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Browse our JAK3 Proteins (JAK3)
Full name:
Tyrosine-Protein Kinase JAK3 Proteins (JAK3)
On www.antibodies-online.com are 21 Tyrosine-Protein Kinase JAK3 (JAK3) Proteins from 9 different suppliers available. Additionally we are shipping JAK3 Antibodies (105) and JAK3 Kits (28) and many more products for this protein. A total of 162 JAK3 products are currently listed.
Synonyms:
fae, JAK, JAK-3, JAK3_HUMAN, JAKL, L-JAK, LJAK, RATJAK3, wil
list all proteins Gene Name GeneID UniProt
JAK3 3718 P52333
JAK3 16453 Q62137
Rat JAK3 JAK3 25326
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JAK3 Proteins (JAK3) by Origin
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More Proteins for JAK3 Interaction Partners
Human Tyrosine-Protein Kinase JAK3 (JAK3) interaction partners
1. frequency of JAK3 mutations in the JH2 domain was relatively low in extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (NTCL) in contrast to a previous report; study identified novel JAK3H583Y- and JAK3G589D-activating mutations that were oncogenic and sensitive to a JAK3 inhibitor
2. In natural killer/T-cell lymphoma (NKTL) as a disease model, phosphorylation of EZH2 (show EZH2 Proteins) by JAK3 promotes the dissociation of the PRC2 complex leading to decreased global histone H3 (show HIST3H3 Proteins) lysine 27 methylation levels.
3. a causal relationship between MLH1 (show MLH1 Proteins)-deficiency and incidence of oncogenic point mutations in tyrosine kinases driving cell transformation and acquired resistance to kinase-targeted cancer therapies, is reported.
4. JAK3 mediates smooth muscle cell proliferation and survival during injury-induced vascular remodeling.
5. Data indicate that phosphorylation of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) and STAT3 (show STAT3 Proteins) transcription factor (STAT3 (show STAT3 Proteins)) was inhibited by latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1 (show PDLIM7 Proteins))-IgG.
6. analysis of JAK3 kinetic mechanism and inhibition by tofacitinib
7. patient had a homozygote of the JAK3 mutation, and her parents were heterozygous carriers.
8. JAK3 up-regulates SGLT1 (show SLC5A1 Proteins) activity by increasing the carrier protein abundance in the cell membrane, an effect enforcing cellular glucose uptake into activated lymphocytes and thus contributing to the immune response.
9. JAK3 and MCL-1 (show MCL1 Proteins) were down-regulated in patient CD8 (show CD8A Proteins)(+) T cells versus their normal counterparts, likely due to defective suppressor activity of miR (show MLXIP Proteins)-29b and miR (show MLXIP Proteins)-198 in RCC (show XRCC1 Proteins) CD8 (show CD8A Proteins)(+) T cells.
10. N225K and A550V PTPN6 (show PTPN6 Proteins) mutations cause loss-of-function leading to JAK3 mediated deregulation of STAT3 (show STAT3 Proteins) pathway and uncover a mechanism that tumor cells can use to control PTPN6 (show PTPN6 Proteins) substrate specificity.
Mouse (Murine) Tyrosine-Protein Kinase JAK3 (JAK3) interaction partners
1. Small-scale in vivo screening identified several genes, including Cd109 (show CD109 Proteins), that encode novel pro-metastatic factors. We uncovered signaling mediated by Janus kinases (Jaks) and the transcription factor Stat3 (show STAT3 Proteins) as a critical, pharmacologically targetable effector of CD109 (show CD109 Proteins)-driven lung cancer metastasis
2. a causal relationship between MLH1 (show MLH1 Proteins)-deficiency and incidence of oncogenic point mutations in tyrosine kinases driving cell transformation and acquired resistance to kinase-targeted cancer therapies, is reported.
3. JAK1 (show JAK1 Proteins), JAK2 (show JAK2 Proteins), and JAK3 are involved in stimulation of functional activity of mesenchymal progenitor cells by fibroblast growth factor.
4. JAK mediated signaling is involved in the differentiation and proliferation of mesenchymal progenitor cells.
5. JAK3 up-regulates SGLT1 (show SLC5A1 Proteins) activity by increasing the carrier protein abundance in the cell membrane, an effect enforcing cellular glucose uptake into activated lymphocytes and thus contributing to the immune response.
6. This study evaluated a chemical genetic toolkit that evaluated a biphasic requirement for JAK3 kinase activity in IL-2 (show IL2 Proteins)-driven T cell proliferation.
7. Experiments implicate JAK1 (show JAK1 Proteins)/3 signaling in cancer- and myocardial infarction-mediated diaphragm weakness in mice.
8. Foxp3 (show FOXP3 Proteins) has a rapid turn over in Treg partly controlled at the transcriptional level by the JAK/STAT (show STAT1 Proteins) pathway
9. JAK3 contributes to the regulation of membrane Kv1.5 (show KCNA5 Proteins) protein abundance and activity, an effect sensitive to ouabain and thus possibly involving Na(+)/K(+) ATPase (show ATP1A1 Proteins) activity.
10. JAK3 deficiency is followed by down-regulation of cytosolic Ca(2 (show CA2 Proteins)+) release, receptor and store operated Ca(2 (show CA2 Proteins)+) entry and Na(+)/Ca(2 (show CA2 Proteins)+) exchanger activity in dendritic cells.
Pig (Porcine) Tyrosine-Protein Kinase JAK3 (JAK3) interaction partners
1. Data show that IL-4 (show IL4 Proteins) induces upregulation of the junction protein claudin-5 (show CLDN5 Proteins) in endothelial cells (ECs) through activation of Jak/STAT6 (show STAT6 Proteins) and phosphorylation and translocation of FoxO1 (show FOXO1 Proteins) from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
JAK3 Protein Profile
Protein Summary
The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the Janus kinase (JAK) family of tyrosine kinases involved in cytokine receptor-mediated intracellular signal transduction. It is predominantly expressed in immune cells and transduces a signal in response to its activation via tyrosine phosphorylation by interleukin receptors. Mutations in this gene are associated with autosomal SCID (severe combined immunodeficiency disease).
Alternative names and synonyms associated with JAK3
• Janus kinase 3 (JAK3)
• Janus kinase 3 (Jak3)
• fae protein
• JAK protein
• JAK-3 protein
• JAK3_HUMAN protein
• JAKL protein
• L-JAK protein
• LJAK protein
• RATJAK3 protein
• wil protein
Protein level used designations for JAK3
Janus kinase 3 (a protein tyrosine kinase, leukocyte) , leukocyte Janus kinase , tyrosine-protein kinase JAK3 , JAK-3 , Janus kinase 3 protein-tyrosine kinase , Janus kinase 3, protein-tyrosine kinase , Janus tyrosine kinase
GENE ID SPECIES
100147451 Equus caballus
3718 Homo sapiens
16453 Mus musculus
25326 Rattus norvegicus
395845 Gallus gallus
610004 Canis lupus familiaris
100518649 Sus scrofa
538276 Bos taurus
Selected quality suppliers for JAK3 Proteins (JAK3)
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The Golem: How He Came into the World
The Golem: How He Came into the World (Der Golem, wie er in die Welt kam, also referred to as Der Golem) is a 1920 German silent horror film and a leading example of early German Expressionism. Director Paul Wegener, who co-directed the film with Carl Boese and co-wrote the script with Henrik Galeen based on Gustav Meyrink's 1915 novel, stars as the titular creature, a being in Jewish folklore created from clay. Photographer Karl Freund went on to work on the 1930s classic Universal horror films years later in Hollywood.
The Golem: How He Came into the World is the third of three films that Wegener made featuring the golem, the other two being The Golem (1915) and the short comedy The Golem and the Dancing Girl (1917), in which Wegener dons the golem make-up in order to frighten a young lady with whom he is infatuated. The Golem: How He Came into the World is a prequel to The Golem from 1915 and, as the only one of the three films that has not been lost, is the best known of the series.
Plot
Set in the Jewish ghetto of medieval Prague, the film begins with Rabbi Loew, the head of the city's Jewish community, reading the stars. Loew predicts disaster for his people and informs the elders of the community. The next day the Holy Roman Emperor signs a decree declaring that the Jews must leave the city before the new moon and sends the squire Florian to deliver the decree. Loew, meanwhile, begins to devise a way of defending the Jews.
Upon arriving at the ghetto, the arrogant Florian is attracted to Miriam, Loew's daughter, for whom his assistant also feels affection. Loew talks Florian into reminding the Emperor that he has predicted disasters and told the Emperor's horoscopes, and requests an audience with him. Having flirted with Miriam, Florian leaves. Loew begins to create the Golem, a huge being made of clay which he will bring to life to defend his people. Florian returns later with a request from the Emperor for Loew to attend the Rose Festival at the palace. He shares a romantic moment with Miriam while Loew reveals to his assistant that he has secretly created the Golem and requires his assistance to animate it. In an elaborate magical procedure, Loew and the assistant summon the spirit Astaroth and compel him, as per the ancient texts, to say the magic word that will bring life. This word is written on paper by Loew which is then enclosed in an amulet and inserted onto the Golem's chest. The Golem awakes, and the Rabbi initially uses it as a household servant.
When Loew is summoned to the palace for the festival, he brings the Golem with him to impress the audience. Florian, meanwhile, slips away from the court to meet Miriam, whose house is being guarded by Loew's assistant. Back at the palace, the court is both terrified and intrigued by the arrival of the Golem. Impressed, the Emperor asks to see more supernatural feats. Loew projects a magical screen showing the history of the Jews, instructing his audience not to laugh or even speak. Upon the arrival of Ahasuerus, the Wandering Jew, the court begins to laugh and the palace suddenly begins to crumble. At Loew's order, the Golem intervenes and props up the falling ceiling, saving the court. In gratitude, the Emperor pardons the Jews and allows them to stay.
Loew and the Golem return to the ghetto, spreading the news that the Jews are saved. Loew returns to his house and begins to notice erratic behaviour in the Golem. After managing to remove the amulet, he reads that upcoming astrological movements will cause Astaroth to possess the Golem and attack its creators. Loew is called down by his assistant to join in the celebrations in the street. As the community rejoices, the assistant goes to inform Miriam but finds her in bed with Florian. Devastated, he reanimates the Golem and orders it to remove Florian from the building, but the Golem, now under Astaroth's influence, outright throws Florian from the house's roof, killing him. Horrified, the assistant and Miriam flee, but the Golem sets fire to the building, and Miriam falls unconscious.
Loew's assistant rushes to the synagogue to alert the praying Jews of the disaster, but upon their arrival at Loew's house, they find that it is burning, and both the Golem and Miriam are missing. Despaired, the community begs Loew to save them from the rampaging Golem. Loew performs a spell that removes Astaroth from the Golem. Promptly, the Golem, who is wandering the ghetto causing destruction, leaves Miriam (whom he has been dragging by the hair through the streets) lying on a stone surface and heads towards the ghetto gate. He breaks the gate open and sees a group of little girls playing. They all flee except for one, whom he picks up, having now a docile nature. Out of curiosity, she removes the amulet from the Golem; it drops her and collapses, unconscious. Loew finds Miriam, who awakens shortly after. Happily reunited, they are awkwardly joined by Loew's assistant, who informs him that the Jews are waiting for him by the gate. After Loew has left, the assistant promises Miriam that he will never tell anyone of her forbidden affair with Florian and asks for forgiveness for his actions in return. The Jews meanwhile gather at the gate to find the dead Golem. Rejoicing and praying, they carry it back into the ghetto, the Star of David appearing on the screen as the film ends.
Cast
* Albert Steinrück as Rabbi Loew
* Paul Wegener as The Golem
* Lyda Salmonova as Miriam
* Ernst Deutsch as Loew's assistant
* Lothar Müthel as Squire Florian
* Otto Gebühr as Emperor
* Hans Stürm as Rabbi Jehuda
* Max Kronert as The Gatekeeper
* Greta Schröder as A Lady of the Court
* Loni Nest as Little Girl
* Fritz Feld as A Jester
Production
Wegener had been unhappy with his 1915 attempt at telling the story, due to compromises he had to make during its production. His 1920 attempt was meant to more directly convey the legend as he heard it told in Prague while he was filming The Student of Prague (1913).
In 1919, Wegener announced plans for Alraune und der Golem, uniting the two folklore characters in one film. Though posters and other publicity material survive, it was almost certainly never made. Instead, Wegener produced his 1920 film, but later starred as Professor Jakob ten Brinken in the 1928 version of Alraune.
It was shot at the Tempelhof Studios in Berlin. Architect and designer Hans Poelzig created the film's scenery as a highly stylised interpretation of the medieval Jewish ghetto of Prague.
Release and reception
In Germany, the film received a stellar reception. According to Spiro, the film "sold out the Berlin Premiere at Ufa-Palast am Zoo on October 29, 1920, and played to full theaters for two months straight."
The film first released in the United States to packed houses in New York City in 1921 at the Criterion Theater. It was the longest-running movie in the same theatre that year, having run for 16 consecutive weeks in the theatre. Despite the hot summer, the film screened to full theaters on a daily basis, multiple times a day. Its release started a so-called "golem cult" of golem-related media and adaptations.
Preservation and home video status
The Golem is in the public domain and over the years has been released many times in poor quality, unrestored black and white versions. It is the only movie in the Golem trilogy that survived World War II.
The film was first restored in 1977 in Germany and scored by Karl-Ernst Sasse. This version is not readily available on home video.
In 2000, a second restoration was carried out by the Cineteca del Comune di Bologna at the laboratories of L'Immagine Ritrovata in Italy and licensed by Transit Film. This version is based on an export print transferred at 20 frames per second (85 minutes) and with its original tinting intact. It was given an ensemble score by Aljoscha Zimmermann and released on DVD in Germany (Universum Film, 2004), the UK (Eureka, 2003), France (mk2, 2006), Spain (Divisa, 2003) and the US (Kino Lorber, 2002).
A third, fully digital restoration, this time based on the original domestic negative, was completed by the Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau Foundation in 2017 and is available on DCP. It was given three unique scores and released on Blu-ray and DVD in Germany (Universum Film, 2019), the UK (Masters of Cinema, 2019) and the US (Kino Lorber, 2020).
The film was first accompanied at release by a score from German Jewish composer Hans Landsberger. This original score was considered lost for decades, until it was rediscovered in 2018. It was reconstructed and orchestrated, and the reconstruction premiered in Weimar in September 2020.
Critical response
Critical reception for The Golem upon its initial release was positive. The New York Times' 1921 review praised its "exceptional acting" and "expressive settings", the latter of which was compared to those of another early German expressionist horror film, Robert Wiene's The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920).
Film critic Leonard Maltin gave the film 3 1/2 out of a possible 4 stars, calling it a "chilling, visually dazzling story of the supernatural, based on a famous Jewish folktale of the 16th century" and a "classic of German Expressionist cinema". Maltin also noted the film as a forerunner to the 1931 film adaption of Frankenstein. Dennis Schwartz from Ozus' World Movie Reviews rated the film a grade B+, praising the film's "powerful visuals". In his review of the film, Schwartz wrote, "a landmark of early German expressionism. It is through the striking black-and-white German expressionism photography of Karl Freund that the film displayed its unusual feel for the macabre and might be considered a precursor to the Frankenstein horror films and how horror films were to be made from now on".
Legacy
In the following years since The Golem's release and rediscovery it has been considered an early classic in horror cinema, and one of the first films to introduce the concept of the "man-made monster". Film review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 100%, based on 30 reviews, with a rating average of 7.85/10. The film is listed in 101 Horror Movies You Must See Before You Die, a spin-off of 1001 Films You Must See Before You Die, which the authors called "a classic of German expressionist cinema". It was presented at the Star and Shadow cinema in 2014 as part of the British Film Institute's Gothic season. This screening featured a new unique live soundtrack which was the result of a collaboration between Noize Choir and Wax Magnetic. The Castle, Newcastle screened the film in 2016, again with a live soundtrack from Noize Choir, this time accompanied by artists Mariam Rezaei and Adam Denton from the Old Police House. | WIKI |
Trégorrois Breton dialect
Trégorrois Breton is the dialect of Breton spoken in Trégor (Bro-Dreger in Breton).
Distinguishing characteristics
Trégorrois differs from other varieties of the language in a number of ways:
* It always uses the possessive hon (often pronounced hom) whereas the other dialects use hol before l, hon before n,d,t,h and vowels, and hor before all others (these other forms are nonetheless understood because of exposure to hymns and songs, for instance)
* After the possessive hon, Trégorrois makes a sibilant variation (e.g., where Vannetais uses /hon tu/, or Cornouaillais and Léonard hon ti, Trégorrois says hon zi)
* The h is very aspirated (e.g., in he)
* Different from Léonard, z is generally not pronounced (nor is it in Cornouaillais and Vannetais)
* The tonic accent is very strong (for example, bihan is pronounced /b:in/)
* Certain constructions are preferred. For instance, me a wel ac'hanout or plijet on ouzh da welout instead of plijet on o welout ac'hanout
* Frequently the 'd' will not mutate into a z where it would in the other dialects (for example, ar paotr a dañs)
* The glyph w is generally pronounced ou (e.g., war is pronounced /uar/), unlike Léonard dialect where it is pronounced /v/
There are several other pronunciation details. For example, an heol is pronounced /ãn heul/ (compare to the /ar mur/ of Kemper). This is possible in Trégorrois because the very strong aspiration of /h/ avoids any confusion with the word 'oil' (eoul).
Finally, future endings are different. The future of Middle Breton was -homp, -het, -hont. Trégorrois moved from h to f (forms in -fomp, -fet, -font, etc.). (Compare with the forms -ahomp, -ahet, -ahont of Vannetais, due to the appearance of an -a- elision (pronounced /e/).
Source
This article is based on the French-language Wikipedia's article: Breton trégorrois. | WIKI |
Axe Edge Moor
Axe Edge Moor is the major moorland southwest of Buxton in the Peak District, England. It is mainly gritstone (Namurian shale and sandstone). Its highest point (551 m) is at. This is slightly lower than Shining Tor (which is some 5 km to the northwest, across the modest dip of the incipient Goyt Valley).
The moor is the source of the River Dove, River Manifold, River Dane, River Wye and River Goyt. It boasted England's second-highest public house (the Cat and Fiddle Inn), which closed in 2015 before reopening as a distillery. The moor is shared between the counties of Derbyshire, Staffordshire and Cheshire, which meet on its southwestern flank at Three Shire Heads on the Dane.
The Axe Edge itself is on the southeastern edge, near the source of the Dove. | WIKI |
Talk:French people/Vote
Vote for the French personalities to be included in the French people infobox
This is an informal vote. The goal is to produce a single image with a great number of individual pictures. We need to make a difficult choice among a large panel of French influential men and women from all periods of France history.
It seems that as many as 30 images can be fit in the infobox but it can also be done with only 8, 12, 18, or 24 pictures... Pick the names of your choice in the list (from 1 to a maximum of 30 - you can add names if you wish, but remember they must have a free non-copyrighted picture available) and mark them with (just copy and paste next to the name) the following :
The 3 tildes will provide your username. In order to vote, you will need to log-in since an IP address can't be considered as valid given the possibilities of multiple votes from a same contributor. Wikigi | talk to me | 22:57, 19 February 2008 (UTC)
Please no vote vote-against. The names with the most positive votes (vote-for) will be picked. Thanks - Wikigi | talk to me | 15:51, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
(List) VOTE IS CLOSED
THIS VOTE IS CLOSED - Please do not change the results! Go to Talk:French_people/Vote for results and SECOND ROUND.
* 1) Abbé Pierre [[Image:Dessin-abbe-pierre.jpg|100px]] or [[Image:AbbePierre.jpg|100px]]– social activist vote-for SalomonCeb (talk) - vote-for Ludo29 (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 2) Albert Camus[[Image:Camus NYWT&S.jpg|100px]] - author vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Clio64 (talk) vote-for Ramdrake (talk)
* 3) Alexandre Dumas, père [[Image:Alexandre Dumas.jpg|100px]]– writer vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for SalomonCeb (talk) vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 4) André Breton[[Image:AndreBreton.jpg|100px]], writer vote-for DocteurCosmos (talk)
* 5) André-Marie Ampère [[Image:Ampere1.jpg|100px]]physicist vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 6) Arthur Rimbaud [[Image:Carjat Arthur Rimbaud 1872 n2.jpg|100px]]- poet vote-for Dukenn (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Hercule (talk)
* 7) Auguste Rodin[[Image:Rodin-cropped.png|100px]] - sculptor vote-for The Ogre (talk)
* 8) Blaise Pascal [[Image:Blaise pascal.jpg|100px]]– scientist and philosopher vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for El Greco(talk) - vote-for Ludo29 (talk) vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Bsm15 (talk) vote-forRemi Mathis (talk) vote-for Rama (talk)
* 9) Boris Vian [[Image:Boris Vian sepia.jpg|100px]]– polymath vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Dukenn (talk)
* 10) Brigitte Bardot [[Image:Brigitte Bardot.jpg|100px]]– actress vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 11) Camille Claudel [[Image:Camille Claudel.jpg|100px]]- sculptor vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Rama (talk)
* 12) Charles de Gaulle[[Image:DeGaulle cropped.jpg|100px]] – President and politician vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for El Greco(talk) vote-for SalomonCeb (talk) vote-for Stef4854vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk) vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Lilyu (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Hercule (talk) vote-for Alun (talk) vote-for Ramdrake (talk)
* 13) Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu [[Image:Charles Montesquieu.jpg|100px]]- social and political commentator vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for El Greco(talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 14) Claude Debussy [[Image:Claude Debussy ca 1908, foto av Félix Nadar.jpg|100px]]– composer vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 15) Claude Louis Hector de Villars [[Image:Hyacinthe Rigaud -Portrait of Claude Louis Hector de Villars (1704) - Palace of Versailles.jpg|100px]]- commander and Marshal of France vote-for Epf (talk)
* 16) Claude Monet [[Image:Claude Monet 1899 Nadar.jpg|100px]]– painter vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 17) Colette [[Image:SidonieGabrielleColette.jpg|100px]]– writer vote-for The Ogre (talk)
* 18) Denis Diderot [[Image:DiderotVanLoo.jpg|100px]]- the encyclopedian vote-for Aaker (talk) - vote-for Ludo29 (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk)vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 19) Didier Deschamps [[Image:Didier Deschamps.jpg|100px]]- footballer vote-for Epf (talk)
* 20) Edgar Degas [[Image:Edgar Germain Hilaire Degas 061.jpg|100px]] - painter vote-for The Ogre (talk)
* 21) Édith Piaf [[Image:Edith Piaf 1915-1963.jpg|100px]]– singer vote-for SalomonCeb (talk) vote-for Stef4854vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for FFMG (talk) vote-for Ramdrake (talk)
* 22) Émile Durkheim [[Image:Emile Durkheim.jpg|100px]]- sociologist vote-for The Ogre (talk)
* 23) Émile Zola [[Image:Emile_Zola_2.jpg|100px]] écrivain vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk)
* 24) Eric Cantona [[Image:Eric Cantona.jpg|100px]] – footballer
* 25) Eugène Delacroix [[Image:Félix Nadar 1820-1910 portraits Eugène Delacroix.jpg|100px]] - painter vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Rama (talk)
* 26) Évariste Galois [[Image:Galois.jpeg|100px]]- mathematician vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for SalomonCeb (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-forRemi Mathis (talk) vote-for Rama (talk) vote-for Lilyu (talk)
* 27) François Couperin [[Image:Francois Couperin 2.jpg|100px]]– composer
* 28) François Mitterrand [[Image:Mitterrand.gif|100px]]– President and politician vote-for Alun (talk) vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for Stef4854 vote-for Dukenn (talk) vote-for Rama (talk)
* 29) François Rabelais [[Image:Francois Rabelais - Portrait.jpg|100px]] doctor, writer vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-forRemi Mathis (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk)
* 30) Frédéric Bastiat [[Image:Bastiat.jpg|100px]] - economist vote-for El Greco(talk)
* 31) George Sand [[Image:Die junge George Sand.jpg|100px]] writer vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for The Ogre (talk)
* 32) Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette [[Image:Gilbert du Motier Marquis de Lafayette.jpg|100px]] – military officer vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 33) Gustave Eiffel [[Image:Gustave Eiffel.jpg|100px]] – engineer vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for El Greco(talk) vote-for SalomonCeb (talk) vote-for Stef4854 - vote-for Ludo29 (talk) vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk) vote-for Lilyu (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 34) Hector Berlioz [[Image:Berlioz young.jpg|100px]] – composer vote-for The Ogre (talk) - vote-for Ludo29 (talk) vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 35) Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec [[Image:Photolautrec.jpg|100px]] – painter vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for SalomonCeb (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Alun (talk) vote-for Ramdrake (talk)
* 36) Henri Matisse [[Image:Portrait of Henri Matisse 1933 May 20.jpg|100px]] – artist vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 37) Hugh Capet [[Image:King Hugh Capet.jpg|100px]] – 1st king vote-for The Ogre (talk)
* 38) Jacques Cartier [[Image:Cartier.png|100px]] - navigator and explorer vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for SalomonCeb (talk) vote-for Stef4854 - vote-for Ludo29 (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Rama (talk)
* 39) Jacques Derrida [[Image:Derrida at Jorge Luis Borges´ home in Buenos Aires, 1985.jpg|100px]] - philosopher vote-for The Ogre (talk)
* 40) Jacques-Yves Cousteau [[Image:Jacques-Yves Cousteau.jpg|100px]] - explorer, ecologist, scientist, researcher vote-for El Greco(talk) vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for SalomonCeb (talk)vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-for Lilyu (talk) vote-for Nominoe66 vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Epf (talk)
* 41) Jean-Baptiste Say [[Image:Jean-Baptiste Say.gif|100px]] - economist vote-for El Greco(talk)
* 42) Jean-Jacques Rousseau [[Image:Jean-Jacques Rousseau (painted portrait).jpg|100px]] philosopher vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 43) Jean-Paul Sartre [[Image:SartreLOC1964.jpg|100px]] – philosopher vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for SalomonCeb (talk) vote-for Dukenn (talk)
* 44) Joan of Arc [[Image:Joan of arc miniature graded.jpg|100px]] – saint and military comander vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Dukenn (talk) vote-for Ramdrake (talk)
* 45) John Calvin [[Image:John Calvin - Young.jpg|100px]] – theologian vote-for The Ogre (talk)
* 46) Josephine Baker [[Image:Josephinebaker.jpg|100px]] – singer and dancer. vote-for Alun (talk) vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Rama (talk) vote-for Ramdrake (talk)
* 47) Jules Verne [[Image:Jules Verne.jpg|100px]] - Novelist vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for El Greco(talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk) vote-for Lilyu (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Bsm15 (talk)
* 48) Léon Blum [[Image:Blum.jpg|100px]] – politician vote-for Stef4854vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-forRemi Mathis (talk)
* 49) Léon Walras [[Image:Lwalras.jpg|100px]] - economist vote-for Aaker (talk)
* 50) Louis Blériot [[Image:Louis Bleriot.jpg|100px]] – aviation pionner vote-for vote-for SalomonCeb (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 51) Louis Braille [[Image:Braille.jpg|100px]] – inventor of the braille reading system vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Epf (talk)vote-for Kimdime69 (talk)
* 52) Louis de Funes [[Image:Louis de funes 1978 ws 1-zoom-frameless.png|100px]], actor vote-for Nominoe66 vote-for FFMG (talk)
* 53) Louis Pasteur [[Image:Louis Pasteur.jpg|100px]] - chemist and microbiologist vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for El Greco(talk) vote-for SalomonCeb (talk)vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk)vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Lilyu (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Alun (talk) 07:45, 28 February 2008 (UTC) vote-for Ramdrake (talk)
* 54) Louis IX of France [[Image:Louis-ix.jpg|100px]] Saint and King vote-for Matthieu (talk)
* 55) Louis XIV of France [[Image:Louis XIV of France.jpg|100px]] – king vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for El Greco(talk)vote-for Kimdime69 (talk)vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Lilyu (talk) vote-for Marc Mongenet (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Bsm15 (talk) vote-forRemi Mathis (talk) vote-for Ramdrake (talk)
* 56) Marcel Proust [[Image:Marcel Proust 1900.jpg|100px]] - writer vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Dukenn (talk) vote-for Rama (talk)
* 57) Marie Curie [[Image:Mariecurie.jpg|100px]] – Polish-born scientist vote-for Alun (talk) vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for Kimdime69 (talk)vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Lilyu (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Dukenn (talk) vote-for Rama (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for Ramdrake (talk)
* 58) Marie-Antoine Carême [[Image:M-A-Careme.jpg|100px]] – chef
* 59) Maurice Ravel [[Image:Maurice Ravel 1912.jpg|100px]] composer vote-for Dingy (talk)
* 60) Maximilien Robespierre [[Image:Robespierre.jpg|100px]] vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-forRemi Mathis (talk)
* 61) Michel Platini [[Image:PlatiniJospin.jpg|100px]] footballer vote-for Dingy (talk)
* 62) Molière [[Image:Molière - Nicolas Mignard (1658).jpg|100px]] - vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk) vote-for Lilyu (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-forRemi Mathis (talk) vote-for Dukenn (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for Ramdrake (talk)
* 63) Napoleon I of France [[Image:Napoleon Bonaparte.jpg|100px]] – emperor vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for El Greco(talk) vote-for SalomonCeb (talk)vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk)vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Lilyu (talk) vote-for Marc Mongenet (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for FFMG (talk)
* 64) Olympe de Gouges [[Image:OlympeDeGouge.jpg|100px]] – feminist vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk)
* 65) Paul Bocuse [[Image:Paul Bocuse.jpg|100px]] – chef vote-for The Ogre (talk)
* 66) Paul Cézanne [[Image:Paul cezanne 1861.jpg|100px]] - painter vote-for Gdgourou (talk)vote-for Dingy (talk)
* 67) Pierre-Auguste Renoir [[Image:PARenoir.jpg|100px]] painter vote-for Dingy (talk)
* 68) Pierre Bourdieu [[Image:Pierre Bourdieu.gif|100px]] – sociologist vote-for The Ogre(talk)
* 69) Pierre de Coubertin [[Image:Coubertin.jpg|100px]] – founder of the modern Olympic games vote-for El Greco(talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk)vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Lilyu (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 70) Pierre de Fermat [[Image:Pierre de Fermat.jpg|100px]] – mathematician vote-for Alun (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-forRemi Mathis (talk) vote-for Rama (talk)
* 71) Pierre Mendès-France [[Image:Pierre Mendès-France's.jpg|100px]] – politician vote-for The Ogre (talk)
* 72) Pierre Trudeau [[Image:PierreTrudeau1980.jpg|100px]] - French-Canadian politician vote-for Epf (talk)
* 73) Pierre-Joseph Proudhon [[Image:Proudhon-children.jpg|100px]] - printer and political philosopher vote-for Alun (talk) vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-forRemi Mathis (talk)
* 74) Pope Urban V [[Image:Urban V.gif|100px]] – well… Pope vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Epf (talk)
* 75) René Descartes [[Image:Frans Hals - Portret van René Descartes.jpg|100px]] - philosopher vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for Alun (talk) vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for El Greco(talk) vote-for SalomonCeb (talk)vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk)vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Lilyu (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Bsm15 (talk) vote-forRemi Mathis (talk) vote-for Rama (talk) vote-for Ramdrake (talk)
* 76) René Levesque [[Image:René Lévesque election night Oct 1973 (crop).JPG|100px]]- French-Canadian political leader and activist vote-for Epf (talk)
* 77) Robert Doisneau -[[Image:Photographers Robert Doisneau (left) and André Kertész in 1975 b.jpg|100px]] photographer vote-for The Ogre (talk)
* 78) Samuel de Champlain [[Image:Samuel de Champlain by Ronjat.jpg|100px]]- cartographer, navigator and explorer vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Bsm15 (talk)
* 79) Simon Arnauld, marquis de Pomponne [[Image:Pomponne.jpg|80px]] vote-for Remi Mathis (talk)
* 80) Simone de Beauvoir[[Image:Beauviour.JPG|100px]] – philosopher vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for Dukenn (talk) vote-for Rama (talk)
* 81) Victor Hugo[[Image:Victor Hugo.jpg|100px]] – writer vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for SalomonCeb (talk)vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-for Gdgourou (talk) vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Lilyu (talk) vote-for Med (talk) vote-for Rama (talk)
* 82) Voltaire[[Image:Atelier de Nicolas de Largillière, portrait de Voltaire, détail (musée Carnavalet) -002.jpg|100px]] – philosopher and writer vote-for Epf (talk) vote-for Alun (talk) vote-for Wikigi (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for El Greco(talk) vote-for SalomonCeb (talk)vote-for Kimdime69 (talk)vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for Med (talk)
* 83) Wilfrid Laurier[[Image:WilfriedLaurier.jpg|70px]] - first French-Canadian Prime Minister vote-for Epf (talk) 02:52, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
* 84) Zinedine Zidane[[Image:Zinedine Zidane.JPG|80px]]-footballer - vote-for Kimdime69 (talk) vote-for Dingy (talk) vote-for FFMG (talk) vote-for Alun (talk) vote-for Aaker (talk) vote-for Ramdrake (talk)
Copyright issues
Hello everyone! I see someone has added Jean Moulin to list. He was, given his enormous importance, in the original list I proposed, but the fact is that there is no free non-copyrighted picture of him! Therefore he can't be in the list, since there is no way to portray him (the picture in his article can only be used to illustrate a specific article about him - see the copyright at Image:JeanMoulinPhoto.jpg).
