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hi,
Am a newbie in php, Its been a quite a long time am trying for countdown timer in php , i have 5 different php pages with 5 questions each , when the user starts with the Q.No 1 the timer should start at each and every pages.Can any one please help me out to do this .
Thank you !
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Last Post by Menster
0
Hi there
If you just want to keep track of how long a guy was on a page simply use the following, at the top of your php page:
$time = time();
$_SESSION['time_started'] = $time;
Which stores the time (as a UNIX timestamp) that the page was loaded into the clients session. To read it out and compare it
with the time the next page is loaded, use the following:
$oldtime = $_SESSION['time_started'];
$newtime = time();
$difference = $newtime - $oldtime;
Now the variable "$difference" contains the amount of time the client spent on the first page in seconds. Then you can do what you want with it.
However, if you want to display the timer as a clock ticking down you will need to use a client-side scripting language like Javascript.
0
Hi there
If you just want to keep track of how long a guy was on a page simply use the following, at the top of your php page:
$time = time();
$_SESSION['time_started'] = $time;
Which stores the time (as a UNIX timestamp) that the page was loaded into the clients session. To read it out and compare it
with the time the next page is loaded, use the following:
$oldtime = $_SESSION['time_started'];
$newtime = time();
$difference = $newtime - $oldtime;
Now the variable "$difference" contains the amount of time the client spent on the first page in seconds. Then you can do what you want with it.
However, if you want to display the timer as a clock ticking down you will need to use a client-side scripting language like Javascript.
hi ,
thanks for turning up to help me ....actually the task is, time duration for 5 question is 45 min so when the user starts with the first question i need to display the time remaining at every pages according to user usage of time .... i tried it with javascript but i failed to track the duration for more than one page. please guide me .
Thank you !
0
If the time they've got left is stored in a client-side variable it will be easy to change it.
The best way would be using Javascript to display a ticking clock that every few seconds checks it's sync and updates a flatfile using ajax.. The amount of time left is found from the flatfile making it server-side.
0
Well keeping track of the time remaining is a simple issue to solve:
Just keep a time remaining variable in your session, eg:
$time = time();
$_SESSION['time_started'] = $time;
$_SESSION['time_remaining'] = 2700; //45 minutes
$oldtime = $_SESSION['time_started'];
$newtime = time();
$difference = $newtime - $oldtime;
$_SESSION['time_remaining'] = $_SESSION['time_remaining'] - $difference;
if ($_SESSION['time_remaining'] > 0)
{
$_SESSION['time_started'] = $newtime;
//continue
} else {
//out of time
}
0
hi guys,
Thanks for your suggestions and help , i did my task indulging java script and php , its been pleasure to join this community ..... please keep continue your good job...
Thank you !
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[Sac. No. 5539.
In Bank.
Oct. 6, 1943.]
GOLD MINING AND WATER COMPANY (a Corporation), Respondent, v. A. B. SWINERTON et al., Appellants.
Hartley F. Peart, Howard Hassard and Edward R. Solinsky for Appellants.
John L. McNab, S. C. Wright and Virgil Airola for Respondent.
CARTER, J.
Defendants appeal from a judgment awarding plaintiff damages in the sum of $25,000 for breach of the terms of a lease in failing to make certain improvements on the mining property covered thereby, and in the sum of $15,-000 for breach of a covenant in said lease to develop and mine said property.
The record discloses that on September 21, 1937, plaintiff, as lessor, entered into a mining lease with defendants, Swinerton and Morrison, as lessees, embracing certain real property owned by plaintiff and also certain real property adjacent thereto owned by Emery Gold Mining and Water Company on which plaintiff held a lease and option to purchase. The lease between plaintiff and defendants provided that the lessor leases to the lessees and the latter hired and took from the lessor said property for a term of ten years “subject to payment of royalties and provisions” contained in the lease “on the part of the Lessees to be kept and performed,” with an option for a five year renewal; lessees covenanted to pay on the 10th day of each month, a royalty of 10 per cent on gross values of all minerals extracted from the property when the recovery was 50 cents per cubic yard or less and a graduated scale thereafter; lessees covenanted to enter into immediate possession of the property, to install equipment, and commence mining within a certain time, and to work a minimum of 300,000 cubic yards of gravel per year; the lessor warranted all unpatented claims were valid mineral locations; lessor reserved the right to use the surface of the property for agriculture purposes, subordinate however to the rights granted to the lessees; lessor, upon the lessees’ consent, could use the excess water and agreed to defend the water rights; lessees would maintain the improvements and water facilities on the property, and perform the assessment work necessary to preserve the title to the unpatented claims; that lessees could cut such timber from the property as was necessary for the mining operations; all improvements (not including mining machinery) placed on the property by the lessees should be deemed fixtures; that cessation of operations for a period of not exceeding ninety days would not be a breach of the lease; that the lessors would pay the taxes assessed against the property; that lessees could terminate the lease at any time after July 15, 1938, by giving ninety days written notice on the 15th day of any month, provided the work agreed upon had been performed and the royalties had been paid which were due at the time of the termination; that lessor was entitled to terminate the lease for a default of the lessees, if the default was not cured within thirty days after notice thereof; lessor agreed not to enter into any other arrangement abridging the lessees’ rights; time was made of the essence of the lease; and the lessees were prohibited from assigning the lease. The trial court found that the defendants never had performed their promises under the lease and that they had repudiated it on November 11, 1937, and refused to perform any of its provisions. Plaintiff’s action was commenced in July, 1938.
Plaintiff’s complaint was in two counts, the first for damages for an alleged failure of the lessee to make improvements and the second for damages for an alleged breach of the lease by defendants in failing to mine the property during the 1937-1938 water season. Defendants in a cross-complaint claimed damages for an alleged breach of the lease by plaintiff on February 1, 1938, when it lost its rights in the Emery Company property for failure to perform under its lease with that company.
It is asserted by defendants that the proper interpretation of the lease between plaintiff and defendants requires the construction that performance thereunder by defendants was not to commence until January 1, 1939, and that inasmuch as plaintiff’s action was commenced in July, 1938, it was premature, that is, that plaintiff could not have a cause of action against defendants for damages for a breach of the lease until after the time for defendants’ performance had expired and they had defaulted.
The particular clause with reference to time of performance reads: “LESSEES agree, upon execution of this Lease Agreement, to enter into immediate possession of leased placer mining properties, and to diligently and constantly operate and develop same, to have all water facilities, improvements from Jesus Maria Creek, (Juri properties) fully completed and all machinery in full operation, to take advantage of water run off for season, 1937-1938, to wash and clean up for such minerals. ... as LESSEES may be able to discover and mine within limits of said placer mining properties, and to extract, mill and reduce, and to otherwise treat said minerals, . . . LESSEES agree to work and mine aforesaid placer mining properties continuously from recording of this Lease, as date of entry thereon, and to work a minimum of 300,000 cubic yards of channel material annually, commencing with 1937-1938 water and mining season; however, not later than January 1st, 1939, contingent upon usual emergency clauses and subject to amount of water available from sources owned or controlled by LESSOR. Nothing in this Lease Agreement shall be construed to limit number of yards which LESSEES shall have right to work.” The trial court found that defendants failed to immediately enter into possession of the property, failed to take advantage of the water run off season of 1937-1938, although the run off was later than the month of November, 1937, and failed to install water and minino; facilities in preparation for that run off. Defendants refer to circumstances surrounding the execution of the lease as indicating that it was intended that their performance was not to commence until January 1, 1939. However, the lease on its face justifies the construction that performance by defendants was required before that time. As seen from the clause above quoted, and particularly pursuant to the first sentence thereof, defendants expressly covenanted to “enter into immediate possession of the property,” that is, upon the execution of the lease which was September 21, 1937. They never did enter into possession. They expressly covenanted “to have all water facilities and improvements” fully completed and all machinery in full operation¡ to take advantage of water run off for season 1937-1938. They failed to perform any of those promises which obviously by the very terms of the lease were to be performed prior to January 1, 1939. In the second sentence of the quoted clause defendants promised to mine the property ‘1 continuously from the recording of the lease, (the lease was recorded on September 22, 1937, the day after its date) as date of entry thereon,” that is, entry on the property which as we have seen was to be on September 21, 1937; and to work a minimum of 300,000 cubic yards annually commencing with the 1937-1938 water and mining season. The purported limitation in the last sentence upon those promises, reading “however, not later than January 1, 1939, contingent upon usual emergency clauses and subject to amount of water available from sources owned and controlled by lessor,” is not, in any event, applicable to the promises contained in the first sentence hereinabove discussed. But even in connection with the promises contained in the second sentence, that purported limitation must mean that the first 300,000 cubic yards to be worked annually was to have been mined by January 1, 1939, rather than that that date was the time to commence mining. Another clause of the lease points to that interpretation in that it clearly contemplates that mining would be done prior to January 1, 1939, and that work on the property would have been done before that time. It reads: “LESSEES shall have right to abandon this Lease Agreement and all operations on said placer mining properties by giving LESSOR ninety (90) days previous written, registered notice on fifteenth day of any month, beginning on July 15th, A. D. 1938, of LESSEES’ intention so to do, and by keeping workings on said placer mining properties in full operation during said period of time; provided, however, that all aforesaid royalties, — or cubic yards guaranteed annually, due at said termination, shall be paid or worked in full.” (Emphasis added.) It is clear therefore that performance by defendants was to commence at once. The property was to be entered, and repairs and facilities placed in readiness for the 1937-1938 water run off. The property was to be continuously worked and mined from the date of the lease and entry on the property. Defendants failed to perform any of those covenants. Thus, we have a partial breach of the lease by defendants having already occurred on November 11, 1937, the date upon which defendants repudiated the lease according to the findings of the court.
That breach was material inasmuch as one of the main objects of the lease was to have the mineral removed from the property as soon as possible and that advantage be taken of the 1937-1938 water and mining season. That time was of importance in the performance of the lease was expressly agreed by the parties in the following language: ‘1 Time and specific performance is of the essence of this Lease Agreement.” It has been held that when time is made of the essence of a contract, a failure to perform within the time specified is a material breach of the contract. (C. O. Bashaw Co. v. A. U. Pinkham Co., 77 Cal.App. 591 [246 P. 1064] ; Mappa v. City Council of Los Angeles, 61 Cal. 309.)
The evidence supports the trial court’s finding that the lease was repudiated by the lessees in November, 1937. Defendant Swinerton testified with respect to a conversation on November 11, 1937, relating as claimed by defendants to their request for consent to assign the lease, at which he, Morrison, and an officer and director of plaintiff were present: ‘ ‘ Q. And in any event when you left the meeting, Mr. Swinerton, you stated to them, did you not, that as far as you were concerned that you would have nothing further to do with the contract, unless they would consent to your assignment? A. I said nothing to do with the property, I think that is what I said. Q. Just to refresh your recollection— A. I may have said contract.” He admitted he had testified as follows in his deposition: “ Q. But you did not state on that occasion that neither you nor Mr. Morrison would proceed under the lease? A. I could not speak for Mr. Morrison but I said as far as I am concerned, I would have nothing further to do with the contract unless they would assign the contract. A. That is what I.said.” The other defendant lessee Morrison testified that he concurred in Swinerton’s statement. With respect to that conversation, Schmidt, a representative of the corporation testified that defendant Swinerton “said he was through with it and would not go on and do anything further in it whatsoever. ’ ’ Immediately after that conversation Swinerton left for Europe. In a letter from plaintiff to lessees dated November 15, 1937, apparently relating to the request for permission to assign, the latter were informed that “out of courtesy to” lessees but “without prejudice to” lessor “in any manner” the lessor was making an investigation “without any assurance of consent, as you must realize your liability in performance” of the lease. On November 24, 1937, plaintiff by letter to the lessees unequivocally advised them that plaintiff would not consent to an assignment of the lease by the lessees. We believe that those circumstances coupled with the facts that defendants never commenced any performance under the lease, and defendant Swinerton indicated that the equipment to mine the property by dredging would be more expensive than he could afford although he believed that was the best method, justified the trial court in finding a repudiation. While it has been held that a repudiation must consist of a present, positive unequivocal refusal to perform the contract (Hogue-Kellogg Co. v. Petit, 48 Cal.App. 495 [192 P. 113] ; Wilton v. Clarke, 27 Cal.App.2d 1 [80 P.2d 141]; Atkinson v. District Bond Co., 5 Cal.App.2d 738 [43 P.2d 867]), and that a mere threat alone to abandon is not a repudiation, it is clear that here defendants refused to have anything further to do with the lease or property unless plaintiff consented to the assignment. It was under no obligation or duty to consent thereto. Consent to the assignment was refused shortly thereafter. Defendants had not commenced performance of the contract prior thereto nor did they thereafter. Particular reliance is placed by defendants upon Wilton v. Clarke, supra, and Atkinson v. District Bond Co., supra, but repudiation is ordinarily a question of fact and intent, and must be determined by the facts in the particular case. (Sonnicksen v. Sonnicksen, 45 Cal.App.2d 46 [113 P.2d 495].) In Wilton v. Clarke, supra, the trial court found that there was no repudiation and the finding was upheld. The purported repudiation by defendant was followed by an explanation showing that his rejection of the attempted performance by plaintiff was proper. In Atkinson v. District Bond Co., supra, the statement claimed to constitute the repudiation was not coupled with a partial failure of performance by defendant or the circumstances present in the instant case, such as, that the defendants were not financially able to mine the property in the manner they thought it should be mined. No endeavor was made by defendants to withdraw their repudiation in the instant case, and plaintiff’s consent to the assignment, the only contingency upon which it might be implied that defendants would perform, or rather that their assignee would perform, was refused shortly after the repudiation. In Hall v. Augur, 82 Cal.App. 594 [256 P. 232], involving an oil and gas lease, it was held that the lessee had abandoned the lease when he never commenced drilling on the property and stated he was financially unable to do so. Such an abandonment would be equivalent to a repudiation.
Strictly speaking, a total breach of a contract may arise in two ways, which, although different, have been frequently confused with each other. One is an anticipatory breach, or as it may be termed, a breach by anticipatory repudiation, which is necessarily total, and which is of importance both with relation to an excuse for nonperformance by the promisee, the repudiation being by the promisor, and the right of the promisee to recover damages immediately for a total breach of the contract before performance by the promisor is due thereunder. By its very name an essential element of a true anticipatory breach of a contract is that the repudiation by the promisor occur before his performance is due under the contract. On the other hand there may be a total breach of a contract where there has been a partial breach by the promisor, which means of course that the time for a portion of the performance was due, followed thereafter by a repudiation of the contract by him. There is, however, an exception in the case of a contract originally unilateral and not conditional on some future performance by the promisee, and of a contract originally bilateral that has become unilateral and similarly unconditional by full performance by one party. A contract is totally breached and an anticipatory repudiation occurs when the promisor without justification and before he has committed a breach, makes a positive statement to the promisee indicating that he will not or cannot substantially perform his contractual duties. (Cobb v. Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co., 4 Cal.2d 565 [51 P.2d 84]; Restatement, Contracts, secs. 316, 317, 318.) It follows that where there has been a partial breach by the promisor accompanied or followed by a repudiation of the contract by the promisor, the breach is total. (Restatement, Contracts, sec. 317.)
In the instant case we have as heretofore stated a situation in which there has been a partial breach by defendants followed by a repudiation of the contract which ordinarily under the rules above stated would constitute a total breach for which plaintiff could recover all past and prospective damages suffered, in an action which it could bring immediately after the repudiation. Even if it be assumed in the instant case that the lease was a bilateral contract which had become unilateral by the full performance thereof by the plaintiff-lessor-promisee when it demised the premises to the lessees, and that therefore, under the general rule a partial breach coupled with a repudiation would not constitute a total breach entitling plaintiff to bring an action for prospective damages, the result is the same because that rule does not apply where the acts to be performed by the promisor are connected with one another such as under the circumstances of this case. Where the acts to be performed by the promisor are connected, and the thing to be accomplished by the contract is an entirety, the breach may be total where there is a partial breach coupled with repudiation even though the promisee has fully performed the bilateral contract. (Restatement, Contracts, see. 316. ) In the case at bar the obligations of defendants, lessees, were indivisible and not separable. They were to continuously mine the property as rapidly as due diligence required and extract the minerals therefrom. Clearly, the lease contemplated the continuous extraction of minerals by lessees as one entire obligation. The mere fact that the royalties were payable monthly and that 300,000 cubic yards were to be worked annually carries no implication that each payment of royalties was severable from the other, or that each year’s output of 300,000 cubic yards was severable from every other year. Rather the one was merely a specification of the time for paying whatever the royalties there might be and the other a minimum below which- the output should not fall. It is not like the case of money payable in fixed installments.
From the foregoing discussion it further follows that even if defendants’ interpretation of the clause with reference to their time to perform under the lease is accepted we still would have a true anticipatory breach on defendants’ part by reason of their repudiation of the lease which would entitle plaintiff to recover prospective damages. In this connection defendants urge that the doctrine of anticipatory breach cannot be applied to a lease as distinguished from an ordinary contract; that rental under a lease is paid in installments and the lessor must wait for each installment to fall due before he has a cause of action for a breach of the lease. They rely upon Bradbury v. Higginson, 162 Cal: 602 [123 P. 797]. That case involved an ordinary lease in which the property was leased on December 13, 1904, for five years with a rental of $100 per month. The lessee took possession and paid the rental to and including June, 1909, but thereafter defaulted. Plaintiff lessor commenced his action in August, 1909, claiming the full rent for July and August and also for the four months remaining in the term of the lease. The court held that a recovery could not be had for the full rent but stated that an action for damages was proper where there was a default and repudiation by the lessee. It said at page 604, referring to the right of the lessor where the lessee has failed to pay the rent and has abandoned the lease: [291 P. 178]; Syrett v. Strickland, 86 Cal.App. 623 [261 P. 484]; Strei v. Brooks, 95 Cal.App. 589 [273 P. 145]; Treff v. Gulko, 214 Cal. 591 [7 P.2d 697]; Pacific States Corp. v. Rosenshine, 113 Cal.App. 266 [298 P. 155].) The weight of authority appears to permit an immediate action to recover damages for the entire term where the lessee defaults in the payment of rent and repudiates the lease. (See cases collected 137 A.L.R. 432.) Whatever may he the correct rule in the case of an ordinary lease, mining leases are in a class by themselves. As we have seen, the lease in the instant case is indivisible. It was not contemplated that certain sums of money were to be paid periodically for the use of the leased premises. The main object was the removal of the minerals from the ground, and the periodic payment of royalties was merely a convenient method for their prompt and orderly payment. As stated in Sail v. Augur, supra, with reference to an oil and gas lease, at page 600:
“That a landlord may have an action for damages for breach of contract when a tenant abandons his lease is not questioned by any of the authorities. His damages, however, in that event, are to be ascertained in a particular way. Where a lease is repudiated and the premises abandoned, the landlord may pursue one of two courses: He may rest upon his contract and sue his tenant as each installment of rent, or the whole thereof, becomes due; or, he may take possession of the premises and recover damages, which damages will be the difference between what he may be able to rent the premises for and the price agreed to be paid under the lease. Where he sues for damages, he cannot in advance recover the full price to be paid for the unexpired term, but the amount of his recovery is limited as just indicated.” (Emphasis added.) Later in the opinion it is recognized that an action for damages, as distinguished from one for rent, will lie for the anticipatory breach of a lease. It was said at page 608:
“But it is argued that the plaintiff had the right to recover on the doctrine of ‘anticipatory breach’ (Alder son v. Houston, 154 Cal. 1 [96 P. 884]); that is to say, that the defendant’s repudiation of the obligations of his lease gave the plaintiff the right to treat the entire contract as broken, and to recover at once the damage sustained by such breach. But in an action to recover for such breach, the measure of damage would be, not the total rent reserved, but the difference between the rent to accrue and the value of the remaining portion of the term. The complaint does not aver that plaintiff has sustained any damage by the defendant’s repudiation, nor does it state any facts from which the amount of such damage may be inferred. ’ ’ It would seem from the foregoing language that the lessor might bring an action for all damages immediately upon the lessee’s default and repudiation of the lease. Those damages would consist of the difference between the reasonable rental value of the property and the agreed rental for the remainder of the term of the lease. (See 20 Cal.L.Rev. 627.) Although it would seem that under the rule in the Higginson case the lessor need not wait until the end of the term to sue for damages, doubt has been cast on that view. (See Phillips-Hollman, Inc. v. Peerless Stages, 210 Cal. 253
“The duty to drill and develop the property upon the discovery of oil or gas in paying quantities is not to be regarded as a mere covenant, but in a case like this, where practically the whole consideration must depend upon the undertaking, it is to be treated as a condition precedent.” (Emphasis added.) And again at page 601:
“The main consideration for the execution of these leases was the payment of royalties to the plaintiffs, which could only be obtained through drilling the oil wells. Royalties were never paid because no wells were drilled.” (Emphasis added.) In the ordinary lease of real property the lessor is not concerned with a development or operation of the property by the lessee, but only in payment of the rent installments as they become due. If the lessee abandons the lease the lessor has the use of the property. However, in a mining lease, upon abandonment, the lessor, it is true, has the use of the property and still has the mineral in the ground, but he does not have that mineral removed, the obligation which the lessee assumed. It is only a general rule that mining leases are to be governed by the same rules as ordinary leases, which must give way in certain circumstances when we consider the above discussed persuasive reasons therefor.
Defendants urge that plaintiff lost its rights to the Emery property and therefore breached its covenant of quiet enjoyment by depriving defendants of the opportunity to mine the property. It will be recalled that a portion of the property embraced in the lease here in question was held by plaintiff by virtue of a lease to it from the Emery Company. In February, 1938, plaintiff’s rights under the latter lease were declared forfeited by the Emery Company for plaintiff’s failure to perform thereunder. In this connection defendants also urge that damages should have been awarded to them under their cross-complaint which was based on the same alleged breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment. Both contentions are untenable for the same reason. Prior to February, 1938, there was no breach of the covenant. The loss by plaintiff of its rights in the Emery Company property did not occur until after the defendants had repudiated the lease. After the total breach by the defendants, plaintiff was excused from performance under the lease.' It was said by this court in Naify v. Pacific Indemnity Co., 11 Cal.2d 5, 10 [76 P.2d 663, 115 A.L.R. 476]:
“Finally, the normal effect of repudiation of a contract and refusal to perform on one side is the excuse of performance on the other side; ...” Furthermore, it is expressly provided in the lease that its continuance in force was dependent on the performance of its provisions by defendants. The clause reads: “LESSOR hereby leases and demises aforesaid placer mining properties to LESSEES for placer mining purposes for a term of ten (10) years from date hereof, subject to payment of royalties and provisions herein contained on part of LESSEES to be kept and performed. ...” (Emphasis added.) The cases relied upon by defendants did not involve the situation where because of a total breach the lessor’s performance was excused.
Defendants argue that because of dealings with a certain Mr. Johnson, a new lease of the property was made between Johnson and plaintiff, and that the instant lease was thereby terminated and defendants released from liability thereunder. In this connection defendants also assert that the conduct of plaintiff from October, 1937, through January, 1938, induced them to believe that plaintiff would lease the property to Johnson and thereby release defendants. The evidence on the subject is conflicting. Suffice it to say that Mr. Schmidt, one of the officers of plaintiff testified that neither he nor his fellow officers ever assented to a new lease with Johnson, nor ever gave an assent to the assignment by the defendants of the instant lease to Johnson, and never consented to any change in the instant lease.
The trial court found that plaintiff was damaged in the sum of $25,000 by reason of the failure of defendants to improve and repair the water system to make it usable for mining and to make water available for mining operations. Defendants urge that their obligation to repair and improve the water facilities was inseparably connected with and an incidental part of their main covenant to mine and operate the property and remove the mineral therefrom; and that therefore damages should not have been given for loss of royalties for failure to mine and also damages for failure to repair the water facilities; that one of the items of damages necessarily embraces the other. There are several clauses in the lease which must be considered in this connection. There is a provision that the use of the surface of the property is reserved by plaintiff for agricultural purposes and that: “LESSOR shall have right, upon prior written consent of LESSEES, to use all excess water to be mutually agreed upon, not used by LESSEES in operations; provided, however, that such uses shall not interfere in any manner with LESSEES’ operations hereunder and that said use shall be wholly at risk of LESSOR. . . . Pursuant to LESSEES’ consent, LESSOR shall have right to use such excess water through and by means of all equipment of water diversion works now on placer mining properties, or any additions, improvements, or repairs made by LESSEES: provided, however, that if it is necessary to increase aforesaid diversion water works, a mutual Agreement shall be made in writing as to payment by LESSOR of increased ratio cost for such use of excess water. . . . Expressly mutually understood and agreed, however, that aforesaid water rights, privileges and use of water, shall only be upon LESSOR’S placer mining properties.” (Emphasis added.) That term of the lease might imply that the covenant with respect to the repair of the water facilities was separate because the water was to be used by the lessor for agricultural purposes, but it is to be noted that the lessor is entitled to use the excess water only with the consent of the lessees. The defendants-lessees were not obligated to give their consent. That clause does not therefore necessarily establish that the covenants were separable. In the clause relating to the obligation of the lessees to mine the property it is said: “Lessees agree ... to operate and develop same (property), to have all water facilities, improvements from Jesus Maria Creek . . . fully completed and all machinery in full operation, to take advantage of water runoff, ...” It might well be argued from that clause alone that the repair of the water facilities was solely incidental to the mining operations and did not constitute an individual obligation for the breach of which damages might be recovered. But the lease further provides: “Lessees agree to keep, protect and maintain all buildings, flumes, ditches, reservoirs, pipelines and other workings now or hereafter situated upon said placer mining properties, and to deliver up same together with appurtenances and all improvements thereon in good order and condition, ordinary wear and tear, and acts of God and elements, excepted.” And also that: “All buildings, improvements and water diversion works that ma/y be placed in or upon aforesaid placer mining properties by LESSEES, during term of this Lease Agreement, shall be deemed affixed to said placer mining properties and become a part thereof, and upon termination of this Lease Agreement, same will not be removed from said placer mining properties. ...” (Emphasis added.) Those terms definitely contemplate that the water facilities were to be improved and repaired, and the lessor had a definite interest therein, inasmuch as such improvements were to become its property. It is also clear that the improvement of the water system was to be of such a character as to render it adequate and adaptable for mining the property rather than for other uses to which it might be put.
In connection with the award of $25,000 for the failure to improve the water system, defendants further urge that the only evidence of damages was hearsay, that the evidence was insufficient to maintain the award, and that the court applied as the measure of damages the cost of the improvements rather than the lessened value of the lessor’s reversion because of the failure to make the improvements.
The court found that defendants were not obligated to construct certain dams as a part of the restoration of the water system and that there is nothing in the lease “setting forth the amount of improvements to be made upon the properties described in said Lease Agreement by the defendants, or the method by which the properties should be worked, or that a storage dam to cost $50,000.00 should be built on Jesus Maria Creek by the defendants, or either of them; that it was not contemplated by the parties to said Lease Agreement that the sum of $167,735.00 should be spent by the defendants upon the water system; but the Court finds that a reasonable sum of money was to be expended by the defendants upon the water system to bring water to the mining properties and to repair the water system to make it usable for mining; and the Court finds that an expenditure of no greater sum than $25,000.00 was in the minds of the parties to be spent by the defendants to bring the water to said mining properties, and the Court finds that the sum of $25,000.00 was a reasonable sum to be expended to put said water facilities in order and to enable said properties to be operated as required by the provisions of the Lease Agreement, and in this connection the Court finds that although $25,000.00 was a reasonable and necessary sum the defendants did not expend any sum whatever and did nothing to fulfill the requirements assumed by the defendants in said Lease Agreement.” (Emphasis added.) Defendants assert that the $25,000 referred to as having been contemplated by the parties was based solely upon hearsay evidence consisting of a letter written by plaintiff to the Emery Company prior to the execution of the lease here involved, suggesting leniency in the performance by plaintiff of its lease with that company. It was there stated that plaintiff had a group interested in mining, the property, referring to a lease with defendant Morrison alone, and that certain repairs were to be made by the group which was “budgeted by them at $25,000.” That letter was introduced by defendants in their cross-examination of one of plaintiff’s officers. Whatever may be the validity of that evidence the findings may not be so narrowly interpreted as to be based solely thereon. It is to be noted from the foregoing quoted excerpt from the findings that the court also found that “the sum of $25,000 was a reasonable sum to be expended to put said water facilities in order and to enable said property to be operated as required by provisions of the lease.” And later in the findings the court stated “the Court finds that a reasonable sum to be spent for said purpose on said mining properties was $25,000.00 and the Court finds that an expenditure of no greater sum than $25,000.00 was in the minds of the parties, and the Court therefore finds that said sum of $25,000.00 was a reasonable sum to be expended and was the sum in the contemplation of the parties ...” (Emphasis added.) At most the letter was in the mind of the trial court as the maximum the parties expected to expend and is therefore not particularly significant. The same appears to be true of the court’s language in its memorandum of opinion.
There is ample evidence other than the letter from which the trial court could have concluded that the sum of $25,000 was a reasonable amount to cover the cost of the improvements contemplated. Plaintiff’s witness Scott testified in great detail of the cost of restoring the water system, arriving at a total figure of over $167,000. Evidently the trial court rejected some of his items and accepted others. It is true that Scott based his estimates upon mining the property by the hydraulic method, rather than by mechanical means, such as a power shovel or dredger, and as pointed out by defendants there is nothing in the lease requiring that such method of mining be used. But there is nothing in the lease as to what method should be employed. Defendants’ evidence shows various figures approximating $3,000 as the cost of restoration of the water system based on mechanical mining. Under these circumstances we cannot say that there was no substantial evidence supporting the finding. We have seen that the character of the improvements was to be such as would make the water available for mining as distinguished from other uses. Where the method of mining the property is not specified in a mining lease, it may be fairly said that the lessee is obligated to mine the property in a reasonable manner compatible with the most expeditious removal of the mineral therein, taking into consideration the costs involved, the contemplation of the parties, and the nature and character of the property to be mined.
Various statements have been made with reference to the proper measure of damages for a breach by a lessee of a covenant to improve or repair the property. It is said in 36 C.J. 175:
“The general rule is that upon a lessee’s breach of covenant to make improvements, a lessor can recover only what it would cost to make them, and the difference in the rental value of the land until they could be made after the expiration of the term. But it is also held that the measure of damages where the lessee removes the improvements he has covenanted to make and leave for the benefit of the lessor is the difference between the value of the premises with and without the improvements. Damages for breach of covenant to make an improvement within a specified time within the term have been measured by the injury to the reversion at the end of the term reduced to its present value, or by such sum as, with interest, will produce the fair cost of improvement at the end of the term.” It is said in 32 Am.Jur., Landlord and Tenant, section 801: “Where, during the continuance of the tenancy, the landlord brings an action for the breach of a covenant to repair by the tenant, the measure of damages is generally held to be the amount by which the reversion is injured on account of the property being out of repair. It would not be fair or just, particularly where the lease has a long time to run, to take the amount necessary to put the premises into repair as the measure of the damages; for in such cases, when the damages are awarded to the landlord, he is not bound to expend them in repairs, nor can he do so without the tenant’s permission to enter on the premises. In some cases, however, it has been held that a landlord is entitled to recover the cost of putting the premises in proper repair, although the action is brought by him before the termination of the lease.
“In an action for the breach of a tenant’s covenant to keep the premises in repair, brought after the expiration of the term, the plaintiff’s measure of damages is the cost of putting the demised premises into the state of repair contemplated by the broken covenant, and if the landlord is himself compelled to do the repairs after the determination of the term, he is entitled also to compensation for the loss of the use of the premises which has presumably been suffered during the time while the repairs were being executed.” In the case of a mining lease such as is here involved, where there has been a failure to perform and a repudiation by the lessees, the rule to be applied should be the same as where the term has expired; that is, the lessor is entitled to recover the reasonable cost of the improvements or repairs which the lessees agreed to make under the terms of the lease. The evidence supports the findings that the reasonable cost of the improvements and repairs contemplated was the sum of $25,000.
In the second count of its complaint plaintiff alleged that there were in excess of 300,000 cubic yards of mineral bearing gravel on the property of an average gross value of 90(5 per yard. The trial court found that: “the gross average value of said gravel is 50(5 per cubic yard and that there was a minimum of 300,000 cubic yards of the average gross value of 50^ per cubic yard in said properties capable of being mined and removed by the defendants annually.” In what it termed its order for judgment but what might be more aptly described as its memorandum opinion, the trial court stated: “However, from all the testimony as to value, I find the value to be 50(5 per cubic yard. Plaintiff’s royalty would amount to $15,000 thereon.” Although the memorandum opinion is not properly a part of the record on appeal, it may be used to assist in determining the action of the court. At 500 per cubic yard, the gross value of the mineral in 300,000 cubic yards of gravel would be $150,000. Ten per cent of that figure is $15,000, the amount awarded by the court.
Appellants contend that the trial court applied the wrong rule as to the measure of damages to which plaintiff may be entitled for the failure of the defendants to mine 300,000 cubic yards of gravel during the mining season of 1937-1938. On page 65 of Appellants’ Opening Brief counsel state: “As a matter of law, the measure of damages is not as the trial court assumed. In an action for unpaid royalties the lessor is only entitled to recover the agreed upon percentage (in the instant case, 10%) of that sum which is left after deducting from the value of the quantity of ore which lessees were required to mine the value of the ore left in the mine.” In support of this proposition they cite the following cases: Lyon v. Miller, 24 Pa. 392; Whiteside v. Rooky Mt. Fuel Co., 101 F.2d 765; Keating Co. v. Inland Steel Co., 157 Minn. 243 [195 N.W. 1016]; Milligan v. Haggerty, 296 Mich. 62 [295 N.W. 560], We have examined these cases, and while the rule announced therein is not very clearly stated, we gather therefrom that it was the intention of the courts to hold that where a lessee has agreed to mine coal on a royalty basis and ceases mining operations before he has mined all of the coal covered by the lease, the lessor is not entitled to recover the full amount of royalty specified in the lease for the unmined coal. But just what rule should be applied for the determination of the amount of damages in such cases is not made clear by the opinions in the above-cited cases.
The problem presented is not simple, and its solution involves a consideration of various rules relating to the measure of damages for breach of a contract providing for the extraction of mineral from land on a royalty basis.
The majority rule relating to oil and gas leases appears to be that where a lessee fails to perform his lease and the lessor suffers damages as a result of the loss of royalty on the oil or gas which the lessee would have extracted from the leased premises had the lease been performed, the lessor may recover the full amount of the royalty to which he would have been entitled had the lessee fully performed. (Fallis v. Julian Petroleum Co., 108 Cal.App. 559 [292 P. 168] ; Julian Petroleum Corp. v. Courtney Petroleum Co., 22 F.2d 360.) This rule is referred to as the “royalty rule.”
In 2 Summers Oil and Gas, at pages 433-435, the author states:
“While there seem to have been no objections to the application of the so-called royalty rule for the measure of damages where there has been a breach of express or implied covenants of the lessee to drill protection wells, yet it was suggested in a West Virginia case that when this rule is applied to a situation where there has been a failure to drill sufficient additional wells to reasonably develop the property, it results in paying the lessor double damages for the breach of the covenant. It is there pointed out that if the lessor is paid the value of the royalty upon the oil or gas which should have been produced but was not, the oil still remains in the land and when produced by the lessee at a later time the lessor will again receive this royalty. The court suggests that the interest on the value of the royalty more nearly approximates the true measure of damages. This objection to the royalty rule is apparently very similar to that which was urged in the Pennsylvania case of Lyon v. Miller, causing the court to hold that the measure of damages for a breach of a covenant to mine coal was the value of the royalty on the coal that should have been mined, less the value of such mineral in the land. This rule has, however, been disapproved by later cases in the same jurisdiction, as well as by decisions of other courts. There is undoubtedly some merit to the above-mentioned criticism of the royalty rule, particularly where the breach complained of is a cessation of reasonable development for a period of time, and the lessee does continue thereafter to reasonably develop and operate the land. In such a situation the lessee does eventually mine the mineral which should have been mined previously and does again pay the royalty on this mineral which has already been received by the lessor by way of damages. If the lessee fails or refuses to resume operations under the lease, he cannot complain of the royalty rule as the proper measure of damages, for he never pays the royalty the second time. On the other hand, if the lessee resumes reasonable operations, or operations expressly required by the lease, he may be able to invoke the aid of a court of equity to relieve him of paying the royalties upon the unmined minerals, which he has paid once in the form of damages.”
It is said in Stoddard v. Illinois Improvement & Ballast Co., 275 Ill. 199 [113 N.E. 913, 915] (involving a rock quarry):
“Having retained possession of the premises and having failed to surrender the lease or to develop the property, it is liable for the amount of stone it could, by reasonable diligence, have quarried and sold at a profit for the remaining three years of the lease, at 6 cents per cubic yard, the price fixed in the lease.”
It has also been held that in an action for damages for failure to develop sulphur lands under a contract, the owner’s measure of damages is the amount of royalties he would have received had the mine been operated during the period when operations were unreasonably suspended, with interest from the date the royalties would have accrued. (Freeport Sulphur Co. v. American Sulphur Royalty Co. of Texas, 117 Tex. 439 [6 S.W.2d 1039, 60 A.L.R 890]; see, also, Macon v. Trowbridge, 38 Colo. 330 [87 P. 1147]; Gilmore v. Ontario Iron Co., 86 N.Y. 455.)
It seems clear to us that the correct rule for the measure of damages in a case such as this should be one which would place plaintiff in the same position it would have been in had defendants performed the covenants contained in the lease.
It appears from the record in the case at bar, and the court found, that if the defendants had operated the mining property covered by the lease in question in accordance with the provisions thereof, they would have extracted the sum of $150,000 from the 300,000 cubic yards of gravel which they agreed to mine during the mining season of 1937-1938. Of this amount plaintiff would have received the sum of $15,000 as royalty. Defendants failed to perform their covenant to mine the property and plaintiff received no royalty. Plaintiff therefore suffered a loss as the result of the failure of the defendants to perform the covenant in question. Defendants breached their lease, abandoned the property and will never operate the property under the lease involved in. this action. Plaintiff may not desire to operate the property itself, and may not be able to obtain another lessee to do so. True, plaintiff still has the mining property and may lease it again on a royalty basis, but even if it does so and receives a royalty on all of the gold extracted from the 300,000 cubic yards of gravel which defendants agreed to extract, plaintiff will not thereby recover double damages or receive as royalty the amount it is entitled to recover from defendants as damages. In other words, what plaintiff is entitled to recover from defendants under the rule here announced is damages for the failure of defendants to perform their agreement under the lease to mine the property, extract the mineral therefrom rnd pay plaintiff a royalty thereon. Since defendants have failed to perform, plaintiff may recover from them as damages an amount equal the amount of royalty which plaintiff would have received had defendants operated the property in accordance with the provisions of the lease.
Upon proof by plaintiff of the execution of the lease, and of defendants’ failure to perform, and of the amount of royalty which plaintiff would have received had defendants performed, plaintiff made out a prima facie case for the recovery of damages against defendants. To meet this prima facie case defendants may have been able to show that plaintiff had not in fact suffered the amount of damages claimed because the property had been either leased to other operators on the same or more favorable terms than those specified in defendants’ lease or that plaintiff had operated the property itself and recovered an amount equal to or greater than the royalty specified in defendants’ lease; or other facts might have been established which would have the effect of diminishing the amount of damages suffered by plaintiff as the result of being deprived of the royalty which the defendants agreed to pay. That defendant has such burden of proof is held in Milligan v. Haggerty, supra, the court citing as authority therefor Tradesman Co. v. Superior Mfg. Co., 147 Mich. 702 [111 N.W. 343, 112 N.W. 708], and Flickema v. Henry Kraker Co., 252 Mich. 406 [233 N.W. 362, 72 A.L.R. 1046]. In the Tradesman case the claim was for damages by the operator of a newspaper for breach of a contract by one hiring advertising space. It was held that the defendant had the burden of proving that plaintiff could have obtained other advertisers for the same price; that plaintiff made out a prima facie case of .damages by proving the contract price. The Flickema case involved an employment contract in which it was held that an employee whose contract of employment had been broken made out a prima facie case by proving the contract price, and the burden was on defendant employer to establish that the employee could have obtained employment elsewhere. The same rule has been adopted in California. (Seymour v. Oelrichs, 156 Cal. 782 [106 P. 88,134 Am.St.Rep. 154].) No such proof was offered by defendants in the case ■ at bar, as the record discloses that the property covered by the lease was not operated after defendants breached their lease and plaintiff has never received any portion of the royalty which the defendants agreed to pay from the proceeds of the gold which the defendants agreed to extract from the property pursuant to the provisions of the lease. The subject is ably and comprehensively discussed in the case of Texas Pacific Coal & Oil Co. v. Barker, 117 Tex. 418 [6 S.W.2d 1031, 1037, 60 A.L.R. 936], which involved an oil and gas lease.
The trial court found against the defendants on all of the defenses interposed by them, and, as we have heretofore stated, the findings of the trial court find ample support in the evidence.
The judgment is affirmed.
Gibson, C. J., Shenk, J., Curtis, J., Traynor, J., and Schauer, J., concurred.
EDMONDS, J., Dissenting.
Certainly there is substantial evidence to support- the finding of the trial court that the appellants repudiated the lease and did not take possession of the property. But assuming that the provision of their agreement requiring repair of the water system is an independent covenant unrelated to the requirement “to work a minimum of 300,000 yards of channel annually’’ and entitling the lessors to recover separately for its breach, I cannot agree with the conclusion of my associates as to the measure of damages for the breach of the obligation to do the required amount of mining. In my opinion the theory upon which the judgment in this particular is affirmed is contrary to elementary rules of the law relating to contracts.
The appellants agreed to operate certain placer mining properties and the trial court found “that there was a minimum of 300,000 cubic yards [of gravel] of the average gross value of 50$ per cubic yard in said properties capable of being mined and removed by [them] . . . annually.’’ At the rate fixed by the lease, had the covenant been performed, the lessor would have received $15,000, which is the amount the trial court awarded in the judgment now affirmed.
The vice of allowing a recovery equaling the consideration of the contract is that it gives the lessor the amount of his royalty and, in addition, leaves him with his mineral deposit. To me, such an award clearly violates the legislative prohibition that “no person can recover a greater amount in damages for the breach of an obligation than he could have gained by the full performance thereof on both sides, except in the cases specified in the articles on exemplary damages and penal damages. ...” (Civ. Code, see. 3358.) This rule is a fundamental principle of contract law. As restated in Corpus Juris Secundum, the “plaintiff is not to be put in a better position by a recovery of damages for the breach of a contract than he would have been if there had been performance.” (25 C.J.S., Damages, sec. 74, pp. 565, 566.) By the decision in this case, the lessor recovers $15,000, the amount which it would have received had the contract been performed and also retains the 300,000 cubic yards of gold-bearing gravel; it gets full payment for the mineral deposit which it still has.
The fugacious qualities of petroleum substances justify courts in allowing the recovery of the full royalty upon them upon the breach of an obligation to produce oil and gas. However, to apply that measure of damages in a case such as the present one gives the landowner much more than he would have received had his contract been fully performed. The Supreme Court of Michigan recently refused to allow such a recovery and approved the rule stated by the trial judge as follows: ‘ ‘ The measure of damages for breach of ah implied contract to mine all the coal that may be reasonably mined is the stipulated rate for the quantity which could have reasonably been mined, but was not, deducting its value unmined.” Citing as authority Lyon v. Miller, 24 Pa. 392, and the note in 60 A.L.R. 935, it held that the plaintiff could not recover the full amount of rental agreed to be paid under a lease for the purpose of excavating clay. Again adopting the language of the trial judge, it said: “The reason why this rule is fair and equitable is that if the Court should award to plaintiff the value of the brick per thousand which could be manufactured from the remaining portion of the area, then not only would plaintiff have a judgment for the full amount, but during a normal period he would also be able to realize on re-sale, practically the same amount, and therefore, the harvest would be double, which in the opinion of the court, would work an injustice on the defendant. ’ ’ (Milligan v. Haggerty, 296 Mich. 62 [295 N.W. 560, 564] .)
The same measure of damages was recently applied by the federal court which held that the value of the deposit of coal not mined must be considered in reduction of the amount agreed to be paid under the contract. “When the lessee ceases to mine, the additional coal which he would have taken out if he had continued reverts to the lessor’s benefit to be taken out by him or some other sub-lessee. So the lessor’s damage in such case can not be said to be the full amount of the minimum royalties during the remainder of the lessee’s term.” (Whiteside v. Rocky Mountain Fuel Co., 101 F.2d 765, 768.)
The statement in Sumner’s Oil and Gas, quoted and relied upon in the majority opinion, that the leading case of Lyon v. Miller, 24 Pa. 392, has been disapproved by later cases in the same jurisdiction as well as by decisions of other courts, is not supported by authority. The only decision cited by the author to sustain his assertion is Berwind-White Coal Mining Co. v. Martin, 124 F. 313 [60 C.C.A. 27]. But the court in that case observed, “The defendant relies on Lyon v. Miller, 24 Pa. 392, and Kille v. Reading Iron Works, 141 Pa. 440 [21 A. 666]; but in neither of these was there any provision for the payment of a definite annual quantity whether mined or not, a most material distinction.” Because of such a provision in the contract before it, the stipulated annual installments were considered to be amounts of liquidated damages. In the present case the agreement is to pay a royalty of 10 per cent on the gross values of all minerals extracted from the property on a recovery basis of 50 cents per cubic yard.
The covenant in the contract of Swinerton and Morrison may be construed in either of two ways. If it is an agreement by the mine owner to sell a minimum of 300,000 cubic yards of gravel, the sale price being the stipulated royalty of 10 per cent of the gross recovery value of the gold content, then, under the theory of Lyon v. Miller, supra, the full amount of the royalty may be recovered only if the gravel has no value unmined, or if the lessor, as the seller, had affirmed the sale so as to transfer title to the appellants as the buyers. (See Civ. Code, sec. 1783.) But the record shows a finding based upon substantial evidence that the value of the gravel was 50 cents per cubic yard, and the respondent’s action for damages is inconsistent with a claim based upon a transfer of title.
If, on the other hand, the covenant is considered as one for the performance of services, that is, an agreement to mine a minimum of 300,000 cubic yards of gravel for a consideration of 90 per cent of the gross recovery value, the consideration for the appellants’ promise, which the lessor agreed to pay, must be deducted from the value of the services. This rule is illustrated by the American Law Institute in its discussion of section 335 of the Restatement of Contracts as follows: “A contracts to convey land to B in return for B’s'service for one year. B refuses to do the work. A can get judgment for the value of the service promised less the value of the land, retained by him.” In the present action, the respondent has retained the gravel from which the consideration for the appellants’ covenant to mine was to be obtained, and is allowed to recover the full value of the services agreed to be rendered.
And the rule of damages applied by a majority of the court is that upon proof of the breach of the contract, the mine owner at least established a prima facie ease entitling him to a judgment for the full amount of the royalty. This is, in effect, saying that if the owner of an automobile agreed to sell it for a stated amount, upon breach of the contract by the buyer he may sue for the consideration and in the absence of any evidence of value by the defendant, be entitled to retain his automobile and have judgment for the sale price. Such a doctrine is contrary to the elementary principle that in an action for damages, where the title to the subject matter remains in the vendor, the measure of recovery is the difference between the contract price and the value of what is retained, and it is a part of the plaintiff’s case to establish both factors from which the difference may be computed. (Boyles v. Kingsbaker Bros. Co., 5 Cal.2d 68 [53 P.2d 141] ; Coburn v. California Portland Cement Co., 144 Cal. 81 [77 P. 771]; San Francisco Milling Co., Ltd. v. Frye & Co., 2 Cal.App.2d 563 [38 P.2d 165]; Bonan v. Pacific Orient Co., 140 Cal.App. 68 [34 P.2d 1064]; Aimo v. Mitchell, 124 Cal.App. 497 [12 P.2d 1059]; Hougland v. Roth Blum Packing Co., 99 Cal.App. 631 [279 P. 159] ; Nye & Nissen v. Weed Lumber Co., 92 Cal.App. 598 [268 P. 659] ; Gopcevic v. California Packing Corp., 64 Cal.App. 132 [220 P. 1078]; Meyer v. McAllister, 24 Cal.App. 16 [140 P. 42]; Cuthill v. Peabody, 19 Cal.App. 304 [125 P. 926]; and see 22 Cal.Jur., p. 1062, see. 121.)
But even were the rule announced by the majority opinion correct, its conclusion still may not be justified by the facts of the case, for the uncontradicted evidence in the record shows that the gravel could be mined at a cost of 30 cents per cubic yard, thus yielding a profit of 20 cents per cubic yard.
Appellants’ petition for a rehearing was denied November 4, 1943. Edmonds, J., voted for a rehearing. | CASELAW |
Bilichild (wife of Childeric II)
Bilichild (also Bilichildis, Bilichilde, or Blithilde) was the wife of the Frankish king of Neustria and Burgundy Childeric II. The two were married in 668 despite the opposition of the Bishop Leodegar.
Family
Bilichild was a daughter of King Sigebert III and Queen Chimnechild of Burgundy and granddaughter of King Dagobert I and his concubine Ragnétrude.
Her siblings were Dagobert II and Childebert the Adopted.
Children of Bilichild and her husband were Prince Dagobert and King Chilperic II.
Biography
Childeric became sole king of the Franks in 673. While on a hunting trip in the Forest of Lognes, near Livry, in Picardy, Bilichild, along with her husband and her eldest son, the five-year-old Dagobert, were assassinated by a band of dissatisfied Neustrians—Bodilo, Amalbert and Ingobert. The royal trio was buried in Saint-Germain-des-Prés at Paris, where her tomb and that of Dagobert were discovered in 1645 and pilfered.
