zlib/1.2.11@conan/stable
[zlib/1.2.11@conan/stable], [OpenSSL/1.0.2l@conan/stable], [Boost/1.60.0@lasote/stable, Poco/1.7.8p3@pocoproject/stable]
Note the result is a list of lists. When there is more than one element in one of the lists, it means that they are decoupled projects and they can be built in parallel by the CI system.
You can also specify the --build-order=ALL argument, if you want just to compute the whole dependency graph build order
$ conan info . --build-order=ALL
> [zlib/1.2.11@conan/stable], [OpenSSL/1.0.2l@conan/stable], [Boost/1.60.0@lasote/stable, Poco/1.7.8p3@pocoproject/stable]
Also you can get a list of nodes that would be built (simulation) in an install command specifying a build policy with the --build parameter.
E.g., if I try to install Boost/1.60.0@lasote/stable recipe with --build missing build policy and arch=x86, which libraries will be built?
$ conan info Boost/1.60.0@lasote/stable --build missing -s arch=x86
bzip2/1.0.6@lasote/stable, zlib/1.2.8@lasote/stable, Boost/1.60.0@lasote/stable
You can generate a graph of your dependencies, in dot or html formats:
$ conan info .. --graph=file.html
$ file.html # or open the file, double-click
../../../_images/info_deps_html_graph.png
The generated html output contains links to third party resources, the vis.js library (2 files: vis.min.js, vis.min.css). By default they are retrieved from cloudfare. However, for environments without internet connection, these files could be also used from the local cache and installed with conan config install by putting those files in the root of the configuration folder:
It is not necessary to modify the generated html file. Conan will automatically use the local paths to the cache files if present, or the internet ones if not. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Fageol
Image of 1915 "train"
I have restored the 1915 photo of the Fageol tractor pulling attendees at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition. It was deleted twice by anonymous IP editor. The image has every right to be in the article, as it shows a Fageol product. Binksternet (talk) 18:53, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
* Even though the "trackless train" was created in 1915, a fuller history of Fageol Motors would discuss how this could be, how two Fageol brothers created the company from an automobile dealership that was capable of such fabrication. Binksternet (talk) 14:53, 19 September 2010 (UTC)
I do not believe this picture should be part of the Fageol Motor Company article. The inventor of the Auto train, R.B. Fageol, never worked for Fageol Motors. The train was not built by Fageol Motors, in fact was in operation before Fageol Motors was incorporated. The development of the Fageol Motors Company did not stem from the Auto Train, but from the Jeffery Car and Truck Agency owned by F.R Fageol. The Auto train was not built in the Auto dealership.
A more suitable picture would be of the 2 ton trucks built before the Fageol factory was built. The trucks were the first products for sale by the Fageol Motor Company.
Sources: Fageol family research records. These records have been developed over many years by extensivce research of the newspapers, trade journals and magazines of this era. In addition, there are intervies of the Fageol brothers, other company officials and factory employees of the Fageol Motor Company. Family scrapbooks were maintained from the early 1900's that povided valuable insights into the family history.
The history of the Fageol family and their many accomplishmentsw is currently in draft form and will be published soon.
Note: some of the information in the sources listed in the Wikipedia article is not accurate, but seems to be opinions of the authors. Many sources are merely compliations of internet articles without verification of accuracy.
respectfully submitted, William B. Fageol III<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Ka9a (talk) 04:59, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* That argument is the first I've heard of two different groups of Fageol surname people making vehicles in the SF Bay Area during the 1910s. If true, it is strong enough to take the image out. Binksternet (talk) 16:51, 26 Se ptember 2010 (UTC)
R.B Fageol, a prolific inventor, contributed to the transportation industry in many ways. Not only did he contribute automobile and mass transit designs but his patents formed the basis of modern truck severe service suspensions that are sold by Hendrickson. Source of the Hendrickson information is an SAE paper written by Ed Hendrickson, as well as many long discussions with him during ATA conventions. As these activities are clearly separate from Fageol Motors, please remove the Auto Train photo and replace it with a Fageol truck, preferably one from the early 1900's. Thank you, William Fageol Ka9a (talk) 05:10, 5 October 2010 (UTC) | WIKI |
Value of cos 30
Cos 30 degree value is √3/2. The term “trigonometry” deals with the study of the measurements of right-angled triangles with parameters such as length, height and angles of the triangle. The important trigonometric angles are 0, 30, 45, 60, 90, 180, 270 and 360. The angles for six trigonometric functions like sine, cosine, tangent, cosecant, secant and cotangent can be found easily. In this article, let’s discuss the value of cos 30 degrees in detail.
What is Cos 30° Value?
The value of cos 30 degree in decimals is 0.866 and in its value, as a fraction is √3/2. The derivation of cos 30° is given below.
How to Derive the Value of Cos 30 Degrees?
The value of cos 30 degrees can be found in terms of different trigonometric functions like sine functions and cos functions with varying angles like 60°, 90°, etc., and also with the help of some other trigonometric sine functions. We know that the angle 30 degrees take place in the first quadrant of the Cartesian plane, the value of cos 30 degrees should be a positive value.
From the trigonometry table, some degree values of sine functions and cosine functions are used to find the value of cos 30.
We know that
90° – 60° = 30° ———– (1)
From the trigonometry formula,
sin (90° – a) = cos a
We can write,
Sin (90° – 30°) = cos 30°
Sin 60° = cos 30° ——(2)
We know that the value of sin 60 degrees is √3/2
Now substitute the value in (2)
√3/2 = cos 30°
Therefore, the value of cos 30 degrees is √3/2
Cos 30° =√3/2
The trigonometric ratios for different angles and functions are:
Trigonometry Ratio Table
Angles (In Degrees) 0 30 45 60 90 180 270 360
Angles (In Radians) 0 π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2 π 3π/2
sin 0 1/2 1/√2 √3/2 1 0 −1 0
cos 1 √3/2 1/√2 1/2 0 −1 0 1
tan 0 1/√3 1 √3 Not Defined 0 Not Defined 0
cot Not Defined √3 1 1/√3 0 Not Defined 0 Not Defined
cosec/csc Not Defined 2 √2 2/√3 1 Not Defined −1 Not Defined
sec 1 2/√3 √2 2 Not Defined −1 Not Defined 1
Stay tuned with BYJU’S – The Learning App to learn other trigonometric ratio values and also explore maths-related videos to study with ease.
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Psammophora
Psammophora is a genus of plant in the family Aizoaceae.
It contains the following species:
* Psammophora longifolia,L. Bolus
* Psammophora modesta (Dinter & A. Berger) Dinter & Schwantes
* Psammophora nissenii (Dinter) Dinter & Schwantes (type species)
* Psammophora saxicola H.E.K.Hartmann
Plants in this genus are known for their ability to entrap sand (psammophory), possibly offering protection against being eaten, or against high wind abrasion or insolation. | WIKI |
1. Technology
Using the Git Version Control Tool with Ruby
While Git is not written in Ruby, nor is it a tool used exclusively by Rubyists, Git is the source code version control software used by many Rubyists. Git and Ruby are a natural fit, allowing you to manage small and large personal projects, as well as to collaborate with others quite easily. Git is also the heart of the popular source code sharing website, GitHub.
Using Git with Ruby
Git is a powerful and, most importantly, convenient source code manager that's compatible with both Ruby and the agile development methodology.
Installing Git on Windows
Installing command line tools such a Git on Windows is often difficult. Not only do you have to find a Windows port or attempt to compile the tool yourself from C source code, you also have to deal with the Windows command line. The Windows command line is, to say the least, a little lacking. Windows users are in luck here though, the MSysGit project solves both these problems.
Installing Git on Linux
There are multiple ways of installing Git on Linux. Depending on which Linux distribution you're using and whether it provides binary packages for Git, you can either install a binary package or install from source.
Creating a New Repository
A Git repository is not like a repository in most other version control systems. Normally, you'll have something like a CVS or Subversion server where the repository lives. From that, you'll check out a working copy, make your changes to that and commit them. Git is different though, there is no centralized server.
Adding Files to a Repository
How to add files to a Git repository.
Committing Changes
The Git repository tracks the status of all files in your project. However, it doesn't know exactly what you've done until you commit your changes. Committing changes tells Git to look at all the files, find the changes you made as well as any new files and integrate them all into the Git repository. Until you make a commit, any changes made are in limbo and not yet part of the repository.
Use 'status' When You're Lost
It's easy to get lost when using Git. You essentially have two sets of files, your working set and the set in the repository. Keeping track of which files have changed is important.
Getting a Diff
Getting a list of changes is useful, but what about getting a diff of what exactly was changed? A diff is a listing of all parts of a file that differ. So, for example, it'll tell you that you removed three lines and added 4 new lines. It's a way of both seeing what was changed and sending those changes to other developers without having to send them the entire file.
Retrieving a Tagged Release
Once you have releases tagged in the repository, it will be useful to retrieve tagged releases. For example, I want to see if a bug was present in version 0.3, so I'll want to retrieve version 0.3 and run it. Git, of course, makes this easy.
Tagging Releases
A Git repository represents the entire history of a project. From the initial import to the latest unstable version (the master branch), every version of every file is represented in the repository. Besides branches, Git has a handy way of referring to a specific version of all the files in the repository: tags.
Git Homepage
Here you'll find general information about Git, Git downloads, documentation and the Git wiki.
MSysGit
MSysGit is a Windows port of Git packaged with a Bash command line. This is the easiest way to install Git on Windows.
Can I add empty directories to Git repositories?
Can I add empty directories to Git repositories?
How to Install Git
How to install Git on Windows, Linux or Mac OS X.
You can opt-out at any time. Please refer to our privacy policy for contact information.
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Special forces of Kazakhstan
The Special Forces of Kazakhstan (Қазақстанның арнайы жасағы; Спецназ Казахстана) trace their history to the Soviet era spetsnaz units operating on the territory of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic within the USSR. These units are the remnants of the former Soviet Army, KGB, the Ministry of Internal Affairs and GRU. Similarly to other post-Soviet states, Kazakhstan's special forces fall under the control of the Armed Forces of the Republic, the Ministry of Interior, and under the National Security Committee.
Special Forces Day is officially celebrated on June 9, in honor of the signing by the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev of the decision on the formation of the Coordinating Council of Special Purpose Units of State Agencies under the Security Council.
Army
To form the front-line reconnaissance unit of the Central Asian Military District, the General Staff on March 10, 1976 directed the formation of the 22nd Separate Special-Purpose Brigade, deployed in the city of Kapchagay. In 1980, on the basis of the 22nd brigade, the 177th Separate Special-Purpose Detachment was created, which ended up serving in the Soviet–Afghan War as well as preparing for any impact of the Xinjiang conflict. In March 1993, on the basis of the directive of the Ministry of Defense of Kazakhstan, the airborne forces were founded. On February 24, 1994, the first special unit was created as part of the Armed Forces. Thus, February 24, 1994, is rightfully considered the birthday of the Army Special Forces, carrying the traditions of the Kapchagay Special Forces of the Soviet Army.
5 separate special forces battalions exist under the GRU of the MoD.
Today, the Airborne troops sport the following Spetsnaz units:
* 35th Guards Air Assault Brigade at Kapshagai
* 37th Air Assault Brigade at Taldykorgan
* 38th Air Assault Brigade (AZBRIGP peacekeeping Brigade at Almaty
Navy
* 390th Guards Naval Infantry Brigade
NSC Special Forces
The Arystan ("Lions") Commando Unit (специального назначения «Арыстан») falls under the Office of the National Security Committee. It was created as part of the Presidential Security Service on 13 January 1992, succeeding the Soviet era Alpha Group of the Almaty Oblast (12th Group), which was dissolved in October 1990 as a result of the dissolution of the USSR. In April 1993, it has been known as the Arystan Unit and has since been nicknamed the Holy Slim of Kazakhstan (Қасиетті Елім Қазақстан). Its area of operations include the capital of Nur-Sultan, Almaty (the largest city), and Aktau (to ensure safety in the oil-producing fields). It receives training from the Special Purpose Center (CSN) of the Russian Federal Security Service, the American FBI, as well as the GSG 9 of the Federal Police of Germany. Notable commanders include Viktor Karpukhin and Amangeldy Shabdarbayev.
=== Other ===
* Kuat
* OBG (operational combat teams)
* KNB Border Service Special Forces
Sunkar
The Sunkar Special Purpose Detachment (Сұңқар - Сокол) serves as the rapid reaction forces of the Kazakhstani police forces, akin to the American SWAT and the Russian Vityaz. It was founded on 11 May 1998, and has since 2003 been used exclusively for dealing with some of the most difficult tasks. Its combat mission is to capture and eliminate armed criminals and conduct special missions to free hostages. Its headquarters is located in Almaty, and has 5 regional offices throughout structurally. As a whole, it consists of just over 100 people. The current commander is Colonel Dulat Kurmashev.
Other
* Berkut (National Guard of Kazakhstan)
* Arlan
* SOBR
State Security Service
The Special Forces of the State Security Service, formerly known as the Republican Guard, was an independent service branch of the armed forces, and it currently serves to protect the residences of the President of Kazakhstan. It was established on March 6, 1992, when President Nursultan Nazarbayev signed a decree on their creation on the basis of a separate brigade of operational designation of the Internal Troops deployed in the village of Kaskelen district of Almaty region. The Republican Guard was established in March 1992, when President Nazarbayev signed a decree on their creation on the basis of a unit of the Internal Troops deployed in the village of Ak Zhar in Kaskelen. In May 2017, the use of the term Republican Guard was abolished by authorities, and in June 2019, its remnants were transformed into a special forces unit under the SGO. The unit receives the same training as reconnaissance units and is additionally also trained in hand-to-hand combat, as well as airborne operations.
The Kokzhal (meaning wolf pack in Kazakh language) Special Forces Detachment was its own special forces unit under the Republican Guard responsible for carrying out anti terror operations as well as serving as a protection detail for the President.
Nazarbayev Special Forces
The Separate Brigade of Special Operations named after the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev (Отдельной бригады специальных операций имени Верховного Главнокомандующего ВС РК Нурсултана Назарбаева) was a conceptual unit of the armed forces proposed by Lieutenant Colonel Murat Mukhamedzhanov. In November 2015, the government considered initiating the creation of an elite military unit under the leadership of Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev to "confront an external or internal threat."
Units under uniformed civilian services
* Customs Control Committee of the Ministry of Finance
* Territorial Rapid Response Squads
* Financial Police
* Territorial Physical Protection Units
* Committee of the Criminal Executive System of the Ministry of Justice
* Territorial Units of Special Purpose | WIKI |
Trending
How long does Metamucil last after expiration date?
Written by admin 5 min read
How long does Metamucil last after expiration date?
around 2 years
Does psyllium fiber pass bad?
Not only doesn’t it have fats, it doesn’t have any other nutrients, so there’s not anything that may truly go dangerous. I’d say long time period garage need handiest give protection to it from moisture and odors and insects.
Can you utilize expired psyllium husk?
Storage: Store in a sealed container in a cool, dry place. Shelf Life: It could be very tough to pin down an exact expiration date for most single herbs as they do not actually expire, they lose potency or power over the years but will nonetheless have worth.
Can you employ benefiber after expiration date?
How long do Benefiber products stay contemporary? Benefiber has a shelf existence of two years. Just store at a room temperature of 68°- 77°F (20°- 25°C) and you should definitely check every Benefiber package deal for additional information and expiration date.