In my original list there were also other people, besides Moulin, I had to remove due to the same problem - they were: Alain Delon, Auguste Escoffier, Alfred Dreyfus, Antonin Artaud, Claude Lévi-Strauss, Jacques Tati, Jean Cocteau, Jean Renoir, Jean-Luc Godard, Léo Ferré, Louis Aragon, Marcel Duchamp, Michel Foucault, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Simone Weil and Yves Saint-Laurent.
'''Please! Do not add names that have no public domain copyright-free pictures!'''
Thank you! The Ogre (talk) 16:03, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
Opposition to the inclusion of specific persons
I see that someone has added René Levesque to the list - I oppose it, because he is not French, but Canadian (from Québec)! What does everyone think? The Ogre (talk) 16:16, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
* Yep, it should be removed. Jean Moulin too (unfortunately) if no pic is available - Wikigi | talk to me | 16:21, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
* I strongly disagree (which is obvious since I added it) because this article is not just for French citizens, but also for those who are ethnically and culturally French. Rene Levesque is a "Quebecois" or "Canadien" nationality-wise but was 1) ethnically French (culturally and by descent) 2) the main voice and leader of French nationalism in Canada and 3) was the recipient of the title "Grand Officer of the French Legion of Honour". If you oppose it then don't vote for him, but do not remove him from the list since myself (and possibly others) are in favour of its inclusion. Just as Nelly Furtado, a proud Portuguese-Canadian is in the photos for Portuguese people, so can Rene Levesque (or Pierre Trudeau) be included in the photos for French people. Epf (talk) 06:21, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
* I tend to agree with Epf, allow French Canadians, but don't vote for them, or even vote against if you feel that strongly about it (I assume we can vote for or against?), I think enough of a case can be made that many French Canadians do identify as French, though whether French people in France or people from other parts of the world view them as French is another matter. Identity is such a complex thing, it's not set in stone and many people will see nuanced differences between people with similar cultures, but it's usually best to be as inclusive as possible. Any great opposition to the inclusion of French Canadians will automatically resolve the issue anyway. Let's see what consensus is. Having said that I don't personally think French Canadians are French, but i can express my opinion by voting rather than trying to exclude anyone. Alun (talk) 08:19, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
* I don't think it is a good idea to start voting "Against" as the reading of this poll might get difficult if that sort of vote appears for several names. So far, The Ogre, Alun and myself are against. - Wikigi | talk to me | 10:34, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
I don't think there is a problem in voting against the mere inclusion on the list of candidates, which is not the same as voting for or against the "election" - at least in this stage. Regarding the French-Canadian question, I do believe that Rene Levesque is not French but from a different national group altogether, that of the people from Québec in Canada, even if the immense majority of Quebecois have their remote origins in France and speak French (image if I tried to aplly that rationale to Brazilians - most of them would "become" Portuguese!). The case of Nelly Furtado is completely different - both her parents are Portuguese and she also holds Portuguese citizenship. And there is no territorially grounded ethnic divide of Portuguese-Canadians - these are just a diaspora of Portuguese into the Canadian society that dilutes itself with the passing of time... Portuguese-Canadian, for the most part, just means Canadians that are of, at least, partial Portuguese ancestry or heritage. French-Canadian is altogether different, as it means a continuing differentiated ethnic or national identity in Canada (and many desire to be separate...). There is not such type or demands from Portuguese-Canadians! Still... let us wait and see what the relative consensus is. No need to really argue this at this point - it's just one person, and even not conting the votes against, it has only the vote of Epf. The Ogre (talk) 20:02, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
* To Epf ; 1) As was discussed before, I still challenge the concept of a French ethnical identity. 2) Rene Levesque was not "the main voice and leader of French nationalism" (leave that to far-right French expletive! Jean-Marie Le Pen) but rather a leader working actively for the independence of Quebec . 3) Vladimir Putin is Grand-croix de la Légion d'honneur, Quincy Jones Commandeur de la Légion d'honneur and Clint Eastwood Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur, does that make them French? As for Nelly Furtado, she appears to have dual-citizenship (Canadian and Portugese), pretty much like Marie Curie which you removed on many occasions from the infobox, once with the following comment "removed photos of non-ethnic French from ethnic group box; Curie and Baker were not even born in France, let alone of French heritage/descent". You have got to make up your mind...- Wikigi | talk to me | 10:36, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
* You may (erroneously) disagree all you want but the fact remains that an indigenous French ethnic group does exist and is recognized by many. This article includes this definition as well and is not only for French citizens or nationals. Rene Levesque indeed was the main voice of French nationalism in Quebec and wanted a state separate from Canada that put French langauge and culture first above anything else. Mentioning Jean-Marie Le Pen just discredits your argument by associating French ethnicity automatically with some extremist. The combination of his French ethnicity (culture and French descent), language, efforts to preserve French identity and culture as well as his recognition by France contribute to his inclusion. By the way, being French-Canadian does not simply mean you only speak French or are only from Quebec, French-Canadians are also dispersed across Canada, but mainly in Ontario and New Bruncwick. They ARE ethnically French and not only speak French, but have traditional French culture and French descent indigenous to France. Not all French-Canadians have origins that are distant to the first colonists of New France either and there was a steady migration to Quebec and Ontario from parts of France in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In any case, this article includes the ethnic aspects of French identity as well, and this includes groups like French-Canadians who though different in some ways, are also very similar and obviously very related to ethnic French in France (but obviously much less so to foriegn ethnic minorities in France). I figured very notable French-Canadians like Rene Levesque who had a very proud connection with France and French identity should be included (especially compared to someone like Marie Curie who is ethnically Polish and born/raised in Poland. As for Nelly Furtado, she doesn't merely have dual citizenship, she is ethnically Portuguese as well, with descent indigenous to Portugal. As for Brazilians, Ogre, that again is a generalized and ambiguous statement you make since "Brazilian" is a nationality and we are talking about ethnicity. Brazil is a multi-ethnic nation, including millions who have mainly or partial Portuguese descent. Many Brazilians have a stronger Portuguese identity than others (especially those who are of full and more recent Portuguese descent). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Epf (talk • contribs) 21:16, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
* Hello Epf. Let's wait for the end of the vote to see if there even is a question to be discussed. All may be settled by then. Regarding Brazilians, my friend, have not doubt at all that they are a state, a nation and and ethnic reality, with all the internal diversity of course they have! Cheers! The Ogre (talk) 21:21, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
* Yes, we shall see Ogre. As for Rene Levesque's award of "Grand Officer of the French Legion of Honour", that is the second-highest rank of the Legion of Honour while all of those people Wikigy mentioned were granted a less prestigious rank. Vladimir Putin was not offered the most prestigious title of Grand Cross (reserved for only for a small few), but was in fact offered the rank of Chevalier (Knight}. This goes to show the regard with which Rene Levesque (again, who was also ethnically French, via descent and culture) was received, and just how much his efforts were for French langauge in culture outside of France. I just figure that if we are being so inclusive in this article (especially by including Marie Curie and Josephine Baker) then there is no justification for those who are ethnic French abroad to be excluded. Epf (talk) 21:36, 24 February 2008 (UTC)
* You are wrong again, Putin was offered the Grand Cross (an outrage to many people), see here. As for Rene Levesque, or Pierre Trudeau, which you added since, we have yet to see them on French banknotes, unlike Marie Curie (image of 500 Francs banknote) - Wikigi | talk to me | 10:08, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
* Really ? From what I read he was not offered that rank of the Legion of Honour, but if so then we can both agree that definitely merits an outrage ! Marie Curie may be on a bank note of the French Republic, but she is also highly revered in Poland (her birthplace and ethnic homeland). Pierre Trudeau was one of the greatest Canadian Prime Ministers of the 20th century, and both him and Rene Levesque (as well Wilfrid Laurier, the first French-Canadian Prime Minister) are held with very high esteem by not only French-Canadians, but to most other French in the diaspora who have also had to fight to protect their culture, ethnic identity and language such as the Cajuns and other French-Americans. I also should note that Quebec and French-Canada have always had a very close ethnic connection with the French homeland, as was evidenced when Charles de Gaulle visited Québec in 1967 and gave massive support to the Quebec sovereigntist movement with his infamous Vive le Québec libre speech. Epf (talk) 16:28, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
* This article isn't about french ethny, but french people. Marie Curie is not born french, but she became french ; Rene Levesque may have strong cultural links with France, but he's not french, neither are the french-speaking belgians or other (french belgians have much more in common with France - at least some parts of France - than the french canadians). Ethnicity is only one constituant of french people among many others. Moreover, I wouldn't call "french ethny" a "reality", since France is a multi-ethnical country and I don't even speak of recent migrations or oversee territories: historically, France was populated by several ethnies (celtic with the Gaul, germanic with the Franks, latin) and there are also a few regions which had a proper ethnical identity until very late (like Bretagne, Corse or Alsace, to mention only the most well-known). The whole history of Europe is made of migration and exchange between ethnies, so I'm not sure that french, german, italian, polish ethnies or what ever make much sense anyway. Greatings. Polletfa (talk) 18:15, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
* Well, actually this article is also in part about those of French ethnicity since when you speak about "people", you involve ethnicity. Marie Curie became a French citizen and national, she didn't "become French". She was ethnically Polish, born there and lived there till she was 18. Rene Levesque WAS French and he did not simply have cultural links, he had French heritage, culture and descent as well as growing up and living in the French-Canadian community. Remember, French-Canadians are ethnically French, they are not merely French-speaking Canadians or Francophones. French-Belgians are a minority in Belgium and are distinct from the Walloons. If you meant to say Walloons well then in many ways they are not as similar to French-French as French-Canadians. Historically the French are largely descended from the Gauls with the largest non-Gallic cultural influence coming rom the Romans. The cultural impact of the Franks was much less. Bretons, Corsicans and Alsatians are ethnically distinct from the majority ethnic French and have always seen themselves as such. In terms of Europe's migration history, no, there hasn't always been mass exchanges between ethnicities and the boundaries have been defined, some stronger than others. The people have overall each maintained fairly homogenous identities and descent. In addition, not all European countries have been as lax or liberal as France has been with more recent immigration. France is alone in that respect and is also the only one which does not collect official data on ethnicity. Italians, Polish, Germans, etc. all have their own ethnic group articles. France is the only one that includes merely nationals and citizens as well as not defining openly its French ethnic group. Epf (talk) 03:10, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
* This discussion is already going on at Talk:French_people, there I wrote:
''I don't think so, throughout history the people in Europe and the Mediterranean have moved quite a lot. And in recent years people from the whole world have migrated to France. Hence, the French population is genetically a mix of Celts, Greeks, Romans, Saracens, Burgundians, Huns, Visigoths, Francs, Vikings, Roma people, Spaniards, Italians, Jews, Poles, Germans, Moroccans, Algerians, Tunisians, West Africans, Chinese and many more. The French culture and identity is however a part of the western civilisation and has its origins in the Roman conquest (e.g language and religion). I'd say that the majority of the French people is of Mediterranean-European descent.''
The Gauls were not French, and their legacy is almost nothing compared to the Roman's. Hence the French culture is based on the Latin culture, not on the Celtic. The French state is funded by the Francs. Genetically the French are mostly Mediterranean-European. The Gauls were just one of many tribes - the rest is a myth. Aaker (talk) 23:04, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
The Gauls were not specifically "French", but their culture was a large impact on what became French culture. The culture of France is not specifically or solely Latin, otherwise it would be almost the exact same as Romanian, Italian, Spanish or Portuguese cultures where the Romans also left large cultural impacts. The Gauls obviously had a strong influence on the Latin culture that was present in France, just as the Basques and Iberians did in Iberia, the Ancient Italic peoples in Italy and the pre-Latin culture of Romania. If this were not the case, these cultures would be much more similar than they are today. In terms of descent, the French are by and large mainly descended from the pre-Gallic (Paleolithic, like Cro-Magnon, and Neolithic tribes or settlements as well as (to a much smaller degree) Gallic and Frankish elements. Epf (talk) 04:46, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* Please be aware that the Franks, not the Gauls, are the main reason why the French culture is different from other European Latin cultures. French is widely recognized as the most "Germanicized" of all Romance languages, for a reason. --Ramdrake (talk) 11:23, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* You should in fact be aware that both the Franks AND the Gauls are the main reason why French culture and language is distinct from other Latin European cultures. The pre-Gallic element is the largest component of the French population so clearly it would also have had some impact on the development of culture. The Celtic Gallic influence is quite noticeable on French and the Latin spoken in Gaul was already differentiated significantly prior to the arrival of the Franks, who's linguistic impact was actually much smaller. Again, French]Language is organized under Gallo-Romance, not "Germanic" or "Frankish" romance. Epf (talk) 00:40, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
No Votes "Against" at least in this stage, please
I see Epf voted "Against" Marie Curie. This is exactly what I wanted to avoid when I said earlier it was not a good idea to start voting "Against". If everyone starts to vote Against on top of voting For, this is going to be very complicated. I suggest we remove all vote Against (or discount them altogether) - Wikigi | talk to me | 10:41, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
* I agree that all "Against" votes should be removed and simply let people vote "For". I also suggest not to remove any on the list and if you don't agree with an inclusion on the list, then simply don't vote for it. Epf (talk) 16:31, 25 February 2008 (UTC)
* Ok.To simplify things and give time its time to work, I'll remove my against vote. The Ogre (talk) 15:25, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
* Cool. Then I guess we should remove the 2 others. Epf already agreed and if Alun opposes it I guess he will let us know here. - Wikigi | talk to me | 15:34, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
* There are now more votes against... Should we make a "policy" of no votes against (at least in this stage) and remove them all? The Ogre (talk) 16:08, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
* Done, it was getting very confusing. There seems to be a clear consensus against Rene Levesque though. - Wikigi | talk to me | 16:20, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
* So we can't vote "against" because it's "too confusing"? Blimey, what's so confusing about it? Isn't it standard wiki procedure, when we vote for admins we can vote against, it's a simple thing to count votes for and votes against and it helps to get an idea of what the consensus is. Epf has as much right to vote against Marie Curie as anyone else has to vote against another candidate. It seems to me that this decision is based on Epfs vote against Curie, but that is not a good reason, it amounts to "I don't want people to vote against one of my preferred candidates so we won't vote against anyone". Although I think this position is plain daft I will of course accept the consensus, I just wanted to note my amazement that such a simple concept is considered "confusing". Alun (talk) 06:19, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
Hello Alun. I believe that at this stage, against votes are not necessary. At the end we will have many "candidates" tied between each other. At that stage I believe we can vote against if some contention still exists. Cheers. The Ogre (talk) 06:27, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
* Also, I'd just like to point out that Pierre Elliot Trudeau was French-Canadian through his father, and Irish Scottish through his mother. And for the record, it is ludicrous to consider French-speaking Canadians as ethnically French. Would you consider Americans as ethnically British?--Ramdrake (talk) 23:08, 28 February 2008 (UTC)
* That reasoning does not make any sense to me. I should also mention Trudeau's mother's side was Scottish, not Irish, as far as I know. "Americans" are a multi-ethnic society and no one is only "American" in terms of ethnicity. I think it is ludicrous not to consider including some notable French-Canadians and other notable ethnic French in the diaspora. I am not simply talking about "French-speaking Canadians" (Francophones), but I am talking about ethnically French-Canadians of French heritage, culture and descent (indigenous to France) who also speak French. Epf (talk) 02:42, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
* You are right as to his mother's side being Scottish, not Irish. However, let me assure you that you would offend most Quebecers by calling them ethnically French. The Quebecois identity is distinct from the French identity. Besides, the Quebecois nation is now more and more multi-ethnic (like most nations).--Ramdrake (talk) 01:58, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* Ramdrake, again you need to specify between Quebecois, Francophone and French-Canadians (which includes not simply French-speakers in Canada, but those whose ethnicity or ethnic origins are French; it is also not simply French-Canadians in Quebec, but also Acadians, Franco-Ontarians, etc. and all, I assure you, would specify themseles as ethnically French or French-Canadian. Being from Quebec, you should know how people distinguish between Quebecois who are ethnically French (of French descent) and those who are of various other origins, eg. the Italians and other variety of groups in cosmopolitan Montréal. Epf (talk) 04:38, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* The point is, René Lévesque and Pierre Trudeau both were Quebecers. One would strongly identify as Québécois (René Lévesque), the other as Canadian, or French-Canadian. Neither would identify as ethnic French, despite their sympathies and affinities with the French people. I still reiterate that most Quebecers today would identify themselves as part of the Quebecois nation and not as ethnically French. The two ethnicities diverged some centuries ago. If ethnicities didn't diverge, we'd all still be ethnically African. Think about it.--Ramdrake (talk) 11:23, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
Diversity - a request
By the way, I would also ask everyone to vote not just according to the specific individual worth each one of us thinks a specific "candidate" has, but also to look at the overall picture, that is to say, to try and have some diversity of individuals, namely historically, occupationaly and by gender. This is, obviously, a mere request! Thank you! The Ogre (talk) 20:11, 22 February 2008 (UTC)
Only 3 tildes please!
Please, when voting type only 3 tildes, in order to prevent the date and hour from appearing - it just gets confusing! Thanks! The Ogre (talk) 16:23, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
Regarding the pictures
In the final "product", the picture mosaic, all pictures should be cropped - we don't need to show the whole body or the sorroundings, etc. The Ogre (talk) 17:45, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
Asterix
Good one CQui! You made me laugh. However, I must oppose, you see: So, I'm striking from the list and removing the picture. Cheers! The Ogre (talk) 00:33, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
* Asterix is not, unfortunatelly, a real Person.
* He is not French, but a Gaul.
* Is image is not copyright free (which kills any ideas about representing him, the image may not even be shown here I think- see copyright at Image:Asterix the gaul.jpg).
* Removed Asterix. The Ogre (talk) 02:50, 27 February 2008 (UTC)
Jean Moulin
Jean Moulin shouldn't be a problem anymore since I found a picture of him that is older than 70 years (site claims that it was taken in 1930). It is availible here. What do you think??? Chris DHDR 17:18, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
* I'm sorry, but below the image it is stated "This picture is for viewing purposes only. No reproduction or distribution rights are granted." and the image itself bears the logo of the site. Besides, copying is disabled... The Ogre (talk) 18:21, 1 March 2008 (UTC)
Zidane and Deschamps
I know this article is about all "French" persons, not just ethnic French (those peoples indigenous to France or the langue d'oil and langue d'oc peoples), but I thought I'd just say that Zinedine Zidane is already included in the photos for Berbers (which, like 99 % of the other people articles, is about the ethnic group).
In addition, how can you guys vote for Zidane and not Didier Deschamps ??? Deschamps was actually French and captained the team for both the World Cup 98 and Euro 2000 triumphs. Epf (talk) 02:48, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
* because he does not compare with the other persons in the list, been a good footballer is not enough (Kopa would be in the list). Dingy (talk) 03:09, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
Does not compare but Zidane does ? Deschamps was one of (if not THE) best defenders in the history of French football. Epf (talk) 03:12, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
* But Zidane is much more famous. I don't follow football, but I've heard of Zidane, never heard of the other chap. The only other French footballer who I can think of who is as famous as Zidane is possibly Eric Cantona. All of the players who have ever played football for France have a great deal of notability, we cannot include all of them, this is why we are having the vote is it not? You are quite within your rights to include additional people in the list, but you do not have the right to tell other people how to vote. Alun (talk) 06:20, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
* Take it easy. I was only discussing Zidane's inclusion and reminding people that Deschamps was also on the list and that Zidane was in the photos for Berbers just as Marie Curie is in the photos for Poles. Epf (talk) 06:56, 3 March 2008 (UTC)
Diversity anyone?
What strikes me is that most pictures here are White males, therefore they do not accurately represent French society. Half of the people selected should be women, and ethnic minorities should be represented. Why not pictures of Yannick Noah, Gaston Monnerville, François Cheng, Henri Salvador, Rachida Dati, Django Reinhardt, Félix Eboué, Zao Wou Ki, Marie-José Perec, etc. Godefroy (talk) 13:27, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* I do not agree at all. The sex, the skin colour or anything along this line should not be taken into account at all in the selection, it would be discriminatory. One could then wonder if a given person has been selected only thanks to his/her sex and colour. However i think someone like Félix Éboué should be selected based not on his skin colours but purely on his merits and on his actions for France. Med (talk) 14:27, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* "Affirmative action" does indeed generate problems. It can amount to racialism and discrimination, and might weaken the contributions of people by weighting them by arbitrary criteria; also these criteria are bound to reflect categories relevant in different times and places than those in which the subject lived. For instance the concept of "Latino" as USAyans know it would be completely odd in a French context. Rama (talk) 14:34, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* What the heck are "USAyans", Americans !? - Wikigi | talk to me | 15:32, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* Technically a Chile citizen living in Tierra del Fuego is an American too. Using American to designate the citizens of the USA is ambiguous. I guess it is the reason why Rama has used this term. Med (talk) 15:43, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
What does "affirmative action" has to do with this?? If you intend to portray French people in pictures, then you have to reflect the gender and racial diversity of the country as best as possible, that's all. Otherwise your pictures are not about French people, they are about some famous French White males mostly. If we select pictures of felids, we're not going to select pictures of lions and tigers only, just because lions and tigers are the biggest and most powerful, we're going to select a broad variety of felids (pumas, leopards, lynx, cheetah, ocelots, and so on) to reflect the diversity of the family, and that has nothing to do with "affirmative action". Godefroy (talk) 16:31, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* This is exactly affirmative action, you want to pick people based on their sex and on their skin colour. And the question here is not to pick a given number of people based on their sex or colour (based on what by the way? racial statistics are forbidden in France for obvious reasons). The aim is to pick famous French people. If most are white males, so be it. France history is 1500 years long, give more time for more French who happen to be yellow/black/pink/green/whatever to become famous worldwide. Picking someone because of his/her skin colour is racialism. Med (talk) 16:43, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* Godefroy, you are illustrating my point nicely. "you have to reflect the gender and racial diversity of the country as best as possible" reflects a racialist mode of thinking (all French people are of the same race, Homo Sapiens) and arbitrary selection of criteria. Why didn't you mention sexual orientation, for instance? You answer is an excellent example of why your idea, however well-meant its motivations, is impossible to implement cleanly. It is intrinsically dated and USA-centric. It's a fad. Rama (talk) 16:49, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* The French population, like any human population, is made up of half men, half women. This is a perfectly documented fact. So you have no excuse not to have at least half women in your pics (and there are plenty of famous French women, past and present, so please don't use the excuse of "fame"). As for ethnic minorities, I'm not gonna go into controversies, but using the excuse of non-existing French ethnic censuses, or the fact that we're all Homo Sapiens Sapiens, sounds troublingly similar to the arguments used by the Far-Right to deny the visible minority issue. Godefroy (talk) 17:07, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* Please calm down. You're the one who brings so-called "races" in the matter, and I'm not making wild guesses as to your political opinions.
* As for the rest, I feel that Jeanne d'Arc or Marie Curie are both sufficiently famous to be featured, but their gender does not come in the equation. I don't feel that it is necessary to have a "fame-light version" for women. And would you be doing about post-gender issues? Rama (talk) 17:17, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* Fame-light? I don't think women such as Madame Roland, Olympe de Gouges, Marquise de Sévigné, Marguerite Duras, or Catherine Deneuve have a "light" fame. Godefroy (talk) 17:25, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* And I forgot probably the most famous French woman in the world after Joan of Arc: Bernadette Soubirous. Godefroy (talk) 17:30, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* Yet their twin X genes don't make them more famous that Napoléon, Louis XIV, De Gaulle or Victor Hugo. The point is not that the women you cite are not famous, it is that I am not going to pretend that Marie de France is as famous as Victor Hugo just because of some arbitrary criteria like gender. Because doing so would be an insult to women. Rama (talk) 17:37, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* You seem to be strongly missing some culture about French history and French politics. First of all you should know that most women have been restrained until recently to subaltern tasks limiting their visibility. I do not say there are no famous women, and it is only a consequence of the cultural pressure put on women in the past, but they were not given any opportunity to become famous for most of them. Then you should know that affirmative action in France strongly divides within parties, both right ones and left ones. It is interesting that you invoke far right idea as you should know that last time the kind of racialism you advocate has been applied in France was by the far-right governments of the Vichy regime. And it is exactly the reason why racial statistics have been forbidden since. You should also know that anti-racist organisation like the MRAP are against racial statistics. Does that make them far-right proponents? Med (talk) 17:33, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* Med, je suis français pour ton info. Et je connais très bien l'histoire de mon pays. Donc merci d'éviter les leçons. None of the above is an excuse to not having half women and some people from visible minorities in the selection of pictures. Other Wikipedians please have your say. Godefroy (talk) 17:54, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* If you know French history and politics as well as you pretend, you should at least try to avoid definitive and erroneous statements. I do not know how to express better than Rama did how wrong you are. We want to pick famous people this is the only criterion. Racist or sexist criterion have to be excluded. We pick famous people not famous women, not famous men, not famous black people, not famous yellow people, not famous white people, etc. Do you get it? We do not care what is the distribution of skin colours of French people today. We just pick famous people in French history. Cultural pressures and migrations history make that most of the most famous french people are white men when integrated over the last 1500 years. This is something noone can chance. If we vote once again in 100 years the situation will have hopefully changed but we vote today on the most famous French people, not on the average minorities proportions in France. Besides they are not all white men. Marie Curie is one of the most famous, she got picked. Joan of Arc is one of the most famous, she got picked. Josephine Baker is one of the most famous, she got picked. Now if you are unhappy you should have listed more people at the beginning of the votes. Do not accuse other people of not having done this work, they did the best they could. There are some people in your list i would have voted for. Med (talk) 18:14, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
And should one have to note that: Marie Curie was Polish born; Édith Piaf had an Italian-Algerian mother; Josephine Baker was an United States born black american; Marcel Proust was Jewish; Zinedine Zidane is of Algerian ancestry; Albert Camus was a Pied-Noir of partial Spanish ancestry; Alexandre Dumas (père) had an Afro-Caribean grandmother. So it is not true to say this list is one of white/european man... The Ogre (talk) 19:03, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
Closing ?
This poll has been opened since February 19, if no more votes are coming in I suggest we close it and proceed to the making of the picture - Wikigi | talk to me | 11:49, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* I Agree. Let's list he first 30 candidates. If there are ties, shouldn't we proceed with with a new vote regarding just those? The Ogre (talk) 15:18, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
Results
These are the results (hope I counted correctely!). There are 30 places to fill. There are no ties until the 27th position. There are ties for the last 3 positions. The Ogre (talk) 15:58, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
Elected
* 1) René Descartes - 15
* 2) Charles de Gaulle - 13
* 3) Louis Pasteur - 11
* 4) Louis XIV of France - 11
* 5) Victor Hugo - 10
* 6) Marie Curie - 10
* 7) Gustave Eiffel - 9
* 8) Voltaire - 9
* 9) Molière - 9
* 10) Napoleon I of France - 9
* 11) Blaise Pascal - 9
* 12) Jacques-Yves Cousteau - 8
* 13) Édith Piaf - 8
* 14) Joan of Arc - 7
* 15) Évariste Galois - 6
* 16) Josephine Baker - 6
* 17) Jules Verne - 6
* 18) Marcel Proust - 6
* 19) Jacques Cartier - 6
* 20) Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec - 6
* 21) Zinedine Zidane - 6
* 22) Pierre de Coubertin - 5
* 23) François Mitterrand - 5
* 24) Albert Camus - 5
* 25) Denis Diderot - 5
* 26) Brigitte Bardot - 5
* 27) Alexandre Dumas, père - 5
In doubt for the last 3 positions
* 1) Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu - 4
* 2) Eugène Delacroix - 4
* 3) Gilbert du Motier, marquis de La Fayette - 4
* 4) François Rabelais - 4
* 5) Abbé Pierre - 4
* 6) Henri Matisse - 4
* 7) Jean-Paul Sartre - 4
* 8) Hector Berlioz - 4
* 9) Arthur Rimbaud - 4
* 10) Simone de Beauvoir - 4
* 11) Pierre de Fermat - 4
* 12) Louis Blériot - 3
* 13) Pierre-Joseph Proudhon - 3
* 14) Samuel de Champlain - 3
* 15) Léon Blum - 3
* 16) George Sand - 3
* 17) Maximilien Robespierre - 3
* 18) Louis Braille - 3
* 19) Claude Monet - 3
* 20) Camille Claudel - 2
* 21) Émile Zola - 2
* 22) Jean-Jacques Rousseau - 2
* 23) Paul Cézanne - 2
* 24) Claude Debussy - 2
* 25) Olympe de Gouges - 2
* 26) Louis de Funes - 2
* 27) Pope Urban V - 2
* 28) Boris Vian - 2
* 29) André-Marie Ampère - 2
* 30) André Breton - 1
* 31) Auguste Rodin - 1
* 32) Claude Louis Hector de Villars - 1
* 33) Léon Walras - 1
* 34) John Calvin - 1
* 35) Jean-Baptiste Say - 1
* 36) Colette - 1
* 37) Louis IX of France - 1
* 38) Maurice Ravel - 1
* 39) Paul Bocuse - 1
* 40) Hugh Capet - 1
* 41) Didier Deschamps - 1
* 42) Pierre Mendès-France - 1
* 43) Pierre-Auguste Renoir - 1
* 44) Wilfrid Laurier - 1
* 45) Michel Platini - 1
* 46) Jacques Derrida - 1
* 47) Pierre Bourdieu - 1
* 48) Edgar Degas - 1
* 49) Simon Arnauld, marquis de Pomponne - 1
* 50) Pierre Trudeau - 1
* 51) René Levesque - 1
* 52) Robert Doisneau - 1
* 53) Émile Durkheim - 1
* 54) Frédéric Bastiat - 1
* 55) Marie-Antoine Carême - 0
* 56) Eric Cantona - 0
* 57) François Couperin – 0
New vote for those in doubt?