Her younger son Daniel was whisked off to a monastery and from there returned forty years thence to lead the Franks as king under the name Chilperic II. | WIKI |
WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE Permission
Following: WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE Permission · Issue #11549 · expo/expo · GitHub
How to ask permission WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE permission with expo-permission ? on Permission.ts only have limited permission that we can ask. So how to ask permission that not listed in ?
export const CAMERA_ROLL = MEDIA_LIBRARY;
export const AUDIO_RECORDING = 'audioRecording';
export const LOCATION = 'location';
export const USER_FACING_NOTIFICATIONS = 'userFacingNotifications';
export const NOTIFICATIONS = 'notifications';
export const CONTACTS = 'contacts';
export const CALENDAR = 'calendar';
export const REMINDERS = 'reminders';
export const SYSTEM_BRIGHTNESS = 'systemBrightness';
export const MOTION = 'motion';
Edit: i use expo-permission on bare project
Hey @ardyfeb, here you go: Permissions - Expo Documentation
Make sure you add the permission to your Manifest.xml file as well.
Cheers,
Adam
Thanks @adamjnav it works !! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The histidyl-trna synthetase from streptococcus equisimilis: Overexpression in escherichia coli, purification, and characterization
Corazon A. Menguito, John Papaconstantinou, Paul H. Weigel
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
4 Scopus citations
Abstract
We describe the high-level expression of the Streptococcus equisimilis histidyl-tRNA synthetase gene (hisS) in Escherichia coli and the purification and characterization of the gene product. Due to a lack of an efficient E. coli ribosome binding sequence in the hisS gene, the coding region was fused in-frame to the expression vector pT7–7, thereby creating a fusion gene construct (pT7–7recIII), which is under the control of a strong bacteriophage T7 promoter. Another construct (pT-7recII) was used for low level expression of the native histidyl-tRNA synthetase (HisRS). The plasmids were electroporated into E. coli HB101, which already contained pGPl-2. After temperature induction, the fusion HisRS, which has an extra 15 amino acids between the initiator Met and the second amino acid, Lys, was expressed at a level of -18% of total cell protein (-50 mg/liter of bacterial culture). The fusion HisRS was purified to >99% by a combination of anion exchange and cation exchange chromatography of the S100 fraction. The predicted MWs of the native and fusion proteins are 47,932 and 49,717, respectively. The mass of the active fusion HisRS was estimated to be 94,000 Da by Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration chromatography and 108,200 Da by nondenaturing PAGE. Both methods show that the funtional enzyme is a dimer of two identical subunits. SDS-PAGE analysis of purified fusion HisRS with or without reduction showed a single band of Mr = 53.7 kDa.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)449-472
Number of pages24
JournalPreparative Biochemistry
Volume23
Issue number4
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 1 1993
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Biochemistry
• Genetics
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Remineralization (disambiguation)
Remineralisation (UK spelling; US remineralization) is the transformation of organic molecules to inorganic forms.
Remineralisation may also refer to:
* Bone remodeling (bone metabolism)
* Remineralisation of teeth
* Rockdust, also known as soil remineralization when applied as a nonsynthetic organic fertilizer
* See also John D. Hamaker § Remineralization benefits | WIKI |
Talk:Eunuchs in China
Making major changes to the formatting and references/citations
Hi there fellow Wikipedians,
I started working on this article as it appears on a list that the Guild of Copy Writers reference as needing revision to improve the quality of the article. I immediately noticed that, while extensively researched and referenced, the end notes and Reference page were overwhelming to the reader and would need to be pared down. I began to reorganize the dynasty sections into groups as I noticed almost all of the short, transitional dynasties in China during that time had little data concerning eunuchs. I combined a series of two or three dynasties until a more influential dynasty was created.
Feel free to let me know if you think this idea works, or if I should revert my edits. Thanks! Jenbird831 (talk) 10:43, 29 September 2022 (UTC)
* Jenbird831 didn't copyedit but destroyed the article with original research and synthesis.
* This is the restored article to when before he edited.
* https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eunuchs_in_China&oldid=1180066830
* He added "For example" between "Indigenous tribals from southern China were used as eunuchs during the Sui and Tang dynasties." and "the rebel An Lushan had a Khitan (Liao) eunuch"
* That was not an example of the former. Khitan people are not from southern China which is why the original version didn't say "for example".
* He synthesised the separate three Liao, Jin and Yuan sections into one destroying it with hiz own made up assertions.
* He synthesised them and made up his own random claims
* "The Liao, Jin, and Yuan dynasties regularly castrated enemy prisoners of war under age 10, forcing them to serve royalty or esteemed citizens. "
* There is no source for the Jin and Yuan castrating enemy prisoners of war and them serving "esteemed citizens". It was only the Liao dynasty that castrated enemy prisoners of war under 10 which is what it said before she synthesised it with no sources.
* She changed "The Liao enacted a new ling (ordinance) on castration, when an yila (i-la) (footsoldier) named Tuli (T'u-li)'s underage daughter was raped by an Imperial consort clan uncle, lang jun (lang-chün) Xiao Yan's (Hsiao Yen)'s slave Haili (Hai-li) in 962 when Emperor Muzong of Liao was reigning. Haili was made a slave to Tuli after being castrated." into "Like the dynasties which rose and fell before theirs, the Khitans enacted an ordinance permitting castration in 962 after the rape of a footsoldier's young daughter during the reign of Emperor Muzong of Liao. The rapist (an uncle of an imperial consort) was castrated and enslaved to his victim for life."
* That completely changed the meaning. Tuli's daughter was raped by Haili, a slave of Xiao Yan, the imperial uncle. Haili was castrated and made a slave of Tuli. He changed it into the uncle doing the rape of the victim and becoming a slave of the victim.
* These are just some examples of what he did.Serenebea (talk) 15:46, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
* Pinging Jenbird831 and Miniapolis, who both seem to have participated in the GOCE pass. Please see the message above from an editor who has reverted to a revision before your changes. I'm not at all familiar with this article, and just passed by while patrolling for vandalism. —TechnoSquirrel69 (sigh) 16:25, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
* This seems to be a content issue between (who posted here over a year ago, before I copyedited the article in response to a copy edit tag) and, who provides no sources for their allegations of WP:SYN and WP:NOR violations and seems unwilling to assume good faith. Mini apolis 17:21, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
* Are you serious? I didn't assume bad faith or accuse jenbird of vandalism, I only said they were violating policy (original research and synthesis) which they did.
* The person making up original research is the one providing no sources. JenBird completely reversed the meaning of cited sentences (an uncle's slave raping someone was changed to the uncle raping someone) made up complete disinformation with no sources (Jin and Yuan castration enemy prisoners of war).Serenebea (talk) 18:00, 14 October 2023 (UTC)
* @Miniapolis @Serenebea@TechnoSquirrel69 hi guys, seems like my edits really struck a nerve with @Serenebea not sure why this person felt the need to take it this far. I honestly believe the edits and style changes I made helped make what had been a poorly written and disorganized mess more cohesive. I made these edits in good faith and was honestly only trying to help. The creator of the article is prolific, but many of his articles need a great deal of revision. Jenbird831 (talk) 08:39, 28 December 2023 (UTC)
Jenbird831, thanks for the ping. Regarding your October post to me, Serenebea, no one said you accused Jenbird of vandalism; TechnoSquirrel69 was for vandalism. I did, however, caution you for incivility and personal attacks in edit summaries (which, ironically, you rarely provide); repeatedly accusing another editor of policy violations with nothing to back up your accusations is a personal attack. Have either of you considered asking WikiProject China for help? Dispute-resolution tools also exist, and accusing another editor of "destroying" an article (with no sources, no less) is unwise on a collaborative project like WP. Mini apolis 20:11, 28 December 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Quincy McKnight
Quincy McKnight (born December 5, 1995) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Fort Wayne Mad Ants of the NBA G League. He played college basketball for the Sacred Heart Pioneers and the Seton Hall Pirates. He grew up in Bridgeport, Connecticut and attended St. Joseph High School before transferring to The Phelps School. McKnight played two seasons at Sacred Heart, where he was named to the First Team All-Northeast Conference, before transferring to Seton Hall. He was named Honorable Mention All-Big East after leading the team to a share of the league championship during his senior season.
Early life and high school career
McKnight was born and raised in Bridgeport, Connecticut. He is the son of Vanessa Bruce and Terry McKnight. Shortly after he won a diocesan championship at 13 years old, his mother was diagnosed with cancer. She died several weeks later. Quincy used her death as motivation to become better at basketball.
McKnight began his high school career at St. Joseph High School in Trumbull, Connecticut, and led the team to back-to-back state championships. As a junior, he averaged 22 points per game, but he injured his knee in the spring. He transferred to The Phelps School where he competed in basketball and tennis. McKnight was an honor roll performer academically at The Phelps School and was coached in basketball by Brian Shanahan. In Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) play, he competed for the PSA Cardinals in the Peach Jam tournament. As a senior at The Phelps School, he averaged 15.9 points, 4.2 rebounds, and 3.5 assists per game and was selected to play in the 2015 Jordan Brand Classic Regional Game. He led the team to the 2015 state championship. McKnight was lightly recruited, being regarded as a two-star prospect ranked no. 341 in his class by 247 Sports. He committed to play college basketball for Sacred Heart.
College career
As a freshman, McKnight averaged 11.4 points and 5.3 rebounds per game. He was a five-time Northeast Conference rookie of the week honoree and was named to the league All-Rookie team. McKnight scored a career-high 44 points in a triple-overtime win against Bryant during his sophomore season. He also posted 36 points in a loss to Boston College and scored at least 25 points in 10 games. He was named Northeast Conference player of the week on three occasions. As a sophomore, McKnight averaged 18.9 points, 4.9 rebounds and 3.0 assists per game. He was named to the First Team All-Northeast Conference. After the season, he announced his intention to transfer. McKnight scored 914 points in two seasons at Sacred Heart.
After impressing in an open gym workout, McKnight transferred to Seton Hall and was offered a scholarship on the spot. McKnight redshirted the 2017–18 season, during which he engaged in fierce practices against Khadeen Carrington, whom he credited with making him a better player. McKnight forged a special relationship with Myles Powell during a summer class in 2017. During his junior season, McKnight emerged as a lockdown defender and secondary scorer to Powell. He averaged 9.4 points, 3.9 assists, and 1.6 steals per game. On December 19, 2019, McKnight scored 17 points and had eight rebounds and six assists, including two free throws with 1.1 seconds on the clock, in an upset win against Maryland without the injured Powell and Sandro Mamukelashvili. The following game, McKnight scored a season-high 25 points in a win against Prairie View A&M. On February 3, 2020, he scored 15 points in a 74–62 loss to Xavier but injured his knee late in the game and was listed as day-to-day. An MRI revealed a muscle sprain, and he returned for the following game against Georgetown. As a senior, McKnight averaged 11.9 points, 5.4 assists, and 1.5 steals per game. He led the Big East Conference in assists and was named Honorable Mention All-Big East after leading the team to a share of the league championship. McKnight tallied 295 assists in two years at Seton Hall, placing himself in the school's top-20 despite playing 64 games for the Pirates.
Fort Wayne Mad Ants (2021)
In January 2021, McKnight was selected with the seventh pick in the second round of the NBA G League Draft by the Fort Wayne Mad Ants. He played sparingly and averaged 0.8 points, 1.7 rebounds, and 2.2 assists per game. On December 5, 2021, McKnight signed with Široki of the Bosnian Championship. He parted ways with the team on January 13, 2022.
Return to Fort Wayne (2022)
On October 24, 2022, McKnight rejoined the Fort Wayne Mad Ants roster for training camp. However, he did not make the final roster. | WIKI |
Buffett boosts stakes in Charter, DirecTV, GM and Visa
NEW YORK (MarketWatch) -- Billionaire investor Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway boosted stakes in cable provider Charter Communications [chtr], satellite TV provider DirecTV , automaker General Motors and credit-card firm Visa in the third quarter, according to a Friday filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission. Large investors are required to disclose long positions in 13F filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission 45 days after the end of each quarter. As of Sept. 30, Buffett held more than 4.95 million shares of Charter, more than double the stake he reported at the end of the second quarter. Buffett's top holdings were little changed. Berkshire's largest position remained a nearly 463.5 million share stake in Wells Fargo followed by a 400 million share position in Coca Cola . | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Lonza seeks drug industry veteran as CEO to sharpen pharma focus
ZURICH (Reuters) - Lonza (LONN.S) aims to hire a drug industry veteran by late May as chief executive, Chairman Albert Baehny said on Tuesday, as the Swiss company sharpens its focus on its fast-growing pharmaceuticals business and off its slumping chemicals unit. The shares rose nearly 6% in afternoon trading after Lonza released figures showing higher 2019 sales and profit, pushing its market cap to about $27.5 billion Swiss francs ($27.50 billion), a record high since the company was listed in 1999. Net profit last year was 646 million francs versus 563 million in 2018, the Basel-based company said. Sales rose 6.8% to 5.92 billion francs, compared with the 5.89-billion-franc average estimate in a Lonza-provided poll of 20 analysts. Baehny told reporters his shortlist of CEO candidates has been whittled down to six people, all from outside the company, with final interviews to begin soon. “One of the criteria should be 20 years-plus of pharma experience, ideally. And pharma can be extended to bioprocesses, to bioproducts, but in this area,” Baehny said. “Our long-term strategic focus will be on” pharma and biotech. The two previous chief executives, Richard Ridinger and Marc Funk, quit Lonza last year within eight months of each other. Their replacement will be tasked with helping decide what to do with Lonza Specialty Ingredients (LSI), the lagging chemicals division being separated into a stand-alone unit, a move begun last June that some analysts predict presages its disposal. LSI sales fell 3.2% to 1.7 billion francs in 2019, on softer car-industry demand and “aggressive competition” from rival Chinese makers of crop-protection chemicals, Lonza said. Meanwhile, Pharma Biotech & Nutrition (LPBN) revenue jumped 11% to 4.2 billion francs, after winning business from customers including Roche (ROG.S), AstraZeneca (AZN.L) and France’s Sanofi (SASY.PA), with which Lonza has a 290 million franc manufacturing joint venture in southern Switzerland. “These two divisions have almost nothing in common,” Baehny said. “The board will start evaluating the different options for LSI, and there are four: We keep the business, we make a spinoff, an IPO, or we sell,” he added. “Don’t speculate, we are just starting, and nothing has been decided.” Lonza proposed an unchanged dividend of 2.75 per share, less than the nearly 3 francs forecast by analysts. For 2020, Lonza projected “above mid-single-digit sales growth,” with a core EBITDA margin staying around last year’s 27.4%. It also maintained 2022 guidance of reaching 7.1 billion francs in revenue and core EBITDA margin expansion to 30.5%, a move that analysts said reflected confidence. “The market might see today as a disappointment the flat core EBITDA margin guidance for 2020 and the lower than expected dividend,” said Baader Helvea analyst Laura Lopez Pineda. “However, Lonza confirmed its 2022 guidance, which might be seen as a positive surprise.” Reporting by John Miller; Editing by Jason Neely, Mark Potter and Bernadette Baum | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Saturday, September 26, 2009
Proxying large Amounts of Data using UrlRewriteFilter
Finally, I found some time to submit a feature request with patch to the UrlRewriteFilter project.
http://code.google.com/p/urlrewritefilter/issues/detail?id=53
In one of my projects we needed to provide functionality to post (upload) and download data via a servlet container to/from another url/port - basically we needed to implement proxying.
A great library out there is UrlRewriteFilter, a Java library that provides Apache's mod_rewrite functionality. Not only can you use it to make complex urls more user-fiendly, or re-map old url to new ones but it also provides proxying capabilities.
UrlRewriteFilter uses Apache HttpClient for doing proxying. Unfortunately, I ran into memory issues when proxying large amounts of data. The issue is that the current version of UrlRewriteFilter (3.2) is doing buffered requests while proxying. This probably works fine for 90% of all use-cases but for the project I am working on we need to basically support unlimited amounts of data to be proxied (multiple 100s of MB).
Thus I provided a patch, that worked really well in my project without increasing memory consumption.
In Apache HttpClient you can implement a custom class using the RequestEntity interface that allows you to stream the data directly.
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Thursday, September 24, 2009
Camellos - Discovering Apache Camel II
As indicated in my last blog post, here is an example implementing a small Apache Camel example.
You can pick up the source code from:
Steps to get it running:
1. Check out the source
2. Using Maven run: mvn camel:run
3. The Application should compile and start up correctly.
4. You can now drop files into the camellos/inbox directory
5. The files should get uploaded to its the FTP server running at localhost:3333
6. The uploaded files should show up under camellos/ftp
Back to y example, for my little blog post example here I want to provide the following very simplistic functionality:
1. pick up files from an directory
2. make sure that you pick up no more than 3 files per 30 seconds
3. store them into a JMS queue
4. have a listener on that queue that picks up those files
5. and upload files to a remote FTP site
What do you think, how many lines of Java code does it take?
With Apache Camel you can get this simple task done with ZERO lines of Java code. Well, I needed 1 Main class with a few lines of code to load the Spring context and and the embedded FTP server. Nevertheless, I think that is quite impressive. In a sense all the heavy lifting is done in the Spring Application Context file:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:camel="http://camel.apache.org/schema/spring"
xmlns:ftpserver="http://mina.apache.org/ftpserver/spring/v1"
xmlns:amq="http://activemq.apache.org/schema/core"
xsi:schemaLocation="
http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-2.5.xsd
http://camel.apache.org/schema/spring http://camel.apache.org/schema/spring/camel-spring.xsd
http://mina.apache.org/ftpserver/spring/v1 http://mina.apache.org/ftpserver/ftpserver-1.0.xsd
http://activemq.apache.org/schema/core http://activemq.apache.org/schema/core/activemq-core.xsd">
<amq:broker useJmx="false" persistent="false">
<amq:transportConnectors>
<amq:transportConnector uri="tcp://localhost:0" />
</amq:transportConnectors>
</amq:broker>
<bean id="activemq" class="org.apache.activemq.camel.component.ActiveMQComponent">
<property name="brokerURL" value="vm://localhost"/>
</bean>
<ftpserver:server id="ftpServer" max-logins="10"
anon-enabled="true" max-anon-logins="5" max-login-failures="3"
login-failure-delay="20">
<ftpserver:listeners>
<ftpserver:nio-listener name="default" port="3333" local-address="localhost"/>
</ftpserver:listeners>
<ftpserver:file-user-manager file="users.properties" encrypt-passwords="clear" />
</ftpserver:server>
<camel:camelContext shouldStartContext="true" trace="true">
<camel:package>com.hillert.camellos</camel:package>
<camel:route id="route1">
<camel:from uri="file:camellos/inbox?move=.done" />
<camel:throttle maximumRequestsPerPeriod="1" timePeriodMillis="10000" >
<camel:to uri="activemq:queue:camellos"/>
</camel:throttle>
</camel:route>
<camel:route id="route2">
<camel:from uri="activemq:queue:camellos" />
<camel:to uri="ftp://admin@localhost:3333?password=secret"/>\
</camel:route>
</camel:camelContext>
</beans>
Apache Camel provides its own Maven plugin: http://camel.apache.org/camel-maven-plugin.html
Getting started with Apache Camel is simple. I recommend using m2Eclipse which is a Maven plugin for Eclipse. Basically Camel provides it's own Maven archetype which after running creates a simple project structure and which can be immediately run using mvn camel:run after project creation.
For my implementation I followed Camel's tutorial for creating a Spring based Camel route.
As my example uses a few more components for Apache Camel but also ActiveMQ for JMS and Apache Mina FTP Server, I needed some additional Maven dependencies.
Getting all the Maven dependencies right took actually longer than implementing the actual application logic. Anyway, I hope this gives you a quick overview of some basic Apache Camel features. As time permits I will blog about more about it soon. See you then!
PS: Apache Mina FtpServer, is itself a nice little nifty package. So if you for example have the need to boot-up dynamically FTP servers from within your application...check it out.
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Wednesday, September 23, 2009
Camellos - Discovering Apache Camel I
Over the next couple of weeks or months (depending how much spare-time I am able to allocate), I will dive into the world of Apache Camel (Also take a look at my second blog post)
Apache Camel is somewhat like a Swiss-army knife. As an integration framework (Message Routing API, Mediation Router), it implements all the Enterprise Integration Patterns from the book with the same name.
Next, Apache Camel provides a quite extensive component library supporting an impressive amount of communication protocols. Also, it support an wide range of data formats as well as integration points in terms of other frameworks such as Spring, Guice, ServiceMix, ActiveMQ et cetera.
Well, that's all nice and dandy—However, what does this mean for me as a software developer?
When you develop typical Java enterprise applications, you will sooner or later come across the requirement to connect to other systems or to add other asynchronous services to your applications. Something like:
"Hey, we need to pick up this file that comes in every night, parse it, process it and then stuff its data into our database and, while we're at it, also make sure the original file is archived somewhere in the file system."
Or maybe you just have some requirements where your application needs to send data to another server but you have to make sure, that the flow of data is "throttled" in order not to overburden your destination server during peak-processing times.
In all those cases Apache Camel can greatly simplify the implementation effort. It is basically a mini ESB in the form of a simple Java API. But it is extremely modular so you can just bits and pieces from it. In my next blog post I will show you an example showing you how it is really dead simple to get started with Apache Camel.
See second Camel related blog post.
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Saturday, September 19, 2009
GWT - Hosted Mode Gotcha in Windows
I ran into a small gotcha while running a GWT application I am working on in hosted mode. Usually I am developing my application in hosted mode but for quick stand-alone deployments I also need to deploy the application to a dedicated servlet-container. Since the default settings cause the application to compile rather slowly, I have been trying to speed up GWT compilation times (Using GWT 1.7) by compiling against Firefox only (My browser of choice).
To achieve this I set the following property in my GWT module's *.gwt.xml file:
Well, as it turns out, this caused me quite some pain in hosted mode. I did not realize that the aforementioned setting affects hosted mode. I new that under Windows Internet Explorer (IE) is the default browser but always assumed it only affects fully compiled GWT code - not code running in hosted mode. That was a painful lesson - It caused some rather obscure errors in hosted mode and nowhere were I able to find explicit information regarding this issue.
Labels: , , | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
List of awards and nominations received by Kylie Minogue
Kylie Minogue is an Australian singer and actress. Her breakthrough role in the soap opera Neighbours (1986–1988) as Charlene Robinson earned her a Silver Logie Award for Most Popular Actress in 1987. At the following ceremony, she became the first person to win four Logie Awards at one event and the youngest Gold Logie recipient at nineteen. Interested in pursuing a career in music, Minogue signed to Mushroom Records in 1987 and released her self-titled debut album, Kylie, in 1988. Her songs—a cover of "The Loco-Motion" and "I Should Be So Lucky"—consecutively won the award for Highest Selling Single at the ARIA Music Awards of 1988 and 1989. Minogue's contributions to the subsequent studio albums Enjoy Yourself (1989), Let's Get to It (1991), Kylie Minogue (1994), and Impossible Princess (1997) earned her four nominations for the ARIA Award for Best Female Artist. In 1996, her duet with rock band Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds, "Where the Wild Roses Grow", won three ARIA Awards for Best Pop Release, Single of the Year, and Song of the Year.
Minogue signed to Parlophone in 1999 and released Light Years the following year, which was nominated for the ARIA Award for Album of the Year. Her eighth studio Fever (2001) was a commercial and critical success, winning her first Brit Award for International Album in 2002. Its lead single, "Can't Get You Out of My Head", garnered accolades for Single of the Year at the 16th ARIA Music Awards and the 2002 Edison Award. Two other singles from Fever, "Love at First Sight" and "Come into My World", were nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Dance Recording, the latter winning in 2004—the first time an Australian music artist had won in a major category since Men at Work in 1983. For her work as songwriter for "Slow" from Body Language (2003), Minogue received two nominations for Ivor Novello Awards for "Best Contemporary Song" and "International Hit of the Year". X (2007) was Minogue's first Grammy nomination in the Best Dance/Electronic Album category, her fifth overall. Minogue's fifteenth studio album, Disco (2020), garnered nominations for Billboard Music Award for Top Dance/Electronic Album, ARIA Awards for Best Adult Contemporary Album and Best Artist. "Padam Padam" from Tension (2023), Minogue's sixteenth studio album, was nominated and won at the 2024 Grammy awards for Best Pop Dance Recording.
The Phonographic Performance Company of Australia ranked Minogue as the Most Broadcast Artist of 2002, 2003, and 2005. She received the Special Achievement Award in 1989, and two more Outstanding Achievement Awards in 1990 and 2002 by Australian Recording Industry Association, who also inducted her into the ARIA Hall of Fame in 2011. Minogue received the JC Williamson Award in 2013 for her contribution to Australian live entertainment. In the United Kingdom, she has achieved eight number-one albums for five consecutive decades, earning Minogue an entry in the 2020 Guinness World Records. She received a special O2 Silver Clef Award in 2012 to celebrate her 25-year music career, and an honorary Doctor of Health Science degree from Anglia Ruskin University in 2011 for her work in raising awareness for breast cancer. She was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2008 New Year Honours for services to music. For her contribution to the enrichment of French culture, the French government appointed her as a Chevalier de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres, while the Britain-Australia Society recognised Minogue in April 2017 for her contribution to improving relations between Britain and Australia. | WIKI |
2nd Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers
The 2nd Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteers was a part-time unit of the British Army that defended the coast of South Wales from 1890 to 1942. Although it never saw action in its coastal defence role, it formed several siege batteries of heavy howitzers for service on the Western Front and Italian Front in World War I.
Volunteer Force
The enthusiasm for the Volunteer movement following an invasion scare in 1859 saw the creation of many units composed of part-time soldiers eager to supplement the Regular British Army in time of need. A number of Artillery Volunteer Corps (AVCs) were formed for coastal defence in South Wales, and by the 1880s they had been consolidated as the 1st Glamorganshire Artillery Volunteer Corps of 17 batteries. In 1890 the unit's headquarters (HQ) moved from Cardiff to Swansea, and the batteries grouped round Cardiff were separated to form a new 2nd Glamorganshire AVC. After reorganisation these became 11 batteries (companies from 1891) distributed as follows:
* HQ and Nos 1–7 Companies at Cardiff
* No 8 Company at Bridgend and Tondu
* Nos 9 and 10 Companies at Penarth
* No 11 Company at Barry
Sir Edward Hill, VD, MP, who had been Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of the 1st Glamorganshire since 22 July 1864, retained the position with both units after 1 June 1890, though each had its own lieutenant-colonel and Honorary Colonel.
The new unit formed part of the Western Division of the Royal Artillery (RA). In 1899 the artillery volunteers became part of the Royal Garrison Artillery (RGA) and when the divisional structure was abolished the Cardiff unit was designated the 2nd Glamorganshire RGA (Volunteers) on 1 January 1902.
Territorial Force
When the Volunteer Force was subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms of 1908, the 1st Glamorganshire transferred to the Royal Field Artillery and the 2nd Glamorganshire became the Glamorgan and Pembroke RGA. The 'Pembroke' part of the title was dropped in 1910 when a separate Pembroke RGA of three companies was formed. The Glamorgan RGA was designated as a Defended Ports unit in Western Coast Defences, which was based at Pembroke Dock, and it had the following organisation:
* HQ at Cardiff
* Nos 1–3 Companies at Cardiff
* No 4 Company at Penarth
* No 5 Company at Barry
Mobilisation
The Glamorgan RGA mobilised in August 1914 as part of No 26 Coastal Fire Command, responsible for the following guns:
* Cardiff – 4 x 6-inch guns
* Barry – 2 x 6-inch guns
* Swansea – 2 x 4.7-inch QF guns
After the outbreak of war, TF units were invited to volunteer for Overseas Service and on 15 August 1914, the War Office (WO) issued instructions to separate those men who had signed up for Home Service only, and form these into reserve units. On 31 August, the formation of a reserve or 2nd Line unit was authorised for each 1st Line unit where 60 per cent or more of the men had volunteered for Overseas Service. The titles of these 2nd Line units would be the same as the original, but distinguished by a '2/' prefix. In this way duplicate brigades, companies and batteries were created, mirroring those TF formations being sent overseas. By October 1914, the campaign on the Western Front was bogging down into Trench warfare and there was an urgent need for batteries of siege artillery to be sent to France. The WO decided that the TF coastal gunners were well enough trained to take over many of the duties in the coastal defences, releasing Regular RGA gunners for service in the field, and 1st line RGA companies that had volunteered for overseas service had been authorised to increase their strength by 50 per cent. Although complete defended ports units never went overseas, they did supply trained gunners to RGA units serving overseas. They also provided cadres to form new units for front line service, and the Glamorgan RGA is known to have raised at least five siege batteries in this way: 96th, 121st, 172nd, 359th and 402nd.
Under Army Council Instruction 686 of April 1917, the coastal defence companies of the RGA (TF) were reorganised. By this stage of the war, the Glamorgan RGA serving in the Swansea and Severn Defences of Western Command consisted of just three companies, the rest having formed batteries for overseas service. These companies were given a slightly higher establishment (five officers and 100 other ranks) and renumbered, abolishing the 1st and 2nd Line distinction:
* 1/2 Company became No 1 Company
* 1/3 Company became No 2 Company
* 2/2 Company became No 3 Company
In April 1918 the Cardiff/Barry Garrison manned guns as follows:
* Nells Point, Barry Battery – 2 x 6-inch Mk VII guns
* Penarth Head, Cardiff Battery – 2 x 6-inch Mk VII guns
The Swansea Garrison manned:
* Mumbles Island Battery – 2 x 4.7-inch QF
96th Siege Battery, RGA
According to WO Instruction No 181 of 16 December 1915, 96th Siege Battery was to be formed at Pembroke Dock by three officers and 78 other ranks (the establishment of a full company) drawn from the Glamorgan RGA. The battery actually formed on 1 January 1916 with three officers and 90 men from the Glamorgan RGA and 64 recruits from the Pembroke Dock RGA establishment, under the command of Major C.H.M. Sturgis. It went out to the Western Front on 21 May 1916 and joined 19th Heavy Artillery Group in Third Army on 25 May, taking over four 9.2-inch howitzers in existing emplacements near Pommier from 62nd Siege Bty.
96th Siege Battery saw its first action preparing for the Attack on the Gommecourt Salient in the Battle of the Somme. As the final bombardment began on Z Day (1 July), the battery fired with such intensity that the oil in the guns' hydraulic recoil buffers boiled. However, the Gommecourt attack was a disaster.
Later the battery served with First Army at Arras and with Fifth Army in the latter stages of the Battle of Passchendaele, where the British artillery suffered badly from counter-battery fire, while their own guns sank into the mud and became difficult to aim and fire. It then served through the defensive battles of the German spring offensive followed by the victorious Hundred Days Offensive.
96th Siege Battery was disbanded in 1919.
121st Siege Battery, RGA
121st Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Pembroke Dock on 22 March 1916 under Army Council Instruction 701 of 31 March 1916 with 3 officers and 78 other ranks from the Glamorgan RGA. It went out to the Western Front in July 1916, manning four 9.2-inch howitzers, and joined I ANZAC Corps in Fifth Army on 15 July in time for the Battle of Pozières. It was later engaged at Arras and Passchendaele.
121st Siege Bty was joined by a section from 428th Siege Bty and expanded to six 9.2-inch howitzers by the end of 1917. The battery was caught up in the 'Great Retreat' of March 1918, but returned during the Hundred Days campaign, including supporting the assault crossing of the St Quentin Canal on 29 September and participating in the crushing artillery barrages of the victorious Hundred Days offensive.
121st Siege Battery was disbanded in 1919.
172nd Siege Battery, RGA
172nd Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Cardiff with three officers and 78 other ranks from the Glamorgan RGA under Army Council Instruction 1239 of 21 June 1916. It went out to the Western Front on 12 September 1916 equipped with four 6-inch 26 cwt Howitzers. It was engaged in the preparation for the Arras Offensive and at Passchendaele. 172nd Siege Bty was joined by a section from 415th Siege Bty on 26 August 1917, and brought up to a strength of six 6-inch howitzers.
In November 1917 the battery was part of the reinforcements sent to the Italian Front after the disastrous Battle of Caporetto. It went into action supporting the Italian army holding the line of the River Piave and in June 1918 supported the defences during the Second Battle of the Piave River.
The British guns participated in the final battle on the Italian Front, the stunning success of the Battle of Vittorio Veneto on 23 October. By 1 November the Austrian army had collapsed and the pursuing British troops had left their heavy guns far in the rear.
172nd Battery was disbanded by the end of March 1919.
359th Siege Battery, RGA
359th Siege Battery formed at Lavernock Battery near Cardiff on 21 January 1917. It trained as a BL 12-inch railway howitzer battery and went out to the Western Front on 10 June 1917, joining 19th HAG with XV Corps on the Flanders coast. 10th HAG transferred to Fourth Army HQ on 1 August. The battery joined 76th HAG with Second Army in the Ypres Salient on 21 September, while Second Army was fighting the last stages of the Battle of Passchendaele. On 14 November the battery transferred to 80th HAG, but that headquarters was sent to the Italian Front, so the battery came under the command of other HAGs until January 1918, when it became 'Army Troops' and was no longer attached to a HAG.
Railway construction lagged during the rapid advances of the Hundred Days Offensive and the battery was left behind in the Salient. It was still serving with Second Army when the Armistice came into force in November 1918.
359th Siege Battery was disbanded in 1919.
402nd Siege Battery, RGA
402nd Siege Battery, RGA, was raised at Lavernock on 17 March 1917 from a nucleus provided by details of the Glamorganshire RGA. It went out to the Western Front on 30 July and joined First Army in August. The battery was then broken up, one section going to reinforce 17th Siege Bty, the other to 68th Siege Bty (itself formed by the Pembroke RGA).
Interwar
After the TF was demobilised in 1919 the Glamorgan RGA was placed in suspended animation. It was reformed from Nos 1–3 Companies at Cardiff in 1920, with one battery. When the TF was reconstituted as the Territorial Army (TA) in 1921, the unit was designated as the Glamorgan Coast Brigade, RGA. It consisted of HQ and 181 Heavy Battery at the Drill Hall, Cardiff, in 53rd (Welsh) Divisional Area. In 1924 the RGA was subsumed into the RA. In 1926 it was decided that the coast defences of the UK would be manned by the TA alone. The unit was responsible for manning the two 6-inch guns at Lavernock Battery near Cardiff, and the two 4.7-inch guns at Mumbles Battery, near Swansea.
A 1927 report on coastal defences by the Committee of Imperial Defence made recommendations for the defence of 15 home ports, and another eight schemes were added in 1929, including Swansea, Barry, Cardiff and Newport, but little was done to modernise them.
On 1 November 1938 the coast brigades were redesignated as heavy regiments, hence the unit at Cardiff became the Glamorgan Heavy Regiment, RA.
Mobilisation
The regiment mobilised in Western Command on the outbreak of war in September 1939 with the single 181 Battery under command. Cardiff and Barry were designated Class A defended ports, with guns installed in peacetime, though the defence schemes of both were still being prepared. On 12 April 1940 plans were made for 6-inch guns to be installed at Swansea.
When the Battle of France turned against the Allies in May 1940, the Admiralty made a number of 6-inch guns available to the army for coastal defence, and when the whole of the UK was put on invasion alert after the Dunkirk evacuation a massive programme of coastal defences was initiated. Although this mainly involved the likely invasion areas of South and South-East England, an emergency battery of two BL 6-inch Mk XII naval guns was authorised on 12 June for Penarth, and two more of two BL 4-inch Mk VII naval guns each were authorised for Llanelli and Port Talbot on 21 July and completed by 24 August. These guns were moved around as required: as of November 1940, Cardiff and Barry had four 6-inch guns, Swansea had two 6-inch and two 4.7-inch, and Llanelli had one 4-inch. Although designated a major port, Newport still had no guns.
On 5 September 1940 the coastal artillery was reorganised, and the regiment became 531st (Glamorgan) Coast Regiment, with 181 Bty expanded to A and B Btys. In addition, 21st Coast Artillery Group (later 559th Special Coast Regiment) was formed on 18 October 1940 at Mumbles, with 401 and 402 Btys, joined on 22 October by B Bty from 531st Coast Rgt.
Britain's coastal defences reached their height in September 1941, by which time Cardiff, Swansea and Barry (all defined as major ports) each had two 6-inch guns, and Barry had two 4.7-inch in addition. Newport still only had two 12-pounders, as did Llanelli. Port Talbot had a defence battery of two 4-inch guns. At this stage of the war, the coast defences in Glamorgan were as follows:
* 531st (Glamorgan) Coast Regiment
* HQ at Cardiff
* A Bty – redesignated 130 Bty 1 April 1941
* 365 Bty at Portishead – joined 31 December 1940
* 366 Bty at Steep Holm South – joined 31 December 1940
* 192 Bty – formed 27 March 1941
* 145 Independent Bty – joined 1 July 1941
* 170 Bty – joined from Home Forces 16 July 1941; to 560th Coast Rgt 10 August 1940
* 188 Bty – joined from Home Forces 11 August 1941
* 189 Bty – joined from 524th (Lancashire and Cheshire) Coast Rgt 10 October 1941
* 427 Bty – twin 6-pounder QF battery formed at Lydstep Haven, Tenby, 14 August and attached; to Cardiff and regimented 7 November 1941
* 430 Bty – twin 6-pounder QF battery formed at 73rd Coast Training Rgt, Lydstep, 11 September; to Cardiff and joined 7 November 1941
* 559th Special Coast Regiment – redesignated from 21st CA Group 1 June 1941
* HQ at Mumbles
* 401 Bty at Port Talbot
* 402 Bty at Llanelli
* 298 Bty at Mumbles Hill – redesignated from B/531 Bty joined 22 October 1940
* 166 Bty at Mumbles Rock – formed 27 March 1941; to 533rd (Orkney) Coast Rgt 3 June 1941
* 146 Bty – joined from 535th (Orkney) Coast Rgt 28 May 1941
* 32 and 33 Coast Observer Detachments – joined by December 1941
Mid-War
At the end of 1941 the defences of the Severn Estuary were completely reorganised: Cardiff Fire Command was reorganised into three separate fire commands, with 531st Rgt in Docks FC. 531st Rgt lost four of its batteries to two new coast regiments, 570th and 571st, formed from Flat Holm and Brean Down Fire Control respectively, while 192 Bty was disbanded. This gave the following organisation:
* 531st (Glamorgan) Coast Regiment
* HQ Cardiff
* 130 Bty – became independent 14 October 1942 (passed into suspended animation 1 June 1945)
* 170 Independent Bty – returned from 560th Coast Rgt 14 October 1942
* 187 Bty – from 537th Coast Rgt 10 July 1942
* 427 Bty – left for 514th Coast Rgt 30 June 1942
* 430 Bty
* 559th Coast Regiment
* HQ Mumbles
* 146 Bty – to 570th Coast Rgt 7 December 1942
* 298 Bty – left for 562nd Coast Rgt 2 May 1942
* 299 Bty – joined from 562nd Coast Rgt 2 May 1942
* 401 Bty – left for 561st Coast Rgt 1 November 1942
* 402 Bty – left for 554th Coast Rgt 26 May 1942
* 422 Bty – joined from 561st Coast Rgt 1 November 1942
* 431 Bty – twin 6-pounder QF battery formed at 73rd Coast Training Rgt, Lydstep, 11 September; to Swansea and joined 15 December 1941
* 32 Coast Observer Detachment – left for 532nd (Pembroke) Coast Rgt by December 1942
* 33 Coast Observer Detachment
* 36 (Mobile) Defence Troop, RA – joined January 1942, disbanded May 1942
* 570th Coast Regiment
* HQ Flat Holm, moved to Barry 7 December 1942
* 145 Bty – from 531st Coast Rgt 19 December 1941
* 188, 189 Btys – from 531st Coast Rgt 19 December 1941
* 571st Coast Regiment
* HQ Brean Down
* 365, 366 Btys – from 531st Coast Rgt 19 December 1941
531st, 570th and 571st Coast Rgts were under HQ Severn Defences, while 559th, further west at the Mumbles, was directly under Western Command until it joined Severn Defences in 1942.
Late War
By 1942 the threat from German attack had diminished and there was demand for trained gunners for the fighting fronts. A process of reducing the manpower in the coast defences began. 531st (Glamorgan) Coast Rgt was stood down 7 December 1942, completing on 31 December. Its three remaining batteries assigned to 570th Coast Rgt, which together with other reassignments gave Severn Defences the following organisation in 1943:
* 559th Coast Rgt
* 299, 422, 431 Btys
* 24 Coast Observer Detachment – joined by July 1943
* 33 Coast Observer Detachment
* 570th Coast Rgt
* 145, 146, 170, 187, 430 Btys
* 205 Bty – from 537th Coast Rgt 7 December 1942
* 1, 2 Coast Observer Detachments – disbanded by May 1943
* 105 Coast Observer Detachment – joined by December 1942
* 106 Coast Observer Detachment – joined by December 1942, to 532nd Coast Rgt by July 1943, returned by November 1943
* 571st Coast Rgt
* 184, 188, 189, 366 Btys
* 78 Coast Observer Detachment – joined by November 1943
Disbandment
The manpower requirements for the forthcoming Allied invasion of Normandy (Operation Overlord) led to further reductions in coast defences in April 1944: 559th and 571st Coast Rgts were disbanded and 570th had all their batteries assigned to it, 24 and 33 Coast Observer Detachments replacing 105 and 106, though they also left in July. By this stage of the war many of the coast battery positions were manned by Home Guard detachments or in the hands of care and maintenance parties. The separate HQ for Severn Fixed Defences was also disbanded, and the regiment came directly under Western Command. 570th Coast Rgt itself was disbanded at Barry on 1 June 1945, shortly after VE Day, together with 170, 184, 187, 189, 205, 366, 422, 430 and 431 Btys; the remaining TA batteries (145, 146 and 299) went into suspended animation.
Postwar
When the TA was reformed in 1947, 531st (Glamorgan) Coast Regiment was formally disbanded, and the 664th (Welsh) Coast Regiment was formed as a new unit at Cardiff, though it is unclear why it was not considered as a successor to 531st Coast Rgt. In 1950 the 'Welsh' subtitle was changed to 'Glamorgan'. However, it was soon afterwards decided to reduce the number of TA coast regiments, and in 1953 the regiment was amalgamated with 425th (Pembroke) Coast Rgt to form 408th Coast Rgt based at the Defensible Barracks, Pembroke Dock, with R and S Btys provided by the 664th. The new regiment took the subtitle 'Glamorganshire and Monmouthshire' in 1954, but the Coast Artillery Branch of the RA was disbanded on 31 December 1956. The Glamorgan batteries were amalgamated into 281st (Glamorgan Yeomanry) Field Regiment while the Pembroke batteries were amalgamated into 302nd (Pembroke Yeomanry) Field Regiment.
Honorary Colonels
The following served as Honorary Colonel of the unit:
* Lt-Col Robert Windsor-Clive, 1st Earl of Plymouth, appointed 1 November 1890
* Captain Ivor Windsor-Clive, 2nd Earl of Plymouth, appointed 12 March 1924
Memorial
There is a stone tablet in St John the Baptist Church, Cardiff, as a memorial to the 69 men of the Glamorgan RGA who died during World War I.
External sources
* Mark Conrad, The British Army, 1914 (archive site)
* British Army units from 1945 on
* Imperial War Museum, War Memorials Register
* Orders of Battle at Patriot Files
* Land Forces of Britain, the Empire and Commonwealth – Regiments.org (archive site)
* Royal Artillery 1939–1945 | WIKI |
Printing a Network Status Sheet
You can print a network status sheet to help you determine the causes of any problems you may have using your product on a network.
1. Press the home button, if necessary.
2. Press the arrow buttons to select Setup and press the OK button.
3. Select Network Settings and press the OK button. You see this screen:
4. Select Network Status and press the OK button. You see a screen like this:
Note: If you are connected to a network, the signal strength is also displayed.
5. Press the left or right arrow button to view additional options.
6. Press the up or down arrow buttons to select Print Status Sheet and press the OK button.
7. Press the start button to print the network status sheet. (Press the back button if you want to cancel the operation.)
Examine the settings shown on the network status sheet to diagnose any problems you have.
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Emde
Emde, van Emde or von der Emde is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
* Don Emde (born 1951), American motorcycle racer, writer and publisher
* Hans Georg Emde, German politician
* Johannes Emde (1774–1859), German evangelist
* Mala Emde (born 1996), German actress | WIKI |
Page:Condor15(1).djvu/47
Jan., 1913 PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED 47 drop the worker after crushing it in their bill to get the honey. In the examination of 3,398 stomachs of fly- catchers the animal food was found to aver- age 94.99 per cent and the vegetable 5.1 per cent. The presence of a considerable percent- age of parasitic Hymenoptera in the stomachs of flycatchers appears to be the one thing that makes their service questionable. However, "weighing as impartially as possible the in- juries done and the benefits conferred by them, their good qualities outweigh the bad." The tables giving a summary of the results of the stomach examinations furnish an in- teresting comparison of the food of the dir- erent species. The long lists of identified in- sects show careful and painstaking work. Al- though these lists may be overlooked by most of the farmers reading the bulletin, they give the publication a more permanent value than it would otherwise have.--H. C. BRYANT. A HISTORY oF THE C-AME BIRDS, WILD-FowL AND SHORE BIRDS OF MASSACHUSETTs AND .]'ACENT STATES, by EDWARD HOWE FORBUSH, State Ornithologist of Massachusetts. (Is- sued by the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture.) 1912; 8 vo, pp. xvi-4-622, 36 pls., 26 figs. Of great immediate, practical use in the swelling campaign against the extermination of American game animals, the book under notice deserves warmest commendation. Its purpose is admirably realized in the scientifi- cally accurate tenor of treatment throughout, combined with the logical and convincing sequence of the subjects as presented. Here we find just the information needed in regard to the history and in some cases direful fate of Atlantic Coast game birds, and from which lessons can be drawn as to how not to treat our Pacific Coast birds. It is too bad that it is impracticable to secure wide dis- tribution in the west, of Mr. Forbush's work, because of the limited edition and local mands for it. If sportsmen and legislators could but acquire some of the knowledge therein made so clear, a long step would have been taken towards securing proper treatment of our game before it is too late. It is not possible to adequately describe the book in its numerous useful details, in our limited space; but some of our readers may be interested to know that, as long as they last, copies can be purchased at bare cost price plus postage ($1.40 in all) by addressing the Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture, 136 State House, Boston, Mass.--J'. GRINNELL. THE PHYLOGENETIC VALIYE OF COLOR CHAR- ACTERs IN BIRDS. BY WITMER STONE, A.M. (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2nd ser., xv, Dec. 4, 1912, pp. 313-319, pl. 27). This brief paper is a multum in parvo of first-grade philosophic ornithology. We have of late heard a great deal about the meaning of coloration. Mr. Stone recalls the reader's attention from the various concealing and direct-action-of-environment theories, and in. rites him to consider some facts more easily explained upon grounds of directire or phylo- genetic significance. Whole groups--genera and even families-- of birds possess certain color patterns which occur but slightly modified throughout their members. Other features come and go, but a certain color pattern may persist, to no ap- parent adaptive purpose. Such a feature surely does show community of descent as much as, and in certain cases, more than does position of nostril or proportions of man- dibles. Attention is called to the over-emphasis often given such "structural" characters as compared with color features, this undue em- phasis to be observed in parts of our mod- ern schemes of classification. In some cases it is shown that color features prove more dependable taxonomically than the structural characters currently recognized. But the author refrains in this paper from any spe- cific attempt at revising classification. Mr. Stone shows convincingly that an ex.- tremely promising line of investigation awaits the student who will make a special study of the colors and color-patterns of birds, with problems of genetic relationship. in view. The reviewer is not, however, quite ready to agree with Mr. Stone that there is more need of search in the direction of resemblances than in that of minute differences. Both are of great value, and equally important, though not necessarily of the same sort of mean- ing. The well-balanced student will neglect neither.--J. GRINNELL. THE EXPERIMENTAL METHOD OF TESTING THE EFFICIENCY oF WARNING AND CRYPTIC COLORATION IN PROTECTING ANIMALS FROM THEIR ENEMIES. By W. L. McATEE (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., LxIv, September 6, 1912, pp. 281-364). This work, reviewing critically the litera- ture of such experimentation, is indispensable to students of protective coloration. The main point emphasized, backed up by abun- dant evidence, is the danger of drawing con- clusions from experiments upon animals in captivity, unless the results are carefully compared with what is known about the hab- its of the same animals under natural con- ditions. The evidence seems conclusive that animals in captivity do not re-act to the stimu- | WIKI |
lohko
Etymology 1
From, derived from (🇨🇬, 🇨🇬, 🇨🇬). Related to 🇨🇬.
Noun
* 1) a piece cut off something; wedge, slice
* 2) section part, piece or subdivision
* 3) lobe clear division of an organ that can be determined at the gross anatomy level, especially one of the parts of the brain, liver or lung
* 4) block, chunk
* 5) group subset of a division; set of teams playing a series of games against each other, thus qualifying for finals in which they play of championship against the best teams from other groups
* 1) group subset of a division; set of teams playing a series of games against each other, thus qualifying for finals in which they play of championship against the best teams from other groups
* 1) group subset of a division; set of teams playing a series of games against each other, thus qualifying for finals in which they play of championship against the best teams from other groups
Etymology
Compare 🇨🇬.