Is expired Metamucil dangerous?
If your Metamucil has expired, please don’t use it. The expiration date is on Metamucil because we have now analysis to turn that the ingredients are strong until the expiration date, if stored according to label instructions. Please discard any expired product in your trash can. Do not pour Metamucil down your drain.
CAN expired dietary supplements be destructive?
Taking an expired vitamin or supplement is extremely not going to purpose you harm. Unlike food, nutrients don’t move “dangerous,” nor do they turn into poisonous or poisonous. For absolute best results, avoid using nutrients which are past their expiration date. These vitamins will not be as potent.
Do expiration dates matter?
The dates only point out freshness, and are utilized by producers to put across when the product is at its height. That means the meals does not expire within the sense of turning into inedible. For un-refrigerated meals, there is also no difference in style or quality, and expired foods won’t essentially make other people in poor health.
How long is diet d3 excellent after expiration?
Stored correctly, vitamins are generally strong for four or 5 years, according to Glen M. Shue, a chemist/ nutritionist for the Food and Drug Administration, but he added: ”We had a bottle of diet D on the shelf within the lab for 10 years.
How long are you able to use dietary supplements after they expire?
Don’t fret too much, your supplements probably last longer than they’re given credit for. “Properly saved vitamins are likely protected past their expiration date for as much as two years,” says Shanna Levine, MD, medical teacher of medication at the Mount Sinai Hospital in New York.
Does expired collagen still work?
Expired vitamins are safe to take. At the expiration date, the product must nonetheless comprise 100% of the nutritional supplement components listed on the label,2 as long because it was once saved underneath right kind stipulations. After such date, the ones amounts can steadily decline.
How long is Vitamin C just right for after expiration date?
Flavours, too, ruin down quickly and are generally the primary factor to go after expiration. While your chewable diet C or gummy multivitamin would possibly nonetheless have up to ninety in line with cent of its original potency 3 months past expiry, don’t be expecting them to taste the similar.
How long are fish oil tablets excellent for after expiration date?
The date on the aspect of the capsules or liquid oil bottle typically says it’s excellent for roughly 2 years.
CAN expired fish oil be consumed?
The high quality of the complement slowly fades after the expiration date. Factors equivalent to time, temperature, air and light could cause the fish oil to break slowly, making it much less and not more useful as a supplement over the years. Thereby consuming an expired fish oil complement can have a damaging impact on your frame.
Is it OK to devour expired fish oil drugs?
Over time, adjustments in gentle exposure and temperature may cause fish oil supplements to move bad. If your expired fish oil supplements smell unhealthy or seem somewhat discolored, don’t take them. Taking rancid, expired fish oil dietary supplements can aggravate abdomen uncomfortable side effects and cause you to feel extraordinarily sick.
How do you know if fish oil is bad?
Just like really fresh seafood, recent fish oil has no fishy style or scent. If it does, it has started to oxidize and move rancid. Besides tasting and smelling bad, rancid fish oil is most likely toxic.
Does fish oil make you gain weight?
Weight achieve An omega-Three fatty acid is very really helpful for individuals who want to lose weight however extra consumption might show an opposite outcome. As you recognize fish oil is wealthy in fats and may be prime in energy, subsequently, an excessive amount of of it might probably increase your metabolic weight.
Should you refrigerate fish oil pills?
Because oxidation begins when the oil is available in contact with oxygen, it is very important always keep your complement in an air-tight container. As quickly as it’s opened, it must be stored in the refrigerator as a result of different components reminiscent of light publicity and heat temperature can further boost up the oxidation process.
Do fish oil drugs paintings?
In fact, several studies that show no advantages of fish oil dietary supplements do display advantages of eating fish. For example, whilst fish oil supplements don’t decrease the risk of middle illness, research display that individuals who consume fish one to four instances per week are much less more likely to die of heart illness than those that infrequently or by no means do.
What happens if you take fish oil everyday?
T
here are some protection concerns when fish oil is taken in prime doses. Taking more than Three grams consistent with day might stay blood from clotting and will building up the chance of bleeding. High doses of fish oil may additionally cut back the immune gadget’s activity, reducing the body’s skill to combat infection.
Is fish oil value taking?
The early evidence for fish oil dietary supplements regarded promising. But during the last 15 years, many trials have when compared them with placebos. There is not any proof that taking fish oil supplements gives any benefit for folks liable to cardiovascular disease, including those with diabetes, atrial traumatic inflammation, or stroke.
Are vitamins and dietary supplements a waste of cash?
People must forestall wasting their cash on nutritional dietary supplements, some physicians stated today, in accordance with three huge new studies that showed maximum multivitamin dietary supplements are useless at decreasing the risk of disease, and can even reason hurt.
Are dietary supplements a waste of cash?
A large find out about unearths the majority of them aren’t efficient. If you’re among the majority of Americans (52%) who take at least one diet or nutritional complement day by day, odds are good you’re squandering precious money.
What nutrients don’t seem to be excellent for you?
Potential dangers of taking too many nutrients
• Vitamin C. Although nutrition C has fairly low toxicity, high doses of it could reason gastrointestinal disturbances, including diarrhea, cramps, nausea, and vomiting.
• Vitamin B3 (niacin).
• Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine).
• Vitamin B9 (folate).
Are reasonable nutrients as excellent as expensive ones?
But the very first thing to keep in mind is that dietary supplements, affordable or dear, will at all times supply more than you want of a selected nutrient. Even a supplement that gives A hundred per cent of the RDA of each and every nutrient is indulging in overkill, because you will be getting maximum of what you want from meals.
Are Nature Made nutrients from China?
Vitamins and supplements are classified as “meals” by means of law and subsequently not matter to any tough regulatory scrutiny. China is essentially the most polluted country on the planet (through a ways), but many end result, greens and herbs are grown in China and exported to North America for use in our herbal merchandise.
What is the number one nutrition on the planet?
Effectiveness Scores of Popular Multivitamins
Rank Multivitamin Score
1 Whole Food Multivitamin by NATURELO 9.8
2 Total Balance through Xtend-Life 9.6
3 Ultra Preventive X by way of Douglas Labs 9.3
4 HealthPak by USANA 8.9
What is the best corporate to buy vitamins from?
Here, the most productive vitamin manufacturers:
• New Chapter. Buy on Amazon Buy on Newchapter.com.
• Klaire Labs. Buy on Amazon Buy on Klaire.com.
• Solgar. Buy on Amazon Buy on Solgar.com.
• Thorne. Buy on Amazon Buy on Thorne.com.
• MegaFood. Buy on Amazon Buy on Megafood.com.
• NOW Foods.
• Pure Encapsulations.
• Garden of Life.
Is nature’s method a competent brand?
When it comes to acquiring certifications, Nature’s Way has been a pioneer in the trade. “We have been the first producer to be non-GMO qualified and TRU-ID qualified because it pertains to herbs. We’re also 3rd birthday celebration validated,” Borchardt said.
Are GNC vitamins top quality?
GNC has been within the trade for over part a century and offers an in depth selection of its own high quality products in addition to many different brands. GNC brands are conscientiously tested to succeed in a high stage of quality. Its selection is vast!
Is it just right to take a multivitamin everyday?
If you take a multivitamin, it’s probably as a result of you want to do everything you’ll to protect your well being. But there is nonetheless limited proof that a day-to-day cocktail of essential nutrients and minerals in reality delivers what you expect. Most studies to find no take pleasure in multivitamins in protecting the brain or heart. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Sapa Airport
Lào Cai Airport or Sapa Airport (Vietnamese language: Sân bay Lào Cai, Sân bay Sapa) is a military/civil planned to be constructed in the province of Lào Cai, Vietnam, around 35 km south of Sapa. The airport will be located in the commune of Cam Cọn, Bảo Yên District. The Feasibility Study Report was approved by the Prime Minister on October 21, 2021. The project will be invested in a public-private partnership with a total investment of over VND6,948 billion (around US$305 million). The airport will be in accordance with the 4C standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization and be capable of receiving 1.5 million passengers a year. According to the approved project, the airport will cover an area of 371 hectares. The first phase of the project will need 295.2 hectares, while the second phase will need an additional 75.8 hectares. The construction will be carried out in two phases. The first phase will start from Q4/2021, the Sapa Airport will meet the 4C standards of the International Civil Aviation Organization, once completed will be capable of process 1.5 million passengers per year.
The ground breaking ceremony of Sapa Airport was held on March 3, 2022 marking the start of construction of Sapa Airport. The government expects the construction time to be around 4 years. | WIKI |
Method: iam.troubleshoot
Checks whether a member has a specific permission for a specific resource, and explains why the member does or does not have that permission.
HTTP request
POST https://policytroubleshooter.googleapis.com/v1beta/iam:troubleshoot
The URL uses gRPC Transcoding syntax.
Request body
The request body contains data with the following structure:
JSON representation
{
"accessTuple": {
object (AccessTuple)
}
}
Fields
accessTuple
object (AccessTuple)
The information to use for checking whether a member has a permission for a resource.
Response body
If successful, the response body contains data with the following structure:
Response for iam.troubleshoot.
JSON representation
{
"access": enum (AccessState),
"explainedPolicies": [
{
object (ExplainedPolicy)
}
]
}
Fields
access
enum (AccessState)
Indicates whether the member has the specified permission for the specified resource, based on evaluating all of the applicable policies.
explainedPolicies[]
object (ExplainedPolicy)
List of IAM policies that were evaluated to check the member's permissions, with annotations to indicate how each policy contributed to the final result.
The list of policies can include the policy for the resource itself. It can also include policies that are inherited from higher levels of the resource hierarchy, including the organization, the folder, and the project.
To learn more about the resource hierarchy, see https://cloud.google.com/iam/help/resource-hierarchy.
Authorization Scopes
Requires the following OAuth scope:
• https://www.googleapis.com/auth/cloud-platform
For more information, see the Authentication Overview.
AccessTuple
Information about the member, resource, and permission to check.
JSON representation
{
"principal": string,
"fullResourceName": string,
"permission": string
}
Fields
principal
string
Required. The member, or principal, whose access you want to check, in the form of the email address that represents that member. For example, alice@example.com or my-service-account@my-project.iam.gserviceaccount.com.
The member must be a Google Account or a service account. Other types of members are not supported.
fullResourceName
string
Required. The full resource name that identifies the resource. For example, //compute.googleapis.com/projects/my-project/zones/us-central1-a/instances/my-instance.
For examples of full resource names for Google Cloud services, see https://cloud.google.com/iam/help/troubleshooter/full-resource-names.
permission
string
Required. The IAM permission to check for the specified member and resource.
For a complete list of IAM permissions, see https://cloud.google.com/iam/help/permissions/reference.
For a complete list of predefined IAM roles and the permissions in each role, see https://cloud.google.com/iam/help/roles/reference.
AccessState
Whether a member has a permission for a resource.
Enums
ACCESS_STATE_UNSPECIFIED Reserved for future use.
GRANTED The member has the permission.
NOT_GRANTED The member does not have the permission.
UNKNOWN_CONDITIONAL The member has the permission only if a condition expression evaluates to true.
UNKNOWN_INFO_DENIED The sender of the request does not have access to all of the policies that Policy Troubleshooter needs to evaluate.
ExplainedPolicy
Details about how a specific IAM Policy contributed to the access check.
JSON representation
{
"access": enum (AccessState),
"fullResourceName": string,
"policy": {
object (Policy)
},
"bindingExplanations": [
{
object (BindingExplanation)
}
],
"relevance": enum (HeuristicRelevance)
}
Fields
access
enum (AccessState)
Indicates whether this policy provides the specified permission to the specified member for the specified resource.
This field does not indicate whether the member actually has the permission for the resource. There might be another policy that overrides this policy. To determine whether the member actually has the permission, use the access field in the [TroubleshootIamPolicyResponse][IamChecker.TroubleshootIamPolicyResponse].
fullResourceName
string
The full resource name that identifies the resource. For example, //compute.googleapis.com/projects/my-project/zones/us-central1-a/instances/my-instance.
If the sender of the request does not have access to the policy, this field is omitted.
For examples of full resource names for Google Cloud services, see https://cloud.google.com/iam/help/troubleshooter/full-resource-names.
policy
object (Policy)
The IAM policy attached to the resource.
If the sender of the request does not have access to the policy, this field is empty.
bindingExplanations[]
object (BindingExplanation)
Details about how each binding in the policy affects the member's ability, or inability, to use the permission for the resource.
If the sender of the request does not have access to the policy, this field is omitted.
relevance
enum (HeuristicRelevance)
The relevance of this policy to the overall determination in the [TroubleshootIamPolicyResponse][IamChecker.TroubleshootIamPolicyResponse].
If the sender of the request does not have access to the policy, this field is omitted.
BindingExplanation
Details about how a binding in a policy affects a member's ability to use a permission.
JSON representation
{
"access": enum (AccessState),
"role": string,
"rolePermission": enum (RolePermission),
"rolePermissionRelevance": enum (HeuristicRelevance),
"memberships": {
string: {
object (AnnotatedMembership)
},
...
},
"relevance": enum (HeuristicRelevance),
"condition": {
object (Expr)
}
}
Fields
access
enum (AccessState)
Indicates whether this binding provides the specified permission to the specified member for the specified resource.
This field does not indicate whether the member actually has the permission for the resource. There might be another binding that overrides this binding. To determine whether the member actually has the permission, use the access field in the [TroubleshootIamPolicyResponse][IamChecker.TroubleshootIamPolicyResponse].
role
string
The role that this binding grants. For example, roles/compute.serviceAgent.
For a complete list of predefined IAM roles, as well as the permissions in each role, see https://cloud.google.com/iam/help/roles/reference.
rolePermission
enum (RolePermission)
Indicates whether the role granted by this binding contains the specified permission.
rolePermissionRelevance
enum (HeuristicRelevance)
The relevance of the permission's existence, or nonexistence, in the role to the overall determination for the entire policy.
memberships
map (key: string, value: object (AnnotatedMembership))
Indicates whether each member in the binding includes the member specified in the request, either directly or indirectly. Each key identifies a member in the binding, and each value indicates whether the member in the binding includes the member in the request.
For example, suppose that a binding includes the following members:
• user:alice@example.com
• group:product-eng@example.com
You want to troubleshoot access for user:bob@example.com. This user is a member of the group group:product-eng@example.com.
For the first member in the binding, the key is user:alice@example.com, and the membership field in the value is set to MEMBERSHIP_NOT_INCLUDED.
For the second member in the binding, the key is group:product-eng@example.com, and the membership field in the value is set to MEMBERSHIP_INCLUDED.
An object containing a list of "key": value pairs. Example: { "name": "wrench", "mass": "1.3kg", "count": "3" }.
relevance
enum (HeuristicRelevance)
The relevance of this binding to the overall determination for the entire policy.
condition
object (Expr)
A condition expression that prevents access unless the expression evaluates to true.
To learn about IAM Conditions, see https://cloud.google.com/iam/help/conditions/overview.
RolePermission
Whether a role includes a specific permission.
Enums
ROLE_PERMISSION_UNSPECIFIED Reserved for future use.
ROLE_PERMISSION_INCLUDED The permission is included in the role.
ROLE_PERMISSION_NOT_INCLUDED The permission is not included in the role.
ROLE_PERMISSION_UNKNOWN_INFO_DENIED The sender of the request is not allowed to access the binding.