How shall we proceed: With a new vote for all the candidates that were not chosen in the previous one, or should we shorten the list to just those that had 4 votes. I proppose to open the list to all those excluded, that is, the list in the immediate last subsection. What do you say? The Ogre (talk) 15:58, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* Hmmm, I know we can put up to 30 in the infobox, but most similar articles I've seen have 8-12 pictures only. I believe we might want to reduce the number further, not enlarge it. I, for one, would think 30 images in the infobox would make them tiny enough as to be barely recognizable - not the point of this exercise. Just my tuppence.--Ramdrake (talk) 17:21, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* I know what you mean... But I think that will provok another discussion and battle all over again... And probably a vote on the number of pictures to include. That is way I initially propposed 30 - I believe they would be visible (check the experiment at the begining), even if the image has to be a bit bigger in px terms... The Ogre (talk) 17:34, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
I tend to agree with Ramdrake. Why don't we cut the number down to 24. Put the 6 names with 5 votes (Pierre de Coubertin, François Mitterrand, Albert Camus, Denis Diderot, Brigitte Bardot and Alexandre Dumas) to a new vote for the 3 spots available? - Wikigi | talk to me | 17:36, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* It sounds like a reasonable proposition. 30 seems a bit too much but i perhaps we would like to see how it looks likes with 30 images compared to 24 images first? Med (talk) 17:37, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* BTW, it seems that Blériot only got 3 votes, there is an unsigned "Vote-For". - Wikigi | talk to me | 17:45, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* Should we remove the vote, wor was it someone who forgot to sign? The Ogre (talk) 17:47, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* It should be removed. I found the problem. I am the culprit as SalomonCeb didn't place the tags properly and I had to correct that (see : here), I added one too many tag, sorry .... - Wikigi | talk to me | 17:59, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* Done. The Ogre (talk) 18:04, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
So?
What do we do? Proceed with a 2nd round? Regarding whom? The Ogre (talk) 23:43, 4 March 2008 (UTC)
* I suggest a second round of voting because I personally felt that it closed too soon. Obviously there are some choices which have the largest numbers of votes and would most likely merit inclusion (eg. Descartes). I am also advising you that by including photos of Marie Curie, Josephine Baker and Zinedine Zidane, you are only going to provoke a slew of debates and edit wars from anons or other users (as was already seen before), in part because of the confusing nature of this article. Two of these people are already included in the photo selection for two other articles (Marie Curie: Poles and Zinedine Zidane: Berbers). In addition, these other "people" articles deal specifically with ethnic groups as was the original intention of this article when it was created until it was bombarded with uncited material from a couple of users who had problems with French ethnicitiy merely because of legal concerns regarding citizenship and nationals of the French Republic. If this selection continues as is, it will be the only amalgamation of photos not based on ethnicity, but based on citizenship or nationality. According to the current definition, we could add anyone who simply has lived in France long enough to gain citizenship. This was a great process to select the photos, but many of you are turning a blind eye to the actual issues surrounding this whole article. Considering the strong issues surrounding this, especially in France (which has by far the largest immigrant and foreign-population in Europe), you are going to only further complicate matters. This is why I advised against creating a photo selection in the first place as it was not needed, especially with regards to the current status of the article. Epf (talk) 04:44, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* We had a vote, you lost, take it like a man. Alun (talk) 06:57, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
As for the poll, I gave my opinion above, I would go for 24 - Wikigi | talk to me | 07:07, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* Epf, it's about time you realize you are alone on that. Because you are the only one who voted for the French Canadians you added to the list you come and pretend now that we should reconsider the whole process and start over? You have brought up this matter again and again and many contributors have taken the time to respond to you at length here, as well as on this article discussion page and on your talk page. You have to know when enough is enough... You are getting annoying now.
* I am not saying you should reconsider the process, only that the time allowed for voting be extended, especially now that the image is being proposed for deletion because some of the pictures do not have a proper licence. I may have been alone in terms of those who voted at this time, but I feel that others will vote for them (famous French-Canadians, especially Levesque) once another one takes place. I also feel that some users here may in fact want to vote for them, but simply did not because of the discussion or response that would follow (which the brunt of I personally tried to deal with). If I am being annoying to you personally, well that is not my fault and I am only excercising my valid opinion here. As for Alun, why are you getting so personal ? I'm just stating the controversy behind this article and these images. My point has been made though and there is probably not much more I can do, for now. Be prepared for many complaints from those at issue with the inclusion of Zidane, Baker and Curie though (again how they can be included and not French-Canadians, who are ethnically French, is beyond me). I know at least two users here, Ramdrake and Ogre, who agree with at least some of my points. For example, on the Spanish and Portuguese articles (both dealing with ethnicity), all the images are of ethnic Spaniards and Portuguese, not simply people who were born there or gained citizenship. One thing is for certain, this article is unique in what it entails. I am currently working on creating a French people article though (along with valid references which this articles does not have) specifically for the French ethnic group, similar to the Dutch (ethnic group). Ciao, Epf (talk) 06:19, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* For the record, I don't believe I agree with any of your positions related to this article.--Ramdrake (talk) 16:52, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* I think you did agree with me on a few aspects, but you clearly did not disagree with me on the same grounds that Alun has. Epf (talk) 00:42, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
* 1) The image is not beng considerd for deletion, the licenses have been sorted out.
* 2) We need to end voting at some point, we do not extend voting indefinately just because you think there is the chance that a few people might come here and support your position.
* 3) It is clear that you are in a minority of one. You are being infuriatingly tenacious. Seriously you have pursued your personal agenda for some time, and it has had no effect except to piss everyone else off. You need to learn when to be gracious if things don't go your way. Alun (talk) 06:29, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* It is not clear I'm a "minority of one" as I already stated previously. As for the images, Ogre said below they were nominated for deletion. I have not pursued a personal agenda whatsoever (everyone has a different viewpoint, so I don't follow what you mean here) and if it happened to "piss" some people off (so far, only you), that is not my problem. I already have been "gracious" as I have stated above. Oh, look at the recent change to the article, someone (who was not me, especially since I know Iberians had no presence whatsoever in ancient Gaul) has already entered a statement about the composition of indigenous ethnic French. I am re-creating the French people article from scratch to avoid furhter disputes and focusing on French ethnicity. Those who wish to be constructive and help, feel free to let me know on my talk page. Ciao, Epf (talk) 07:50, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* Not only me, Wikigi has warned you to stop. You need to understand that no one agrees with you. Of course everyone has a different point of view, the trick is to understand that when there is a consensus against you, you have to accept it. It's called being a grown up. The fact is that you keep complaining about the same thing, and no one does agree with you. And what are "indigenous ethnic French"? It is a concept you appear to have made up yourself, that's original research. The indigenous people of the geographical region now called France are descended from many ethnic groups. Ethnicity is about identity and not ancestry, to be ethnically French one has to identify as French and also to be identified as French by others. Ethnic groups have porous boundaries and do not form discrete clearly demarcated objective groups. Ethnic groups are subjective, if an individual identifies as part of a group and is so identified by others, then that individual is part of that group. Ethnicity does not mean the same as "race", there is no "French race" and it does not mean "only people of French ancestry", you are the only person I know who has ever used this definition of ethnicity and I've read several anthropological works that discuss ethnicity. Clearly Zidane is identified as French by other French people, and as French by non-French people. The only people who do not identify him as French would be supporters of the National Front, about the only group who seem to agree with you. On the other hand "indigenous" has an even more fluid meaning. France is a nation, the people are a nation and nations have an even looser association than ethnic groups do. You confuse creation myths with reality, indicating a poor grasp of anthropology. You persist in using a non-standard definition of "ethnicity" and "ethnic group" that appears to have no academic or anthropological support, I don't know why you keep doing this, but it is clear that ultimately you are pushing a personal point of view and not expressing anything like an reliable academic definition of ethnicity. Looking at WikiProject_Ethnic_groups I don't think you have a leg to stand on to demand that your criteria for what constitutes an ethnic group has greater relevance than either the academic mainstream or the WikiProject Ethnic groups. Alun (talk) 11:34, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* You need to also understand that no one agrees with what much of the claims you are making. No one else has disagreed with me on matters similar to how you have. It's amusing how you talk about being mature in this matter when you yourself make false claims to support your arguments. There is no consensus against me and again it is not known what you are talking about. Wikigy has not "warned" me to stop and only mentioned that the matter is closed (according to him) as pertaining to this actual article. No one here has disagreed about the existence of the indigenous people of France and that is not made up by me whatsoever. They only have disagreed as to which or who constitutes the indigenous ethnic French because of ethnic cleavages within France (Occitans, Bretons, Basques, Alsatians, Normands, etc.) If you want to read up on some other articles regarding this issue, see Indigenous or European ethnic groups. The indigenous peoples of France are those groups which have the longest collective habitation of the land which is now called France and yes there are some varied ethnic origins, but they retain many common cultural and ancestral ties. Yes, ethnicity is about identity, but identity based on various diacritics such as culture, religion, behaviour, language, history, biological traits ("Race") and of course, common descent (read for example). No one is denying this, only you. The identity of ethnic groups is complex and although their identities can be porous, it does not go to say that they have no boundaries at all. How rigid these boundaries are varies between different groups, locations and time periods, as well as being influenced by the politics involved in each. The boundaries of such aspects can often be objective (hence identification by others) as well as subjective (Ronald Cohen 1978 "Ethnicity: Problem and Focus in Anthropology"). You are clearly not understanding the complexities of ethnicity and are only portraying your own misinformed, biased understanding while refuting aspects you personally disagree with (common descent as well as cultural and behavioural traits). Alun, you also need to stop relying on this quote from Jonathan Marks, since you are not properly understanding what it means. You are only twisting it to support your own POV. Someone who is ethnically French (not what most of this article is focusing on which most other users here will agree with) involves being identified as such from those various diacritics by himself or herself as well as by others within that group and from without. Ethnicity is not the same as race, but the two are related in that they can share some concepts (eg. common descent)(Abizadeh, 2001) . I did not speak of a French "race" which is based on a strictly demarcated set of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics that everyone in the group has in the same or very similar proportions. I also did not say that French ethnicity only incorporated ancestry, but that is an integral part to the vast majority of ethnic identifications. You need to realize that common descent and ancestry does not equal "race" or solely the biological traits (geontypic and phenotypic) that can be associated with common descent. Clearly Zidane is identified as French in some respectes (by both French and non-French) such as by nationality, but is also identified as a Berber. How he is "French" is distinct from those who are indigenous ethnic French, with aspects of common French ancestry, heritage and culture they would have but not share with someone such as Zidane. The national front may have a few similar arguments to my own, but I find it offensive you associate their extremist viewpoints with mine. I am not confusing "creaton myths" with reality and you make ridiculous and false accusations to support your unsupported viewpoints because you have a very small grasp in anthropolgical issues that is not based on any objective, scientific neutrality whatsoever. In terms of the nation, that is not even being debated here so I don't understand why you brought that up. Nationality can be based on various factors, but I find it interesting you point out how it is more loosely defined than ethnicity. You yourself therefore admit the more rigid and complex issues involved with ethnic identification. I am the one who has been using a standard definition of ethnicity with the most amount of support from anthropological sources (read that article). You are the one who in fact has no support and are manipulating definitions to suit your own extremist viewpoint, omitting or disregarding anything which contradicts it. I am not claiming my personal definition has more relevance than the academic mainstream and it is in line with such, though this can not be said about your personal viewpoint. Looking at WikiProject_Ethnic_groups it would appear that you are the one who does not represent much of what it entails since you ignorantly refute much of that which it involves. I am simply tired about debating these issue with you because you rarely approach things from a neutral basis, only from your extremist views. I am one of many contributors to have encountred such and your false accusations in discussions towards myself do not help your unsupported argument whatsoever, so I suggest you stop it and start learning to discuss matters solely based on the subject matter and facts. Ciao, Epf (talk) 23:48, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* I'm sorry you don't know what I'm talking about. Maybe you should go and study some anthropology. I don't think I have ever denied that ethnicity can be based on culture, religion, behaviour, language, history and I don't deny that it can also include a subjective belief in a common origin. The point is that ethnicity is not always based on all of these things combined. For example most French people are Catholic, but there are French protestants, there are people who speak French who are not ethnically French. None of these factors by itself defines ethnicity, it is you who are claiming that "ancestry" in and of itself is a defining factor for ethnicity, but you yourself state that many more markers of ethnicity exist. Ultimately ethnicity is a subjective belief in group membership taking into account various social and cultural factors, as such ancestry is only a single part and is often more perceived than real. No one knows their ancestry past a few generations because there are no records, so belief in one's ancestry must ultimately be subjective. I havent relied on any quote from Jonathan Marks above, but at least I am able to quote from a reliable source who actually is an anthropopogist. It is you who seems to be hopelessly confused. The subjective belief in common descent is a small part of ethnicity and may be on no importance at all. You believe that ethnicity is about descent, justt about every anthropologist disagrees with you. Shall I take the view of a recognised expert or you? That's a no-brainer You have been pushing your nonsense point of view that ethnicity = common descent for some time and it is not supported by any reliable source. I have drawn the conclusiont hat you either are so hopelessly biased that you reinterpret every work that contradicts you as if it supports you, or you just have a zero understandingh of the basics of anthropology, or most likely a bit of both. I'm surprised that you find it offensive to be told that you hold the same views as the National Front, you have expressed those views, so has the National Front, that's just a fact. Clearly this article is about French people, and the French people are a nation, to claim therefore that this article is not about a nation is just wrong. I wish you'd back up your claims, you just resort to ad hominem attacks and saying I'm "wrong" without providing a shred of evidence that I am wrong. If the best you can do is insult me, cal me an extremist and ignorant, then it's clear that you don't have anything like a coherent argument. Personally I think we need a guideline on Wikipedia regarding what an ethnic group is, that way we can stop your constant attempts to redefine what ethnicity is on Wikipedia once and for all. Alun (talk) 06:30, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
* Alun, believe me when I say that YOU are clearly the one who needs to read some anthropology. Perhaps you should start by reading some of the links and information I entered above. We both know that most include a presumed common descent, both objective and subjective (again read the ethnic group article) with its associated traits and massive role in ethnic cohesiveness. I did not say that it is always based on all of those things combined, but in many cases the ethnic identification includes most of those traits since so much of such is correlated with aspects of common descent. Actually Alun, some of those markers can identify an ethnic group by themselves, especially when the concept of ethnicity can be both so complex and so vague. One thing few anthropologists will deny though is the important association descent has with most of those other diacritics of ethnic identification (especially its role in cohesiveness). I have nowhere (as far as I know) claimed that descent alone is the only marker of ethnicity and I believe this is where we may be misunderstanding each other. I do however notice that you sometimes deemphasize it completely which to anyone involved in the study of ethnology or anthropology would be ridiculous. The identification or membership of a group is again both objective and subjective (you really need to read into this more, start with the Cohen article I cited) and the ancestry is most often actual since it is based on factors stronglyy correlated with it (ancestral records, traditions, history, culture and of course physical appearance). Based on these factors from both the individual's perspective and that of others, clearly the descent is most often also objective. I should note as well that many (if not most) people have records and history going back more than a few generations, especially in modern times with records of people's descent going back centuries. I was able to trace my own family surname back to the Norman conquest via historical records. Even in terms of my closest family history, I have known most of it since I was young, going back to my great-great-grandparents along with the traditions and customs passed down through my family. How strong ethnic identity is maintained tends to vary from person to person, group to group and location to location. Jews are a great example of how a people have retained their culture, descent, heritage and distinct identity despite being expelled and removed from their homeland for numerous centuries. Even after so much, they still ended up (rightfully) reclaiming their original ethnic homeland. You continue in your discussion with ad hominem attacks and false accusations with no basis whatsoever. You did mention aspects of a quote by Jonathan Marks again in your view of ethnic boundaries being "porous", but Marks nowhere denies the importance of descent like you have or ever wholly attributed it to subjective identity alone. I have made solid references above which you need to read before you keep on this ridiculous tirade (you really need to read the sources from the ethnic group article, starting with Weber and Cohen). I again do not stress that ethnicity = descent alone, but only recognize the obvious fact that descent is a major part of ethnic identification along with those other traits we have mentioned. No one else has disagreed with this notion apart from yourself and no one has made assertions similar to your own about ethnicity (including as I said the person you often quote, Jonathan Marks). I have no association with the views of the national front and just because a small amount of my views, or that of anthropology in general, have been used in a twisted manner by people like Jean-Mare Le Pen does not make his views the same or even close to mine (or most anthropologists) whatsoever. Alun. I have clearly demonstrated time and time again my accurate and supported knowledge in anthropology and ethnology, but you have not demonstrated this. This does not matter since Wikipedia is for everyone, but you continue to misunderstand much of what I discuss and label groundless accusations. I have not denied that the French people are a nation but this article about French people does not include, or includes very little, aspects about French ethnicity as other uses have time and time again mentioned if you would have noticed. This article is about Frnech nationals and citizens mostly, with little references or verificiation and little attention to the French ethnic group and culture, indigenous to France (though originally this was not the case). As I have shown here, some of your views are extremist and I am not resorting to ad hominem attacks, though clearly you yourself have. I have nowhere said plainly you are "wrong" and honestly, judging from your claims in this latest "argument" of yours, you really need to read up on some anthropology and wake up to reality. Ciao, Epf (talk) 08:52, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
* Please note further that the article you propose to create represents a pov fork. It essentially represents an attept to "thumb your nose" at everyone who disagrees with you. Just because they do not agree with you you think you have the right to create the "proper French people article". This article will be liable to speedy deletion. If consensus is against you you accept it, Wikipedia is not a free for all, you cannot go and create your own article whenever a decision goes against you. Alun (talk) 11:52, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* It is not an attempt to "thumb my nose" at everyone who disagrees with me and so far you are the only user at odds with such a proposal. As long as the article is accurately referenced and from a neutral viewpoint of users involved, there is no problem with it (which can not be said about this French people article). I DID NOT say I was creating the "proper French people article", only that I was creating one focusing on the French ethnic group, that is all. I am again sick and tired of you putting words in my mouth. Get a grip Alun. This proposal for the creaton of another article is mainly due to the differing (and confusing) nature of this article and the little attention or focus of it on French ethnicity. For further information about the basis for the the new article's title, see WikiProject_Ethnic_groups Ciao, Epf (talk) 00:01, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
* Epf, your contention that there is a French ethnic group doesn't hold water. If you go back as little as 50 years ago (and still today, to some extent), there were a number of different languages (belonging to the same family) being spoken in France, which should attest to the existence of multiple ethnic groups in France, (e.g. Bretons, Basques, etc.) There is no single French ethnic group. There certainly is a French national identity that unites all those (local) ethnicities, but having ancestors going back several centuries in France can mean totally different things whether your ancestors were from around Paris as opposed to, say, Marseilles. I would strongly suggest that, before you start your own article (which, I agree with Alun, is a POV fork as far as I'm concerned), you find references that support your position. So far, you haven't provided any references to support your position in this discussion; therefore, no matter what you say, your credibility in this matter is low. Should you be able to supply references supporting your position, then the situation can be reexamined.--Ramdrake (talk) 13:48, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
* Yes, I have not doubted the ethnic cleavages among the indigenous peoples of France: Bretons, Corsicans, Occitans, Basques and Alsatian Germans, but the people who are the langue d'oil speakers are very closely related in terms of language, culture, history and have a common descent (pre-Gallic and Gallo-Roman with Frankish as I already stated repeatedly). These people would be the core French ethnic group, though clearly many Occitans would also identify with such group based on many similarities from the same aspects already mentioned with the langue d'oil people. The Germans include many distinct micro-ethnicities all indigenous to Germany (Bavarians, Swabians, Saxons, etc.) but are also clearly closely related in most aspects hence why they are collectively part of the German ethnic group. Just because France didn't go through the nationalist movements like the rest of Europe, doesn't mean their indigenous ethnic group does not exist. The Bretons, Basques and Corsicans however did go through (and have) such movements and clearly distinguish themselves from the main indigenous peoples of France (the langue d'oil and langue d'oc peoples), so again there is more evidence. I have actually already provided references to some of my points, including the one with Alun above (if you would read closely) and on the Talk:French people page with just one example from the US Department of State. I will find references for the new article on French ethnicity, unless the ethnic group aspect is itself re-incorporated more into this article. I would say my credibility is not "low" like you claim and you again should read the sources I stated above from the ethnic group article as well as those posted on the discussion page for French people. Epf (talk) 08:52, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
Epf, you have to realise that talking about “French ethnicity” makes absolutely no sense in France. Only french far-right and perhaps some racialists try to spread this kind of idea. Stop trying to put people into little categories. You have a deep misunderstanding of France. You should know when to stop. Your troll about this subject has been going on for months and now has to stop. Med (talk) 16:31, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
* Actually it makes very good sense to many people in France, especially those French who are actually ethnic French and indigenous. I have not been trolling for months (in fact I've been quite unactive over the past few months) and I am not "putting people into little categories", only stating what actually exists. Most ethnic French in France distinguish themselves from other ethnic groups and minorities, not just the far-right extremists. Epf (talk) 08:52, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
* Dear me, claiming that you "know" how "most ethnic French in France" think is just nonsense, you no evidence for such a claim, it's just your usual weasel words. Alun (talk) 09:49, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
* Again you fail to read the fine print: I said many ethnic French in France, not "most". Come back when you actually take the time to read and understand what I say. Epf (talk) 10:02, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
* What? This is the direct quote of what you wrote Most ethnic French in France distinguish themselves from other ethnic groups. The word you use is most and not many. I can actually read Epf. I have highlighted the word above for you. Alun (talk) 10:43, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
* Ok, I see what you mean and I admit to making that mistake. I was only making that comment based on my own knowledge (from various sources) and experience with ethnic French from Canada, France and from those here on Wiki. For once, you actually did take the time to read what I said. Epf (talk) 11:01, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
* For those wondering, User:Dionix below has also agreed with me on the exclusion of Marie Curie and Josephine Baker from the photo selection. Also, here is what the French people article was originally about before it was taken over by other OR and POV from users like Lapaz, Rama and Med: French people - it was about the French ethnic group, indigenous to France, in line with the other articles part of the Wikipedia ethnic groups project. Ciao, Epf (talk) 08:58, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
* So now there's two of you. Big deal, you both had the opportunity to vote. We had a vote, you lost, you cannot lose a vote and then attempt to change the criteria for selecting the candidates a postiori. There was a clear majority in favour of keeping these three people as candidates, and there were votes for all of them. If there had been a consensus for not including these people, then no one would have voted for them at all, so there is demonstrably no support for your claim that the majority of people support your point of view. Your constant carping is extremely tedious, Wikipedia works by consensus and not by "the law according to Epf". You do not have greater authority here than anyone else, when there is a clear majority against you then you should accept it. Your intransigent attitude is damaging to the project and the community and is not in the spirit of Wikipedia. Given your inability to accept that any other point of view can be correct except your own you should take a look at WP:TEND, I also suggest that you take this to dispute resolution. You should also take note that your recent contributions to talk pages could be seen as trolling and that your threat to start a French (ethnic group) article can be viewed as disrupting Wikipedia to make a point Alun (talk) 09:49, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
* Why not ? Who says we can't, you ? What position do you have that gives you the right to claim such ? This is why I wanted to re-open the vote before since I felt there wasn't enough time given. There is nothing that says we can't change the current selection. Wikipedia does not work by the "law of Alun" either, so wake up. Some of your views, remarks and edits are also in fact damaging to the Wikipedia community and I have not denied that there was a majority of those who voted to keep the Curie and Baker photos. I only made a request for another vote or for these inclusions to be reconsidered. I have not made a "threat" to create another article, only a proposal. My edits have not been trolling, are not tendentious (for the most part, I admit at times they have been) and you are the only one who clearly has a problem with such, mainly because you misunderstand what I discuss. Clearly you are on some unique, personal tirade against myself, and this is very much not in the spirit of WIkipedia, so give it a rest. Get a grip. Epf (talk) 10:09, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
* Well if you want to you would need to have a consensus for it. We just had a vote, it went OK and we now have a picture that represents the views of quite a number of people who voted. I think it is just stupid to have another vote just after one has closed. And by the way you did have the opportunity to vote and many people did vote for the candidates you do not want. You cannot ignore the votes of the people who voted for these candidates just because you do not agree with them. Alun (talk) 10:43, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
I am not ignoring them, but only suggested (but not really anymore if I end up creating an article specific for ethnic French) that they reconsider their vote and the inclusion of those pictures. I also suggested more time or another vote for others to be given a chance to shows their choices. Only 14 (out of so many users on Wiki) or so users casted votes over a short period of time which I felt was not enough, and I wanted to have more time for those to here me out about the inclusion of ethnic French, and the exclusion of non-French. In any case, this vote was only for the image file itself, not for the inclusion in the infobox. Ciao, Epf (talk) 11:01, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
New vote for the the "last" 3 positions of 24! NO NEED - see next section
OK. Let's stay with 24 persons then. 21 are already decided. We need to choose 3 more pictures for the last 3 positions, among the ones that got 5 votes. The Ogre (talk) 07:27, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
So, This is a new vote and the 6 candidates are...:
* 1) Pierre de Coubertin - vote-for Wikigi (talk)
* 2) François Mitterrand - vote-for Wikigi (talk)
* 3) Albert Camus - vote-for The Ogre (talk)
* 4) Denis Diderot -
* 5) Brigitte Bardot - vote-for The Ogre (talk) vote-for Wikigi (talk)
* 6) Alexandre Dumas, père - vote-for The Ogre (talk)
NO WAIT!!! DONE (27 pics)
People, before continuing with the vote (which may of course continue...!), do let me try a 27 mosaic image to see how it looks like. :) The Ogre (talk) 09:02, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* Done! Piaf and Zidane have very bad pics, but they were the best free pics I could find. Whenever better free pics are available, we can change it. What does everyone think? The Ogre (talk) 09:57, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
--- The Infobox could look something like this. Is it okay? The Ogre (talk) 09:57, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* Great job. Looks perfect to me - Wikigi | talk to me | 11:33, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* I'll post then. Cheers! The Ogre (talk) 13:43, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* This page should be moved to an archive of its own, by the way. The Ogre (talk) 13:44, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* Ah! I see it's already done. Good job everyone! The Ogre (talk) 13:49, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* Ogre, first I'd like to thank you for all the work and trouble you went through here. However, I must say that at 27 pictures on a width of 350 pixels, I find that a number of pictures are recognizable only with difficulty (to my eyes) due to their size. Am I the only one with deficient eyesight, or could we stand to pare down the number of pictures some more? Just a thought.--Ramdrake (talk) 15:32, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
Hello Ramdrake, yes that could be discussed and done, but first of all we have to deal with the question of the incompatible licenses that threatens to delete the image, since we don't konw, and the user in the Commons that propposed it for deletion hasn't told us, which of the licenses is incompatible! Do you want to come to and help the discussion? Thanks! The Ogre (talk) 15:36, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* Just put in my tuppence. I'll check back next chance I get.--Ramdrake (talk) 15:48, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* How about shortening it to the top 6??? This would bring the pictures down to what seems to be the most followed amount regarding articles of the like (see links at Hyphenated American). Chris DHDR 20:17, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* I think that would provoke a full scale war... And there are many other articles of this type with more pics than that, even if not so many, granted. Let's wait to see what is the problem with the licenses and then decide on such issues. Cheers! The Ogre (talk) 20:24, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
I agree with Wikigi, let's use 24 pics and have an additional round to choose three pics from the six pics that have five votes each, it seems like the easiest and most sensible solution. Alun (talk) 06:54, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* Ultimately we should end up with 8-12 pictures. Anything more than that, the who collage will become so big that you won't be able to tell who's in the image, when you view it on the main page. El Greco(talk) 20:29, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* That Édith Piaf picture has to go. It's a bad picture that just stands out. And I think the image is a little too big. El Greco(talk) 20:38, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
* Évariste Galois does not belong to this selection, it took a few individuals who have a deep interest in mathematics to have him here. Here is one to have in view for a reduction to 24 pics. Dingy (talk) 02:48, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* Why your personal opinion should take precedence over the opinion of many other contributors? Med (talk) 03:06, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* because soùe would like to reduce the number of pictures and 5 does not represent many, if you had submitted tis list to the french wikipedia you would have had Many more views. Dingy (talk) 06:35, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* I don't think we need to reduce the number of pics. It looks fine to me. But if there is a consensus to have less pictures, why not have 16, that would be 4x4. Alun (talk) 06:40, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* I have no complaints other than the fact that Zidane and especially Josephine Baker and Marie Curie be removed. At least Zidane was born and raised in France, even if he is a Berber. Epf (talk) 06:24, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* Yes we know, you keep telling us, and it is still the case that no one agrees with you. You're like a stuck record. Alun (talk) 06:40, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* Lol, to you maybe. Epf (talk) 07:51, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
I haven't read the entire discussion, but there are two points I'd like to make- 1) The number of French citizens with foreign origins is generally thought to be around 6.7 million according to the 1999 Census conducted by INSEE, which ultimately represents one tenth of the country's population. This means 90% of the French are ethnically French and this should be reflected in the template shown to the upper left. 2) If by French people you mean Ethnically French, then I agree with Epf, Zidane, Currie and Baker are not appropriate. Dionix (talk) 00:18, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
* Agreed, including some of the information provided from INSEE. I am proposing to create a separate article in the scope of WikiProject Ethnic groups for the French ethnic group. Epf (talk) 00:33, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
* PLEASE! The article French people IS ABOUT THE FRENCH ETHNIC GROUP. ie: Zidane, Curie and Baker do not belong here as they are not of French blood. Why was Zinedine Zidane even allowed to be on the list in the first place? He is openly not French (Berber in fact) and therefore cannot be included on an article about ethnically French people. He is present on Berber people so how can he be in both? To put it in perspective, imagine putting a picture of Martin Luther King Jr. in Irish American, it would instantly be removed as vandalism. Chris DHDR 09:42, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
* What is "French blood"? Is it different to blood from other people?
* Do you actually mean "ancestry"? What is "French ancestry"? How do you define it? How long does one's family have to have lived in France for them to be of "French ancestry"? How do you prove it (very few people know their ancestry past a very few generations, I don't even know the names of my great grandparents, for example)? Is there any evidence that the putative "French ethnic group" shares a greater degree of ancestry with each other than they do with any other ethnic group? What is this evidence? Can it be supported with a citation from a reliable source?