Noun
* 1) slice, wedge, piece e.g. of fruit
* 2) a traditional Votic dish of baked or fried potato wedges | WIKI |
UPDATE 2-Pendragon boss quits after just three months steering UK car dealer
* Mark Herbert to step down as Pendragon CEO * Pendragon warned of a pretax loss this year (Adds details, source, company and analyst comments) By Shariq Khan and Samantha Machado June 27 (Reuters) - Pendragon Plc’s Chief Executive Mark Herbert is leaving the car dealership after only three months in charge during which the company warned it would make a loss this year. Pendragon, which operates the Evans Halshaw, Stratstone and Quickco brands, said that a strategic update scheduled to be announced in September will be delayed until a new CEO is named. Herbert has stepped down by mutual agreement and will leave the company on June 30, the company said in a statement. He replaced Trevor Finn who was in charge of the company for almost three decades before he retired this year. Shares in the company, which have fallen about 37 percent since Herbert took over as CEO on April 1, fell another 4% in early trading. A source familiar with the company told Reuters that the abrupt change was because of a “difference in priorities,” with the company wanting to focus more on the market for used cars. Herbert was not immediately available for comment. Herbert, who spent 20 years as an executive at the Jardine Matheson Group before joining Pendragon, has a long background in the new car and franchisee markets. Two weeks ago the Nottingham-based dealership warned of a pretax loss this year, citing weak demand for both new and used cars. Industry figures released earlier on Thursday showed British car production fell by 15.5% in May, the 12th month in a row of declines due to model changes and falling demand both at home and abroad. Liberum analysts said that the company’s statement about remaining “fully committed to realising the long-term strategy” implied a difference of view with Herbert “on how best to fix Pendragon.” While the company searches for a permanent replacement, Chief Operating Officer Martin Casha and Chief Financial Officer Mark Willis will lead the business on a day to day basis, reporting to Chris Chambers, its chairman. “In the nearer term, despite challenging market conditions and the costly stock reduction programme, our focus will remain on taking steps to improve the performance of the business as outlined in our recent financial and operational review,” Pendragon said in its statement. Shares of the London-listed company were down about 4% at 17 pence at 0830 GMT, giving it a valuation of just under 250 million pounds. Reporting by Shariq Khan and Samantha Machado in Bengaluru;
Editing by Bernard Orr/Keith Weir | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Southern Historical Society Papers volume 30.djvu/58
50 Southern Historical Society Papers.
1842.
GEORGE W. RAINS.
1113. Born North Carolina. Appointed Alabama. 3.
Brigadier-General, 1865. Commanding First Regiment Local Defence Troops, Augusta, Ga. Superintendent Powder- Works, Augusta, Ga.
GUSTAVUS W. SMITH.
1118. Born Kentucky. Appointed Kentucky. 8. Major- General, September 19, 1861. In 1861 commanded Second
Corps, Army of the Potomac; early in 1862 commanded First Di- vision under Joseph E. Johnston, Army of Virginia. When John- ston was severely wounded the command of the Army of Northern Virginia devolved upon Smith for a day. Lee was then ordered to assume chief command, as Smith was stricken down by severe ill- ness; Smith was Acting Secretary of War in 1862 in the interregnum between Randolph and Seddon; he was then assigned Chief Engi- neer to Beauregard at Charleston, and later put in charge of the Etowah Iron-Works. Held various high commands. Resigned February 17, 1863, from Confederate States Army, but commanded Georgia State militia as major-general, and saw much active service in the Atlanta campaign of 1864 (and to the end), and was repeat- edly commended in dispatches of General Joseph E. Johnston.
MANSFIELD LOVELL.
1119. Born District Columbia. Appointed District Columbia. 9. Major-General, October 7, 1861. Commanding District No. i,
headquarters, New Orleans; afterward First Division, Army of Dis- trict of Mississippi. In 1865 commanded district in Department of Georgia, South Carolina, and Florida.
ALEXANDER P. STEWART.*
1 1 22. Born Tennessee. Appointed Tennessee. 12.
In 1861 appointed Major of the Artillery Corps in the army organ- ized by the State of Tennessee. Transferred with that rank to the Army of the Confederate States. Engaged in battle of Belmont, November 7, 1861; commissioned Brigadier-General, Confederate States Army, November, 1861. In Shiloh campaign and battle of Shiloh, 1862; in campaign into Kentucky and battle of Perry ville, and in battle of Murfreesboro', 1862. Major-General, June 2, 1863. In the Tullahoma campaign in Middle Tennessee, in the Chicka- | WIKI |
Page:The City-State of the Greeks and Romans.djvu/275
IX Epidamnus destroyed. A policy so selfish and suicidal in itself was also full of mischief for Greece. Epidamnus called for aid from Corinth, the mother city of Corcyra; this brought Corinth and Corcyra into collision, in accordance with an old and smouldering ill-will; Corcyra left the Peloponnesian league and joined the Athenian, and thus by exaggerating the tension which had long existed between Athens and Sparta, brought about the war in which the best energies of Greece were wasted. Corcyra herself, like Naxos, paid dearly for her folly and selfishness. Five years later she was herself the victim of one of these outbreaks of faction, the direct inheritance of her former misdoings; and this outbreak, to which I shall shortly again refer, was perhaps the most savage and the most paralysing of any of which we have record.
I shall mention one more example of this epidemic disease, not because it was very serious in itself or its consequences, but as a negative instance, showing that where a State had once fairly overcome the difficulties of disunion, any attempt of a weaker party to overthrow a stronger was not likely to'cause permanent ruin or weakness. In 411 B.C. the oligarchical party at Athens, which had always continued to exist, and to carry on a policy of reasonable opposition to the leaders of the democracy, succeeded for a short time in getting the government into its own hands. The story of this singular episode in Athenian history, as told by | WIKI |
How to disable context menu in Chrome mobile on long tap?
Such questions on the toaster already, but they don't have the answers(
June 14th 19 at 18:58
2 answers
June 14th 19 at 19:00
Solution
elem.oncontextmenu = function() {return false;}
June 14th 19 at 19:02
do you imagine a separate app with a webview and twirl it as you want.. what's the problem then..
and in General, be more specific! what problems are solved?
The problem is this: there are buttons inside of them, the picture (svg)
When tap are all sorts of squeaks, but in chrome the normal behavior interferes with the context menu dropdown to save the picture - Durward_Osinski commented on June 14th 19 at 19:05
let's an example on codepen or something - Montana_Abshire commented on June 14th 19 at 19:08
in the sense of an example? need an example when something is not working
you just have to block the appearance of the context menu on the picture and then either know or you don't - Durward_Osinski commented on June 14th 19 at 19:11
here , you are not working - give an example. and the "disable context menu" - is all secondary and speculation. maybe it disable something not required. - Montana_Abshire commented on June 14th 19 at 19:14
I have everything working - Durward_Osinski commented on June 14th 19 at 19:17
Find more questions by tags FrontendJavaScriptMobile development | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Is Medical Properties Trust Stock a Buy Now?
Medical Properties Trust (NYSE: MPW) is quite the controversial stock, especially considering its relatively banal business model of buying and renting out healthcare spaces. But there's no scandal piquing investors' strong feelings, just a rather straightforward debate about whether it can perform well financially or not.
So, without further ado, let's look at the case in favor of buying this stock right now to see what all the fuss is about.
Why you might want to buy this stock
The thing that draws a lot of investors to Medical Properties Trust stock is its outrageously high forward dividend yield of 14.9%. With a yield like that, you'd only need to drop around $6,734 to secure $1,000 in annual dividend income. And over the last 10 years, it's hiked its dividend by 45%, so there might be a possibility of further growth down the line.
To pay that dividend, it buys and invests in hospital and clinical real estate, renting out its properties to companies that deliver care. In total, it owns 444 properties, which in 2022 generated free cash flow (FCF) of $739 million. Buying this stock means banking on the continued demand for such floor space, not to mention the sound judgment of management when it comes to picking attractive assets for acquisition. And since people will need to receive healthcare services somewhere, especially more advanced services like surgery, it's reasonable to assume that there will still be at least some hospital companies that will need to rent space from MPT in the future.
In terms of its growth potential, this real estate investment trust's (REIT) business model makes the playbook quite simple. To grow, MPT acquires properties using debt, and then generates rental income to cover both its debt payments and dividend commitments to shareholders. After that, its leases contain built-in annual rent escalators that will contribute to its cash flow more and more over time. Then, as the REIT eventually pays down debt to acceptable levels, it repeats the process. So while it probably won't be expanding very fast anytime soon, many investors probably find the sensation of mathematical certainty about this company's approach to be reassuring.
It's better to pass on this one
The trouble with buying shares of Medical Properties Trust right now is that it's facing down a slew of big macro factors just as its financial constraints intensify. Most of the stated and unstated assumptions investors have about it are likely to be severely tested or invalidated, starting with its core business model. According to a report by Erdman, a healthcare strategy business, hospital admissions will shrink by as much as 25% between 2020 and 2025. So demand for bedspace is slated to fall, which ups the ante because it means MPT might need to compete for tenants.
Beyond that, it's facing an extremely bearish economic environment in which its borrowing costs will be very high. As the Federal Funds rate is currently high due to attempts to control inflation, every loan that the REIT takes out will be far costlier to pay off than its batch of loans from when interest rates were low, which is to say for all debt from the prior 20 years. For reference, the weighted average interest rate for its $10.2 billion in debt is 3.9%, so it is believable that it might be paying twice as much interest per dollar of additional debt until rates fall again. And that's going to put a major crimp on its ability to buy new properties, and also its ability to return capital to shareholders, as its distributable cash flow will be far lower per additional source of income.
On that note, its payout ratio is currently far above 100%, which means that it's regularly paying its shareholders far more than its earnings can support. It's already selling off some of its holdings, like some clinics in Australia, as well as hospitals in Kansas and Texas, to make enough money to cover its debt and dividend obligations in the short term. But every sale reduces the amount of rental income, too. So the coming years will almost certainly see its top and bottom lines contract, and a dividend cut is likely on the table, as it already opted not to raise its payment for 2023.
Don't get distracted by the dividend yield. The dividend may not be there when you need it. Nor is there any guarantee of the shares holding their value over time; they're down by 50% in the last three years, and they might further go south.
So this stock is not a buy, in my view. And you might want to think about selling it before it loses more value.
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The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Cellular localization and cell cycle regulation by a temperature-sensitive p53 protein
J. Martinez, I. Georgoff, J. Martinez, A. J. Levine
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
486 Scopus citations
Abstract
Primary rat embryo fibroblasts were transformed by a p53 mutant (alanine to valine change at amino acid 135) plus ras. This p53(val135) mutant is temperature sensitive for a conformational change detected by the binding of a monoclonal antibody, PAb246, which recognizes the wild-type protein or the great majority of p53(val135) at 32.5°C. At 37°C, both mutant and wild-type p53 conformational forms co-exist in the cells, while at 39.5°C, the majority of the p53(val135) in the cell is in a mutant conformation not recognized by PAb246 antibody. At 39.5°C, the mutant p53 is localized in the cytoplasm of the cell. At 32.5°C, the p53 protein enters the nucleus and stops the growth of these cells. At 37°C where there is a mixture of mutant and wild-type p53, the wild-type p53 protein is in a complex with hsc70 and mutant p53 protein in the cytoplasm of the cell during G1. This wild-type protein enters the nucleus as the cells enter the S-phase of the cell cycle. At 32.5°C, the cells stop replication and arrest at the G1/S border. After 48 hr at 32.5°C, 91% of the cells are in the G1 fraction of the cell cycle. The S-phase cells appear to be immune to the p53 negative regulation of growth until they enter the next G1 period. These data strongly suggest that mutant p53 proteins in transformed cells act to sequester the wild-type p53 protein in an hsc70-p53 complex, which resides in the cytoplasm during the stage of the cell cycle, G1, when nuclear wild-type p53 would normally act to regulate cell growth and progression through the cycle. In this way, mutant p53 proteins can act in a trans-dominant fashion to overcome growth regulation by the wild-type p53 allele and protein in a cell.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)151-159
Number of pages9
JournalGenes and Development
Volume5
Issue number2
DOIs
StatePublished - 1991
Keywords
• p53 mutant
• rat embryo fibroblasts
• transformed cells
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Genetics
• Developmental Biology
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figure a
(1938–2020)
Anand Mohan Chakrabarty was a distinguished Indian-born American microbiologist and scientist who became famous for his notable contribution in the field of genetic engineering. With his extraordinary work he has inspired millions of researchers to experiment with microbial genes to utilize them in various fields, bringing in new dimensions to biotechnological aspects of microorganisms. The life of Prof. Ananda Mohan Chakrabarty will always remain an inspiring tale of challenges, and scientific breakthroughs for the coming generations of environmental microbiologists. Prof. Chakraborty is no more amongst us, as he left for heavenly abode on 10th July 2020.
Nandipur (now Sainthia) had been a little-known place in Birbhum district, West Bengal, India, until Prof. Chakrabarty was born there on 4th day of April 1938, to Shri Satya Dos and Smt. Sasthi Bala (Mukherjee) Chakrabarty. He was born in a middle class family and was the youngest among seven children. He completed his schooling at Sainthia High School and Ramakrishna Mission Vidyamandira. Prof. Chakrabarty completed his B. Sc. Degree from St. Xavier's College in 1958, and M. Sc. from Calcutta University, India in 1960. He completed his Ph D. from the Calcutta University itself in 1965. Soon after his Ph D., he moved to University of Illinois for research assignment (1965–1971); and later joined General Electric Research and Development Center, Schenectady, United States (1971–1979). He was appointed as Professor at the Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois, Chicago in 1979, and continued to serve the same department as Distinguished Professor up to 1989 (Douglas 2015; Renneberg et al. 2017).
In 1971, Prof. Chakrabarty got notable recognition for development of a genetically engineered Pseudomonas, “an oil eating bacteria” also known as “superbug” while working at General Electric Research and Development Center. He invented a method of genetic cross-linking to transfer genes required for degradation of oil using plasmid transfer technique and as a result produced a new stable bacterial species (now known as Pseudomonas putida). He called it as a “multi-plasmid hydrocarbon-degrading Pseudomonas” which was capable of digesting two thirds of hydrocarbons found in typical oil spill and that too faster (about one or two orders of magnitudes) than previously existing strains of oil-eating microbes (https://alliedacademies.com/profile/AC, https://rootsofindian.wordpress.com/2017/07/15/ananda-mohan-chakrabarty-indian-who-opened-the-floodgates-for-life-patenting/). This discovery became a biological remedy for removing oil pollution especially during disastrous oil spills and leakages in marine ecosystems.
Later, he applied for a patent on this breakthrough technique which was the first ever on any living entity. However, it was initially denied and was then challenged in Court of Customs and Patents Appeals Office and finally in the Supreme Court. Prof. Chakrabarty argued that a living being must not always be naturally occurring and in this case, the bacteria Pseudomonas was genetically engineered and hence can be claimed for filing a patent. After nine years of struggle, in 1980, he finally received his much deserving fame over settlement of this legal suite over patent and it was awarded to him after ruling of Supreme Court (US Patent No. 4259444 for “Microorganisms having multiple compatible degradative energy-generating plasmids and preparations thereof”) (Breu 1980; Douglas 2015). In this way, he paved new gateways for bio-patenting of genetically modified microorganisms and other lifeforms and is rightfully called as ‘Father of Patent Microbiology’. This also paved the way for bioremediation as a full-fledged industry. Since then, he took several advisory roles on such legal issues and served as member of many prestigious committees.
The never ending thrust for research has translated in many significant research contributions of Prof. Chakrabarty, in wide range of areas of biotechnology. Apart from his revolutionary discovery of ‘bioengineered superbug’, he has also achieved several other milestones including development of promiscuous bacterial protein/peptide based anti-cancer, anti-viral and anti-parasitic drugs. He discovered a bacterial periplasmic protein azurin from Pseudomonas aeruginosa with potent antineoplastic properties (Chakrabarty 2003, 2010). He co-founded two startup companies named CDG Therapeutics Inc., in Chicago and Amrita Therapeutics in India (https://www.cdgti.com, https://www.amritatherapeutics.com/html/chakrabarty.html) to develop vaccines, therapies and diagnostics specially for cancer and several other diseases. Based on his work at University of Illinois, Chicago, there are several US patents that have been issued and CDG Therapeutics Inc. holds its proprietary information. His patents on “cytoxic factors for modulating cell death” [US Patent 7084105, 791394, 7888468] showed that different pathogens possess cytotoxic factors having anti-cancerous properties that can be used in preventing necrosis and apoptosis related conditions during infectious disease like cancer. Another patent on “cupredoxin derived transport agents and methods of use thereof” [US Patent 7691383, 8206685, 8530635] presented the methods and materials for delivering a cargo compound into a cancer cell using protein transduction domains derived from cupredoxins. Similarly, his patent on “transport agents for crossing the blood–brain barrier and into brain cancer cells, and methods of use thereof “[US Patent 7807183, 8188251, 8545812] dealt with diagnosing and treating cancer particularly of brain as well as other brain related conditions. Another patent on “compositions and methods to control angiogenesis with cupredoxins” [US Patent 7556810, 8,124,055, 8372962] is related to the use of cupredoxins to repress the process of tumor-related angiogenesis in mammalian cells and tissues. Apart from these, there are many other patents in his name which include: compositions and methods to prevent cancer with cupredoxins [US Patent 7618939, 8227402, 8158574, 8232244], compositions and methods for treating conditions related to ephrin signaling with cupredoxins [US Patent 7381701], compositions and methods for treating HIV infection with cupredoxin and cytochrome ‘c’ [US Patent 7301010, 7511117, 7795410], compositions and methods for treating malaria with cupredoxin and cytochrome [US Patent 7338766, 8623816, 7740857] (https://www.cdgti.com/science-technology/patents/).
Prof. Chakrabarty was one of the founding members of United Nations Industrial Development Organization Committee which laid foundation of International Centre for Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology (ICGEB). He also assisted the Stockholm Environment Institute of Sweden. He was a member of NATO Industrial Advisory Group, Brussels, Belgium and member of Board of Directors of The Einstein Institute for Science Health and the Courts (EINSHAC) now known as National Courts and Sciences Institute (NCSI), United States. He was awarded as the Scientist of the Year by Industrial Research Organization of the United States in the year 1975. He also received various awards including Inventor of the Year award, Patent Lawyers' Association, 1982, Public Affairs award, American Chemical Society, 1984, Distinguished Scientist award, Environmental Protection Agency, 1985, Pasteur Award, 1991, Procter and Gamble Environmental Biotechnology Award by American Society for Microbiology (ASM). In the year 2007 for his contributions in the field of genetic engineering he was awarded Padma Shri by the Government of India (https://www.dashboard-padmaawards.gov.in/?Award=Padma%20Shri&Year=2007-2007).
From being a policy maker for biological products to being a legal advisor to judges of Supreme Court, Prof. Anand Mohan Chakrabarty always aimed to help and serve scientific community and humankind. He strived to prioritize patent oriented research and to make biotechnological products marketable. He also emphasized that every research and development organization should establish a patent cell. An extremely gentle, down to earth person, who has been an innovative thinker, philosopher and ready to accept challenges with result oriented out-of-the-box solutions, shall always be the reflection of his personality. We hope and pray that his immortal presence shall keep on inspiring the microbiologists and scientists of all over the world, forever! | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Researches on Irritability of Plants.djvu/113
90 ozone, was showing signs of fatigue, as evidenced by the gradual diminution of the heights of successive responses.
The introduction of ozone brought, however, an immediate change; the induced enhancement of excitability is seen | WIKI |
Iván Borghello
Iván Emiliano Borghello (born 21 January 1983 in Paraná) is an Argentine football striker who plays for Club Atlético Paraná.
Career
Borghello made his professional debut in 2001 for Newell's Old Boys. In 2004, he was part of the squad that won the Apertura 2004 championship.
In 2006, he moved to Mexico to play for Santos Laguna B but returned to Argentina after only one season to join Talleres de Córdoba of Primera B Nacional. In 2008, he was signed by newly promoted club Godoy Cruz as a reinforcement for the 2008–09 season.
For the 2010–11 Argentine Primera División season, Borghello returned to Newell's Old Boys. | WIKI |
Rodighiero
Rodighiero or Rodighiéro is a patronymic surname with its roots in Lower Bavaria.
List of people with the surname
* Daniel Rodighiéro (born 1940), retired French footballer
* Giulia Rodighiero, Italian astronomer
* Ralph Rodighiero (born 1963), American politician from West Virginia | WIKI |
Johan Erik Vesti Boas
Johan Erik Vesti Boas (2 July 1855 – 25 January 1935), also J.E.V. Boas, was a Danish zoologist and a disciple of Carl Gegenbaur and Steenstrup. During the beginning and end of his career, Johan Erik Vesti Boas worked at the Zoological Museum of Copenhagen. However, during an intervening period of 35 years, Boas worked with the Veterinary and Agricultural University of Copenhagen, because Boas had felt ignored at the appointment of the museum curator post, which went, instead, to G.M.R. Levinsen (q.v.).
* Trizocheles boasi Forest, 1987
* Paromolopsis boasi | WIKI |
Ham, the chimp who was the first hominid in space, trained by NASA to operate a capsule in space. His trainer described the moment he was recovered from his capsule following the project – “I have never seen such terror on a chimp’s face”
Ham was born in 1957 in a rainforest in the Central African nation of Cameroon, then a French territory. He was captured and taken to an astronaut school for chimps at Holloman Air Force Base in New Mexico.
The astrochimps were trained to pull levers, with a banana pellet as a reward and an electric shock to the feet for failure. The chosen chimp would test life support systems and demonstrate that equipment could be operated during spaceflight. Ham showed great aptitude, and was selected the day before the flight.
On January 31, 1961, Ham was launched into space, strapped into a capsule inside the nosecone of a Mercury-Redstone rocket. The rocket travelled at 9,000km/h, and reached an altitude of 251km. The whole flight took 16 minutes from launch to return
Throughout the journey Ham was obliged to pull a lever. He received two shocks for not doing this correctly, out of 50 pulls. He achieved this with a 16cm rectal thermometer in place to monitor his temperature.
He experienced 6.6 minutes of free fall and 14.7_g_ of acceleration on descent – much greater than predicted. The biomedical data showed Ham experienced stress during acceleration and deceleration.
Jane Goodall, an expert in primate behavior, said she had never seen such terror in a chimp’s expression. However, Ham was calm when weightless.
Ham survived the flight itself, but nearly drowned when the capsule started filling with water after its ocean splashdown. Fortunately, the helicopter recovery team reached him in time. Ham’s treat on emerging from the spacecraft was an apple, which he devoured eagerly.
After his flight, Ham lived for 20 years by himself, in a zoo in Washington DC. People wrote him letters, and some were answered by zoo staff signed with Ham’s fingerprint. In 1980 he was sent to another zoo to live with a group of chimps. He died in 1983 at the age of 26. | FINEWEB-EDU |
During the course of research on mammal mycophagy and movement in the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, extensive collections of sequestrate fungi were made, including numerous cortinarioid taxa. Historically any novel taxa would have been described in the cortinarioid sequestrate genera Descomyces, Hymenogaster, Protoglossum, Quadrispora, Thaxterogaster or Timgrovea based on broad morphological similarities of the sporocarps and spore ornamentation. However, consistent with other recent analyses of nuclear DNA regions, taxa from sequestrate genera were found to have affinities with Cortinarius and Descolea or Hebeloma, and to be scattered across many sections within Cortinarius. None of the historical sequestrate cortinarioid genera are monophyletic in our analyses. In particular, the gastroid genus Hymenogaster is paraphyletic, with one clade including two species of Protoglossum in Cortinarius, and a second clade sister to Hebeloma. Eight new species of sequestrate Cortinarius are described and illustrated, and discussion of their affinities with various sections provided: C. argyronius, C. caesibulga and C. cinereoroseolus in section Purpurascentes, C. maculobulga in section Rozites, C. sinapivelus in section Splendidi, C. kaputarensis in a mixed section Phlegmacium/Myxacium within a broader section Dermocybe, C. basorapulus in section Percomes and C. nebulobrunneus in section Pseudotriumphantes. Keys to genera of the Bolbitiaceae and Cortinariaceae containing sequestrate taxa and to currently known Australian species of sequestrate Cortinarius and Protoglossum are provided. As with the related agaricoid taxa, macroscopic characters such as colour and texture of basidioma, degree of loculisation of the hymenophore, and stipe-columella development and form remain useful for distinguishing species, but are generally not so useful at the sectional level within Cortinarius. Microscopic characters such as spore shape, size, and ornamentation, and pileipellis structure (simplex vs duplex and size of hyphal elements) are essential for determining species, and also appear to follow sectional boundaries.
, , ,
Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi
Released under the CC-BY 4.0 ("Attribution") License
Naturalis journals & series
Danks, M, Lebel, T, & Vernes, K. (2010). ‘Cort short on a mountaintop’ – Eight new species of sequestrate Cortinarius from sub-alpine Australia and affinities to sections within the genus. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi, 24(1), 106–126. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Dog Eats Rabbit
Dog Eats Rabbit is the follow-up album by Blackburner to From Dusk to Dub. This album is a collaboration with DMX.
Personnel
* Blackburner
* DMX
* Brain Perera – Executive Producer | WIKI |
On 2015-11-26 23:09, Guillaume Piolat wrote:
People on OS X 10.6 don't use 64-bit audio plugins, so this combination
is indeed missing but shouldn't be a problem. The transition to 64-bit
occured starting with 10.7 if I understand correctly.
I don't know what the audio industry is using but the 10.4 was the first version to get limited support for 64bit. I would say that 10.6 is a fully 64bit compatible OS [1]. Even if the kernel is running in 32bit mode you can run applications in 64bit, if the CPU supports that.
With the 64-bit binary I only support 10.7+ through LDC.
Ah, ok, I see.
The big surprise was that DMD can produce OSX shared libraries at all.
For good measure I've removed TLS usage I know in the 32-bit binaries. I
haven't seem a change in behaviour.
Is anyone still using 32bit on OS X?
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard#64-bit_architecture
--
/Jacob Carlborg
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Page:Memoir upon the negotiations between Spain and the United States of America which led to the treaty of 1819.djvu/27
17 During the first period, which lasted about six years, although I received the most polite and respectful attentions, as well from the authorities of the Republic as from all its citizens, still I was exposed to vexations from the populace, and to angry resentments from the insurgent agents, who abounded in the country. As the privileges allowed by the laws of nations to all diplomatists, were not extended to me, all I could do, was to utter complaints and remonstrances, as a private agent, to the government of the United States, against the infractions of the existing treaties, and other excesses, by which peace and the public faith were broken in the territory of the Union, and hostilities committed against Spain; while she had never ceased, even in the midst of her struggle against the invading armies of the tyrant of Europe, to maintain the most perfect harmony with the United States, and to give them signal proofs of her sincere and generous friendship. That my memorials might reach the Secretary of State, I availed myself, sometimes, of the Attorney General, and at other times, of the Spanish Consul resident near the federal city; and although he received them at all times with marks of politeness and civility, and in the name of the President renewed to me (but always verbally) assurances of the good wishes and affectionate sympathy of his government for Spain, yet all amounted to no more than idle compliments, 3 | WIKI |
Dynamical age differences among coeval old star clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud: an alternative reading of the size- age conundrum
For more than 30 years scientists have been wondering why all the young star clusters in the Large Magellanic Cloud have compact cores, while the old ones show both small and large cores. The key to solve the puzzle was the empirical determination of the "dynamical age" of five old globular clusters
Sep 09, 2019
2
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Globular Clusters are aggregates of many (up to a million) stars. They are “alive” systems where the mutual gravitational interactions among stars change their structure over the time (the so-called "dynamical evolution"). Because of such interactions, heavy stars tend to progressively sink toward the central region of the cluster, while low-mass stars can escape from the system. This yields a progressive contraction of the innermost region (the cluster core), producing an impetuous increase of its density virtually toward infinity: the so-called "core-collapse" stage. Thus, clusters born with a given size progressively develop more and more compact cores, as a result of their internal dynamical evolution. The timescale of these changes depends in a complex way on the initial and the environmental conditions, and thus differ from cluster to cluster.
NGC 1466. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA
While determining the formation epoch of a cluster (corresponding to the chronological age of its stars) is relatively simple, measuring its "dynamical age" (corresponding to the level of dynamical evolution it reached since formation) is much more challenging. Following an analogy to human experience, as people with the same biological age can be in very different physical shapes, so stellar aggregates with the same chronological age can have reached quite different levels of dynamical evolution.
While the age of a person is easily readable in its identity card, determining his/her physical shape is not straightforward, and the same holds for star clusters. However, we recently found an empirical method able to measure the dynamical age of stellar systems by studying the central sedimentation level of a particular class of heavy stars, the so-called Blue Straggler Stars (BSSs). As the dynamical evolution of the parent cluster advances, these objects progressively tend to migrate to the innermost regions. Hence, the dynamical age of a star cluster is mirrored by the level of central sedimentation of its BSSs, exactly as the physical shape of a person is imprinted on his/her body though many observable features. Because the central sedimentation level of BSSs measures the dynamical age of the parent cluster in a similar way as the progressive sedimentation of sand grains in an hourglass measures the flow of time, we named this method the "dynamical clock".
Blue Straggler Stars in the color-magnitude diagram.
Indeed by studying the BSS populations in a large sample of Milky Way globular clusters we have been able to rank these systems in terms of the level of dynamical evolution they reached so far. This also allowed us to find a solid empirical confirmation of what expected on the basis of the arguments discussed above: clusters in advanced stages of dynamical evolution do have more compact cores, than dynamically younger systems.
Of course the next step in this line of investigation was to apply the same method to star clusters in other galaxies, and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) was indeed the closest and hence the most natural target!
The Large Magellanic Cloud galaxy. Credit: ESO
The LMC was also the most intriguing target! In fact, there is a 30-year old dilemma pertaining the LMC clusters, the so-called "size-age conundrum": why all the young star clusters in the LMC are compact, while the old ones show both small and large sizes?
Up to now, the most accepted solution to the dilemma was that all clusters in the LMC formed compact, then they suffered more or less significant expansions of their core driven by populations of binary black holes.
But, is this really the answer? Indeed our investigations of the dynamical ageing of Milky Way globular clusters showed that compact cores tend to be produced as time passes (which is just the opposite!). For this reason we were doubtful about the common interpretation of the LMC dilemma, and we decided to further investigate the topic.
In our analysis we collected evidence suggesting that the observed age-size distribution of LMC clusters is the natural consequence of two facts:
(1) Only low-mass systems have formed recently (in the last ~3 Gyr) in the LMC, and essentially all of them were generated in the innermost regions of the galaxy. Hence, they surely cannot resemble the progenitors of the currently old clusters, which are much more massive (by up to factors of 100) and orbit at any distance from the centre of the LMC. Among the young generation of (low-mass) clusters, only the most compact systems survived and are observable: hence we do not see young clusters with large core-size just because, if formed, they have been already disrupted by gravitational interactions within the LMC potential.
(2) The spread in size observed for the old clusters is the natural consequence of their internal dynamical evolution.
To prove the latter point, we had in hand the right tool: the dynamical clock! What we needed was a sample of old LMC clusters with different core sizes and with a set of high resolution images deep enough to properly measure the population of BSSs. Thus we started to dig the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Archive searching for this data-set. Fortunately we found a wonderful set of ultra-deep images acquired in different filters with the WFC3 and ACS cameras onboard HST for five old clusters (all with the same chronological age: 13 Gyr) showing quite different core sizes (ranging from 1 to 7 parsec): NGC 1466, NGC 1841, NGC 2210, NGC 2257, and Hodge 11. Indeed this was the ideal data-set to measure the stage of internal dynamical evolution reached by these clusters via the BSS sedimentation level and thus confirm our scenario.
The application of the dynamical clock in the LMC clusters is much more tricky than in our galaxy because field stars (not belonging to the clusters) can strongly contaminate the region of the colour-magnitude diagram where BSSs are selected. The situation appeared particularly critical for two clusters (Hodge 11 and NGC 2210). However the use of appropriate parallel HST observations in the cluster vicinities allowed a detailed statistical decontamination of the BSS samples. Indeed, the LMC field stars turned out to be slightly brighter and redder than the bulk of genuine BSSs, thus affecting only the reddest portion of the population. Hence, the statistical decontamination was quite effective and the results were surprisingly stable: over 5000 repeated subtractions, the measure of the BSS sedimentation level showed a very peaked distribution with a small dispersion, thus certifying the reliability of the measure.
Finally, we had in hand a solid estimate of the BSS sedimentation level for all the five selected clusters, confirming that these systems experienced different degrees of dynamical evolution since their formation. These results allowed us to rank the five clusters in terms of their dynamical age.
The level of BSS central sedimentation shows a nice anti-correlation with the core-size, in perfect agreement with what found for the Milky Way clusters. Indeed, this is the direct evidence that the differences in core size among these old and coeval LMC clusters are mainly due to processes of internal dynamical evolution, confirming the alternative reading of the observed size-age dilemma, with no need of exotic populations of binary black holes.
Thus, from one side, the obtained results deepen our understanding of the processes that govern the internal dynamical evolution of dense stellar systems in different environments and allow a direct connection between the old globular clusters in the LMC and those in our Galaxy. From the other side, they offer an alternative (and less exotic) reading of the long-standing LMC conundrum, with a strong impact on our understanding of star cluster formation and their evolution over cosmic time.
Moreover, as it often happens in science, while answering an old dilemma, this discovery is already posing a new, probably deeper, question that need to be addressed: why only relative low-mass clusters formed in the last 3 Gyr in the LMC?
More information can be found at Cosmic-Lab.
Francesco R. Ferraro
Prof., University of Bologna
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Page:The Economic Journal Volume 1.djvu/548
526 THE ECONOMIC JOURNAL drug stores, coffee houses, restaurants, fish and oyster shops, confection- ery, vegetable, tobacco, and book and newspaper shops, and any other class of shop in which, after a petition from a majority of the shop- keepers, the town council may please to fix other hours. The number of establishments under factory inspection in Victoria in 1889 was 2,522, with a total of 47,223 operatives, of whom 12,373 were females, but only five of these female operatives wrought in an establishment in which steam or any other sort of power was used a fact which shows in a telling way how completely what we in common speech call factories i.e. mills with machinery driven by steam or water have excluded themselves from the operation of the Act. The inspector's duty is to look after a throng of very small workrooms, the average number of employes in each being 27 in 1886, 25 in 1887, 23 in 1888, and only 19 in 1889, the progressive diminution being probably due to the inspector's increasing success in getting at the smallest class of workshop. The number of male operatives is in- creasing faster than the number of female operatives, which is usually thought a good sign. The figures are: Year. Male. Female. 1886 ... 28,479 ... 11,027 1887 ... 29,969 ... 11,114 1888 ... 31,648 ... 11,640 1889 ... 34,850 ... 12,373 Overtime is allowed by the chief factory inspector on the application of the employer with the express concurrence of the employes, but it is only allowed in certain industries and for certain busy seasons. 1887 out of 40 different industries in which females are employed only 14 petitioned for overtime, and out of 11,114 females employed only 3,811 wrought overtime. In the clothing establishments, of which there were 592 registered with 9,345 female operatives, only 107 with 3,116 female hands petitioned for overtime. Less than one-fifth of the establishments in this particular industry asked for overtime, but those that did so employed more than a third of [he female operatives, so that we find in Victoria a different result from what we find in this country there it is the large establishment rather than the small one that works most overtime. In all, 131 establishments wrought overtime that year, and they wrought between them 10,019 extra hours. They thus wrought on an average about ten weeks overtime each of 7 hours a week. In 1888 the permitted overtime came to about 8 hours a week for nearly ten weeks almost the same amount but then apparently it is very common in all kinds of establishments to work longer than the inspector has sanctioned, for he complains in his reports of the difficulty of obtaining evidence of these excessive hours, especially from the women. The wool-mills and rope-works have neYer adopted | WIKI |
@article{10.1172/JCI59492, author = {Florian Wiede AND Benjamin J. Shields AND Sock Hui Chew AND Konstantinos Kyparissoudis AND Catherine van Vliet AND Sandra Galic AND Michel L. Tremblay AND Sarah M. Russell AND Dale I. Godfrey AND Tony Tiganis}, journal = {The Journal of Clinical Investigation}, publisher = {The American Society for Clinical Investigation}, title = {T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase attenuates T cell signaling to maintain tolerance in mice}, year = {2011}, month = {12}, volume = {121}, url = {https://www.jci.org/articles/view/59492}, pages = {4758-4774}, abstract = {Many autoimmune diseases exhibit familial aggregation, indicating that they have genetic determinants. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in PTPN2, which encodes T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP), have been linked with the development of several autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes and Crohn’s disease. In this study, we have identified TCPTP as a key negative regulator of TCR signaling, which might explain the association of PTPN2 SNPs with autoimmune disease. We found that TCPTP dephosphorylates and inactivates Src family kinases to regulate T cell responses. Using T cell–specific TCPTP-deficient mice, we established that TCPTP attenuates T cell activation and proliferation in vitro and blunts antigen-induced responses in vivo. TCPTP deficiency lowered the in vivo threshold for TCR-dependent CD8+ T cell proliferation. Consistent with this, T cell–specific TCPTP-deficient mice developed widespread inflammation and autoimmunity that was transferable to wild-type recipient mice by CD8+ T cells alone. This autoimmunity was associated with increased serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines and anti-nuclear antibodies, T cell infiltrates in non-lymphoid tissues, and liver disease. These data indicate that TCPTP is a critical negative regulator of TCR signaling that sets the threshold for TCR-induced naive T cell responses to prevent autoimmune and inflammatory disorders arising.}, number = {12}, doi = {10.1172/JCI59492}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI59492}, } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Launch Date Sept. 23, 1969
Launch Site Baikonur Cosmodrome, Kazakhstan, Russia | Launch Site 81P
Destination Earth’s Moon
Type Lander, Sample Return
Status Unsuccessful
Nation Soviet Union
Alternate Names 1969-080A, 04104
Goals
This was the third Soviet attempt to bring samples of lunar soil back to Earth.
Accomplishments
None. The spacecraft reached Earth orbit, but the booster failed to fire as needed to send the probe to the Moon. About four days after launch, it reentered Earth's atmosphere.
In Depth
This was the third attempt to send a sample-return spacecraft to the Moon (after failures in June and July 1969). On this attempt, the spacecraft successfully reached Earth orbit but failed to inject itself on a translunar trajectory.
Later investigation indicated that the Blok D upper stage had failed to fire a second time for translunar injection because of a problem with a fuel-injection valve that had become stuck during the first firing of the Blok D (for Earth orbital insertion). As a result, all the liquid oxygen in the Blok D was depleted. The Soviet press named the vehicle Kosmos 300 without alluding to its lunar goal. The payload's orbit decayed about four days after launch.
Spacecraft
Launch Vehicle: Proton booster plus upper stage and escape stages, 8K82K + Blok D (Proton no. 244-01)
Spacecraft Mass: c. 5,700 kg
Spacecraft Instruments:
1. stereo imaging system
2. remote arm for sample collection
3. radiation detector
Additional Resources
National Space Science Data Center Master Catalog: Kosmos 300
Selected References
Siddiqi, Asif A. Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958-2000, NASA, 2002.
Kosmos 300 News | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
15 terms
Human Body Systems
STUDY
PLAY
The organs and body systems would die from lack of oxygen
What would happen if all the red blood cells in the blood disappeared?
Respiratory
Nasal cavity, nostrils, larynx, Pharynx, trachea and lungs are part of which system?
The cells would not be able to get rid of their waste.
What would happen if an organism's waste removal system were to stop working?
Excretory
If a person has excessive sugar and impurities in their blood which system is not working properly?
Brain
A robot has a built in computer that controls all of its the movements. The robot's computer that control its movements is similar to which organ in the body?
Cardiac muscle
This type of muscle is found only in the heart
Nervous
The brain is an organ in the _________________________ system
Immune and Lymphatic
The organ system that are served by white blood cells when they fight off foreign invaders such as diseases are ____________________________
They begin mechanical digestion
What role do teeth play in the digestive system?
Skeletal and muscular system
Which two major systems help your body with movement?
Respiratory and circulatory systems
The lungs allow oxygen to enter and carbon dioxide to leave the blood. Which two body systems are at work?
Tissues
Organs are made up of ___________________.
The brain sends signals to your muscles which allow them to contract and pull on the bone.
How does your brain allow your body to move?
Digestive system
The breaking large food molecules into smaller molecules is done by which system?
Capillaries, veins, arteries, blood, heart
What are the five parts of the circulatory/cardiovascular system ?
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Florence Nightingale was finally able to sway her parents into letting her study at a hospital in Germany. In 1853, she was hired as Superintendent at the Establishment for Gentlewomen During Temporary Illness, (say that three times fast), in London. She worked there until 1854 when the Secretary of War asked for her help with the Crimean War. She and twenty-eight other nurses were sent to Turkey. As she was there, Florence became very upset about all of the death she saw there, due to unsanitary conditions. She then implemented a sanitary plan of action and the death rate dropped from 42% to 2%. It was around this time that she created the polar area chart. The polar area chart is essentially a pie chart that showed which deaths occurred for whatever reason.
In 1859, Florence Nightingale created a nursing school in London and part of the education had to do with sanitary conditions. During the Civil War, Florence Nightingale was asked to come help at a field hospital. Her help with the sanitary conditions led to the formation of the United States Sanitary Commission. She also worked with several doctors and nurses, training them in her sanitary methods.
In 1869, Florence Nightingale partnered with Elizabeth Blackwell to open the Women’s Medical College. Elizabeth Blackwell was the first woman to earn a medical degree in the United States. There will be an article coming soon about her as well. Later Florence worked with Linda Richards. Linda Richards would go on to be known as America’s First Trained Nurse.
In 1883, Queen Victoria awarded Florence Nightingale the Royal Red Cross for her war and nursing efforts. Sadly, in 1896, Florence became ill and was bed-ridden. She used this time to write about hospital planning and she finally succumbed in 1910.
Florence Nightingale was definitely a woman who helped shape this world for the better.
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Content copyright © 2019 by Vance Rowe. All rights reserved.
This content was written by Vance Rowe. If you wish to use this content in any manner, you need written permission. Contact Clare Stubbs for details. | FINEWEB-EDU |
North Korea launches a Netflix-style streaming service called Manbang – TechCrunch
Some days, life just throws you a giggle. Today is one of those days. The Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (aka North Korea) has announced a new Netflix -style on-demand streaming service. It’s called Manbang. In Korean, ‘manbang’ means ‘everything.’ In English-speaking countries, it has some different connotations. Obviously. The service is being provided by KCTV (the state-controlled TV service). Users will hook up a Roku-style set-top box to access state-controlled intranet through IPTV protocol, with limited viewing options. Most content will center around NK’s government history and leadership. That said, not many of North Korea’s citizens have connectivity in the home, according to the BBC. Funnily enough, Netflix changed its Twitter bio this morning to “Manbang knockoff,” which is just one in a long stream of reference-based bio jokes for the original on-demand streaming video service. You can check out the Netflix Twitter bio evolution right here. And you can learn about Manbang (without Googling something awful) right here and here. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
TyentUSA.com
Samsung refrigerator water dispenser repair
Here are some points about your Samsung refrigerator water dispenser repair. Refrigerator water dispensers are extremely popular with the public because of the many advantages they offer the customer. Some of these are the easy availability of cold water and ice cubes at any given time, the convenience of having ice cubes and water on a fridge door without opening the fridge, the fridge door remains closed for longer periods of time thus reducing energy costs in the long run, elimination of going to the store for bagged ice (something that elders would appreciate), etc. However one cannot ignore that there are some disadvantages and problems that can crop up from time to time.
Before having a technician or company repairman to come and have a look at your refrigerator water dispenser it would help to know a few facts about home repair. This involves a bit of common sense and handy work. The first thing is to ascertain what is wrong with your refrigerator water dispenser. There could be many problems like slow flow, leaking or dripping of water, no water being dispensed at all, an electrical problem or even a faulty water valve etc. Once you have determined what is wrong with your water dispenser the next step would be to tackle it.
If your Samsung refrigerator water dispenser seems to have no water being dispensed at all, or a slow flow, the reason could be due to a couple of things like a faulty water valve, bad water supply or even frozen water lines. If you have been away and have turned down your heat while you were away it could lead to frozen water lines. You will have to turn off the water connection valve that feeds the reservoir and then check the water lines at the back of the refrigerator. Using a hair dryer on the section of tubing for around 20 minutes might do the trick of releasing the ice block and getting the water to flow again. If this is not your problem then you could check out the water valves and replace it if it is faulty or bad.
If you live in an area of hard water supply, then sediment could coat the tubes and also block the valve. You would have to thoroughly clean both out to get a strong water output. Also it would be wise to check out the valve that connects your water supply to the water line. If your water dispenser is musty then this can be fixed by using vinegar to kill the germs that could grow in the water tubes and clean out the whole system.
Other Samsung refrigerator water dispenser repair tips are: It is advisable to shut off the electrical connections before you do any checking of the valves etc. Leaving your refrigerator water dispenser to defrost completely for 24 hours would take care of any frozen water lines or pipes. Often the line will freeze inside the refrigerator door. Leave the door open for around half an hour to thaw the line. Installing a heater to thaw out the water line is a good idea.
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V-J DAY (Europe)
Also known as Victory Over Japan Day, V-J Day is held every year on August 15th in Europe to remember the day Imperial Japan surrendered in WWII. Subsequently, the surrender of Japan brought WWII to an end.
The Allies had warned Japan to surrender on July 28th, 1945 but they refused. Due to their refusal the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, thus ending the war.
The first person to break the news of Japan’s surrender was U.S. President Harry S. Truman. He made the announcement at a press conference at the White House on August 14th, 1945. At midnight the UK’s Prime Minister Clement Atlee confirmed the end of WWII. He stated, “The last of our enemies is laid low.”
In 1945, the number of British soldiers had risen to nearly 3 million. About 340,000 of these British soldiers died. An estimated 71,000 soldiers from Britain and the Commonwealth died fighting Japan. This includes more than 12,000 prisoners of war who died in Japanese captivity. The United Kingdom also endured a high number of civilian casualties, with 70,000 of them killed. Most of them died during the German bombing raids, which was known as the Blitz. Also during the Blitz, 87,000 were seriously injured, many of them women and children. Two million houses were destroyed during the Blitz as well.
The country suffered greatly during WWII. Many people in the United Kingdom and elsewhere celebrated when the war ended. However, they also grieved for the many lives that were lost. This is why this day is an important day of remembrance.
HOW TO OBSERVE #VJDay (Europe)
The United Kingdom holds several remembrance events in observance of the day. In past years, the Royal British Legions has held a commemoration ceremony at the National Memorial Arboretum. The event gets broadcast on the BBC and includes testimonies of veterans and music from military musicians. Wreath-laying events are also held across the country.
You can help spread awareness for this day by sharing #VJDay or #VictoryOverJapanDay on social media.
V-J DAY HISTORY
The United Kingdom has recognized August 15th as V-J Day since 1945, when WWII ended. Other countries that celebrate V-J Day on this date include Australia, Netherlands, New Zealand, North Korea, and South Korea. August 15th was the date of the official announcement that Japan surrendered. Due to time zone differences, the announcement was made in the United States and the rest of the Americas on August 14th. However, the surrender document wasn’t signed until September 2, 1945. This is why the United States celebrates National V-J Day on September 2nd. | FINEWEB-EDU |
NLM Logo
Hypertension, Renal MeSH Descriptor Data 2024
MeSH Heading
Hypertension, Renal
Tree Number(s)
C12.050.351.968.419.331
C12.200.777.419.331
C12.950.419.331
C14.907.489.631
Unique ID
D006977
RDF Unique Identifier
http://id.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/D006977
Annotation
coord IM with specific kidney dis (IM) if pertinent; Goldblatt hypertension or Goldblatt kidney is HYPERTENSION, GOLDBLATT see HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR
Scope Note
Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.
NLM Classification #
WG 345
Date Established
1966/01/01
Date of Entry
1999/01/01
Revision Date
2021/06/30
Hypertension, Renal Preferred
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The Unwanted Girl
The Unwanted Girl (Persian: Dokhtare sar rahi) is a 1953 Iranian film directed by Moezzodivan Fekri. | WIKI |
Pentagon chief wants review to weed out unnecessary military training | TheHill
Defense Secretary James Mattis is reportedly targeting unnecessary training for the U.S. military. The effort is part of a review of personnel policies Mattis ordered in an ongoing effort to build a defense program that increases “both the capacity and capability of the joint force,” Military Times reported. In a July 21 memo revealed Tuesday, Mattis directed the military services, National Guard Bureau and the combatant commanders to determine the changes necessary to provide the military “increased flexibility to organize, train and equip more ready and lethal forces.” Among the topics of review, Mattis wants to look at “requirements for mandatory force training that does not directly support core tasks.” “I want to verify our military policies also support and enhance warfighting readiness and force lethality,” Mattis wrote. The review would also scrutinize “the retention or separation of permanently non-deployable Service members; professional military education,” civilian workforce hiring practices, and counterintelligence training for the services’ law enforcement agencies. The Defense Department’s undersecretary for personnel and readiness will lead the review, according to the memo. President Trump has nominated Robert Wilkie to serve in that position, but Congress has yet to confirm him. All review recommendations are due by Dec. 1, 2018. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Yogi's Ark Lark
Noah's Ark/Yogi's Ark vs the Jelly Roger
I really fail to see how one can say it reappeared in Yogi's Treasure Hunt, when the boat in this movie and the series is clearly an ark, and the Jelly Roger was clearly a pirate ship take off. They are two much different designs which makes that statement simply incorrect. Plus both have different abilities and powers. The Ark is flown by the treadmill which in this movie everyone takes turns and in the series it's Magilla Gorilla's job. The Jelly Roger is controlled by engines shown in multiple episodes which show an engine room with a computer.