HeuristicRelevance
The extent to which a single data point contributes to an overall determination.
Enums
HEURISTIC_RELEVANCE_UNSPECIFIED Reserved for future use.
NORMAL The data point has a limited effect on the result. Changing the data point is unlikely to affect the overall determination.
HIGH The data point has a strong effect on the result. Changing the data point is likely to affect the overall determination.
AnnotatedMembership
Details about whether the binding includes the member.
JSON representation
{
"membership": enum (Membership),
"relevance": enum (HeuristicRelevance)
}
Fields
membership
enum (Membership)
Indicates whether the binding includes the member.
relevance
enum (HeuristicRelevance)
The relevance of the member's status to the overall determination for the binding.
Membership
Whether the binding includes the member.
Enums
MEMBERSHIP_UNSPECIFIED Reserved for future use.
MEMBERSHIP_INCLUDED
The binding includes the member. The member can be included directly or indirectly. For example:
• A member is included directly if that member is listed in the binding.
• A member is included indirectly if that member is in a Google group or G Suite domain that is listed in the binding.
MEMBERSHIP_NOT_INCLUDED The binding does not include the member.
MEMBERSHIP_UNKNOWN_INFO_DENIED The sender of the request is not allowed to access the binding.
MEMBERSHIP_UNKNOWN_UNSUPPORTED The member is an unsupported type. Only Google Accounts and service accounts are supported. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Sinchronicity
Sinchronicity is a six-part comedy-drama series broadcast on BBC Three in the United Kingdom in summer 2006. Set in Manchester, the programme is narrated by Nathan (Paul Chequer) and focuses on the love triangle of him, Fi (Jemima Rooper), and Jase (Daniel Percival).
The programme is executive produced by Julian Murphy, who was an executive producer on Channel 4's As If and Sugar Rush and Sky One's Hex. Stylistically similar to As If, following a non-linear narrative, it also features ex-cast members Chequer, Rooper and Mark Smith and, as such, can be seen as its spiritual successor.
Sinchronicity was part of BBC Three's aim to divert from programming with a parenting theme, and aimed at viewers in their mid-20s to mid-30s "for whom parenthood is the farthest thing from their minds". The theme tune is "Boys Will Be Boys" by the Ordinary Boys. The show was filmed in high definition and was re-run on BBC HD in October 2006.
Cast
* Nathan (Paul Chequer)
* The show's central character; Nathan is a journalist, who works for an erotic magazine, run by Peggy. He is the best friend of Jase, and is secretly in love with Jase's girlfriend, Fi.
* Fi (Jemima Rooper)
* Fi is a chef who meets Jase through a chance encounter (she is doing her make-up in the mirror of a van Jase and Nathan have rented, and Jase reverses the van, hitting Fi in the face with the mirror). Whilst she is committed to Jase, she is secretly harbouring feelings for his best friend, Nathan.
* Jase Tindall (Daniel Percival)
* Jase, a corporate account manager, is unaware of Nathan and Fi's secret feelings for each other, but also harbours secrets of his own - he is trying to come to terms with his bisexuality.
* Mani Chandra (Navin Chowdhry)
* Mani is a doctor. Mani meets Jase through a chance sexual encounter and begins to have feelings for him.
* Baas (Mark Smith)
* Baas is Shazney's boyfriend and also a club bouncer.
* Peggy Simmons (Camille Coduri)
* The porn-baron editor who runs the magazine Nathan works for, Peggy is tough and confident with her sexuality.
* Fay (John Sheahan)
* A transgender woman awaiting male-to-female sex reassignment therapy. Fay is also employed by Peggy, and becomes friends with her co-worker, Nathan.
* Rosa (Danielle Urbas)
* A deeply religious Catholic who meets Nathan in a chance encounter.
Domestic and international distribution
The show was released on DVD in the United Kingdom on 12 February 2007.
The series was broadcast in Australia on SBS from 10 March 2008. It was sold to TVNZ in New Zealand and began screening on 31 October 2008 at 11pm. It was shown in France on Virgin 17 on 11 February 2009, with episodes shown weekly at 10:20pm. It was first shown in Sweden on SVT on 22 October 2010. | WIKI |
Pilis Mountains
Pilis Mountains is a mountainous region in the Transdanubian Mountains. Its highest peak is Pilis-tető at 756 m. It is a popular hiking destination in Hungary.
It is the direct southern neighbour of the Visegrád Mountains which are based on volcanic rocks while Pilis is sedimentary.
History of the region
The region used to be a hunting area for the mediaeval kings of Hungary. Numerous hunting lodges have survived. One of the most frequented areas was around the village Pilisszentkereszt.
Mountains of the range
* Pilis Summit, the second highest point of Transdanubia.
* Kevélyek Range
* Csikóváralja | WIKI |
scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question
Proceedings ArticleDOI
Soft computing decision making system to analyze the risk factors of T2DM
24 Jun 2019-Vol. 2112, Iss: 1, pp 020086
TL;DR: In this article, a novel decision making system is designed by combining the salient features of The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM).
Abstract: Type-2 Diabetes mellitus is one of the most alarming diseases in both developed and developing countries. The WHO predicted that 90% of people around the globe will suffer from T2DM (WHO, 2016). Most of the people are living in India without knowing that they are affected with T2DM. So, the undiagnosed T2DM leads to the complication in heart, kidney disease, eye and feet. Even though Type 2 diabetes has many risk factors associated to it, lifestyle changes play a vital role in triggering the Type 2 diabetes. Hence, the objective of the present study is to analyze and identify the most influencing risk factors of T2DM. Determining the most influencing risk factor of T2DM is not an easy task as there are lot of complexity and uncertainty involved in it. To tackle this issue, a novel decision making system is designed by combining the salient features of The Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) and Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM). Eight risk factors are chosen as the input variables for the system. The proposed system elucidates that Blindness, Obesity, Physical Inactivity are the most influencing factors for the type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Citations
More filters
Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 2021
TL;DR: This present study analyzes the solid waste management through the Haar FCM with DEMATEL technique to sustain economic growth and better quality of life.
Abstract: An interesting attempt is taken to form a hybrid model by integrating Fuzzy Cognitive Map (FCM), the Delphi Method, and the DEMATEL method through the Haar ranking of Hexagonal Fuzzy Number. To examine this model, the problem of solid waste management is taken. Solid waste arises from human and animal activities can generate major health problems and horrible living environment when they are not dumped of safely and appropriately. The proper disposal of solid waste helps to reduce the terrible impacts on both human health and environment to sustain economic growth and better quality of life. Therefore, this present study analyzes the solid waste management through the Haar FCM with DEMATEL technique.
14 citations
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article , Haar fuzzy DEMATEL method can be proposed using trapezoidal fuzzy number and Haar ranking for analyzing the climate change, which can be applied successfully in the crisp environment, it is not able to deal the situations when the data is full of uncertain and vagueness.
Abstract: Multiple Criteria/Attribute Decision Making (MCDM) models are often used to solve various decision making and selection problems. There are well known methods for solving MCDM problems such as AHP, DEMATEL, TOPSIS, VIKOR, etc., have been developed by the soft computing researchers. Though the DEMATEL method is applied successfully in the crisp environment, it is not able deal the situations when the data is full of uncertain and vagueness. Therefore, Haar fuzzy DEMATEL method can be proposed using trapezoidal fuzzy number and Haar ranking for analyzing the climate change.
References
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A fuzzy causal algebra for governing causal propagation on FCMs is developed and it allows knowledge bases to be grown by connecting different FCMs.
Abstract: Fuzzy cognitive maps (FCMs) are fuzzy-graph structures for representing causal reasoning. Their fuzziness allows hazy degrees of causality between hazy causal objects (concepts). Their graph structure allows systematic causal propagation, in particular forward and backward chaining, and it allows knowledge bases to be grown by connecting different FCMs. FCMs are especially applicable to soft knowledge domains and several example FCMs are given. Causality is represented as a fuzzy relation on causal concepts. A fuzzy causal algebra for governing causal propagation on FCMs is developed. FCM matrix representation and matrix operations are presented in the Appendix.
3,116 citations
Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1981
TL;DR: There are some classical decision rules such as dominance, maximin and maximum which are still fit for the MADM environment but they do not require the DM’s preference information, and accordingly yield the objective (vs. subjective) solution.
Abstract: There are some classical decision rules such as dominance, maximin and maximum which are still fit for the MADM environment. They do not require the DM’s preference information, and accordingly yield the objective (vs. subjective) solution. However, the right selection of these methods for the right situation is important. (See Table 1.3 for references).
1,890 citations
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a hierarchical multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) model based on fuzzy-sets theory is proposed to deal with the supplier selection problems in the supply chain system.
1,559 citations
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This model is applicable for defuzzification within the MCDM model with a mixed set of crisp and fuzzy criteria, and a newly developed CFCS method is based on the procedure of determining the left and right scores by fuzzy min and fuzzy max, respectively, and the total score is determined as a weighted average according to the membership functions.
Abstract: In many cases, criterion values are crisp in nature, and their values are determined by economic instruments, mathematical models, and/or by engineering measurement. However, there are situations when the evaluation of alternatives must include the imprecision of established criteria, and the development of a fuzzy multicriteria decision model is necessary to deal with either "qualitative" (unquantifiable or linguistic) or incomplete information. The proposed fuzzy multicriteria decision model (FMCDM) consists of two phases: the CFCS phase - Converting the Fuzzy data into Crisp Scores, and the MCDM phase - MultiCriteria Decision Making. This model is applicable for defuzzification within the MCDM model with a mixed set of crisp and fuzzy criteria. A newly developed CFCS method is based on the procedure of determining the left and right scores by fuzzy min and fuzzy max, respectively, and the total score is determined as a weighted average according to the membership functions. The advantage of this defuzzification method is illustrated by some examples, comparing the results from three considered methods.
625 citations
Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method is applied to determine the importance weights of evaluation criteria and to synthesize the ratings of candidate aircraft to help the Air Force Academy in Taiwan choose optimal initial training aircraft in a fuzzy environment.
Abstract: This paper develops an evaluation approach based on the Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), to help the Air Force Academy in Taiwan choose optimal initial training aircraft in a fuzzy environment where the vagueness and subjectivity are handled with linguistic terms parameterised by triangular fuzzy numbers. This study applies the fuzzy multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method to determine the importance weights of evaluation criteria and to synthesize the ratings of candidate aircraft. Aggregated the evaluators' attitude toward preference; then TOPSIS is employed to obtain a crisp overall performance value for each alternative to make a final decision. This approach is demonstrated with a real case study involving 16 evaluation criteria, seven initial propeller-driven training aircraft assessed by 15 evaluators from the Taiwan Air Force Academy.
580 citations | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Buor-Yuryakh (disambiguation)
Untitled
Allegedly means "Clay (containing) small river".Xx236 (talk) 09:26, 26 May 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Maria Cecilia BARONA, Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Janet MARTINEZ, aka: Luz Janet Martinez & Luz Janeth Martinez, Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Brian BENNETT, Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Mario ERNESTO Villabona-Alvarado, a/k/a Tico, Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Michael Dubarry McCARVER, a/k/a Mike Bald, Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Michael HARRIS, a/k/a Tall Make, Defendant-Appellant.
Nos. 90-50519, 90-50536, 90-50686, 90-50687, 90-50691 and 90-50694.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted Oct. 5, 1994.
Decided June 5, 1995.
Michael D. Abzug, Los Angeles, CA, for defendant-appellant Barona.
Marlene Gerdts, Beverly Hills, CA, for defendant-appellant Martinez.
David E. Kenner, Encino, CA, Alvin E. Entin, Entin, Schwartz & Margules, Miami, FL, for defendants-appellants Bennett and Harris.
Donald M. Re, Los Angeles, CA, for defendant-appellant Villabona-Alvarado.
Henry F. Reynolds, Santa Monica, CA, for defendant-appellant McCarver.
Dean G. Dunlavey, Asst. U.S. Atty., Los Angeles, CA, for plaintiff-appellee.
Before: WALLACE, Chief Judge, REINHARDT, Circuit Judge, and TANNER, District Judge.
Honorable Jack E. Tanner, United States District Judge, Western District of Washington, sitting by designation.
Opinion by Chief Judge WALLACE; Concurrence by Judge TANNER; Dissent by Judge REINHARDT.
WALLACE, Chief Judge:
Following extensive investigation, including wiretaps in foreign countries, the appellants were indicted and convicted of drug-related crimes. The district court had jurisdiction under 18 U.S.C. § 3231. We have jurisdiction over this timely appeal pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3742(a) and 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
I
The issues we discuss arose in the context of a criminal prosecution of six individuals for an ongoing conspiracy to distribute cocaine. Mario Ernesto Villabona-Alvarado (Villabo-na) and Brian Bennett organized and supervised the operation. Cocaine from Colombia entered the United States through a source named “Oscar.” The cocaine was then delivered by Maria Barona and Luz Janneth Martinez to Michael McCarver and Michael Harris for further distribution.
Several events led to the identification of this conspiracy and its participants. Between 1985 and 1987, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) and the Los Angeles Police Department conducted a money-laundering investigation code-named “Operation Pisces.” The result of this investigation was the arrest of Leonardo Gomez in ViUabona’s residence. Then in December 1987, Villabo-na and Bennett traveled to Copenhagen, Denmark, and registered at the Savoy Hotel. On December 7, 1987, Villabona, his wife (Helle Nielsen), and Bennett traveled to Aal-borg, Denmark, to stay with Nielsen’s parents. While in Aalborg, Villabona placed calls from the Nielsen residence and from a public .telephone. On December 8, 1987, Vil-labona and Bennett returned to Copenhagen and stayed at the Hotel Sara-Dan. From Copenhagen, Villabona and Bennett flew to Milan, Italy, and registered at the Hilton International Hotel on December 9,1987. In late March 1988, Villabona returned to Aal-borg, Denmark, and again used the same public telephone. In each of these locations, the telephone calls made by Villabona were monitored by the Danish (or in one case, Italian) authorities. Tapes of these wiretaps were played for the jury and were relied on at least in part to convict Villabona, Bennett, Martinez, Barona, Harris, and McCarver.
Between March and November 1988, Bennett asked Stanley McCarns to transport 502 kilograms of cocaine from Los Angeles to Detroit and to return with millions of dollars. Stanley McCarns then arranged for Willie Childress and his cousin, James McCarns, to transport the cocaine. Childress and James McCarns were stopped en route on November 6, 1988, and a Missouri state trooper seized the cocaine. On November 11, 1988, domestic wiretaps commenced on two cellular telephones used by Villabona. These taps also resulted in the interception of several incriminating conversations.
A 28-count indictment resulted in the arrests of the six appellants. While we have disposed of the majority of the appellants’ claims in an unpublished disposition, see Fed. R.App.P. 36; Ninth Cir.R. 36-1, two issues raised in this appeal require publication. See Ninth Cir.R. 36-2. The first of these issues, of concern to all of the appellants, is whether any or all of the wiretap evidence obtained in Denmark and Italy should have been suppressed. The second issue is whether count 27 charging Villabona and count 28 charging Bennett with running a continuing criminal enterprise in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848, should be vacated because the jury may have impermissibly found that certain individuals counted as supervisees for purposes of section 848(c)(2)(A).