* Well in some respects, the "blood" (as in genetics) would be different from other populations in terms of various criteria, mainly frequency of certain markers. This is not the only characterisitc of common descent however. How do you define ancestry ? Well, we need references to define such, what common descent is. That is, lineages that people in a population have in common based on various criteria, both objective and subjective. Such common descent manifests itself in other traits which may be related to it: societal, cultural, biological, behavioural, etc. "How long" is one of the boundaries such identification based on descent includes, but genereally refers to a common population group, not merely a timescale. You may not know the names of your great-grandparents Alun, but alot of people do (I disagree with you and would say most) and there are various historical records for tracing descent as well as traditions, customs and family history passed down from your ancestors. Other factors showing common descent: commonalities in physical appearance, memories of settlement and colonization, common behavioural traits which may or may not have genetic origins, but deemed as part of your ancestry. There is also other evidence for such, the most recent of such being population genetics (early in development), which can state that the majority of an ethnic population are closer to each other in terms of markers of descent than other groups. The common descent however does not need to be measured in such a manner as in terms of how close they are to each other than to neighbouring populations. Epf (talk) 05:18, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* No Epf, blood would not differ in frequency of any "markers" in French people, there is no specific "frequency" of any markers that is unique to the blood of French people, this claim is just plain ignorant, one cannot know from which part of the world a blood sample comes from based only on marker frequency. I didn't say "how do you define ancestry". I said what is "French ancestry"? Pay attention. We are discussing French people, so address your remarks specifically to the question at hand. How do French people identify each other based on "ancestry"? Where is the evidence? What studies support this contention? Alun (talk) 06:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* * Actually, as someone who has discussed population genetics studies with me in the past, you would know that the frequency of markers would (and does) differ in the French compared to other ethnic groups and populations, just as is the case for other groups (eg. between the Irish and the English or the Basques and the rest of Europe). I did not say there were markers unique to the French, but there is a frequency distribution which is. There is nothing ignorant about this and I'm actually quite surprised your are even disagreeing with this fact. One can make an inference based on genetic markers about what region an indidvidual's ancestry most likely comes from just as you can in terms of physical appearance. This is evidenced more in the "Race" article. Look at me for example: as long as I've known people look at me and think I was Scottish or at least British. What a coincidence, those are the majority of my ancestral roots. Very few population geneticists would deny that numerous ethnic groups have unique patterns and distributions of genetic markers (eg. one example regarding only Y-Chromosomes, are the Basques, Welsh and the Irish, who have the highest frequencies by far of R1b compared to any other groups). Again I know we need sources for the descent aspects of French ethnicity, but you also need sources for specifically the French nation and the current article in general, which is almost entirely POV, OR and material unrelated to the aim of the article. Epf (talk) 09:12, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
* Can we cite a reliable source that claims that to be part of the "French ethnic group" one has to have deep "French ancestry"? What is this source? Where is there a definition of "ethnic French" that says this? How does one "prove" deep ancestry in France?
* How old is the French ethnic group? When did it start to emerge? We know it did so in historical times. What were the groups that formed the French ethnic group? There are groups that are now considered French that we know at one time were not considered part of the French ethnic group. For example the Occitians were certainly not "French" in the thirteenth century, how and when did they become French? Should we include them as French. Are Bretons ethnically French, what is their relationship to the French ethnic group? If we want to identify people of the "French blood" then the people who belong to it are different depending on the period of history we are looking at. When we speak of excluding some people because they are not "ethnically" French, then how do we decide when and where "anyone" became "ethnically French"? This appears to be an arbitrary distinction. Many Bretons may not consider themselves "ethnically" French even today. On the other hand they certainly are French, that have French nationality and they live in a region of the world universally recognised as under the juristiction of the French state. So how arbitrary do you want to be?
* Many Bretons would not classify themselves as French, even in terms of a nation (see Breton nationalism) and the same can be said about Basques, Corsicans or any other ethnic minority in France, indigenous or foreign. If you want to gain a quick understanding of the ethnic "picture" among the indigenous peoples of France, this ethnolinguistic map helps massively: Langues de la France Epf (talk) 05:28, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* So you don't have any sources specifically about the French ethnic group and how it identifies itself then? Without one I fail to see how you can support your claims. Alun (talk) 06:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* We've been over this. It is in the works. Epf (talk) 08:53, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
* Epf, now for your own good please, stop. You obviously have never put a toe in France in your life and you only show you have no clue about what you are talking. I know many, many Bretons, 100% of them consider themselves French. Breton nationalist parties get at most few percent of the votes at local elections (by the UDB which is rather regionalist than nationalist and which often allies to more prominent parties such as the Greens to try to get votes). Regional languages are spoken by a very small part of the population and as a second language at best. Med (talk) 06:16, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* I disagree very strongly, especially as someone who fundraises for the Celtic League and therefore for Breton ethnic and cultural rights in France (which are practically non-existent) as well some aspects of Breton nationalism Epf (talk) 08:53, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
* So you admit that you are pushing so strongly your POV for political reasons. I am not surprised. You should know that it is against Wikipedia rules. The problem for you is that you are still completely wrong, which makes things worse. I happen to have lived a very very long time in a place part of historical britanny. What you are trying to push is pure nonsense. Oh and there is not need for “cultural rights” in France as you should know that all French are equal. I suggest you to take a plane ticket for France next summer so you could realise by yourself how ridiculously wrong you are as you do not want to believe native people who know France infinitely better than you will ever know. Med (talk) 13:21, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
* From Ethnic group: "An ethnic group or ethnicity is a group of human beings whose members identify with each other, usually on the basis of a presumed common genealogy or ancestry. Ethnic identity is also marked by the recognition from others of a group's distinctiveness and by common cultural, linguistic, religious, behavioral or biological traits."Therefore the French people are those that speak French, have a French origin/ancestry among other things. Zidane, Baker and Currie therefore cannot be included since they do not have a French ancestory. About the Bretons, Occitans, etc. they can be included as sub-groups since they now share almost all of the above characteristics and have merged due to widespread intermarriage. Chris DHDR 13:33, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* First of all i find very funny that someone who thinks he can decide who is French and who is not is not even able to see Epf is a user here and not a famous French. Then, Curie (only 1 r, mind you), Baker and Zidane identify thenselves as French. Try to find even one quote of them saying they do not feel French. About your quote, there are several problems. The first one is that it does not exclude at all Curie, Baker or Zidane from being French. The second one is that this kind of definition makes absolutely no sense on France. It tries to apply an anglo-saxon view on France, which unfortunately does not work at all and this is obvious for anyone who even has the most basic knowledge about France or is not a far-right sympathiser. Finally you try to apply the quote in a racist way. Perhaps this seemed fit in South Africa but mind you France is not South Africa. Anyone who has the French nationality is considered to be French. French do not count how many of one's ancestors were born French or not. The skin colour, religion, etc. has absolutely no importance at all for being French. Everyone in France consider Curie, Baker and Zidane to be French (well, except far-right, you know the only ones talking about “Français de souche” which does not mean anything). Stop trying to put a square plug in a round hole. Med (talk) 14:05, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* The French people are a nation, this can be thought of as a type of ethnic group. But nations have a much more culturally and socially heterogeneous membership than smaller ethnic groups. What is the difference between a nation and a smaller ethnic entity? Usually it has something to do with a defined geographical region, nations also have creation myths associated with them. The French nation is clearly of heterogeneous origin, groups were included that would certainly not previously have identified as "the same blood". In the book "Language and Nationalism in Europe" edited by Stephen Barbour it states "In many, perhaps the vast majority, of modern nations there is likewise no evidence that in defending the nation one is defending one's own genetic material; the notion that the citizens of modern nations are kinsfolk, while the citizens of (potentially) hostile neighbours are aliens, makes no sense in view of the highly varied genetic make-up of most modern populations... we can postulate that the need to belong to a community of some kind is a fundamental human characteristic, and that nations have arisen to fulfil this need, as earlier more primary communities-local, *tribal*, and religious- have lost their significance through economic and social change.'" He then goes on to cite Anthony D. Smith, giving his definition of a nation "a named human population sharing an historic territory, common myths and historical memories, a mass, public culture, a common economy and common legal rights and duties for all members...nations, in the modern sense can only be relatively recent phenomena." Finally on the distinction between nations and smaller ethnic identities (ethnic groups if you will, though a nation can be seen as a type of ethnic group) "nations often develope from ethnic groups....ethnic groups and nations often share names...The clearest difference is territorial; both in earlier times, and in certain areas today where a nomadic economy prevails, ethnic groups can be scattered across vast territories, interspersed with other groups, and can practise a shifting lifestyle, occupying no clearly defined area... What is an ethnic group? Ethnic groups pre-date nations in the modern sense by millennia, a situation confused by the fact that the English word 'nation' and it's cognates in other languages are often used to refer to ethnic groups as well as to states and nations. Unlike a nation, an ethnic group need not occupy a territory. Also, unlike a nation, it's 'common myths and historical memories' may be much more plausible; since ethnic groups may be much smaller than moder nations, the often quite implausible myths of common descent that nations espouse (and they may have been created or radically adapted by modern propogandists) can have much more credible equivalents in the case of ethnic groups. And, rather than 'mass, public culture' uniting disperate elements, there may be a high level of shared cultural norms; and there is usually a shared language." So France is a nation.
* According to your own cited material here, ethnicity and nation are disinct concepts which is clearly true in most cases. They often coincide (especially amongst ethnonationalism) and at the same time often do not, as is the case in most countries nowadays who grant citizenship for example mainly via jus soli ("right of territory") rather than (or addition to, like Italy and Israel) jus sanguinis ("right of blood"). Epf (talk) 05:27, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* Quite, so the French are a nation and not an ethnic group according to my source. The Franks may be considered one of the founding ethnic groups for the nation, and are certainly the ethnic group that gave their name to the nation, but the modern French group is a nation and not an ethnic group, if one uses the concept of ethnic group that my source uses. This makes sense from the point of view that France is large and heterogeneous. Alun (talk) 06:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* According to your source ? Is it dealing specifically with French ethnicity or the French nation ? No. Does it specify the disinct concepts of ethnicity and the nation ? Yes. Do you have any evidence proving the non-existence of the French ethnic group ? No. Epf (talk) 08:53, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
* If you want to claim that only people of "French blood" can be "ethnically" French then you need to do several things.
* Find a reliable source that specifically claims this. ie a source that states what "French blood" is and that only people with it can claim to be part of the French nation/ethnic group.
* It is not simply about just French "blood" Alun, and as I explained on the Wikiproject:Ethnic groups talk page, descent is more than just the biological aspects. Epf (talk) 04:58, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* I'm sorry Epf but user ChrisDHDR claims it is, this comment was directed at him. See above where he states "Zidane, Curie, Epf (sic) and Baker do not belong here as they are not of French blood". Alun (talk) 06:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* Well as is mentioned in the definiton for ethnic group, biological aspects can be part of ethnic identification, but aspects of common descent (which can include biological, cultural and other aspects, but varies from group to group) is more commonly the case for most groups. Epf (talk) 08:53, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
* Find a source that claims that the "French ethnic group" is not a nation, or is different to the French nation (not French state or French citizenship but nation).
* No, there is no need to have any source that says they are "not" a nation since the concept of nation is distinct in many ways from that of ethnicity, as is mentioned in your own sources used above. All we need is sources regarding the French ethnic group, whether we create a new article or re-incorporate it into this one. Epf (talk) 04:58, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* I think you have misunderstood me. I am suggesting that you need a source that states that this French ethnic group is distinct from the French nation, ie that the nation and the ethnic group are not the same thing. Without a reliable source that examines French belief systems and identity that supports what you are saying, then you don't have a leg to stand on. Alun (talk) 06:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* I will use the source you yourself provided as just one example which specifies how nations and ethnic groups are distinct. We don't need to specify how specifically the French nation and ethnic group are distinct, only provide sources for the aspects of French ethnicity alone, either if it remains in this article or if there is a separate one. Epf (talk) 08:53, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
* Make a realistic case that people with French citizenship who do not have "French blood" are excluded from the "ethnic group" or "nation".
* Again there is no need for such and no one is mentioning French "blood", only all the aspects associated with French descent. Epf (talk) 04:58, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* See above, Chris did mention "French blood", and he is certainly not "no one". Don't dismiss the comments of others as nonexistent. Alun (talk) 06:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* I didn't notice such but again you don't need something literally mentioning "French blood". Epf (talk) 08:53, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
* Find a reliable source that clearly shows that French people all share a common ancestry with each other that they do no share with other ethnic groups. Or failing this a reliable source that states that French people overwhelmingly believe that they share a common descent with each other that they do not share with other ethnic groups, of course you might have to exclude Bretons and Basques, in which case these people would need to be excluded from the "ethnic group" article.
* I've already stated one source about the common elements or origins of the ethnic French population and there is no need for sources regarding how they are or are not related to other groups (other Europeans). All is needed is the information on the aspects that constitute French ethnicity, common descent and others. Epf (talk) 04:58, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* Actually you need to show that a sense of exclusive common descent is important to French ethnic identity and that the group belief system excludes people that do not conform to this exclusive common descent. You also need to show that this concept of descent does exclude people like Zidane and Baker because descent/ancestry do not have to have a basis in biological reality for ethnic groups. Somke groups believe they share a common descent from a god or from a totem for example, something hard to claim is "biological reality" Alun (talk) 06:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* Yes, I know I need to show valid sources for the aspects of common descent (how "exclusive" or "inclusive" is besides the point) and associated traits in French ethnicity. We have gone over this several times. The definition of ethnic group itself centers around such so we already have that as one source for support to begin with. If the concept of descent refers to people indigenous to France of Gallo-Roman and Frankish origins (in both the biological/ancestral and cultural sense which are often inter-related) then all we need to shows is how Zidane is a Berber or how Baker is an African-American and therefore not of this French descent. Epf (talk) 08:53, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
* What are the rules governing membership of this group? Ethnic groups all have different concepts of membership/descent/kinship/identity, there is no universal defining rule for membership of an ethnic group, rather these rules vary from group to group. Shared descent does not have to have any basis in biological reality from the point of view of ethnic identity. What are the specific rules adopted by the French ethnic group or do any specifically French rules regarding descent exist? We need a reliable source, preferably from an ethnographic study, that specifically states what rules govern concepts of shared descent and kinship in the French ethnic group. Without these specific ethnological observations it is hard to argue for the exclusion of people simply based on some vague idea that they are not "indigenous ethnic French". The burden of proof is on the people who want to exclude these individuals as per Wikiproject ethnic groups.
* What entails the inclusiveness and exclusiveness of the group will be dealt with in the referenced material that defines what the French ethnic group is. There may be no universal rule or standard (though some disagree), but there is a definition amongst the ethnic French and from others when regarding them. Those people that are not indigenous French being distinct is not vague whatsoever, especially when people like Zidane and Curie are still identified strongly as Berber and Polish respectively, something indigenous ethnic French (or French-French) do not share. You are right though that the burden of proof is on those who want to create this article. Reliable sources are needed and the aspect of common descent again most likely includes some sort of biological basis (since descent istelf is marked from a biological phenomena) as well as other traits 9eg. cultural) that can be associated with it. Epf (talk) 04:58, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* What defines the inclusivness or exclusivness of the French group will be the point of the article. If the article is about a "French ethnic group" then it has to draw heavily of French ethnological studies. People you claim as "distinct" such are Zinane and Baker need to be identified as distinct by the group itself and not by you. To do this you need to show that there are specific beliefs within the group, universally held, that define the group in such a way that people like Currie, Baker and Zidane cannot be members and are universally not seen as members by the group itself. If you cannot do this, then there is no basis for your claims, they revert to merely being your opinion, and not based on solid ethnological research. Alun (talk) 06:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* The image that the Ogre produced is in use at the French Wikipedia, (Peuple français) and it appears that a picture of Josephine Baker has been in use on that page for some time. If these people are acceptable to the good people at the French Wikipedia, then I find it really quite strange that there is a bone of contention here. Might I suggest that they have a greater insight into this subject att he French Wikipedia than editors here do?
* If you can find reliable sources for all of this it still may not be convincing because there are bound to be sources that contradict these claims, and we need to include all points of view. Alun (talk) 12:20, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
* Once credible sources are found, there is no justification for not having the article. Even if there are sources contradicting some aspect, the article is not a forum and just because there may be some opinions who disagree with the article, doesn't merit not having it at all. The opinions against it, if even found, can be entered in the article to give another viewpoint or in another one such as this one. Epf (talk) 04:58, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* So far you have provided no credible sources whatsoever. I suggest you get cracking. Alun (talk) 06:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* I feel I should remind you that there is barely any credible sources and a great deal of OR in the current French people article. Indeed we do need to "get cracking" but I honestly don't have time to do such right now (the next two weeks in particular), create the new article or re-enter more ethnic information into the French people article. I myself will have to more of this a latter time. Epf (talk) 08:53, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
It seems obvious that the man has a political agenda and keeps pushing it whenever he gets a chance. I believe WP would be better off if Epf's delusional debate wasn't fueled at length as we see here, it would be enough to keep an eye on his contributions. Just my 02 cts. - Wikigi | talk to me | 15:03, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
* Yes, he has admitted he has a political agenda, quoting Epf: “I disagree very strongly, especially as someone who fundraises for the Celtic League and therefore for Breton ethnic and cultural rights in France (which are practically non-existent) as well aspects of Breton nationalism.”. I think i will follow your advice. Med (talk) 15:13, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
* Good point. My apologies, possibly I have been feeding the troll. Alun (talk) 06:35, 11 March 2008 (UTC)
DELETION
We have a problem ! The new infobox image is due to the incompatibility of some of the specific licenses of the source pictures. We may have to change some of the pictures. I'm waiting to be told which are the incompatible ones. The Ogre (talk) 14:24, 5 March 2008 (UTC)
Preferential voting
At the risk of being accused of making this "too complicated" again, I suggest that we first decide how many pictures we want for the article (say 8 or 16). Then we use the 27 top pictures from the first round and have a preferential ballot. Instead of every vote each of us casts counting the same, everyone needs to give a preference to each picture. So everyone has a first choice and a second choice etc down to a 27th choice. It is not necessary for everyone to vote down to their last choice, if you only like six pictures, then you only need to give preferences for the six you like. Then we can either redistribute the votes of those candidates at the bottom of the list (based on first preference votes) until we have reached a required number of pictures (Alternative vote), or if we want to be fancy we can use the Single transferable vote to rank the pictures by preference. I suggest that although this involves a bit more work we will get a much better idea about what the consensus is. Unfortunately it does mean another round of voting. Alun (talk) 06:58, 6 March 2008 (UTC)
* My propposal, quite obviously, is that for the image to stay as it is! Of course I'm willing to accept the consensual decision, whatever that may be... Cheers! The Ogre (talk) 23:28, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
* After taking a look at a number of people articles, I found that they use somewhere between 4 and 18 images, with the 12-18 range being most frequent. I would suggest a number within that range (12-18) as most suitable. I'm thinking 27 images makes the component images too small for easy recognition.--Ramdrake (talk) 23:35, 7 March 2008 (UTC)
* I don't have a strong opinion about changing the picture personally. I can see the point of view that 27 makes the images very small, whether it makes them too small is a question of personal preference, and of course the size of screen one is viewing the article from. If we get a lot of people wanting fewer pictures then we can trim the number down, if there is not great feeling that 27 is too many then let's just keep it as it is. Cheers, Alun (talk) 06:58, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
* Yeah, this thing definitly needs less pictures. The pictures should also show people of different "areas" (science, politics, litterature, etc.) and so I propose a version including De Gaulle, Descartes, Pasteur, Louis XIV, Victor Hugo and Eiffel (note how this list uses people famous for different things). Chris DHDR 09:42, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
* Btw, there is now three users against the inclusion of Marie Curie, Zinedine Zidane and Joesephine Baker. I also believe that the current selection contains too many photos. Epf (talk) 04:40, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* Still less than the number of people that voted for Zidane alone (6) in the vote, let alone Zidane, Curie and Baker together (22). Small beer Epf. Alun (talk) 06:46, 9 March 2008 (UTC)
* How'd you know that I drink I beer ? lol. Epf (talk) 09:13, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
* It's a common enough idiom. "Small beer", adj. Trivial; unimportant. Alun (talk) 12:04, 10 March 2008 (UTC)
Small change in the pics
Had to change the Mitterrand pic because the source is target for deletion due to bad license. The Ogre (talk) 02:36, 8 March 2008 (UTC)
Is it close ?
No matter. My vote is for none ! We don't need any celebrity picture. Ericd (talk) 01:13, 10 March 2009 (UTC) | WIKI |
User:Kkapt689/sandbox
= Thirza Cuthand = (pronounced cut-hand)
Thirza Cuthand is an Indigenous filmmaker, performance artist, and writer from Canada. Thirza is the main creator and contributor to a vast amount of short experimental videos and films about love/sexuality, culture/tradition, identity, spirituality, racism/homophobia, expression, trauma, etc, since 1995. Cuthand’s main goal with her short experimental narratives and films is to break down neoliberal Indigenous political philosophies, as well as breakdown stereotypes and stigmas surrounding mental health, and queer identity, as she depicts in her work her journey of growing up as a lesbian, and being diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Thirza’s work/films have been broadcasted at many events and organizations around the world, therefore this has allowed her to travel to the many places in which her work goes; she has even helped curate a video game. Thirza has her own website/blog called “Fit of Pique” which has been up since 2004, where she writes very frequently about the events, circumstances and situations in her life; her website also includes a donation tab, where you can fund her work if you enjoy it, her biography, her education and credentials (such as exhibitions, screenings, etc.), her contact information for distributors and artists, and finally her videos.
About Thirza
Thirza is of Plains Cree and Scottish descent, born in Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada, in 1978; however, most of her childhood and growing up was spent in Saskatoon, and she now resides in Toronto. Thirza is currently 40 years of age and when she was 23 she began to explore making short experimental videos and films individually and collaboratively about many topics and themes that resonated with her growing up in the Canadian prairies while being an indigenous lesbian and having been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Thirza’s use of humour is very evident in her blogs and in her work with film, making these topics easier to attain for her viewers, and those who may relate to her.
Education/Scholarships and Grants
Thirza obtained her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree, and majored in film/video at Emily Carr University of Art & Design, in Vancouver, British Columbia, in 2005 when she was 27. She then moved on to receive her Masters of Arts, and majored in Media Production at Ryerson University in Toronto, Ontario, in 2015.
Thirza has also received many scholarships and grants; the most recent being the Ontario Art Council Media Project Grant and the Telefilm Feature Development Funding, both in 2018. The remainder being the Telefilm Feature Development Funding in 2017, Canada Council for the Arts Travel Grant & Toronto Art Council Media Project Grant both in 2016, Canada Council for the Arts Screenwriting Grant in 2015, Canada Council for the Arts Travel Grant & the Ryerson University Fellowship in 2014/2015, Canada Council for the Arts Travel Grant in 2013, Saskatchewan Arts Board Individual Project Grant in Media Arts in 2012, Canada Council Travel Grant in 2011, Canada Council Travel Grant in 2010, Saskatchewan Arts Board Travel Grant & Canada Council Research/Creation Grant both in 2008, Canada Council Screenwriting Grant in 2003, and lastly, her first scholarships received in 2000, the National Aboriginal Achievement Foundation Scholarship and Emily Carr University Tuition Scholarship.
Awards
* REVEAL Award, Hnatyshyn Foundation, 2017
* Best Low Budget Screenplay at Female Eye Film Festival, 2016, for "Evil Fire"
* Audience Choice award at ReelPride, 2014 for "Just Dandy"
* Best Experimental Film at Female Eye Film Festival, 2014, for "Sight"
* New MIC Award for digital arts for Grad Film Anhedonia at Emily Carr University 2001
* Honorable Mention in International Competition for "Helpless Maiden Makes an “I” Statement" at Oberhausen International Short Film Festival, 2001
* Gerry Brunet Memorial Award for "Untouchable", Out On Screen, 1998
Filmography
Here is a full list of all Thirza's short experimental films/videos, followed by her role, the length, the year and the distributor.
* "Evil Fire"- Feature in Development
* "Reclamation"- Director/Writer/Producer, HD, 13:11, 2018 Dist. Cinema Politica
* "Thirza Cuthand Is an Indian Within the Meaning of the Indian Act"- Director/Writer/Producer, HD, 8:40, 2017 Dist. Vtape, Videopool
* "2 Spirit Dreamcatcher Dot Com"- Director/Writer/Producer, HD, 4:56, 2017 Dist. Vtape, Videopool
* "The Longform Lesbian Census"- Co-Directed with Riki Yandt, HD, 4:20, 2017 Dist. Vtape
* "2 Spirit Introductory Special $19.99"- Director/Writer/Producer, RED, 4:37, 2015 Dist. VTape, Video Out
* "Just Dandy"- Director/Editor/Producer, HDV, 7:37, 2013 Dist. VTape, Video Out
* "Boi Oh Boi"- Director/Editor/Producer, HDV, 9:32, 2012 Dist. VTape, Video Out
* "Sight"- Director/Editor/Producer, Super 8, 3:23, 2012 Dist. VTape, Video Out
* "Homelands"- Director/ Editor/Producer, Digital Video 53:00, 2010 Dist. VTape
* "You Are A Lesbian Vampire"- Director, Editor, Producer, Digital Video, 3:17, 2008 Dist. Vtape
* "Madness in Four Actions"- Director/Editor/Producer Digital Video, 9;00, 2008 Dist. VTape
* "Love & Numbers"- Writer/Director/Editor/Producer , digital video, 8:03, 2004 Dist. VTape
* "Anhedonia"- Writer/Director/Editor/Producer, 16mm/digital video fusion, 9:00, 2001 Dist. VTape
* "Helpless Maiden Makes an “I” Statement"- Writer/Director/Editor/Producer, digital video, 6:12, 1999 Dist. VTape, Video Out
* "Thirza Cuthand’s Through the Looking Glass"- Writer/Director/Editor, digital video, 14:00, 1999 Dist. Videopool, VTape, Video Out
* "Manipulation/Dictation"- Writer/Director/Editor/Producer, super 8, 4:00, 1999 Dist. Vtape, Video Out
* "Untouchable"- Writer/Director/Editor/Producer, Hi-8, 4:00, 1998 Dist. Video Out, VTape
* "Earth Flesh"- Writer/Director, hi-8, 1:00, 1997 Dist. Video Out
* "Bisexual Wannabe"- Writer/Director/Editor/Producer, Hi-8, 3:00, 1997 Dist. Videopool
* "Working Baby Dyke Theory"- Writer/Director/Editor/Producer, Hi-8, 5:00, 1997 Dist. Videopool
* "Colonization: The Second Coming"- Writer/Director/Editor, Hi-8, 3:30, 1996 Dist. Videopool
* "My Sister"- Co-Director/Editor with Danielle Ratzlaff, S-VHS, 5:00, 1996 Dist. Videopool
* "Lessons in Baby Dyke Theory"- Writer/Director, Hi-8, 3:30, 1995 Dist. Videopool | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Featured picture candidates/FA22 Raptors
FA22 Raptors
* Reason:It's historical (the first official deployement of F-22) and very good quality for such a hard to catch image.
* Articles this image appears in:F-22 Raptor
* Creator:U.S. Air Force
* Nominator: Arad
* Support Any — Arad 20:07, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
* Comment Could we have the historical year in the picture description? Basar 22:37, 3 March 2007 (UTC) I found it in the metadata. Basar 22:41, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
* Oppose original, weak support neutral Edit 1 - I've uploaded an edit which fixes the poor contrast, green colour cast and fairly heavy noise. I'm not 100% convinced about the enc of a head-on shot like this, though. I prefer the alternative as an illustration but the image quality isn't that great. --YFB ¿ 02:44, 4 March 2007 (UTC)
* Weak support Neutral Alternative Edit 1 - Better after a spot of noise reduction and a minor contrast boost, but there's not a great 'wow' factor and I'm a bit puzzled by the port vertical stabiliser, which looks sort of like it's been manipulated badly in Photoshop (rear edge, just in front of the rudder). --YFB ¿ 03:15, 4 March 2007 (UTC)
* I fail to see how this is historical. Are we going to see pictures of the first Toyota Camry being sold in Washington state soon? Also, call me old fashioned, but that deployment over Ohio didn't really involve any military action, did it? Wasn't it a mere testdrive? --Dschwen 12:55, 4 March 2007 (UTC)
* Come on. How can you compare Toyota Camry to F-22 Raptor, the best fighter plain in the world. It's technology is the best available. It's something you don't see everyday. --Arad 04:21, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
* Make it a Prius then ;-). Anywho, my point was more on historical... ...and the deployment being just a testdrive (not that I would rather want to see them in an actual fight). All in all it is a decent pic (but please don't call it historical). Just like all those military promo shots, I don't think it is of terribly high enc value (if it were, it probably wouldn't be declassified). --Dschwen 08:26, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
* Oppose all Run-of-the-mill aircraft photos. Just because this is the Testarossa of fighter jets doesn't mean we have to elevate any middling photo of it to FP. ~ trialsanderrors 22:13, 5 March 2007 (UTC)
* Oppose all per trailsanderrors. Plus, I don't know if anyone has noticed, but the caption here says the planes are over Ohio. Whereas in the article it says this was taken over Utah. Furthermore, the picture summary just says the planes are en route to Utah and gives no info on location whatsoever. Uberlemur 00:13, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
* Yeah, looks like I made an error. Thanks for telling that. --Arad 04:12, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
* THat doesn't look like Utah to me. I'd say Ohio might be closer to it. ~ trialsanderrors 06:24, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
MER-C 02:42, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
* Support Alternative Edit 1 -Nelro 15:24, 10 March 2007 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:Four in One (composition)
Deletion notice removed
The notice ignored other articles of similar content and quality entirely. Either challenge all or none at all. -- Kku (talk) 08:49, 21 June 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
User:Binhash
Binhash is an American Wikipedia user that majors in electronics and information technology. He also likes cats and Pokemon. | WIKI |
Peruvian balsam
Noun
* 1) A fragrant bitterish liquid yielded by a South American tree, used to treat asthma and in making soap. | WIKI |
CP Tenerife
Club Patín Tenerife was a Spanish rink hockey club from Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands.
History
Founded in 1970, Tenerife promoted for the first time to the first division in 1982, but was immediately relegated in the next season. Fifteen years later, it promoted again to the top tier, where they remained until 2011.
In 2008, Tenerife conquered the CERS Cup and made the debut in the next season of the European League.
Three years later, the club relegated to Primera División but did not join the competition as it was dissolved due to the financial trouble.
Trophies
* CERS Cup: 1
* 2008 | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Peter Stas
The result was Delete. —Quarl (talk) 2007-02-26 08:50Z
Peter Stas
* – (View AfD) (View log)
Previous AfD for Frederique Constant.