A better way to put that part in is "the concept of a fyling ship for Yogi Bear was revisted in Yogi's Treasure Hunt when it featured the SS Jelly Roger, a pirate ship design that could also fly." — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:12, 28 May 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
Carrie Underwood: Live in Concert
Carrie Underwood: Live in Concert was the first headlining tour for American recording artist, Carrie Underwood. Performing during the spring and summer of 2006, the tour promoted her debut album, Some Hearts. The tour predominantly performed in the United States and Canada, at various music festivals and state fairs.
Opening acts
* Little Big Town (Dixon)
* Michelle Crowley (Cabazon)
* Rio Grand (Fairlea)
* Rockie Lynne (Hamburg)
* Trent Tomlinson (Sedalia)
* Andy Griggs (Geddes, Bloomsburg)
* Jamey Johnson (Hutchinson)
Setlist
* 1) "We're Young and Beautiful"
* 2) "That's Where it Is"
* 3) "Wasted"
* 4) "Lessons Learned"
* 5) "Don't Forget to Remember Me"
* 6) "Inside Your Heaven"
* 7) "Patience"
* 8) "Sweet Child O' Mine"
* 9) "Before He Cheats"
* 10) "I Just Can't Live a Lie"
* 11) "The Night Before (Life Goes On)"
* 12) "Jesus, Take the Wheel"
* 13) "Some Hearts"
* Encore
* 1) "Whenever You Remember"
* 2) "I Ain't in Checotah Anymore"
Underwood has also been known to do covers of Guns N' Roses songs at many of her shows. During the "Live 2006 Tour", she covered the songs "Patience" and "Sweet Child O' Mine", both of which were originally done by the rock band. Underwood has also performed the band's songs "Paradise City" and "November Rain" on numerous occasions, as well.
* Notes
Tour dates
* Festivals and other miscellaneous performances
* This concert was a part of the "North Carolina Azalea Festival"
* This concert was a part of "Country Thunder"
* This concert was a part of "SunFest"
* This concert was a part of the "Dixon May Fair"
* This concert was a part of the "Virginia Beach Patriotic Festival"
* This concert was a part of the "Country Fever"
* This concert was a part of the "Comstock Windmill Festival"
* This concert was a part of the "CMA Music Festival"
* This concert was a part of the "Country Jam USA"
* This concert was a part of the "Country Fest"
* This concert was a part of the "San Diego County Fair Summer Concert Series"
* This concert was a part of the "Country Concert 26th Annual Music Festival"
* This concert was a part of "Summerfest"
* This concert was a part of the "Fowlerville Family Fair"
* This concert was a part of "Jamboree in the Hills"
* This concert was a part of the "2006 Army Concert Tour"
* This concert was a part of the "North Dakota State Fair"
* This concert was a part of the "Montana State Fair"
* This concert was a part of the "California Mid-State Fair"
* This concert was a part of the "Oregon Jamboree"
* This concert was a part of the "Sioux Empire Fair"
* This concert was a part of "Musikfest"
* This concert was a part of the "State Fair of West Virginia"
* This concert was a part of the "Erie County Fair"
* This concert was a part of the "Missouri State Fair"
* This concert was a part of the "Champlain Valley Fair"
* This concert was a part of the "Cingular Wireless Concert Series"
* This concert was a part of the "Colorado State Fair"
* This concert was a part of the "New Mexico State Fair"
* This concert was a part of the "Kansas State Fair"
* This concert was a part of the "York Fair"
* This concert was a part of the "Cumberland County Fair"
* This concert was a part of the "Clark County Country Jamboree"
* This concert was a part of the "Bloomsburg Fair"
* This concert was a part of the "Eastern States Exposition"
* Cancellations and rescheduled shows | WIKI |
How To: Get Android Nougat's New Boot Animation Right Now
Get Android Nougat's New Boot Animation Right Now
Android Nougat came with a lot of new features, including a futuristic and sleek circle animation. When this article was originally published, it was rumored that the circular design would be used as the new boot animation in Android 7.0—but as it turns out, you'll only see this screen while you're installing a firmware upgrade or working with ADB.
That was a little disappointing, because it's definitely a cool-looking animation—so XDA user mattwheat went ahead and converted it into a boot animation so that you can see it every time your phone starts up. This bootanimation.zip file can replace the existing startup screen on most current devices, regardless of Android version, so I'll show you how to try it out below.
Requirements
Step 1: Download the ZIP File
To get started, download the bootanimation.zip file from Android Nougat.
Step 2: Rename Your Old Boot Animation File
Next up, use your favorite root-enabled file browser to navigate to the /system/media folder on your device. From here, locate the existing bootanimation.zip file, then long-press it and choose "Rename" (note that if your device does not have a bootanimation.zip file in this folder, it is not supported). Next, simply add a ".bak" to the end of the file name, then press "OK."
Step 3: Copy the New Boot Animation File & Change Permissions
From here, head to the Download folder on your SD card or internal storage partition, then select the bootanimation.zip file that you downloaded in Step 1. From here, just copy the file, then paste it into the /system/media folder.
Once you've done that, long-press the newly-copied bootanimation.zip file, then choose "Permissions." Finally, set the Owner category to "Read" and "Write," then make sure all other categories are set to just "Read."
Step 4: Reboot & Enjoy
At this point, all that's left to do is to reboot your phone and check out the new boot animation. It's a white circle that features colored ribbons morphing around alongside it, and the animation itself is something akin to a loading circle.
Cover photo and screenshots by Dallas Thomas/Gadget Hacks
3 Comments
Can you share your phone wallpaper on the video?
its so big broo , the size resolution its too big , it doesnt shows the whole circle :/ how am i supposed to fix the resolution thing..
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maķedoniete
Etymology
From.
Noun
* 1) a (female) Macedonian, a woman from (the Republic of) North Macedonia
* 2) a (female) Macedonian, a member of the ancient Macedonian people
* 1) a (female) Macedonian, a member of the ancient Macedonian people
* 1) a (female) Macedonian, a member of the ancient Macedonian people | WIKI |
Lindsey Graham calls AOC and colleagues 'communists,' 'anti-Semitic'
Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham has thrown dynamite onto the feud between President Donald Trump and a group of Democratic congresswomen.Over the past week, House Democratic leadership has been openly feuding with four freshman congresswomen of color: Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York, Rep. Rashida Tlaib of Michigan, Rep. Ilhan Omar of Minnesota, and Rep. Ayanna Pressley of Massachusetts.Trump poured fuel on the fire with a series of racist Sunday tweets suggesting that the congresswomen leave America and "go back and help fix the totally broken and crime infested places from which they came."Appearing on "Fox & Friends" on Monday morning, Graham called the group "a bunch of communists" who he said "hate Israel" and "hate our own country," further calling them "anti-Semitic" and "anti-America."The South Carolina senator avoided criticizing the president and encouraged him to "aim higher," saying, "They are American citizens, they won an election, take on their policies."Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.Republican Sen. Lindsey Graham has thrown dynamite onto the feud involving President Donald Trump, a group of progressive congresswomen, and the leadership of the Democratic Party, appearing on "Fox & Friends" on Monday morning and accusing the congresswomen of being "communists" and "anti-American."Tensions between Speaker Nancy Pelosi and the freshman congresswomen Rep. Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez of New York, Rep. Rashida Tlaib of Michigan, Rep. Ilhan Omar of Minnesota, and Rep. Ayanna Pressley of Massachusetts reached a fever pitch last week, with Ocasio-Cortez accusing Pelosi of "singling out" women of color after Pelosi criticized the group in an interview with the New York Times columnist Maureen Dowd.Trump poured fuel on the fire with a series of racist Sunday tweets that — without using names — suggested that the congresswomen leave America and "go back and help fix the totally broken and crime infested places from which they came." Three of the four women were born in the United States, with Omar immigrating to America as a refugee from Somalia as a child.Read more: Trump tells progressive freshman congresswomen to 'go back' to 'broken and crime infested' countriesNo congressional Republicans spoke up to unequivocally condemn Trump's comments, with Graham, a Trump ally, on Monday encouraging Republicans to "talk about their policies" instead of where they come from or their personal lives."We all know AOC and this crowd are a bunch of communists," Graham said, using a nickname for Ocasio-Cortez. "They hate Israel, they hate our own country. Calling guards along our border, calling Border Patrol agents concentration-camp guards. They accuse people who support Israel of 'doing it for the Benjamins.' They're anti-Semitic. They're anti-America."—Grace Panetta (@grace_panetta) July 15, 2019"I think they're American citizens duly-elected running on an agenda that is disgusting, that the American people will reject," Graham continued, mentioning support for government healthcare coverage for unauthorized immigrants and decriminalizing unauthorized border crossings.Trump doubled down on his original tweets later Sunday and on Monday morning, accusing the congresswomen of hating Israel "with a true and unbridled passion" and charging that they "have made Israel feel abandoned" by the US, a refrain Graham repeated on the show.Read more: Trump doubled down in his attacks on 4 Democratic congresswomen of color, calling their actions 'horrible' and 'disgusting'"They're anti-Semitic, they talk about the Israeli state as if they're a bunch of thugs, not victims of the entire region," Graham said. "They wanted to impeach Trump on day one. They're socialists. They're anti-Semitic. They stand for all the things Americans disagree with."Ocasio-Cortez has called the Border Patrol's treatment of migrant children "inhumane" and described detainment centers as concentration camps, and Omar has been accused of using an anti-Semitic trope by saying some Americans have an "allegiance" to Israel. None of the women have expressed hatred of fellow citizens or American values; they contend that standing up against injustice is an American value.When the host Brian Kilmeade asked Graham whether he thought Trump "went too far" with his tweets, Graham still avoided criticizing the president and encouraged him to "aim higher," saying, "They are American citizens, they won an election, take on their policies."Read morePence's chief of staff defends Trump's racist tweets, becoming the first White House official to comment on themTheresa May slams Trump's 'completely unacceptable' tweets telling congresswomen to 'go back' to 'broken and crime infested' countries'You're better than that:' Geraldo Rivera hits back at Trump for telling progressive freshman congresswomen to 'go back' to 'broken and crime infested' countries | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Distinguished Churchmen.djvu/298
256 DISTINGUISHED CHURCHMEN
plied, and he will, doubtless, be only too glad to respond to a similar appeal from the men who, for the want of better accommodation, now find separate housing in a tent in the church grounds. This effort in the interests of the men has sprung from the Rector entirely, and his latest project is to erect an enlargement of the church, which will form a shelter for the male toilers from the cold blasts and the beating rains of winter.
��"With regard to Egypt," Mr Fowler remarked in the course of the interview, "my interest had always been very great since my early visit as a boy, and when the appeal was issued by the Arch bishops and Bishops for the endowment of an Anglican Bishopric for Egypt, I advocated the idea, and was instrumental in raising a good deal of the money that came during the first year, chiefly through the medium of Church Bells. On studying the question, I found that difficulties had arisen between the promoters of the Bishopric and the Government. Every effort that was made to push the scheme forward was met by the remark that the Government was not in favour of it, and that it must be allowed to wait.
" The original idea was to have a Suffragan to the Bishop in Jerusalem, resident in Egypt, in order to avoid arousing international jealousies.
�� � | WIKI |
The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Raleigh (city)
RALEIGH, a city of Wake co., North Carolina, capital of the county and state, on the Raleigh and Gaston and the Raleigh and Augusta Air Line railroads, and on the North Carolina division of the Richmond and Danville railroad, 6 m. W. of the Neuse river, and 230 m. S. by W. of Washington; lat. 35° 47′ N., lon. 78° 48′ W.; pop. in 1850, 4,518; in 1860, 4,780; in 1870, 7,790, of whom 4,094 were colored. It is pleasantly situated on
an elevation, and is very regularly laid out. In the centre is a park of ten acres called Union square, from which extend four streets, 99 ft. wide, dividing the city into four parts, in each of which is a square of four acres. The state house is of granite, 166 ft. long and 90 ft. wide, and cost $531,000. The old state house, containing Canova's statue of Washington, was burned in 1831. Other public buildings are the state geological museum, the state institution for the deaf and dumb and the blind, the state insane asylum, the state penitentiary, the county court house, and the county jail. The United States court house and post office, a fine granite building, is in course of erection (1875). The state supreme court and the United States circuit court for the eastern district of North Carolina are held here. There is a large trade in cotton and dry goods. The city contains the shops of the Raleigh and Gaston and Raleigh and Augusta Air Line railroads, two iron founderies, two cigar manufactories, a manufactory of pumps, two or three marble yards, several printing and binding establishments, and three national banks, with an aggregate capital of $700,000. There are three hotels, two public halls, separate public schools for white and colored children, three female seminaries, under the management of the Baptists, Episcopalians, and Presbyterians respectively, several private schools, two libraries in the state house (the law library with 4,000 volumes, and the state library with 25,000 volumes), two daily, one semi-weekly, and nine weekly newspapers, and Baptist, Christian, Episcopal, Methodist, Presbyterian, and Roman Catholic churches. The site of Raleigh having been selected as the seat of government in 1788, it was laid out in 1792 and incorporated as a city in 1794. | WIKI |
Bassian
Bassian may refer to:
* Saint Bassian (c. 320 – c. 409), Italian saint
* Bassian thrush, a bird of Australia and Tasmania
* Bassian ecoregion, a marine ecoregion
* Bassian Patrikeyev, Russian ecclesiastic and political figure and writer
* Bassian rings, in Algebra. | WIKI |
Talk:American Progress
External links modified
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* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20140615021554/http://picturinghistory.gc.cuny.edu/item.php?item_id=180 to http://picturinghistory.gc.cuny.edu/item.php?item_id=180
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 19:31, 27 November 2017 (UTC)
Requested move 18 February 2018
The result of the move request was: Pages moved. John Gast (painter) → American Progress → American Progress (newspaper) + a redirect from American Progress (painting) to American Progress. (non-admin closure) samee talk 04:59, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
John Gast (painter) → American Progress (painting) – The article seems to be mostly about the painting, and the painting seems to be much more notable than the artist who made it, about whom little is known. The artist doesn't appear to have any other notable works, so maybe this article should be moved to the painting instead of the artist's name. Bindle-stiff (talk) 03:05, 18 February 2018 (UTC) --Relisting. Sky Warrior 04:00, 25 February 2018 (UTC)
* Tentative Support, although the page would have to be rearranged so the painter's bio is lower on the page. I'm surprised American Progress doesn't have a page already. Randy Kryn (talk) 15:19, 18 February 2018 (UTC)
* p.s. The page says that other than the American Progress painting little is known about the artist. The artist's only known notable thing is the painting. An interesting story, and the painting is near iconic for the era. So, changed my "tentative" to full support. Bindle-stiff, thanks for bringing this nom. Randy Kryn (talk) 20:38, 18 February 2018 (UTC)
* If it's to be moved, it might be better to move it to American Progress, and move the current little-viewed article at that title to American Progress (newspaper). |John_Gast_(painter) - Station1 (talk) 09:06, 24 February 2018 (UTC)
* "Support" Station1's suggestion, per primary topic. Randy Kryn (talk) 10:20, 24 February 2018 (UTC)
* Support moving American Progress to American Progress (newspaper) and John Gast (painter) to American Progress, but someone needs to make that suggestion on the American Progress page. Mduvekot (talk) 17:52, 24 February 2018 (UTC)
* I just added a notice at the talk page there. Station1 (talk) 22:45, 24 February 2018 (UTC)
* It looks like The is in the masthead there. Dekimasu よ! 22:51, 24 February 2018 (UTC)
* Good point. It's also in 2 of the 4 refs. I'd be fine with either title. Station1 (talk) 23:32, 25 February 2018 (UTC)
* That page can keep its title, as this one will have (painting) added to the title. Codyorb (talk) 18:20, 2 March 2018 (UTC)
* No, it looks like the consensus is to make this one primary for American Progress without the descriptor. Randy Kryn (talk) 18:25, 2 March 2018 (UTC)
* Support per nomination. Codyorb (talk) 18:17, 2 March 2018 (UTC)
* Procedural note: given the recent notice and change of course for this move discussion, I've relisted it for one more week. Sky Warrior 04:00, 25 February 2018 (UTC)
Location of painting?
Does anyone know the present location of the painting? Not mentioned on the page. Randy Kryn (talk) 05:52, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
* According to the Library of Congress ref, "Original painting purchased by Gene Autry Western Heritage Museum, 1992." Station1 (talk) 09:06, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
* Thanks. Will try to find out if it's still there. Randy Kryn (talk) 12:33, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
* Yes, found it and added it to the lead. Still at the Autry Museum of the American West, and has more sources on its page linked in the new mention. Thanks again! Randy Kryn (talk) 12:43, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
John Gast (painter)
Actually, a quite decent little bio of Gast has been published. If I ever get my hands on it, an adequate biographical article on Gast is possible. -- Orange Mike | Talk 02:19, 9 November 2018 (UTC)
* Hello Orangemike,
* Indeed, the French version has been developped, also.
* Regards, --Daehan (talk) 19:10, 11 November 2018 (UTC)
Interpretrations
I find it interesting that all references to this painting state that the Indigenous Americans are running for their lives away from the advancing Lady Columbia. However there are actually two groups of Indigenous Americans in the painting. When the Indigenous Americans are mentioned with the painting, people only see the ones in the foreground not the ones in the background who are actually dancing and preserving their own music, spirituality, traditions, and cultures. In the same scene you see teepees and a Native American having friendly conversations with an American. And the ones in the foreground that are supposed to be running away look more like they are leading the Lady Columbia with one apparently waiving at her to "come this way" while holding a coup stick. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2600:6C50:5C7F:CFAB:E904:A351:82DD:58A4 (talk) 01:49, 28 January 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Creating a response file
To run a silent installation of QMF for Workstation, you must create a response file that specifies all installation options. This file must specify all the features that you want to install and installation paths.
About this task
To create a response file:
Procedure
1. In the command line, run the installation command.
• See the examples for a Windows installation to the current directory:
setupwin64.exe -r installer.properties
where:-r specifies that the installation software runs in record mode.
• See the example for a Windows installation to the custom directory:
setupwin64.exe -r C:\drive_path\response_file.properties
where:
• -r specifies that the installation software is run in the record mode.
• C:\drive_path\response_file.properties specifies the path to the response file that you want to create.
2. As the installation proceeds, you select the features that each user that runs this executable installs on their machine.
3. Upon completion of the installation, the application is installed in the directory that you specified during the installation.
Results
The response file is created and saved in the current directory or the directory that you specified in the path.
What to do next
Distribute the files to the user machines to that you want to install the software and run the silent installation. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ambassador pick for Melania Trump's home country withdraws
Melania Trump’s choice for U.S. ambassador to her home country of Slovenia, Kelly Roberts, has withdrawn her name from consideration, according to three people familiar with the matter. Two people close to the process said Roberts, the chief operating officer of the historic Mission Inn in Riverside, California, decided to withdraw because of issues related to the divestiture of her assets. The first lady has taken a personal interest in helping choose the Trump administration’s envoy to her home country. She has been especially insistent on finding a woman with business experience for the post, according to the people familiar with the process. Roberts initially requested other countries besides Slovenia but agreed to accept the position at Melania Trump’s urging. She had not been formally nominated yet but had started the background check process for the diplomatic posting, which requires Senate confirmation. Roberts sent in a letter of withdrawal this month before starting ambassador training, according to the people familiar with the process. Roberts is a prominent Republican fundraiser and early Trump supporter who donated $50,000 to Trump’s super PAC, Great America PAC. She and her husband, Duane Roberts, donated $1.2 million to Republican candidates in the 2016 cycle. Roberts declined to comment. A spokesperson for Melania Trump did not respond to a request for comment on the status of the search. At the Republican National Convention, Melania Trump described Slovenia, which was a part of communist Yugoslavia when she was born in 1970, as a “small, beautiful and then-Communist country in Central Europe.” | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Mavluda.alamova96/sandbox
== Article Evaluation: The article that I read is called "Clinical physiology". The reason for choosing this article is because this article is related to the psychologist that my group and I decided to work on. Aver all i really liked the context and little details about clinical physiology. It did mention all the significant information and explained. The article included the role, history of clinical physiology. The only thing that could be fixed is organization of the context. If the article was organized, it wouldn't confuse readers. However, the links were there but wasn't working. ==
== Source: 1.Belgian pioneer in the education of children, including those with physical disabilities. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovide-Decroly Source: 2. He created a school for so-called "normal children" The Hermitage school still functions today. https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ovide-Decroly https://www.jstor.org/stable/3218311?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents == | WIKI |
National Valley Bank
National Valley Bank, also known as United Virginia Bank, is a historic bank building located in Staunton, Virginia. It was built in 1903 and is a one-story, three-bay, Beaux Arts-style building constructed of granite, brick and carved limestone. Its design was based on the Roman Arch of Titus. It features semi-engaged, fluted columns of the Corinthian order flanking the central entrance. The interior features a coffered plaster ceiling. General John Echols (1823-1896) founded the bank in 1865 and served as its first president. His son Edward Echols, who built Oakdene, served as the National Valley Bank's third president from 1905–1915.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. It is located in the Beverley Historic District. | WIKI |
Page:EB1911 - Volume 24.djvu/861
between the two species last named-species which certainly had nothing to do with their production.
The genera Tadorna and Casarca, as shown by the tracheal characters and coloration, are most nearly related to Chenalopex, containing the bird so well known as the Egyptian goose, C. aegyptiaca, and an allied species, C. jubata, from South America. For the same reason the genus Plectropterus, composed of the spur-winged geese of Africa, and perhaps the Australian Anseranas and the Indian and Ethiopian Sarcidiornis, also appear to belong to the same group, which should be reckoned rather to the Anatine than to the Anserine section of the Anatidae.
SHELDON, CHARLES MONROE (1857–), American Congregational clergyman, was born in Wellsville, New York, on the 26th of February, 1857. Graduating at Brown University in 1883 and at Andover Theological Seminary in 1886, he was pastor of a church at Waterbury, Vermont, in 1886–1888, and in 1889 became pastor of the Central Congregational Church of Topeka, Kansas. He is well known as the author of a number of widely read books of fiction, which at the same time inculcate an uncompromising obedience to the precepts of the Gospel in everyday life. Of these, In His Steps (1896), though not the earliest, is perhaps the best, and it is this one which first brought him into prominence.
SHELDON, GILBERT (1598–1677), archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Stanton in the parish of Ellastone, Staffordshire, and educated at Oxford. He was ordained in 1622 and was appointed chaplain to Thomas Lord Coventry (1578–1640). Four years later he was elected warden of All Souls’ College, Oxford. During the years 1632–1639 he received the livings of Hackney (1633); Oddington, Oxfordshire; Ickford, Buckinghamshire (1636); and Newington, Oxfordshire; besides being a prebendary of Gloucester from 1632. In 1638 he was on a commission appointed to visit Merton College, Oxford. He was intimate with the Royalist leaders, participated in the negotiations for the Uxbridge treaty of 1644, and collected funds for Charles II. in exile. In 1648 he was ejected from All Souls’ by order of parliament, and imprisoned for some months, but he regained the wardenship in 1659. In 1660 he became bishop of London and master of the Savoy, and the Savoy Conference was held at his lodgings. He was consecrated archbishop of Canterbury in 1663. He was greatly interested in the welfare of Oxford University, of which he became chancellor in 1667, succeeding Clarendon (1609–1674). The Sheldonian theatre at Oxford was built and endowed at his expense.
SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. schel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake, cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to "scale" and "skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate), the hard outside natural covering of anything, as of some fruits and seeds; more particularly, the (q.v.) or integument which acts as a defence for the bodies of various animals (see, , , &c.), the test, crust or carapace; also the outer covering of an egg. The word is also used of many objects resembling the natural shell in use or shape, and especially of a hollow projectile filled with explosives (see, § Shell, and ).
SHELLEY, MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT (1797–1851), English writer, only daughter of and his wife, and second wife of the poet , was born in London on the 30th of August 1797. For the history of her girlhood and of her married life see, and. When she was in Switzerland with Shelley and in 1816 a proposal was made that various members of the party should write a romance or tale dealing with the supernatural. The result of this project was that Mrs Shelley wrote Frankenstein, Byron the beginning of a narrative about a vampyre, and Dr Polidori, Byron’s physician, a tale named The Vampyre, the authorship of which used frequently in past years to be attributed to Byron himself. Frankenstein, published in 1818, when Mrs Shelley was at the utmost twenty-one years old, is a very remarkable performance for so young and inexperienced a writer; its main idea is that of the formation and vitalization, by a deep student of the secrets of nature, of an adult man, who, entering the world thus under unnatural conditions, becomes the terror of his species, a half-involuntary criminal, and finally an outcast whose sole resource is self-immolation. This romance was followed by others: Valperga, or the Life and Adventures of Castruccio, Prince of Lucca (1823), an historical tale written with a good deal of spirit, and readable enough even now; The Last Man (1826), a fiction of the final agonies of human society owing to the universal spread of a pestilence—this is written in a very stilted style, but possesses a particular interest because Adrian is a portrait of Shelley; The Fortunes of Perkin Warbeck (1830); Lodore (1835), also bearing partly upon Shelley’s biography, and Falkner (1837). Besides these novels there was the Journal of a Six Weeks Tour (the tour of 1814 mentioned below), which is published in conjunction with Shelley’s prose-writings; and Rambles in Germany and Italy in 1840–1842–1843 (which shows an observant spirit, capable of making some true forecasts of the future), and various miscellaneous writings. After the death of Shelley, for whom she had a deep and even enthusiastic affection, marred at times by defects of temper, Mrs Shelley in the autumn of 1823 returned to London. At first the earnings of her pen were her only sustenance; but after a while Sir Timothy Shelley made her an allowance, which would have been withdrawn if she had persisted in a project of writing a full biography of her husband. In 1838 she edited Shelley’s works, supplying the notes that throw such invaluable light on the subject. She succeeded, by strenuous exertions, in maintaining her son Percy at Harrow and Cambridge; and she shared in the improvement of his fortune when in 1840 his grandfather acknowledged his responsibilities and in 1844 he succeeded to the baronetcy. She died on the 21st of February 1851.
SHELLEY, PERCY BYSSHE (1792–1822), English poet, was born on the 4th of August 1792 at Field Place, near Horsham, Sussex. He was the eldest child of Timothy Shelley (1753–1844), M.P. for Shoreham, by his wife Elizabeth, daughter of Charles Pilfold, of Effingham, Surrey. His father was the son and heir of Sir Bysshe Shelley, Bart. (d. 1815), whose baronetcy (1806) was a reward from the Whig party for political services. Sir Bysshe’s father Timothy had emigrated to America, and he himself had been born in Newark, New Jersey; but he came back to England, and did well for himself by marrying successively two heiresses, the first, the mother of Timothy, being Mary Catherine, daughter of the Rev. Theobald Michell of Horsham. He was a handsome man of enterprising and remarkable character, accumulated a vast fortune, built Castle Goring, and lived in sullen and penurious retirement in his closing years. None of his talent seems to have descended to his son Timothy, who, except for being of a rather oddly self-assertive character, was indistinguishable from the ordinary run of commonplace country squires. The mother of the poet is described as beautiful, and a woman of good abilities, but not with any literary turn; she was an agreeable letter-writer. The branch of the Shelley family to which the poet Percy Bysshe belonged traces its pedigree to Henry Shelley, of Worminghurst, Sussex, who died in 1623. These Worminghurst or Castle Goring Shelleys are of the same stock as the Michelgrove Shelleys, who trace up to Sir William Shelley, judge of the common pleas under Henry VII., thence to a member of parliament in 1415, and to the reign of Edward I., or even to the epoch of the Norman Conquest. The Worminghurst branch was a family of credit, but not of special distinction, until its fortunes culminated under the above-named Sir Bysshe.
In the character of Percy Bysshe Shelley three qualities became early manifest, and may be regarded as innate: impressionableness or extreme susceptibility to external and internal impulses of feeling; a lively imagination or erratic fancy, blurring a sound estimate of solid facts; and a resolute repudiation | WIKI |
Astellas, 3 Other Companies Collaborate To Reduce Environmental Burden In Field Of Pharma Packaging
(RTTNews) - Astellas Pharma Inc., Eisai Co., Ltd., Daiichi Sankyo Co. and Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited. (TAK) said that they have collaborated to reduce environmental burden in the field of pharmaceutical packaging.
The four companies will aim to promote the use of more environmentaly friendly packaging for pharmaceutical products by sharing knowledge on packaging technologies to reduce environmental burden, such as blister packs made of biomass-based plastic instead of petroleum-derived plastic, compact packaging, recycled packaging materials, and recyclable packaging materials.
The four companies expect to expand the collaboration beyond the four companies by calling on other companies in order to reduce further environmental burden.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/York Place Studios
The result was delete. -- RoySmith (talk) 01:53, 16 December 2015 (UTC)
York Place Studios
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
Non-notable article created by SPA, fails WP:ORGDEPTH -- samtar whisper 13:00, 8 December 2015 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Photography-related deletion discussions. GSS (talk) 15:26, 8 December 2015 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of England-related deletion discussions. GSS (talk) 15:27, 8 December 2015 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions. Voceditenore (talk) 10:46, 9 December 2015 (UTC)
* Delete Comprehensively fails WP:ORG. All the coverage is from listings on industry sites, blogs, etc. The only exceptions are two articles from the Newcastle Evening Chronicle and the Newcastle Journal which are virtually identical and published on the same day—a local interest story about one of the partners when she was still in college. Neither of them mention the business at all. I can find nothing better. The "awards" are utterly non-notable. This has all the hallmarks of the paid-for article, springing fully formed from the hands of a "new" editor, complete with multiple perfectly formatted references (masquerading as independent reliable sources) and a perfectly formatted infobox . Note also that York Place Studios is a member of the 20Collective, an article by the Orangemoody paid editing sockfarm and deleted multiple times. Although created by an allegedly different user, he/she has the same modus operandi as the one who created Neil Palmer Photography (another non-notable member of the 20Collective). i.e. create the page first as a redirect and then return a week later to turn it into an article, . UGH! Voceditenore (talk) 18:16, 8 December 2015 (UTC)
* Delete - Sneaky on the redirect. Frankly, this article screams "local." There is nothing that shows this place to be notable as far as having coverage in reliable sources. Fails WP:GNG and WP:CORPDEPTH.--CNMall41 (talk) 00:29, 9 December 2015 (UTC)
* Delete - A newspaper article, and a few blog posts and directory listings are not sufficient for establishing the notability of a company for purposes of having an encyclopedia article. Fails WP:ORGDEPTH. I agree with 's assessment about paid editing. - MrX 01:22, 9 December 2015 (UTC)
* Delete - it is possible that there are 2 or 3 notable wedding photographers in the world. It is not possible that articles on 2 wedding photographers were created independently using the same bogus "redirect method". No indication of notability at all. Smallbones( smalltalk ) 19:00, 9 December 2015 (UTC)
* Delete, for the reasons given above. -- Hoary (talk) 04:02, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
* SNOW delete as there's simply not enough better solid coverage for a better notable company article. SwisterTwister talk 22:10, 15 December 2015 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Will Leitch
The result was speedy keep, apparent bad-faith nomination. Delete argument is disregarded as there are no arguments to delete among established editors. --Core desat 07:31, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
Will Leitch
* – (View AfD) (View log)
This article was nominated by Peakdetector (contribs, talk), who did not give a reason. ( note added by LastChanceToBe 22:27, 31 January 2007 (UTC) )
* Keep Known figure who has made his website one of the most popular in the sports blogosphere. Why are we even having this discussion? Usfcollin 02:17, 1 February 2007 (UTC) — Usfcollin (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic..
* Keep. No reason for deletion. Known figure, valid entry.Barryap 22:00, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
* Keep. As mentioned, known figure, published author. Dweeze 22:14, 31 January 2007 (UTC) — Dweeze (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic..
* Keep. Known figure, published author, editor of popular web site, guest NY Times columnist PeteJayhawk 22:18, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
* Keep. No reason for deletion. Known figure, published author, editor of 2 popular web sites, guest NY Times columnist. Affirmed. Goathair 3 22:21, 31 January 2007 (UTC) — Goathair 3 (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic..
* Speedy Keep. The article needs references, but it does make strong claims of notability. Also, no reason is given for deleting the article, nor is this AFD claimed by anyone. LastChanceToBe 22:23, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
* Speedy Keep Deadspin, his blog, is also up for deletion, but no reason given for either. Smmurphy(Talk) 22:34, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
* Peakdetector also nominated Gawker.com at the same time, the company over deadspin. I don't think that these three are serious nominations. Smmurphy(Talk) 22:37, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
* Keep famous guy famous website nuff said. Brent schneider 18:35 31 January 2007
* Keep* Notable figure, published author, popular internet sports forum host. No reason given for deletion of this article or of related article for Deadspin.com. Affirmed. Philistine. — 53Philistine (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic..
* Speedy keep Strong notability SUBWAYguy 23:40, 31 January 2007 (UTC)
* keep Internet Sports Writer, published author, noted Barbaro historian gmschmidty — <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
* Delete Not famous, not interesting... plus, if he wants a personal bio page he should create one on his site. Public Relations Nightmare 31 January 2007 — Public Relations Nightmare (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
* Speedy keep Comfortably meets WP:BIO with features in NYT and SI, and is the editor of a site that has similarly been the subject of multiple non-trivial articles in reliable sources. Ytny 00:51, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
* Speedy Keep It doesn't really matter if the person is famous or interesting to be on Wikipedia. You could delete most the articles on Wikipedia if this were to be true. And by simply looking at the edit history of the article in question, you will see it most likely not Mr. Leitch who made this page. BJ Humiston 00:53, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
* Speedy Keep and Close - ironically, kind of per nomination: no reason to delete. One is procedural - no valid reason given. Two, there is no reason to delete, as this, too, falls over itself proving notability and verifiability. Three, I'm calling WP:SNOW, and four, per my vote on Deadspin's AfD, I'm calling a bad faith nom per the nominator's talk page. --Dennisthe2 02:25, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
* Weak keep - needs to be rewritten so it doesn't sound so much like a resume. Awartha 03:12, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
* Keep - Well known author and creator of a very influential sports blog. I don't see why this is grounds for deletion especially with some of the other junk on Wikipedia.--Freepablo 05:12, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
* Speedy Keep - Editor of popular sports blog, Peakdetector gives no reason for putting article up for deletion. Should be a no-brainer. Texinian 05:57, 1 February 2007 (UTC)
| WIKI |
This illustration shows young kids learning about painting in schools. From the picture, it is clear that young boys are fitted with different methods to learn how to draw and come up with different art designs. The scene is selected by WPA photographers as it specifically highlights the environment of children who are busy and committed to studying the craft. The photographer’s target audience is young children, especially boys who are excited about studying the arts. With regard to this picture, it was the time of American life when the teaching of the arts began to evolve, and it was applied to children.
Poster 1: Children’s Drawing Lessons
The poster depicts art classes for children. From the poster, there is a girl and a boy painting. This portrays children who are enjoying their art lessons and practically applying it to learn more and to perfect their skills. This poster was commissioned to advertise the opportunities for children who want to study art. The target audience for this poster is the young children who have the passion and eagerness for learning the art. Taking this poster into consideration, the poster indicates the era in American life when children had begun learning arts, and it was part of their curriculum.
The poster and the image are connected in that they both show children who are in class learning about arts. In both the image and poster, there are images of children painting, drawing among other art related activities. Also, the words used in both instances such as “art” and “class” indicate that they both talks about the same subject. Furthermore, both the poster and the image target the same audience group.
Image 2: Swimming and Boating on Lake McDonald
The photograph depicts people swimming in the lake. In the photograph, there is a boat, a lake and men diving into the lake to swim. The WPA photographer chose the photograph for this particular scene since it displays as persons swimming in the lake for fun. The target audience of the photographer is young people who love swimming and regard it as a hobby. At his period in the life of America, swimming was widely considered as one of the leisure activities that young men enjoyed participating in.
Poster 2: Swim for health in Safe and Pure Pools.
The poster portrays people swimming in safe and pure pools as a healthy exercise. From the poster, I am able to see a swimming pool and a man and a woman swimming. Both of them appear to be enjoying swimming giving the impression that indeed it is beneficial. The aim of the poster was to promote swimming as a healthy exercise for the health of a human being. The target audience for this poster is people who enjoy swimming as well as view it as a healthy physical activity for the body. The poster depicts a time in American life where swimming was valued as a healthy physical activity and a beneficial leisure activity.
The picture and the poster are connected in that they both portray the activity of swimming. In each, there are people swimming and the presence of water bodies. However, in the picture swimming is viewed solely as a leisure activity while on the poster it is not only viewed as a leisure activity but also a healthy exercise. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Batford Springs
Batford Springs is a 3.5 ha Local Nature Reserve in Harpenden in Hertfordshire. It is owned and managed by Harpenden Town Council, and most work on the site is undertaken by the Batford Springs Volunteers. The declaring authority is St Albans City Council.
The main feature of the reserve is a number of small springs which are the source of chalk streams and ponds. The River Lea runs through the site, and there is grassland and a small wood. In January 2015 the site was extended by the purchase of land between Marquis Lane and Piggotshill Lane. There is also a children's area. Wildlife includes kingfishers and a variety of fish species in the river, including roach, barbel and a substantial population of chub. Batford Springs acts as a key nursery location for fish downstream all the way to Brocket Hall, where fish movement is severely impeded by man-made obstacles. The next fish nursery is the River Lea adjacent to the North Lake at Stanborough Park.
There is access from the north end of Station Road. | WIKI |
nonconcordant
Adjective
* 1) Discordant; inharmonious; disconsonant; not in keeping with; not agreeable with; disagreeing.
* The patient's left leg symptoms were nonconcordant with the right leg symptoms.
* 1) not preserving the sign; of opposite sign or zero | WIKI |
Does my child have autism or is this ‘normal’ behaviour?
0
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meltdown-1312488_1280Raising a child is often one of the most challenging and joyous events in a person’s life. Watching your child grow and develop is a source of delight. However, some parents become concerned when their child appears to develop differently than others.
At times, parents may worry about the possibility of autism spectrum disorder, or ASD.
As an associate professor and registered psychologist in the Werklund School of Education at the University of Calgary, I specialise in diagnostic assessment of ASD for individuals from toddlerhood to adulthood.
Many families speak to me of their concerns (or others’ concerns) for their child and wonder about the possibility of ASD.
I have found that informing parents of the symptoms of ASD can help them decide if their worries are warranted. As well, many parents are unaware of how the disorder is currently characterized and therefore struggle to understand if an assessment may benefit their child.
Individual symptoms are unique
ASD is, according to the description used by most clinicians in North America, a “neurodevelopmental disorder” — meaning it becomes apparent during a child’s early development and results in difficulties with their personal, social, academic or occupational functioning.
Those with ASD typically demonstrate symptoms by two to three years of age. However, many will display signs earlier in development and ASD can be reliably diagnosed around 18 months of age.
Individuals must demonstrate challenges in two domains of functioning: 1) social communication and 2) restricted and/or repetitive patterns of behaviour.
Importantly, individuals with ASD are seen to fall on a “spectrum,” meaning that they can experience a range of difficulties within each domain. This means that each individual’s specific symptoms will be unique.
Social communication challenges
Within the social communication domain, children may demonstrate a delay in speech development — either by using no single words by 18 months or no two- to three-word phrases by 33 months of age.
They may fail to direct others’ attention (e.g., by pointing or eye contact), follow another’s point or respond to their name. Sometimes they lack, or have limited skill with, pretend play.
Other signs could include reduced interest in playing with peers, not showing or bringing objects to others to share an interest, smiling infrequently at others or failing to gesture to express their needs — for example by nodding or raising their arms to be picked up.
Some children display symptoms of ASD but then grow out of them naturally.
Some children display symptoms of ASD but then grow out of them naturally.
Many children who receive an ASD diagnosis do not imitate others’ behaviours. For example, they might not wave back to someone who waves at them. Or they struggle to understand others’ language or show a limited range of facial expressions.
Sometimes they use others’ hands as a tool — for example, using a parent’s hand to point at pictures in a book rather than pointing themselves. And they may echo others’ words rather than using their own language to express needs or wants.
Repetitive patterns of behaviour
Regarding restricted/repetitive patterns of behaviour, some children show a strong preference for, or aversion to, sensory stimuli. For example, a child may crave visual input by staring at a fan for a long periods of time. Or they may be overly distressed by typical household noises, haircuts or being touched.
Children often become attached to specific objects — such as a block or a notebook that they must carry around with them — yet show little interest in toys. They can become intensely interested in things like door knobs or toilet seats, or become obsessed with a familiar cartoon character or toy. Smiling infrequently at others can be a sign of ASD.
They may repetitively wave their arms or hands, rock or spin when excited. Some children repeat actions over and over, such as turning a light switch on and off. Some focus on small parts of an object (the wheel of a toy car) rather than the entire object (the car).
Others may insistently line objects up — such as toys or family members’ shoes — and become distressed if the objects are moved. They may be aggressive towards others or may injure themselves. They often crave predictability and struggle when their routines are disrupted.
Early identification is key
Importantly, no single symptom is necessary or sufficient for a diagnosis. However, more symptoms do increase the potential for a diagnosis.
As well, many children display symptoms consistent with ASD yet grow out of them naturally and do not receive a diagnosis. Experienced clinicians take typical child development into account when determining if a diagnosis is warranted.
If you are concerned that your child may have ASD, an important first step is to speak with your doctor or pediatrician. Autism Canada is an excellent resource that provides information on assessment and intervention opportunities.
Assessment often involves teams of professionals working together to identify a child’s fit with the symptoms of ASD and typically includes observation of the child in different settings, interviews with parents and completion of assessment tasks to evaluate a child’s development.
Early identification is key. This recognition enables children and their families to access interventions and supports that have their greatest impact during early childhood.
The above article was reproduced and originally appeared on theconversation.com and was written by Associate Professor of Educational Studies in School Psychology, University of Calgary. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Xennials
Xennials are the micro-generation of people on the cusp of the Generation X and Millennial demographic cohorts.
Many researchers and popular media use birth years from 1977 to 1983, though some extend this further in either direction. Xennials are described as having had an analog childhood and a digital young adulthood. Xennials are almost exclusively the children of baby boomers and came of age during a rapidly changing period that was the 1990s.
In 2020, Xennial was added to the Oxford Dictionary of English. It was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in 2021: "Xennial, n. and adj.: “A person born between the late 1970s and early 1980s, after (or towards the end of) Generation X and before (or at the beginning of) the millennial”"
Terminology and birth year definitions
Xennials is a portmanteau blending the words Generation X and Millennials to describe a "micro-generation" or "cross-over generation" of people whose birth years are between the mid-late 1970s and the early-mid 1980s.
Xennials was coined by writer Sarah Stankorb, and discussed in a two-part, September 2014 article in GOOD magazine written by Stankorb, a freelance writer, and then-GOOD Magazine staff writer Jed Oelbaum. Good magazine has described Xennials as "a micro-generation that serves as a bridge between the disaffection of Gen X and the blithe optimism of Millennials." Dan Woodman, an Australian sociologist, was miscredited by the Australian media with inventing it, but clarified he did not in fact coin the term. Jed Oelbaum credits Sarah Stankorb with the term. The earliest traced usage comes from the 2014 Good article, which Stankorb pitched including the term Xennial. In 2017, Xennial was included in Merriam-Webster's "Words We're Watching" section, which discusses new words which are increasingly being used, but which do not yet meet criteria for a dictionary entry. Merriam-Webster Dictionary credited Stankorb with coining the term. In 2020, xennial was included in the Oxford Dictionary of English. The definition given is "a member of an age group born after Generation X and before the millennial generation (specifically in the late 1970s and early 1980s)". Xennials received additional attention in June 2017 following a viral Facebook post by Mashable.
In 2017, The Guardian noted, "In internet folklore, xennials are those born between 1977 and 1983, the release years of the original three Star Wars films." In 2018, Business Insider described Xennials as people who don't feel like a Generation Xer or a Millennial, using birth dates between 1977 and 1985.
Other terms, such as the Star Wars Generation, the Oregon Trail Generation and Generation Catalano have been proposed. Doree Shafrir, writing for Slate magazine, chose "Generation Catalano" for its reference to the character Jordan Catalano, played by Jared Leto (born 1971), from the 1994-95 teen drama My So-Called Life. She defined "Generation Catalano" as those born from 1977 to 1981, the timeframe of Jimmy Carter's presidency.
Characteristics and traits
Many people who were born during the cusp years of Generation X and the Millennials do not fit the mold of those generations but rather share the characteristics of both.
The Generation X and Millennial demographic cohorts have been studied concerning generational differences in the workplace. Researchers out of Eindhoven University of Technology found that not every person that belongs to a major generation will share all the same characteristics that are representative for that generation. People that are born on the cusp of a birth cohort may have overlapping characteristics that are related to both. This concept is called "generational fuzziness", and can lead to the formation of a "microgeneration". Researcher Melissa Kempf Taylor of the University of Louisville has written that the current microgeneration in the workforce is the Xennial generation, who have their own collective personality. "In generational theory, a cusp is the group of individuals who fall into the overlap between two generations. [...] This overlap creates a cusp generation" which bridges the divide between "major generations".
In 2004, Cynthia Cheng wrote a piece for the Toronto Star entitled "My So-Called Generation", where she referred to the cohort as "Bridges".
Marleen Stollen and Gisela Wolf of Business Insider Germany wrote that Xennials "had to bridge the divide between an analog childhood and digital adulthood". They are described as the youngest digital immigrants.
Cassie McClure, writing for Las Cruces Sun-News, described those in the Oregon Trail Generation as "remembering a time before the digital age, but barely". Anna Garvey has described these individuals as having "both a healthy portion of Gen X grunge cynicism, and a dash of the unbridled optimism of Millennials", and discusses their relationship with both analog and digital technology. Sheknows.com has described individuals born in the late 1970s and early 1980s as sharing traits with both Generation X and Millennials.
Anna Garvey characterized U.S members of this group as having had an "AOL adolescence" and as being from "the last gasp of a time before sexting, Facebook shaming, and constant communication". Dustin Monke of The Dickinson Press described those born in the early 1980s as having early adulthoods which were impacted by the events of the September 11 attacks and the Iraq War. Sarah Stankorb has also pointed out that most Xennials were already on the job market when the Great Recession hit.
"There are common experiences," explains Almudena Moreno, sociologist at the University of Valladolid and co-author of the Youth Report in Spain 2012, "and one of the differences between generations can be access to technological instruments, which provide a common living context." This context also influences how we relate to others. According to Australian sociologist, Dan Woodman, "[t]he theory goes that the Xennials dated, and often formed ongoing relationships, pre-social media. They usually weren't on Tinder or Grindr, for their first go at dating at least. They called up their friends and the person they wanted to ask out on a landline phone, hoping that it wasn't their intended date's parent who picked up." Woodman has referred to Xennials as a "cross-over generation" crediting this concept to journalists writing about individuals born during the cusp years, saying that this idea sounds plausible with respect to generations because "the divisions we use aren’t particularly robust. They tend to be imported from North America without much thought, built arbitrarily around the Boomers, and capture changes that often don’t have clear inflection points, so dates can vary." However, he warns that an entire cohort of people will not have one set of characteristics or experiences. Woodman also says: "Clearly the idea resonates with a lot of people who felt left out by the usual categorizations." This does not mean that these terms have no value. As Woodman explains, paraphrasing philosopher José Ortega y Gasset, "we are formed by the time in which we live", especially by the experiences of our youth, "which determine our lives and can create new political movements". | WIKI |
SS Pasteur (1938)
SS Pasteur was a steam turbine ocean liner built for Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique. She later sailed as Bremen for Norddeutscher Lloyd. In the course of her career, she sailed for 41 years under four names and six countries' flags.
Construction
In 1933 Compagnie de Navigation Sud-Atlantique's modern flagship SS L'Atlantique was gutted by fire after only two years in service. After a three-year dispute her underwriters agreed she was beyond economic repair and paid her owners a settlement.
With the settlement, her owners ordered Pasteur as a smaller but faster replacement ship to carry passengers and freight on their South Atlantic routes. Her main competition was the German liner SS Cap Arcona, owned by the Hamburg Südamerikanische Dampfschifffahrts-Gesellschaft. She was also designed to compete with a new British ship, RMS Andes (1939), which Harland and Wolff was building for Royal Mail Lines.
Chantiers de l'Atlantique in Saint-Nazaire began to build Pasteur began in 1938. On 15 February of that year she was launched as Pasteur after the scientist Louis Pasteur. A fire in March 1939 delayed her fitting out and she was not completed until August 1939, just before World War II broke out.
Pasteur had a tonnage of 29,253 gross register tons. She was 212.4 m long and 26.8 m wide. She had 11 decks and possessed extensive loading spaces. She was designed to carry 751 passengers. She could develop about 50,000 HP and speeds up to 26 kn but her usual service speed was about 22 kn. Her draught was 9.3 m. She had four propellers.
History
The outbreak of World War II delayed the deployment of Pasteur, and she was laid up in Saint-Nazaire in France. In 1940, she was commissioned to carry 200 tons of gold reserves from Brest, France to Halifax, Nova Scotia. Her official maiden voyage from Bordeaux to Buenos Aires was cancelled due to the outbreak of war. After the fall of France to Germany, she was taken over by the Great Britain government and placed under Cunard-White Star management. She was used as a troop transport and military hospital ship between Canada, South Africa, Australia and South America, and transported around 300,000 soldiers. She was sometimes called HMTS Pasteur.