II
The district court ruled on the motion to suppress the Denmark wiretap evidence as follows:
[T]he Court agrees with the Defense, that other than the Milan Wiretap, that these were wiretaps which were engaged in as a joint venture by the United States and Denmark.... [T]he Court finds that the order issued by the Danish Court was lawful and in accordance with then-law. ... The Court finds that the United States authorities reasonably relied upon the representations of the Danish officials with respect to the wiretaps, and therefore they were acting — in the Court’s opinion— in good faith.
The question of whether the wiretaps were a joint venture requires the district court to “scrutinize the attendant facts.” United States v. Rose, 570 F.2d 1358, 1362 (9th Cir.1978) (Rose), quoting Byars v. United States, 273 U.S. 28, 32, 47 S.Ct. 248, 249, 71 L.Ed. 520 (1927). We review de novo, however, the finding that the wiretaps were conducted in accordance with foreign law, United States v. Peterson, 812 F.2d 486, 490 (9th Cir.1987) (Peterson), as well as the question of whether United States agents reasonably relied in good faith upon the foreign officials’ representations that the wiretaps were legal under foreign law. See United States v. Mendonsa, 989 F.2d 366, 369 (9th Cir.1993) (issue of good faith reliance on domestic search warrant reviewed de novo).
A.
When determining the validity of a foreign wiretap, we start with two general and undisputed propositions. The first is that Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, 18 U.S.C. §§ 2510-21, “has no extraterritorial force.” Peterson, 812 F.2d at 492. Our analysis, then, is guided only by the applicable principles of constitutional law. The second proposition is that “[n]either our Fourth Amendment nor the judicially created exclusionary rule applies to acts of foreign officials.” United States v. LaChapelle, 869 F.2d 488, 489 (9th Cir.1989), quoting United States v. Maher, 645 F.2d 780, 782 (9th Cir.1981).
Two “very limited exceptions” apply. Id, One exception, clearly inapplicable here, occurs “if the circumstances of the foreign search and seizure are so extreme that they ‘shock the [judicial] conscience,’ [so that] a federal appellate court in the exercise of its supervisory powers can require exclusion of the evidence.” Id. at 490, quoting Rose, 570 F.2d at 1362 (further citations omitted). This type of exclusion is not based on our Fourth Amendment jurisprudence, but rather on the recognition that we may employ our supervisory powers when absolutely necessary to preserve the integrity of the criminal justice system. The wiretaps at issue cannot be said to shock the conscience. Even when no authorization for a foreign wiretap was secured in violation of the foreign law itself, we have not excluded the evidence under this rationale, Peterson, 812 F.2d at 491, nor should we. Here, the foreign courts were involved and purported to authorize the wiretaps. The conduct here, therefore, does not come close to requiring the invocation of this exception.
The second exception to the inapplicability of the exclusionary rule applies when “United States agents’ participation in the investigation is so substantial that the action is a joint venture between United States and foreign officials.” Id. at 490. If a joint venture is found to have existed, “the law of the foreign country must be consulted at the outset as part of the determination whether or not the search was reasonable.” Id. If foreign law was not complied with, “the good faith exception to the exclusionary rule becomes part of the analysis.” Id. at 492. “The good faith exception is grounded in the realization that the exclusionary rule does not function as a deterrent in cases in which the law enforcement officers acted on a reasonable belief that their conduct was legal.” Id.
It is this exception that the appellants invoke, asking us to conclude (1) that the United States and foreign officials were engaged in a joint venture, (2) that a violation of foreign law occurred making the search unreasonable, and (3) that the United States did not rely in good faith upon the foreign officials’ representations that their law was being complied with.
B.
Because this exception is based solely on the Fourth Amendment, the appellants must first show that they are among the class of persons that the Fourth Amendment was meant to protect. In this case, three appellants, Martinez, Barona, and Villabona, are not United States citizens.
The Supreme Court has said, with regard to foreign searches involving aliens with “no voluntary connection” to the United States, that the Fourth Amendment is simply inapplicable. See United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 494 U.S. 259, 274-75, 110 S.Ct. 1056, 1066, 108 L.Ed.2d 222 (1990) (Verdugo). Verdugo reversed a decision of this circuit in which the panel majority found the Fourth Amendment applicable to a search of a Mexican citizen’s Mexicali residence. See United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 856 F.2d 1214 (9th Cir.1988) (Verdugo-Urquidez), rev’d, 494 U.S. 259, 110 S.Ct. 1056, 108 L.Ed.2d 222 (1990). The Supreme Court rejected this court’s “global view of [the Fourth Amendment’s] applicability [which] would plunge [us] into a sea of uncertainty as to what might be reasonable in the way of searches and seizures conducted abroad.” Verdugo, 494 U.S. at 274, 110 S.Ct. at 1065-66.
Unlike the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment, which protects all “persons,” the Fourth Amendment protects only “the People of the United States.” Id. at 265, 110 S.Ct. at 1060-61 (explaining that the term “people” used in the Fourth Amendment was a term of art employed in selected parts of the Constitution to refer to “the People of the United States”). This term “refers to a class of persons who are part of a national community or who have otherwise developed sufficient connection with this country to be considered part of that community.” Id., citing United States ex rel. Turner v. Williams, 194 U.S. 279, 292, 24 S.Ct. 719, 723, 48 L.Ed. 979 (1904). The Fourth Amendment therefore protects a much narrower class of individuals than the Fifth Amendment.
Because our constitutional theory is premised in large measure on the conception that our Constitution is a “social contract,” Verdugo-Urquidez, 856 F.2d at 1231-33, “the scope of an alien’s rights depends intimately on the extent to which he has chosen to shoulder the burdens that citizens must bear.” Id. at 1236; see also Verdugo, 494 U.S. at 272-73, 110 S.Ct. at 1065 (explaining that the Supreme Court has yet to decide whether the Fourth Amendment applies at all to illegal aliens in the United States). “Not until an alien has assumed the complete range of obligations that we impose on the citizenry may he be considered one of ‘the people of the United States’ entitled to the full panoply of rights guaranteed by our Constitution.” Id.
The term “People of the United States” includes “American citizens at home and abroad” and lawful resident aliens within the borders of the United States “who are victims of actions taken in the United States by American officials.” Verdugo-Urquidez, 856 F.2d at 1234 (Wallace, J., dissenting) (emphasis in original). It is yet to be decided, however, whether a resident alien has undertaken sufficient obligations of citizenship or has “otherwise developed sufficient connection with this country,” Verdugo, 494 U.S. at 265, 110 S.Ct. at 1061, to be considered one of “the People of the United States” even when he or she steps outside the territorial borders of the United States.
It is not clear, therefore, that Villabona or the other non-citizen defendants in this case are entitled to receive any Fourth Amendment protection whatsoever. Any entitlement that they may have to invoke the Fourth Amendment in the context of an extraterritorial search is by no means clear. We could hold, therefore, that Barona, Martinez, and Villabona have failed to demonstrate that, at the time of the extraterritorial search, they were “People of the United States” entitled to receive the “full panoply of rights guaranteed by our Constitution.” Verdugo-Urquidez, 856 F.2d at 1236. We choose, however, not to reach the question because even if they were entitled to invoke the Fourth Amendment, their effort would be unsuccessful.
C.
Bennett, Harris, and McCarver are all United States citizens, and thus can invoke the protection of the Fourth Amendment generally. Our cases establishing the exception as to when the Fourth Amendment can be invoked in an extraterritorial search control our analysis.
First, the district court did not clearly err in finding that the four Danish wiretaps at issue were “joint ventures.” In Peterson, we gave weight to the fact that the DEA “was involved daily in translating and decoding intercepted transmissions as well as advising the [foreign] authorities of their relevance.” 812 F.2d at 490. Similarly here, the “American Embassy” was interested in the movement of Villabona and Bennett, American agents requested the wiretaps, information obtained was immediately forwarded to them, and throughout the surveillance a Spanish to English interpreter was provided by the United States.
Because there was a joint venture, we must decide whether the search was reasonable. In determining whether the search was reasonable, we must first consult the law of the relevant foreign countries. Id. at 491. The relevant provisions of Danish law are: (1) section 191 of the Danish Criminal Code (Code) and (2) sections 780-791 of the Danish Administration of Justice Act (Justice Act).
Justice Act § 781(1) authorizes the intervention of secret communications, including the wiretapping of telephonic communications, if: (1) “weighty reasons” exist to assume messages are being conveyed via the medium in question, (2) the intervention is of decisive importance to the investigation, and (3) the investigation concerns an offense punishable by six or more years or is one of several other specifically enumerated offenses. Under Code § 191(1), the drug offenses at issue here are punishable by six or more years, thus satisfying section 781(1)(3).
In addition to these three requirements under Justice Act § 781(1), Danish law is somewhat more strict when it comes to monitoring conversations by use of a listening device or “bug” rather than by the tapping of telephone lines. Justice Act § 781(4) allows the use of such devices to intercept communications only if the suspected offense involves “danger to the lives or welfare of human beings or considerable social assets.” This latter section was relevant to the Danish Court in two of the surveillances because the government sought to use both a listening device and wiretaps. The section is not relevant to us, however, because it appears that no surveillance evidence, other than wiretap evidence, was used at trial. Even if such evidence were admitted, however, section 781(4) was followed.
Justice Act § 783 outlines procedures to acquire a wiretap, section 784 provides for an attorney to be appointed for the target party, and section 788 provides for notification of the wiretap to the target party, unless the court omits or postpones such notification under section 788(4). After carefully reviewing the record, we are satisfied that Danish law was followed.
1.
The first monitoring of communications occurred at the Savoy Hotel, Copenhagen, from December 4 to 7, 1987. The Danish police monitored communications both by tapping the hotel telephone lines, and by installing an electronic listening device in Villabona’s room. In accordance with Danish law, the court held a hearing on December 5, 1987, at 10:00 a.m. to determine whether the wiretap and electronic eavesdropping, begun on December 4, 1987, was to be maintained. Justice Act § 783(3) allows police to make the necessary intervention subject to court approval within 24 hours. The Danish court gave its approval based on information that Villabona, Nielsen (who is not a party in this appeal), and Bennett (the occupants of the room) were suspected of violations of Code § 191, that they had transferred large amounts of money to Danish bank accounts, and that within a few days they had spent thousands of dollars on telephone calls. The Danish court concluded: “According to the available information, including, especially the transfers of money and the extent of the telephone bills, definite reasons exist to believe that the said telephone is being used to give information to, or from, a person suspected of violation of Penal Code § 191.” These findings satisfied Justice Act §§ 781(1), (3), and the Danish court satisfied Justice Act § 781(2) by determining that the monitoring was of definite importance to the investigation. The targeted parties had been appointed counsel according to Justice Act § 784(l)(l)-(3). The court authorized the monitoring until December 11, 1987.
2.
The second wiretaps were of the Nielsen residence and the public telephone, Aalborg, from December 7 to 9, 1987. On December 7,1987, the court was notified that Villabona, Bennett, and Nielsen had made plans to travel to Aalborg. The Danish police then requested permission to monitor the telephone at Nielsen’s residence in Aalborg, as well as authorization to install an electronic eavesdropping device in any hotel rooms they might move to, and to monitor any telephone calls from any such hotel rooms. The court granted the requested authorization until December 11, 1987.
After investigators observed Villabona making calls from the public telephone in Aalborg, Danish officials requested that the public telephone calls also be monitored. The Aalborg court allowed the monitoring of the public telephone calls until December 11, 1987. Again, the provisions of the Justice Act were followed. On December 18, 1987, the court, in accordance with Justice Act § 788 found that Nielsen and the owner of the public telephone “should not be informed about the phone bugging undertaken, as disclosure would be damaging to the investigation of the case.”
3.
The third wiretap involved the Hotel Sara-Dan, Copenhagen, from December 8 to 9, 1987. On December 9, 1987, the Copenhagen Municipal Court was told that on December 8 a tap was placed on a telephone at the Hotel Sara-Dan. Villabona and Bennett had returned from Aalborg to Copenhagen so that they could fly to Milan on December 9, 1987. The court, in accordance with Justice Act § 781, found that “definite reasons” existed to believe that the monitored communications contained information concerning suspected violations of Penal Code § 191, and that the monitoring “must be considered of decisive importance for the investigation.” The monitoring stopped on December 9 because Villabona, Bennett, and Nielsen left the hotel. As in the previous episodes, the court waived the “duty to notify” the targets in accordance with Justice Act § 788(4).
4.
The fourth tap involved the Nielsen residence and the public telephone, Aalborg, from March 28 to April 16, 1988. The Aal-borg court was informed that Villabona and Nielsen were to return to Aalborg on March 28. Permission to tap the telephone at Nielsen’s residence and the public telephone were sought. The Aalborg court found that based on Villabona’s and Nielsen’s last visit and telephone use, the tap was justified under the Justice Act. The tap was to expire on April 22, 1988, “with the provision that monitoring must be discontinued immediately if the defendants move.”
5.
A fifth wiretap occurred in Milan, Italy. On December 9, 1987, Villabona and Bennett arrived in Milan from Copenhagen. The day before, the Danish police notified a United States special agent of this planned trip. He, in turn, telephoned a United States special agent in Milan and requested physical surveillance. The latter agent contacted Major Rabiti of the Guardia Di Finanza and requested a watch on Villabona and Bennett. Rabiti obtained authorization to wiretap their hotel room.
The district court found that this wiretap was not the product of a joint venture between United States and Italian authorities. That a United States agent told Rabiti about Villabona and Bennett did not create a “joint venture” between the United States and Italy regarding this wiretap. See Stonehill v. United States, 405 F.2d 738, 741 (9th Cir.1968) (information provided to foreign official which led to search does not render investigation “joint”), cert. denied, 395 U.S. 960, 89 S.Ct. 2102, 23 L.Ed.2d 747 (1969). We hold that the district court did not clearly err when it found no joint investigation surrounding the Milan wiretap, and, therefore, that Fourth Amendment principles do not apply. Peterson, 812 F.2d at 490. Because the wiretap was conducted by foreign officials without substantial United States involvement, the results are admissible.
In summary, the finding that the Milan wiretap was not a joint venture is not clearly erroneous. The finding that the Danish wiretaps were conducted pursuant to a joint venture is also not clearly erroneous, but Danish law was complied with for each Danish wiretap. None of the evidence from the wiretaps is therefore subject to exclusion under the Fourth Amendment.
Ill
The second issue that we must resolve concerns only Villabona and Bennett. Counts 27 and 28 of the indictment charged Villabona and Bennett with being principal administrators, organizers, or leaders of a continuing criminal enterprise in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848. According to section 848(c)(2)(A), the continuing series of violations that make up the continuing criminal enterprise must be undertaken “in concert with five or more other persons with respect to whom such person occupies a position of organizer, a supervisory position, or any other position of management.” The jury was told that it must find unanimously that a defendant charged with being a principal administrator, organizer or leader of a continuing criminal enterprise, must have, among other things, “occupied a position of organizer, supervisor or manager of the five or more persons.” The jury found Villabona and Bennett guilty of running a continuing criminal enterprise. In accordance with section 848(b)(1), both were sentenced to life imprisonment.
To prove that Villabona and Bennett were principal administrators, the government did not merely present the jury with five persons it claimed were supervised by Villabona or Bennett. Rather, the government produced an extensive list of individuals, allowing the jury to pick those it felt met the definition of supervisee. The government named 12 possible supervisees of Villabona, and 8 people as potential supervisees of Bennett.