The creator, who happens to be Peter Stas himself, maintains that he and his company are notable, and this isn't just self-promotion (despite both articles being speedied under those reasons a few days ago). Bringing it here for review. -- Steel 13:56, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
* Delete - I am currently in an ongoing heated debate with Peter Stas about the notability of his company, and given how hard he's finding it proving the notability of his company, never mind himself, I see no reason why these articles should be here. No substantial claim to notability, not verfiable, potential vanity page and no sources. Only source that got provided to me so far is a 2 year old article that rubbished the claim that him and his company introduced the silicium escapement wheel in the last 21 days (which was the claim to notability) and made absolutely no mention to either Peter Stas or his company. The Kinslayer 14:06, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
* Delete If he is in fact the creator/founder and he cannot provide reliable sources to verify the subject's notability then the article is in violation of Wikipedia's attribution policy and subject to deletion. NeoFreak 14:17, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
* Delete per WP:COI, WP:CORP, WP:V. If the company's president can't give us verifiable sources, then I see no reason to memorialize him. The company itself is demonstrably notable (nearly half a million Google hits along with G-sponsored links to authorized US dealers and the like, and that research took me all of five seconds), but this fellow isn't. RGTraynor 16:41, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
* I should amend my comment to reflect that I believe the Stas article to be in violation of WP:COI, WP:CORP, WP:V and WP:VAIN. On the Frederique Constant article, there is no doubt of the firm's notability (however much the article doesn't well reflect that), and my vote there would be for a firm Keep. RGTraynor 16:08, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
* Delete Stas (Neutral on Frederique Constant). While the company has a shred of claim to notability, their CEO certainly does not. Caknuck 17:51, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
* Speedy Delete per RGTraynor.Corporal Punishment 23:46, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
* Gentleman - As a first user, it still is a learning experience how you guys work and try to destruct a contribution. On talk pages, I have added various links to external articles on a Silicium Escapement, Frederique Constant and myself. The comment "If the company's president can't give us sources" is inappropriate. I have had a discussion already with Kinslayer on the Assume good faith guideline, which he considers unbinding. Still, I would like to ask if you can also give constructive critism as my intention was:
1) To enter information on a revolutionary silicium_escapement_wheel that we have introduced in February. Meanwhile, we have established it is indeed noteworthy information but my claim that we created it is considered not correct because Patek Philippe made an announcement in 2005 introducing a similar system.
2) To enter Frederique Constant, a well established watch company with, as also mentioned below, over half a million page references.
3) To enter myself because I saw that most companies have information on the CEO and founders of their companies. Please delete the page on myself if you feel it is of no contribution. I made the link after looking at other pages and thought that it was supposed to be done like this.
Pcstas 12:46, 22 February 2007 (UTC) — Pcstas (talk • contribs) has made few or no other edits outside this topic.
* 1) You have yet to provide any evidence that your wheel is any way substantially different from the SEW introduced to the industry by Patek Philippe. You have claimed it has 'unique features' but have not provided any sources to back that claim up. The only source you provided was the article that proved your company is merely using someone elses design (regardless of any refinements you may have made. Refining the wheel and being the first to introduce the wheel to an industry are completely different things)
* 2)Google hits are not an establishment of Notability.Well-known and Notable are different things entirely. Pages with 15 Ghits have been proven notable in the past.
* 3)Other pages existing is generally not considered a valid arguement for the inclusion of an article. See also WP:COI. The Kinslayer 12:56, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
Re uniqueness: If you would have looked at the image of the Silicium Escapement Wheel that I uploaded, and it seems you have removed from the pages, you would have seen that the center of the wheel is made in the image of the Frederique Constant trademark logo. This is an unique design feature that every goodwilling person would have seen and confirmed. We further developped the shape and surface of our Silicium Escapement Wheel. It takes a whole technical discussion on the calculation of the teeth profiles which is most probably lost on you. As a start, place back the photo on the discussion pages so that everybody can see what I am talking about.Pcstas 15:36, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
* I actually laughed out loud at this! 'It's notably unique becuase your companies logo is on it'?! I have a wallet with my own design on it, but that doesn't entitle me to claim I have created a revolutionary new wallet! As I said earlier, redesigning/improving upon an exisiting design is nowhere near as notable as creating the design to begin with! Over the course of the last couple of days, you've gone from claiming your company created the SEW, to claiming they 'introduced' it to the market two years after it was actually introduced, and now your down to claiming it's unique merely becuase it has your company logo on it!Incredible! Does it make it unique? Perhaps. Does it make it notable? Never.The Kinslayer 16:08, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
{Image removed because it's disrupting the discussion, please provide a link only) The Kinslayer 16:09, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
Re Notability: I did not only provide Google hits as source on our company but other external sources as well: http://www.industrialnewsupdate.com/archives/2005/06/swiss_watch_com.php http://www.fhs.ch/en/news/news.php?id=484 http://www.europastar.com/europastar/magazine/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002384538 Please see also the Financial Times, maybe you consider that more credible: http://search.ft.com/search?queryText=frederique+constant&x=13&y=2&aje=true&dse=&dsz= Pcstas 15:49, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
* I agree that those sources do prove you and your companies notability, but the picture your showing us is a computer generated image? What the heck is that supposed to prove? Your company can produce an image using a computer? Well done. Moving on, I suggest a compromise. I'll change my opinion to keeping both articles, but I must insist that the claims of creating the Silicium escapement wheel stop. There are multiple readily available sources of other companies who also make the same claim, and theirs goes back further than 21 days, such as this one. More are available on demand. Is this acceptable? The Kinslayer 18:51, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Page:Lives of Poets-Laureate.djvu/418
404 one of whom, General Beaupuis, he has celebrated under the name of Dion, in "The Prelude." It was from him that Wordsworth learned the love story of " Vaudracour and Julia," with which our readers are doubtless acquainted. The General afterwards fell in battle, and Wordsworth has raised a monument to his memory in "The Prelude." He visited Paris in the autumn, on his way home, and arrived there soon after the massacres of September, 1792.
So much was his mind affected by the scenes of horror which he witnessed, that years afterwards they haunted his dreams. Though very anxious to stay and mix himself up with political parties in the French capital, he was, fortunately for himself, compelled by circumstances to leave for England, and he arrived in London in the winter. Soon after his return, he wrote, but did not publish, a pamphlet, entitled, "A letter to the Bishop of Llandaff on the Political Principles contained in an Appendix to one of his Lordship's recent Sermons."
"The sentiments avowed in it," says Dr. Wordsworth, "are republican. He declares himself an enemy to an hereditary monarchy, and an hereditary peerage, and to all social privileges and distinctions, except such as are conferred by the elective voice of the people." In writing to a friend at the same time, he says: "Hereditary distinctions, and privileged orders of every species, I think, must necessarily counteract the progress of human improvement. Hence it follows that I am not among the admirers of the British constitution." He adds, however, that the destruction of the institutions which he dislikes | WIKI |
Benefits of Using a Portable Vibration Fitness Electronic Massage 3. How to Choose the Right Massage Gun with Vibration Belt 4. Tips for Maximizing the Benefits of Whole Body Massage 5. The Science Behind Brushless Motor Massage Technology
In today’s fast-paced world, finding time to relax and unwind can be a challenge. However, with the advancement of technology, there are now portable vibration fitness electronic massages that can help you achieve a whole body massage in the comfort of your own home. These devices, such as massage guns with vibration belts, offer a convenient and effective way to relieve muscle tension and improve circulation.
One of the key benefits of using a portable vibration fitness electronic massage is the ability to target specific areas of the body with precision. Whether you are looking to relieve tension in your shoulders, back, or legs, these devices can provide targeted relief to help you feel more relaxed and rejuvenated. Additionally, the vibrations from the massage gun can help to improve blood flow and reduce inflammation, leading to faster recovery times after intense workouts or long periods of sitting.
When choosing a massage gun with a vibration belt, it is important to consider the features that are most important to you. Look for a device that offers multiple speed settings and interchangeable massage heads to customize your experience. Additionally, consider the size and weight of the device, as well as the battery life, to ensure that it meets your needs for portability and convenience.
in 1 portable vibration fitness electronic massage with brushless motor massage whole body massage Massage gun with vibration belt 2
To maximize the benefits of a whole body massage, it is important to use the device regularly and consistently. Set aside time each day to focus on different areas of the body, paying attention to any areas of tension or discomfort. Experiment with different massage heads and speeds to find the combination that works best for you. Additionally, consider incorporating stretching and relaxation techniques into your routine to enhance the effects of the massage.
The science behind brushless motor massage technology is fascinating and plays a key role in the effectiveness of portable vibration fitness electronic massages. Brushless Motors are more efficient and durable than traditional brushed motors, allowing for smoother and more powerful vibrations. This technology helps to deliver a more effective massage experience, targeting deep tissue and providing relief from muscle soreness and stiffness.
In conclusion, portable vibration fitness electronic massages offer a convenient and effective way to achieve a whole body massage in the comfort of your own home. By choosing the right massage gun with a vibration belt and using it regularly, you can experience the benefits of targeted muscle relief, improved circulation, and faster recovery times. Incorporating stretching and relaxation techniques into your routine can further enhance the effects of the massage, helping you to feel more relaxed and rejuvenated. With brushless motor massage technology, you can enjoy a more efficient and powerful massage experience, targeting deep tissue and providing relief from muscle soreness and stiffness. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Semi-trailer trucks
Semi-trailer trucks
A semi-trailer is a trailer without a front axle. In the US, the term is also used to refer to the combination of a truck and a semitrailer, a tractor-trailer.
A large proportion of a semitrailer's weight is supported by a tractor unit, or a detachable front-axle assembly known as a dolly, or the tail of another trailer. A semitrailer is normally equipped with landing gear (legs which can be lowered) to support it when it is uncoupled. Many semitrailers have wheels that are capable of being totally dismounted and are also relocatable to better distribute load to bearing wheel weight factors. Semitrailers are more popular for transport than full trailers, which have both front and rear axles. Ease of backing is cited as one of the semi's chief advantages. Read more http://www.allabouttrucks-cdl.com/2017/10/semi-trailer.html
#trucks #dispatch #allabout trucks #CDL#driverjobs #trucksdispatch#dispatchingtrucks #dispatchingindustry | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Template talk:Did you know nominations/Symphony No. 4 (Mahler)
Renomination
The article just passed GAN, so I was wondering how the renomination process would work for an archived nomination? Thanks, GeneralPoxter (talk • contribs) 02:53, 15 October 2021 (UTC)
* @GeneralPoxter: Congratulations on the GA. Failed nominations are not reopened but instead a second nomination page is created, i.e. Template:Did you know nominations/Symphony No. 4 (Mahler) (second nomination) here. Just create that nomination page like you would any other and list it, maybe include a backlink to this page but that's not mandatory. Regards So Why 07:24, 15 October 2021 (UTC)
* Thanks! GeneralPoxter (talk • contribs) 12:09, 15 October 2021 (UTC)
* No problem. Don't forget to list it in today's log as outlined at WP:DYKNOM or it won't be reviewed. Regards So Why 14:10, 15 October 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Víctor Estrella Burgos
Víctor Estrella Burgos ( born August 2, 1980) is a Dominican former professional tennis player. In 2014, Estrella became the first Dominican to reach the top 100 in the ATP rankings. He also became the first Dominican player to reach the semifinals in an ATP 250 tournament in Bogotá. In 2015, he also became the first tennis player from his country to participate in all four Grand Slams, playing in the Australian Open. In February 2015, he won his first career ATP title at the Ecuador Open, becoming the oldest first-time ATP tour winner in the Open Era. He successfully defended his title with a 100% winning record at the event in 2016 and 2017, but lost in the second round in 2018.
Estrella has been a member of the Davis Cup team from the Dominican Republic since 1998, posting a record of 41–17 in singles and 21–22 in doubles. Since 2014 he belongs to the Dominican olympic program CRESO.
Estrella Burgos reached a career-high singles ranking of world No. 43, achieved on July 13, 2015. He achieved a career-high doubles ranking of world No. 135, achieved on the same date.
Junior career
Estrella Burgos began playing tennis at the age of 8.
Estrella Burgos played his first junior match in July 1996 at the age of 15 at a grade 5 tournament in the Dominican Republic. He did not play much junior tennis as he play just six tournaments in singles and five tournaments in doubles. His best result was a semifinal appearance at a grade 4 tournament in El Salvador in singles and a final appearance at a grade 4 tournament in the Dominican Republic in doubles. He did not play in any junior Grand Slams or any major junior tournaments.
Estrella Burgos ended his junior career with a high ranking of 360 in singles and 292 in doubles. He had an overall win–loss record of 9–6 in singles and 10–5 in doubles.
2002–2013: Slow rise
Although playing his first ITF event in 2000, Estrella Burgos officially turned pro in 2002 at the age of 22. He reportedly did not take his career seriously until he was 26 when he decided that a career on the ATP Tour was the best option. For the first few years of his career, he played tournaments only located in The Americas. It was not until 2011 where he started to play in other parts of the world. Throughout 2002–2013, he earned a handful of ITF titles while also improving his year-end ranking.
Highlights during this period include qualifying for his first ATP tournament, the 2008 Cincinnati Masters which he qualified for but lost to Fernando Verdasco in the first round, winning his first challenger title in 2011, and winning a gold medal at the 2010 Central American and Caribbean Games and a bronze medal at the 2011 Pan American Games, both in singles.
In October 2012, Estrella Burgos suffered an elbow injury. He was contemplating retirement during this time but returned to tennis in April 2013.
At the age of 32, Estrella Burgos picked up his first ATP win at the 2013 Colombia Open defeating Facundo Argüello in the first round.
2014: Breakout year
In early 2014, he became the first Dominican player to break into the top 100 and he started to qualify for ATP events and grand slams. His first grand slam was the 2014 French Open where he got an automatic qualification due to ranking but lost in the first round to 22nd seed Jerzy Janowicz in 4 sets.
At the 2014 Colombia Open, he went into the tournament as 8th seed and made the semifinals defeating the 1st seed and world number 14 Richard Gasquet along the way. He lost to eventual champion Bernard Tomic.
At the 2014 US Open, he made the third round which remains as his best result in a slam. He lost to Milos Raonic in straight sets which all went to tiebreaks.
At the 2014 Central American and Caribbean Games, Estrella Burgos repeated his gold medal feat from 2010 in singles and also won a bronze medal in mixed doubles.
Estrella Burgos would finish 2014 with a year-end ranking of 78 and a win–loss record of 9–10.
2015: Best year of career
At the 2015 Ecuador Open, Estrella Burgos made his first ATP final. In the final, he defeated top seed and world No. 14 Feliciano López to win his first ATP title. Not only did he become the first Dominican to win an ATP title, but the oldest first-time ATP champion in Open Era history. He also made the final of the doubles draw partnering João Souza but lost to Gero Kretschmer and Alexander Satschko in straight sets.
At the 2015 Barcelona Open, he recorded his only win over a top 10 player when he defeated world number 9 Marin Čilić. He also beat future world number 3 Dominic Thiem during the tournament.
On July 13, 2015, he reach his career-high ranking of 43 and would finish 2015 with his best year-end rankings of 56 and a win–loss record of 20–20.
2016–2017: More success on tour
Estrella Burgos made his second final in doubles at the 2016 U.S. Men's Clay Court Championship partnering Santiago González but lost to the Bryan brothers (Bob and Mike) in three sets.
He defended his title the Ecuador Open two more times in 2016 and 2017. He also played in the 2016 Summer Olympics but lost in the first round to Fabio Fognini in three sets.
He won his last challenger title in August 2017 against Damir Džumhur at the 2017 Santo Domingo Open in his home country of the Dominican Republic.
2018: Downfall
At the 2018 Australian Open, he played his last grand slam match against world number 1 Rafael Nadal. He lost in straight sets.
His win streak at the Ecuador Open ended at the 2018 edition with a second round loss to Gerald Melzer.
He played his last ATP match after qualifying for the 2018 Hall of Fame Open after qualifying for the main draw where he lost in the first round against eventual finalist Ramkumar Ramanathan in straight sets.
At the 2018 Central American and Caribbean Games, Estrella Burgos won three gold medals for singles, doubles, and team event. It would be the last time he attended the games.
At the 2018 US Open qualifying, Estrella Burgos defeated 2nd seed Jürgen Zopp and Bjorn Fratangelo to make the qualifying competition. He lost to Stefano Travaglia in straight sets.
Estrella Burgos' ranking dropped to a low of 326 in November and he ended the year with a win–loss record of 2–9 and a year-end ranking of 278. A severe dip from his win–loss record of 9–10 and year-end ranking of 83 in 2017.
2019: Retirement
On 5 August 2019, after playing in a few more challenger events and his ranking having dropped to 665 in the world, Estrella Burgos announced that he will retire from professional tennis. His last tournament was the Santo Domingo Open, which was played in October.
On October 7, he won his last match against Marcelo Arévalo. On October 8, Estrella Burgos played his last match against Thiago Monteiro. He was honored as one of the biggest retirees in 2019.
Davis Cup
Estrella Burgos made his Davis Cup debut in 1998 at the age of 17. During his time with the Dominican Davis Cup team, he posted a win–loss record of 43–17 in singles, 22–23 in doubles, and 65–40 overall.
In 2015, the Dominican Republic entered the world group playoff for the first time in their history and were paired up against Germany. Estrella Burgos won the opening match in the series when he defeated Dustin Brown in four sets. He would lose his second singles match against Philipp Kohlschreiber in straight sets and the Dominican Republic would lose the series 4–1.
Personal life
Estrella Burgos was born in Santiago de los Caballeros to father Elgio Felix and mother Ana. He also has three brothers; Hector, Henry and Felix.
Estrella Burgos' nickname is "Viti"
Estrella Burgos is also a big baseball fan and likes to go to many games.
Record against top 10 players
Estrella Burgos's match record against players who have been ranked in the top 10,with those who are active in boldface.
Only ATP Tour and Challenger main draw matches are considered. | WIKI |
Romanian Popular Party
The Romanian Popular Party (Partidul Popular Românesc, PPR), previously known as the Liberal Reformist Party (Partidul Liberal Reformator), is a political party from Moldova. The party supportes the unification of Moldova and Romania. On 27 August 2019, the party changed its name from Liberal Reformist Party to Romanian Popular Party and elected Vlad Țurcanu as its new president at the second Congress of the party.
Overview
Formed on 12 April 2013, as the Liberal Party Reform Council (CRPL) and a pro-government faction within the Liberal Party (PL), calling for reform of the party. The first president of the party was Ion Hadârcă from 2013 until 2019. Its seven MPs were subsequently ejected from the Liberal Party and agreed to enter a new coalition, called the Pro-European Coalition, with the Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova (PLDM) and the Democratic Party of Moldova (PDM) on 30 May 2013.
On 21 June 2013, at Costești, Ialoveni took place General Meeting of the Liberal Party Reform Council, which adopted a decision to create a new political party with a liberal doctrine.
On 1 August 2013, in Chişinău took place the first meeting of the Council of Founding of the Liberal Reformist Party (PLR).
Its seven MPs were former Liberal Party (PL) deputy chairman Ion Hadârcă, former Liberal Party secretary-general Oleg Bodrug, Ana Guțu, Anatol Arhire, Vadim Vacarciuc, Vadim Cojocaru, and Valeriu Saharneanu. The party failed to gain representation at the 2014 parliamentary election.
Vlad Țurcanu has been the president of the party since 27 August 2019.
The PPR is one of the founding members of Mișcarea Politică Unirea (MPU), a political party established for the unification of Moldova and Romania.
Notable former members
* Ion Hadârcă
* Oleg Bodrug
* Ana Guțu
* Anatol Arhire
* Vadim Vacarciuc
* Valeriu Saharneanu
* Vadim Cojocaru | WIKI |
Why the Importance of Good Bacteria and Combination of Probiotic & Prebiotic in Infant Nutrition Supports Babies’ Health and Immune System
by - March 27, 2018
The first few months of an infant’s life is the most crucial in its development. As supported by various studies and data, what is given to babies have effects on their immune system and overall health.
It is said that breastmilk is the gold standard in infant nutrition and exclusive breastfeeding is the recommended way of feeding infants. But what if breastfeeding is not possible due to the mother’s condition? What is the alternative left for them in infant nutrition?
Recent studies published in the Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition & Pharmacological Research reveal that a combination of the probiotic lactobacillus fermentum and prebiotic galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) given to babies over a six-month period significantly reduced the rate of gastrointestinal and respiratory infection in babies between 6-12 months of age. In addition, it was demonstrated that l.fermentum was safe and well tolerated in babies from 1-12 months of age. As a secondary outcome, the consumption of the combination of l.fermentum and GOS improved the health of infants (1-6 months) by reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal infections by 71%.
During the discussion on the importance of good bacteria given by Dr. Eduardo Lopez-Huerats of the Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC) held last March 22, 2018 at the Holiday Inn Makati, he shared how breastmilk contains lactic acid bacteria like bifidobacteria and lactobacillus, including l.fermentum, and prebiotics containing galactose.
The administration of l.fermentum in infant nutrition to babies between 6-12 months of age produced reductions of gastrointestinal infections (46%) and reductions of upper respiratory infections (27%) such as common cold, pharyngitis, tonsillitis.
Combination support of probiotic l.fermentum & GOS and CS born-babies
During birth, bacteria, including probiotics, are transferred from mother to baby as it passes through the vaginal canal. The presence of good bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract protects the baby from diseases and infections.
Women who deliver babies by CS are less likely to breastfeed or delay breastfeeding initiation. It has been shown that CS-born babies possess less beneficial bacteria and more potentially pathogenic bacteria in the gut. This increases the risk of diseases later on in life like asthma or atopic dermatitis. For CS-born babies who cannot be breastfed, infant nutrition containing a combination of l.fermentum and GOS may be considered.
“For babies who cannot be breastfed, the combination of the breastmilk probiotic l.fermentum and the prebiotic GOS in infant nutrition presents advantages regarding community-acquired infections mainly gastrointestinal infections. In addition, for babies born by CS who cannot be breastfed a formula with pre and probiotics should be considered due to its possible benefits,” said Dr. Eduardo Lopez-Huertas, a research scientist and author of published clinical researches on babies’ nutrition and health.
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Gilberto de la Nuez
Gilberto de la Nuez (1913–1993) was a Cuban outsider painter and woodcut maker. Much of his work depicts themes taken from santería; he was also concerned with documenting Cuban history and customs. During his life he was a marginal figure in Cuban art; his stature has only risen somewhat after his death. | WIKI |
WIDE FIELD ANDROMEDA GALAXY
OBJECT
Andromeda Galaxy is the closest galaxy to us (except for the Milky Way satellites, the Magallanic clouds). It lies at 2.2 Million light years. It is a common target for amateur astrophotographers which always try to catch the spiral structure and details on the dark areas.
Cataloged as M31 on the Messier list, it goes with two other nice galaxies; the dwarf M32 and NGC205 (also known as M110) another satellite of the Andromeda galaxy.
TECH DATA
Optics: Pentax 75 SDHF APO Refractor, 500 mm focal lenght
Camera: SBIG STL-6303
Exposure details:
LRGB ( 12x600, 10x600,10x600,14x600) (numxseconds)
L bands in 1x1 binning, RGB in 2x2 binning
HOURS OF EXPOSURE | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Shiftability theory
In banking, shiftability is an approach to keep banks liquid by supporting the shifting of assets. When a bank is short of ready money, it is able to sell or repo its assets to a more liquid bank.
Commercial loan theory
Prior to the concept of shiftability, the orthodox theory of banking limited banks to making short-term commercial loans to help producers of goods during their business cycles. For example, apple farmers may require short-term financing until the crop is ready for sale. This theory postulates that by making short-term commercial transactions that will mature in a timely manner will keep banks in a ready state to meet the demands of their depositors.
Shiftability
Although banking at the time was not a new concept, what had changed was that deposits had become the primary liability of banks. In 1830 the capital of banks was about three times the deposits, but less than one hundred years later depositors had come to represent approximately 68 percent of the equity in banks. This increase in the proportion of deposits had many worried about the possibility of a run on the banks and the inability to get much needed cash.
It was shown that short-term commercial lending oftentimes did not mature or liquidate at maturity due to changing business cycles. Growing opposition began to showcase the need for an improved banking system that could avoid forced liquidation of this short-term paper that came about more or less periodically. It proposed that banks, rather than relying on the liquidity of these assets in a crisis, should be able to shift these earning assets to another institution with a better cash position thereby creating the reserves needed. This ability to shift assets provides liquidity to otherwise non-liquid assets.
The key piece of legislation that led to this reality was the Banking Act of 1935. One of its amendments provided that, a federal reserve bank may discount any commercial, agricultural or industrial paper for liquidity purposes. It also allowed necessary advances to its member banks secured by "any sound asset" that would otherwise be described as ineligible by the orthodox theory to provide bank reserves.
Although there was much resistance to this idea and many believed it would be better to return to pre-war practices, it was Marriner Stoddard Eccles, an author of the Banking Act of 1935, that continued to push that bank asset liquidity in times of stress was dependent on the ability of a Central bank to exchange those assets for currency or credit.
During a crisis
One shortcoming of the Shiftability Theory, similar to one that led the banking system away from the orthodox theory, was that in times of stress or crisis, the effectiveness of these assets for liquidity purposes goes away as there is no market for them. If all banks are looking to liquidate assets, they are doing so at a cost because it would be difficult to find buyers, meaning lower prices for the assets and ultimately by doing so would not leave the banking system as a whole in a more liquid condition. | WIKI |
How can I get accurate text output from PDF to SVG converter?
Q: I'd like to tell you first that we like your product quite a lot -
for the most part it's extremely robust and reliable.
In a recent test we found that the headlines in the attached file
(pages 2&3) did not convert properly - some lowercase letters were
capitalized ("StrEamLiNE yOur pLaN."). I'd like to check if that is
that an issue with the demo version we're testing with or a bug in the
software.
---------------------
A: The problem is in the actual PDF. Essentially character glyphs do
not correspond to actual Unicode characters. You can obtain a more
accurate SVG output (but less accurate text mapping) with –nounicode
option.
To get the most accurate SVG representation that works across many
viewers you could use:
--nounicode --individual_char_placement
in PDF2SVG CLI (http://www.pdftron.com/pdf2svg) or analogous options
in PDFNet SDK (http://www.pdftron.com/pdfnet;
pdftron.PDF.Convert.ToSvg(...)). | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Bethesda Presbyterian Church (Russellville, Tennessee)
Bethesda Presbyterian Church is a historic church in Russellville, Tennessee, US, that was used as a hospital during the American Civil War. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
History
Bethesda Presbyterian Church was organized in 1832. The church building was completed in 1835. It is a brick building equipped with high-back wooden pews and an "ornate" wooden pulpit.
As the Civil War approached, the congregants' sympathies were divided between the Union and secessionist sides. The split led the church to suspend activity until after the hostilities ended.
Some 25,000 Confederate Army soldiers under the command of General James Longstreet arrived at the church in December 1863 to spend the winter, after the Battle of Bean's Station. They remained there until February 1864 and used the church building as a hospital. Military engagements occurred near the church in both October and November 1864. In the Battle of Morristown (also known as "Vaughn's Stampede") in October, Union forces under General Alvan C. Gillem attacked Confederate troops commanded by General John C. Vaughn, causing them to retreat to Carter's Station on the Watauga River. In the Battle of Bull's Gap (also known as “Gillem's Stampede”) in November, Confederate forces under General John C. Breckinridge and Vaughn prevailed over Gillem's troops, chasing the Union forces westward to a defensive position near Knoxville. During one of these skirmishes, a cannonball penetrated one of the church walls, causing structural damage that was repaired by reinforcing the walls with large iron rods. The Union Army used the church as a hospital for soldiers wounded in these operations. Many soldiers from both sides are interred in the church cemetery. Eighty of the wartime burials are unidentified.
Worship services resumed after the war ended, but church members could not reconcile their political differences. Confederate and Union supporters sat on different sides of the church, separated by empty pews. In 1871, one group walked out together; they then joined the Presbyterian Church of Morristown. The other group continued to worship at Bethesda Presbyterian Church until 1875, when they closed Bethesda and left to become part of the new Russellville Presbyterian Church.
Modern status
The church was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1973. The church building and its cemetery are maintained by members of a local chapter of the Sons of Confederate Veterans. In 2011, a pair of local teenagers vandalized the church and its cemetery, breaking windows and defacing gravestones. It currently has a Civil War Trails sign that signifies its usage in the American Civil War and a plaque honoring the fallen Civil War veterans. | WIKI |
Getting started with Pulsar IO
Connecting your systems with Pulsar using Pulsar IO
Pulsar IO is a feature of Pulsar that enables you to easily create and manage connectors that interface with external systems, such as databases and other messaging systems.
Setup
In order to run Pulsar IO connectors, you’ll need to have a binary distribution of pulsar locally.
Managing connectors
Pulsar connectors can be managed using the source and sink commands of the pulsar-admin CLI tool.