World War II
Due to her speed, Pasteur normally made her crossings alone and unescorted rather than as part of a convoy. She made one voyage from Glasgow to Halifax with a mixed complement of troops, including officers arranging the transport of 20,000 British troops across Canada and the Pacific to Singapore in October, 1941. She also carried almost 2,000 German prisoners to prisoner of war camps in North America. In addition, she transported prisoners from Suez, Egypt to South Africa. In 1943, she visited Freetown, Cape Town, Durban, Aden and Port Tewfik, and then back to the Clyde and Halifax. She carried 10,000 troops of the British 8th Army Corps and 5,000 US 1st Army Corps troops to the battle of Alamein. Altogether, she carried 220,000 troops, and 30,000 wounded, and traveled 370,669 miles during the war.
Post-war
After the war, Pasteur was used to repatriate US and Canadian troops then returned to her owners in October 1945. Management was returned to Cie Sudatlantique in early 1946. After her return to France in 1946, she remained in French military service as troop transporter. She carried French troops to Vietnam (Vietnam War), and then to Algeria between 1954 and 1957. She was awarded France's highest honor, the Croix de Guerre. In February 1950, she made one voyage bringing 4,000 Dutch troops from Indonesia to the Netherlands.
Acquired by North German Lloyd
Pasteur was laid up at Toulon in 1956 and then at Brest in 1957. During the Suez Canal affair, the ship was commissioned again in September 1956 along with other passenger and military ships to be a troop transport. While she was docked in Port Said harbor in December 1956, the HQ General of the French troops was on board. At the end of the war, Pasteur was one of the last Allied ships to leave Port Said. She was sold to North German Lloyd for 30 million DM in September 1957. The transfer of ownership from Brest to Bremerhaven took place in September 1957.
Refit
After being acquired by North German Lloyd and renamed TS Bremen in 1957, she was extensively rebuilt at Bremer Vulkan in Bremen for approximately 65 million DM. Her size was increased to 32,336 GRT and the load-carrying capacity with 8,700 tdw. She received new boilers and four steam turbines with a maximum output of 60,000 HP giving her a maximum speed of 26 kn. Economical output of 53,500 HP gave a speed of 23 kn. Three 1,375 KVA generators had an output of 6,600 kilowatt. One very noticeable change was the new drop-shaped funnel, which was much more in proportion with the ship than the original tall funnel. To enhance comfort, two 4.5 m Stabilizers were fitted. In June 1959 she underwent new sea trials.
German service
On July 9, 1959, she was placed on the Bremerhaven – Southampton – Cherbourg – New York City route. In 1960, Bremen carried approximately 28,000 passengers across the Atlantic from Europe to the USA and back again. Beginning in 1960, the Bremen was also used in cruise service to the Caribbean and South America. A bulbous bow was added during her 1965–66 refit at the repair yard of North German Lloyd. In 1970, NDL merged with Hamburg America Line to form the large shipping company, Hapag Lloyd.
In September 1971 she made her final voyage from Bremen to New York for Hapag-Lloyd. In October 1971 Bremen was sold to Greek shipping company Chandris Cruises for 40 million DM after 175 Atlantic crossings and 117 cruises for NDL. The sale was completed in January, 1972.
Later career and fate
After another refit, which changed her tonnage to 23,801 tons, Regina became the flagship of Chandris Cruises and inaugurated her Mediterranean service, calling at Limassol for the first time on May 19 and taking passengers from Cyprus to Beirut, Haifa, Heraklion, Piraeus, Katakolon, Corfu, Dubrovnik and Venice. Regina continued calling at Limassol regularly every two weeks and her cruises became extremely popular.
She cruised the world until 1974, when she was laid up in Piraeus because of rising fuel costs and the loss of emigration charters to Australia.
She was sold to Philippine Singapore Ports Corporation of Saudi Arabia and renamed Saudiphil I in 1977. On November 1, 1977 she arrived at Jeddah to be used as an accommodation ship for Filipino workers in Saudi Arabia.
In 1980 she was sold to the Philsimport International in Hong Kong and renamed Filipinas Saudi I. While being towed by the Panamanian tug Sumatra to Taiwanese ship breakers in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, she rolled over onto her port side and sank stern first in the Indian Ocean that same year.
Crew and passengers
TS Bremen had a total crew complement of 545, with three hundred crew members in the hotel department. She could carry approximately 1,150 passengers, 216 in first class and 934 in tourist class.
Official number and call signs
Official numbers were a forerunner to IMO numbers. Pasteur had the UK official number 166305. She used the maritime call sign FNDC until 1940, and GNDW from 1940–46.
Popular culture
The magician duo Siegfried & Roy met on Bremen in 1960, where Siegfried worked as a steward and Roy as a page. The magic show, which they performed together on the ship for the first time, was the cornerstone of their later careers. The pair were not fired after bringing a live cheetah on board because the captain realized the show was enjoyed by the tourists who were guests on the ship. | WIKI |
Hypernymy and hyponymy
Hypernymy and hyponymy are the semantic relations between a generic term (hypernym) and a specific instance of it (hyponym). The hypernym is also called a supertype, umbrella term, or blanket term. The hyponym is a subtype of the hypernym. The semantic field of the hyponym is included within that of the hypernym. For example, pigeon, crow, and hen are all hyponyms of bird and animal; bird and animal are both hypernyms of pigeon, crow, and hen.
Hypernyms and hyponyms
In linguistics, semantics, general semantics, and ontologies, hyponymy shows the relationship between a generic term (hypernym) and a specific instance of it (hyponym). A hyponym is a word or phrase whose semantic field is more specific than its hypernym. The semantic field of a hypernym, also known as a superordinate, is broader than that of a hyponym. An approach to the relationship between hyponyms and hypernyms is to view a hypernym as consisting of hyponyms. This, however, becomes more difficult with abstract words such as imagine, understand and knowledge. While hyponyms are typically used to refer to nouns, it can also be used on other parts of speech. Like nouns, hypernyms in verbs are words that refer to a broad category of actions. For example, verbs such as stare, gaze, view and peer can also be considered hyponyms of the verb look, which is their hypernym.
The meaning relation between hyponyms and hypernyms applies to lexical items of the same word class (that is, part of speech), and holds between senses rather than words. For instance, the word screwdriver used in the previous example refers to the screwdriver tool, and not to the screwdriver drink.
Hypernymy and hyponymy are converse relations. If X is a kind of Y, then X is a hyponym of Y and Y is a hypernym of X. Hyponymy is a transitive relation: if X is a hyponym of Y, and Y is a hyponym of Z, then X is a hyponym of Z. For example, violet is a hyponym of purple and purple is a hyponym of color; therefore violet is a hyponym of color. A word can be both a hypernym and a hyponym: for example purple is a hyponym of color but itself is a hypernym of the broad spectrum of shades of purple between the range of crimson and violet.
The hierarchical structure of semantic fields can be seen in hyponymy. They could be observed from top to bottom, where the higher level is more general and the lower level is more specific. For example, living things will be the highest level followed by plants and animals, and the lowest level may comprise dog, cat and wolf.
Under the relations of hyponymy and incompatibility, taxonomic hierarchical structures too can be formed. It consists of two relations; the first one being exemplified in "An X is a Y" (simple hyponymy) while the second relation is "An X is a kind/type of Y". The second relation is said to be more discriminating and can be classified more specifically under the concept of taxonomy.
Co-hyponyms
If the hypernym Z consists of hyponyms X and Y, then X and Y are identified as co-hyponyms (cohyponyms), also known as coordinate terms. Co-hyponyms are labelled as such when separate hyponyms share the same hypernym but are not hyponyms of one another, unless they happen to be synonymous. For example, screwdriver, scissors, knife, and hammer are all co-hyponyms of one another and hyponyms of tool, but not hyponyms of one another: *"A hammer is a type of knife" is false.
Co-hyponyms are often but not always related to one another by the relation of incompatibility. For example, apple, peach and plum are co-hyponyms of fruit. However, an apple is not a peach, which is also not a plum. Thus, they are incompatible. Nevertheless, co-hyponyms are not necessarily incompatible in all senses. A queen and mother are both hyponyms of woman but there is nothing preventing the queen from being a mother. This shows that compatibility may be relevant.
Autohyponyms
A word is an autohyponym if it is used for both a hypernym and its hyponym: it has a stricter sense that is entirely a subset of a broader sense. For example, the word dog describes both the species Canis familiaris and male individuals of Canis familiaris, so it is possible to say "That dog isn't a dog, it's a bitch" ("That hypernym Z isn't a hyponym Z, it's a hyponym Y"). The term "autohyponym" was coined by linguist Laurence R. Horn in a 1984 paper, Ambiguity, negation, and the London School of Parsimony. Linguist Ruth Kempson had already observed that if there are hyponyms for one part of a set but not another, the hypernym can complement the existing hyponym by being used for the remaining part. For example, fingers describe all digits on a hand, but the existence of the word thumb for the first finger means that fingers can also be used for "non-thumb digits on a hand". Autohyponymy is also called "vertical polysemy".
Horn called this "licensed polysemy", but found that autohyponyms also formed even when there is no other hyponym. Yankee is autohyponymous because it is a hyponym (native of New England) and its hypernym (native of the United States), even though there is no other hyponym of Yankee (as native of the United States) that means "not a native of New England". Similarly, the verb to drink (a beverage) is a hypernym for to drink (an alcoholic beverage).
In some cases, autohyponyms duplicate existing, distinct hyponyms. The hypernym "smell" (to emit any smell) has a hyponym "stink" (to emit a bad smell), but is autohyponymous because "smell" can also mean "to emit a bad smell", even though there is no "to emit a smell that isn't bad" hyponym.
Etymology
Hyperonym and hypernym mean the same thing, with both in use by linguists. The form hypernym interprets the -o- of hyponym as a part of hypo, such as in hypertension and hypotension. However, etymologically the -o- is part of the Greek stem ónoma. In other combinations with this stem, e.g. synonym, it is never elided. Therefore, hyperonym is etymologically more faithful than hypernym. Hyperonymy is used, for instance, by John Lyons, who does not mention hypernymy and prefers superordination. The nominalization hyperonymy is rarely used, because the neutral term to refer to the relationship is hyponymy.
Usage
Computer science often terms this relationship an "is-a" relationship. For example, the phrase "Red is-a color" can be used to describe the hyponymic relationship between red and color.
Hyponymy is the most frequently encoded relation among synsets used in lexical databases such as WordNet. These semantic relations can also be used to compare semantic similarity by judging the distance between two synsets and to analyse anaphora.
As a hypernym can be understood as a more general word than its hyponym, the relation is used in semantic compression by generalization to reduce a level of specialization.
The notion of hyponymy is particularly relevant to language translation, as hyponyms are very common across languages. For example, in Japanese the word for older brother is ani (兄), and the word for younger brother is otōto (弟). An English-to-Japanese translator presented with a phrase containing the English word brother would have to choose which Japanese word equivalent to use. This would be difficult, because abstract information (such as the speakers' relative ages) is often not available during machine translation. | WIKI |
Talk:Verterae
Verteris
seems to just be Togodumnus's mistake w/r/t the declension of the names in the itineraries. Do we have sources using this name as a 3rd-declension noun? or shouldn't we simply leave a redirect at Verteris but treat it as the dative of Veterae? — Llywelyn II 01:44, 20 February 2015 (UTC)
* English Heritage, the UK government heritage agency, prefers the Verteris form, and it's recorded on the Scheduled Monument list in that way as well. I'm not qualified to comment on the origins of that version though! ...and my old Latin teacher would probably be terrified at the idea of my commenting on declension with any authority! :) Hchc2009 (talk) 07:25, 20 February 2015 (UTC)
* The article explains Verterae as meaning "The Forts". No very similar word occurs in Lewis and Short nor the Trinity St David Welsh dictionary. Is it something to do with "vetus", which does not mean "forts" and does not decline into "veterae" (and though it does decline into "veteris", that is the genitive, which is not a useful case in this context) – for example, is it an attempt at a locative plural, mistaking a third declension adjective for a first declension one and inserting an "r" by mistake as well, as a name meaning "the old things" (that does not mean "the forts", and is a lot of mistakes all at once, mixed with a rather pedantic use of the locative)? Where does this translation come from? Deipnosophista (talk) 09:59, 30 January 2016 (UTC)
Maiden Castle
This really shouldn't be part of this article but seems to have been happened as a result of some mix-up as it being the same place. I'll convert to a subsection.--FDent (talk) 10:02, 3 March 2018 (UTC) | WIKI |
Greek Antiquity | Roman Antiquity | Byzantium | Middle Ages | Renaissance
For about 1,000 years the conglomerate of what is known today as Ancient Greece was the predominant culture in the Mediterranean. It would also influence Europe for many centuries to come. The first known signs of an important culture on the territory of what is today the state of Greece are from the two Bronze Age cultures that are known as the Minoans and the Myceneans.
The Minoan culture is named after the legendary king Minos of Crete. Its most important building is the Palace of Knossos, an impressive structure originally consisting of a maze of over 1,000 rooms in buildings that were up to five storeys high. No fortifications were found. In the centre of the palace was a large rectangular courtyard; just like the many similar courtyards and open hallways in smaller buildings, it was used to access surrounding rooms. Very often interiors and exteriors were only separated by rows of columns, which led to a fluid transition. No rooms for religious practices were distinguished from others. The Minoan culture disappeared in about 1400 BC, probably because of a natural disaster.
In contrast to the Minoan culture, the Myceneans built large fortifications and a hierarchy of different building parts is visible. Symmetry and the axial approach to a building became important. With their most common building type – the megaron – the Mycenean culture laid the foundation for sacred Greek temples as well as profane houses. The megaron consisted of a single rectangular room that later acquired an added entrance hall and columns in front of the entrance at the narrow side.
Greek temples combine aspects of both Minoan and Mycenean architecture. The buildings themselves are symmetric on an axis and there is not only a hierarchy between building parts but also the temples stand alone by themselves. On the other hand, the way to approach these temples does not follow an axis but rather happens from one side. The megaron is still visible as the central chamber of the temple, which contains the statue of a god, but the entrance hall with columns evolved into one or more rows of columns that encircle the whole temple. Only priests were allowed to enter the chamber with the god's statue; the altar for offerings was outside the temple in front of the door so the statue of the god could 'see' the offerings when the door was open.
In the beginning holy places were only marked with encircling walls. The first actual temples were built in the 8th Century BC and were made of wood and air-dried bricks. They looked like Mycenean megarons. In the 7th Century the columns from the entrance were extended to a row of columns encircling the whole central chamber, and a gable roof was added on the facade, with gables on both narrow sides1. In the 6th Century the temple appeared in its finished form with two entrance chambers (one on each narrow side) and columns on both narrow sides of the central chamber, two gabled facades, and one or two rows of encircling columns. The building originally made from wood and bricks was completely transformed to stone, while the shape stayed exactly the same and was not influenced by the change in material.
Three different 'orders' of columns were developed, each order encompassing different proportions and decorations. This did not only affect the columns themselves but also the decorations above and the distance between them.
The Doric order was the first to be developed in the 7th and 6th Century BC. It has a plumper and simpler appearance than the others. The columns sit on the floor without a base, and the shaft is fluted (meaning it has many grooves basically from bottom to top) and has a slight bulge at the bottom. A simple capital sits on the top. Above the columns there is a frieze of triglyphs (a triglyph is a rectangular ornament consisting of three vertical raised lines and creases between them) directly above the columns and centered between them. Between the triglyphs are either plain fields or reliefs. Some say the triglyphs were meant to be reminiscent of the sides of wooden beams. Above this is a relatively simple cornice2.
Ionic columns were developed in the 6th Century BC and are more slender than Doric columns. They have a round base as well as a square plate below the base. The capital has four volutes – spiral ornaments. There are no triglyphs but either just a plain frieze or an ornate relief between them. The cornice is large, cantilevered3 and exhibits many ornamental decorations.
Corinthian columns, which were developed in the 5th and 4th Century BC are even more slender. The capital gets wider at the top and is decorated with two rows of acanthus leaves which are topped by eight small volutes. Above the volutes is a plate with a flower in the middle of each side.
Symmetry and harmony of all parts was the goal. This led to certain difficulties like the corner columns of the Doric order not standing exactly below the ornament above them (because otherwise half of the column would have carried thin air) or the need for the whole temple including its base to in fact bend upwards towards its centre to visually make it appear right. While the architecture of Greek temples was based primarily on modules, they were not used arbitrarily. There were always visual corrections to make the appearance right.
In addition to rectangular temples there were also round temples, the so-called Tholos, with a round cella4 encircled by columns. Sometimes there were also columns inside the temple.
It has to be remembered that, contrary to what 18th and 19th Century 'archaeologists' imagined, the Greeks lived in a very colourful world. Like other public buildings, temples were painted in vivid colours. Reliefs and statues, in particular, were intended to look more realistic and for this reason they were painted.
In later times the orders could also be mixed and were not used in the strict form they were used before. More complex building shapes with multiple storeys were developed as well as large symmetrical buildings with several terraces.
Agora – the Ancient Town Square
What is today known as Greece in antiquity was a conglomerate of separate city-states. A city-state is the so-called polis. Each polis had its own government and jurisdiction and often they were also in direct competition with each other. These city-states started to develop during the 8th and 7th Century BC and soon spread throughout the Mediterranean area.
The agora was the town square and marketplace of an Ancient Greek polis, a place to meet others and trade. It was surrounded by a series of unconnected buildings, standing next to each other without any greater concept. In addition to the ones mentioned below each agora also had temples and altars.
On one or more sides the agora was usually flanked by a stoa. The stoa was a long building with columns on one side and a plain wall or rooms on the other. It could be used for many different things like trade or work, as offices or for communal gatherings. Later examples are even two storeys high. Wider buildings also had one or two rows of columns in the middle and not just on one side. While outer and lower storey columns often were Doric in design, inner and upper storey columns were mostly shaped in Ionic or Corinthian design.
There were also buildings connected with democracy, providing a place for the people's assembly of a city to gather. The Pnyx in Athens, for instance, was a large platform looking down on the agora that was used for political discussions. Many important decisions were made there. It was built in different phases from about the 5th Century BC to the 3rd Century BC and in the end consisted of a speaker's platform and an auditorium similar to an amphitheatre that could accommodate many thousands of people.
Another important building at the agora in Athens was the heliaia, the surpreme court. It was a simple rectangular enclosure without a roof – like a courtyard - where the jurors conferred. Originally it may just have been a free space surrounded by a barrier.
The last important building of the agora was the bouleuterion, the meeting hall of the city council. It was a vaguely square room with benches arranged in steps, shaped in a U or half-circle. At the bottom in the centre there was place for a speaker.
During the Hellenistic period (336 BC - 0) cities became better-planned layouts with groups of buildings shaping different areas. Very often they were also arranged in different terraces on a hill. Infrastructure like water pipes and libraries became more and more important.
For Ancient Greeks theatres were not simple places of pleasure as all plays also had a religious aspect. Greek theatres were originally built from wood but later stone was used instead. Existing theatres were also rebuilt in stone. They were always built into the landscape – often with the additional bonus of providing a great scenic view for the audience. Builders used the natural shape of a hill to create stepped rows of seats for the audience, which were oriented in a half circle around free space in the centre. This circular space at the bottom of the auditorium was the orchestra, where the actors performed their piece. People of importance would have special seats right by the orchestra. Opposite the audience and behind the orchestra there was a building used as a backdrop and as changing rooms. This building could include several moving parts with scenic pictures for different settings and other stage machinery. It was called a 'skene' and could have up to two storeys.
Because of their religious significance theatres also had a temple and altar.
The Roman Empire conquered Athens in 89 BC, which meant the end of the predominance of Greek culture in Europe. Romans, however, admired the Greek arts and other cultural achievements and therefore copied a lot of the Greek artistic ideas and remodelled them for their own needs. Thus the influence of Greek architecture did not end there, but went on to inspire many future styles and ideas.
Everything floats5, but the Greeks continue to leave their impression on human culture. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Talk:Murrumbidgee River/Archive 1
Big water
Murrumbidgee doesnt mean "big water". What is your source for that claim? Someone once said a lot of water came down that channel once when describing it, but that doesnt mean that is what the word means. The word was first written by Europeans as 'morrom.beeja' anyway. So, to find out what that word means you need to access a credible Aboriginal language file that will give u that meaning, maybe.
A language file may give you the meaning of the word 'beeja' which is akin to 'boss' but perhaps not for 'morrom' as understanding of that word is restricted. The word is a generic one though also. The Swan River could be a morrum.beeja.
The Indigenous people didnt really name most rivers what it is claimed by Europeans they were named. Each bend in the streams had a different name depending on its features. Along came the Europeans and the first name they heard for a particular aspect of whatever stream they were near, usually ended up as the Indigneous name that was recorded for the entire length of the channel.
The upper Murrumbidgee was NOT discovered in 1823. It was discovered 1000s years ago by Aboriginal people. Can you not write articles up that delete the many 1000s of years of occupation of this nation by Aboriginal people as though their existence is not worth noting on wikipedia. You need to ask the ANU archs what the date of first recorded occupation along that area was then cite that rather than the 1823 Euro stuff. I think Wendy Beck at UNE put out a paper on Aboriginal ovens along there so she would have some idea.
Australia's story DID NOT commence with the arrival of the Europeans. Far from it.
* Murrumbidgee means in Aboriginal "Big Water" and "Plenty Water" 1. RobertM 23:29, 6 July 2006 (UTC)
What is your reference?
* I located the text 'The Murrumbidgee River which runs through the City also derived its name from the aboriginal language and means "plenty water" or "big water' easily enough at http://www.wagga.nsw.gov.au/index.aspx?item=home&sub=aboutww&sub2=history -- Longhair 07:59, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
That came from someone asking someone here locally what it meant and they waved their arms around "as if to indicate big water". That Indigneous person DID NOT say it meant that. The non Indigenous person who recorded that arm waving just thought that is what the arm waving meant.
I get moorum.beeja off the original ethnoloygy (Mathews) and from traditional local Indigenous knowledge via NP re one part of the word that hasnt been lost. You can have 'big water' if u want. Can you put a reference up that verifies that meaning though please. Not a quote from a book that says "Murrumbidgee means big water" but a reference that says more than just saying. This bit is archaeology. In this area, people keep copying stuff into local history books that isnt correct, then others quote it. They work on the rule that near enough is good enough, plus giving people any answer will do as if they dont know stuff they wouldnt know the porkies fed them are incorrect? Thats fine but I dont work on that basis as its just creating a comic book history re this area from 1700 onwards. I'd rather a more correct version as I believe we have an obligation to those born in 2220 to collect and record that correct stuff so those coming along behind us dont get fed comic book history.
All rivers have big water especially if they are rivers that have very big floods, so it means totally nil. The river doesnt have those floods these days and hasnt had one since 1993 and that was a below the dam walls one and wasnt that large. We could put semaphore meanings here too eh if here is about recording what arm waving means??? Etymology is usually taken from more credible sources than arm waving though. Whatever, the main page is garbled with stuff in ref that should not be there so am going to try fix it.
I tried to fix it but its still stuffed up. Before I tried to fix it my for the old river bit appeared ok down the bottom but took script re Currie with it so I tried to put that Currie script back as I didnt put that about Currie discovering the river here, but didnt try to delete it as it sounds good. Page seems not big enough???I dont know.
Murrumbidgee means 'track goes down here', 'a very good place' or 'big water'. (McCarthy; 1963). From Geographical Names Board of NSW: GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES REGISTER EXTRACT Available [online]http://www.gnb.nsw.gov.au/name_search/extract?id=ujjLjzxOIt
We are thus both right re the meaning but that big water meaning came from that arm waving thing so I dont take any notice of it. The Aboriginal people were trying to warn my lot to not camp on the river flats because of the big water (arm waving here to try and get them to understand re floods) that happens and killed at least 89 out of 200 people in 1852. 'Track goes down there is the same as boss track. Moorum means track. beeja means boss. Boss track. Main track. Main fault line. (Rivers form within fault lines many times. I live directly above it - the Ancrestral channel before he changed course - so know it.)
Format troubles
Its broke. I'll just stop putting references, thats easy. I will note it has a reference but that wik can't handle references so I havet wasted my time trying to post it. Sound good? An 'admin' probably stole the ref thing and put it in their bag tools as their daily task. Dayum!
Its the front page needs IT (references, new page length, half the posts resoted), longhair, not out here in the back room.
Comments about recent edits (12 July 2006)
UNSOURCED COMMENT ABOUT SAILING???? That is about using commonsense. Sturt raised the blue ensign on the Darling on this trip then fled under sail. He raised that blue ensign to declare soverignity along the Darling and had to flee as there was stuf f happening there where he was. Now, if he had a flag and a sail in his kitbag do you really think he would have rowed against the current upstream that massive distance, and made it in the time he did on his return trip when the previling wind was easterly??? I SUGGEST U REMOVE THE COMMENT THAT HE ROWED. They may have used the oars for manouvering or when the wind dropped but generally, they'd have been under sail coming back upstream. The sides of the Murrumbidgee channel dont hold a strong current though the middle bits do.
Distance in miles: very handy as anything to do with most of those names such as the paddlewheel records etc and wool barges, will also be in miles. Easy to convert though and I was going to. No one else down this way has that distance list that I know so its not easy to come by. Its very handy to leave in miles as from it anyone can work out just where Charles Sturt went to and when on his 1830 trip down then back along, the Murrumbidgee. Note here: for part of that journey he didnt go along what we call the murrumbidgee today. Heaps imges of whale boats (all with sails) online. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs).
Response to anon from Gundagai's sailing and measurement comments
* Ifr you want to include something, cite reliable sources. Please review one of the very few policies on Wikipedia: Citing sources. It says "This means that any material that is challenged and has no source may be removed by any editor". With reference to the miles - if you can't be bothered to convert, nor necessarily can anyone else. When, and if you convert, please feel free to reinstate.--A Y Arktos\talk 20:14, 12 July 2006 (UTC)
Me converting the miles to kms invloves getting a battery for my calculator. I couldnt do that at 11pm. I have a copy of those miles and dont need the kms. If anyone else wants them, they can now convert them from the edit history and post them and I wont worry about going to buy a cal battery this week. I dont care if this stuff is here or not really. I was putting it up for anyone else who may want it. I do my own research from original sources so do not rely on others research to find stuff. I do think it handy though if I post stuff that it be correct and able to be cited professionally. I am not into comic book stuff. Your aggro attitude is resulting in stuff not being here big time.
My 'commonsense' and how I process the obvious, is highly credible. If yours isnt and u want to imagine that Sturt rowed back upstream the whole way, so be it. I cannot get inside your head and rewire it so it works better. Have you ever rowed a boat, in particular on the Murrumbidgee. Its great going downstream. Its OK using the oars to get back to the bank by cutting through the main current midstream. Around here, those who fish all have outboards or get someone to collect them with a ute, the other end. I have also worked as boat crew so do have some idea what they require for sustained use
In this unsourced stuff u keep doing, you are sourcing stuff u think out of your own imagination, then discrediting anything else that is more rational. Its you, not any 'policies' as such. You are not an archaeologist so are not qualifed to do that. Even if you are an arch, u are not qualifed to do that re content you do not know. Is your degree an actual history/heritage/cultural heritage/australian studies/oz lit etc one? Is it a science or IT. You know, I would have known in y.4 at primary school if someone said to me "that fella rowed for over 1000 miles upstream in the 'bidgee" in a very short time, that it was nonsense. By y.4 I had rowed and learned to swim in that river.
Do you know Indigenous studies stuff? Sturt went downstream as the whale (in his whaleboat) and came back with the winds. its seasonal. You could maybe accept this in Yolgnu country as its still traditional, but are too urbanised in your head to accept it for urban western nsw. You have even detached the fisher king (Sturt) from his fish (ponde) so cant even role play. You caused Sturt to drown at Gundagai as he couldnt swim. SSSHhhheeeeeshHH! No one, and I mean NO ONE has de-boated the fisher king before. Percival will NOT be pleased. Sturt went to the depths below so had no need to sail or row anywhere. I guess the boat, (the whale or cod or fish) had nous though so raised its own sail as it returned back upstream. That is what the clouds are.
Sleep dead, who died at Gundagai! Upon that dreadful heavy night, What then avail'd the piercing cry, Which rose above the water's might! Ah what avail'd thee> thine the fate, By flat seale'd - he will'd they doom, In joy, in youth, in health elate, Unwarne'd - ye met a watery tomb.
Thetis wrote that. Check her out.
You are a nineteen counties colonisation fan but dont acknowledge the wastelands. The Wastelands were a very important area. Westmooreland - you know.
YOU KEEP CARRYING ON ABOUT REFERENCES BUT CHARLES STURTS JOURNAL IS THE REFERENCE YET YOU CHOOSE TO CHANGE THE MEANING OF CHARLES STURTS JOURNAL. READ THE DARLING RIVER BIT. YOU ARE DOING ORIGINAL RESEARCH HERE AND CHANGING MEANING. CHARLES STURT NEVER SAID ONCE THAT PONDEBADGERY WAS THE ORIGINAL NAME FOR GUNDAGAI. HE SAID THAT IT IS WHAT THE NATIVES CALLED IT. THE INDIGENOUS MEANING OF SOMETHING IS VERY DIFFERENT TO WHAT ONE WORD MEANS. DIFFERENT TOPICS. BECAUSE U WANT TO CLAIM TO BE THE FIRST RECORDER OF THE ORGINAL NAME FOR GUNDAGAI YOU WANT TO CARRY ON WITH THAT. Sturt never recroded it as the original. I WILL JUST LET YOU GO AS ARCHAEOLOGY WILL JUST LAUGH AT YOU RE THAT AS IT HAS NO BASIS IN TRUTH. STOP POSTING ORIGINAL AND VERY INCORRECT RESEARCH ON THE ARTICLE PAGE ARTKOS. I WILL USE WHAT IS HERE FOR SOME UNI STUFF TO SHOW HOW Cultural heritage STUFF GETS ALTERED.
* You can just use google! 670 miles to km. -- RobertM 05:09, 13 July 2006 (UTC)
Edit reversion of 13/7
I have reverted this edit as it inserted comentary into the article. Discussion happens on talk pages. As has been explained before: to insert references, use ref tags - ie open note with. If the article has not already got a references section set up, the editor needs to insert the heading and code to show footnotes. Use the following:
Request for Arbitration
I have requested arbitration at Requests for arbitration--A Y Arktos\talk 07:58, 17 July 2006 (UTC)
Discovery / exploration
* The upper Murrumbidgee was discovered in 1823 by a party of settlers led by Mark Currie, but the extent of the river was not realised until 1829, when Charles Sturt and his party rowed down the length of the river from Narrandera to the Murray, and then down the Murray to the sea. They also rowed back up, against the current.
I agree with the other editor (who refuses to sign comments) - this should be stated as European discovery. Some mention of pre-european habitation should be made. It is mentioned that the name is derived from the Wriadjuri language, why not mention that it formed a part of their nomadic or permenant territory (whichever it happened to be)? | WIKI |
Western Treatment Plant
The Western Treatment Plant (formerly the Metropolitan Sewage Farm or, more commonly, the Werribee Sewage Farm) is a 110 sqkm sewage treatment plant in Cocoroc, Victoria, Australia, 30 km west of Melbourne's central business district, on the coast of Port Phillip Bay. It was completed in 1897 by the Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW), and is currently operated by Melbourne Water. The plant's land is bordered by the Werribee River to the east, the Princes Freeway to the north, and Avalon Airport to the west. It forms part of the Port Phillip Bay (Western Shoreline) and Bellarine Peninsula Ramsar Site as a wetland of international importance. The Western Treatment Plant treats around fifty percent of Melbourne's sewage — about 485 ML per day — and generates almost 40,000 ML of recycled water a year. (The Eastern Treatment Plant treats 40%.)
The need for a solution
The discovery of gold in Victoria in 1851 led to Melbourne becoming the richest city in the world at the time and thus, with a population of about 500,000 by the 1880s, also Australia's most populous.
The rapidly expanding metropolis faced an increasing pollution problem. While it was described by British journalists as "Marvellous Melbourne" and "a city of magnificent intentions", it was also being dubbed "Marvellous Smellbourne" because of its primitive and unsanitary waste disposal methods. The majority of waste water from industries and homes, including chamber pots and overflowing cesspits, ran into street channels and open drains which emptied into rivers and creeks, turning them into open sewers. As a consequence, cholera and typhoid were rife.
Conception and planning
In 1888, a Royal Commission was formed to come up with a solution to Melbourne's waste problems. The Commission's findings led to an ambitious plan for the construction of a sewerage system - a system of pipes, sewers and drains built underground to carry sewage from homes and factories to a sewage treatment farm.
In 1892, the newly established Melbourne and Metropolitan Board of Works (MMBW) began buying land at Werribee, chosen for its low rainfall and suitable soils. Western Treatment Plant (then known as Werribee Farm) began operations in 1897.
Eminent British engineer James Mansergh was appointed to advise on a suitable system, while local engineer William Thwaites was ultimately responsible for the design and implementation of the system. At a time when most cities dumped their untreated wastes directly into rivers and the sea, Mansergh advised treatment of Melbourne's sewage by broad irrigation with a capacity large enough able to deal with the expansion in population expected over 50 years. The system he conceived and which was implemented in only slightly modified form began with a water closet at every property which delivered the sewage by gravity through a network of underground sewers of increasing diameter to a steam pumping station at Spotswood where it was forced up wrought iron rising mains to Brooklyn to begin its 25 kilometre journey along the Main Outfall Sewer to the sewage farm at Werribee.
Main Outfall Sewer
The Main Outfall Sewer was constructed in 1892-4 and was a vital link in the sewerage system of Melbourne which, when it was constructed in the 1890s, was the largest civil engineering project ever undertaken in Victoria. The sewer was constructed by seven contractors employing 1300 workers and cost £240,748.
The Main Outfall Sewer consists of a semicircular brick or concrete lined channel (in places arched over to form a circular tunnel with an earth covering) and three brick arched aqueducts. It runs for approximately 27 km from the old pumping station in Spotswood (now part of Scienceworks Museum) to the Western Treatment Plant, spanning the suburbs of Brooklyn, Laverton North, Williams Landing, Hoppers Crossing and Werribee in the cities of Brimbank, Hobsons Bay and Wyndham.
The Main Outfall Sewer's function has now been entirely replaced by the more modern Western Trunk Sewer. The Main Outfall Sewer has been listed on the Victorian Heritage Register for being "of historical and scientific (engineering) significance to the State of Victoria."
The Federation Trail — a 23 km cycling and pedestrian trail — runs mostly alongside the Main Outfall Sewer.
Upgrades
In 1996, a Port Phillip Bay Environmental Study by the CSIRO found that Port Phillip Bay could be damaged if nitrogen loads entering its waters continued to increase, and thus recommended a reduction in nitrogen loads going into the bay. In 2004, Melbourne Water completed a $160 million upgrade of the plant to reduce nitrogen loads. Recycled water irrigation replaced sewage irrigation across the site. Land and grass filtration methods previously used were stopped.
General
Most of the Federation Trail, a major arterial pedestrian and bicycle path that runs for 23-kilometres from Werribee to Altona North, follows the heritage-listed Main Outfall Sewer.
"Greening the Pipeline" is a project aimed to transform approximately the pipeline into a 40-metre (43 yd) wide parkland in Melbourne's western suburbs to connect its communities. The pilot stage will be a 100m section in Williams Landing.
System of treatment
There are three modern lagoon systems at the Western Treatment Plant. A modern lagoon is typically made up of 10 large ponds, each of which can hold around 600 million litres of water. Sewage flows slowly through these ponds, allowing bacteria to break down the organic material. The water progressively becomes cleaner as it flows through each of the ponds. Two main types of ponds are used in lagoon treatment - anaerobic (without oxygen) and aerobic (with oxygen) - both producing different types of bacteria needed to break down the sewage.
Electricity from biogas and odour control
Using huge covers over the ponds, methane gas produced as a by-product of sewage treatment (known as biogas) is captured and turned into renewable energy. The Western Treatment Plant generates 70,000 MWh annually which means that it sometimes exceeds its own need for electricity and exports it back to the grid. Capturing and using biogas to generate electricity also means greenhouse gas and odour emissions are significantly reduced. Around 90% of odour emissions from the Western Treatment Plant have been cut since the first methane covers were installed in 1992.
Water recycling
A water recycling disinfection plant was built at the Western Treatment Plant in 2004. This plant treats Class C recycled water to Class A standard which means this water is suitable for a greater number of uses. In 2010/11, about 29.972 billion litres of recycled water was supplied from the Western Treatment Plant. Of this, about 28.051 billion litres of recycled water (mostly Class C) was used to irrigate 85 km2 of pasture for grazing 15,000 cattle and 40,000 sheep and manage soil salinity onsite, and to maintain the health of the Ramsar listed wetlands. A further 1.921 billion litres of recycled water (Class A) was supplied to Southern Rural Water and City West Water for offsite customers, such as the Werribee market garden area to grow vegetables, and to local councils to irrigate sports grounds, parks and gardens.
The remaining treated effluent is discharged into Port Phillip Bay under an accredited EPA Victoria licence.
Environment
In 1921 parts of Port Phillip Bay and Bellarine Peninsula including the Western Treatment Plant were declared a sanctuary for native animals. In 1983 the plant was declared a Ramsar site, internationally recognised for its wetland habitat especially for waterfowl.
The Western Treatment Plant is one of Australia's best-known sites for recreational birding, with about 270 species of birds recorded there. On the south-western boundary lies the 1550 ha Murtcaim Wildlife Area, containing one of the last unmodified areas of saltmarsh on Port Phillip. The sewage treatment lagoons, Lake Borrie, creeks, saltmarsh, and coast host large numbers of sedentary and migratory waterbirds and waders. It adjoins the Spit Nature Conservation Reserve and is one of the few wintering sites for the critically endangered orange-bellied parrot. Access to the Western Treatment Plant for birdwatching is by permit only; permits can be obtained from Melbourne Water. The site is part of the Werribee and Avalon Important Bird Area, identified as such by BirdLife International because of its importance for waterbirds as well as for orange-bellied parrots. | WIKI |
Gary McCausland
Gary McCausland (born 10 June 1968) is a Chartered Property Surveyor, property developer/investor, author and former television presenter. He is the CEO of The Richland Group, a property development company based in Berkeley Square, London, UK. Previously he presented Channel 5's "How To Be A Property Developer" between 2004 and 2008, and Property Developing Abroad for Granada Media.
Early life
The eldest of seven (two girls, five boys), McCausland grew up in Dungannon throughout The Troubles in the 1970s and 80s. He obtained a BSc (Hons) Upper Class Second in Estate Management and a Post Graduate Diploma in Accountancy with commendation from the University of Ulster. He qualified as a Chartered Property Surveyor (RICS) in 1995. McCausland presently sits as a Director on the Foundation Board of the University of Ulster.
Career
On graduation he worked as a Management Accountant (CIMA) from 1992, and then moved to a senior management role at Cable & Wireless from 1993 to 1998, where he worked as a Property Manager. After this, he moved to London and joined MCI, becoming their Estate's Director from 1998 to 2000. McCausland then worked for the Carlyle Group as their European Property Sales Director until 2001.
McCausland spent around ten years buying and managing properties globally for 'blue chip' corporate companies. He then founded the Richland Group, based in Berkeley Square, London in 2001, which develops luxury residential and commercial property. He also co-founded the award-winning Kingly Club, a members only nightclub in Soho district. McCausland is currently CEO at the Richland Group.
In 2013, he bought the former home of the golfer Rory McIlroy in County Down.
Media career
In 2005, Channel Five approached McCausland to present How To Be A Property Developer. He has since fronted several property television shows for BBC1, and filmed House Wrecks To Riches for the Discovery Channel in June 2010. He is a member of the Sky News Money Panel and appears regularly on Newsnight, BBC Breakfast, C4 news, Sky News and FIVE news. | WIKI |
Flooding in Riverside Park: Good for Ducks. Bad for Amtrak Trains Below?
Underneath the 330-acre park in Manhattan, trains run to and from Albany, Niagara Falls and beyond. [What you need to know to start the day: Get New York Today in your inbox.] Visitors to Manhattan’s Riverside Park sunned themselves on a bench after a recent rainstorm, admiring the sweeping view of the Hudson River. Behind them, two ducks were also enjoying the sunshine, coasting along the surface of an enormous puddle that never seems to recede. Built along a steep embankment on the western edge of Manhattan, the 330-acre Riverside Park has long posed a flooding challenge when it rains. But this is no ordinary flooding, because Riverside Park is not an ordinary park. Underneath and alongside the pooling water, there is a man-made structure — the so-called Freedom Tunnel — that covers train tracks where Amtrak trains travel back and forth from Albany, Niagara Falls and points beyond. In recent years, the park’s flooding and erosion has reached a critical point, park advocates said, because of failures in the park’s aging drainage system, which dates from the 1930s or earlier. When it rains, the stone staircase at 103rd Street turns into a waterfall. Lawns and paths are covered with mud. Unintended stream systems have developed, cutting furrows into the hillside and becoming feeders for impromptu ponds, including the largest one at 115th Street, where the pair of mallard ducks was coasting. The tunnel, which became famous in the 1980s for its elaborate graffiti and large population of homeless people, forms Riverside Park’s secret infrastructure, a sleight of hand creation of the master city planner Robert Moses. Almost a century old, the three-mile-long tunnel is a steel-reinforced, concrete box through which Amtrak runs its trains 26 times daily. The worst of the standing water sits directly above and around the top of the tunnel, alongside an esplanade designed to highlight the river view. Large metal grates near the puddles provide glimpses to the tracks below. The city, which owns the tunnel, says that the flooding does not pose an immediate risk to the tunnel infrastructure, but park advocates are concerned. In the winter, water seeps around the tunnel walls, freezing and expanding. The weight of the water, they warn, adds to the regular weight of the dirt and trees above and around the aging concrete structure. Plus, rainstorms seem to be getting more frequent and intense, a probable result of climate change. “Water is the most powerful and inexorable force there is, and it also weighs a lot,” said Adrian Benepe, a former city parks department commissioner who has lived near Riverside Park for 60 years. “What would be very bad is a catastrophic failure of a section of those old walls that hold up the park that are on top of the railroad tracks.” Anessa Hodgson, a parks spokeswoman, said inspections had shown there were “no major issues or immediate hazards associated with the flooding and the tunnel structure.” However, she added, the city was “exploring strategies for long-term maintenance and eventual upgrades to the 1930s-era drainage systems in this area.” In the meantime, she said, a new storm-sewer truck would help clean the drains. For Dan Garodnick, the head of the nonprofit Riverside Park Conservancy, that approach is not urgent enough. The conservancy and its supporters asked for $10.5 million to be included in this year’s city budget to study the drainage issue and begin to mitigate it. They did not receive it. “They have advised us there is no evidence of harm to the tunnel,” Mr. Garodnick said of the flooding. “But in the meantime, it is destroying the park.” Riverside Park, one of the city’s most innovative parks and a designated scenic landmark, was built over more than a century. The uppermost level, the main part of which runs along Riverside Drive from 72nd to 155th Streets, was largely designed in the 1880s by Frederick Law Olmsted, who also designed Central Park, to provide a green respite for the residents of the stately boulevard. The lower two levels of the park — the esplanade that runs about 30 feet above the Hudson River’s water line, and playing fields along the West Side Highway at the water’s edge — were created as part of an audacious city planning project in the 1930s, which covered the tracks of New York’s Central Line and filled in the land to the east to make the park resemble a natural slope. In all, the project added some 130 acres to the western edge of Manhattan. One issue is that the sloped Manhattan streets around 115th Street form a natural basin, funneling large amounts of rainwater into the park to create the worst of the flooding, according a master planning document for the park written in 2017. Water also seeps through the Olmsted-era wall, or through sinkholes from the upper level of the park. The water ends up pooling on the flat plain around the train tunnel, where it has trouble draining. There has been talk of working with the changing landscape. Heather Liljengren, a supervising seed collector at the city’s native plant nursery in Staten Island, said she was impressed by how water plants were colonizing the makeshift pond at 115th Street. With the hillside constantly being eroded by water and mud, she suggested scrapping the original lawns and instead planting native “rain gardens” filled with plants that “like to get their feet wet.” “Adapting the park to use and work with the water is a good short-term approach,” she said, taking a break on a May afternoon from collecting violet seeds. Hannah Mond, a recent Teachers College graduate, was walking through the park on Thursday. There had been a heavy rainstorm the night before, and many paths were impassible with puddles and mud. “It’s pretty destructive — the flooding — for the habitats,” she said. Pointing out the eroding hillside, she sighed. “That’s really going to be affecting the plants, trees and wildlife.” But some residents have more or less made peace with the new marshes, which are at their worst between 105th and 119th Streets, around the park’s midsection. Ice skaters have been spotted on the 115 Street puddle in the winter. Children in high boots tramp through its knee-deep water in the fall. “I’m actually thinking it’s a pretty good water feature,” said Sheryl Reich, 65, a bird watcher, of the pond at 115th Street, which was about the length of four school buses that day and several inches deep. She said she hoped it would attract migrating warblers. “After serious storms, it’s a very imposing amount of water, to be sure,” said John Horton, who has lived in the area for 35 years. But, he added, “the dogs love it. The children love it, too.” Laura Bontrager, 52, was walking in the rain with her dog, Audrey, on Thursday, past a grassy area near 104th Street that resembled a muddy swamp. But, she said, “the other day I was playing Frisbee here, so it dries out.” Looking at the new marshlands, she said, “I only worry about the bugs.” An earlier version of this article misspelled the surname of the head of the nonprofit Riverside Park Conservancy. He is Dan Garodnick, not Gardonick. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Best Practice for Query Writing
In order to write efficient queries, queries that can run fast and are less expensive in terms of CPU and memory usage, it is important to follow an ordered flow through the query pipeline, starting from the repository.
When possible, the ideal order when writing a complex query would be:
1. Set one or more tag filters to narrow the search only to certain events
2. Filter the fields (for example, with *, "", !=)
3. Add any other filter that may add, remove or modify fields (using transformation functions such as format, eval, or any function with an as parameter)
4. Aggregate the filtered results using the aggregate functions (such as sum, top, or groupBy)
5. Post process the aggregate result (using for example table or format functions)
The syntax looks like this:
humio
tag-filters
| field filters
| transformations
| aggregate function
| post processing of aggregate result
For example, this query:
humio
| eval(fStart = @timestamp - 600)
| eval(fEnd = @timestamp + 600)
| formattime("%F %T.%Q", as=Timestamp, field=@timestamp, timezone=UTC)
| table([fStart, Timestamp, fEnd])
might be very expensive in terms of resources since it is formatting timestamps for all events hit in the time span searched. By specifying a limit of 200 events before the transformation of the output, the same query will run much faster as it displays 200 events, thus performing less format operations — like this:
humio
| table([@timestamp],limit=200) // selects the last 200 timestamps by timestamp
| eval(fStart = @timestamp - 600)
| eval(fEnd = @timestamp + 600)
| format("%1$TF %1$TT.%1$TQ", field=[@timestamp], as=Timestamp), timezone=UTC)
| table([fStart, Timestamp, fEnd])
Note
The maximum length of a query string is 66,000 characters. Refer to Limits for other query or general limits in Humio.
To summarize, the following generic rules apply to obtain efficient queries.
• Reduce the dataset with filters, so to have results limited to a smaller pool of information.
• Always aggregate.
• Postpone transformations after the aggregator whenever possible.
Tip
If you're in doubt about which of two possible forms of a query is less expensive, you can try running them both on the same data set, and check Humio's measure of their cost. You can find Humio's approximate idea of how expensive a query was to run reported in the UI as Work below the query result. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Works of Dionysius the Areopagite/On the Heavenly Hierarchy/Caput IV
What is meant by the appellation "Angels?"
Section I
Now that the Hierarchy itself has been, in my judgment, sufficiently defined, we must next extol the Angelic Hierarchy, and we must contemplate, with supermundane eyes, its sacred formations, depicted in the Oracles, in order that we may be borne aloft to their Divinely resplendent simplicity, through the mystic representations, and may extol the source of all Hierarchical science with God-becoming reverence and with thanksgivings. First of all, however, let this truth be spoken --that it was through goodness that the superessential Godhead, having fixed all the essences of things being, brought them into being. For this is the peculiar characteristic of the Cause of all things, and of goodness surpassing all, to call things being to participation of Itself, as each order of things being was determined from its own analogy. For all things being share in a Providence, which bubbles forth from the superessential Deity, Cause of all things. For they would not be, unless they had participated in the Essence and Origin of things being. All things then, without life, participate in It by their being. For the being of all things is the Deity, above being; things living participate in its life-giving power, above all life; things rational and intellectual participate in its self-perfect and preeminently perfect wisdom, above all reason and mind. It is evident, then, that all those Beings are around It, which have participated in It, in many forms.
Section II
The holy orders, then, of the Heavenly Beings share in the supremely Divine participation, in a higher degree than things which merely exist, or which lead an irrational life, or which are rational like ourselves. For by moulding themselves intelligibly to the Divine imitation, and looking supermundanely to the supremely Divine likeness, and striving to mould their intellectual appearance, they naturally have more ungrudging communications with It, being near and ever moving upwards, as far as lawful, elevating themselves with the intensity of the Divine unswerving love, and receiving the primal illuminations without earthly stain, and ranging themselves to these, and having their whole life intellectual. These, then, are they who, at first hand, and under many forms, participate in the Divine, and, at first hand, and under many forms, make known the supremely Divine Hiddenness. Wherefore, beyond all, they are deemed pre-eminently worthy of the appellation Angelic, on the ground that the supremely Divine illumination comes to them at first hand, and, through them, there pass to us manifestations above us. Thus, then, the Law, as the Word of God affirms, was given to us through the ministration of Angels;. and Angels led our illustrious fathers before the Law, and after the Law, to the Divine Being, either by leading them to what was to be done, and by converting them from error, and an unholy life, to the straight way of truth, or by making known to them sacred ordinances, or hidden visions, or supermundane mysteries, or certain Divine predictions through the Prophets.