Among each list of supervisees was, the government concedes, at least one person who could not legally qualify as a supervisee under United States v. Delgado, 4 F.3d 780, 785 (9th Cir.1993) (Delgado). Delgado establishes that “selling [drugs] to people does not make one an organizer of customers, even wholesale customers, any more than buying from them makes one an organizer of suppliers.” Id. at 786. The terms “position of organizer” and “a supervisory position” that are found in section 848(c)(2)(A) must be read in the context of the whole provision, which states that the defendant must occupy “a position of organizer, a supervisory position, or any other position of management.” 28 U.S.C. § 848(c)(2)(A) (emphasis added). This means that an “organizer” or someone in a “supervisory position” must be in a position of management before the statute applies. “The syntax of the statute, ‘A, B, or any other C,’ implies that A must fall within the class C; that is, organizers are counted only if they exercise some sort of managerial responsibility.” Delgado, 4 F.3d at 786.
The government argues that the convictions of Villabona and Bennett should stand because the evidence clearly supports a finding that at least five of the people were in the proper legal relationship of supervisee with respect to both Villabona and Bennett, and we should presume the jury chose the correct five because it was properly instructed on the law.
The jury was not instructed, however, that individuals qualify as supervisees only if they were those over whom Villabona or Bennett exercised managerial responsibility. It is true that the jury received an instruction that followed the language of section 848(c)(2)(A) — but our interpretation of that statute was not made clear until Delgado decided the issue, and Delgado was decided after the jury was instructed. If certain individuals were, as a matter of law, incapable of counting as supervisees, the jury needed to be instructed of this.
The problem in this ease is not that the jury was presented with more than five individuals, or even that the jury may have chosen different people from the list of potential supervisees to fulfill the role. The problem is that, among the list of people who the jury was told that it could choose, there existed individuals that the jury was not allowed to choose as a matter of law.
The government’s contention that we should presume that the jury picked the proper five supervisees has some initial appeal. It is an “almost invariable assumption of the law that jurors follow their instruc-tions_ [We] presum[e] that jurors, conscious of the gravity of their task, attend closely the particular language of the trial court’s instructions in a criminal case ... and follow the instructions given them.” United States v. Olano, — U.S. -, -, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 1781, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993) (citations omitted). But upon closer inspection, this reasoning cannot save the legal error that occurred here.
Griffin v. United States, 502 U.S. 46, 112 S.Ct. 466, 116 L.Ed.2d 371 (1991) (Griffin), illustrates the crucial difference between this case and other eases where we presume that the jury acted in accordance with the law. In Griffin, the defendant was convicted of a multiple-object drug conspiracy. The evidence connected Griffin to the first object of the conspiracy but not the second. Id. 502 U.S. at 47-48, 112 S.Ct. at 468. The jury returned a general verdict of guilty, and Griffin argued that “the general verdict could not stand because it left in doubt whether the jury had convicted her of conspiring to defraud the IRS, for which there was sufficient proof, or of conspiring to defraud the DEA, for which (as the Government concedes) there was not.” Id. 502 U.S. at 48, 112 S.Ct. at 468.
The Court rejected this argument. After analyzing the historical practice of allowing a general verdict to stand so long as one count was sufficiently supported by the evidence, the Court examined the relevant easelaw, including Yates v. United States, 354 U.S. 298, 77 S.Ct. 1064, 1 L.Ed.2d 1356 (1957), and Turner v. United States, 396 U.S. 398, 90 S.Ct. 642, 24 L.Ed.2d 610 (1970) (Turner). Yates involved a conspiracy consisting , of two objects, one of which was insufficient as a matter of law to support the conspiracy conviction. The Court in Yates stated: “In these circumstances we think the proper rule to be applied is that which requires a verdict to be set aside in cases where the verdict is supportable on one ground, but not on another, and it is impossible to tell which ground the jury selected.” 354 U.S. at 312, 77 S.Ct. at 1073 (citations omitted). Yates expanded prior law, holding that a general verdict must be set aside not only when one of the possible grounds for a conviction was unconstitutional, but also when one possible ground was legally impermissible. Griffin, 502 U.S. at 55-56, 112 S.Ct. at 472.
The Court in Griffin held Yates inapplicable to the situation before it. The Court explained that it had never “set aside a general verdict because one of the possible bases of conviction was neither unconstitutional ... nor even illegal as in Yates, but merely unsupported by sufficient evidence.” Id. Instead, the Court relied on Turner, which held that “when a jury returns a guilty verdict on an indictment charging several acts in the conjunctive ... the verdict stands if the evidence is sufficient with respect to any one of the acts charged.” Id. 502 U.S. at 56-57,112 S.Ct. at 473, quoting Turner, 396 U.S. at 420, 90 S.Ct. at 654. Because Griffin was charged with two objects of a conspiracy, so long as sufficient evidence of one object existed, the verdict could stand.
Explaining the difference between a conviction based on insufficient evidence, and a conviction based on a legally inadequate theory, Griffin illustrated why the line between Yates and Turner makes good sense.
Jurors are not generally equipped to determine whether a particular theory of conviction submitted to them is contrary to law — whether, for example, the action in question is protected by the Constitution, is time barred, or fails to come within the statutory definition of the crime. When, therefore, jurors have been left the option of relying upon a legally inadequate theory, there is no reason to think that their own intelligence and expertise will save them from that error. Quite the opposite is true, however, when they have been left the option of relying upon a factually inadequate theory, since jurors are well equipped to analyze the evidence.
Id. 502 U.S. at 59-60, 112 S.Ct. at 474 (emphasis in original, citations omitted).
The distinction between Yates and Turner, made clear in Griffin, explains why the government’s argument here must fail. Villabo-na and Bennett are not just contending that the evidence with respect to the list of super-visees is insufficient to support a finding by the jurors that five of them could not have played the requisite role. Rather, they are making the argument that certain persons on the list, given their role, could not have been supervisees of Villabona or Bennett as a matter of law. Based on Delgado, certain individuals could not be counted as supervisees, even if the jury made the precise factual findings that the government asked the jurors to make. The government concedes the point. Where the jury is presented with a legally inadequate theory, as opposed to a factually inadequate theory, Yates requires that the conviction be vacated and the case retried as to that charge.
Here, we cannot tell whether the jury selected one of the purported supervisees who was actually ineligible under Delgado. There were no instructions directing the jury to exclude one who is only a customer. Lacking some assurance that proper differentiation could be made, the verdicts on counts 27 and 28 must be reversed. Thus, we reverse Villabona’s and Bennett’s convictions for managing a continuing criminal enterprise in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 848, and remand to the district court for a proper adjustment of their sentences and for retrial on the continuing criminal enterprise charges, should the government so choose.
AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, AND REMANDED.
TANNER, District Judge,
concurring.
I concur in the opinion filed today. I write separately, however, to explicitly reject Judge Reinhardt’s inference that the makeup of the panel affected the outcome of this case in any way other than in the normal course of the decision-making process that goes into every case heard before this court. Dissent at 1105 (“panel composition, not persuasive legal analysis, has determined the result in this case”). Nothing could be further from the truth.
REINHARDT, Circuit Judge,
dissenting.
At a time when other branches of our government are more and more willing to eliminate the constitutional protections provided by the Fourth Amendment, courts should be especially zealous in their efforts to protect individuals from unlawful searches and seizures. See Murdock v. Stout, 54 F.3d 1437, 1444 (Noonan, J., dissenting). This precious constitutional guarantee has increasingly come under attack in recent years. Three months ago, the House of Representatives voted 303 to 121 to reject an amendment to the Crime Bill that consisted solely of the precise language of the Fourth Amendment. Certain members of the legal academy are also joining the hue and cry to eliminate the exclusionary rule and to eviscerate the warrant requirement, see Akhil R. Amar, “Fourth Amendment First Principles,” 107 Harv.L.Rev. 757 (1994), protections that its members once fought to establish and that are so necessary to the effective operation of the Fourth Amendment. It is precisely in times like these — when the constitutional rights of individuals are most threatened — that the courts should be vigilant in protecting them.
Instead, this court once again refuses to stand fast against the tide of public opinion and once again fails to act on behalf of the individuals whose rights we are sworn to protect. Once again in our zeal to conduct a war on drugs, the Constitution is the principal victim. Once again, we simply follow the pack instead of standing for constitutional principles. Here, in a few, short, deceptively simple paragraphs, the majority has taken another substantial step toward the elimination of what was once a firmly established constitutional right — the right of American citizens to be free from unreasonable searches conducted by their own government.
This time, the majority holds that for all practical purposes the Fourth Amendment’s protections do not extend beyond our borders, and that the only limitations on searches of Americans abroad are those imposed by foreign governments, even when our government initiates and participates in the search. Oddly, the majority reaches this erroneous and unfortunate result by first acknowledging what it must — that the Fourth Amendment is applicable to such searches. Opinion at 1094,1095-1096. However, it then strips this important principle of all significance by holding that we must look exclusively to foreign law when determining whether the search violates the Fourth Amendment. According to the majority, our government’s decision to initiate the search of an American citizen satisfies the requirements of that once powerful Amendment so long as the foreign officials who conduct the search comply with their own laws. Thus, the majority opinion stands for the paradoxical rule that the Fourth Amendment applies to searches of American citizens in which United States agents play a substantial role but that probable cause, the most basic requirement of the Fourth Amendment, does not — except in the unlikely circumstance that the foreign land in which the search is conducted happens to have the identical requirements that our Constitution imposes.
The practical consequences of the majority’s opinion can be simply stated. Without the probable cause requirement, the Fourth Amendment is without any real force. Searches of American citizens abroad can be instigated at the will of government agents. Any American traveling outside our nation’s boundaries on vacation, business, or just visiting his family, is now fair game for wiretapping, surreptitious searches, and other invasions of privacy whenever members of the CIA, the DEA, the FBI, or who knows how many other alphabet law enforcement agencies, so desire.
Moreover, the majority’s new rule is contrary to fundamental constitutional principles. The common-sense conclusion that a search of an American citizen cannot be instigated by the United States unless it has probable cause to do so is well-supported by existing caselaw, and there is no decision to the contrary. In fact, we need go no further than Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1, 77 S.Ct. 1222, 1 L.Ed.2d 1148 (1957), and Stonehill v. United States, 405 F.2d 738 (9th Cir.1968), cert. denied, 395 U.S. 960, 89 S.Ct. 2102, 23 L.Ed.2d 747 (1969), to understand what is wrong with majority’s opinion.
* * * * * 'M
It is clear, as the majority purports to recognize, that the Fourth Amendment applies to the search at issue. However, while acknowledging that the Fourth Amendment’s protections extend to United States citizens abroad, the majority applies the Bill of Rights to foreign searches in a manner that leaves the search and seizure provision without force or effect. In doing so, the majority expressly rejects the noble vision of the Constitution articulated in Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1, 5-6, 77 S.Ct. 1222, 1224-25, 1 L.Ed.2d 1148 (1957). In the words of the Reid plurality:
At the beginning we reject the idea that when the United States acts against citizens abroad it can do so free of the Bill of Rights. The United States is entirely a creature of the Constitution. Its power and authority have no other source. It can only act in accordance with all the limitations imposed by the Constitution. When the government reaches out to punish a citizen who is abroad, the shield which the Bill of Rights and other parts of the Constitution provide to protect his life and liberty should not be stripped away just because he happens to be in another land. This is not a novel concept. To the contrary, it is as old as government.
Reid, 354 U.S. at 5-6, 77 S.Ct. at 1224-25 (plurality opinion).
Indeed, until today, the only circumstance in which we have held that the Fourth Amendment does not apply to a search of a United States citizen conducted abroad is when the United States is not involved in the search. Stonehill v. United States, 405 F.2d 738, 753 (9th Cir.1968), cert. denied, 395 U.S. 960, 89 S.Ct. 2102, 23 L.Ed.2d 747 (1969). Stonehill explicitly held that the Fourth Amendment applies to a search by foreign officials when the participation of the United States government is sufficiently substantial to render a search or seizure a joint venture between the United States and the foreign government. Stonehill, 405 F.2d at 743. That is, as the majority correctly rules, the type of search involved here.
Recognizing that existing precedent compels the conclusion that the Fourth Amendment is applicable, the majority addresses the question whether the search at issue violated the requirements of the Amendment. Here it commits a fundamental error. It holds that in all cases involving joint-venture searches of Americans abroad the lawfulness of the search, for Fourth Amendment purposes, depends entirely upon the vagaries of foreign law. Put simply, what the majority holds is that the only Fourth Amendment protections United States citizens who travel abroad enjoy vis-a-vis the United States government are those safeguards, if any, afforded by the laws of the foreign nations they visit. Under the majority’s holding, the Fourth Amendment’s requirements are wholly redundant since they provide nothing more than is already provided by foreign law. In fact, under the majority’s rule, the Fourth Amendment provides even less protection than foreign law since, according to the principal case on which the majority relies, the Constitution does not even require foreign officials to comply with their own law; all that is required is that American officials have a good faith belief that they did so. See Peterson, 812 F.2d at 492. Thus, even though the majority concedes that the Fourth Amendment applies to joint-venture searches like the one before us, it holds that when Americans enter Iraq, Iran, Singapore, Kuwait, China, or other similarly inclined foreign lands, they can be treated by the United States government exactly the way those foreign nations treat their own citizens — at least for Fourth Amendment purposes.
The facts of this case exemplify the disastrous consequences of the majority’s holding and the extent to which the opinion strips our citizens of fundamental safeguards against arbitrary invasions of their privacy by their own government. Here, the government does not contend that it had probable cause to obtain a court order permitting the interception of the phone calls of the defendants. Thus, had the defendants remained in this country, the government could not have tapped their telephones. It then requested officials of another country, Denmark, which had at best an attenuated interest in the matter, to act as agents for the United States and to tap the telephones of American citizens. By doing so, the government arbitrarily exercised its power over the defendants free of the constitutional constraints that the Bill of Rights imposes. The majority’s failure to require our government to have probable cause to initiate this search makes clear that its “application” of the Fourth Amendment to this case serves only to perpetuate a myth, if not a fraud, upon the public when it represents that the Fourth Amendment applies to Americans abroad and that it provides Americans with meaningful protection outside our borders. Certainly, that will no longer be the ease if the majority opinion is allowed to stand.
# i{C ‡ ‡ 5{i *
Probable cause is the fundamental requirement that must be satisfied before our government can initiate searches in criminal investigations. See Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523, 535, 87 S.Ct. 1727, 1734, 18 L.Ed.2d 930 (1967) (“in a criminal investigation ... a search for [contraband] goods, even with a warrant, is ‘reasonable’ only when there is ‘probable canse’” to conduct it). The majority has provided no reasonable explanation for its ruling that that requirement need not be met here, despite the Supreme Court’s clear indication that it must do so in order to depart from the general rule that probable cause must exist for a search to be conducted. See, e.g., T.L.O., 469 U.S. at 341, 105 S.Ct. at 742; see also supra note 8. There is, of course, an obvious explanation for the majority’s failure even to attempt to explain its departure in this case: there is simply no convincing justification that can be offered for abandoning the probable cause requirement with regard to foreign searches. While there may be good reason to abandon the warrant requirement abroad, there is no reason that, in a criminal ease conducted in the United States, a federal judge cannot require a United States agent to explain after the fact why he initiated a search of one of our own citizens. Because judicial scrutiny of the search will always take place after it has been conducted, there is no conceivable way that imposing such a requirement would hinder law enforcement efforts abroad — except to the extent that those efforts violate our own Constitution.