Running sources
You can use the create
You can submit a sink to be run in an existing Pulsar cluster using a command of this form:
$ ./bin/pulsar-admin sink create --className <classname> --jar <jar-location> --tenant test --namespace <namespace> --name <sink-name> --inputs <input-topics>
Here’s an example command:
bin/pulsar-admin source create --className org.apache.pulsar.io.twitter.TwitterFireHose --jar ~/application.jar --tenant test --namespace ns1 --name twitter-source --destinationTopicName twitter_data
Instead of submitting a source to run on an existing Pulsar cluster, you alternatively can run a source as a process on your local machine:
bin/pulsar-admin source localrun --className org.apache.pulsar.io.twitter.TwitterFireHose --jar ~/application.jar --tenant test --namespace ns1 --name twitter-source --destinationTopicName twitter_data
Running Sinks
You can submit a sink to be run in an existing Pulsar cluster using a command of this form:
./bin/pulsar-admin sink create --className <classname> --jar <jar-location> --tenant test --namespace <namespace> --name <sink-name> --inputs <input-topics>
Here’s an example command:
./bin/pulsar-admin sink create --className org.apache.pulsar.io.cassandra --jar ~/application.jar --tenant test --namespace ns1 --name cassandra-sink --inputs test_topic
Instead of submitting a sink to run on an existing Pulsar cluster, you alternatively can run a sink as a process on your local machine:
./bin/pulsar-admin sink localrun --className org.apache.pulsar.io.cassandra --jar ~/application.jar --tenant test --namespace ns1 --name cassandra-sink --inputs test_topic
Available connectors
At the moment, the following connectors are available for Pulsar:
Name Java class
Aerospike sink org.apache.pulsar.io.aerospike.AerospikeStringSink
Cassandra sink org.apache.pulsar.io.cassandra.CassandraStringSink
Kafka source org.apache.pulsar.io.kafka.KafkaStringSource
Kafka sink org.apache.pulsar.io.kafka.KafkaStringSink
RabbitMQ source org.apache.pulsar.io.rabbitmq.RabbitMQSource
Twitter Firehose source org.apache.pulsar.io.twitter.TwitterFireHose | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Diggers Bar, Hamilton
The result was delete. v/r - TP 03:29, 21 December 2011 (UTC)
Diggers Bar, Hamilton
* – ( View AfD View log )
Possible hoax. Non-notable bar apparently listed on the basis of the fact that a paranormal group meets there once a month. Extended quote does not seem to appear to be in reference given. What real notability the bar may have is probably best summarized by and being a small venue for notable touring musicians, but I don't think it's enough. Stuartyeates (talk) 07:12, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of New Zealand-related deletion discussions. Logan Talk Contributions 12:24, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Music-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:24, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Paranormal-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 16:24, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* Speedy delete. Frivolous entry. DerbyCountyinNZ (Talk Contribs) 18:34, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* Delete. Not a hoax but certainly non-notable. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 22:22, 13 December 2011 (UTC)
* Delete- NN - Notice that somebody is "ghosting" articles on the NZ paranormal - SimonLyall (talk) 06:30, 14 December 2011 (UTC)
* Speedy keep reference 1, which demonstrates that the topic has received media coverage, clearly states the extended quote. WP:AGF on Stuartyeates here, but I don't think they could've read the whole article to not see it. Quantum Foundation has also received media coverage even if not particularly well-known outside of their locale. Furthermore, the nominator only adds to the weighting on the topic, by showing an article, (EVEN MORE media coverage here) about the building being listed a historical places trust (and even though WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS, other such buildings have their own articles for a reason, historic places trust buildings in New Zealand of category I or II are notable historic buildings., such a status is not just given out to every building simply for being old, but because it has historical significance on at least a national level. The nominator's argument further condradicts itself by admitting the area as a well-known bar and venue for notable touring musicians. And of course, any arguments for deleting the article on the basis of being a paranormal topic are invalid under WP:IDON'TLIKEIT. There wouldn't be a Wikiproject Paranormal if such articles were not welcome on Wikipedia. This should never have been brough to AfD, much less been prodded.-Laughing lion of loudness (talk) 21:33, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
* (a) Page added to the paranormal wikiproject, as per Laughing lion of loudness. Stuartyeates (talk) 22:00, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
* (b) Was historic places trust buildings in New Zealand of category I or II are notable historic buildings a quote? Do you have a source for this claim? I've checked both wikipedia and google and I'm not finding anything. Stuartyeates (talk) 22:00, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
* (c) I don't believe the nomination contradicts itself. I believe the nomination attempts a good faith presentation of the relevant facts. Stuartyeates (talk) 22:00, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
* (d) I have now found which would seem to support an article of the name Office of the Waikato District Hospital and Charitable Aid Board or similar. Stuartyeates (talk) 22:00, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
* Well then your asking to rename and remodel not to delete. And to adress another claim, your "good faith presentation of the relevant facts" proved media coverage of the topic. Also, it has the distinction of being claimed in the media to be the most haunted location of a city. If you are ignoring that fact, I suggest you read WP:IDON'TLIKEIT.-Laughing lion of loudness (talk) 00:18, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
* Delete - Delete this article, recreate under Office of the Waikato District Hospital and Charitable Aid Board (Former), and replace haunting section with history of original building. red dog six (talk) 22:16, 15 December 2011 (UTC)
* We can have an section of the history of the building too, but as far as removing the haunting section, I encourage you to read WP:IDON'TLIKEIT as it may be applicable. Arguments or other related edits made simply because you personally might not like something is not a policy-supported way to edit the encyclopedia. If you would like a source of information that only includes topics that you personally like, create your own website. Wikipedia is not biased to an individual editor's personal tastes.-Laughing lion of loudness (talk) 00:16, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
* Comment - Instead of assuming I am falling prey to WP:IDON'TLIKEIT, I suggest you read WP:AGF and apply that to your arguments. I light of my not providing a reason for my comments, you would have been off asking why rather than assuming a bad faith or ignorance on my part. The reason I suggest the haunting section be eliminated is simply there is limited support for the validity of that statement and certainly no proof of its existence. In fact the article you refer to is mostly from a skeptics point of view. Two short paragraphs do not make it significant coverage. The other reference in the article only points to an event being held at the "reputedly haunted" bar. Again, individually or combined they do not provide significant coverage to support a haunted section. red dog six (talk) 01:55, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
* Ugh that's entirely the issue there IS proof of it's existence, check the map on the page. Also, I suggest that YOU read WP:AGF instead of asking me too. It should be no surprise to anyone that I made the article out of good faith and whether the page should be kept or not, it is highly uncivil of you to be rude and assume that I am assuming things. On that note, see WP:CIVILITY and don't just assume that people are always just assuming things. Thank you and have a nice day. :)-Laughing lion of loudness (talk) 21:16, 18 December 2011 (UTC)21:15, 18 December 2011 (UTC)
* Note to closing admin and reminder to other editors It is important to not forget that Articles for deletion explains that the concensus of this process is reached by the validity of the arguments, not by a majority vote.-Laughing lion of loudness (talk) 01:24, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
* Comment: I have created Office of the Waikato District Hospital and Charitable Aid Board (Former) as per red dog six 's correction of my suggestion. It shares no content and no sources with the article under discussion here, but it does use the sources I have uncovered during this discussion. I am confident that there are more references in paperspast, but searching to find them is hard work. Stuartyeates (talk) 03:04, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
* Comment - Very Nice!!! red dog six (talk) 03:11, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
Comment I'm not worried anymore what happens to the page being discussed. The important thing is, Diggers Bar is at least mentioned in the Charitable Aid article to keep in line with policy of mentioning the most notable bars on Wikipedia.-Laughing lion of loudness (talk) 21:15, 18 December 2011 (UTC)
* Comment: I'd just like to go on record as saying that Diggers is a great bar. I drank there at least semi-regularly while enrolled in a PhD at the nearby Waikato University. Alas, see WP:ILIKEIT. Stuartyeates (talk) 03:16, 16 December 2011 (UTC)
* Delete I'm not seeing widespread coverage that would show notability for the bar or paranormal club, according to WP:GNG. The building seems notable and historic—kudos to Stuartyeates for creating Office of the Waikato District Hospital and Charitable Aid Board (Former). — First Light (talk) 16:30, 17 December 2011 (UTC)
| WIKI |
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Memoization in Javascript
· · ☕ 4 min read
What is memoization and where is it useful? Let us do a quick overview and dig into example code.
Memoization is a technique that can be used in long, recursive code to cache results from previous executions and speed up the overall process.
Consider a long repetitive operation where there is a good possibility that you will have the same arguments for the computation function more than once. What if we could make our program remember what had transpired in the last execution. We could then effectively shave-off cycles that had been done previously and speed up execution.
This is “memoization”.
We have seen in other posts that closures can remember parent’s state. Putting the two together, we can see a potential use of closures in memoization.
A practical example
Consider the totally practical problem of getting Fibonacci series up to a given number.
fibo(5) = [1, 1, 2, 3, 5]
Each number is equal to the sum of the previous two numbers, and the series starts from 0 or 1. We can generate the series using simple recursion.
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let fibo = memoize(function(n) {
if (n <= 1) return 1;
else {
return fibo(n - 1) + fibo(n - 2);
}
});
fibo(5); // works!
The recursion counts down numbers while also adding results. So, you end up calling the function with same numbers more than once.
fibo(5) calls => fibo(4), fibo(3)
fibo(4) calls => fibo(3), fibo(2)
fibo(3) calls => fibo(2), fibo(1)
..
For an input 5, the following function calls happen -
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fibo(5);
fibo(4);
fibo(3);
fibo(2);
fibo(2); // repeated
fibo(3); // repeated
fibo(2); // repeated
Memoization helps avoid evaluating the function evaluation for repeat calls. We will rewrite the above function to calculate Fibonacci series -
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function fibo(n, cache) {
cache = cache ? cache : {};
if (cache[n]) {
console.log("returning cached result for: ", n);
return cache[n];
}
if (n < 2) {
console.log("iterating..", 1);
cache["0"] = 1;
cache["1"] = 1;
return 1;
} else {
console.log("iterating..", n);
cache[n] = fibo(n - 1, cache) + fibo(n - 2, cache);
console.log("cache: ", cache);
return cache[n];
}
}
fibo(5);
/* output
iterating.. 5
iterating.. 4
iterating.. 3
iterating.. 2
iterating.. 1
returning cached result for: 0
cache: { '0': 1, '1': 1, '2': 2 }
returning cached result for: 1
cache: { '0': 1, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3 }
returning cached result for: 2
cache: { '0': 1, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 5 }
returning cached result for: 3
cache: { '0': 1, '1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3, '4': 5, '5': 8 }
*/
We have done a really simple change - added an object called cache that persists across function calls. Each time there is an evaluation, the result is added to cache.
The recursion happens as normal for the first call.
For e.g. fibo(5) -
1. Evaluate expression fibo(4) + fibo(3)
2. Store results for 2, 1 in cache
3. Return results
For the next iteration - for fibo(4):
1. The expressions are fibo(3) + fibo(2)
2. 3 already exists in cache, and cache results are returned
3. Evaluation for fibo(2) happens normally
We can also see from the output that repeating instances will now not retrigger the full function, but return results from cache. (applicable for 1, 2, 3 as seen previously).
The new flow is -
1. Initiate program to calculate Fibonacci series for 5
2. Initiate cache
3. Add given input number (e.g. n-1) and its evaluation result to cache
4. Recursion with expression fibo(n-1) + fibo(n-2) to count down till number 1
5. If evaluation already exists, return cached result. As a result fibo(1), fibo(2) and fibo(3) are returned from cache when called the second time
When to use memoization?
When there is a long, oft-repeated evaluation cycle in your code. Make your code faster by utilizing cached results rather than full evaluation in a function.
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Prashanth Krishnamurthy
WRITTEN BY
Prashanth Krishnamurthy
Technologist | Creator of Things | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:West.andrew.g/Dead links/Archive 573
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Mar 16, 2012 6:40:35 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.liberation.fr/page." (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:40:27 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.kulanu.org/peru/peru.html" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:40:23 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.kulanu.org/india/bneiephraim.html" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:40:18 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.keithellison.org/StribOpEd.htm" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:39:51 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2369924" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:39:42 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.iranica.com/articles/v11f2/v11f2041.html" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:39:17 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=113" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:39:09 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.icfresno.org/Media/Comedy.html" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:39:04 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.ibooks.nl/products.php?aid=10" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:38:52 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050207/ai_n9500063" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:38:46 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4155/is_20030124/ai_n9615132" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:38:33 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.convert.org/book2.htm" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:38:26 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.commentarymagazine.com/Summaries/V17I5P94-1.htm" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:38:05 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.cnn.com/2007/US/02/02/macon.mayor.ap/index.html" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:38:00 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.cnn.com/2003/US/09/20/chaplain.arrest/" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:37:21 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/theatre/features/the-creature-in-the-garage-736933.html" (link search) on RID 482234341 on page Skellig =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:37:15 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.bh.org.il/Communities/Archive/rome.asp" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:37:07 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.bayweekly.com/year98/lead6_7.html" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:37:01 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.sw.uh.edu/faculty/cbrown.php" (link search) on RID 482234774 on page Brené Brown =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:36:57 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://tedxhouston.com/about-2010-speakers.php" (link search) on RID 482234774 on page Brené Brown =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:36:53 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.australianrules.com.au/2004stories/mcpharlin.html" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:36:41 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.arcpoetry.ca/logentries/reviews/000106_elizabeth_brewsters_jacobs_dream.php" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:36:24 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.abc.net.au/rn/relig/spirit/stories/s129522.htm" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:36:00 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.theworldsstrongestman.com/wsm/history/results04.html" (link search) on RID 482234593 on page 2004 World's Strongest Man =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:33:14 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://library.dartmouth.edu/guides/sub.php?page_id=721&subject_id=201&section_id=2" (link search) on RID 482233746 on page List of former Christians =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:27:14 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=youguys01&date=20040601" (link search) on RID 482233146 on page You =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:19:13 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.islamicmovement.org/biozakzaky.htm" (link search) on RID 482231940 on page Ibrahim Zakzaky =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:17:38 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.fox.com/tca2005/nominees.html" (link search) on RID 482231706 on page Paris Hilton =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:16:27 PM GMT -- HTTP 500 with URL "http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/data_cube_page.jsp?data_theme=T_POP&data_cube=N_TOT_POP&u_id=10366562&c_id=10001043&add=N" (link search) on RID 482231494 on page Stirchley, Shropshire =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:10:27 PM GMT -- HTTP 502 with URL "http://web.archive.org/web/20090627011414/http://www.wtopnews.com/?nid=25&sid=1702179" (link search) on RID 482230344 on page 2009 in rail transport =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:00:06 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.uccphilosoph.com/wiki/index.php/Main_Page" (link search) on RID 482228633 on page Adrian Hardiman =====
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Mar 16, 2012 6:00:03 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.uccphilosoph.com/wiki/index.php/Irish_Times_Debating_Competition" (link search) on RID 482228633 on page Adrian Hardiman =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:58:23 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=66544" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:55:49 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.translator.am/en/dictionary.html" (link search) on RID 482227799 on page Armenian language =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:53:09 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.miamiherald.com/news/world/AP/story/1457586.html" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:52:09 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.issi.org.pk/journal/2007_files/no_1/comment/c1.htm" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:48:35 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.bioware.com/bioware_info/press_releases/2007_06_21_Sonic_DS/" (link search) on RID 482226717 on page Greg Zeschuk =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:48:00 PM GMT -- HTTP 502 with URL "http://web.archive.org/web/20110718181259/http://www.artdaily.org/index.asp?int_sec=2&int_new=30490" (link search) on RID 482226401 on page 2009 in Mexico =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:46:02 PM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/USTX0997" (link search) on RID 482226386 on page Orange, Texas =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:45:54 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://web.archive.org/web/20091107090527/http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/story.php?id=293976&ac=PHnws" (link search) on RID 482226226 on page 2009 in LGBT rights =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:44:20 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/legapro/?action=read&idnet=dHV0dG9sZWdhcHJvLmNvbS0xMDYzMw" (link search) on RID 482226152 on page List of Italian football transfers summer 2010 (July) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:42:41 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.cnn.com/WORLD/9609/27/afghan.rebels/index.html" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:41:34 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.canberratimes.com.au/news/local/news/general/australians-lose-faith-in-afghan-war-effort/1320931.aspx" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:41:27 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.bluenewstribune.com/diary/727/senate-candidates-on-afghanistan" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:40:39 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.transfermarkt.co.uk/en/yancarlo-casas/aufeinenblick/spieler_72676.html" (link search) on RID 482225631 on page Yancarlo Casas =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:36:45 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://news.yahoo.com/s/nm/20070419/wl_nm/afghan_rights_dc_2" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:33:13 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/shreveporttimes/obituary.aspx?n=fielder-calhoun&pid=156372368" (link search) on RID 482224458 on page Art Sour =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:33:02 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.sf2h.com/richarcalder" (link search) on RID 482224360 on page Dead Girls =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:28:52 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://foro.univision.com/univision/board/message?board.id=hinchas_futbol&message.id=270350#M270350" (link search) on RID 482223601 on page Club América =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:28:38 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Grugy2txSvc&feature=search" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:27:54 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.law.com//law/international/LawArticleIntl.?id=1202439488447" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:27:47 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://consulta.mx/web/images/mexicoopinapdf/20120131_NA_futbolaficion.pdf:" (link search) on RID 482223601 on page Club América =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:26:16 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/speech_2001-10-12_1.html" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:26:13 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/press_release_2007_03_05.html" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:25:58 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/10663339/" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:25:54 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.msnbc.com/news/664935.asp?cp1=1" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:25:20 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.centcom.mil/sites/uscentcom1/CoalitionPages/Denmark.htm" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:25:17 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0021-9630&date=2004&volume=45&issue=1&spage=109" (link search) on RID 482221616 on page Mental disorder =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:25:14 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.australiaonthemap.org.au/the-freycinet-map-of-1811/" (link search) on RID 482223202 on page Australasian Hydrographic Society =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:25:07 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/resolve/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=0004-8674&date=1999&volume=33&issue=2&spage=145" (link search) on RID 482221616 on page Mental disorder =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:24:43 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.afnorth.nato.int/ISAF/index.htm" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:24:38 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.aei.org/publications/filter.all,pubID.22819/pub_detail.asp" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:23:51 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/routledg/cjmh/2003/00000012/00000003/art00006" (link search) on RID 482221616 on page Mental disorder =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:22:22 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.ajph.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10474550" (link search) on RID 482221616 on page Mental disorder =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:22:16 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.ajph.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10474548" (link search) on RID 482221616 on page Mental disorder =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:21:45 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/shreveporttimes/obituary.aspx?n=fielder-calhoun&pid=156372368" (link search) on RID 482222780 on page Morley A. Hudson =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:21:07 PM GMT -- Connection failure with URL "http://www.digitalinquirer.com/2011/07/09/sarah-geronimo-and-john-lloyd-cruz-to-do-third-movie/6696" (link search) on RID 482222573 on page Star Cinema =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:20:06 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://bjp.rcpsych.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11388966" (link search) on RID 482221616 on page Mental disorder =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:19:48 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.torontosun.com/comment/columnists/eric_margolis/2009/01/11/7985676-sun.html" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:18:57 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00322.x/abs/" (link search) on RID 482221616 on page Mental disorder =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:17:16 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.schoechi.de/crw/crw088e.html" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:16:24 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.ontario.cmha.ca/content/about_mental_illness/mass_media.asp" (link search) on RID 482221616 on page Mental disorder =====
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Mar 16, 2012 5:15:59 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/2009/07/02/2009-07-02_us_military_launches_operation_khanjar__largest_military_offensive_since_.html" (link search) on RID 482221154 on page War in Afghanistan (2001–present) =====
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Mar 16, 2012 3:16:56 PM GMT -- HTTP 404 with URL "http://www.artist-bros.org/dlombard/tokusatsu/faq2.htm" (link search) on RID 482205115 on page Super Sentai ===== | WIKI |
Talk:Elk Hills Oil Field
The figures given for oil reserves are contradictory. The introductory graph has it right: about 107 million barrels. The figures in the last two graphs of the production and political history section are wildly wrong. Bechtel in no way ever pumped 42 BILLION barrels of oil from the field - that is a figure about twice the entire existing oil reserves in the U.S. Nor is the number said to be Occidental's anywhere near correct - 484 billion barrels? Please. That's more than one-third of the reserves on the entire planet - we'd be sitting pretty if that were true (though we'd still be killing our environment). Whoever wrote that section has a problem with zeroes. It doesn't help that the state of California's table of reserves entitles the column Mbbls and then says Elk Hills has 106,554 Mbbls. What the heck does that mean? I think Mbbls does not mean millions of barrels but thousands of barrels, and why the state statisticians couldn't have made that clear is beyond me. But thousands of barrels makes the number fit that in the introductory graph, and 106 million barrels equals the 6.7 billion cubic meters cited; and the Occidental figure needs to have three zeroes taken off to for it to make any sense at all - it is conceivable that Occidental thinks Elk Hills reserves total 484 MILLION barrels. I'm making those corrections - I'm sure about the state figures, but not about Occidental's, except that I'm sure that number is very wrong, so I'll just delete the three zeroes.Wlegro (talk) 00:30, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
* Occidental claims 484 million. It's in the cite, at least it was when I wrote the article. It was another editor that changed it to billion. Thanks for fixing it, Antandrus (talk) 00:53, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
* Wow. Somebody read something I wrote. And fast, too. That'll teach me to open my big mouth and make assumptions. (Well, no it won't - it's been tried repeatedly with no success.) Apologies. I wonder how it is that someone would come in and change those figures - maybe they looked at Mbbls and thought, "hey, whoever wrote this section has a problem with zeroes!" Reminds me of myself. Thanks for writing the article - I got into it looking for a figure for the vaunted oil reserves of the North Slope of Alaska - I keep seeing the need for drilling there touted, and have read the amount of oil there wouldn't last us very long; and when I found that number, I went looking for oil reserves in California, and I found it right away, thanks to you (I'm still interested in finding the numbers for each state). Good work. You're one of the reasons I look things up in Wikipedia dozens of times a day. In fact, I just looked up your name, and wouldn't you know, there it is...something else I'd never heard of. Given its obscurity, I'm guessing you liked the look and sound of the name. I do, too. Now I have to look up every proper name in the first sentence of that entry from Adramyttian Gulf to Mytilene. Wikipedia takes up a lot of my time...my wife says it keeps me out of trouble. If she only knew...Wlegro (talk) 06:27, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
* No problem, and thanks for mentioning it; I had always thought those people adding unit conversions used an automated tool. Now I know better and will have to check all the other oil field articles I wrote for accuracy (Midway-Sunset, South Belridge Oil Field, Kern River Oil Field, etc.) -- for all I know they all increased their reserve size by three orders of magnitude. If only, LOL. And you're right -- I just liked the look and sound and obscurity of the name ... Antandrus (talk) 13:57, 19 May 2008 (UTC)
There is no mention of the sale of Elk Hills for 3.65 billion dollars to Occidental manipulated throught US Goverment Agency by VP Al Gore. This was one of the largest transfers of government property to private ownership in the history of this country. This without so much as approval by your congressman. 09 Sept 2008 —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:32, 10 September 2008 (UTC)
* It's in the last paragraph. As of "manipulated" and "by VP Al Gore" and "without so much as approval" -- that's POV. If you can find it stated that way in a reliable source, we can cite it. Thanks, Antandrus (talk) 02:25, 17 September 2008 (UTC)
I'm a little confused by the last line in your article; "Occidental estimated the new find to contain 150 million barrels of oil equivalent (BOE), of which about one-third is oil." BOE is a measure of energy, as I understand it. If only 1/3 of the total content of the site is oil, what comprises the other 2/3rds? BTW, as a resident of Kern Co. I found the article very interesting. uglyengineer —Preceding undated comment added 19:20, 7 June 2010 (UTC). | WIKI |
difference between z
Difference between Aluminized Steel and Stainless Steel
Difference between Aluminized Steel and Stainless Steel
There are many types of steel, but the two most common ones are aluminized steel and stainless steel. Both have their own unique benefits and drawbacks, so it can be difficult to decide which one to use for a particular application. In this blog post, we’ll take a closer look at the difference between aluminized steel and stainless steel, and we’ll help you decide which one is best for your needs.
What is Aluminized Steel?
Aluminized steel is a type of steel that has been treated with an aluminum-silicon alloy. This alloy creates a coating on the steel that is resistant to corrosion and oxidation. Aluminized steel is used in a variety of industries, including the automotive industry, where it is often used to create exhaust systems. Aluminized steel can also be found in appliances, outdoor furniture, and even some types of cookware. Thanks to its durability and corrosion-resistant properties, aluminized steel is an excellent choice for products that will be exposed to harsh conditions.
What is Stainless Steel?
Stainless steel is an alloy of iron, chromium, and carbon. Stainless steel is resistant to staining and corrosion, making it an ideal material for a wide range of applications. Stainless steel is commonly used in kitchenware, medical devices, and construction. Stainless steel can be polished to create a mirror-like finish, or it can be left unpolished for a more industrial look. Stainless steel is a durable and versatile material that is sure to meet your needs.
Difference between Aluminized Steel and Stainless Steel
Aluminized steel is made by hot-dip coating a layer of aluminum-silicon alloy on both sides of a steel substrate. This process not only increases the corrosion resistance of the steel, but also imparts a decorative luster to the material. Aluminized steel is often used in high-temperature applications, such as exhaust systems in automobiles and incinerators.
Stainless steel, on the other hand, is an alloy of iron, chromium, and carbon. Unlike Aluminized steel, stainless steel does not rust or corrode easily. This makes it an ideal material for use in food processing and medical equipment. In addition, stainless steel is highly resistant to staining and fingerprints. As a result, it is often used in architecture and design where appearance is important.
Conclusion
Aluminized steel and stainless steel are two of the most common types of metals used in cookware. They both have their pros and cons, but which one is the best for you? Here’s a look at the key differences between aluminized steel and stainless steel so you can make an informed decision about what’s best for your needs. Aluminized steel is made with a coating of aluminum oxide, which gives it its distinctive silver color. It’s less expensive than stainless steel and heats up quickly, making it a good choice for busy kitchens. However, aluminized steel is not as durable as stainless steel and can discolor over time.
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Myosin II does it all: Assembly, remodeling, and disassembly of actin networks are governed by myosin II activity
Yaron Ideses, Adar Sonn-Segev, Yael Roichman, Anne Bernheim-Groswasser*
*Corresponding author for this work
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
40 Scopus citations
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells rely on their cytoskeleton to carry out coordinated motion, to transport materials within them, and to interact mechanically with their environment. To adapt to the changing requirements, the cell's cytoskeleton constantly remodels through the action of myosin II motor clusters that interact with numerous actin filaments simultaneously. Here we study the various roles of myosin II clusters in the formation and evolution of in vitro actomyosin networks as a model system for the cell's cytoskeleton. In our experiments the motor clusters can vary in size between 14 and 144 myosin II molecules and apply forces ranging from several to tens of piconewtons. During the initial process of network formation the motor clusters become embedded within the network structure, where they act as internal active cross-linkers. Myosin II clusters enhance the nucleation of network filaments/bundles in a concentration dependent manner, in the presence of the passive bundling protein fascin, thus functioning as a 'network co-nucleator'. As network formation is achieved, myosin II turns into a 'network reorganizer', where it takes part in remodeling and coarsening of the overall network structure. As a result of the strong confinement (the motor clusters within the network bundles exhibit high processivity with a fraction of attached motors patt ≥ 0.15), their effect on the nucleation and reorganization of the actin network is enhanced, rendering even small clusters of 14 myosin II molecules efficient. The stresses building-up in the networks lead to complex dynamics and can drive their contraction and rupture, depending on the motor concentration and cluster size. Above a certain concentration, the severing and disassembly properties of the motors dominate, and they function as 'network disassembly agents'. Myosin II motors are shown to be unique motors that function as complex machines that can perform a diversity of tasks, thereby regulating the nature of the assembled network and facilitating its formation.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)7127-7137
Number of pages11
JournalSoft Matter
Volume9
Issue number29
DOIs
StatePublished - 7 Aug 2013
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LETS he specific What do you J want in life? You want more ^ money than you're frettinff. You want your own home, car, member- ahip in a good club, you want to Wear ffood clothes, educate children andputawayenouirh money to make you independent. If you are like other men* you want to be your own boss. You want to travel and meet the wide-awake people who are ^ fpritig ' thinffs. An riffht. Ill ten you a quick. way to accomplish all this. If you don't take it you are the only loser. Yon are the only one who will have to face the accusing finser of the man you mi^rht have been. If you do take it youll thank me the rest of your life for putting this infor- mation in your hands. For now it is possible for you to Quickly enjoy bisirer eaminars, and have all the jovs in life tnat your binrer self demands. If this was a ffuess I couldn't print it. I know it to be a certainty. It is proved by the nmm of thousands of other men who have done exactly the ■amethinflr. Listen. What It Brought These Men For iuUnoe. A. H. Ward, Chicsgo boy. earned $13% last month. He averaced $1,000 a month Isat year ! IL D. Milkr, another Cbiosgo boy. wss making $100 a month ss a stenocrapher in July, 1022. In Septenober, 3 months later, ha was making $1UU a vfeeic as a salesman. W. P. Clenny of Kansas City, Ma, stepped from a $150 a month clerkship into asellinc Job at $600 a month. He is making $860 a month now. II. V. Stephens of Albany, Ky. , was making $25 a week. He took up this training and now makes 5 times that much. J. H. Cssh of Atlanta, Ga., ezchamred his $75 a month job for one which pays him $500 a month. O. H. Malfroot of Bos- ton, ICass^ stepped into a $10,000 position as a SALES MANAGER-so thorouch is this training. All these successes •re due to this easy, fascinating and rapid way to master certain invincible secrets of selling. But why continue here whan I can send you hundreds of similar stories of success? The Secret Is Yours What you want to know is how it's done. Ill tell you. Althoosh none of these men had ever sold a thing in their livea, we took them without experience or training of any kind, and in a short period of time made Master Salesmen of them. Then our Employment Department helped them to ■ele c t the right position and they were off with a boom to the auoeesa they had dreuned of. TIm National Salesmen's Training Association can do exactly ihim for yon. If this big organisation of Master Salesmen and Tske any ten average men who arc in blind alley Jobsat low pay. Analyse each esse with* out prejndice. You'll find that every one of them is solely and entirely to blame for his poor earning power. Every one of them has had a golden opportunity. They either have fidled to recognise It, or, recognizing it, lacked the courage to follow it op. But now comes your chance. If this page doesn't bring you a big increase in sslsry— quick— J2Snfe,^5S^ByJ.E.Green8kde Sales Mansgen had raised the ai arisB of only a few men, then yi mi|^t call It luck. But we've be dome it for seventeen yeszs, dsy and day out. Today we re so accu tomed to the amazing increases : salary our members receive th we take them as a matter of coura There is only one thinjr I ask of y< in return for this off<sr. Don't 1 the idea of a bic salary, the thoug! of traveling all around the count and meeting worth-while peopl make you think that the job is d yondyou. Keep an open, unprej diced mind on this subject— at least until you nave read t! remarkable book that I want to send you without charge. Read This Free Book This book, "Modern Salesmanship," explains why thousan have quickly succeeded in the selling field— how it is ea to make big money once you are in possession of the Secrc of Sellinir and how you can quickly 'get these fundamental s erets. It will also explain the National Demonstration Meth which shows you how to overcome nearly every sales probj^ you will meet in a lifetime in the selling field. This ist) I will send you, absolutely free. Read it-ther4 yourself. National Salesmen'sTraininK A Devi. B-tl» K. 8. T. A. BolIdlB*. 8 Nadonal Saletmcn'i Tnunin^ . j Deyt. X-n» N. a. T. A. BoUdtef, Cs^C 1-A ■ I am willing to investigate the opportunity /o- S without cost to myself. Plesse mail me Free Pre ■ that I can become a Master Salesman and qualify foi ■ good sales position. Also send your illustrated boG ■ 'Modern Salesmanship," and particulars of membersh ■ in your Association uid its Free Employment servi< ■ Name . I Addres I City Age. . Occupation. .State.. | WIKI |
Burnets
Burnets (Zygaenidae) are diurnal moths of which only a few species occur in Europe. These butterflies are poisonous due to the presence of hydrocyanic acid and therefore have a bad taste for enemies, such as birds, bats and spiders. The antennae are often toothed or club-shaped. The adult butterflies vary in size and have a well-developed tongue and often visit flowers for nectar. The wings vary widely in shape and are often metallic in colour. The Zygaenidae consist of two subfamilies, the Zygaeninae (drops of blood) and the Procridinae (metal butterflies).
Subfamily: Procridinae (metal butterflies) – Tribe: Procridini
Blackthorn Aurora – 2017 (NL)
The Blackthorn Aurora (Rhagades pruni) is a very active small butterfly during the day. The front wing is brown-black with the female mainly having a weak green metallic glow. The rear wing is dark grey. The flight time is from June to August in one generation. Host plant: common heather. Dutch name: Bruine metaalvlinder. Frisian name: Brúne metal flinter.
The Forester – 2019 (NL)
The most common type of metal butterflies in the Netherlands is the Forester (Adscita statices). The front wing is metallic green, sometimes bluish, and the rear wing is light brown-grey. The abdomen is red or green with a metallic sheen. Here the metal butterfly differs from the brown metal butterfly (Rhagades pruni) which has a black abdomen. The male has slightly larger, wider and more sprung antennae than the female. The flying period is in one generation from mid-May to early August. Host plant: sorrel. Dutch name: Metaalvlinder. Frisian name: Metal flinter.