Section III
But if any one should say that Divine manifestations were made directly and immediately to some holy men, let him learn, and that distinctly, from the most Holy Oracles, that no one hath seen, nor ever shall see, the "hidden" to kruphion of Almighty God as it is in itself. Now Divine manifestations were made to the pious as befits revelations of God, that is to say, through certain holy visions analogous to those who see them. Now the all-wise Word of God (Theologia) naturally calls Theophany that particular vision which manifests the Divine similitude depicted in itself as in a shaping of the shapeless, from the elevation of the beholders to the Divine Being, since through it a divine illumination comes to the beholders, and the divine persons themselves are religiously initiated into some mystery. But our illustrious fathers were initiated into these Divine visions, through the mediation of the Heavenly Powers. Does not the tradition of the Oracles describe the holy legislation of the Law, given to Moses, as coming straight from God, in order that it may teach us this truth, that it is an outline of a Divine and holy legislation? But the Word of God, in its Wisdom, teaches this also--that it came to us through Angels, as though the Divine regulation were laying down this rule, that, through the first, the second are brought to the Divine Being. For not only with regard to the superior and inferior minds, but even for those of the same rank, this Law has been established by the superessential supreme ordinance, that, within each Hierarchy, there are first, and middle, and last ranks and powers, and that the more divine are instructors and conductors of the less, to the Divine access, and illumination, and participation.
Section IV
But I observe that Angels first were initiated in the Divine mystery of the love of Jesus towards man, then, through them, the gift of its knowledge passed to us. Thus, for example, the most divine Gabriel instructed Zachariah, the Hierarch, that the son who was to be born to him, beyond hope, by Divine grace, should be a prophet of the God-incarnate work of the Lord Jesus, to be manifested to the world for its salvation, as becomes the Divine goodness; and he revealed to Mary, how, in her, should be born the supremely Divine mystery of the unutterable God-formation. Yet another Angel instructed Joseph, how, in very truth, should be fulfilled the things Divinely promised to his ancestor David. Another declared glad tidings to the shepherds, as being purified by their separation from the multitude, and their quiet life, and, with him, a multitude of the Heavenly Host announced to those on earth that often-sung doxology. Let us then ascend to the highest manifestations of light contained in the Oracles, for I perceive that even Jesus Himself, the superessential Cause of the super-heavenly Beings, when He had come to our condition, without change, did not overstep the good order which becomes mankind, which Himself arranged and took, but readily subjected Himself to the dispositions of the Father and God, through Angels; and, through their mediation, was announced to Joseph the departure of the Son to Egypt, which had been arranged by the Father, and again the return to Judaea from Egypt. And through Angels we see Him subjecting Himself to the Father's decrees. For I forbear to speak, as addressing one who knows the teaching of our hierarchical tradition, both concerning the Angel who strengthened the Lord Jesus, or that even Jesus Himself, when He had come to manifest the good work of our beneficent salvation, was called Angel of Great Counsel. For, as He Himself says, after the manner of an Angel, "Whatsoever He heard from the Father, He announced to us." | WIKI |
80cbdda Server Roles: public API for server roles
3 files Authored by mbabinsk 4 years ago, Committed by mbasti 4 years ago,
Server Roles: public API for server roles
This patch implements the `serverroles` API plugin which introduces the
following commands:
* server-role-show SERVER ROLE: show status of a single role on a server
* server-role-find [--server SERVER [--role SERVROLE [--status=STATUS]]]:
find role(s) SERVROLE and return their status on IPA
masters. If --server option is given, the query is limited to this
server. --status options filters the output by status [enabled vs.
configurer vs. absent]
https://fedorahosted.org/freeipa/ticket/5181
http://www.freeipa.org/page/V4/Server_Roles
Reviewed-By: Jan Cholasta <jcholast@redhat.com>
Reviewed-By: Martin Basti <mbasti@redhat.com>
Reviewed-By: Pavel Vomacka <pvomacka@redhat.com>
file modified
+25 -0
file modified
+2 -2 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How to stay safe in the cold, whether you’re facing a polar vortex, a 'bomb cyclone', or just hoping to squeeze in an outdoor run.
By Sarah Klein
Updated January 08, 2018
Advertisement
We usually believe that nothing—not even the weather—can stop us from getting in a good workout. That’s what reflective leggings, waterproof jackets, and extra layers are for, right?
But when the temps dip way, way down, it may actually be healthiest to bundle up and stay put on the couch—or at least stick to a living room workout. That’s because brutally cold weather comes with some frightening health effects. Here’s what can happen to your body when it’s freezing (or below!) outside, and how you can protect yourself.
Frostbite
Your body recognizes sub-zero temps as a threat pretty quickly, and snaps into action to keep you alive. One of the first things that happens is blood flow slows to your fingers and toes."The body tries to compensate for cold and prevent heat loss by shunting blood away from the skin and the extremities to maintain heat near vital organs," explains Ivan Miller, MD, medical director of emergency departments at Westchester Medical Center Health Network. "Those areas are allowed to get colder to protect the rest of the body."
This process keeps crucial internal organs safe, but it’s not always good news for fingers and toes. "If the temperature outside is below freezing, a toe or a fingertip might actually freeze," Dr. Miller explains, an injury known as frostbite. Frostbite is a bit like a burn, he explains, damaging different layers of tissue as the condition progresses. "A first-degree burn is similar to first-degree frostbite, which involves the most superficial layer of the skin," he says. As deeper layers of tissue freeze, the damage is harder to treat.
The first symptom of frostbite is probably one most people are familiar with: a little bit of numbness or tingling in the toes or fingers. (Frostbite also often affects the tip of the nose.) If you don’t warm up, the affected area can lose all feeling, then turn white or pale. And it can happen fast: It takes just minutes for frostbite to strike, according to the National Weather Service (NWS). (Check out this chart to calculate how quickly frostbite occurs based on how cold and windy it is where you are.)
Exposed skin is most at risk, but you can still get frostbite on body parts bundled up in hats, gloves, and scarves. If any part of your body becomes numb when you’re out in the cold, go indoors pronto.Warm up the affected areas using your body with heat or warm water. ER docs do the same thing, Dr. Miller notes. "We do see frostbite in the emergency department, and sometimes [affected body parts] can be rewarmed and essentially thawed, and many people do regain function," he says.
Just avoid using hot water or heat from a heater or fireplace, which might burn the affected skin too easily, according to the NWS. Try not to rub frostbitten body parts together either, Dr. Miller warns. "You’ll lose some sensation due to the cold, and you could actually do damage to your skin with vigorous rubbing."If any area hurts for more than a few hours or starts to turn blue or black—signs of fourth-degree frostbite—see a doctor immediately.
Shivering
It doesn’t have to be freezing outside for you to shiver, but it does happen quickly and easily when temperatures drop. Shivering might seem annoying if, say, you’re trying to hold your coffee mug steady, but it’s actually an impressive built-in safety mechanism for protection from the cold. The reason: Shivering helps the body stay warm, Dr. Miller explains. "Shivering is many, many little muscle contractions that generate heat."
While the results might not be quite as dramatic as moving around or jumping up and down, shivering is surprisingly effective at maintaining body temperature, at least in the short-term, Dr. Miller says. And even though shivering itself isn’t a major health threat, it is a sign you should go warm up."It’s important to be mindful when you’re in the cold and feel yourself shivering," Dr. Miller says. "You really should seek a warmer environment." If you get colder, your health could be at risk (more on that later).
Muscles that aren’t busy contracting and shivering might simply tighten in cold weather. Just like you’re used to warming up cold muscles before a workout, cold weather can literally make you feel stiffer and tighter, Dr. Miller adds.
Hypothermia
The major health threat of not warming up when you can’t stop shivering is a dangerous dip in body temperature known as hypothermia. The NWS defines hypothermia as a decrease in body temperature below 95 degrees Fahrenheit. (Reminder: Around 98.6 is considered normal.)"The lower core body temperature goes, the more severe the symptoms," Dr. Miller says. Shivering becomes uncontrollable, and you might become confused or disoriented. "As hypothermia progresses, there can be a very dangerous lack of judgment that can lead people to make bad decisions and not get out of the cold," he says.
How long it takes to get hypothermia varies quite a bit from person to person, Dr. Miller says, and depends on factors like body size and composition, age, and how many layers you're wearing.Call 911 if you suspect someone has hypothermia. Without treatment, hypothermia can be fatal. While waiting for medical professionals, get the person indoors and warmed up with dry, warm clothing or blankets. Warm drinks can help, too.
Headaches
Cold weather isn’t just a figurative headache making your commute more cumbersome and your gym plans more treacherous. It could also be a literal pain: Fluctuations in barometric pressure are thought to trigger headaches or migraine in some sufferers, and certain winter storms bring sudden, drastic drops in pressure.
Cold temperatures themselves can also hurt, much like the pain from downing an ice cream too quickly. Brain freeze is a type of cold stimulus headache that occurs in response to sudden cold over the palate; inhaling cold air or simply encountering it externally can have similar effects, according to the International Classifications of Headache Disorders.
Runny nose and watery eyes
Very cold air also often happens to be very dry air.Because dry air doesn’t feel so good going into the lungs, the nose works to add moisture to the air you inhale. If the air you breathe is extra-dry, your nose has to add extra moisture, and when there’s a lot of fluid, some of it drips unpleasantly out of your nostrils. Researchers have affectionately dubbed this phenomenon skier’s nose.
Cold, dry air can also irritate the eyes, which, obviously, like to stay moist at all times. When your eyes are dry due to that wintery wind, you reflexively pump out extra liquid to compensate. Some of that is bound to trickle out—and hopefully won’t freeze your cheeks!
Shortness of breath
Cold, dry air can also trigger lung irritation, especially in people with asthma, bronchitis, or other lung conditions, according to the American Lung Association.You might find that inhaling frigid air leads to wheezing, coughing, or some shortness of breath, particularly if you have one of those underlying conditions. However, you’ll probably know if this applies to you and the shortness of breath shouldn’t strike out of the blue. "That wheezing and coughing is something that happens every time they are exposed to the cold," Dr. Miller says.
If you do experience sudden shortness of breath, especially alongside chest pain, nausea, or other similar symptoms, seek emergency medical attention, as those could be signs of a heart attack. Heart attacks may be more common after shoveling snow, particularly among people who aren’t necessarily used to such vigorous exercise.
To get our top stories delivered to your inbox, sign up for the Healthy Living newsletter
Increased calorie burn
Your shiver-filled walk from the bus stop to your office isn't exactly going to replace a full-blown winter workout. But the silver lining to all this dreaded weather is that the mechanisms your body uses to try to keep you warm ramp up calorie burn, at least a little. "Efforts to maintain body temperature expend energy," Dr. Miller explains. Cold weather-induced shivering can activate brown fat and the hormone irisin, both of which can help the body burn burn fat. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Longest Substring Without Repeating Characters — Leetcode #3 ( Ruby Solution )
• Post last modified:November 10, 2023
• Reading time:4 mins read
Ruby Solution for Leetcode #3
Introduction
We are solving a very popular and most asked leetcode question. This question is asked by companies like Facebook.
Problem Statement
Given a string s, find the length of the longest substring without repeating characters.
Examples
Solution
• Since we need to find a substring that doesn’t contain repeating characters, immediate thinking would be to list all the substrings. So in the case of “abcabcbb”, we would find and list all the possible substring combinations, [ “a”,”ab”,”abc”,”abca”, “abcab” ..]
• Now once we have all the combinations we can remove all the strings that contain repeating characters and return the max len of the remaining string.
• Now there are a couple of problems with this approach, first things its complex in terms of logic, second forming a combination and then searching if a repeacting character exists in the string would increase time complexity.
psuedocode
1. find all the substring of input string. TC = O(N^2) , SC = O(N)
2. find repeacting character in substring and do that for all the substring.
TC = O(N2), SC = O(N)
• Can we do better? If you have learned the 2- 2-pointer approach before, it would make sense to use that. Don’t worry if you have not, we will learn from the solution so that we can identify and use it next problem.
• In two pointers we have a left pointer and a right pointer. These 2 pointer basically drive sliding windows. and there is typically a terminating condition for which we have to adjust the window.
• For example string “abcabcbb”, we keep the left pointer at index 0 and move the right pointer to the b. We also need to if this character is repeated or not. For that, we can keep a Set data structure which will provide faster lookup in o(1) time. Since the stack doesn’t contain b, we add a character to the stack. We do it until we find a character in the stack.
• Once we find a character in the stack, we shift the left pointer until the occurrence of the repeating character, because now that we learn this character is repeating, a new string will always start after that character.
• We can continue like this until the right window reaches the end.
• One special callout in this logic is, so far we have made the first character from the left the repeating character. But we can have a case where the repeating character for the window is in the middle instead of the start of the window. For example substring “abcb”.
• In the case of “abcb”, we need to keep shifting the left pointer until we reach to the repeating character since we know that the next substring without a repeating character will be after the repeating character we found in our window.
• Because of this behavior, we have to use a while loop and keep removing a character from the set until we reach the point where no repeating chars in the set.
while charSet.include?(c)
charSet.delete(s[l])
l=l+1
end
Here is the entire working solution
# @param {String} s
# @return {Integer}
def length_of_longest_substring(s)
l = 0
charSet = Set.new
res = 0
s.each_char.with_index do |c, i|
while charSet.include?(c)
charSet.delete(s[l])
l=l+1
end
charSet.add(c);
res = [res, (i-l)+1].max
end
res
end
Complexity
Time complexity: O(N) Since in the sliding window none of the two pointers move in the backward direction, the window moves in a forward direction where the pointer can move O(N) steps.
Space complexity: O(N) because of Set can contain N chars when no repeating characters and an entire string is the result.
Conclusion
In this article, we used 2 pointers ( sliding window ) to solve the problem. This problem is good introduction to sliding window strategy for solving leetcode problems.
Checkout other sliding window problems at leetcode
Before You Leave
Leave a Reply | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
George Armstrong Custer is best known as having led the 7th Cavalry Regiment to near destruction at the Battle of the Little Big Horn at the hands of Native American warriors. But before that battle, he had won fame in the Civil War.
Custer, having graduated last in his class at West Point and having received numerous demerits for bad behavior, according to the Civil War Trust, was an unlikely person to become a Civil War hero. Nevertheless, even though he started the war as a lieutenant, by the eve of Gettysburg, Custer was a brigadier general in command of a brigade of Michigan cavalry. He played a crucial role in the fighting on the third day of Gettysburg.
Around the time Confederate artillery had opened up on Union positions at Cemetery Ridge in preparation for Pickett’s Charge, General Lee’s best cavalry commander, General J.E.B. Stuart was advancing around the Union Army’s right flank with four brigades of cavalry with a view of engaging a division of Union cavalry under Brig. General David M. Gregg. If Stuart could drive off Gregg’s division, he could fall upon the Union rear just as Pickett’s charge was hitting the Army of the Potomac’s front line.
An account of the ensuring battle, which took place in and around the Rummel Farm in what is now called the East Cavalry Field, featured skirmishes between dismounted cavalry, with Custer’s men using multi-shot Spencer carbines to good effect, as well as more traditional cavalry charges and counter charges. It was in the latter type of combat that Custer was in his element.
Custer, at one point in the battle, placed himself at the head of the 7th Michigan Regiment and charged the Confederate 1st Virginia Cavalry Regiment, itself in the process of charging the Union lines in an attempt to split them open. Outnumbered, Custer’s “wolverines”, as the Michigan cavalry were called, were driven back, but managed to rally as the Virginians were caught in flanking fire by other regiments, including from the 5th and 6th Michigan. But the 7th Michigan in turn found itself exposed to fire and then were subjected to a counter charge by two Confederate brigades, being forced to withdraw.
Custer then found himself at the head of his last remaining regiment, the 1st Michigan, which charged the charging Confederates as they were being hit by Union artillery and carbine fire. After achieving an initial success, Custer’s men were soon engaged in a sharp saber and pistol fight and were being overwhelmed by superior numbers. But then two more Union regiments joined the fray, slowing down the Confederate charge and eventually pushing them back.
The battle concluded at this point, with Stuart’s attempt to turn the Union flank and fall upon its rear thwarted. The legend of Custer, riding at the head of his troops, shouting, “Come on, you wolverines!” was well established. | FINEWEB-EDU |
User:Jordannielson
Hello, I am Jordan Nielson. I am a graduate student studying computer science at the University of Calgary. I completed my BSc in Computing Science at the University of Alberta in 2007. My areas of research include database systems and the world wide web. | WIKI |
Christopher Burnham
Christopher Bancroft Burnham (born 1956) is an American business executive, public servant, and politician. He is the chairman and chief executive officer of Cambridge Global Capital, LLC and chairman of the board of EN+ Group. He has served as Under Secretary General for Management of the United Nations, Assistant Secretary of State for Resource Management and chief financial officer of the U.S. Department of State. He was a three-term Member of the Connecticut House of Representatives, Connecticut State Treasurer as well as vice chairman of Deutsche Bank Asset Management and global co-head of private equity.
Early life and education
Burnham was raised in Stamford, Connecticut. His father, Alexander O. Burnham, was the managing editor of Dodd, Mead & Company and an author.
Burnham earned an undergraduate degree from Washington and Lee University and a master's degree in public administration from Harvard Kennedy School.
Career
Burnham is a veteran of the United States Marine Corps and a veteran of the first Gulf War. He led one of the first infantry units to reach and liberate Kuwait City in 1991. From 1987 to 1992 he was a representative in the Connecticut General Assembly.
Burnham was elected Connecticut State Treasurer in 1994, defeating the Democratic incumbent Joseph M. Suggs Jr. Burnham resigned effective July 22, 1997, to become president and chief executive officer of Columbus Circle Investors, an investment firm based in Stamford, Connecticut. Because Burnham had previously hired the firm to manage $150 million of the state's pension funds, his decision to join the company came under criticism.
Burnham was an investment banker with Credit Suisse First Boston and Advest Corporate Finance. He was elected to the Connecticut House of Representatives three times, and served as assistant minority leader.
In 2020, Burnham was nominated by President Donald Trump to be the member of the Federal Retirement Thrift Investment Board (FRTIB).
United Nations
Burnham joined the United Nations in 2005 after serving as acting Under Secretary of State for Management for Secretary Condoleezza Rice, and as Assistant Secretary of State for resource management and chief financial officer of the State Department for General Colin Powell. He established the first UN Ethics Office, the first United Nations Independent Audit Advisory Committee, the adoption of new International Public Sector Accounting Standards, the first comprehensive consolidated annual report in the history of the United Nations, and a new whistleblower protection policy that received independent recognition as the “gold standard.”
During his time as under secretary general for management at the UN, Burnham uncovered extensive evidence of fraud involving the purchase of equipment for peacekeeping operations amounting to tens of millions of dollars. The investigation led to the suspension with pay of eight officials from the offices of peacekeeping and management.
Personal life
Burnham married Courtney Anne Bauer in 1993.
Burnham was a resident of Stamford and Greenwich, Connecticut. He served on President Donald Trump's transition team at the U.S. State Department in 2016. | WIKI |
Accessibility Support
From Epitaph Player Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
Introduction
Accessibility is an important deliverable for Epitaph - we want the game to be as easy to play as is possible for those with visual and physical impairments. To this end, as of Patch 1.0, Epitaph has numerous accessibility features that can be enabled to improve, streamline or optimise the playing experience.
Query on Login
When you create a character for the first time, you will be asked if you want to enable high accessibility settings. If you do, these will be set from the very first time the MUD starts to provide you any kind of output. The login process itself has been streamlined to remove as much extraneous text as is possible.
Screenreader Command
The screenreader command allows you to quickly toggle on some of the more useful accessibility options. It will do things like setting brief output, moving room contents before the description (so you don't need to wait before you know if you're being eaten by zombies), switching on accessible text and accessible conversation keywords, and so on. If you want to fine tune the options, you can do that through the 'options' command. Switching it off will replace your screenreader settings with whatever they were before you switched it on.
Earmuffs
There is a lot of output in the game that, strictly speaking, isn't necessary - things like informs, room chats, weather chats, roleplaying informs and so on. You can 'earmuff' these to remove them from your game output. To do this, use the 'earmuffs' command to see what can be earmuffed, 'earmuff <thing>' to add it to your list, and then 'earmuffs on' to activate the earmuffs.
Bearings
Within the larger areas of the game (currently just Dunglen), while in a street you can use the 'bearings' command to be provided with the location of nearby landmarks. This allows you to navigate around the city without access to a graphical map.
Suggestions
Drakkos is always looking for suggestions on how to make the game experience more accessible. If you have ideas for this, please report them using the idea command, or through the game's accessibility idea topic.
Client Related
For new MUSHclient users there is the Mushclient_Accessibility guide for gaining the basics on using MUSHclient to play Epitaph. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 22.djvu/516
1=0RTY»sEvENTH conoenss. Sess. 11. cu. 121. 1883. 489 Sec. 3. That hereafter the special tax of n dealer in manufactured NQ ¤P¤¤i¤I *¤ tobacco shall not be required from any farmer, planter, or lumberman "°‘!,P“'°?‘ ,‘;"d*°b“" who furnishes such tobacco only as rations or supplies to his laborers €{:,,,`;mQ€,,° mu if or employees in the same manner as other supplies are furnished by bopés; pkvisos. him to them: Provided, That the aggregate of the supplies of tobacco so by hun inrnished shall not exceed in quantity one hundred pounds in any one special tax year; that is, from the first dey of May in any rear until the thirtieth dey of April in the next year: And provided jnrther, _That such farmer, planter, or lumberman shall not be, at the time he is furnishing such supplies, engaged in the general business of selling dry goods, groceries, or other similar supplies in the manner of n merclmnt or storckeeper to others than his own employees or laborers. Sm:. 4. That on and after May first, eighteen hundred and eighty- T"? °¤ mum ` three, the internal taxes on snuif, smoking, and manufactured tobacco, EQ232k11g2g` shall be eight cents per pound; and on cigars which shall be manufact· ` ured and sold or removed forconsumption or sale on and after the first day of May, eighteen hundred and eighty-three, there shall assessed and collected the following taxes, to be paid by the manufacturer thereof: On cigars of all descriptions, made of tobacco or any substi- Gizmtute therefor, three dollars per thousand; on cigarettes weighing not Tax on cigar more than three pounds per thousand, fifty cents per thousand; on m68- cigarettes weighing more than three pounds per thousand, three dollars per thousand : Provided, That on all original and unbroken factory pack- mm. ages of smoking and manufactured tobacco and snuif, cigars, cheroots, MI¢>W¤¤¢=¤ M and cigarettes held by manufacturers or dealers at the time such reduc· ‘h`“"b“°k‘ tion shall go into cfcct, upon which the tax has been paid, there shall be allowed a drawback or rebate of the full amount of the reduction, but the same shall not apply in any case where the claim has not been pre sented within sixty days following the date of the reduction; and such rebate to manufacturers may be paid in stamps at the reduced rate; and no claim shall be allowed or drawback paid for a less amount than ten dollars. It shall be the duty of the Commissioner of Internal Beveuue, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, to adopt such rules and regulations and to prescribe and furnish such blanks and forms as may be necessary to carry this section into cfect. Sec. 5. That from and after the passage of this act every manufact- Noticetoboput urer of tobacco or snuf shall, in addition to all other requirements of ¤¤¤¤{¤l!, 0e2e03hé, law, print on each package, or securely affix by pasting on each pack- awmd Qui age containing tobacco or snuff manufactured by or for lnm,_a1abel on which shall be printed the number of the manuihctory, the district and State in which it is situated, and these words: • Nocrxcn. The mauutiacturer of this tobacco has complied with all reqnirements~ of law. Every person is cautioned, under penalties of law, not to use this lr for tobacco again. · on and after the first day of July, eighteen hundred: and eightytbren, the following sections shall constitute and_bc a substitute for Title thirtythree of the Revised Statutes of the United States: TITLE XXXIII. azide 33, B. S., DUTIES UPON IMPORTS. Ilzlties upon im- , P°. . Sec. 2491. All persons are prohibited from importing into the United Prcbi br ;¤_¤¤ States, from any foreign country, any ohscene booh, pamphlet, paper, writing, advertisement, circular, print, picture, flI'8Wlllg,-Ul' other repre- R_ S_ 2491, ,,51 scntmion, figure or image on or of paper or other material, or any cast, instrument, or other article of nn immoral nature, or any drug or medicine, or any article whatever, for the prevention of conception, or. ` for canning unlawful abortion. No invoice or packagewhatever, or any part of one, in which any such articles are contained shall be | WIKI |
Give Out Girls
Give Out Girls is a British television sitcom created by Tony MacMurray and stand-up comedian Hatty Ashdown. It was originally meant to be broadcast on Sky Living but on 16 July 2014 it was announced that the show would now air on Comedy Central. It began broadcasting on 14 October 2014. On 13 August 2015, Kerry Howard announced on her Twitter account that the show would not return for a second series.
Plot
Give Out Girls is a sitcom about four girls (Zoe, Gemma, Marilyn and Poppy) who work in the world of promotions.
Production
Ashdown used her time spent as a promo girl as inspiration for the series. The series began filming in and around Manchester in May 2013 and is distributed internationally by BBC Worldwide.
The cast were announced in May 2013. Vickers released a statement saying "I'm so excited about doing my first comedy show. It's different to any acting I've done before. The script is hilarious, I was laughing my head off just reading it. The rest of the cast are great, we all have really good chemistry. I can't wait to get in front of the camera and start filming!"
Cast
* Diana Vickers as Gemma, the youngest sales girl who is naive and slightly dimwitted
* Kerry Howard as Marilyn, who at 29 is the eldest sales girl who is unlucky and accident-prone
* Cariad Lloyd as Poppy, a fun loving party girl
* Miranda Hennessy as Zoe, a bitchy and passive-aggressive sales girl from New Zealand
* Tracy-Ann Oberman as Debbie, the self-absorbed, politically incorrect boss
* Ben "Doc Brown" Smith as Andy, a cool and attractive employee
* Alex Carter as Steve, a socially inept boss | WIKI |
Neon Future I
Neon Future I is the second studio album by American DJ and producer Steve Aoki. It was released on September 30, 2014, through Ultra Records and Dim Mak Records. The second part of the album, Neon Future II was released on May 12, 2015.
Singles
The album was preceded by the release of eight singles. The first two singles, "Rage The Night Away" and "Delirious (Boneless)", were the only two to be given additional remixes before the album's release. Both tracks also feature in the original motion picture soundtrack of the 2014 film Step Up: All In. Other singles of the album are "Get Me Outta Here", "Neon Future", "Back to Earth" and "Born to Get Wild", was featured in the 2014 horror film The Hive.
Commercial performance
The album debuted at No. 1 on Dance/Electronic Albums, and No. 32 on Billboard 200, selling 10,000 copies in its first week.
Credits and personnel
* Steve Aoki – producer
* Technical production
* Dave Kutch – mastering
* Erik Madrid – mixing
* Vincent Vu – mixing assistant
* Additional musicians
* Ray Kurzweil – spoken word in "Transcendence"
* Aubrey de Grey – spoken word in "Beyond Boundaries"
* Patrick Stump – vocals and guitars in "Back to Earth"
* Pete Wentz – guitars in "Back to Earth"
* Joseph Harrison Sikora – additional vocals in "Rage the Night Away"
* Other personnel
* Brian Roettinger – art direction, design
* Brian Ziff – photography | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 13.djvu/178
150 THIRTY—EIGHTH CONGRESS. Sess. I. Ch. *147. 1864. C¤mP°¤S¤*i°¤ For compensation of temporary clerks in the Treasury Department; ggigporary Provided, That the Secretary of the Treasury be, and he is hereby, Clerks may be authorized in his discretion, to classify the clerks authorized according to °1”sm°d·&°· the character of their services, or assign to such of them as he shall see tit any compensation not exceeding that of clerks of the first class, one hundred thousand dollars. Contingent ex- In the office of the first COmptl‘0ll81‘! {§€;gQ;t;’£;$,;°f For furniture, stationery, public documents, state and territorial statutes, and miscellaneous items, one thousand five hundred dollars. of 2d compti·oI· In the office of the second comptroller : I"? For stationery and miscellaneous items, including subscription to one city newspaper, to be bound and preserved for the use of the office, one thousand five hundred dollars. 0f1st auditor; In the office of the first auditor: For stationery and miscellaneous items, one thousand three hundred dollars. 0f2d auditor; In the office of the second auditor: For stationery, office furniture, and miscellaneous items, including two of the city newspapers, to be filed and preserved for the use of the office, and for additional onice furniture and stationery, fifteen thousand dollars. dad auditor; In the office of the third auditor: For stationery, office furniture, carpeting, two newspapers, preserving files and papers, bounty-land service, and miscellaneous items, four thousand dollars. <>¤" 401 auditor; In the office of the fourth auditor: For contingent expenses of the office, one thousand five hundred dollars. °*` Wi ¤¤di¤>1'$ In the office of the fifth auditor: For stationery, postage, and miscellaneous expenses, in which are included two daily newspapers, one thousand five hundred dollars. P Ogurfgtoréor In the office of the auditor of the treasury for the Post-Office ment- Pm Department; i For furniture, carpeting, stationery, labor, light, ice, and miscellaneous items, three thousand dollars. of treasurer; In the office of the treasurer: For contingent expenses of the office, and to meet increase of expenditures mainly consequent upon the increase of business and the completion of new rooms, five thousand dollars. ofregister; In the office of the register: For stationery, arranging and binding cancelled marine papers, cases for official papers and records, and miscellaneous items, including office furniture, six thousand dollars. °f°°li°l*°’i Office of the solicitor of the treasury : For stationery, labor, and miscellaneous items, and for statutes and reports, two thousand dollars. ofcommis- Office of the commissioner of customs: ` dollars. b°;£5¤§ht·h0¤$¤ _ · Light-house board : ’ 1 For stationery, miscellaneous expenses, and postage, six hundred dollars. of comptroller Office of the comptroller of the currency : °f*h° °¤*‘”°¤°y $ For stationery, furniture, and miscellaneous items, six thousand dollars. wgéxghgisfdgé For the general purposes of the southeast executive building, including ' the extension.-- For compensation of twelve watchmen and eleven laborers of the southeast executive building, thirteen thousand eight hundred dollars. For contingent expenses of said building, viz: for fuel, light, labor, and miscellaneous items, fifty-six thousand eight hundred and ten dollars.
* l°¤°’°f°“¤V”¤$$ For stationery, miscellaneous items, and office furniture, one thousand | WIKI |
OPEC Leaders Indicate They Are Set to Cut Output Again
OPEC leaders indicate that they plan to reduce daily production for third time this year to shore up flagging crude oil prices; analysts say decision could come as early as next week and would probably lead to decrease of 750,000 to one million barrels per day, or 3 percent to 4 percent of OPEC's current daily output of 24.2 million barrels; OPEC's move would come in response to growing perceptions within international oil markets of abundance of oil and other energy sources as economies around world slow; OPEC favors crude oil prices of $25 to $28 per barrel; has said it will reduce daily production if average oil price falls below $22; OPEC News Agency reports average declined 56 cents per barrel on July 18 to $22.64; crude oil for September delivery closes at $25.94 on New York Mercantile Exchange, increase of $1.16 from previous day; graph; chart (M) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Asthma is a common disorder involving inflammation and swelling of the airways affecting about 25.7 million people in the U.S., including seven million children. Inflammation of the airways makes people living with asthma overly sensitive to many inhaled items or 'triggers', such as allergens, molds, viruses, or chemicals. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness, which can become very intense.
The exact cause of asthma is unknown. Asthma may have a genetic component, with 52% of respondents having an immediate family member with the condition. Exposure to certain allergens, viruses, chemicals, and secondhand smoke before birth or as an infant might play a role. These exposures could possibly change the way the immune system develops.
In a new national survey of asthma patients, Health Union, and its new online community Asthma.net, reveals that most were satisfied with the care they received; however, the most frequently used form of treatment, at 89%, is the rescue inhaler. The results also show the difficult path many people have prior to being correctly diagnosed with asthma. While 44% of people living with asthma started experiencing symptoms prior to adulthood, almost one in three people went through a series of tests or were misdiagnosed before being diagnosed with asthma.
Once diagnosed, managing triggers and symptoms is paramount for people with asthma. Almost two-thirds of respondents experience symptoms at least weekly, with those experiencing symptoms in the past year reporting nearly eight. 51% agreed that asthma negatively impacts their overall quality of life. Around half of respondents agreed that the following statements applied to them: "I am tired more often/fatigue easily" (53%); "I am unable to do as much as I used to" (49%); and "I am afraid of the long-term consequences of asthma" (49%).
"If there is one thing I would like to stress about asthma, it is that its symptoms can be reversible," said Leon Lebowitz, respiratory therapist and Asthma.net moderator. "With a properly prescribed medication regimen, combined with the avoidance and control of one's known triggers, symptoms can be improved dramatically."
"My understanding is that most survey respondents were satisfied with their current treatment and that almost half have used it for over five years. However, if you find you are relying on your rescue inhaler throughout the day or, it is your 'go to' medication, it would be prudent to see your physician for a revaluation of your current condition and a reassessment of the medications you are using."
Overall, people with asthma in the survey are happy with their HCP, with almost three-quarters reporting they are satisfied with the HCP they see for their asthma treatment. HCPs were seen as most valuable for monitoring the disease and making treatment suggestions. However, they are not viewed as a form of patient support. Only 26% found their HCP to be a support to them as a patient.
Upon diagnosis more than half of people surveyed said they would have liked to have had more information about how to avoid triggers and how asthma would affect their lifestyle. Yet, only one third obtained information from general health or asthma-specific Web sites. "This is why a new resource like Asthma.net is so important," said Tim Armand, president and co-founder of Health Union. "It is not realistic to expect HCPs to be the primary source of support. Asthma.net is the go to source for quality health information, connections to other people living with asthma, and current news about trends in healthcare."
The 'Asthma in America' survey was conducted online January 14, 2016, to March 20, 2016, with 511 respondents who were diagnosed with asthma and a resident of the U.S. or U.S. citizen living abroad. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Talk:Mildred Mottahedeh
Root?
Okay, first things, since NYT articles are often behind paywalls, I looked in Wayback and find a link that doesn't ask me for a subscription. I always look for parents and find nothing at all for Mildred Root. But then I found this this. Pretty sure it is her, same birth date, same birth place and photo looks to be the same woman, though younger. If you don't have a subscription, you can just sign up. It's free. Following that line, I come up with parents Flora Margolius and Jacob B. Wurtzel were Jewish. They apparently had a tumultuous relationship. Her father was the owner of a grocery in Seabright and her mother was the daughter of Joseph Margolius, who owned the Hotel Brighton in Long Branch, New Jersey. When the parents divorced, the three children went to live with their mother. (Flora's brother Max lives in Perth Amboy, this is important later, and apparently she was pregnant at the time because a 4th child appears in the paper and on census records, below.) Pretty sure it was Mildred who was kidnapped. Flora worked in a store as a clerk. Mildred attended Garfield Avenue School in Long Branch, and then I'm pretty sure she is the Mildred Wurtzel who attended the New Jersey College for Women. It says she was from Perth Amboy. Her Uncle lived there and census records confirm that Flora moved there around 1920 with the children.1910 p 11A-11B, lines 47-52, 1915 p 10A lines 42-46, 1920 p 12A lines 34-38,1930 p 8A lines 32-35 Wanted you to look this over and advise. I'll do a light copyedit, without additions. Looks to be in pretty good shape to me.SusunW (talk) 16:16, 21 December 2020 (UTC)
* Can you check this The couple visited Jingdezhen, China in 1979, their first time traveling to the country. I don't have access to the source, but it conflicts with the NYT's article which says When her husband died in 1978, Mrs. Mottahedeh succeeded him as president and remained active in the company, even after it was sold, until her retirement in 1998 Couldn't find an obit for Rafi, but doing due diligence, this confirms he was dead by October 1978. I think it is important to put in that she ran the company from that point, so I moved that from later in the article. SusunW (talk) 16:48, 21 December 2020 (UTC)
* I've made some minor changes to the text as requested. Please ping me if I can assist further. SusunW (talk) 17:56, 21 December 2020 (UTC)
* Wow,, you really are Amazing! I've fixed the bit about flying with her husband (it was another man, but if memory serves at least one source gets this wrong). Thanks so much for having a read-through So for all of that information you dug up early life, how much of that would you say I could add in with the understanding that censuses can be iffy? I'm thinking something like what follows. I'm not familiar with how or when citing family search records are appropriate, so if you could show me what you would do for that, I'd greatly appreciate it. Unfortunately, I think the article about kidnapping may be a bit of a stretch to definitively say it was her, though I'd agree it seems awfully likely that it was. I also found a newsBank obituary of a 'Samuel Wurtzel' that says He is survived by his wife, Stephanie Wurtzel; two sons, Alan L. Wurtzel of Richmond, and David M. Wurtzel of Florence, Italy; two stepsons, Norman Sylvester of Armonk, N.Y., and Timothy Sylvester of Denver; two sisters, Mildred Mottahedeh of New York, and Esther Nelson of Spokane, Wash. Which may help make the connection more explicit? Thank you so much, again. Eddie891 Talk Work 19:10, 21 December 2020 (UTC)
Mildred Ruthe Wurtzel was born on August 7, 1908 in Sea Bright, New Jersey to Flora Margolius and Jacob B. Wurtzel. Her father was the owner of a grocery in Seabright and her mother was the daughter of Joseph Margolius, who owned the Hotel Brighton in Long Branch, New Jersey. They had married in 1903. By 1911 the couple was in the process of getting a divorce, and Mildred was living with her two siblings and her mother. She was educated at the Garfield Avenue School in Long Branch and attended the New Jersey College for Women.
* Proposed addition
* That looks fine to me. Again, you don't have to use the census records, they simply are due diligence to confirm the other info is about her. To ensure that everything fits together, no gaps in the sources as far as I can tell, as they all seem to confirm the same info repeatedly. There's a lot of misunderstanding about using primary records on WP. It isn't OR if you are simply stating what the source says without drawing any conclusions. (And yes, it would be a stretch to definitively state it "was" Mildred who was kidnapped, but she does appear to be the only three year old in the family at that time ;) .) And good find on Samuel's obit. Another piece of evidence tying them all together. SusunW (talk) 19:42, 21 December 2020 (UTC)
* I also note that her dad was Austrian and her mom was Russian, so their pronunciation of Ruthe would have been more like Root, or Ruta. SusunW (talk) 19:59, 21 December 2020 (UTC) | WIKI |
A little confused about IPFS
First, I am slowly working, actually researching how I might be able to distribute a WebRTC broadcast using IPFS, So, there appears to be two implimentation of IPFS: go-IPFS and js-IPFS.
Confusion one: What is the difference between the two? Which one is most stable? Which should I consider when working with WebRTC?
Confusion two: Do I create an IPFS server on the internet and install IPFS there? I see reference to install it locally on my PC, but not sure how to use it?
I did read some of the IPFS documentation, but there is no clarity about where to install IPFS and how to use.
Ideally I’d like to see a tutorial on building a multi-user website being distributed by IPFS. I realize there is a lot more needed to stream Webrtc using IPFS. I’m just trying to develop an overall concept in my mind with how to administer something like this. Would IPFS and the Website be on the same server?
So, in a nutshell, my idea is this: A live streamer would access the website and start his steam. Subscribed users would be notified and they could view his live stream which is being distributed via IPFS.
Hope I make sense to you.
Thanks in advance.
Ray
Confusion 1: go-ipfs is written in go, which is a language compiling to native code (hence faster than javascript) specialized in concurrent programming, so it is the reference implementation of IPFS and the most stable one. But if you’re making a browser application that uses WebRTC, js-ipfs should be your choice, firstly because browsers can only interpret javascript (and not go) and because WebRTC is a javascript API.
Confusion 2: You don’t have to run your IPFS instance on a publicly available server on the internet, in fact you can install it on your home computer, as you would with any bittorrent client, and it would work just fine. IPFS handles all the annoying stuff like NAT-traversal by itself so you don’t have to deal with it.
If you want a web application on the browser that utilizes IPFS and that works without the need for users to download anything, there are 2 options:
• write your app on Node.js, install IPFS via npm i ipfs, and use a javascript bundler like webpack or browserify to run it on the browser,
• write your app directly for the browser (in a HTML file or in an imported JS file) and import the IPFS script version like so:
<script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/ipfs/0.39.0/index.min.js"></script>
Caveat: the javascript version is slower and less stable than the go version. So if you don’t care that your users have to install some software beforehand in order to use you application, then go-ipfs is the way to go. You can install go-ipfs by following these instructions, and if you want to have a better user interface, you can also install Web UI and IPFS Companion.
So to answer your question “Would IPFS and the Website be on the same server?”:
• Firstly, the website won’t be hosted on any webserver, it will be distributed among peers who are willing to seed it. Keep in mind that IPFS is a peer-to-peer protocol. Unless you only want to use IPFS for the browser-to-browser communication during the livestream and you don’t care if your static files are stored on a centralized server, so you can host your website on a regular HTTP webserver.
• Secondly, the IPFS instances will always be run on the users’ computers. If it is js-ipfs, the user will download the code and start the IPFS instance each time he goes to your website (unless it is cached) and imports the javascript of the <script> tag containing js-ipfs. If it is go-ipfs, the users of your application will have go-ipfs installed and running beforehand on their PC, and they will connect your app to their local IPFS gateway.
Here are two interesting tutorials on js-ipfs :
I think the PubSub demo is particularly interesting for your project, because you could create a PubSub room for each of your streaming sessions. But I don’t know if js-ipfs is suitable for streaming video using the WebRTC API. If you don’t mind a little bit of centralization in your application (mainly for storing your static files (HTML/CSS/JS) and for the WebRTC signalling process), I suggest you to rather take a look on PeerJS instead of IPFS. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
API Summary
Summary of public functions and classes exposed in ONNX Runtime.
OrtValue
ONNX Runtime works with native Python data structures which are mapped into ONNX data formats : Numpy arrays (tensors), dictionaries (maps), and a list of Numpy arrays (sequences). The data backing these are on CPU.
ONNX Runtime supports a custom data structure that supports all ONNX data formats that allows users to place the data backing these on a device, for example, on a CUDA supported device. This allows for interesting IOBinding scenarios (discussed below). In addition, ONNX Runtime supports directly working with OrtValue (s) while inferencing a model if provided as part of the input feed.
Below is an example showing creation of an OrtValue from a Numpy array while placing its backing memory on a CUDA device:
#X is numpy array on cpu, create an OrtValue and place it on cuda device id = 0
ortvalue = onnxruntime.OrtValue.ortvalue_from_numpy(X, 'cuda', 0)
ortvalue.device_name() # 'cuda'
ortvalue.shape() # shape of the numpy array X
ortvalue.data_type() # 'tensor(float)'
ortvalue.is_tensor() # 'True'
np.array_equal(ortvalue.numpy(), X) # 'True'
#ortvalue can be provided as part of the input feed to a model
ses = onnxruntime.InferenceSession('model.onnx')
res = sess.run(["Y"], {"X": ortvalue})
IOBinding
By default, ONNX Runtime always places input(s) and output(s) on CPU, which is not optimal if the input or output is consumed and produced on a device other than CPU because it introduces data copy between CPU and the device. ONNX Runtime provides a feature, IO Binding, which addresses this issue by enabling users to specify which device to place input(s) and output(s) on. Here are scenarios to use this feature.
(In the following code snippets, model.onnx is the model to execute, X is the input data to feed, and Y is the output data.)
Scenario 1:
A graph is executed on a device other than CPU, for instance CUDA. Users can use IOBinding to put input on CUDA as the follows.
#X is numpy array on cpu
session = onnxruntime.InferenceSession('model.onnx')
io_binding = session.io_binding()
# OnnxRuntime will copy the data over to the CUDA device if 'input' is consumed by nodes on the CUDA device
io_binding.bind_cpu_input('input', X)
io_binding.bind_output('output')
session.run_with_iobinding(io_binding)
Y = io_binding.copy_outputs_to_cpu()[0]
Scenario 2:
The input data is on a device, users directly use the input. The output data is on CPU.
#X is numpy array on cpu
X_ortvalue = onnxruntime.OrtValue.ortvalue_from_numpy(X, 'cuda', 0)
session = onnxruntime.InferenceSession('model.onnx')
io_binding = session.io_binding()
io_binding.bind_input(name='input', device_type=X_ortvalue.device_name(), device_id=0, element_type=np.float32, shape=X_ortvalue.shape(), buffer_ptr=X_ortvalue.data_ptr())
io_binding.bind_output('output')
session.run_with_iobinding(io_binding)
Y = io_binding.copy_outputs_to_cpu()[0]
Scenario 3:
The input data and output data are both on a device, users directly use the input and also place output on the device.
#X is numpy array on cpu
X_ortvalue = onnxruntime.OrtValue.ortvalue_from_numpy(X, 'cuda', 0)
Y_ortvalue = onnxruntime.OrtValue.ortvalue_from_shape_and_type([3, 2], np.float32, 'cuda', 0) # Change the shape to the actual shape of the output being bound
session = onnxruntime.InferenceSession('model.onnx')
io_binding = session.io_binding()
io_binding.bind_input(name='input', device_type=X_ortvalue.device_name(), device_id=0, element_type=np.float32, shape=X_ortvalue.shape(), buffer_ptr=X_ortvalue.data_ptr())
io_binding.bind_output(name='output', device_type=Y_ortvalue.device_name(), device_id=0, element_type=np.float32, shape=Y_ortvalue.shape(), buffer_ptr=Y_ortvalue.data_ptr())
session.run_with_iobinding(io_binding)
Scenario 4:
Users can request ONNX Runtime to allocate an output on a device. This is particularly useful for dynamic shaped outputs. Users can use the get_outputs() API to get access to the OrtValue (s) corresponding to the allocated output(s). Users can thus consume the ONNX Runtime allocated memory for the output as an OrtValue.
#X is numpy array on cpu
X_ortvalue = onnxruntime.OrtValue.ortvalue_from_numpy(X, 'cuda', 0)
session = onnxruntime.InferenceSession('model.onnx')
io_binding = session.io_binding()
io_binding.bind_input(name='input', device_type=X_ortvalue.device_name(), device_id=0, element_type=np.float32, shape=X_ortvalue.shape(), buffer_ptr=X_ortvalue.data_ptr())
#Request ONNX Runtime to bind and allocate memory on CUDA for 'output'
io_binding.bind_output('output', 'cuda')
session.run_with_iobinding(io_binding)
# The following call returns an OrtValue which has data allocated by ONNX Runtime on CUDA
ort_output = io_binding.get_outputs()[0]
Scenario 5:
Users can bind OrtValue (s) directly.
#X is numpy array on cpu
#X is numpy array on cpu
X_ortvalue = onnxruntime.OrtValue.ortvalue_from_numpy(X, 'cuda', 0)
Y_ortvalue = onnxruntime.OrtValue.ortvalue_from_shape_and_type([3, 2], np.float32, 'cuda', 0) # Change the shape to the actual shape of the output being bound
session = onnxruntime.InferenceSession('model.onnx')
io_binding = session.io_binding()
io_binding.bind_ortvalue_input('input', X_ortvalue)
io_binding.bind_ortvalue_output('output', Y_ortvalue)
session.run_with_iobinding(io_binding)
Device
The package is compiled for a specific device, GPU or CPU. The CPU implementation includes optimizations such as MKL (Math Kernel Libary). The following function indicates the chosen option:
onnxruntime.get_device()str
Return the device used to compute the prediction (CPU, MKL, …)
Examples and datasets
The package contains a few models stored in ONNX format used in the documentation. These don’t need to be downloaded as they are installed with the package.
onnxruntime.datasets.get_example(name)[source]
Retrieves the absolute file name of an example.