One of the reasons that the majority errs so egregiously in this case is that it fails to recognize the difference between the questions whether there is enough reason to justify a search and what procedures must be followed thereafter. The difference is critical, and entirely different rules apply to the two inquiries. The reason for applying different rules is evident: the probable cause inquiry determines whether the United States has the right to request the search in the first place; that inquiry relates solely to a covenant between the United States and its people which has nothing to do with the foreign government involved. The foreign law inquiry, in contrast, determines essentially whether the foreign officials acted lawfully after they received a request to conduct a search — that is, whether they adhered to their own standards and practices in implementing the request of the United States. The latter inquiry directly implicates the interests and concerns of the foreign nation involved. Thus, the former inquiry, quite naturally, depends upon our law, while the latter is appropriately governed primarily by foreign law.
In place of reasoned analysis and a persuasive explanation for its decision, the majority relies wholly upon our decision in United States v. Peterson, 812 F.2d 486 (9th Cir.1987). Peterson, however, does not support the majority’s conclusions. To the contrary, Peterson is entirely consistent with the view that the majority rejects — that the Fourth Amendment has independent force abroad and affords American citizens at least some substantial protections against intrusions by their own government. Peterson concerned the question whether the search was carried out properly by foreign officials, including the question whether a warrant should have been obtained, not the question of what standards should apply in determining whether the United States government lawfully requested the search in the first place. Peterson never discusses the critical question of whether American officials must have probable cause for inducing a foreign government to carry out a search. In fact, there is no indication in the opinion that any such issue was ever raised before the court. Moreover, Peterson makes clear that when foreign law is relevant, it represents only one part of our inquiry into the constitutionality of the search. In the words of the court, when the United States undertakes a joint venture search with foreign officials, “the law of the foreign country must be consulted at the outset as part of the determination whether or not the search was reasonable.” Peterson, 812 F.2d at 490 (emphasis added). In fact, the Peterson court repeatedly emphasized that the law of the foreign country represented only “part of the analysis.” Id. at 492 (emphasis added); see also id. at 490 (“The law of the foreign country must be consulted ... as part of the determination.”). Thus, the ease upon which the majority so heavily relies in adopting its novel rule neither considers nor addresses the issue before us— whether probable cause is required for foreign searches; it does not, contrary to what the majority holds, state that we must look exclusively to foreign law; and, ironically, it is a case that the author of the majority opinion has previously conceded providés, at best, “implicit” support for his views. See United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 856 F.2d 1214, 1249 (9th Cir.1988) (Wallace, J., dissenting).
* * * * * *
Next, I must express my strong disagreement with the method of legal analysis employed by the majority in this case. The majority, relying on Peterson, a ease that does not even involve the question of probable cause, reaches its decision as if the law in this area were well established and as if there were no arguments to be made in favor of the defendants’ position. However, as the majority is well aware, in an earlier opinion authored by Judge Thompson, United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 856 F.2d 1214 (9th Cir.1988), the court held that the Fourth Amendment applies to searches conducted by a foreign government acting in conjunction with the United States and that when the United States participates in a foreign search probable cause must exist.
By contrast with the majority’s opinion here, the Verdugo majority provided a well-reasoned and well-researched justification for its decision. It explored extensively the historical and legal basis for applying the Fourth Amendment to actions that our government undertakes in foreign lands. Although the Supreme Court reversed Judge Thompson’s opinion on the ground that citizens of foreign nations are not entitled to Fourth Amendment protections during foreign searches, it left the part of the Verdugo analysis relevant to this case undisturbed. United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 494 U.S. 259, 110 S.Ct. 1056, 108 L.Ed.2d 222 (1990). Specifically, the Court did not conclude that American citizens forfeit Fourth Amendment protections by going abroad; nor did it state that they are entitled only to the privileges afforded them by foreign law. There would in fact have been no reason for it to consider those questions.
We have recognized that, even though a ease has been vacated, as Verdugo subsequently was, United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 902 F.2d 773, 774 (9th Cir.1990), it still provides persuasive authority within the circuit if its reasoning is unaffected by the decision to vacate. See Orhorhaghe v. I.N.S., 38 F.3d 488, 493 n. 4 (9th Cir.1994). Such is, of course, the case with respect to the reasoning in Verdugo that is relevant here.
The majority deliberately ignores the reasoning in Verdugo that demonstrates the fallacy of its position. It offers no justification for concluding, contrary to Verdugo, that the probable cause requirement becomes “inoperative” when the government acts abroad, nor can it point to any development in the law that would require us to alter our Verdu-go analysis. The majority’s cavalier treatment of a well-reasoned explication by this court concerning the question before us suggests that panel composition, not persuasive legal analysis, has determined the result in this case. The government here was simply fortunate enough to draw a panel led by the dissenter in Verdugo and including another judge who agreed with his position.
The government’s good fortune is the nation’s misfortune. The majority has improperly and severely limited one of the most important protections provided by our Constitution and has undermined one of its fundamental tenets. My colleagues’ failure to address the persuasive authority of Verdugo only highlights the fact that they lack any reasonable or reasoned justification for their decision today.
í¡:
Early in this century, the Supreme Court warned that courts “must be vigilant to scrutinize the attendant facts [surrounding a search] with an eye to detect and a hand to prevent violations of the Constitution by circuitous and indirect methods.” Byars v. United States, 273 U.S. 28, 33, 47 S.Ct. 248, 250, 71 L.Ed. 520 (1927). In our leading case involving foreign searches initiated by the United States government, this court warned that “[a] federal agent must not be permitted to do indirectly that which he cannot do directly, and thus circumvent the provisions of the Fourth Amendment against unreasonable search and seizure.” Stonehill, 405 F.2d at 746. The majority’s failure to heed these warnings ensures that when, as here, the United States government is unable to obtain a search warrant because it lacks probable cause, it can simply wait until a suspect goes abroad and then instruct a friendly or submissive foreign government to conduct the search on its behalf. Thus, the government is now free to conduct foreign searches in a manner that circumvents the requirements of the Constitution and to achieve indirectly what it cannot achieve directly. Even more important, the majority’s decision drives one more nail in the coffin of the Fourth Amendment, and leaves all Americans with less protection against arbitrary governmental actions than they enjoyed before the majority spoke.
For these reasons, although I fully concur in Parts I and III of the opinion, I dissent from Part II.
. Judge Reinhardt’s worry that we look solely to the “vagaries of foreign law,” dissent at 1100, and therefore strip "our citizens of fundamental safeguards against arbitrary invasions of their privacy,” id. at 1101, is unfounded. Our discussion immediately preceding this paragraph clearly shows that where the circumstances of a search are so extreme as to shock the conscience, supervisory powers can be imposed to exclude the evidence. In addition, our citizens are protected by the full panoply of Fifth Amendment rights at trial.
Furthermore, Judge Reinhardt misreads Peterson when he argues that foreign law is “part of” the analysis — thereby inferring that there is some additional requirement, such as "probable cause,” that must be satisfied. Read in context, Peterson makes it clear that the other part of the inquiry is whether the United States agents acted in good faith, even if foreign law was violated (as in Peterson). Peterson, 812 F.2d at 491-92. But compliance with foreign law alone determines whether the search violated the Fourth Amendment. See id. at 491 ("local law of the Philippines governs whether the search was reasonable”). Peterson did not "repeatedly emphasize," dissent at 1104, any other point.
In support of his contention that a foreign search must not only comply with applicable foreign law but must also be supported by probable cause, Judge Reinhardt relies heavily on certain language from Reid v. Covert, 354 U.S. 1, 5-6, 77 S.Ct. 1222, 1224-25, 1 L.Ed.2d 1148 (1957) (Reid). See Dissent at 1100. Judge Reinhardt’s reliance on Reid is erroneous. Judge Reinhardt fails to acknowledge that Reid’s “noble vision of the Constitution,” id., would have been in a dissent were it not for the concurrences of Justices Frankfurter and Harlan, who "resolved the case on much narrower grounds than the plurality and declined even to hold that United States citizens were entitled to the full range of constitutional protections in all overseas criminal prosecutions.” United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 494 U.S. 259, 270, 110 S.Ct. 1056, 1063, 108 L.Ed.2d 222 (1990) (Verdugo). Thus, a majority of the Supreme Court in Reid rejected the view Judge Reinhardt endorses. Finally, just five years ago the Supreme Court unequivocally refused to conclude that Reid stands for the "sweeping proposition” ascribed to it by Judge Reinhardt. See Verdugo, 494 U.S. at 270, 110 S.Ct. at 1063 (Declining to interpret Reid as holding "that federal officials are constrained by the Fourth Amendment wherever and against whomever they act” and explaining that Reid decided only "that United States citizens stationed abroad could invoke the protection of the Fifth and Sixth Amendments.”) (emphasis added); see also id. at 277-78, 110 S.Ct. at 1067 (Kennedy, J., concurring) (Adopting language from Justice Harlan's concurrence in Reid refusing to agree "with the suggestion that every provision of the Constitution must always be deemed automatically applicable to American citizens in every part of the world.”).
Undaunted and without citation, Judge Reinhardt opines that “[pjrobable cause is the fundamental requirement that must be satisfied before our government can initiate searches in criminal investigations.” Dissent at 1101-1102. In Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968) (Terry), however, the Supreme Court rejected the principle that probable cause must support every search and seizure. Id. at 20, 88 S.Ct. at 1879. As the Court explained:
If this case involved police conduct subject to the Warrant Clause of the Fourth Amendment, we would have to ascertain whether "probable cause" existed to justify the search and seizure which took place.... But we deal here with an entire rubric of police conduct ... which historically has not been, and as a practical matter could not be, subject to the warrant procedure. Instead, the conduct involved must be tested by the Fourth Amendment's general proscription against unreasonable searches and seizures.
Id, Like the search and seizure involved in Terry, foreign searches have neither been historically subject to the warrant procedure, nor could they be as a practical matter.
Judge Reinhardt errs in failing to look to the text of the Fourth Amendment itself, and instead substitutes his words for those of the Framers. The Fourth Amendment provides:
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or places to be seized.
Upon reading the Fourth Amendment, one cannot help but realize two things. First, it is clear that the amendment contains two independent clauses. The first clause prohibits "unreasonable" searches and seizures. The second clause, the Warrant Clause, describes the procedures that must be followed in obtaining a warrant. The probable cause requirement is part of the procedures contained in the Warrant Clause. Yet nothing in the Fourth Amendment suggests that all searches or seizures must be conducted with a warrant and be supported by probable cause. Indeed, Terry and a long line of Supreme Court authority holds to the contrary. See Terry, 392 U.S. at 20, 88 S.Ct. at 1879; Griffin v. Wisconsin, 483 U.S. 868, 873, 107 S.Ct. 3164, 3168, 97 L.Ed.2d 709 (1987) (search of probationer’s home without warrant or probable cause allowed because regulation requiring reasonable grounds for search satisfied Fourth Amendment); O'Connor v. Ortega, 480 U.S. 709, 722-23, 107 S.Ct. 1492, 1500, 94 L.Ed.2d 714 (1987) (no warrant or probable cause required for search of public employee's office; search need only be reasonable); New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325, 340-41, 105 S.Ct. 733, 742, 83 L.Ed.2d 720 (1985) (T.L.O.) (warrant and probable cause not necessary for search of school children for contraband); United States v. Martinez-Fuerte, 428 U.S. 543, 561-62, 96 S.Ct. 3074, 3084-85, 49 L.Ed.2d 1116 (1976) (authorizing stop of vehicles at fixed checkpoint away from the border with Mexico and brief questioning of occupants even in the absence of any individualized suspicion that the vehicle contains illegal aliens); United States v. Brignoni-Ponce, 422 U.S. 873, 881-82, 95 S.Ct. 2574, 2580, 45 L.Ed.2d 607 (1975) (Border Patrol may stop vehicles briefly and ask occupants about their citizenship, immigration status, and any suspicious circumstances without warrant or probable cause if they have articula-ble suspicion); see also Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523, 534-35, 87 S.Ct. 1727, 1734, 18 L.Ed.2d 930 (1967) (housing code inspections may be made pursuant to area warrant not based on individualized probable cause). Reasonableness, not probable cause, is undoubtedly the touchstone of the Fourth Amendment. As the Supreme Court has explained, " 'probable cause’ is not an irreducible requirement of a valid search. The fundamental command of the Fourth Amendment is that searches and seizures be reasonable, and although ‘both the concept of probable cause and the requirement of a warrant bear on the reasonableness of a search, ... in certain limited circumstances neither is required.’ " T.L.O., 469 U.S. at 340, 105 S.Ct. at 742, quoting Almeida-Sanchez v. United States, 413 U.S. 266, 277, 93 S.Ct. 2535, 2541, 37 L.Ed.2d 596 (1973) (Powell, J., concurring).
Judge Reinhardt suggests that even if a foreign search need not comply with the requirements of the Warrant Clause, such a search must nevertheless be supported by probable cause in order to be reasonable. Dissent at 1103 n. 9, quoting Verdugo, 494 U.S. at 279, 110 S.Ct. at 1068 (Blackmun, J., dissenting). At least five justices in Verdugo expressly rejected such a notion. Judge Reinhardt then chides us for not following our Verdugo panel opinion. Dissent at 1104-1105. We are bewildered by the attack. It was this Verdugo panel majority position that was rejected by the Court. The Court explained:
¡T]he Court of Appeals held that absent exigent circumstances, United States agents could not effect a "search or seizure" for law enforcement purposes in a foreign country without first obtaining a warrant — which would be a dead letter outside the United States — from a magistrate in this country. Even if no warrant were required, American agents would have to articulate specific facts giving them probable cause to undertake a search or seizure if they wished to comply with the Fourth Amendment as conceived by the Court of Appeals.
Verdugo, 494 U.S. at 274, 110 S.Ct. at 1066 (emphasis added). Relying on the text of the amendment, its history, and prior Supreme Court cases concerning its extraterritorial application, the majority of the Court expressly rejected this view. See id.
Although the reasoning of a vacated opinion may be looked to as persuasive authority if its reasoning is unaffected by the decision to vacate, the simple fact is that the Supreme Court categorically rejected the majority reasoning in Ver-dugo and instead adopted that of the dissent. See Verdugo, 494 U.S. 259, 110 S.Ct. 1056. Moreover, as indicated above, the Court expressly rejected the very conclusion' — that a foreign search must be based on probable cause even if no warrant is required — that Judge Reinhardt thinks we should draw from our vacated panel opinion.
Having ignored the text of the Fourth Amendment, the pertinent Supreme Court decisions, and Peterson's rationale, Judge Reinhardt is forced to fall back on a vacated Ninth Circuit opinion, language from a plurality opinion which has subsequently been rejected by the Supreme Court, and language from a Supreme Court dissent as his "persuasive authority." Dissent at 1103 n. 9, 1104-1105. Perhaps this accounts for his editorial beginning, id. at 1098-99, and his strikingly strident comment that the "panel composition, not persuasive legal analysis, has determined the result in this case.” Id. at 1105. We, of course, see it differently. This panel was properly composed. See Rules of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, Introduction: Court Structure and Procedures at xx. Judge Reinhardt’s conclusion that the result here "would indeed have been different,” dissent at 1104-1105 n. 15, had the original Verdugo panel heard this case is wishful speculation. Unlike Judge Reinhardt, the judges on that panel may well have recognized that the Supreme Court rejected its original rationale and thus agreed that the result reached here is correct. We conclude our analysis is persuasive, based upon precedent and sound reasoning. We do not see those values in the dissent.