Subfamily: Zygaeninae (drops of blood)
Six-spot Burnet – 2016 (NL)
The Six-spot Burnet (Zygaena filipendulae) is a butterfly with six red spots on the front wing. The red spot at the wing root is separated by a vein and care must taken for identification. Rarely, the red colour is replaced by yellow. The ground colour of this butterfly is blue-grey. The flight time is in one generation from May to September. He flies with a usually slow buzzing flight during sunshine and is mainly attracted to a range of flowers including thistles. Host plant: common clover, Bird’s-foot and Trefoil. Dutch name: Sint-jansvlinder. Frisian name: Sint-jansflinter.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Villa Rosa (Dresden)
The Villa Rosa (1839–1945) was a former historical villa in Dresden, built in 1839 and destroyed in 1945. It was considered one of the most important villa buildings in Dresden, due to its architecture.
History
It was built in 1839 by Gottfried Semper for the banker (1781–1863) and was a model for villa construction in Dresden for many decades. It was built as a summer residence for Oppenheim and his family. The villa design was modeled on the Italian Renaissance villa, La Rotonda by architect Andrea Palladio in Vicenza, Italy. The name of the villa was in honor of Oppenheim's wife "Rosa", née Alexander (1792–1849).
Martin Oppenheim died from a stroke at Villa Rosa on October 10, 1863, at the age of 83.
The villa burned down during the air raids on Dresden in World War II and was demolished in 1955. Today there is a primary school on the site. A bust of the architect Semper is in front of the school and a plaque on the Elbe river side of the garden are reminiscent of the villa.
The property was given a new house number several times: According to the respective address books, it was Holzhofgasse 15 from 1840 to 1875, from 1876 to 1892 its address was Holzhofgasse 20, then until 1932 Holzhofgasse 4. Most recently, Villa Rosa had the address Löwenstraße 2a, last owner was the city of Dresden.
Other buildings by architect Semper for Oppenheim included the. | WIKI |
← Back to Publications
A Differential Game Approach to Dynamic Competitive Decisions Toward Human-Computer Collaboration
A. Bayrak, C. McComb, J. Cagan, and K. Kotovsky
2019, ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference
Partnership between humans and computers has a significant potential to extend the ability of humans to address complex design problems. This paper presents a decision-making process for computers to effectively collaborate with humans in the solution of complex problems under dynamic competition. In the proposed process, the computers learn strategies and objectives from prior experimental data and provide strategy suggestions to a human collaborator. The study integrates clustering and sequential learning methods from machine learning with a differential game formulation based on model predictive control to find dynamic Nash equilibrium solutions to zero-sum games. The application of the proposed approach is demonstrated on the real-time strategy game Starcraft II that offers a dynamic competitive problem comparable in complexity to real-world applications. The results show that the proposed approach can successfully identify a variety of opening strategies in the experimental data for the initial phase of the process. The game-theoretic strategies in the later phases provide useful suggestions for low-performing players but are unnecessarily conservative for high-performing players which suggest a need for human intuition to assess the value of the suggestions. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
3 Protocol Details
In the following sections, the schema definition might differ from the processing rules imposed by the protocol. The WSDL in this specification matches the WSDL that shipped with the product and provides a base description of the schema. The text that introduces the WSDL might specify differences that reflect actual Microsoft product behavior. For example, the schema definition might allow for an element to be empty, null, or not present but the behavior of the protocol as specified restricts the same elements to being non-empty, not null, and present.
The client side of this protocol is simply a pass-through. That is, no additional timers or other state is required on the client side of this protocol. Calls made by the higher-layer protocol or application are passed directly to the transport, and the results returned by the transport are passed directly back to the higher-layer protocol or application.
Except where specified, protocol clients SHOULD interpret HTTP status codes returned by the protocol server as specified in [RFC2616].
This protocol enables protocol servers to perform implementation-specific authorization checks and to notify protocol clients of authorization faults, either using HTTP status codes or using SOAP faults as specified previously in this section. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Read the Revolution
Epic Journeys of FreedomOctober 14, 2015
Enslaved African Americans in North America found themselves in an unusual situation during the War for American Independence. The new American Republic touted liberty and freedom, but this did not extend to all members of society. Cassandra Pybus personalizes the wartime stories of black men and women who fled their American masters to seek freedom, and traces their footsteps around the globe.
"Scipio Handley was a self-employed black fish seller in Charleston when he was caught carrying messages for the embattled royal governor of South Carolina, Sir William Campbell, late in 1775. As far as the rebellious colonists were concerned, Handley's capture was clear evidence that the British were set upon undermining the social order in the slave colony. Campbell had been regarded with deep suspicion from the moment he had stepped ashore in Charleston in June that year, rumored to be bringing a huge cache of arms to inspire a slave uprising against them. Six months later, incendiary stories of a British-inspired insurrection continued to percolate through the white population...
"While waiting execution in the Charleston jail, he was smuggled a file to sever his iron manacles, he jumped two stories from his cell window and escaped to Sullivan's Island, a small area in Charleston Harbor under the control of British warships. On Sullivan's Island he joined a small community of runaways sheltering in flimsy huts they had thrown together from found materials. For months enslaved people in Charleston had been absorbing the mounting hysteria about British intentions and impending war. They knew that the English army had landed in Massachusetts and was preparing to do battle with their masters, and that there had been fighting in the backcountry between the Patriot and Loyalist militia. When word of Dunmore's proclamation freeing those prepared to bear arms for the king reached Charleston, the British ships in Charleston Harbor were transformed into a symbol of hope. Those who sought refuge with the British took a calculated risk, under no illusions about the cruel death they might expect should they be caught.
"William Ashe though the risk was worth taking when he ran to Sullivan's Island with his infant daughter, Esther, both enslaved to the same man in Charleston, in order to effect a reunion with his wife, Mary, who had been sold far away to the Indian Lands. In the turmoil caused by the fratricidal fighting in the backcountry she had managed to escape. Ashe was a slave mason, one of the large number of enslaved artisans hired out to work in Charleston, who consequently enjoyed a relative degree of autonomy and freedom from surveillance. The same may have been true for the black carpenter Isaac Anderson, a single man in his early twenties who had taken refuge on the island in December 1775. Years later in New York, when Anderson was asked to account for himself, he claimed to have been a 'born free man in the house of Robert Lindsay,' which implied that he, like Scipio Handley, belonged to the free black population in Charleston. However, Anderson was born in Angola, as he later admitted. He must have come to America in a shipment of slaves and almost certainly he was the property of either Robert Lindsey, a wealthy Charleston slave owner, or Robert Lindsay, a free black man in the city who also owned slaves. Like Ashe, he had seized the opportunity of an alliance with the British to emancipate himself from bondage.
"The presence of a fugitive slave community in the middle of Charleston Harbor was seen as a grave threat. South Carolina's elder statesman Henry Laurens, chairman of the Committee of Safety, complained bitterly to the British naval commander about harboring 'negroes who fly from their masters' and actively encouraging these fugitives to make armed raids of plantations along the seacoast. Profoundly shaken by the subversive specter of the camp of runaways on Sullivan's Island, Laurens authorized a dawn raid on the island on December 18, 1775. 54 men disguised as Indians burned the shelters of the runaways, killed three or four, and captured another four. Laurens regretted the loss of life, but he ordered the attack in the hope that it would serve to 'mortify his Lordship... [and] humble our Negroes in general.' Certainly the incident convinced Governor Campbell that he had better quit South Carolina until he had an army to reinforce his authority. He sailed out of Charleston Harbor on January 6, 1776. With him went a small number of runaways, including Scipio Handley, the Ashe family, and Isaac Anderson.
"Campbell sailed north to Cape Fear, in North Carolina, to rendezvous with the British commander in the region, Major-General Henry Clinton, who had arrived from Boston in February with twenty British warships and several troop transports. Even before this fleet arrived, runaways were defecting to the British commander at the mouth of the Cape Fear River, near the town of Wilmington. This was a region where enslaved people enjoyed an unusual degree of mobility and freedom, working as carpenters, dock workers, or loggers in the pine forests. When the British warship began to bombard Wilmington in February 1776, the fearful white residents were evacuated inland and the town was left almost entirely to its enslaved workforce.
"Thomas Peters was a Yoraba man in his thirties who had been imported from Africa fifteen years before. At first he was a laborer on a sugarcane plantation in French Louisiana, and he still carried the marks of whippings and branding inflicted on him for his unsuccessful escapes from a brutal master. He was eventually sold to an immigrant Scot who went to live in Wilmington in 1770. It was here that Peters found a degree of autonomy, dignity, and self-reliance. He was a millwright, probably hired out to one of the timber mills and permitted to find lodging separate from his owner where he could live with his wife, Sally, and their five-year-old daughter, Clairy. This small measure of independence was not enough for Peters, given that he, his wife, and his child were still defined as property and could be disposed of at will. As soon as his Patriot master fled Wilmington in March 1776, Peters took his family aboard a British warship in the Cape Fear River. Taking the same desperate gamble was John Provey, who, like Peters, enjoyed a high degree of autonomy as the valet of a lawyer in Wilmington.
"When General Clinton arrived at Cape Fear, he was more than pleased to find about 50 black refugees on board the ships, and he promptly appointed a marine captain as the commanding officer of a specially commissioned black company. As Thomas Peters remembered, he was inducted into a noncombat company called the Black Pioneers, swearing a formal oath that he entered the king's service 'without the least compulsion or persuasion' and would 'cheerfully obey all such directions as [he] might receive.' In return for service, the Black Pioneers were 'regularly supplied with provisions and decently clothed,' as were their families. The Black Pioneers came from as far afield as South Carolina and even Georgia. They received rations and the same pay as regular soldiers, a sixpence a day. Clinton insisted that all his officers treat the black soldiers with 'tenderness and humanity,' and he promised that when the rebellion was over they 'shall be entitled (as far as depends on me) to their freedom.'" Peters clearly displayed the qualities that would later make him leader of the black community, since he was made a sergeant and served in that capacity till the end of the war. John Provey, who had been a gentleman's servant rather than a manual worker, was seconded to work for Clinton's secretary.
"By July 1776, the British fleet was still off Cape Fear, where it was joined by the exiled governors of South Carolina, North Carolina, Georgia, and Maryland. Morale was at a low ebb after the abject failure of Clinton's ill-judged assault on Charleston in June. With British disasters up and down the Atlantic seaboard, it must have seemed to Isaac Anderson and Thomas Peters that the gamble they took in defecting to the king's men would turn out badly. Their fortune seemed to have reached a nadir when the fleet was joined by the governor of Virginia, with his disheartened refugees. However, two weeks later they arrived at Staten Island, where they were greatly heartened to find that an army of 9,000 troops had come from Nova Scotia under General Howe, as well as another 10,000 Hessian mercenaries from Germany. The British forces were now almost 30,000, all primed and ready to take New York from George Washington's Continental army."
Cassandra Pybus. Epic Journeys of Freedom: Runaway Slaves of the American Revolution and Their Global Quest for Liberty (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006), 21-24.
Read the Revolution is sponsored by The Haverford Trust Company
Read the Revolution is published biweekly by the Museum of the American Revolution to inspire learning about the history of the American Revolution and its ongoing relevance.
Get Read the Revolution features sent right to your inbox. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2020/Submissions/Gatoclass
GAR: 5 points
* 1) Talk:Islanders (video game)/GA1 | WIKI |
Mississippi governor signs law allowing guns in churches
Mississippi Gov. Phil Bryant on Friday signed into law a bill that will allow members of some churches in the state to undergo training to carry guns inside houses of worship for protection, in response to last year's massacre at a South Carolina church. The Mississippi state House of Representatives voted April 5 by a count of 85-35 to send the bill to Bryant's desk for final approval or veto. The Church Protection Act, as sent to Bryant's desk, allows individuals selected by the church's governing body to carry weapons into the church for protection purposes. It also does not require people to have a permit to carry a holstered weapon. "The bill is effective immediately and, among other things, extends the protections of the castle doctrine to local churches who elect to establish a trained and licensed security team for protection of the congregation," Republican state Rep. Andy Gipson wrote in a Facebook post. "Thank you Gov. Bryant!" Gipson proposed the bill after nine people were massacred in a shooting spree at an historic African-American church in Charleston, South Carolina. Those opposing the bill, including the Mississippi Association of Police Chiefs, have argued that it removes important restrictions on who may obtain a permit. "This bill would put law-enforcement officers and all Mississippians directly in harm’s way," Ken Winter, the group's executive director, said in February. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
wiki:OpenWrt/init
Version 1 (modified by trac, 3 months ago) (diff)
--
OpenWrt Init System
The OpenWrt Linux Distro uses an init system similar to sysvinit common on most Linux Distros.
Here is the boot process in a nutshell:
1. bootloader configures enough low level hardware to load kernel and jump to it with a kernel cmdline
2. kernel inits hardware for everything built 'static' in the kernel
3. kernel mounts the root filesystem (via the root= rootfstype= etc parameters in the kernel cmdline)
4. kernel executes the 'init' process (PID 1).
• this is done in the kernel's init_post function in init/main.c and typically will execute whichever is found first: /sbin/init, /etc/init, /bin/init, /bin/sh
• for OpenWrt this function is patched so that it looks for and executes only /etc/preinit
5. /etc/preinit does some low level work such as mounting filesystems etc
6. /etc/init.d/rcS is run which executes all scripts in /etc/rc.d/S*
• files here are typically symlinks to scripts in /etc/init.d and have a number preceeding the name to dictate a priority affects order of execution
• /etc/init.d/ scripts include /etc/rc.common which implements enable/disable functions which create the symlinks. The start/stop priority numbers are defined in the init scripts
For more info see OpenWrt documentation:
Failsafe bootup
The /etc/preinit script has a 'failsafe' mechanism which allows you a few seconds to answer a prompt to go into 'failsafe mode'. This simply stops execution of the init scripts in case you have a mis-configuration or other issue that is keeping you from configuring the target board. There are many configurations for the failsafe mechanism at the top of /etc/preinit (network config, timeout, messages, etc)
Adding an init script
If you want something simple to be done 'near the end of every boot' a good place to put it may be in /etc/rc.local as this is executed by the /etc/init.d/done script which is symlinked to /etc/rc.d/S95done. Note that this isn't the 'last' init script run but is for sure near the end. You can see all the startup scripts in order with 'ls /etc/rc.d/S*'
Keep in mind that init scripts run with stdout/stderr supressed from the linux serial console. If you want to disable this supression you can put the following in your init script to redirect stdout/stderr to the serial console:
exec 1>/dev/console ;# redirect stdout to serial console
exec 2>/dev/console ;# redirect stderr to serial console
If you want to add a more complex init process that perhaps has a start/stop and a priority you can easily create your own init script by following the examples in /etc/init.d.
Note that if using 'sysupgrade' there is a specified set of files that get backed up and restored to the newly upgraded image along with all of UCI. This is configured in /etc/sysupgrade.conf. If you want your init changes to persist across a sysupgrade be sure to configure things properly. You may want to create an OpenWrt package and use UCI configuration to help do that for you.
Example
Below is an example of a simple script placed on OpenWrt at /etc/init.d/gst-httpd-watchdog. This script basically checks if a process is running, and if it doesn't find it, then it restarts it.
The key once creating this script is to then enable it by typing
/etc/init.d/gst-httpd-watchdog enable
This will place a symlink in /etc/rc.d/ as noted below
S55gst-httpd-watchdog
Here is the actual code /etc/init.d/ryantest
root@OpenWrt:/etc/init.d# cat ryantest
#!/bin/sh /etc/rc.common
NAME=gst-httpd-watchdog
START=55
STOP=55
watchdog()
{
ps -aef | grep gst | grep -v grep
while [ 1 ]
do
proc=$(ps -aef | grep gst | grep -v grep )
echo 'proc='$proc
if [ -z "$proc" ]
then
{
echo 'gst process is not found, now restarting'
/etc/init.d/gst-httpd restart
}
else
echo 'gst process is running'
fi
sleep 10s;
done
}
start()
{
( watchdog ) &
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Preparation, characterization and carrier gas transport characteristics of inorganic and organic membranes for application in lactic acid esterification with ethanol.
Okon, Edidiong
Authors
Edidiong Okon
Contributors
Edward Gobina
Supervisor
Abstract
Ethyl lactate (EL) plays a major role as green solvent and also a replacement for most petrochemical solvents. The esterification process of lactic acid and ethanol to produce EL is an equilibrium-limiting reaction and the selective removal of one of the reaction products can be improved using a membrane reactor and when coupled with a heterogeneous catalyst offers an opportunity for process intensification. This thesis investigates the batch process esterification reaction involving lactic acid (LA) and ethanol (EL) in the presence of a water selective membrane using different cation-exchange resin catalysts. The product was analysed using gas chromatograph coupled with mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS). The analytical methods used for the characterisation of the cation-exchange resins and membrane include Fourier transform infrared coupled with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy attached to energy dispersive analyser (SEM/EDAX), Liquid nitrogen physisorption and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) respectively. A novel method was developed for carrying out esterification reaction in a gaseous phase system using a flat sheet polymeric membrane. Prior to the esterification reaction, different carrier gases were tested with ceramic membrane to determine the suitable carrier gases for the analysis of esterification product. The four carrier gases used for the permeation test were argon (Ar), helium (He), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2). A 15nm pore size commercially available tubular ceramic support, consisting of 77%Al2O3 and 23%TiO2 with the porosity of 45% was used for the carrier gas investigation. The support was modified with silica based on the sol-gel dip-coating techniques. The dip-coated membrane exhibited a higher molar flux with He (0.046mol m-2s-1) and Ar (0.037mol m-2s-1) with a much lower flux for N2 (0.037mol m-2s-1) and CO2 (0.035 mol m-2s-1) at 0.30 bar. Helium gas with the highest permeation rate were identified as the suitable carrier gas for the analysis of esterification product with GC-MS. The esterification reaction in the presence of four cation-exchange resins to produce ethyl lactate was carried out between 60-160 oC in a batch and membrane processes to determine the effectiveness resin catalysts for LA esterification. The effect of external mass transfer diffusion limitation between the liquid components and the resin catalysts was avoided by increasing the agitation time of the esterification reaction. The percentage conversion rate of the lactic acid feed from the batch process esterification was found to be in the range of 98.6 to 99.8%. The reaction kinetics of the esterification reaction was described based on two simplified mechanisms of Langmuir Hinshelwood model to describe the adsorption components on the surface of the catalysts. The lactic acid feed gave a conversion rate of up to 100 % confirming the effectiveness of the acetate membrane impregnated resin catalysts in the selective removal of water for the separation of ethyl lactate. The significance of producing ethyl lactate through batch process intensified by a water-selective membrane processes can be recommended for industrial LA production.
Citation
OKON, E.P. 2018. Preparation, characterization and carrier gas transport characteristics of inorganic and organic membranes for application in lactic acid esterification with ethanol. Robert Gordon University, PhD thesis.
Thesis Type Thesis
Deposit Date Sep 6, 2018
Publicly Available Date Sep 6, 2018
Keywords Carrier gas; Cation exchange resin; Esterification; Ethyl lactate; Characterisation; Adsorption isotherm; Inorganic membrane; Membrane reactor; Lactic acid; Permeability; Ethanol; Cellulose acetate membrane; Process intensification; Langmuir Hinshelwood m
Public URL http://hdl.handle.net/10059/3123
Award Date Apr 30, 2018
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Classical Electrodynamics
Code: 51521
ECTS: 12.0
Lecturers in charge: izv. prof. dr. sc. Ivica Smolić - Lectures
Lecturers: Silvije Domazet - Exercises
Bruno Klajn - Exercises
Take exam: Studomat
Load:
1. komponenta
Lecture typeTotal
Lectures 45
Exercises 30
* Load is given in academic hour (1 academic hour = 45 minutes)
Description:
COURSE GOALS:
- acquire knowledge and understanding of the theory of Classical electrodynamics (CED)
- acquire operational knowledge from methods used to solve problems in CED
- acquire an overview of the use of CED in modern areas of physics
LEARNING OUTCOMES AT THE LEVEL OF THE PROGRAMME:
Upon completing the degree, students will be able to:
1. KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
1.1 formulate, discuss and explain the basic laws of physics including mechanics, electromagnetism and thermodynamics
1.2 demonstrate a thorough knowledge of advanced methods of theoretical physics including classical mechanics, classical electrodynamics, statistical physics and quantum physics
2. APPLYING KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING
2.1 identify the essentials of a process/situation and set up a working model of the same or recognize and use the existing models
2.2 evaluate clearly the orders of magnitude in situations which are physically different, but show analogies, thus allowing the use of known solutions in new problems;
4. COMMUNICATION SKILLS
4.3 develop the written and oral English language communication skills that are essential for pursuing a career in physics
5. LEARNING SKILLS
5.1 search for and use physical and other technical literature, as well as any other sources of information relevant to research work and technical project development (good knowledge of technical English is required)
5.2 remain informed of new developments and methods and provide professional advice on their possible range and applications
5.3 carry out research by undertaking a PhD
LEARNING OUTCOMES SPECIFIC FOR THE COURSE:
Upon passing the course on Classical electrodynamics, the student will be able to:
- demonstrate knowledge of vector analysis, concepts of gradient, divergence, curl, Helmholts theorem for vector fields
- formulate electrostatics by using divergence and curl of electric fields, demonstrate knowledge of Gauss law and scalar potential
- demonstrate knowledge of Poisson and Laplace equations, uniqueness theorems for these equations, separation of variables in Cartesian, cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems
- demonstrate knowledge of method of images and multipole expansion
- demonstrate knowledge of electrostatics in the presence of conductors and dielectrics, polarization, dielectric displacement vector, polarizability and susceptibility, macroscopic and microscopic fields
- formulate magnetstatics by using rotation and curl of magnetic fields, demonstrate knowledge of Biot-Savart law, Lorentz force, and vector potential
- demonstrate knowledge of magnetostatics in the presence of magnetic materials, paramagnetism, diamagnetism, auxiliary field H, magnetic susceptibility and permeability
- demonstrate knowledge of Faradey's law of induction, electromotive force, inductivity
- demonstrate knowledge of Maxwell equations, boundary conditions for fields and potentials at the boundary between different media
- demonstrate knowledge of the laws of conservation of energy, momentum and angular momentum in CED, Poynting theorem, Poynting vector, Maxwell tensor
- formulate and interpret CED by using scalar and vector potential, demonstrate knowledge of different gauges, retarded potential, Lienard-Wiechart potential
- demonstrate knowledge of electromagnetic waves in vacuum, systems with dielectrics, reflection and refraction, waveguides and cavities made od conductors and dielectrics
- solve wave equations by using principle of superposition, demonstrate knowledge of wave dispersion
- demonstrate knowledge of the basic model for frequency dependent susceptibility/dielectric response, connection between the real and imaginary part of the dielectric function, dispersion relation for plasma
- demonstrate knowledge of the electric and magnetic dipole radiation, radiation of an arbitrary distribution of charge and radiation of moving point charges
- demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the connection between CED and Special Theory of Relativity, Einstein postulates, geometry of space-time, Lorentz transformations, transformations of electromagnetic fields, tensor formulation of CED
COURSE DESCRIPTION:
Lectures per weeks (30 weeks in total):
The Fall semester
1. week - vector analysis (gradient, divergence, curl)
2.-3. week - electrostatics (Gauss law, scalar potential), electrostatics with conductors, energy in electrostatic fields
4.-5. week - special techniques (separation of variables for Laplace and Poisonn equation, method of images and multipole expansion)
6.-7. week - electrostatics in the presence of dielectrics (atomic polarizability, polarization, field of a polarized object, dielectric displacement, susceptibility, macroscopic and microscopic fields, energy of electrostatic fields in the presence of dielectrics
8.-9. week - magnetostatics (Biot-Savart law, Lorentz force, vector potential);
10.-11. week - magnetostatics in the presence of materials (paramagnetism, diamagnetism, ferromagnetism, auxiliary field H, magnetic permeability and susceptibility
12.-15. week - Faradey's law of induction, electromotive force, inductivity, Maxwell equations, boundary conditions
The Summer semester
16.-17. week - Poynting theorem, Poynting vector, Maxwell tensor
18.-21. week - electromagnetic waves (waves in vacuum, systems with dielectrics, reflection and refraction), model frequency dependent dielectric response, propagation of wave packets, dispersion and group velocity, waveguides (dielectric and with conductors), electromagnetic cavities
22.-24. week - formulation of classical electrodynamics via scalar and vector potential, gauge fields, retarded potentials, Lienard-Wiechart potential, Jefimenko's equations
25.-27. week - electric and magnetic dipole radiation, radiation of an arbitrary distribution of charge and moving point charges
28.-30. week - CED and Special Theory of Relativity, Einstein postulates, Lorentz transformations, transformations of electromagnetic fields, tensor formulation of CED
Exercises follow lectures by content:
The Fall semester
1. week - vector analysis
2.-3. week - electrostatics, electrostatics with conductors
4.-5. week - special techniques (separation of variables for Laplace and Poisonn equation, method of images and multipole expansion)
6.-7. week - electrostatics in the presence of dielectrics
8.-9. week - magnetostatics
10.-11. week - magnetostatics in the presence of materials
12.-15. week - Maxwell equations, boundary conditions, Faradey's law of induction
The Summer semester
16.-17. week - Poynting theorem, Poynting vector, Maxwell tensor
18.-21. week - electromagnetic waves, model frequency dependent dielectric response, propagation of wave packets, dispersion and group velocity, waveguides, electromagnetic cavities
22.-24. week - formulation of classical electrodynamics via scalar and vector potential, gauge fields, retarded potentials, Lienard-Wiechart potential, Jefimenko's equations
25-27. week - electric and magnetic dipole radiation, radiation of an arbitrary distribution of charge and moving point charges
28.-30. week - CED and Special Theory of Relativity, Einstein postulates, Lorentz transformations, transformations of electromagnetic fields, tensor formulation of CED
REQUIREMENTS FOR STUDENTS:
Students must attend 30% of the written exams (quizes and mid-term) before the end of the 2nd semester.
GRADING AND ASSESSING THE WORK OF STUDENTS:
Grading and assessing the work of students during the semesters:
- There are at least four "quiz" written exams (four problems to solve in a quiz)
- There is a mid-term written exam
Grading after the second semester:
- final written and oral exam
Contributions to the final grade:
- one third of the grade are carried by the results of the quiz exams (if the student does not attend the quiz it counts as not sufficient), the worst quiz result does not enter into the final grading (2+2 ECTS points)
- one third of the grade are carried by the results of the mid-term and final written exam (2+2 ECTS points)
- the oral exam carries one third of the grade (2+2 ECTS points).
Literature:
1. Griffiths, David J.,: Introduction to Electrodynamics (Prentice Hall, New Jersey, 1999)
2. Jackson, David J.: Classical Electrodynamics (John Wiley and Sons, New Jersey, 1998).
3. Zapisi sa predavanja dostupni u sustavu Merlin
4. Landau L.D., Lifshitz E.M., The Classical Theory of Fields (Pergamon Press 1994)
Prerequisit for:
Enrollment :
Passed : General Physics 4
Passed : Mathematical Methods in Physics 2
6. semester
Mandatory course - Mandatory studij - Physics
Consultations schedule: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Dirty Work of Grave Robbers
The traditional source for bodies for dissection in Britain came from the gallows. In the 18th century there was a steady supply as scores of people were hanged for relatively trivial offences; there were more than 220 crimes that could lead to the rope. But, by the 19th century, folks were getting squeamish about hanging so many and the body count dropped.
At the same time, more medical schools were opening so the demand for cadavers was increasing. This brought some enterprising gentlemen into the market who were happy to deliver corpses to doctors under cover of darkness and no questions asked.
The supply chain started with a freshly buried dead person who could be dug out of their resting place and taken to the back door of the surgery in a wheelbarrow.
They were called body snatchers and grave robbers, but those are such ugly words. So, an early spin doctor got to work and created the euphemistic title of “resurrectionists.” Of course, their occupation had nothing to do with resurrection in the Biblical sense; but spin doctors are rarely troubled by accuracy.
Roseanne Montillo, the author of The Lady and Her Monsters, told Canadian Broadcasting Corporation News there were many of them: “these people were unusual individuals who were the middlemen between the scientists and those who needed a body for experiments.”
Digging for Bodies
The ghoulish trade was not considered a big offence to social norms and those caught doing it were subjected to fines or a short prison sentence. Medical schools paid good money for a fresh corpse so any penalty inflicted by the law was simply a cost of doing business. The tariff for a good-quality stiff was between seven and ten pounds, roughly worth between $700 and $1,000 in today’s money.
Typically, the robbers dug a shaft next to the grave at the head end. When they got to the coffin they pried off the end and pulled the body out. They then back-filled the excavation so it was difficult to tell that anything untoward had happened.
But, Ms. Montillo says the body snatchers tended to be lazy so “moved into killing people.” Knocking off random folk was far less demanding work than shovelling six feet of dirt to get at a cadaver. And apparently, there were ethical benefits to murdering rather than digging. Ms. Montillo says grave robbers were squeamish and digging people up “to them seemed sacrilegious … digging someone up who was dead was an offence but killing someone was not.”
There was another bonus; fresh bodies were worth more than those that were getting a little rank. A higher price could be demanded for one that was still a little bit warm.
Burke and Hare
At the top of the resurrectionist profession was a couple of Irish villains, William Burke and William Hare. Between 1827 and 1828, these two, assisted by their wives, bumped off at least 16 people and supplied the corpses to Dr. Robert Knox for use in his anatomy lectures in Edinburgh.
The two men discovered their lucrative business opportunity when one of the tenants in Hare’s lodging house died of natural causes owing rent. They filled Old Donald’s coffin with tanning bark and took the dearly departed to the medical school at Edinburgh University. Dr. Knox paid the duo seven pounds and ten shillings for Old Donald and Burke and Hare were quick to see easy profit.
A month later, another of Hare’s tenants became ill, but rather than waiting for nature to take its course they sped up the man’s shuffle off this mortal coil with liberal doses of whisky and a pillow over the face. Intoxication followed by suffocation became their preferred modus operandi, which later acquired the sobriquet “burking.”
Burke and Hare got greedy and with the greed came sloppiness. Rumours started to circulate and, eventually, the police arrived with difficult questions. The killers and their wives ratted each other out. Hare was offered immunity if he testified against Burke, a deal he was happy to accept.
William Burke got the maximum sentence and was hanged in public in January 1829 and, irony of ironies, his body was dissected in a public anatomy class that caused a near riot by people trying to get a good viewing spot.
The two wives escaped the fury of the law. Dr. Knox swore he had no idea where his dissection subjects were coming from, but nobody believed him and he left Edinburgh with his career in tatters.
Defences against Body Snatching
Back in the graveyards, people started to worry about whether or not Uncle Arthur was enjoying an undisturbed repose or had been whisked off to some ghastly vivisectionist fate. This particularly disturbed the relatives who believed that a spiritual resurrection, not one aided by pick and shovel, required that the body be intact.
Some folks started guarding the grave of the departed until the loved one was thought to have passed its best before date. Watch towers and houses were built where people could shelter while protecting the graves from the predations of grave robbers.
Others became more inventive.
The mortsafe (above) was developed in the early 19th century. It was a heavy iron and stone cage that was lowered over the coffin. This was a defence available only to the rich as was the building of mausoleums.
Then, there were those who used explosives. Some coffins were booby-trapped with guns and others with gunpowder. As Ms. Montillo tells it, relatives thought “It was better to have a corpse that was violated in that fashion than to have a corpse that was cut in pieces.” There was also the added benefit of dealing a deadly blow to the resurrection men, and the University of Aberdeen says several ended their careers this way.