Load and run a model
ONNX Runtime reads a model saved in ONNX format. The main class InferenceSession wraps these functionalities in a single place.
class onnxruntime.ModelMetadata
Pre-defined and custom metadata about the model. It is usually used to identify the model used to run the prediction and facilitate the comparison.
property custom_metadata_map
additional metadata
property description
description of the model
property domain
ONNX domain
property graph_description
description of the graph hosted in the model
property graph_name
graph name
property producer_name
producer name
property version
version of the model
class onnxruntime.InferenceSession(path_or_bytes, sess_options=None, providers=None, provider_options=None)[source]
This is the main class used to run a model.
class onnxruntime.NodeArg
Node argument definition, for both input and output, including arg name, arg type (contains both type and shape).
property name
node name
property shape
node shape (assuming the node holds a tensor)
property type
node type
class onnxruntime.RunOptions
Configuration information for a single Run.
property log_severity_level
Log severity level for a particular Run() invocation. 0:Verbose, 1:Info, 2:Warning. 3:Error, 4:Fatal. Default is 2.
property log_verbosity_level
VLOG level if DEBUG build and run_log_severity_level is 0. Applies to a particular Run() invocation. Default is 0.
property logid
To identify logs generated by a particular Run() invocation.
property only_execute_path_to_fetches
Only execute the nodes needed by fetch list
property terminate
Set to True to terminate any currently executing calls that are using this RunOptions instance. The individual calls will exit gracefully and return an error status.
class onnxruntime.SessionOptions
Configuration information for a session.
add_free_dimension_override_by_denotation(self: onnxruntime.capi.onnxruntime_pybind11_state.SessionOptions, arg0: str, arg1: int)None
Specify the dimension size for each denotation associated with an input’s free dimension.
add_free_dimension_override_by_name(self: onnxruntime.capi.onnxruntime_pybind11_state.SessionOptions, arg0: str, arg1: int)None
Specify values of named dimensions within model inputs.
add_initializer(self: onnxruntime.capi.onnxruntime_pybind11_state.SessionOptions, arg0: str, arg1: object)None
add_session_config_entry(self: onnxruntime.capi.onnxruntime_pybind11_state.SessionOptions, arg0: str, arg1: str)None
Set a single session configuration entry as a pair of strings.
property enable_cpu_mem_arena
Enables the memory arena on CPU. Arena may pre-allocate memory for future usage. Set this option to false if you don’t want it. Default is True.
property enable_mem_pattern
Enable the memory pattern optimization. Default is true.
property enable_profiling
Enable profiling for this session. Default is false.
property execution_mode
Sets the execution mode. Default is sequential.
property execution_order
Sets the execution order. Default is basic topological order.
get_session_config_entry(self: onnxruntime.capi.onnxruntime_pybind11_state.SessionOptions, arg0: str)str
Get a single session configuration value using the given configuration key.
property graph_optimization_level
Graph optimization level for this session.
property inter_op_num_threads
Sets the number of threads used to parallelize the execution of the graph (across nodes). Default is 0 to let onnxruntime choose.
property intra_op_num_threads
Sets the number of threads used to parallelize the execution within nodes. Default is 0 to let onnxruntime choose.
property log_severity_level
Log severity level. Applies to session load, initialization, etc. 0:Verbose, 1:Info, 2:Warning. 3:Error, 4:Fatal. Default is 2.
property log_verbosity_level
VLOG level if DEBUG build and session_log_severity_level is 0. Applies to session load, initialization, etc. Default is 0.
property logid
Logger id to use for session output.
property optimized_model_filepath
File path to serialize optimized model to. Optimized model is not serialized unless optimized_model_filepath is set. Serialized model format will default to ONNX unless:
• add_session_config_entry is used to set ‘session.save_model_format’ to ‘ORT’, or
• there is no ‘session.save_model_format’ config entry and optimized_model_filepath ends in ‘.ort’ (case insensitive)
property profile_file_prefix
The prefix of the profile file. The current time will be appended to the file name.
register_custom_ops_library(self: onnxruntime.capi.onnxruntime_pybind11_state.SessionOptions, arg0: str)None
Specify the path to the shared library containing the custom op kernels required to run a model.
property use_deterministic_compute
Whether to use deterministic compute. Default is false.
Backend
In addition to the regular API which is optimized for performance and usability, ONNX Runtime also implements the ONNX backend API for verification of ONNX specification conformance. The following functions are supported:
onnxruntime.backend.is_compatible(model, device=None, **kwargs)
Return whether the model is compatible with the backend.
Parameters
• model – unused
• device – None to use the default device or a string (ex: ‘CPU’)
Returns
boolean
onnxruntime.backend.prepare(model, device=None, **kwargs)
Load the model and creates a onnxruntime.InferenceSession ready to be used as a backend.
Parameters
• model – ModelProto (returned by onnx.load), string for a filename or bytes for a serialized model
• device – requested device for the computation, None means the default one which depends on the compilation settings
• kwargs – see onnxruntime.SessionOptions
Returns
onnxruntime.InferenceSession
onnxruntime.backend.run(model, inputs, device=None, **kwargs)
Compute the prediction.
Parameters
Returns
predictions
onnxruntime.backend.supports_device(device)
Check whether the backend is compiled with particular device support. In particular it’s used in the testing suite. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
LP SOLUTIONS LLC, Plaintiff, Appellant, v. Craig J. DUCHOSSOIS, individually and as Co-Executor of the Estate of Richard Bruce Duchossois; Richard L. Duchossois; Kimberly T. Duchossois; Dayle P. Duchossois-Fortino; Thomas A. Smith, as Co-Executor of the Estate of Richard Bruce Duchossois, Defendants, Appellees.
No. 18-1351
United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.
October 24, 2018
Daniel J. Murphy, with whom Bernstein Shur Sawyer & Nelson was on brief, for appellant.
Nolan L. Reichl, with whom Kyle M. Noonan and Pierce Atwood LLP were on brief, for appellees.
Before Lynch, Stahl, and Thompson, Circuit Judges.
LYNCH, Circuit Judge.
This contract case raises the close question of whether the plaintiff has failed to carry its burden of showing that there is personal jurisdiction over the defendants in Maine, as the district court held in a thoughtful opinion dismissing the action. LP Sols., LLC v. Duchossois, No. 2:18-CV-25-DBH, 2018 WL 1768037, at *1 (D. Me. Apr. 11, 2018).
The underlying dispute involves agreements about the defendants' interests in an Illinois limited partnership, Elm Street Plaza Venture, LLLP. LP Solutions LLC (LPS), a Maine company, offered to buy limited partnership interests owned by members of the Duchossois family, who are defendants here, and who mostly reside in Illinois. LPS said that the transaction would provide the family members with payments and tax benefits. The family members accepted a second offer made to them in Illinois. Under an agreement with LPS, the family made distribution payments to LPS in Maine only three times, once per year for three years.
In March 2015, the Elm Street partnership's General Partners sued LPS in Illinois. The thrust of the lawsuit was that LPS could not legally obtain the limited partnership interests from partnership interest holders like the Duchossois family members. When the family members later refused to deliver partnership distributions made in 2016 that LPS said were assigned to it, LPS sued them in Maine, in a case removed to federal court.
The federal district court, on the undisputed evidence, found there was no personal jurisdiction because the Duchossois family's contacts with Maine did not make the exercise of personal jurisdiction foreseeable. LP Sols., 2018 WL 1768037, at *1. Although it is a close call, the context of the family's Maine contacts, including their nature, number, origin, and duration, leads us to agree with the district court. We affirm.
I.
We take the facts from LPS's properly documented evidentiary proffers and from the Duchossois family's undisputed proffers.
See Copia Commc'ns, LLC v. AMResorts, L.P., 812 F.3d 1, 3 (1st Cir. 2016).
A. The Parties
The defendant Duchossois family had partnership interests in Elm Street Plaza Venture, LLLP (a limited liability limited partnership). The Elm Street LLLP built and owns a residential apartment building in Chicago, Illinois. That partnership is registered in Illinois, its partnership agreement is governed by Illinois law, its assets are in Illinois, and it is managed by a General Partner who resides in Illinois. The Duchossois family members, Richard L. Duchossois and his children Craig J. Duchossois, Kimberly T. Duchossois, and Dayle P. Duchossois-Fortino, all live in Illinois, except for Richard Bruce Duchossois who resided in Florida and spent time in South Carolina before his death in 2014. Before interacting with LPS, the Duchossois family members collectively owned a 4.54 percent interest in the Elm Street partnership.
LPS is a Portland, Maine-based investor in the affordable housing industry. It owns "thousands of limited partnership interests and related interests in various limited partnerships across the United States." Before its dealings with the Duchossois family, LPS already owned a 13.66 percent stake in the Elm Street partnership.
B. The Contracts
In September 2013, LPS sent letters to the Duchossois family members offering to buy their interests in the Elm Street partnership. William Gendron, an LPS agent, also called Jennifer Hager, a Duchossois agent in Illinois, to follow up on those letters. Hager rejected the offer without negotiation.
After that initial rejection, Gendron sent a new offer to Janet Czosek, another Duchossois agent also in Illinois. Gendron represented that the offer -- LPS's "Option Program" -- would have tax benefits for the Duchossois family members. It would let them "lock [in]" the value of their partnership interests "at today's market value, receive a significant portion of the purchase price on a tax-deferred basis and avoid tax recapture." LPS marketed its program to individuals whose limited partnership interests had "significant tax recapture." As we understand it, individuals in that circumstance had the choice to either sell their interests in their lifetime, with attendant negative tax consequences, or to "wait until their estate receives the interest" at death. LPS's program gave limited partnership holders a third option: LPS would make an "Option Fee payment[ ]," which is not taxable "until the final transfer of the limited partnership interest," in return for "partnership cash flow." Simply put, LPS gave the limited partnership holder money up front on a tax-deferred basis in return for a portion of the partnership's distributions.
In September 2013, LPS sent agreements embodying the advertised proposal to each member of the Duchossois family. Those agreements had two main parts: an Option agreement and an Assignment. Both parts were fully drafted and signed by LPS and had the sales price filled in. They both defined LPS as "a Maine limited liability company with a principal place of business" in Portland, Maine.
The Option agreement gave LPS a twenty-year option to purchase the Duchossois family member's partnership interest for a specified amount (the purchase price). There was, apart from the twenty years over which LPS could exercise the option, no term of years to the agreement. LPS said it would spread payment of the purchase price over a series of payments: First, LPS would pay half the purchase price to the family in Illinois on execution of the agreement. Next, LPS would make payments in two installments, each of about ten percent of the purchase price, in November 2014 and November 2015, respectively. LPS would not, however, pay the balance of the purchase price unless it exercised the option, a choice left to its discretion. If LPS exercised the option before the death of a family member, it would pay to that family member, "as additional sales proceeds, the cost of the tax recapture of the limited partner's negative capital account."
In return, under the Option agreement, if the partnership made a "cash flow distribution," the Duchossois family members would then give LPS part of that distribution, equal to the proportion LPS had paid to that date of the agreement's purchase price. Put more simply, if LPS had paid fifty percent of the purchase price to a particular family member, LPS would be entitled to fifty percent of the partnership's cash flow distributions to that family member. The record contains no evidence that any Duchossois family member had authority to cause the Elm Street LLLP or its General Partners to make or not to make distributions on behalf of the partnership.
The Duchossois family members also agreed not to alienate or encumber their Elm Street partnership interests and to vote their interests as directed by LPS. They would send "[a]ll notices, demands, and other communications" to LPS in Maine. The agreements do not say where distribution payments to LPS were to be made.
The Assignment required the Duchossois family members to "irrevocably and unconditionally sell[ ], assign[ ] and transfer[ ]" their partnership interests to LPS if LPS exercised its option, as LPS later sought to do. LPS, importantly, "assume[d] all risk" for "any transfer restrictions contained in the Partnership's partnership agreement." The family members assumed no such obligations. (Later, in the lead-up to litigation Elm Street brought against LPS in Illinois, the Elm Street General Partners did object to any such transfer to LPS by any limited partners, including the Duchossois family members.)
The Option agreement states that it is "governed exclusively by the laws of the State of Maine" under a choice-of-law provision. The Assignment, however, is governed by "the laws of the state where the Partnership is domiciled," that is, Illinois. Neither agreement contains a forum-selection clause.
We return to the chronology of events. In September 2013, having received and reviewed LPS's proposal, Hager and Czosek emailed LPS to say that the proposed agreements were acceptable to the family. They did not negotiate price or any other terms with LPS. The two agents collected signatures from the Duchossois family members in Illinois and South Carolina. In early October 2013, Hager and Czosek sent the executed agreements to LPS in Maine. An LPS employee responded that the agreements lacked witness signatures, so Hager and Czosek sent new, witnessed signature pages to LPS in Maine.
C. Performance, Exercise of Options, and Breach
In October 2013, after the agreements were signed, LPS paid the first installment to the Duchossois family members. LPS sent each payment to Illinois.
The Elm Street partnership made a distribution to the limited partners in June 2014. By then, LPS had paid half of the purchase price to each Duchossois family member, so the family members each sent half of their distribution proceeds to LPS in Maine.
Richard Bruce Duchossois died in July 2014. A Duchossois family agent notified LPS of his death. Hager wrote to "confirm" that Richard Bruce Duchossois's death "[wa]s a triggering event under the agreement" and to inquire about "the next steps." LPS responded requesting information and paperwork necessary to exercise the option. LPS exercised its option on Richard Bruce Duchossois's partnership interest and, in late August, sent the balance of the option price to his estate. The estate executed the Assignment and sent it to LPS in Maine that same month. LPS did not then exercise its options on the interests of the remaining family members.
In October 2014, LPS made the second round of installment payments to the remaining Duchossois family members. These payments were the second check or wire transfer to each family member that LPS had sent from Maine to Illinois.
The next month, Hager, for the family, emailed Gendron of LPS to say that "[w]e are anxious to speak to you about the tax consequences" of the Option agreements. After the two spoke by phone, Hager followed up to ask whether Gendron "ha[d] an update on the potential to exercise the option agreements for the Duchossois family members before the end of 2014." Gendron testified that he understood this to mean that the family members wanted LPS to exercise its options on each of their interests. There is no evidence as to what the family members understood.
LPS chose to exercise its options on the family members' interests effective in December 2014. LPS's choice required the Duchossois family members to sign the Assignments, so Hager and Gendron spoke by phone in mid-November, and they along with other party agents corresponded back and forth into January 2015. LPS received Richard L. Duchossois's signed Assignment in December and scans of the remaining family members' signed Assignments in January 2015. LPS paid the balance on Richard L. Duchossois's interest by wire transfer in December 2014, and on the remaining family members' interests by checks in February 2015. These were the third round of payments made by LPS to the family members in Illinois.
In January 2015, after the Assignments were executed, LPS communicated by email with the Duchossois family members in Illinois, asking them to each sign and send a letter to the Elm Street partnership's General Partners requesting the General Partners' consent to the Assignments. The family members agreed and sent the letters to the General Partners in Illinois. Two months later, the General Partners responded by letter to Richard L. Duchossois stating that the partnership did not recognize the transfer of his interests to LPS. Craig J. Duchossois received the same letter in his capacity as co-executor of Richard Bruce Duchossois's estate. The General Partners took the same position as to all the remaining family members: the General Partners have not recognized as valid any of the transfers to LPS involving the Duchossois family's ownership interests in the Elm Street partnership.
In March 2015, the Elm Street partnership's manager and General Partners brought suit against LPS in Illinois state court over LPS's efforts to acquire interests in the partnership and other similar partnerships. The Duchossois family made no appearance in and is not a party to that litigation. LPS sought to join the family members as necessary parties, the Elm Street partners opposed, and the Illinois court denied that motion. LPS has made no effort to sue the family in Illinois on the subject matter of this action.
As part of the agreements, LPS had agreed to take on certain tax liability resulting from the sale of the Duchossois family members' partnership interests. The agreements, however, do not say how this was to be accomplished. LPS began this process; it sent a letter to Richard L. Duchossois in Illinois on March 26, 2015, requesting a copy of his 2014 Schedule K-1. The Schedule K-1 is a tax form used to report the filer's share of partnership income. LPS needed copies of that form for each family member so that it could fill out for each a Form 8082, another tax form used to adjust and shift tax liability to the assignee of an economic interest (that is, LPS). LPS included with the letter a FedEx envelope already addressed to return the Schedule K-1 to LPS.
Two weeks later, Kimberly Spencer, an LPS agent, emailed Hager that she had received 2014 Schedule K-1s from Kimberly and Craig Duchossois and Dayle Duchossois-Fortino. Hager replied that she had sent the forms because "[w]e received a letter from LP Solutions requesting they be sent." Hager then asked when she could expect the "Forms 8082" from LPS in return.
In June 2015 and May and June 2016, the Duchossois family members each sent Elm Street partnership distributions by check to LPS in Maine. The parties engaged in routine correspondence about these payments. These payments when added to the earlier June 2014 payments totaled $86,363.65.
In October 2016, after the Elm Street partnership had sued LPS in Illinois, the partnership experienced what the complaint calls a "capital event." That event was a refinancing of certain of the Elm Street partnership's financial obligations. This resulted in distributions to the limited partners. Again, there is no assertion that the family members controlled or caused this event. LPS has alleged that the distributions collectively totaled over $1,000,000 to the Duchossois family -- about $500,000 to Richard L. Duchossois and $130,000 each to the remaining family members and Richard Bruce Duchossois's estate. LPS's complaint alleges that the family has "refused to remit" these distributions to LPS despite LPS's demands. LPS adds that the family has also retained the nearly $600,000 that LPS paid as consideration for its option on their interests. At oral argument in Illinois, counsel for LPS suggested that the Duchossois family had "refus[ed] to move forward" with LPS "because of the confusion that the [Elm Street General Partners] have sewed [sic] as to the validity of the agreement."
D. Procedural History
LPS sued the Duchossois family in Maine state court on November 15, 2017. It brought claims for breach of contract, or, in the alternative, for unjust enrichment.
The Duchossois family removed the case to federal court and moved to dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.
The district court granted the motion to dismiss, concluding on the prima facie record that exercising specific personal jurisdiction over the Duchossois family would not comport with due process. LP Sols., 2018 WL 1768037, at *1. The district court found that the Duchossois family members "did not purposefully avail themselves of the privilege of conducting activities in Maine in a way that would make jurisdiction over them here foreseeable." Id. at *11.
LPS timely appealed.
II.
A. Standard of Review
Given the district court's use of prima facie review, we take the plaintiff's evidentiary proffers as true and we consider uncontradicted facts proffered by the defendant. C.W. Downer & Co. v. Bioriginal Food & Sci. Corp., 771 F.3d 59, 65 (1st Cir. 2014). It is LPS's burden to proffer evidence "sufficient to support findings of all facts essential to personal jurisdiction," and to do so without relying on unsupported allegations. A Corp. v. All Am. Plumbing, Inc., 812 F.3d 54, 58 (1st Cir. 2016). Our review is de novo. See Foster-Miller, Inc. v. Babcock & Wilcox Can., 46 F.3d 138, 147 (1st Cir. 1995).
B. Personal Jurisdiction
In diversity jurisdiction cases like this one, the exercise of personal jurisdiction must be both authorized by state statute and permitted by the Constitution. Harlow v. Children'sHosp., 432 F.3d 50, 57 (1st Cir. 2005). The state statute here, Maine's long-arm statute, reaches "to the fullest extent permitted by the due process clause of the United States Constitution." Me. Rev. Stat. Ann. tit. 14, § 704-A(1) (2016). The parties agree that our inquiry resolves into only whether the exercise of jurisdiction complies with due process.
For the exercise of jurisdiction to be constitutional, a defendant must have "certain minimum contacts with [the forum state] such that the maintenance of the suit does not offend 'traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.' " Int'l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316, 66 S.Ct. 154, 90 L.Ed. 95 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 463, 61 S.Ct. 339, 85 L.Ed. 278 (1940) ). LPS has asserted specific personal jurisdiction over the Duchossois family, so the constitutional analysis here has three components: relatedness, purposeful availment, and reasonableness. Plixer Int'l, Inc. v. Scrutinizer GmbH, 905 F.3d 1, ---- (1st Cir. 2018). That is, LPS must show that (1) its claim directly arises out of or relates to the defendant's forum activities; (2) the defendant's forum contacts represent a purposeful availment of the privilege of conducting activities in that forum, thus invoking the benefits and protections of the forum's laws and rendering the defendant's involuntary presence in the forum's courts foreseeable; and (3) the exercise of jurisdiction is reasonable. Id.
LPS must make all three showings to establish specific personal jurisdiction. See C.W. Downer, 771 F.3d at 65. We hold that LPS has not made the second showing because, on the evidence LPS has presented, we find, in agreement with the district court, that the Duchossois family has not purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting activities in Maine, thus invoking the Maine forum's laws and rendering the family's presence in the forum's courts foreseeable.
1. Relatedness
The district court found that LPS had made a sufficient showing under the relatedness prong, save that the contacts involving LPS's preparation of tax forms for the Duchossois family were not related. LP Sols., 2018 WL 1768037, at *7. To show relatedness, LPS must produce evidence that shows its "cause of action either arises directly out of, or is related to, the defendant's forum-based contacts." Harlow, 432 F.3d at 61 (citing United Elec., Radio & Mach. Workers of Am. v. 163 Pleasant St. Corp., 960 F.2d 1080, 1088-89 (1st Cir. 1992).) Even if LPS has satisfied the relatedness prong to the extent found by the district court, it has not satisfied the purposeful availment prong, so we turn to the purposeful availment analysis. See, e.g., Adams v. Adams, 601 F.3d 1, 6 (1st Cir. 2010) (assuming, arguendo, that the plaintiff had satisfied the relatedness prong before concluding that the plaintiff had not made a showing of purposeful availment).
2. Purposeful Availment
LPS must show that the Duchossois family has purposefully availed "itself of the privilege of conducting activities within the forum State, thus invoking the benefits and protections of its laws." Hanson v. Denckla, 357 U.S. 235, 253, 78 S.Ct. 1228, 2 L.Ed.2d 1283 (1958) (citation omitted). The test for purposeful availment "is only satisfied when the defendant purposefully and voluntarily directs his activities toward the forum so that he should expect, by virtue of the benefit he receives, to be subject to the court's jurisdiction based on these contacts." United States v. Swiss Am.Bank, 274 F.3d 610, 624 (1st Cir. 2001). This standard ensures that the exercise of jurisdiction is essentially voluntary and foreseeable, C.W. Downer, 771 F.3d at 66, not based on a defendant's "random, fortuitous, or attenuated [forum] contacts," Carreras v. PMG Collins, LLC, 660 F.3d 549, 555 (1st Cir. 2011) (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 475, 105 S.Ct. 2174, 85 L.Ed.2d 528 (1985) ).
The parties agree that there is no issue as to voluntariness here. The question is thus whether the Duchossois family's Maine contacts are "of a nature that the [family] could 'reasonably anticipate being haled into court [in Maine].' " Phillips v. Prairie Eye Ctr., 530 F.3d 22, 28 (1st Cir. 2008) (quoting Adelson v. Hananel, 510 F.3d 43, 50 (1st Cir. 2007) ). We agree with the district court that, on the evidence LPS has presented, the Duchossois family's Maine contacts did not make the exercise of jurisdiction reasonably foreseeable. LP Sols., 2018 WL 1768037, at *8.
In contract cases, we have found that the exercise of jurisdiction is reasonably foreseeable when "the defendant deliberately direct[ed] its efforts toward the forum state," C.W. Downer, 771 F.3d at 68 (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 476, 105 S.Ct. 2174 ), or when the defendant "enter[ed] a contractual relationship that envisioned continuing and wide-reaching contacts in the forum State," id. (quoting Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 285, 134 S.Ct. 1115, 188 L.Ed.2d 12 (2014) ). The Duchossois family has neither directed its efforts toward Maine nor entered into such an extensive contractual relationship.
First, the origin of the parties' contractual relationship factors against a finding of purposeful availment. The Duchossois family did not reach out to Maine looking to sell its interests in the Elm Street partnership; instead, LPS reached out to the family in Illinois to solicit the sale. Of course, a lack of solicitation alone is not necessarily determinative, see Baskin-Robbins Franchising LLC v. Alpenrose Dairy, Inc., 825 F.3d 28, 38 (1st Cir. 2016), but the lack of an effort by the Duchossois family to reach out to Maine distinguishes this case from several in which we have found the test for purposeful availment met. Compare Cossart v. United Excel Corp., 804 F.3d 13, 21 (1st Cir. 2015) (noting, in support of purposeful availment, that the defendant "recruited" for employment the plaintiff at his home in the forum), and Adelson v. Hananel, 652 F.3d 75, 82-83 (1st Cir. 2011) (concluding that the defendant had purposefully availed himself of the forum in part because he "sought" the employment contract at issue "with a company whose key officers were all located in [the forum]"), with Prairie Eye Ctr., 530 F.3d at 29 (emphasizing the lack of solicitation when finding no purposeful availment).
And second, the parties' contractual relationship does not render the exercise of jurisdiction foreseeable. The Duchossois family did knowingly enter into a contractual relationship with a Maine entity, but, as the district court properly noted, see LP Sols., 2018 WL 1768037, at *8, "the defendant's awareness of the location of the plaintiff is not, on its own, enough to create personal jurisdiction over a defendant." Prairie Eye Ctr., 530 F.3d at 28. Something more is needed: the contractual relationship must either envision or include sufficient continuous and wide-ranging contacts with Maine to meet the foreseeability test.
LPS argues that its agreements with the Duchossois family envisioned continuous and wide-ranging contacts with Maine. That argument is misleading. The family had no independent obligations under the agreements with LPS; each of the family's obligations depended first on the action of someone outside the family. If the General Partners brought up some matter needing a vote of the limited partnership interest, the family had to consult with LPS before voting. If the General Partners made a distribution, the family had to forward part of it to LPS. And if LPS elected to exercise its option, the family members had to execute their respective Assignments. But the agreements nowhere required the General Partners to make a distribution or to bring a matter to a vote. Nor did the agreements require LPS to exercise its options. And, again, there is no allegation in the record that the Duchossois family exercised control over either the General Partners or the distributions made by the partnership.
The Duchossois family's contractual obligations are different from those that courts have found justify the exercise of jurisdiction. The contingent nature of the family's contractual obligations separate this from a franchise contract case like Burger King, in which the defendant voluntarily accepted "the long-term and exacting regulation of his business from" the plaintiff in the forum. 471 U.S. at 480, 105 S.Ct. 2174. And these contingent obligations separate this case from a services contract case like C.W. Downer, which involved an agreement under which the plaintiff "acted as [the defendant's] exclusive financial adviser in connection with" the defendant's potential sale, and which thus required "interactive communications between the two [parties] for an extended period of time." 771 F.3d at 63, 68. The family's contingent contractual obligations here mean that their Maine contacts were also contingent, which undercuts the case for foreseeability. Cf. Scottsdale Capital Advisors Corp. v. The Deal, LLC, 887 F.3d 17, 21 (1st Cir. 2018) (noting, in a defamation case, that the plaintiffs' argument was based on assumptions untethered to evidence, which left "a hole in [their] prima facie case for maintaining jurisdiction").
Next, LPS emphasizes its own obligations under the agreement and the twenty-year term over which it could exercise its option, provided that the Option agreement was not terminated earlier. This was not, however, a contract requiring performance of continuing obligations over a twenty-year period. Far from it. Even if LPS kept the option for the full twenty years, the agreement only required LPS to make three payments: one at signing, one a year later, and one a year after that. And LPS had to prepare tax forms only once: on exercise of the option. These tax forms were meant to assign the "income (loss) attributable to the economic interest from [the family] to [LPS]." The tax forms were necessary for LPS to get the full benefit of its deal with the family, so their preparation does little to show that the Duchossois family purposefully availed itself of Maine. Cf. Copia Commc'ns, 812 F.3d at 5-6 (noting that forum contacts that "represent[ ] a convenience for [the plaintiff]" do not show "the type of availment by [the defendant]" that would justify the exercise of jurisdiction).
Given the few contractual commitments tying the Duchossois family members to Maine, the family members' actual contact with Maine strikes us as more relevant to the purposeful availment inquiry. And that actual contact was limited. The Duchossois family merely sent the amount of three partnership distributions into Maine, sent the executed Assignments into Maine, collaborated with LPS on tax issues, and corresponded about these.
The Duchossois family's payments to Maine do not support the exercise of jurisdiction. In Baskin-Robbins we concluded that the exercise of jurisdiction was foreseeable in part because the defendant had sent "a constant stream of payments" into the forum. 825 F.3d at 38-39. That stream comprised 180 payments made monthly over about fourteen years. See id. at 39. In contrast, the Duchossois family sent only three partnership distributions, one per year over three years, to LPS in Maine. As the district court correctly noted, see LP Sols., 2018 WL 1768037, at *9, the sending of such "occasional payments into the forum state" here lacks " 'decretory significance' " in the jurisdictional calculus. Baskin-Robbins, 825 F.3d at 38 (quoting Phillips Exeter Acad. v. Howard Phillips Fund, Inc., 196 F.3d 284, 291 (1st Cir. 1999) ).
Nor do the Maine activities and communications by the family members support the exercise of jurisdiction. We upheld the exercise of jurisdiction in Baskin-Robbins in part because the defendant caused the plaintiff to undertake "a plethora of activities on its behalf" in the forum. Id. at 39. Those activities, like product testing and the processing of customer complaints, better enabled the defendant to exploit the forum market. See id. at 38. In contrast, LPS took on few activities in Maine, like the preparation of tax forms and payments, for the Duchossois family. These few activities are better evidence of LPS's intent to exploit the Illinois market than the Duchossois family's intent to exploit the Maine one. In the district court's words, "[a]bsent are the substantial, ongoing, interdependent controls and commitments that are typical of franchise and services contract cases and often justify jurisdiction." LP Sols., 2018 WL 1768037, at *10.
Relatedly, communication between representatives of LPS and the Duchossois family was sporadic. Months went by without a single email or phone call. And when the parties did correspond, most of the communications from the Duchossois family to LPS were responsive, having been instigated by LPS. In contrast, the Baskin-Robbins parties coordinated "on a wide variety of operational issues," with "communications occurr[ing] regularly (at a minimum, monthly)." 825 F.3d at 39.
We reject LPS's three remaining arguments. LPS first argues that several times the Duchossois family reached out to LPS, and that this shows that the family has purposefully availed itself of Maine. The first instance was when Richard Bruce Duchossois died. Hager, an agent for the family, sought only to "confirm" that his death was a "triggering event under the agreement." After LPS exercised its option on Richard Bruce Duchossois's partnership interest, Hager inquired "about the tax consequences for the Duchossois family members" and followed up to ask for "an update on the potential to exercise the option agreements" for the remaining family members. These communications do not show that the family purposefully availed itself of Maine. Instead, as the district court noted, these communications were "merely an extension of the parties' preexisting relationship that had been initiated by [LPS]." LP Sols., 2018 WL 1768037, at *9. The Duchossois family "did not intentionally avail themselves of the benefits of doing business in [Maine] merely by calling residents of [Maine] to request" payments that LPS had already agreed to make. Carreras, 660 F.3d at 556.
Second, LPS argues that there were negotiations between the parties that support the exercise of jurisdiction. But the record contains no evidence of any such negotiations. It shows only that the Duchossois family rejected LPS's first offer, and merely signed the draft agreements for the second offer that LPS provided to them outside Maine. There was no give-and-take over language, price, or any other contractual terms, much less extensive back-and-forth discussions. While on prima facie review we must "construe [the plaintiff's evidentiary proffers] in the light most favorable to the plaintiff's claim," C.W. Downer, 771 F.3d at 65, LPS cannot rely on unsupported allegations to establish jurisdiction, see A Corp., 812 F.3d at 58.
And third, LPS suggests that the fact that the Option agreements are governed by Maine law is a relevant Maine contact. The Option agreements have a Maine choice-of-law provision, but the Assignments are governed by Illinois law. The district court considered these competing provisions at best "a wash." LP Sols., 2018 WL 1768037, at *9. We think the Assignments' provision is more pertinent. That provision's selection of Illinois law highlights the fact that the underlying interests here are in Illinois, a factor that counts against jurisdiction. Cf. Pritzker v. Yari, 42 F.3d 53, 62 (1st Cir. 1994) (upholding the exercise of jurisdiction when the defendant "knowingly acquir[ed] an economically beneficial interest in the outcome of a [forum-based] lawsuit that involved control over property located in [the forum]").
Finally, the Duchossois family emphasizes that neither its members nor agents set foot in Maine on business with LPS. That is hardly dispositive, C.W. Downer, 771 F.3d at 68, but is relevant to the jurisdictional analysis, see Baskin-Robbins, 825 F.3d at 38. The lack of such contact here tends to confirm that the family could not foresee the exercise of jurisdiction.
* * *
The Duchossois family's Maine contacts, on this record, do not constitute the "continuing and wide-reaching contacts," Burger King, 471 U.S. at 480, 105 S.Ct. 2174, that form the "substantial connection," C.W. Downer, 771 F.3d at 68 (quotation marks omitted), with the forum necessary to make the exercise of jurisdiction foreseeable. As the district court noted, this case's "center of gravity is in Illinois: it concerns in part the alienability of Illinois limited partnership interests in Illinois real estate governed by Illinois law, issues which have been raised in a pending Illinois lawsuit." LP Sols., 2018 WL 1768037, at *12. This Illinois focus makes Maine litigation less foreseeable to the family, which dooms LPS's case for purposeful availment.
There is no argument that the district court used the wrong legal framework, and, on this record, we find no error in its conclusion that the exercise of jurisdiction over the Duchossois family would not comport with due process.
III.
The district court's judgment is affirmed.
Richard Bruce Duchossois's estate has participated in this suit through its co-executors: Craig J. Duchossois and Thomas A. Smith.
The record does not show this second payment being made to Richard L. Duchossois. There is no allegation, however, that LPS did not make this second payment. Later, the record includes uncontradicted testimony that Richard L. Duchossois received all required payments under the Option agreements. Based on this testimony, we assume that LPS made the second payment by wire to Richard L. Duchossois in Illinois.
Similar requests apparently went to other family members, but the record contains only the letter LPS sent to Richard L. Duchossois.
The district court also denied LPS's request for jurisdictional discovery. LPS has not appealed that denial.
The Duchossois family's Maine contacts mostly came from their agents, but "[f]or purposes of personal jurisdiction, the actions of an agent may be attributed to the principal." Daynard v. Ness, Motley, Loadholt, Richardson & Poole, P.A., 290 F.3d 42, 55 (1st Cir. 2002). In our analysis, we treat each of the Duchossois family members "as identically situated for ease of exposition." Copia Commc'ns, 812 F.3d at 5 n.3.
Both of LPS's claims -- for breach of contract and unjust enrichment -- would be reviewed under the same contract-based relatedness test. See C.W. Downer, 771 F.3d at 64, 66 (applying the same jurisdictional analysis to related breach of contract and unjust enrichment claims). The parties dispute the content of that contract-based test. The Duchossois family says that the only contacts that count are those that are "instrumental either in the formation of the contract or its breach." Adelson v. Hananel, 510 F.3d 43, 49 (1st Cir. 2007) (quoting Phillips ExeterAcad. v. Howard Phillips Fund, Inc., 196 F.3d 284, 289 (1st Cir. 1999) ). LPS responds that relatedness is a "flexible, relaxed standard" that requires us to "focus on the parties' prior negotiations and contemplated future consequences, along with the terms of the contract and the parties' actual course of dealing." C.W. Downer, 771 F.3d at 66 (quotation marks omitted). The dispute is beside the point here as we agree with the district court that LPS has not carried its burden of proving that the Duchossois family purposefully availed itself of Maine.
That the Option agreements required the Duchossois family members to vote their partnership interests at LPS's direction does not change this analysis. We have typically considered whether a contract subjects a defendant to "substantial control" under the rubric of relatedness. See, e.g., Prairie Eye Ctr., 530 F.3d at 27. For present purposes, we merely note that there is no record evidence of LPS exercising any control over the Duchossois family under this contractual provision.
Because LPS has not presented sufficient evidence of minimum contacts, we need not address the Duchossois family's claim that it should prevail under the reasonableness prong. See Pleasant St., 960 F.2d at 1091 n.11.
| CASELAW |
Weekly Cannabis Stock News: Coronavirus Recovery?
Marijuana stocks rose at the end of last week, beating most top-share market indexes, quite dramatically in certain cases. Why the sudden and sharp rise? It seems to be down to two major factors.
First, investors might consider the steep price declines in the sector to be a bottom-feeding opportunity. Second, it's likely that more states will legalize marijuana. That's because public budgets are going to be strained after the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus outbreak (hopefully) abates, and will require the extra dosh from taxes on legal weed.
So considering the circumstances, it was a relatively good week for pot stocks. Here are two more positive developments:
Image source: Getty Images.
The Canada stimulus bill
Unlike more traditional sectors of the economy, marijuana was excluded from the U.S. coronavirus stimulus bill passed into law last week. But cannabis companies might still benefit from North American government largesse.
The Canadian government is preparing its own stimulus bill, and it could really be a shot in the arm for companies it assists -- even though it's modest compared with the American version (roughly $144 billion, versus $2 trillion for the U.S. aid package). BNN Bloomberg reported that a clutch of executives from the country's marijuana companies collectively requested inclusion with a formal letter sent to the government.
This feels like the first step of a lobbying effort, and if so I think it has a reasonable shot at success. Canada is a global leader in marijuana legalization, being the inaugural Western country to fully sanction the drug. As such, it has something of an obligation to put cannabis on the same level with more traditional industries; if they're getting recovery funds from the public, marijuana should too.
Also, for all its mistakes and the many roadblocks still in its path, marijuana had been making a rapidly growing contribution to the domestic economy. This should only intensify in the future, not least because they're sure to be players in foreign markets as more U.S. states and foreign countries legalize marijuana.
We don't yet have a list of the companies whose representatives signed the letter; BNN Bloomberg said the lineup included Aurora Cannabis, Tilray, and the smaller, less-known operator Fire & Flower Holdings. If the government grants their request, we can imagine that these companies will benefit accordingly. So cannabis stock investors should keep a sharp eye on how the situation develops.
A tale of two Q4s: Curaleaf and Green Thumb Industries
Within our borders, two U.S.-based marijuana companies published their respective Q4 of fiscal 2019 results -- Curaleaf Holdings (OTC: CURLF) and Green Thumb Industries (OTC: GTBIF).
Let's take Curaleaf first. The Massachusetts-headquartered operator posted revenue that was slightly under $75.5 million, a 22% improvement over the Q3 figure and almost 140% better on a year-over-year basis. Going the opposite direction was the company's net loss, which at nearly $26.6 million was worse than both the Q3 figure (again a loss, at $6.8 million) and the Q4 2018 deficit of $11.2 million.
As for Green Thumb, its top line was quite similar -- it came in at $75.8 million. This represented sequential growth of nearly 12% and a very robust 265% year-over-year increase. Net loss was $13 million, narrower than Q3's $17.1 million but deeper than the year-ago shortfall of $3.1 million.
Analysts tracking the stocks were expecting lighter net losses for both companies, although the disparity between forecast and actual performance wasn't great in either case.
There is one solid reason for investors to be optimistic about the prospects for both companies (assuming they make it through the coronavirus situation more or less intact) -- geography.
Green Thumb is very well positioned in Illinois, which at the beginning of the year flipped the switch on recreational marijuana legalization. The company already operates a set of dispensaries in the state, and more are coming soon. The state has been a hot market for recreational weed, and once it gets past the coronavirus era, it should heat up again.
Massachusetts also recently gave the green light to recreational pot. Its population is significantly smaller, plus Curaleaf has a limited footprint there (five dispensaries, with three licensed to sell recreational product and the remainder medical marijuana only). Even so, like Illinois, it's a young market that still has room to grow. Like Green Thumb, Curaleaf is in the right place at the right time for this.
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Eric Volkman has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool owns shares of and recommends Green Thumb Industries. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Uruguayan cuisine
Uruguayan cuisine is a fusion of cuisines from several European countries, especially of Mediterranean foods from Spain, Italy, Portugal and France. Other influences on the cuisine resulted from immigration from countries such as Germany and Scotland. Uruguayan gastronomy is a result of immigration, rather than local Amerindian cuisine, because of late-19th and early 20th century immigration waves of, mostly, Italians. Spanish influences are abundant: desserts like churros (cylinders of pastry, usually fried, sometimes filled with dulce de leche), flan, ensaimadas yoo (Catalan sweet bread), and alfajores were all brought from Spain. There are also various kinds of stews known as guisos or estofados, arroces (rice dishes such as paella), and fabada (Asturian bean stew). All of the guisos and traditional pucheros (stews) are also of Spanish origin. Uruguayan preparations of fish, such as dried salt cod (bacalao), calamari, and octopus, originate from the Basque and Galician regions, and also Portugal. Due to its strong Italian tradition, all of the famous Italian pasta dishes are present in Uruguay including ravioli, lasagne, tortellini, fettuccine, and the traditional gnocchi. Although the pasta can be served with many sauces, there is one special sauce that was created by Uruguayans. Caruso sauce is a pasta sauce made from double cream, meat, onions, ham and mushrooms. It is very popular with sorrentinos and agnolotti. Additionally, there is Germanic influence in Uruguayan cuisine as well, particularly in sweet dishes. The pastries known as bizcochos are Germanic in origin: croissants, known as medialunas, are the most popular of these, and can be found in two varieties: butter- and lard-based. Also German in origin are the Berlinese known as bolas de fraile ("friar's balls"), and the rolls called piononos. The Biscochos were re-christened with local names given the difficult German phonology, and usually Uruguayanized by the addition of a dulce de leche filling. Even dishes like chucrut (sauerkraut) have also made it into mainstream Uruguayan dishes.
The base of the country's diet is meat and animal products: primarily beef but also chicken, lamb, pig and sometimes fish. The preferred cooking methods for meats and vegetables are still boiling and roasting, although modernization has popularized frying (see milanesas and chivitos). Meanwhile, wheat and fruit are generally served fried (torta frita and pasteles), comfited (rapadura and ticholos de banana), and sometimes baked (rosca de chicharrones), a new modern style. Bushmeat comes from mulitas and carpinchos. Regional fruits like butia and pitanga are commonly used for flavoring caña, along with quinotos and nísperos.
Although Uruguay has considerable native flora and fauna, with the exception of yerba mate, native plants and animals largely do not figure into Uruguayan cuisine. Uruguayan food often comes with fresh bread;bizcochos and tortas fritas are a must for drinking mate, the national drink. The dried leaves and twigs of the yerba mate plant (Ilex paraguariensis) are placed in a small cup. Hot water is then poured into a gourd just below the boiling point, to avoid burning the herb and spoiling the flavor. The drink is sipped through a metal or reed straw, known as a bombilla. Wine is also a popular drink. Other spirits consumed in Uruguay are caña, grappa, lemon-infused grappa, and grappamiel (a grappa honey liquour). Grappamiel is very popular in rural areas, and is often consumed in the cold autumn and winter mornings to warm up the body.
Popular sweets are membrillo quince jam and dulce de leche, which is made from caramelized milk. A sweet paste, dulce de leche, is used to fill cookies, cakes, pancakes, milhojas, and alfajores. The alfajores are shortbread cookies sandwiched together with dulce de leche or a fruit paste. Dulce de leche is used also in flan con dulce de leche.
Pizza (locally pronounced pisa or pitsa) has been wholly included in Uruguayan cuisine, and in its Uruguayan form more closely resembles an Italian calzone than it does its Italian ancestor. Typical Uruguayan pizzas include pizza rellena (stuffed pizza), pizza por metro (pizza by the meter), and pizza a la parrilla (grilled pizza). While Uruguayan pizza derives from Neapolitan cuisine, the Uruguayan fugaza (fugazza) comes from the focaccia xeneise (Genoan), but in any case its preparation is different from its Italian counterpart, and the addition of cheese to make the dish (fugaza con queso or fugazzeta) started in Argentina or Uruguay.
Sliced pizza is often served along with fainá, made with chickpea flour and baked like pizza. For example, it is common for pasta to be eaten with white bread ("French bread"), which is unusual in Italy. This can be explained by the low cost of bread, and that Uruguayan pasta tends to come together with a large amount of tuco sauce (Italian: suco - juice), and accompanied by estofado (stew). Less commonly, pastas are eaten with a sauce of pesto, a green sauce made with basil, or salsa blanca (Béchamel sauce). During the 20th century, people in pizzerias in Montevideo commonly ordered a "combo" of moscato, which is a large glass of a sweet wine called (muscat), plus two stacked pieces (the lower one being pizza and the upper one fainá). Despite both pizza and faina being Italian in origin, they are never served together in Italy.
Polenta comes from Northern Italy and is very common throughout Uruguay. Unlike Italy, this cornmeal is eaten as a main dish, with tuco (meat sauce) and melted cheese and or ham.
History
The current roots of Uruguayan cuisine can be traced back to a subsistence economy adopted by gauchos, and sustained on subsistence agriculture implanted by the Spanish and Criollos at the start of European colonization. The native peoples did not stay in one place, and Uruguay was used as a remote port, with few incursions for treasure hunting.
The only permanent establishment at the time was constituted by Franciscan friars and was located in a territory now belonging to Brazil called Misiones, because their mission there was to Christianize the native peoples. The tradition of mate started during this time, with the monks brewing a beverage with the leaves of yerba mate that the Guarani people used to chew.
Cattle was later introduced by Hernando Arias de Saavedra.
The first group of immigrants came from poor families from Buenos Aires and the Canary Islands, along with their empanadas and cocidos. Everything was sold from pulperias that were both stores and saloons.
The asado tradition came with gauchos that lived in the country, descendants of those first families that having no land nor home, made cattle raiding their way of life.
Portuguese and Brazilian influence was also added during Portuguese colonization. Feijoada was incorporated into the rest of the guisos.
Food was rudimentary and based on Spanish tradition until immigration at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century when the first families came mostly from Italy and Spain. Immigration increased following World War I and World War II, when people from all over Europe and the Middle East came to Uruguay, including people from Germany, Russia, Italy, and Armenia. Such immigration enriched the importation of dishes, as there is now pasta, Russian salad and innumerable types of pastries from France and Germany, resulting in chajá and alfajores.
Appetizers, entrees and snacks
In Uruguayan cuisine, there is a significant list of preparations and dishes that are included in this category, the most typical or autochthonous is the picada, probably descending from the Spanish tapas, and as for everyday food there are also matambre relleno and lengua a la vinagreta.
Aperitif
Common spirits produced in Uruguay include grappa and caña; grappa is considered an excellent apéritif, and caña is considered a liqueur. Liquor made with caña has good digestive qualities and is mainly consumed as a drink and not as an aperitif. Apéritifs such as martini, vermouth, whisky, medio y medio (half and half) and also uvita, sangria and wine are popular.
Medio y medio is a special blend of dry wine and sparkling wine, or sparkling wine and caña (rum). Uvita is a fortified wine with caña that resembles marsala wine.
Picada
Picada can be described as the main entrée of a typical asado (barbecue) and is consumed with aperitifs. It is constituted by cheese (typically Colonia, of Uruguayan origin), olives, longaniza, salami, chips and salted peanuts; peanuts and other snacks are served on small pots and all of the other ingredients are served on a wood table with slices of bread.
Matambre relleno
Matambre relleno is a common dish in Rio de la plata, both in Uruguay as in Argentina. It is one of two dishes prepared from matambre, a meat cut that is a flank steak. It is prepared as luncheon meat by rolling thin slices over spinach, carrots and boiled eggs, tied up and sewn with a strong string, boiled and later pressed and consumed cold.
Lengua a la vinagreta
Lengua a la vinagreta (Spanish for tongue with vinaigrette) is a cold preparation of beef tongue that is previously peeled and boiled and served with a vinagreta sauce made with chopped boiled eggs, parsley, garlic, onions, olive oil, and vinegar.
Pescado en escabeche
Escabeche is a preserved method common in Spain and Spanish-speaking countries. It consists of a mix of oil and vinegar that is used as a marination that also preserves the food.
Pescado en escabeche (escabeche fish) is a cold dish often made from Argentine hake that is buttered as in pescado a la marinera.
After being separately fried, it is parboiled on a vinaigrette made of oil and vinegar that is added to sliced onions and carrots and whole garlic cloves and black pepper.
Side dishes
Food is mostly eaten with bread, and sometimes rice, salad or chips. Along with asado, accompaniments are chorizo, morcilla, offal, and also stuffed peppers, and papas al plomo (roasted potatoes).
Sauces
The most notable sauces in Uruguayan cuisine are chimichurri, salsa criolla and salsa Caruso.
Picantina
Picantina is a spicy sauce commonly added to frankfurters (panchos), hungaras, choripanes and hamburgers. It is common to find in fast food dispensers in the street and is locally called 'carritos'. It resembles hot mustard or mayonnaise.
Mojo
Sharing the same name as the Spanish mojo, it is a simple sauce made with garlic, oil, parsley, oregano, paprika, water and salt, and is added to asado during the cooking process and optionally on the dish. Mojo differs from chimichurri in that it has water besides vinegar and less paprika.
Chimichurri
Chimichurri is between a vinaigrette and a pesto variant, made with parsley, chopped garlic, oregano, red pepper flakes, paprika, oil, vinegar, and salt. Along with salsa criolla it is preferred for asado.
Salsa criolla
Made with finely chopped tomatoes and onions, oil and salt, salsa criolla is used for garment of asado, choripán and sometimes panchos.
Mostaza La pasiva
La Pasiva is a famous chain of restaurants in Uruguay, dedicated to fast food or minutas, as known in the region. Their specialties are panchos and hungaras and they are renowned for their chivito. Moustard La pasiva is a white-colored hot mustard served along with panchos. It is made with beer, starch, mustard grains, pepper, salt and vinegar. Though it has never been sold commercially, small quantities are sometimes given as a gift for clients.
Mostaza La pasiva is also used among other mustards as a sauce for puchero meat.
Salsa Caruso, estofado and tuco
All three are necessary pasta sauces among other foreign pasta sauces. Salsa Caruso was made in honor of the opera singer Enrico Caruso and became a popular sauce (especially for its main dish 'cappelettis a la Caruso'); estofado is a stewed version of ragu made from steaks and sometimes eaten alone; tuco, when it is with chopped meat, resembles a bolognese sauce.
Salads
Uruguayan cuisine has adopted and created many salads, the most typical being ensalada criolla.
Ensalada criolla
With slight variants, it is common for a family of salads that are widespread over the southern south cone region; most variants as in the Chilean salad always include onion and lettuce. The salad common to Uruguay contains tomato along with lettuce and onion and is served with a single vinaigrette made of oil, vinegar, salt, garlic, and oregano. As it is a basic form of salad, it is an ideal accompaniment for asado.
Ensalada rusa
More similar to the polish sałatka jarzynowa than the typical olivier salad, it contains potatoes, carrots, and peas with mayonnaise.
Ensalada de papa y huevo
This is a potato and egg salad or onion and potato salad or simply potato mayonnaise and parsley.