. See Katherine Q. Seelye, "House Backs Bill to Require Restitution from Criminals,” N.Y. Times, Feb. 8, 1995, at A16.
. Cf. Chew v. Gates, 27 F.3d 1432, 1450-51 (9th Cir.1994).
.In fact, under the majority’s view, even that is not necessary, since all that is required to uphold a search is a finding that our law enforcement officials believed in good faith that the foreign officials complied with their own law. See United States v. Peterson, 812 F.2d 486, 492 (9th Cir.1987).
. The majority’s effort to respond to this point, Opinion at 1091-1092 n. 1, is wholly unavailing. Rather than pointing to any Fourth Amendment protection its decision affords to American citizens abroad, the majority can only point to a protection afforded by the Fifth Amendment. See United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez, 856 F.2d 1214, 1245 (Wallace, J., dissenting) (an individual "may invoke the fifth amendment to challenge the admission of evidence that was obtained through means that 'shock the conscience'....”). In fact, by explaining that the courts can exercise their supervisory powers to prevent the United States from initiating a search that "shocks the conscience,” the majority implicitly acknowledges that, under its view, the Fourth Amendment provides absolutely no protection to United States citizens traveling in foreign lands. Until this decision, the Fourth Amendment protected all citizens from intrusive searches and seizures initiated by our government without probable cause even when they did not shock the conscience. However, under the majority's view, American citizens traveling abroad no longer enjoy this important guarantee; the state can needlessly and arbitrarily subject American citizens to intrusive searches and seizures of every type without providing any justification for doing so as long as they do not rise to such an extreme as to shock the conscience. I note that the majority has not cited a single case in which a court has held that a search or seizure "shocks the conscience.” But cf. Rochin v. California, 342 U.S. 165, 72 S.Ct. 205, 96 L.Ed. 183 (1952). This is hardly surprising. See Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081 (1961).
. Actually, what is needed to obtain a court order for a domestic wiretap is far more than the probable cause mandated by the Fourth Amendment. See 18 U.S.C. § 2518. However, for purposes of this dissent, it is necessary to consider only the government's failure to meet the probable cause standard.
. The search was conducted entirely at the behest of the United States government and entirely for the benefit of American agents. Denmark had no direct or substantial interest in tapping the defendants’ telephones. To the contrary, the only information provided to its officials by the United States government made clear that the drug transactions in question were occurring thousands of miles away. Although in determining whether the telephones could be tapped the Danish court found that the defendants’ conduct was punishable by up to six years in prison, there is no evidence that the Danish government ever intended to investigate the defendants for violations of Danish law, to prosecute the defendants for any violation of law, or to use the fruits of the wiretaps for either of those purposes.
. Denmark only requires that the government have "weighty reasons” to conclude that a search will produce evidence that those under investigation have engaged in a particular offense. Although we have no way of giving content to what is a meaningless phrase in our own legal system, it is clear from the facts of this case that the Danish standard falls far short of our own probable cause requirement.
.I had mistakenly believed that it was unnecessary to provide a citation for a contention as fundamental as that set forth in the text. However, the majority suggests that my failure to cite a case indicates that I alone subscribe to the belief that probable cause is a basic requirement of the Fourth Amendment. To the contrary, I merely follow the lead of the Supreme Court, which has repeatedly stated:
In enforcing the Fourth Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures, the Court has insisted upon probable cause as a minimum requirement for a reasonable search permitted by the Constitution.
Chambers v. Maroney, 399 U.S. 42, 51, 90 S.Ct. 1975, 1981, 26 L.Ed.2d 419 (1970) (emphasis added); see also Almeida-Sanchez v. United States, 413 U.S. 266, 93 S.Ct. 2535, 37 L.Ed.2d 596 (1973) (same). Similarly, in New Jersey v. T.L.O., 469 U.S. 325, 340, 105 S.Ct. 733, 742, 83 L.Ed.2d 720 (1985), the case upon which the majority so heavily relies, the Court emphasized that "[ojrdinarily, a search ... must be based upon 'probable cause’ to believe that a violation of the law has occurred.” T.L.O., 469 U.S. at 340, 105 S.Ct. at 742.
The majority is, of course, correct that in certain limited, narrowly defined cases, the Court has not required the government to have probable cause to conduct a search. In each of these cases, however, the Court both acknowledged that the Fourth Amendment generally requires probable cause to conduct a search and found unusual or exceptional circumstances which justified a departure from the general rule. See, e.g., T.L.O., 469 U.S. at 341, 105 S.Ct. at 742.
Here, in contrast, as I have repeatedly pointed out in the text of my dissent, the majority has provided absolutely no justification for abandoning this basic requirement. It does not explain, for example, why the nature of a foreign search precludes us from applying the probable cause standard to such a search. While there may be good reason to dispense with the warrant requirement abroad, there appears to be no plausible justification — and the majority certainly has not provided one — for concluding that an American agent who requests that a search be conducted cannot be asked to explain the basis for his request at the time of the subsequent criminal proceeding in federal court. See infra text accompanying notes 8-9 (discussing this issue in greater detail). The obligation imposed on the government would be precisely the same as is imposed in the case of domestic searches.
More important, the majority does not carve out a narrow exception to the general rule that the government must have probable cause to initiate a search of one of its own citizens. All of the cases cited by the majority concern narrow, carefully defined exceptions to the general probable cause requirement. For example, Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), on which the majority so heavily relies, merely allows the police to conduct short, nonin-trusive investigations without probable cause so long as they have a reasonable suspicion that the stop is necessary. Here, in sharp contrast, the majority has held that every foreign search, regardless of its level of intrusiveness or the circumstances surrounding the decision to initiate it, may be conducted without probable cause under the Fourth Amendment. Elementary respect for the dictates of the Fourth Amendment should preclude such an unwarranted extension.
Finally, I must vigorously disagree with the majority’s attempt to assert that the probable cause standard is part of the warrant requirement only and that the standard therefore need not be met whenever a warrant is not required. See Opinion at 1091-1092 n. 1. Both the Supreme Court and our circuit have often conditioned the admission of evidence obtained through a warrantless search upon the existence of probable cause for that search. See, e.g., California v. Acevedo, 500 U.S. 565, 111 S.Ct. 1982, 114 L.Ed.2d 619 (1991); United States v. Ross, 456 U.S. 798, 102 S.Ct. 2157, 72 L.Ed.2d 572 (1982); Hopkins v. City of Sierra Vista, 931 F.2d 524 (9th Cir.1991); United States v. Sarkissian, 841 F.2d 959 (9th Cir.1988). Indeed, the case upon which the majority relies, T.L.O., makes clear how revisionary and unprecedented is the majority's attempt to jettison the probable cause requirement with regard to ajl warrantless searches; "[ojrdinarily, a search — even one that may permissibly be carried out without a warrant — must be based upon 'probable cause'...." T.L.O., 469 U.S. at 340, 105 S.Ct. at 742 (emphasis added); see also id. (" 'the concept of probable cause ... bear[s] on the reasonableness of a search'"). I am in fact simply unable to comprehend how the majority can purport to separate the reasonableness requirement and the probable cause requirement in this case in light of the Supreme Court's explicit holding that “in a criminal investigation ... a search for [contraband] goods, even with a warrant, is 'reasonable' only when there is 'probable cause' to believe that they will be uncovered in a particular dwelling.” Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523, 535, 87 S.Ct. 1727, 1734, 18 L.Ed.2d 930 (1967) (emphasis added); see also infra note 9 (quoting Justice Blackmun, who reaches the same conclusion).
.The question of whether a warrant is required to conduct a joint-venture foreign search is determined by foreign law standards since it is intimately connected with the manner in which the search is carried out. As Justice Kennedy, the author of the Peterson opinion, observed:
The absence of local judges or magistrates available to issue warrants, the differing and perhaps unascertainable conceptions of reasonableness and privacy that prevail abroad, and the need to cooperate with foreign officials all indicate that the Fourth Amendment’s warrant requirement should not apply [abroad] as it does in this country.
United States v. Verdugo, 494 U.S. 259, 278, 110 S.Ct. 1056, 1068, 108 L.Ed.2d 222 (Kennedy, J., concurring); see also id. at 279, 110 S.Ct. at 1068 (Stevens, J., concurring) (explaining that the warrant requirement is inapplicable abroad). Similarly, Justice Blackmun has observed:
I agree with the Government ... that an American magistrate's lack of power to authorize a search abroad renders the Warrant Clause inapplicable to the search of a noncitizen’s residence outside this country.
The Fourth Amendment nevertheless requires that the search be "reasonable.” And when the purpose of a search is the procurement of evidence for a criminal prosecution, we have consistently held that the search, to be reasonable, must be based upon probable cause.
Id. at 297-98, 110 S.Ct. at 1078 (Blackmun, J., dissenting) (emphasis added). The use of the term "noncitizen1' by Justice Blackmun was descriptive rather than limiting and is solely a consequence of the fact that the petitioner in that case was in fact a noncitizen. The four justices, other than Justice Kennedy, who formed the majority agreed that the warrant requirement is inapplicable for a somewhat different reason. They said that a warrant obtained in the United States would be a "dead letter” overseas. Verdugo, 494 U.S. at 275, 110 S.Ct. at 1066.
. Moreover, from a practical standpoint, it would be most difficult to ensure that foreign police officials understood and followed our Fourth Amendment rules and procedure, and since we cannot in any event expect them to conduct searches involving our citizens in a different manner than they conduct searches of all other persons.
. As described in note 10, the Peterson author, Justice Kennedy, after joining the Court's decision in Verdugo, explained why the question of whether a warrant must be obtained falls in the first category of questions.
. The majority's continued adherence to its claim that Peterson compels the result in this case is quite surprising. The majority has apparently conceded, as it must, that Peterson does not address whether probable cause must exist for the United States to initiate a search of American citizens abroad. See Opinion at 1091-1092 n. 1. The majority cannot point to anything in Peterson that directly contradicts my interpretation of the decision, and the author of the majority opinion has already conceded that Peterson provides only indirect support for his contentions. See text supra. At best, the majority has suggested that there are at least two plausible readings of Peterson which support two entirely different results. In such a case, I believe that it is incumbent upon a court to acknowledge the lack of precedent for its holding and to provide cogent, devel- ' oped reasoning for its conclusion; the parties deserve more than a few conclusory paragraphs accompanied by citations to a case that does not compel the result reached by the court.
. Indeed, Peterson's only mention of the phrase “probable cause” takes place later in the opinion, when it discusses the defendants' arguments regarding an entirely separate search, one that took place on the high seas. Peterson, 812 F.2d at 493-94.
.The majority is plainly wrong when it contends that the Court "expressly rejected” the view that probable cause is necessary for a search of American citizens initiated by the United States. The sole support that the majority provides for this wholly unwarranted conclusion is a short passage in Verdugo that does nothing more than describe our own court’s erroneous conclusion that the United States must obtain a warrant to conduct a search of a noncitizen in a foreign country. As is made clear from the Court's statement a few sentences earlier, this passage is only included to demonstrate that this circuit erred in ignoring "the problems attending the application of the Fourth Amendment to aliens." Verdugo, 494 U.S. at 274, 110 S.Ct. at 1066 (emphasis added). The passage solely concerns the Court’s holding that the Fourth Amendment does not protect noncitizens from searches and seizures conducted by the United States abroad. The paragraph makes no mention of whether probable cause is required for searches of citizens. Thus, I simply cannot comprehend why the majority chooses to imply that, after devoting many pages to a detailed analysis of the Fourth Amendment's application to searches and seizures of noncitizens abroad, the Court would address the issue of the rights of American citizens in such an offhanded manner. Surely the majority does not believe that the Supreme Court would decide so important an issue without even acknowledging that it was doing so — particularly when that issue was entirely unnecessary to the resolution of the case before it.
More important, Justice Kennedy’s concurring opinion in Verdugo makes it clear that the majority's contention that the Supreme Court rejected my approach and adopted Chief Judge Wallace’s is simply wrong. In casting the fifth and decisive vote for the Verdugo opinion, Justice Kennedy explicitly observed that "[t]he rights of a citizen, as to whom the United States has continuing obligations, are not presented by this case." Verdugo, 494 U.S. at 278, 110 S.Ct. at 1068 (emphasis added); see also Verdugo, 494 U.S. at 279, 110 S.Ct. at 1068 (Stevens, J., concurring in the judgment) (concluding that the warrant requirement does not apply “to searches of noncitizens’ homes in foreign jurisdictions” (emphasis added)). Given that the Court clearly never addressed the appropriate treatment of a Fourth Amendment claim by a citizen travelling abroad, I must most forcefully disagree with the majority's contention that the Verdugo decision forecloses the analysis I have afforded in my dissent.
. By referring to panel composition, I do not of course question in any way the method used for selecting the panel. See Opinion at 1091-1092 n. 1 (citing the Rules of the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit). Nor do I question the abilify or legitimacy of either of my two esteemed colleagues. My reference to panel composition is plainly and simply a statement of an obvious fact. The result we reach here would indeed have been different if the panel that previously considered the question of foreign searches had been drawn to hear this case. Judges with different views or understandings of the Constitution regularly reach different results in cases presenting constitutional questions. That, however, is no excuse for failing to consider or discuss our earlier well-reasoned analysis. The explanation that the majority offers in its footnote replying to this dissent, see Opinion at 1091-1092 n. 1, is wholly unpersuasive. See supra note 14. In fact, the explanation serves only to confirm that there is no sound basis in law for the majority’s failure to analyze the relevant legal authorities properly.
| CASELAW |
Draft:Douglas J. Nicholls
Douglas J. Nicholls is the current Mayor of the City of Yuma, Arizona. He was first elected to office in 2014, and most recently re-elected to a term that began in January 2023.
Nicholls is a graduate of Arizona State University, where he earned a Bachelor of Science degree in Engineering with an emphasis in Civil Engineering. He completed post-baccalaureate studies in transportation engineering. He then started his own engineering firm in Yuma, Core Engineering Group, LLC, and is its president and owner.
Nicholls was inducted into the ASU Academy of Distinguished Alumni Hall of Fame for the School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment in 2019.