Ropa vieja
Resembling an old Spanish salpicon, ropa vieja (Spanish for old clothes) intends to include everything that exceeds from asado, mainly the best cuts of meat chopped with vegetables such as potatoes or ensalada criolla. It is not to be confused with the Cuban ropa vieja which is also a derivative dish but resembles more a sancocho than a salad.
Salpicon de ave
Another derivative salpicon, chicken salpicon is made with chicken, eggs, and potatoes.
Palmitos con salsa golf
Simply heart of palm sometimes rolled in ham slices and served with salsa.
Watercress salad
Basically watercress, olive oil and lemon juice.
Asado
Barbecue asado can be said to make the meal or is the meal itself. The meal and cut of meat are also called asado or tira de asado.
In most Uruguayan homes, it is common to find a special grill on the patio called an asador. It is a structure made of iron and brick. Most asadores are at least two meters by one meter, have a chimney, a place for firewood and a large grill for the meat. Embers produced by the firewood are placed under the grill.
In many towns and cities, street vendors sell asado. These small barbecue grills are called medio tanque (half barrel), because they are made with on adaptation of a split steel drum. Asado cooked this way is sold often on the street as a snack or light lunch.
In the larger cities, such as Montevideo, markets commonly have one or more grill stations where customers can order and eat asado directly at the bar, which may be served with offal, sausages, tapenades, and tapas. It is usually served with lager beer for lunch. The person making the meal is also called asador.
Asado is often preceded by apéritives such as vermouth, uvita, and medio y medio, an entree called picada and some chorizos, morcillas, and some offal.
Ingredients
Ingredients of a complete Uruguayan asado include chorizo, morcilla, pulpon, entraña, tira de asado, cow gizzards, chinchulines, chotos, and kidneys. Poultry may also be included.
Sometimes, especially on festive days, pork, fish, and lamb are consumed as a substitute for beef, constituting a variant.
Preparation
A typical asado takes from one hour to two hours to be prepared, and even more, if a different kind of meat is going to be barbecued (for example a whole pig takes at least four hours to be ready).
The asador starts the fire in the burner and, once the fire is started, the meat is salted and condiments added; condiments may include oregano, garlic, paprika, parsley and mojo. The first embers are put in place, the meat put on the grill and embers added to as they fall from the burner. The meat is slowly cooked and smoked on the asador and mojo is added periodically for flavor.
The meat is served with bread and salads, condiments such as mojo, chimichurri and Uruguayan salsa criolla and beverages such as wine, clerico and sangria.
Variants - Asado con cuero
Asado con cuero (barbecue with its leather), is a favorite variant rurally and is also appreciated in the capital. It requires a more complex technique than that employed for making asado in that the animal is barbecued whole and even with its hide, though the bones are discarded. This practice was initiated by the pampa people who, if they needed to move on in a hurry, could easily take with them the rolled-up meat.
Beverages
Typical Uruguayan beverages are mate, caña, uvita, grappamiel and medio y medio (half and half).
Grappa
Grappa was brought by Italian immigrants as they kept coming at the immediation of SXIX. Grappamiel and grapa con limon were made in the Country from this Italian influence.
Uvita
A taste for wine was acquired from Mediterranean influence, also sangria and clerico. Uvita (little grape) is a fortified wine resembling marsala wine.
Medio y medio
Literally meaning half and half, medio y medio is a drink blend of caña and sparkling wine or dry wine and sparkling wine. It is made and sold under the trademark Roldos.
Mate
Mate is consumed at any time and on any occasion, solely with tortas fritas or biscochos. It is so important that the act of drinking mate is a ritual of friendship between those involved. Even carrying a thermos of hot water facilitates this practice and on hot summer days it is still said to be refreshing. Uruguay is the first global consumer of mate, with a consumption of 6.8 kilograms of yerba mate per capita a year, surpassing Argentina by 1.2 kilograms per capita at year.
Yerba mate also is consumed as mate cocido. When it is prepared with milk it is called mate de leche and milk is added, it is called mate con leche.
Grapa con limon
Grappa is sold under various trademarks but the most significant one is San Remo. It is distilled and bottled by ANCAP and there was also an attempt to produce the original Italian grappa by some local cellars. When macerated with lemon it is called grapa con limon.
Caña
Caña is an amber-coloured drink distilled similar to aguardiente made from sugar cane mill. Its caramel colour is due to aging in barrels. It is distilled and bottled under the brand name De los 33.
Grappamiel
Grappamiel or Grapamiel is a mixed alcoholic beverage popular in Uruguay containing grappa, spirits obtained from various grains plus honey and water. In agreements with the European Union, the drink is a food protected by geographical indications. The definition is provided by CONSULTA Nº 4.548 of the Uruguay Government.
Stews and puchero
Specially suitable for cold days, Uruguayan guisos or stews are highly revitalizing, especially for their puchero, followed by buseca, guiso carrero, guiso de fideos (noodle stew), estofado and feijoada.
Spanish culinary influence is marked in Uruguayan stews, Also there are Italian and Portuguese-Brazilian influences, this last coming from the Luso-Brazilian invasion of Uruguay.
Puchero
From Spanish tradition puchero, Uruguayan puchero differs not much from others of the region, it is like a rough soup where dry ingredients are separated from the broth after cooked to make two separate preparations, a new soup that is first consumed, and later the soup all the other succulent ingredients are consumed with bread.
A typical puchero may contain all type of cuts with bones, skirt steak, ossobucco, bacon, cabbage, sweet corn, rape, onions, celery, carrot, sweet potato, squash, and potatoes.
All these ingredients cut in big pieces are cooked and served, with the broth are made different soups containing small noodles, rice or any cereal of predilection.
It is usual that each commensal makes their puree on his dish with all the cooked vegetables that have been served, aligning it with oil if desired, and also to take off the caracu (bone marrow) from the ossobucco bone and spread it over pieced bread.
Mustards of the brand Savora and also La pasiva are used for garnishing puchero meat.
Ensopado
A dish for summer days and popular on rural areas, consisted on broth, noodles and gross slices of meat, chorizo sausage. and tocino bacon boiled together.
Its vegetable composition is reduced due is pretended to not ferment on hot days, so it only has few onions and squash.
Its name comes from verb ensopar (to moist, to soup), participle ensopado (being souped).
Guiso carrero
Sometimes it is hard to say what is Argentinian and what is Uruguayan (history links people strongly). Guiso carrero is part of not only cuisine, but Uruguayan folklore. It is a succulent meal consistent of meat, butterbeans, and noodles.
Popular chefs can assure that it is a delicious stew containing potato, sweet potato, noodles, squash, onion, tomato, beans, and the best meat.
Guiso carrero is served with red wine, bread and grated cheese.
When guiso carrero does not contain noodles, it is called guiso de porotos, and when it does not have beans, it is called guiso de fideos or ensopado.
Buseca
Buseca from Italian tradition also known as cazuela de mondongo in Spain.
Its main ingredient is the mondongo, which is a tripe from the cow's stomach, it is pre-cooked and boiled along with meat, chorizo, peachick, tomato and potato.
Feijoada
A dish originating from Portuguese Brazilian influence that takes a bit from the main Rioplatense culture.
Very popular all over Brazil, feijoada also is popular in Uruguay (though not in Argentina). Consumed not only on the northeast but also all along with the country, it is a black bean stew that, unlike the Brazilian feijoada, comes with potatoes (besides bananas and fariña), and made with beef more often than pork. It is also common to find chorizo and chorizo Colorado in Uruguayan feijoada.
Bacalao
Bacalao is a dry fish stew made from dried and salted cod, chickpeas, onions, potatoes, tomato sauce, and parsley, it is usually consumed on Uruguay over Easter, as it is a Spanish catholic tradition.
Italian style stews
Also very popular on Uruguayan cuisine, ragu styled stews still are very popular, such as albondigas con papas and estofado.
Niños envueltos
Literally meaning wrapped children, a stew consisting of small wraps the length of a human finger. They are made of loin slices that are filled with bacon, spinach, and carrots, and later boiled in a tomato sauce and served with peas and boiled potatoes.
Estofado
Made from poultry or cow meat, it is called estofado de pollo when made with poultry and estofado de carne when it has cow meat. It is a dish that contains meat and chorizo or chicken, stewed in tomato sauce, and sometimes served with a side of boiled potatoes or pasta.
Albondigas con papas
Spanish for meatballs with potatoes, albondigas con papas is a dish made from meatballs boiled in tomato sauce with potatoes and peas.
Albondigas con papas are eaten with cheese and parsley.
Minutas
Minuta is the local name for Río de la Plata's fast food.
Common side dishes are fried eggs, croquetas, French fries, purée, and salads.
The most notable minutas are milanesas, refuerzos such as choripanes, chivitos and pizza and faina; also, the bauru is common along the Brazilian border.
Choripan
Choripan, Spanish portmanteau for sausage (chorizo) and bread (pan) also called chorizo al pan (sausage on bread), is a sandwich made with barbecued chorizo (that is sliced in half to fit), mayonnaise, ketchup, tomato, lettuce, onions, etc.
Hungaras
Hungaras are like panchos, boiled sausages but more spicy and thinner and longer; like panchos also they come served on bread and they are found on the street served as fast food and also sold apart in supermarkets.
Milanesas
Milanesa (from Italian cotoletta alla milanese) is a thin breaded cutlet that can be veal, chicken or fish. Breading consists of three successive steps that its order defines mostly the character of the milanesa, most of Montevideo's bars and old style restaurants make breading starting with egg so that the latest dip is also egg, this method generated by galician and Spanish barists leaves a coat of egg that turns into a film at frying, it is a curious variation that is often served on those restaurants because the main breading has inverse order and is the type of milanesa that is served everywhere else including homemade milanesas.
Also milanesas are sold on butcher shops on every step previous to frying: sliced, tendered or breaded and ready to fry. A typical dish of milanesa is sided with fried eggs (or "a caballo" -horse riding- when egg garn besides siding), french fries or salad, The way that milanesa is served determinates the name of the dish that can be served "a caballo" or "a la napolitana" (Naples style) or "al pan" (milanesa sandwich).
A milanesa a la napolitana, not original from Naples, consists of a milanesa garnished with tomato sauce, ham and mozzarella cheese slices (on that order) that is finely grated.
Milanesa al pan consists of a sandwich made with milanesa, felipe bread (a type of bread roll), tomato slices, lettuce, mayonnaise, bacon, ham, cheese and olives, when a milanesa al pan is mayor in size it is cut in half and called milanesa en dos panes (double bread), home made and street versions of this dish are called refuerzo de milanesa and it differs in that it is made with baguette besides felipe bread.
Postas de pescado a la marinera
Often served on portuary sides of the country, pescado a la marinera battered fish fry that it is commonly served sided with lemon slices.
Battering is made from beer (preferably from brand Patricia), flour and salt.
Panchos
Hot dogs are referred to as panchos, coming in two sizes: cortos (short ones) and largos (longer ones).
La Pasiva is a restaurant chain in Uruguay that specializes in serving panchos and with time, was renowned by its La Pasiva mustard sauce for panchos that comes among every pancho order and also serves local specialities as panchos con panceta (panchos with bacon) and panchos porteños.
* Panchos con panceta. Grilled frankfurter that is previously wrapped on a spiral with sliced bacon and served on bread.
* Panchos porteños. frankfurter wrapped with mozzarella cheese and served on bread.
Croquetas
Croquetas are croquettes made with potato and ham, rice and ham, béchamel and ham.
Empanadas
Empanadas are a kind of pastry that originated in Spain. In Uruguay, empanadas are more commonly baked and usually include a filling of choice. Empanadas de carne are filled with ground meat, chopped boiled eggs, garlic and onions, Empanadas de carne may also be "dulces" (sweet, filled with raisins) or "saladas" (salty, filled with olives). Empanadas de pollo are made with ground poultry meat. Empanadas de jamon y choclo or humitas are filled with ham and corn. Empanadas de queso y cebolla are filled with onion and cheese. Empandas de dulce, or empanadas de membrillo are filled with quince cheese.
Empanadas are not to be confused with pasteles, a similar baked good.
Buñuelos
Buñuelos are fried dough balls of different types, the most common one are buñuelos de acelga, buñuelos de sesos (doughs that contains brain), buñuelos de manzana (apple dough) and buñuelos de banana (banana dough).
Sweet buñuelos are served powdered with cane sugar.
Pizzas, pastas and breads
Brought by Italian tradition and spread all over the world, Pizza is not an exception, pizza-like bread and pasta are part of everyday food.
Pizza
Uruguayan style pizza, usually rectangular in shape, has a thicker crust and this rising higher than the usual Neapolitan pizza. It is commonly sliced squared, resembling pizza al taglio or Sicilian pizza. Pizzas with an even thicker crust are referred to as "pizza de cumpleaños" (birthday party pizzas) as it is common to serve to guests on such occasions.
Pizza can come with a lot of ingredients, but most common are pizza (without cheese nor topings) and pizza-muzzarella.
Fainá
Fainás are often served in pizza bars and restaurants throughout the country.
It consists of a thin, round chickpea flour baked crepe paste than can be ordered as "fainá de orilla" (fainá from the border) when is the thinnest part of the border. that is desired or "fainá del medio" (faina from the middle) when it is referred to the taller middle part of a fainá.
Unlike the common use in Italy that fainá is peppered on the plate by the crust, Uruguayan use implies peppering on the plate with white chopped pepper by the other side.
When fainá is served upside a pizza it is called "pizza a caballo" that may be translated as horse-riding pizza.
Figazza
A figazza is a pizza bread not containing tomato sauce, topped with onions and often also muzzarella. It is probably descended from the Genoese focaccia (where it is known as ), and it is also consumed in Argentina under the name fugazzeta.
Typical ingredients of a figazza are onions, peppers, and olives.
Lahmajun
Lahmajun (locally known as "lehmeyún") was brought by Armenian immigrants. Nowadays it is very popular, found at several small restaurants and pizzerias.
Fideos con tuco
Tuco is an Uruguayan tomato sauce made with chopped meat, tomato sauce, onions, oreganon and garlic, fideos meaning noodles.
Tuco can be served with any pasta, fresh or dry, but most common are tallarines con tuco (spaghetti with tuco), ñoquis con tuco (gnocchi), moñitas con tuco (farfalle), raviolis con tuco (ravioli), and canelones con tuco (cannelloni).
Canelones con tuco are covered with bechamel and later covered with tuco.
Fideos con estofado
Estofado and tuco are interchangeable for any of the mentioned noodles though estofado can serve also as a dish by itself when served alone or with potatoes.
Estofado is made by cooking meat pieces in tomato sauce by long coctions.
Ñoquis
Gnocchi, or ñoquis of the 29th is a tradition of having gnocchi every 29, brought in by the immigration from Veneto, the tradition of Saint Pantaleo, who had many miracles attributed to him, is said to honor him.
Families and friends gather on the 29th to eat gnocchi, the tradition is that everyone at the table puts money under the plate for good fortune.
Capeletis a la Caruso
Caruso sauce was invented by chef Raymundo Monti and takes its name from the famous tenor Enrico Caruso. It is a warm sauce that is made of cream, sliced onions, ham, cheese, nuts, and mushrooms and is served with cappelletti.
Breads
Literally meaning rind bread, also rosca de chicharrones, is a leavened bread made of cow lard and added with small rinds made of cow fat, commonly found on local bakeries among with sweet variations without rinds such as rosca de membrillo, (quince (cheese-filled) bread) and rosca de dulce de leche (dulce de leche (filled) bread). Pan flauta (flute bread) is an elongated bread that is a variant of baguette. Pan tortuga it is a small round-shaped bread with a soft crust, thus its name tortuga (Spanish for turtle). Felipe is a hard-crusted small bread. Porteño is called after the eponym of the inhabitants of Buenos Aires and is similar to Felipe but with a smaller crumb. Marsellés is named after the city of Marseille and resembles a pair of twin Vienna bread with harder crust and covered with maize flour. Pan de sándwich is a soft crumb mold bread specially made for making sandwiches.
* Pan de chicharrones
* Flauta
* Tortuga
* Felipe
* Porteño
* Marsellés
* Pan de sándwich
Sandwiches
There is a wide variety of sandwiches in Uruguay which are locally classified into two types called refuerzo (reinforcement) and sándwich (sandwich) respectively. Sandwiches in Rio de la Plata are particular and different of those from other parts of the world because of the bread with which are made that is pan de sándwich, this type of sandwiches are simply called sándwiches and are commonly sold on local bakeries. Also note that the Spanish distinction between refuerzo and sándwich which is also present in Mexico with torta and sándwich, which differentiates common bread sandwich from others similar to the British train sandwich, is not so pronounced on the Argentinian dialect where difference is simply made by adding de miga (crumby) to the latter. Notable types of refuerzos are chivito, choripán and milanesa al pan.
Chivito
Chivito meaning literally small goat is a popular type of sandwich originated in Uruguay, its name comes from an unaccomplished desire from a client that literally wanted a beef of small goat or a chivito, being that goat is not consumed in Uruguay client had to be satisfied anyway with this now popular dish.. Hence a thin slice of filet mignon substituted the beef of small goat, nowadays it is uncertain if bacon, mozzarella, ham, onion, Hard-cooked eggs, tomato slices, mayonnaise, olives and bread really complement the goat flavour.
Variants from chivito are, as milanesa en dos panes, chivito en dos panes, chivito canadiense (added with Canadian bacon), chivito canadiense al plato and chivito al plato (platted chivito).
A complete chivito is served with french fries and when is dished is also sided with ensalada rusa and ensalada criolla.
Choripán
Choripán, Spanish portmanteau for sausage (chorizo) and bread (pan) also called chorizo al pan (sausage on bread), is a sandwich made with barbecued chorizo (that is sliced in half to fit), mayonnaise, ketchup, tomato, lettuce, onions, etc.
Sándwich Olímpico
Sándwich Olímpico (Olympic sandwich) is a very popular sandwich in Uruguay made with three slices of pan de sándwich filled with ham, cheese, olives tomato and lettuce.
Sándwich caliente
Sándwich caliente (hot sandwich) or "tostado" (toasted) as it is called in Argentina is a variant of the croqué monsieur made with two slices of pan de sánguche filled ham and cheese and toasted.
Jesuitas
Jesuitas are made with two layers of puff pastry filled with ham and cheese and covered with meringue icing. This is a sweet and salty taste. The same sandwich in Argentina is known as a fosforito.
Tortas fritas
Tortas fritas (fried cakes) are a simple pastry, typical from Uruguay and Argentina and which has many variants along South America. The recipe for the sopaipilla, from which it descends, is argued to be from what is now Germany but they were introduced to Spain by the Arabs at the times of the invasion.
Specifically Tortas fritas are leavened fried thin round pieces of bread but the aspects that describe them best is the flourishing with sugar, its distinctive hole in the center and the use of cow fat, both for frying and for making the batter.
* Within Uruguayan folklore is stated that tortas fritas are better if made and eaten on rainy days.
Bizcochos
Uruguayan bizcochos are small pastries different from the Spaniard sponge cake of the same name that in Uruguay is called bizcochuelo.
Bizcochos are consumed with mate, coffee and tea, they are the more common pastry of Uruguay, and commonly sold on local bakeries.
Bizcochos come in various kinds, like corazanes, margaritas and pan con grasa.
Pasteles
Pasteles (pastries) are triangular-shaped empanadas that are made from a batter identical to such of tortas fritas with the addition of being puffed using cow fat. As tortas fritas they are also flourished with sugar after frying. Pasteles are filled only with quince jam or dulce de leche.
* Tortas fritas and pasteles are commonly sold on streets.
Alfajores
Alfajores consist of two round sweet spongy doughs poured together filled with dulce de leche and covered onto two variants: ″chocolate″ and ″nieve″ (snow). Nieve variant is called due to its white snowy aspect conferred by the meringue covering.
* Yo-yo: Layered pastry filled with Dulce de Leche and coated with chocolate on the upper half. It is shaped like a yo-yo.
Cakes
* : a dessert with meringue, sponge cake, "Chajá" cream and peaches. It is created by a well known firm in the city of Paysandú.
* Isla Flotante, made with egg white and sugar, and served with zabaione.
* Massini: Made of two layers of pionono (a thin sponge cake), filled with whipped cream and topped with caramelized sabayon.
* Bizcocho borracho: a dessert from Spanish origin, it is a spongy dough dipped with a syrup made of liquor
Confectioneries
* Garrapinyades: a very popular treat, made with peanuts covered with cocoa, vanilla and sugar, resembling whole-nut pralines. It is sold in little bags in the downtown streets.
* Damasquitos: Jelly apricot candies, a delicacy from the city of Minas.
* Yemas acarameladas: Egg candy made mainly with egg yolks, vanilla, and sugar. It has a spherical shape of about one-inch diameter and covered with a thin layer of hard, transparent, caramelized sugar coating.
* Zapallo en almíbar: Squash in syrup.
Cookies
* Churros: came from Spain, and are just like those, except some have fillings, like custard cream or Dulce de Leche.
Custards and ice creams
* Dulce de leche: a sweet treat made of milk and sugar. It is used in many Uruguayan desserts.
* Dulce de membrillo: a sweet quince jelly-like preserve.
* Budín inglés: in English, 'English pudding'. A pudding with fruits and nuts, very popular on Christmas and New Year's Eve.
* Flan: a kind of rich custard dessert with a layer of soft caramel on top. as opposed to crème brûlée.
* Martín Fierro: a slice of cheese and a slice of quince preserve (dulce de membrillo).
* Ricardito: Also as popular, this is a cream-filled treat, covered with chocolate on a waffle base. It has different variants and it is sold in most kiosks in individual boxes.
Pastries
* Pastafrola: pie made of quince paste (dulce de membrillo). | WIKI |
Jo Lawry
Jo Lawry is an Australian singer and musician. Lawry's debut album, I Want to Be Happy, was released in 2008. Down Beat magazine gave it 4.5 out of 5 and selected it as one of the "Best CDs of the 2000s".
Music career
Jo Lawry was raised on an almond farm in South Australia. She studied jazz at the University of Adelaide and the New England Conservatory of Music in Boston. In 2004, she reached the semi-finals in the Thelonious Monk International Jazz Competition, and the following year got second in the National Jazz Awards of Australia. In New York City, she met jazz pianist Fred Hersch and became a member of his Pocket Orchestra. She was also a member of James Shipp's Nos Novo, a jazz quartet for which she sang and played fiddle, mandolin, and melodica.
In 2009, Lawry began working with Sting after winning an audition to tour with him. She appeared on his DVD A Winter's Night... Live from Durham Cathedral and toured with him through 2015. She sang on the Live in Berlin album and DVD and on The Last Ship album and DVD. On her first album, I Want to Be Happy (2008), she sang a cover version of his song "Until". They performed a duet on "Impossiblé" from her second album, Taking Pictures. Their collaboration on the song "Practical Arrangement" appeared on Sting's Duets album in 2021.
Lawry is featured in the documentary film 20 Feet from Stardom.
She was announced as the Head of Jazz at The Guildhall School Of Music starting February 2024.
She is married to Will Vinson, a saxophonist from London.
As leader
* I Want to Be Happy (Fleurieu, 2008)
* Taking Pictures (ABC Music, 2015)
* The Bathtub and the Sea (Fleurieu, 2017)
* Acrobats (Whirlwind, 2023)
As guest
With Sting
* Symphonicities (Deutsche Grammophon, 2010)
* Live in Berlin (Deutsche Grammophon, 2010)
* The Last Ship (A&M/Cherrytree, 2013)
With others
* Quentin Angus, Perception (Aurora Sounds, 2013)
* Laila Biali, Laila Biali (ACT, 2018)
* Jonatha Brooke, Midnight. Hallelujah. (Bad Dog, 2016)
* Guy Klucevsek, The Multiple Personality Reunion Tour (Innova, 2012)
* Kate McGarry, If Less Is More... (Palmetto 2008)
* Karen Oberlin, Michael Winther, Waiting for the Angel: Songs with Words by David Hajdu (Miranda 2015)
* Jeremy Siskind, Simple Songs for When the World Seems Strange (Bju, 2010)
* Lonnie Smith, Rise Up! (Palmetto 2008)
* Becca Stevens, Regina (GroundUP, 2017) | WIKI |
The 'insert' command is used to insert or move YANG list or leaf-list data into a NETCONF database. It is a high level command that utilizes the YANG 'insert' extensions to the NETCONF <edit-config> operation.
Note that, the “system_sorted” parameter is ignored. NETCONF does not require entries to be sorted by index. It only requires the order to be maintained if “ordered-by user” is configured in the YANG module. It will maintain YANG schema order so the objects will be returned in the correct order according to the YANG module.
Use the YANG 'insert' operation to add data rules in some order other than 'last'. By default 'insert' operation add a new data in the last position.
Usage
YANG Data model
list test2 {
key name;
ordered-by user;
unique b2;
leaf a1 {
type int8;
default 4;
}
leaf name {
type string {
length 1..6 {
error-app-tag leaf-a2-error;
error-message 'leaf a2 is invalid';
}
}
}
leaf b2 {
type uint32;
default 5;
}
}
list test3 {
ordered-by user;
key "string.1 uint32.1";
leaf string.1 {
type string;
}
leaf uint32.1 {
type uint32;
}
}
1) Insert using Yangcli-Pro:
Single key list insertion:
user@myserver> insert /test2[name='entry2'] \
order=after \
edit-target=”[name='entry3']”
Multiple keys list insertion:
user@myserver> insert /test3[string.1='entry2'][uint32.1='2'] \
order=before \
edit-target=”[string.1='entry1'][uint32.1='1']”
2) Insert using the <edit-config> RPC:
<rpc xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0" message-id=""
xmlns:nc="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:netconf:base:1.0"
xmlns:yang="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:yang:1">
<edit-config>
<target>
<candidate/>
</target>
<config>
<test2 xmlns="http://netconfcentral.org/ns/test"
xmlns:ncx="http://netconfcentral.org/ns/yuma-ncx"
nc:operation="insert"
yang:insert="before"
yang:key="[name='entry3']">
<name>entry2</name>
<a1>20</a1>
<b2>20</b2>
<foo>pusan</foo>
</test2>
<test3 xmlns="http://netconfcentral.org/ns/test"
xmlns:ncx="http://netconfcentral.org/ns/yuma-ncx"
nc:operation="insert"
yang:insert="before"
yang:key="[string.1='entry3'][uint32.1='3']">
<string.1>entry4</string.1>
<uint32.1>4</uint32.1>
</test3>
</config>
</edit-config>
</rpc>
3) Insert using RESTCONF YANG-PATCH edit:
PATCH http://localhost/restconf/data
Accept: application/yang-data+json
Content-Type: application/yang-patch+json
{
"ietf-yang-patch:yang-patch" : {
"patch-id" : "move-entry-patch",
"edit" : [
{
"edit-id" : "edit1",
"operation" : "move",
"target" : "/test2=key1",
"where" : "after",
"point" : "/test2=key2"
},
{
"edit-id" : "edit2",
"operation" : "insert",
"target" : "/test3",
"where" : "before",
"point" : "/test3=key1,1",
"value" : {
"test3": {
"string.1":"key6",
"uint32.1": 6
}
}
}
]
}
}
4) Insert using RESTCONF POST edit:
POST http://localhost/restconf/data?insert=after&point=/test2=test1
Accept: application/yang-data+json
Content-Type: application/yang-data+json
{
"test2": {
"a2":"t1.1",
"b2": 4,
"foo": "mandatory"
}
}
POST http://localhost/restconf/data?insert=after&point=/test3=key1,1
Accept: application/yang-data+json
Content-Type: application/yang-data+json
{
"test3": {
"string.1":"key2",
"uint32.1": 2
}
}
5) Insert using DB-API edit:
Single key list insertion:
....
/* insert list */
const xmlChar *path_str = (const xmlChar *)"/test2/key02";
const xmlChar *operation_str = (const xmlChar *)"insert";
const xmlChar *value_str = (const xmlChar *)
"<test2 xmlns='http://netconfcentral.org/ns/test''>"
"<a2>key02</a2>"
"<b2>6</b2>"
"<foo>mandatory-node</foo>"
"</test2>";
insert_point = (const xmlChar *)"/test2/key2";
insert_where = (const xmlChar *)"after";
const xmlChar *patch_id_str = NULL;
boolean system_edit = FALSE;
/*
* edit_target == target resource (YANG-API path expression)
* edit_operation == edit operation (create merge replace delete remove insert)
* edit_xml_value == XML payload in string form, whitespace allowed
* MAY BE NULL if no value required (delete remove))
* patch_id_str == string to use as the patch ID
* == NULL to use the default patch-id field
* system_edit == TRUE if this edit is from the system and should
* bypass access control enforcement
* == FALSE if this edit is from a user and should not
* bypass access control enforcement
* insert_point is a string like the target except a different instance
* of the same list of leaf-list; only for before, after
* insert_where == <insert enum string>
* "before"
* "after"
* "first"
* "last"
*/
status_t res =
db_api_send_edit_full(path_str,
operation_str,
value_str,
patch_id_str,
system_edit,
insert_point,
insert_where);
if (res != NO_ERR) {
log_error("\nSend test edit failed %s %s = %s (%s)\n",
operation_str, path_str, value_str,
get_error_string(res));
} else if (LOGDEBUG) {
log_debug("\nSend test edit OK %s %s = %s\n",
}
....
Multiple keys list insertion:
....
/* insert list */
const xmlChar *path_str = (const xmlChar *)"/test3/key2/2";
const xmlChar *operation_str = (const xmlChar *)"insert";
const xmlChar *value_str = (const xmlChar *)
"<test3 xmlns='http://netconfcentral.org/ns/test'>"
" <string.1>key2</string.1>"
" <uint32.1>2</uint32.1>"
"</test3>";
insert_point = (const xmlChar *)"/test3/key1/1";
insert_where = (const xmlChar *)"before";
const xmlChar *patch_id_str = NULL;
boolean system_edit = FALSE;
/*
* edit_target == target resource (YANG-API path expression)
* edit_operation == edit operation (create merge replace delete remove insert)
* edit_xml_value == XML payload in string form, whitespace allowed
* MAY BE NULL if no value required (delete remove))
* patch_id_str == string to use as the patch ID
* == NULL to use the default patch-id field
* system_edit == TRUE if this edit is from the system and should
* bypass access control enforcement
* == FALSE if this edit is from a user and should not
* bypass access control enforcement
* insert_point is a string like the target except a different instance
* of the same list of leaf-list; only for before, after
* insert_where == <insert enum string>
* "before"
* "after"
* "first"
* "last"
*/
status_t res =
db_api_send_edit_full(path_str,
operation_str,
value_str,
patch_id_str,
system_edit,
insert_point,
insert_where);
if (res != NO_ERR) {
log_error("\nSend test edit failed %s %s = %s (%s)\n",
operation_str, path_str, value_str,
get_error_string(res));
} else if (LOGDEBUG) {
log_debug("\nSend test edit OK %s %s = %s\n",
}
....
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Sandra Howard
Sandra Howard, Lady Howard of Lympne (born August 1940) is an English novelist, former model and the wife of Michael Howard, a former leader of the Conservative Party.
Life
She was trained at the Lucy Clayton Modelling Agency and as Sandra Paul, she was a well-known model in the 1960s and was featured on the cover of American Vogue for two months in a row. She was photographed by David Bailey and Norman Parkinson and was acquainted with John F Kennedy, Frank Sinatra and Bob Dylan.
She has been married four times, the first of which was when she was 18 to jazz pianist Robin Douglas-Home, the nephew of the former Prime Minister, Alec Douglas-Home. She has a son, Sholto, from this marriage. She was later married to David Wynne-Morgan, a publicist, whom she also divorced. She then married advertising executive Nigel Grandfield.
It was while married to Grandfield that she met Michael Howard at a Red Cross Ball. She and Howard subsequently married in 1975. They have a son and a daughter.
She has written five novels, the most recent, Tell the Girl, was published on 3 July 2014. She made a brief foray back to her modelling career in the 1990s by posing for Marks & Spencer catalogues.
Publications
* Glass houses, Simon & Schuster, 2006. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>983
* Ursula's Story, Simon & Schuster, 2008. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>990
* Ex-wives, Simon & Schuster, 2010. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>619
* A Matter of Loyalty, Simon & Schuster, 2012. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>602
* Tell the Girl, Simon & Schuster, 2014. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>358 | WIKI |
Poetry of Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong (1893–1976), the first Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and leader of the People's Republic of China for nearly 30 years, wrote poetry, starting in the 1920s, during the Chinese Red Army's retreat during the Long March of 1934–1936, and after coming to power in 1949 following the Chinese Civil War. In spite of Mao's political radicalism he was artistically conservative, opting to use traditional Chinese forms.
Overview
Mao's poems are in the classical Chinese verse style, rather than the newer Modern Chinese poetry style. Like most Chinese intellectuals of his generation, Mao immersed himself in Chinese classical literature. His style was deeply influenced by the "Three Lis" of the Tang dynasty: poets Li Bai, Li Shangyin, and Li He. He is considered to be a romantic poet, in contrast to the realist poets represented by Du Fu.
Mao's poems are frequently quoted in popular culture, literature and daily conversations. Some of his most well-known poems are "Changsha" (1925), "The Double Ninth" (1929.10), "Loushan Pass" (1935), "The Long March" (1935), "Snow" (1936.02), "The PLA Captures Nanjing" (1949.04), "Reply to Li Shuyi" (1957.05.11), and "Ode to the Plum Blossom" (1961.12).
Changsha (1925)
Informal Translation: Changsha In the (rhyme) pattern of Qinyuanchun 沁園春·長沙 現代-毛澤東 獨立寒秋，湘江北去，橘子洲頭. 看萬山紅遍，層林盡染；漫江碧透，百舸爭流. 鷹擊長空，魚翔淺底，萬類霜天競自由. 悵寥廓，問蒼茫大地，誰主沉浮？
攜來百侶曾遊，憶往昔崢嶸歲月稠. 恰同學少年，風華正茂；書生意氣，揮斥方遒. 指點江山，激揚文字，糞土當年萬戶侯. 曾記否，到中流擊水，浪遏飛舟！
In the autumn cold alone I stand As Northward the Xiang river flow; Upon the tip of Orange Island. Ten thousand hills in a crimson glow By their serried woods deep-dyed, Hundreds of barges row upon row Over crystal clear waters they slide. High in the Heavens, Eagles sweep and soar In the limpid deep, fish glance and glide; Milliards of creatures fight to be free, Under the frosty skies, cold to the core. Into the boundless void, I despair, To this vast realm I implore upon thee, The fate of this land is in whose care? I was here with a throng of peers Vivid yet those eventful months and years. Schoolmates, young as we were, At life's full blossoming, our destinies we fulfill; Scholars we were, of spirit and will Carefree with youthful vigour We point to our rivers and hills, Praise and denounce with our lettering skills, We cared not for fortune nor fame! Remember the time if you could, How in the midstream torrent we stood And thus the speeding boats we did tame?
Orange Island is an island in the middle of Xiang River, in Changsha, the capital of Hunan province. Mao attended Hunan First Normal University around 1912–1917.
Yellow Crane Tower (1927)
Yellow Crane Tower, a building at the bank of Yangtze River in Wuhan, is very famous in Chinese history and literary tradition. It is one of the Four Great Towers of China. Its fame mainly comes from a poem written by Cui Hao in early Tang dynasty, part of which is:
The yellow crane has long since gone away, All that here remains is Yellow Crane Tower. The yellow crane once gone does not return, White clouds drift slowly for a thousand years.
Mao's poem: 菩薩蠻·黃鶴樓 現代-毛澤東 茫茫九派流中國，沈沈一線穿南北. 煙雨莽蒼蒼，龜蛇鎖大江. 黃鶴知何去？剩有遊人處. 把酒酹滔滔，心潮逐浪高！
Vast and wide flow the nine streams through the realm headlong Dark and dim from south to north tracks steam strong. In the thick haze of the misty rain, the way ahead blurred and obscured The Giant Tortoise and Mighty Serpent has the Great River stocked and secured.
The Yellow Crane has long taken flight, who knows to whither? The Tower hath since stood alone for guests to come hither. As I pour my wine to the raging torrent flow, My blood wells with the waves as my heart gleam and glow! Mao later discussed the historical context of this poem's writing: "At that time (1927), the Great Revolution failed, I was very depressed and didn't know what to do, so I wrote this poem".
Jinggang Mountain (1928)
This poem was written in the Jinggang Mountains, where Mao organized a Red Army to fight KMT forces after 1927. Jinggang Mountains is a mountain area at the border of Jiangxi province and Hunan province. It is there Mao began to experiment his theory of guerrilla war. He was quoted as: "When we can beat the enemy, we fight. When we can't beat them, we run".
西江月·井岡山 現代-毛澤東 山下旌旗在望，山頭鼓角相聞. 敵軍圍睏萬仟重，我自巋然不動. 早已森嚴壁壘，更加衆誌成城. 黃洋界上炮聲隆，報道敵軍宵遁.
Below the hills, our flags and banners fly Above the hilltops, our bugles and drums cry. Our foe besiege us in their thousands, they advance at us headlong, Steadfast like stone, we solidly stand strong Impregnable are our defences, already we dread nought, Now our wills unite, stubborn like our fort. Upon Huangyang Jie, guns boom with thunderous might, Word comes the enemy has fled into the night.
Huangyangjie is the place where the Red Army beat the KMT army after a fierce battle.
The Warlords Clash (1929)
In 1929, Mao's Red Army left Jinggang Mountains and marched eastward to the western part of Fujian province and built their base there.
Line 3-4: The warlords are clashing anew -- Yet another Millet Dream.
In 1929 Chiang Kai-shek's KMT army began war with Feng Yuxiang and Yan Xishan's armies in north China. That's why Mao said "the warlords are clashing anew", and "Millet Dream" meant Jiang, Feng and Yan's ambitions were just dreams. And Mao thought he could take this opportunity to his advantage when most of KMT army went to fight elsewhere.
Line 5-6 : Ting River is a river in Fujian, both Longyan and Shanghang are cities in Fujian.
The Double Ninth (October 1929)
Double Ninth Festival, also called Chongyang, is a Chinese holiday. By tradition on September 9 (Chinese Lunar Calendar) each year, Chinese people would climb to the peaks of nearby mountains, looking far away, thinking about their family members who are travelling in other places.In addition, during that day, people will drink wine made from chrysanthemum to pray for longevity. Therefore, in 1980s, Chinese government set that day as old people's day as well to call on people to respect the senior.
New Year's Day (January 1930)
Line 1: Ninghua, Qingliu, Guihua are all places in Fujian
Line 4: Wuyi Mountain is a mountain in Fujian.
On the Guangchang Road (February 1930)
Title: Guangchang is a city in Jiangxi, it was called the "North Gate" of CPC's Jiangxi Soviet.
Line 6: Gan River is a river flowing through Jiangxi.
Line 8: Ji'an is a city in Jiangxi.
March from Tingzhou to Changsha (July 1930)
Title: Tingzhou is a town in Longyan City, Fujian province, Changsha is the capital of Hunan province. At that time the Red Army tried to take Changsha, but they failed. Fujian is at the east, Hunan is at west, so Mao's army marched westward.
Huang Gonglűe(黄公略) was a leader in the Red Army; he was killed a few years later in battle.
Against the First "Encirclement" Campaign (1931)
During 1931-1934 Chiang Kai-shek's KMT government organized five so-called "Encirclement" campaigns on CPC's Jiangxi Soviet in Southeastern China. The first four all failed. Mao led the Red Army beating the first three campaigns, then he was relieved of leadership due to internal power struggles of the CPC. Zhou Enlai and Zhu De led the Red Army to beat the fourth campaign, but they failed the fifth time, and was forced to leave their base and began Long March.
Line 5: Zhang Huizan, the KMT general who led the first "Encirclement" Campaign. He was killed after being captured by the Red Army.
Line 10: Buzhou Mountain, a legendary mountain in Chinese forklore. It is said Buzhou Mountain was one of the four pillars supporting the sky. A giant called Gong Gong quarreled with the gods. He was very angry and banged his head against Buzhou Mountain. Buzhou Mountain was broken, thus the sky tilted and water poured from heaven, causing a huge flood on earth. Here Mao expressed his appreciation for Gong Gong's rebellious spirit.
Dabodi (1933)
Dabodi is the site of a battle which actually took place at the beginning of 1929. The background: at that time, Mao's Red Army had left Jinggang Mountains to look for a new base. Red Army was beaten several time by the pursuing KMT army. They used up all ammunitions and were starved. Then on the New Year of 1929 they fought a desperate fight in the snow at Dabodi, using stones and bare hands, and beat their enemy. Mao revisited this place several years later and wrote this poem.
Huichang (1934)
Huichang is a city in Jiangxi, "Yue" is another name of Canton.
Loushan Pass (1935)
This is a famous poem written during Long March. Loushan Pass is a place in Guizhou, where a fierce battle was fought.
Three Short Poems (1934–1935)
This poem is also known as "the Three Songs." It is written as three poems with sixteen characters each. This poem was written sometime between 1934 and 1935 during the Long March.
Mountain. I whip my quick horse and don't dismount and look back in wonder. The sky is three feet away.
Mountain. The sea collapses and the river boils. Innumerable horses race insanely into the peak of battle.
Mountain. Peaks pierce the green sky, unblunted.. The sky would fall but for the columns of mountains.
The Long March (1935)
This poem was written toward the end of 1935 when the Long March was almost finished. In it Mao listed some places Red Army had travelled through. Five Ridges and Wumeng are both big mountains in southwestern China. Jinsha is actually another name for certain parts of Yangtze River. Dadu River is at the west part of Sichuan, here in a heroic fight, 22 volunteers carried out a suicide attack on the KMT garrison across the iron-chained Luding Bridge and saved the Red Army from being destroyed. The Min Mountains are a mountain range at the Sichuan-Gansu border area, is already close to the end of Long March's route. To get rid of the pursuing KMT army, the Red Army had to climb over its 13000-foot peak and many froze to death on it.
The original poem written by Mao
Informal Translation: The Long March at the patten of Qilu
The Red Army fears not the Long March, hard and toil Over ten thousand rivers, thousand hills, to our cause we're true and loyal. Five peaks ever majestic, mere crests of a stream, The Wumeng mountains, dark yet stately, we walk clay balls none too extreme. The Jinsha torrents smite warm mists at cliffs, as sands glisten of gold We cross the Dadu river upon iron chains, bone-chilling cold. The exalted Minshan Mountain, thousand leagues of snow, Yet our three armies cross it, faces of joy beam and glow!
Actually, the Long March was done by three CPC armies separately. One was Mao's 1st Red Army from Jiangxi Soviet, another was Zhang Guotao's 4th Red Army from Hubei soviet, the third one was He Long's 2nd Red Army from west part of Hubei. Here, Mao was glad all three Red Armies were together.
Kunlun (October 1935)
The Kunlun Mountains are a mountain range on the upper reaches of the Hotan River in Xinjiang Province, Northwestern China. According to Chinese folklore they (or a different, mythological mythical Kunlun Mountain) are the residence of a pantheon of gods. 念奴嬌·昆侖 現代-毛澤東
橫空出世，莽昆侖，閱盡人間春色. 飛起玉龍三百萬，攪得周天寒徹. 夏日消溶，江河橫溢，人或為魚鼈. 仟秋功罪，誰人曾與評說？
而今我謂昆侖：不要這高，不要這多雪. 安得倚天抽寶劍，把汝裁為三截？ 一截遺歐，一截贈美，一截還東國. 太平世界，環球同此涼熱.
Acrosseth the air, aboveth in the azure, The Kunlun peaks, snow white, Thou hath't seen the fairest of man and nature Three million jade dragons in flight, Freezing the Heavens, up in the bone-chilling height. In summer days, to thine melting snow, Thy torrents rage and flow, Where thou hath't sent many a men to sleep tight With the fishes and turtles down below. From whom has judgement passed to the evil and the good In these thousands of autumns thou haths't stood?
Today, to Kunlun I sayeth: NO! Needless is thine height! Nor is all thine snow! Could the Celestial Sword in all its might Cleave thee in three at my behest Sendeth to the Occident thine crest, Giveth to Mundus Novus thine breast, And keepeth in the Orient the rest. Peace wouldst prevail, acrosseth all mankind The same warmth and cold with none left behind!
Mao added annotations to this poem, commenting "An ancient poet said, 'Three million dragons of white jade are fighting, their broken scales fly all over the sky. In this way he described the flying snow, but here I have used it to describe snowy mountains. In summer, when one climbs the Min Mountain, one looks out on far mountains that seem to dance and shine in dazzling whiteness. There was a saying among the people that years ago the Monkey King (Sun Hsing-che) passed by, all the mountains were on fire. But he borrowed a palm-leaf fan and quenched the flame and that is why the mountains froze and turned white."
Mount Liupan (October 1935)
"Mount Liupan" was written in late 1935 after the Red Army almost finished the Long March. Mount Liupan is a mountain in northwestern China.
清平樂·六盤山 現代-毛澤東 天高雲淡，望斷南飛雁. 不到長城非好漢，屈指行程二萬. 六盤山上高峰，紅旗漫卷西風. 今日長纓在手，何時縛住蒼龍？
Heavens are high, clouds are light Wild geese disappear Southwards in flight! None can claim Greatness without surmounting the Great Wall's majestic height! Twenty thousand leagues we marched, to this site. High upon the zenith of the Six Coils crest Fluttering in the west wind, our Red banners glow in zest Today, with the long spear in hand, When shall we seize the Azure Dragon?
Line 3 is a quote that inspires millions of tourists who visit the Great Wall every year.
Snow (February 1936)
Also translated as Patio Spring Snow, Snow is Mao's most famous poem. Written in 1936 just after the Long March. He presented it to Liu Yazi, a poet whom Mao had met in Guangzhou in the early 1920s and who, like Mao, favored the traditional ci and lü forms. Through its descriptions of the limitations of the most prominent emperors in Chinese history and its exhortation to look to the present, the poem reflects Mao's ambitions.
Snow was published in newspapers in 1945 when Mao went to Chongqing in 1945 to hold peace talks with Chiang Kai-shek. Chiang tried to write a similar poem but failed to do so.
Now, it is widely studied by students in mainland China.
Below is the original poem in Chinese with both a literal English translation and a metric adaptation using one iamb per Chinese character:
The first half praises the grandeur and beauty of northern China in the winter. The more politically significant part is the second half, where Mao lists important Chinese emperors, including Qin Shihuang, the first emperor of a united China; Emperor Wu of Han, the Han emperor who defeated the Huns; Emperor Taizong of Tang, the second emperor of the Tang dynasty; Emperor Taizu of Song, the first emperor of the Song dynasty; and Genghis Khan, whom the Chinese celebrate as the founder of the Yuan dynasty despite him never personally conquering China. After describing the shortcomings of these past leaders, Mao hints at his aspiration to surpass them, alluding to a famous passage from Romance of the Three Kingdoms where Cao Cao says to Liu Bei that “the only heroes in the world are you and I.”
The PLA Captures Nanjing (April 1949)
In late April 1949, the communist PLA (People's Liberation Army) crossed the Yangtze River and captured the capital of KMT government: Nanjing. Mao wrote this poem to celebrate this historical event. 七律·人民解放軍佔領南京 現代-毛澤東
鍾山風雨起蒼黃， 百萬雄師過大江. 虎踞龍盤今勝昔， 天翻地覆慨而慷. 宜將剩勇追窮寇， 不可沽名學霸王. 天若有情天亦老， 人間正道是滄桑.
Wind howls and rain falls upon the Bell Hills in twilight, A million gallant warriors shall cross the river tonight. Like a Tiger Crouched and a Dragon Coiled we outshine our glorious past! Heaven Turns and the Earth Churns, the World upside-down at last! Hark! We cross, we chase our foe who flee to our advance, We shall not be the crowned monkey, not a single chance. If the Heavens above had Heart and Soul then Heaven itself shall age! In the Azure Seas and the Mulberry Fields, Mankind has turned a page.
Zhong Mountain, or Bel Hill is a hill at the suburb of Nanjing.
Line 2: Great River means Yangtze River
Line 3-4: a tiger crouched, a dragon coiled;
Nanjing, a great city, had been the capital of six dynasties in Chinese history. Strategiests said this city was like a "crouching tiger", and a "curling dragon". Also can be in reference to Zhuge Liang's nickname of the crouching dragon.
Line 6: We shall not be the crowned monkey, not a single chance.
Xiang Yu led the uprising that toppled the Qin dynasty. After winning the war against the Qin dynasty, Xiang Yu fought against Liu Bang for the control of China. Xiang Xu was defeated and killed. His story was recorded in the Beijing Opera The Hegemon-King Bids His Concubine Farewell. Upon destroying the Qin, one of his advisors advised Xiang to establish his capital in the same place as the Qin. When Xiang refused, the advisor mocked him as a "Crowned Monkey" (沐猴而冠). Xiang responded by executing the advisor by frying in hot oil.
Reply to Mr. Liu Yazi (October 1950)
Poems, "For Mr. Liu Yazi," dated 1949 and October 1950.
Line 1: "Crimson Land", similar to " Divine Land ", is another way Chinese people call their own country.
Line 5: "Yutian", a place in Xinjiang, here means far away places.
Swimming (1956)
Mao wrote "Swimming" in June 1956.
The Great Stone Wall is one of the first references to the Three Gorges Dam. The Tortoise and the Snake refers to two mountains in Wuhan. He had previously referenced the two mountains in his previous poem The Yellow Crane Tower. The bridge in question completes the final section of the Beijing Guangzhou railway. The incomplete railroad was again referenced previously in the Yellow Crane Tower.
The poem evokes the changes intended to transform China through collectivization of agriculture and industrial production. | WIKI |
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