He is the current President of the League of Arizona Cities and Towns, having been unanimously elected to a two-year term. | WIKI |
Astrid Oosenbrug
Roberta Francina Astrid Oosenbrug-Blokland (born 6 July 1968) is a Dutch politician who served as a member of the House of Representatives between 20 September 2012 and 23 March 2017. She is a member of the Labour Party (PvdA). Born in Rotterdam, she previously was a member of the municipal council of Lansingerland from 2010 to 2012. | WIKI |
Page:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography Volume I Part 1.djvu/315
ATHENAS. p. 419.) After the Tholus there followed, higher up (tipmrtpm), the Statue of the Eponymi, or heroes, from whom were derived the names of the Attic tribes; and after the latter (m«t^ ^ t^ ciirdiw rmv hnfw^iunf^ i. 8. $ 2) the statues of Amphiaraus, and of Eirene (Peace), bearing Plutus as her son. In the same place (^rrovte) stood also statues of Lycurgus, son of Lycrophron, of Callias, who made peace with Artaxerxes, and of Demosthenes, the latter, according to Plutarch (''Vit. X Orat. p. 847), being near the altar of the 12 gods. Pausanias, hoverer, says, that near this statue was the Temple of Artes, in which were two statues of Aphrodite, one of Ares by Alcamenes, an Athena by Locrus of Paros, and an Enyo by the sons of Praxiteles: around the temple there stood Hercules, Theseus, and Apollo, and likewise statues of Calades and Pindar. Not far from these {oh «tf^} stood the statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, of which we have already spoken. The Altar of the Twelve Gods,'' which Pausanias has omitted to mention, stood near this spot in the Agora. (Herod. vi. 108; Thuc. vi 54; Xen. Hipparch. 3; Lycurg. c. Leocr. p. 198, Reiske; Plut. Nic. 13, ''Vit. X. Orat. l. c.'') Close to this altar was an enclosure, called IIcpi-mx^^^f'^ where the votes fat ostracism were taken. (Plut. ''Vit. X. Orat. l. c.) In the same neighbourhood was the Temple of Aphrodite Pandemus,'' placed by Apollodorus in the Agora (ap. Harpocrat. s. v. UMiiiMs 'A^fwSJnf), but which is not mentioned by Pausanias (i. 22. § 1–3) till he returns from the Theatre to the Propylaea. It most, therefore, have stood above the statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, more to the east.
Upon reaching the temple of Aphrodite Pandemus, which he would afterwards approach by another route, Pausanias retraced his steps, and went along the wide street, which, as a continuation of the Cerameicus, led to the Ilissus. In this street there appear to have been only private houses; and the first monument which he mentions after leaving the statues of Harmodius and Aristogeiton, was "the theatre, called the Odeium, before the entrance to which are statues of Egyptian kings" (i. 8. § 6). Then follows a long historical digression, and it is not till he arrives at the 14th chapter, that he resumes his topographical description, by saying: "Upon entering the Athenian Odeium there is, among other things, a statue of Dionysus, worthy of inspection. Near it is a fountain called Enneacrunus (i. e. of Nine Pipes), since it was so constructed by Peisistratus."
The Odeium must, therefore, have stood at no great distance from the Ilissus, to the SE. of the Oiympieium, since the site of the Enneacrunus, or fountain of Callirhoë, is well known. [See p. 292.] This Odeium must not be confounded with the Odeium of Pericles, of which Pausanias afterwards speaks, and which was situated at the foot of the Acropolis, and near the great Dionysiac theatre. As neither of these buildings bore any distinguishing epithet, it is not always easy to determine which of the two is meant when the ancient writers speak of the Odeium. It will assist, however, in distinguishing them, to recollect that the Odeium of Pericles must have been a building of comparatively small size, since it was covered all over with a pointed roof, in imitation of the tent of Xerxes (Plut. Pericl. 13); while the Odeium en the Ilissus appears to have been an open place surrounded with rows of seats, and of considerable size. Hence, the ATHENAE. 297 latter is called a rimoi, a term which could hardly have been applied to a building like the Odeium of Pericles. (Hesych. s. v. tfi^tov; Schol. ad Aristoph. Vesp. 1148.) This Odeium is said by Hesychius (l. c.) to have been the place in which the rhapsodists and citharodists contended before the erection of the theatre; and, as we know that the theatre was commenced as early as 500, it must have been built earlier than the Odeium of Pericles. Upon the erection of the latter, the earlier Odeium ceased to be used for its original purpose; and was employed especially as a public granary, where, in times of scarcity, corn was sold to the citizens at a fixed price. Here, also, the court sat for trying the cases, called ^Ikoa oirovj in order to recover the interest of a woman's dowry after divorce: this interest was called ertros (alimony or maintenance), because it was the income out of which the woman had to be maintained. It is probable, from the name of the suit, and from the place in which it was tried, that in earlier times the defendant was called upon to pay the damages in kind, that is, in corn or some other sort of provisions; though it was soon found more convenient to commute this for a money payment (Dem. c. Phorn. p. 918, c, Neaer. p. 1362; Lys. c. Agor, p. 717, ed. Reiske; Suid. s. v. ^tSctbv ; Harpocrat s. v. o-Trof.) Xenophon relates, that the Thirty Tyrants summoned within the Odeium all the hoplites (3000) on the catalogue, and the cavalry; that half of the Lacedaemonian garrison took up their quarters within it; and that when the Thirty marched to Eleusis, the cavalry passed the night in the Odeium with their horses. (Xen. Hell. ii. 4. §§ 9, 10, 24.) It is evident that this could not have been the roofed building under the Acropolis. If we suppose the Odeium on the Ilissus to have been surrounded with a wall, like the Colosseum, and other Roman amphitheatres, it would have been a convenient place of defence in case of an unexpected attack made by the inhabitants of the city.
After speaking of the Odeium and the fountain Enneacrunus, Pausanias proceeds: "Of the temples beyond the fountain, one is dedicated to Demeter and Core (Proserpine), in the other stands a statue of Triptolemus." He then mentions several legends respecting Triptolemus, in the midst of which he breaks off suddenly with these words: "From proceeding farther in this narrative, and in the things relating to the Athenian temple, called Eleusinium, a vision in my sleep deterred me. But I will return to that of which it is lawful for all men to write. In front of the temple, in which is the statue of Triptolemus [it should be noticed, that Pausanias avoids, apparently on purpose, mentioning the name of the temple], stands a brazen ox, as led to sacrifice: here also is a sitting statue of Epimenides of Cnossus. Still further on is the Temple of Eucleia, a dedication from the spoils of the Medes, who occupied the district of Marathon."
It will be seen from the preceding account that Pausanias makes no mention of the city walls, which he could hardly have passed over in silence if they had passed between the Odeium and the fountain of Enneacrunus, as Leake and others suppose. That he has omitted to speak of his crossing the Ilissus, which he must have done in order to reach the temple of Demeter, is not surprising, when we recollect that the bed of the Ilissus is in this part of its course almost always dry, and only filled for a few hours after heavy rain. Moreover, as there can | WIKI |
What Probiotics Can and Can’t Do for Digestion
What Probiotics Can and Can’t Do for Digestion
The friendly bacteria in the digestive tract are referred to as probiotics. They are called friendly simply because they neutralize bad bacteria and promote a healthy microbiome. Reputedly, when they are present, the gut and the immune system are much healthier. However, several conflicting reports cast serious doubt on the effectiveness of probiotics, so people should think twice before taking any old supplement that contains them. There’s a possibility that men and women will experience severe complications, which may diminish their quality of life.1
Why Probiotics Aren’t as Amazing as We Thought
It’s best to ignore the hype surrounding the effects of probiotics because the first problem is that these microorganisms are still a mystery to the experts. According to a study performed by an immunologist at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, people don’t absorb probiotic supplements in the same way.2 This explains why users often report dissimilar results.
Another study suggests that some friendly bacteria can prevent the original microbiome from returning to normal. Although this isn’t a well-documented adverse effect, all users should be skeptical of probiotic supplements because they just might contain strains that will disrupt the microbes in their guts. A prolonged disruption can lead to minor or major problems, including obesity, gastrointestinal disorders, headaches and even infections.3 Owing to the uncertainties and risks, no one should be surprised that taking probiotics can actually cause more harm than good.
Why Probiotics Are Still Important for Gut Health
Because of the conflicting reports that have come to light, it’s understandable that some researchers are raising a speculative eyebrow. Nevertheless, healthy gut bacteria helps maintain digestion, and can be supplemented with high quality probiotics or with diet.
Chances are users will notice an improvement in their skin because probiotics are found to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory skin conditions.4 Furthermore, the good bacteria can potentially shorten the duration of some illnesses. The following afflictions are known to respond well to certain probiotic supplements:
1. Irritable bowel syndrome
2. Urinary tract infections
3. Bladder cancer
4. Eczema
5. Crohn’s disease
6. Diarrhea
7. Constipation
Beware that live microorganisms have a mind of their own, and different groups of strains have unique effects on the body. While one group may shield the gut from pathogens, another group may extend the remission of some symptoms. One study revealed that the Bacillus subtilis strain can impede the aging process of neurons and can make it harder for diseases to develop.5 For this reason, more researchers believe that probiotics have what it takes to improve users’ life expectancy. They certainly help people who have poor urogenital health.6 For many years, countless women have eaten yogurt and other probiotic-based foods to treat bacterial vaginosis and yeast infections.
Natural Ways to Get Good Bacteria
There are several ways in which healthy individuals can fill their bodies with good bacteria. Sickly people, on the other hand, are limited because the experts believe that probiotics can further compromise weakened immune systems. However, with a doctor’s approval, everyone can safely absorb probiotics by eating certain kinds of yogurt.
Here are some more foods that contain these friendly microorganisms:
Kefir is fermented milk that has multiple strains of good bacteria, including Lactobacillus acidophilus. This specific type is known to help with vaginal infections, weight issues, flu symptoms, and allergies. When kefir is consumed, it goes a long way toward improving bone health, mitigating some digestive issues and strengthening the immune system.7 That’s why kefir is considered to be better than yogurt.
Pickles are simply fermented cucumbers. Unlike the ones that are made with vinegar, lacto-fermented pickles are conducive to a healthy gut because they don’t just contain the friendly microorganisms that keep pathogenic bacteria at bay. They are also high in vitamin K and low in calories.8
Sauerkraut is nothing more than just finely cut cabbage. However, unlike the cabbage at the supermarket, sauerkraut is packing a good number of probiotics because it’s fermented and unpasteurized.9 When men and women consume this healthy alternative, they are introducing vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants to their biological systems.
Tempeh differs from tofu in important ways. For starters, this soybean product is more beneficial to the health of human beings, considering it’s filled with probiotics.10 Soybeans don’t naturally have vitamin B12, but tempeh does contain it because of the fermentation process. This makes tempeh a viable alternative to meat.
Kimchi, a delicacy in Korea, is made from salted and fermented vegetables. Yes, it’s spicy, and men and women from around the world consume this Korean dish faithfully. Kimchi has Lactobacillus, which can ward off harmful microorganisms and can prevent terrible ailments from wreaking havoc on biological systems.11
Some types of cheese are able to do wonders for men and women because they pack an excellent amount of nutrients and probiotics.12 Unfortunately, many doctors and specialists have always labeled cheese as a leading cause of heart disease. According to a growing number of experts, however, this particular consensus may be wrong because a study revealed that cheese and milk have the ability to cut down the production of TMAO, which is a molecule linked to the onset of heart disease.13 In conclusion, raw cheese is perhaps the best kind available because it’s a lot easier to digest due to the fact that it has enzymes that break down the components in milk. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Anatole55/sandbox
Skyports Drone Services is a British provider and operator of eVTOL drones for cargo delivery, survey and monitoring. The company became famous for using drones to carry Covid-19 samples and test kits in some parts of Argyll and Bute which has been described as a UK first. It also received UK Government funding for establishing service and training facility at Argyll and Bute Council-owned Oban Airport.
The company is founded in 2018 by Duncan Walker & Simon Morrish. It is headquartered in London with additional offices located in Singapore, Dubai, Columbia and Japan.
In 2020, the Skyports drones was authorised by the UK government to carry Covid-19 kits from Mull, Clachan-Seil and Lochgilphead to Lorn and Islands Hospital in Oban. It was jointly funded by the UK Space Agency and the European Space Agency.
The Royal Mail partnered with it to launch a postal service using drones in Scotland. In 2023, they announced a Hub Operator Program for participants in Colombia, UAE, the UK, Kenya, and Korea.
Operations
* Scotland
* Ireland
* United States
* Singapore
Certificates
The Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) have issued the light UAS (Unmanned Aircraft Systems) operator certificate (LUC) to Skyports Drone Services and recognised across all 31 EASA member countries. It received Part 107 Waiver to fly UAS BVLOS and Part 375 Foreign Aircraft Permit in the USA.
In Singapore, it has received Class 1 Activity Permit for UAS Operations and UA Operator Permit (UOP) to fly BVLOS from the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore. | WIKI |
Keiki Nishiyama
Keiki Nishiyama (西山 慶樹 Nishiyama Keiki, born 19 October 1988) is a Japanese volleyball player who plays for JT Marvelous.
Clubs
* 🇯🇵 Kyoto Tachibana High School
* 🇯🇵 JT Marvelous (2007–)
Team
* 2009–2010 V.Premier League – Gorm silver cup.jpg Runner-Up, with JT Marvelous.
* 2010 59th Kurowashiki All Japan Volleyball Tournament – Gorm silver cup.jpg Runner-Up, with JT Marvelous.
* 2010–11 V.Premier League – Simple cup icon.svg Champion, with JT Marvelous.
* 2011 60th Kurowashiki All Japan Volleyball Tournament – Simple cup icon.svg Champion, with JT Marvelous.
Senior team
* 🇯🇵 2008 – 1st AVC Women's Cup
Junior team
* 2006 Asian junior volleyball competition
* 2007 World junior volleyball competition | WIKI |
Page:The Lark - E Nesbit, 1922.djvu/247
248 "Oh, here you are!" said Jane. "I'm so glad. I was just saying that I can't sing much, but you sing like a bird."
"Don't believe her," said Lucilla gaily; "she sings all right. But I've no breath left for singing, I had to hurry. To catch a train," she added, looking straight at Jane. And her look said, "That lie is chalked up to you, not to me. It is your fault, not mine, that I am forced to be so untruthful."
But presently she was not too breathless to sing, and she sang folk-songs, because Mrs. Thornton had sung, drawing-room ballads about rosebuds and stars. And now there was no lack of interest—even before she sang. After her first song she was the centre of all things. Then she sang "La dove prenda" with Mr. Thornton, and it went very well; then there were more duets and more solos; and then songs with choruses, old favourites of Jane's and Lucilla's, which the Thorntons also delightfully knew and liked, and altogether it was half-past eleven before they knew where they were.
Only Miss Antrobus, who had not much voice, asked—after "Outward Bound" it was—whether they were quite sure Miss Lucas would not be disturbed by such very robust vocalisation.
"Oh no, she loves it," said Lucilla shamelessly. "Auntie is wonderfully fond of old songs. I often sing them to her just to please her when we are alone. But I hope you're not bored?" "Oh no," Miss Antrobus assured her. "I'm most interested, I assure you."
This time Lucilla did not desire to hug Miss Antrobus. There was a hint of something. Patronage? Criticism? Suspicion? Antagonism? No, none of these exactly. Yet Lucilla was conscious of something inimical.
"But if she's really fond of John Rochester that accounts," Lucilla told herself, and turned to accede to a request from Mr. Tombs for "My Lady Greensleeves."
"Lucilla is like Sophy Traddles," said Jane. "She knows all the old songs that ever were invented." | WIKI |
Sarah J. Lloyd
Sarah J. Lloyd (born 1896) was a Welsh artist known for her landscape paintings.
Biography
Lloyd was born at Laugharne in Carmarthenshire in west Wales and lived in the area throughout her life, with the local landscape being the regular subject of her paintings. Lloyd was largely self-taught as an artist although she did study sewing and fabric work part-time at the Carmarthen College of Art for a period. She mostly exhibited her paintings in Women's Institute, WI, exhibitions both regionally in Carmarthenshire and Pembrokeshire but also nationally, winning a WI Gold Medal on at least one occasion. Her work also featured in the 1972 Welsh Arts Council touring exhibition, An Alternative Tradition. | WIKI |
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