End of the Resurrection Men
For those that survived the explosions of booby-trapped graves the end, at least in the United Kingdom, came in 1832. That’s when the Anatomy Bill was passed by Parliament and entered into law.
The act brought in the licensing and regulating of anatomists and made it impossible for such people to dissect a body without the express permission of relatives. Additionally, says the University of Aberdeen, “The Act, provided for the needs of physicians, surgeons, and students by giving them legal access to corpses that were unclaimed after death, in particular those who died in prison or the workhouse.” Also, people could donate the corpse of a relative and the cost of burial would be borne by the receiving anatomist.
So, that was the end of the resurrectionists. Well, no. The profession flourishes still.
A former dental surgeon (he was suspended over drug addiction), Michael Mastromarino, ran a rich money-making scheme in New York State in the early 21st century.
He set up a network of funeral directors who he paid $1,000 per body to give him access to the dead, from whom he harvested tissue―bones, veins, ligaments, whatever was in demand in the transplant industry. According to The New York Times, “he was charged with running a $4.6-million enterprise” that took body parts from corpses without the consent of relatives. “He reportedly made $10,000 to $15,000 per body.”
In 2008, he was given a 58-year prison sentence, but he only served five years by dying of liver cancer in 2013.
For those with a taste for such things, William Burke’s skeleton can be viewed in the Anatomy Museum of the Edinburgh Medical School (below), along with his death mask. This is in accordance with the judge who presided over his trial and told the condemned man: “I am disposed to agree that your sentence shall be put in execution in the usual way, but accompanied with the statutory attendant of the punishment of the crime of murder, viz.- that your body should be publicly dissected and anatomized. And I trust, that if it is ever customary to preserve skeletons, yours will be preserved, in order that posterity may keep in remembrance of your atrocious crimes.”
One of Dr. Mastromarino’s victims was Alistair Cooke, the British journalist and long-time host of Masterpiece Theatre on PBS. His arm and leg bones were removed and replaced with PVC pipe. His daughter, Susan Cooke Kittredge, said her father would be “just horrified” at the desecration of his body. But, “at the same time, he would have appreciated the Dickensian nature of it.”
- “Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein.” CBC Radio, The Sunday Edition, March 3, 2013.
- “Burke and Hare, Infamous Murderers and Grave-Robbers.” Ben Johnson, Historic UK, undated.
- “Burke and Hare.” The Royal Mile. Undated.
- “Michael Mastromarino, Dentist Guilty in Organ Scheme, Dies at 49.” Daniel E. Slotnik, New York Times, July 8, 2013.
© 2016 Rupert Taylor | FINEWEB-EDU |
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Citibank India, MBA - IIT Madras, BE Marine Engg - JU Kolkata, finance, marketing, traveling, reading, psychology, music... | WIKI |
40/40: The Best Selection
40/40 The Best Selection is a double compilation album by British-Australian singer Olivia Newton-John. It was released by Universal Music on 13 October 2010 in Japan, simultaneously with the box set 40th Anniversary Collection. The compilation was specially created for the Japanese market and was later remastered by Universal Music Japan and pressed on SHM-CD. The songs were selected by votes from Japanese fans for a limited release edition that includes a bonus track ("Come on Home"). 40/40 The Best Selection peaked at number 20 on the Japanese Albums Chart.
Track listing
Disc 1
* 1) "Have You Never Been Mellow" from Have You Never Been Mellow
* 2) "Hopelessly Devoted to You" from Grease
* 3) "Sam" from Don't Stop Believin'
* 4) "Making a Good Thing Better" from Making a Good Thing Better
* 5) "Something Better to Do" from Clearly Love
* 6) "Don't Stop Believin'"from Don't Stop Believin'
* 7) "Sad Songs" from Don't Stop Believin'"
* 8) "Compassionate Man" from Don't Stop Believin'"
* 9) "Jolene" from Come On Over
* 10) "Please Mr. Please" from Have You Never Been Mellow
* 11) "Take Me Home, Country Roads" from Music Makes My Day
* 12) "Let It Shine" from Clearly Love
* 13) "If Not for You" from If Not for You
* 14) "Don't Throw It All Away" from Come On Over
* 15) "Let Me Be There" from Music Makes My Day
* 16) "Long Live Love" from Long Live Love
* 17) "If You Love Me (Let Me Know)" from If You Love Me, Let Me Know
* 18) "Angel Eyes" from Long Live Love
* 19) "The Promise (The Dolphin Song)" from Physical
* 20) "Summer Nights"from Grease
Disc 2
* 1) "Xanadu" from Xanadu
* 2) "Physical" from Physical
* 3) "You're the One That I Want" from Grease
* 4) "Heart Attack" from Physical 2021 deluxe edition
* 5) "Twist of Fate" from Physical 2021 deluxe edition
* 6) "Landslide" from Physical
* 7) "I Need Love" from Back to Basics: The Essential Collection 1971–1992
* 8) "The Rumour" from The Rumour
* 9) "Totally Hot" from Totally Hot
* 10) "Make a Move on Me" from Physical
* 11) "Deeper Than the Night" from Totally Hot
* 12) "Magic" from Xanadu
* 13) "Soul Kiss" from Soul Kiss
* 14) "A Little More Love" from Totally Hot
* 15) "Suddenly" from Xanadu
* 16) "Take a Chance" from Physical 2021 deluxe edition
* 17) "Come on Over" from Come On Over
* 18) "Slow Dancing" from Making a Good Thing Better
* 19) "Clearly Love" from Clearly Love
* 20) "I Honestly Love You" from Long Live Love
* 21) "Come on Home" (bonus track) | WIKI |
Embedded Technology Guide Tech How to Make CPU Fan Quieter
How to Make CPU Fan Quieter
| | 0 Comments
How to Make CPU Fan Quieter
A noisy CPU fan can be quite distracting and can even affect the performance of your computer. Luckily, there are several ways you can make your CPU fan quieter. Here are some tips to help you achieve a quieter computing experience.
1. Clean the fan: Dust and debris can accumulate on the fan blades, causing it to work harder and produce more noise. Use compressed air or a small brush to gently clean the fan and remove any buildup.
2. Adjust fan speed settings: Most modern motherboards allow you to control the fan speed. In the BIOS settings or through software, you can reduce the fan speed to make it quieter. Keep in mind that reducing the fan speed too much can lead to overheating, so monitor your temperatures.
3. Use a fan controller: If your motherboard does not have fan speed control options, consider installing a fan controller. These devices allow you to manually adjust the fan speed to your desired level.
4. Replace the fan: If your fan is old or worn out, it may be time to replace it. Look for a fan that has a lower decibel rating for quieter operation. Make sure to choose a fan that is compatible with your CPU socket.
5. Apply thermal paste: Poor contact between the CPU and the heatsink can cause the fan to work harder. Applying a fresh layer of thermal paste can improve heat transfer, allowing the fan to run at a lower speed.
6. Insulate the case: Adding acoustic foam or rubber gaskets to the inside of your computer case can help reduce noise by absorbing vibrations.
See also How to Sign Into McDonalds App
7. Consider liquid cooling: If noise reduction is a top priority, liquid cooling systems can be a great option. These systems use water or coolant to dissipate heat, resulting in quieter operation.
FAQs
1. Why is my CPU fan so loud?
The fan may be working harder due to dust buildup, poor thermal paste application, or a worn-out fan.
2. Can I clean the fan without removing it from the CPU?
Yes, you can use compressed air or a small brush to clean the fan blades without removing it.
3. How do I know if my CPU is overheating?
You can use software like Core Temp to monitor your CPU temperatures. If it exceeds the recommended levels, it may be overheating.
4. Can I control the fan speed through software?
Yes, many applications allow you to adjust fan speed, such as SpeedFan or HWMonitor.
5. Is liquid cooling expensive?
Liquid cooling systems can be more expensive than traditional air cooling, but prices vary depending on the brand and model.
6. How often should I replace the thermal paste?
Thermal paste should be replaced every 1-2 years or whenever you remove the CPU cooler.
7. Can I install multiple fans for better cooling?
Yes, adding additional fans can improve airflow and cooling efficiency. However, it can also increase noise levels. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
R AND R POOL AND PATIO, INC., ET AL. v. ZONING BOARD OF APPEALS OF THE TOWN OF RIDGEFIELD
(SC 16422)
Sullivan, C. J., and Borden, Norcott, Katz and Palmer, Js.
Argued May 30
officially released August 14, 2001
Patricia C. Sullivan, with whom were Barbara M. Schellenberg and, on the brief, Austin K. Wolf, for the appellant (defendant).
Robert A. Fuller, with whom was Raymond F. Ross, for the appellees (plaintiffs).
Opinion
KATZ, J.
The principal issue in this certified appeal is whether the Appellate Court properly concluded that the doctrine of collateral estoppel precluded the trial court from dismissing an appeal by the plaintiffs, R and R Pool and Patio, Inc. (R&R Pool), David Ross, Mitchell Ross and Phillip Ross, from a cease and desist order sustained by the defendant, the zoning board of appeals of the town of Ridgefield (board), for violating a zoning variance. See R & R Pool & Patio, Inc. v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 60 Conn. App. 82, 758 A.2d 462 (2000). The Appellate Court predicated its application of the doctrine of collateral estoppel on the trial court’s contemporaneous decision sustaining the plaintiffs’ appeal from the defendant’s denial of a prior site plan application, and thereafter reversed the trial court’s judgment dismissing the plaintiffs’ appeal. Id., 93, 96. Following our grant of certification to appeal, the board appeals from the judgment of the Appellate Court, claiming that the Appellate Court improperly applied the doctrine of collateral estoppel. We agree with the board and, accordingly, reverse the judgment of the Appellate Court.
The opinion of the Appellate Court sets forth the following procedural history and facts: “The plaintiffs own property located at 975 Ethan Allen Highway in Ridgefield (property). The property is located in a B-2 zone in which retail uses are not permitted under the Ridgefield zoning regulations. In July, 1990, a tenant of the property at the time, Richard Amatulli, doing business as Classics of Ridgefield, obtained site plan approval to conduct a wholesale oriental rug operation on the property, a permitted use in the zone. On November 5, 1990, the [board] granted Amatulli’s application for a variance to conduct retail sales on the property (Amatulli variance). The [board] limited the variance with the following language: ‘This action permits wholesale and retail sales to be conducted from the [property], unrestricted as to type of customer or hours of operation, but restricted as to the products to be sold. Such wholesale and retail sales shall be limited to oriental rugs, fine furniture and art.’
“In 1993, the then owners of the property . . . applied for a variance to remove the restrictions and to allow full retail use of the property. The application was denied by the [board] on June 21, 1993, and no appeal was taken therefrom.
“On July 2, 1993, the owners, through their attorney, Melvin J. Silverman, and on behalf of their new tenant, R & R Pool, filed an application for site plan approval with the Ridgefield planning director proposing the use of the property for ‘warehouse, office and retail sale of fine outdoor furniture.’ In a letter, which was part of the application, Silverman stated that the owners wanted to ‘lease the premises to a seller of fine furniture [R & R Pool], albeit of the type which is used generally out of doors.’ By letter dated September 24,1993, the planning director informed Silverman that the application was denied and stated [as one of the] three reasons for such denial: ‘(1) The business you are planning to operate, with the merchandise you are planning to sell, is not the ‘fine furniture’ contemplated by the [board] in its decision on . . . [the Amatulli variance] . . . .’ The owners and [the plaintiffs] appealed to the [board] (site planease), and the [board] sustained the planning director’s decision by way of a memorandum of decision dated February 14, 1994.” Id., 84-85.
The board’s memorandum of decision sets forth its reasons as to why the planning director had been correct in denying the plaintiffs’ site plan application. The board explained that, although the term “fine furniture” had not been further defined in the Amatulli variance, the term had a particular meaning when the variance was viewed in light of the circumstances surrounding its original approval. The applicant for the original variance, Amatulli, had “presented his request as a unitary operation with the sale of furniture as an adjunct to the sale of oriental rugs and of the same quality as would often involve the services of an interior decorator.” By contrast, the board noted, the plaintiffs had proposed “to have the meaning of the term ‘fine furniture’ used to include mass produced, outdoor furniture, arguing that it is in fact ‘fine furniture.’ ” The board determined that the furniture that the plaintiffs had proposed to sell was not the kind of merchandise presented to the board when the variance was originally requested, namely, items “that, like oriental rugs, are not stock items, are made by hand, and . . . are expected to appreciate in value with the passage of time.” The board concluded: “Outdoor furniture simply does not fit this definition.”
On February 24, 1994, the owners of the property and the plaintiffs appealed to the Superior Court, alleging that the board’s decision in the site plan case was arbitrary, illegal and an abuse of discretion. The trial court dismissed the action for lack of standing on the ground that the plaintiffs were not the applicants for the site plan approval. The property owners and the plaintiffs appealed from the judgment of dismissal to the Appellate Court. While that appeal was pending, the owners conveyed title to the property to the plaintiffs. The Appellate Court thereafter reversed the judgment of the trial court on the issue of standing and remanded the case for a determination on the merits of the case. See R & R Pool & Home, Inc. v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 43 Conn. App. 563, 684 A.2d 1207 (1996). On remand, the trial court, Stodolink, J., ultimately sustained the plaintiffs’ appeal. The trial court concluded that the record contained “no factual evidence to support the board’s conclusion that the plaintiffs’ furniture is not the ‘fine furniture’ contemplated by the [Amatulli] variance.” R & R Pool & Patio, Inc. v. Zoning Board of Appeals, Superior Court, judicial district of Danbury, Docket No. 316152 (October 26, 1998).
“During the pendency of the site plan case in Superior Court, the plaintiffs, on July 27, 1995, applied to the planning director for [a second] site plan approval for the ‘retail and wholesale sales of oriental rugs, fine furniture and art.’ An accompanying statement of proposed use explained that ‘[t]he property will be used in accordance with the [Amatulli variance]’ and that the furniture to be sold would be ‘of good quality and the higher-end products. It will be the type of quality of fine furniture which is sold in the better furniture stores in the United States. None of the furniture will be of the plastic type which is generally found in discount stores.’
“Pursuant to the planning director’s request for clarification of the use, Raymond Ross, the attorney for the plaintiffs, by letter dated August 15, 1995, stated that ‘R & R [Pool] will have the same limited retail sales of “oriental rugs, fine furniture and art” which were previously sold by [Amatulli] under the terms of the [Amatulli] variance. The furniture will be of similar kind and nature to that which was sold by [Amatulli] and falls within the terms of the variance. The products will be of the high-end quality, well styled and upscale products which were previously sold. The products will be customarily used by consumers in such rooms of a home as a den or a dining room. The sale of these furniture items are often made with the assistance of an interior decorator or designer. . . . There will be no plastic furniture, no mass produced assembly line type of furniture, and no athletic equipment such as swingsets.’
“[Prior to the trial court’s decision in the site plan case, on] August 23, 1995, the planning director issued site plan approval to the plaintiffs [on the second application] subject to the condition that ‘the limited retail sales will be exactly as permitted and described in the grant of [the Amatulli variance] and further defined in [the board’s memorandum of decision denying the first application for site plan approval].’
“In September, 1995, the plaintiffs began retail sales of furniture on the property. On December 29, 1995, the Ridgefield zoning enforcement officer issued a cease and desist order to the plaintiffs ordering that they remedy or discontinue (1) conducting retail sales in a B-2 zone, (2) retail sales not allowed under the Amatulli variance and (3) retail sales not presented during the site plan process and sales that specifically violate the conditions of the plaintiffs’ site plan approval.” R & R Pool & Patio, Inc. v. Zoning Board of Appeals, supra, 60 Conn. App. 87-88.
On January 5, 1996, the plaintiffs appealed from the cease and desist order to the board. On April 29, 1996, after a hearing, the board sustained the decision of the zoning enforcement officer to issue the cease and desist order. The board concluded, in part, that the plaintiffs had “applied for [s]ite [p]lan [a]pproval for one use [in the second site plan application], and after receiving it . . . put the property to another use.” The relevant portion of the board’s memorandum of decision focused on the documents submitted by the plaintiffs as part of the second site plan approval process. The board noted that the plaintiffs’ site plan had been approved for the sale of “ ‘oriental rugs, fine furniture and art’ . . . .” The planning director’s approval of that application, the board explained, was predicated on assurances made in Raymond Ross’ letter clarifying that the plaintiffs’ proposed use included “ ‘no plastic furniture [and] no mass produced assembly line type of furniture
The board further explained that although “[m]uch [had] been made of the words ‘fine furniture’ . . . such analysis . . . [was] based on wrenching the words from the context in which they were originally used. . . . The type of merchandise offered for sale at [the plaintiffs’] location is to be hand-crafted, one-of-a-kind, and expected to appreciate in value over the years.” The board concluded that “[t]he outdoor furniture . . . offered for sale at [the plaintiffs’ property] does not meet the aforementioned criteria.”
On May 2,1996, the plaintiffs appealed to the Superior Court from the board’s decision sustaining the zoning enforcement officer’s cease and desist order. The plaintiffs argued that the board’s decision was arbitrary and illegal in that: (1) the Amatulli variance runs with the land and the board could not modify it; (2) the term fine furniture was vague and involved a matter of personal taste; and (3) the plaintiffs were denied due process because they were not informed which items did not constitute fine furniture.
The trial court, Siodolink, J., heard the appeal of the cease and desist case contemporaneously with the remand of the plaintiffs’ appeal of the board’s denial of the first site plan application. As noted previously, the trial court sustained the plaintiffs’ appeal in the site plan case. In its memorandum of decision in the cease and desist case, which was issued on the same day as that issued in the site plan case, the court dismissed the plaintiffs’ appeal from the board’s decision sustaining the cease and desist order. The trial court concluded that the board’s reason for sustaining the order, namely, that the plaintiffs “applied for site plan approval for one use, and after receiving it . . . put the property to another use,” was reasonably supported by the record.
The trial court noted the assurances made by Raymond Ross during the application process that there would be “ ‘no plastic furniture, no mass produced assembly line type of furniture, and no athletic equipment such as swingsets’ ” sold on the property. The court further noted that the record contained “nine photographs of chairs and other furniture that appear to be ‘mass produced assembly line type of furniture.’ ” In light of that evidence, the court concluded that the board’s reason for sustaining the cease and desist order was sufficiently supported by the record and, accordingly, rendered judgment dismissing the plaintiffs’ appeal.
The Appellate Court granted the plaintiffs’ petition for certification to appeal in the cease and desist case. Thereafter, the Appellate Court granted the plaintiffs’ motion to take judicial notice of the site plan case. On appeal, the plaintiffs asserted that the trial court improperly had: (1) failed to conclude that they were denied due process of law by the zoning enforcement officer and the board; (2) concluded that the board’s decision was adequately supported by the record; and (3) failed to determine that the court’s decision in the companion site plan case made the plaintiffs’ subsequent site plan application unnecessary and moot. They further contended that the trial court’s decision in the site plan case precluded the board, under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, from claiming that the plaintiffs had violated the terms of the variance.
The Appellate Court concluded that the trial court had determined in the site plan case that the Amatulli variance could not be construed to limit the kind of furniture sold on the property. R & R Pool & Patio, Inc. v. Zoning Board of Appeals, supra, 60 Conn. App. 91. The Appellate Court determined that the issue of what constituted fine furniture was a necessary element of both the site plan and the cease and desist cases. Id., 93. Because the board had failed to appeal from the trial court’s judgment in the site plan case, the Appellate Court concluded that the board was precluded, under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, from asserting in the cease and desist case that “ ‘fine furniture,’ as it appealed] in the Amatulli variance, [meant] something ‘finer’ than ordinary furniture.” Id. Consequently, the Appellate Court reversed the trial court’s judgment in the cease and desist case, concluding that the plaintiffs’ use of the property conformed to the Amatulli variance as defined by the trial court. Id., 96. This appeal followed.
The board claims that the Appellate Court improperly applied the doctrine of collateral estoppel because the trial court had not made a determination in the site plan case as to the definition of fine furniture as used in the Amatulli variance. Conversely, the plaintiffs argue that the Appellate Court properly applied collateral estoppel because, they contend, the meaning of fine furniture was actually litigated by the parties and necessarily determined by the trial court in the site plan case. The plaintiffs also contend, as alternative grounds for affirming the judgment of the Appellate Court, that: (1) Ross’ letter clarifying the plaintiffs’ proposed use in the second site plan application cannot limit their rights under the variance; (2) compliance with the second site plan application was irrelevant because the trial court’s decision in the site plan case effectively mooted the second plan; (3) the trial court improperly found that the board’s reasons for sustaining the cease and desist order were reasonable and supported by the record; and (4) the board’s failure to specify which furniture violated the Amatulli variance deprived the plaintiffs of due process. We agree with the board that the Appellate Court improperly invoked the doctrine of collateral estoppel. We also reject the plaintiffs’ alternative grounds for affirmance.
I
Whether the Appellate Court properly applied the doctrine of collateral estoppel is a question of law subject to plenary review. Linden Condominium Assn., Inc. v. McKenna, 247 Conn. 575, 594, 726 A.2d 502 (1999). The fundamental principles underlying the doctrine are well established. “Collateral estoppel, or issue preclusion, is that aspect of res judicata which prohibits the relitigation of an issue when that issue was actually litigated and necessarily determined in a prior action between the same parties upon a different claim. . . . For an issue to be subject to collateral estoppel, it must have been fully and fairly litigated in the first action. It also must have been actually decided and the decision must have been necessary to the judgment. . . . Virgo v. Lyons, 209 Conn. 497, 501, 551 A.2d 1243 (1988); see also Ashe v. Swenson, 397 U.S. 436, 445, 90 S. Ct. 1189, 25 L. Ed. 2d 469 (1970); State v. Hope, 215 Conn. 570, 584, 577 A.2d 1000 (1990), cert. denied, 498 U.S. 1089, 111 S. Ct. 968, 112 L. Ed. 2d 1054 (1991).
“An issue is actually litigated if it is properly raised in the pleadings or otherwise, submitted for determination, and in fact determined. ... 1 Restatement (Second), Judgments § 27, comment (d) (1982). An issue is necessarily determined if, in the absence of a determination of the issue, the judgment could not have been validly rendered. ... If an issue has been determined, but the judgment is not dependent upon the determination of the issue, the parties may relitigate the issue in a subsequent action.” (Citations omitted; emphasis in original; internal quotation marks omitted.) Lafayette v. General Dynamics Corp., 255 Conn. 762, 772-73, 770 A.2d 1 (2001), quoting Jackson v. R. G. Whipple, Inc., 225 Conn. 705, 714-15, 627 A.2d 374 (1993); see Gladysz v. Planning & Zoning Commission, 256 Conn. 249, 260-61, 773 A.2d 300 (2001).
In order to determine whether the doctrine of collateral estoppel was properly applied in the present case, therefore, we consider two questions. The first is whether the meaning of fine furniture, as used in the Amatulli variance, was actually litigated in the site plan case. The second is whether the trial court made a determination that was necessary to its judgment with respect to that issue. Specifically, we must consider whether a definition of fine furniture was a necessary predicate to the trial court’s judgment sustaining the plaintiffs’ appeal in the site plan case.
In considering these questions, we begin by noting the scope of review that guided both the board, when it reviewed the first site plan application, and the trial court when it subsequently reviewed that decision. See Scalzo v. Danbury, 224 Conn. 124, 129, 617 A.2d 440 (1992) (examining trial court’s scope of review to determine if issue was essential to judgment for collateral estoppel purposes). The Ridgefield planning director is charged with the authority, pursuant to the town’s zoning regulations, to grant or deny site plan applications. An aggrieved party may appeal the director’s decision to the board, which, in turn, reviews the planning director’s decision de novo. Caserta v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 226 Conn. 80, 90, 626 A.2d 744 (1993); see also General Statutes § 8-6 (a). “It is the board’s responsibility, pursuant to the statutorily required hearing, to find the facts and to apply the pertinent zoning regulations to those facts.” Caserta v. Zoning Board of Appeals, supra, 90. The board is vested with liberal discretion in conducting hearings. Id., citing Parsons v. Board of Zoning Appeals, 140 Conn. 290, 292, 99 A.2d 149 (1953) (noting that zoning boards may, in certain circumstances, act on information known but not presented at hearings). Its power with respect to site plan applications decisions, however, is constrained by statute. “A site plan may be modified or denied only if it fails to comply with requirements already set forth in the zoning or inland wetlands regulations. . . .” General Statutes § 8-3 (g); see also Friedman v. Planning & Zoning Commission, 222 Conn. 262, 267-68, 608 A.2d 1178 (1992); SSM Associates Ltd. Partnership v. Plan & Zoning Commission, 15 Conn. App. 561, 566-68, 545 A.2d 602, aff'd, 211 Conn. 331, 559 A.2d 196 (1989). If the application conforms to the zoning regulations, the board cannot deny the application for subjective reasons that bear no relationship to zoning regulations. Kosinski v. Lawlor, 177 Conn. 420, 423-24, 418 A.2d 66 (1979); see also Allied Plywood, Inc. v. Planning & Zoning Commission, 2 Conn. App. 506, 511-12, 480 A.2d 584, cert. denied, 194 Conn. 808, 483 A.2d 612 (1984). If the site plan is either denied or modified, the board is required under § 8-3 (g) to set forth the reasons for its decision. See footnote 8 of this opinion.
An adverse decision by the board may be appealed to the Superior Court under General Statutes § 8-8 (b). The Superior Court’s scope of review is limited to determining only whether the board’s actions were unreasonable, arbitrary or illegal. Francini v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 228 Conn. 785, 791, 639 A.2d 519 (1994); Pleasant View Farms Development, Inc. v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 218 Conn. 265, 269, 588 A.2d 1372 (1991) . “Where a zoning agency has stated its reasons for its actions, the court should determine only whether the assigned grounds are reasonably supported by the record and whether they are pertinent to the considerations which the [board] was required to apply under the zoning regulations.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Bloom v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 233 Conn. 198, 208, 658 A.2d 559 (1995). “ ‘It is well settled that a court, in reviewing the actions of an administrative agency, is not permitted to substitute its judgment for that of the agency or to make factual determinations on its own.’ ” Connecticut Resources Recovery Authority v. Planning & Zoning Commission, 225 Conn. 731, 744, 626 A.2d 705 (1993), quoting Farrington v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 177 Conn. 186, 190, 413 A.2d 817 (1979); accord Timber Trails Corp. v. Planning & Zoning Commission, 222 Conn. 380, 400, 610 A.2d 620 (1992) (noting that on factual questions reviewing court cannot substitute its judgment for that of agency).
In the appeal of the site plan case to the trial court, the plaintiffs claimed that the board had acted arbitrarily and unreasonably by sustaining the planning director’s decision to deny its site plan application. The plaintiffs contended that there were only two issues before the trial court: (1) whether the record showed that the plaintiffs were going to sell merchandise allowed by the Amatulli variance, namely, fine furniture; and (2) whether the record showed any physical change in the property from Amatulli’s approved site plan. The plaintiffs claimed that the record reflected uncontroverted evidence that they would be selling fine furniture that comported with the Amatulli variance.
The record of the board’s hearing revealed that the plaintiffs had challenged the foundation of the planning director’s determination that what they sold did not constitute fine furniture. When cross-examined by the plaintiffs, the director acknowledged that he had not seen any definition of the term fine furniture, although he noted that the individual words could be defined. The plaintiffs submitted to the board references from several dictionaries to show that the phrase fine furniture was not defined as well as letters from several authoritative sources stating that fine furniture did not have a particular meaning in the furniture trade beyond implying quality.
In their argument before the trial court, the plaintiffs focused in particular on the testimony before the board from persons employed in the furniture trade who were familiar with the products that the plaintiffs intended to sell. Each of these witnesses stated in no uncertain terms that the furniture carried by R & R Pool was indeed fine furniture, although two witnesses noted that they did not have any specific meaning for the phrase beyond “high quality” or “high end furniture.” The plaintiffs claimed that the board had had no basis for disregarding this evidence when it neither had presented experts of its own nor had any expertise on the matter. Therefore, the plaintiffs argued, the record did not support the board’s decision to deny the application and the denial was unreasonable.
The trial court agreed with the plaintiffs. First, the trial court determined that the board’s failure to conduct a de novo review and its reliance almost exclusively on the planning director’s judgment was unreasonable. Second, the trial court noted that “[t]he record . . . contained] no factual evidence to support the board’s conclusion that the plaintiffs’ furniture [was] not the ‘fine furniture’ contemplated by the [Amatulli] variance,” pointing specifically both to the board’s failure to justify its disregard for the uncontroverted expert witness testimony and to the board’s reliance on the subjective judgment of the planning director, who neither had visited the plaintiffs’ store nor seen the merchandise at issue.
The critical part of the trial court’s decision in the site plan case was its discussion of the evidence pertaining to the meaning of the phrase fine furniture in the AmatuUi variance. The court noted that “the plaintiffs submitted numerous excerpts from dictionaries and other sources demonstrating the lack of any definition of ‘fine furniture.’ . . . Letters were also submitted [that] . . . indicated that there is no definition of fine furniture, except that the terms when used together generally imply quality.” The court further noted that, despite this evidence, “[t]he record does not demonstrate that the board offered any definitions, or any ascertainable guidelines or standards, upon which a subsequent owner or lessor of the subject property could have reasonably relied . . . when selling furniture from the property. . . . [T]he board never defined the term ‘fine furniture’ when it granted Amatulli the variance. . . . The record indicates that the board relied on its own subjective beliefs in its determination that the plaintiffs’ furniture did not comport with the variance.” As a result of its review of the record, the trial court concluded that it “[could] not find any substantial evidence in the record to support the board’s conclusion that the plaintiffs did not sell ‘fine furniture.’ ”
The plaintiffs contend that the trial court made a determination in the site plan case that the Amatulli variance could not be construed to limit the kind of furniture that they could sell on the property. We disagree. We conclude that the foregoing discussion simply reflects the trial court’s reasoning that, in the absence of a definition of fine furniture or some other evidence demonstrating that the furniture the plaintiffs proposed to sell was not fine furniture, the board had no reasonable basis upon which to conclude that the plaintiffs’ application did not comport with the variance. The board’s failure to define fine furniture was merely one of several factors that the trial court weighed when determining the sufficiency of the evidence and, therefore, was not a necessary predicate to its decision.
It is important to note that the plaintiffs’ interpretation puts the judgment in the site plan case in direct conflict with the judgment in the cease and desist case, both of which were rendered by the trial court on the same day. In the cease and desist case, the trial court dismissed the plaintiffs’ appeal from the board’s issuance of the cease and desist order for violating the Amatulli variance. Had the trial court determined in the site plan case that the Amatulli variance could not be construed to mean anything other than ordinary furniture, there would have been no reason for it to dismiss the plaintiffs’ appeal in the cease and desist case.
In its attempt to reconcile the two cases, the board contends that the trial court addressed the plaintiffs’ proposed use in the site plan case while the cease and desist case addressed the plaintiffs’ actual use. We agree with the board that the better reading is the one that harmonizes the two cases. Cf. Rivera v. Commissioner of Correction, 254 Conn. 214, 242, 756 A.2d 1264 (2000) (noting court’s duty to reconcile and give concurrent effect to conflicting statutes where possible); Iovieno v. Commissioner of Correction, 222 Conn. 254, 258, 608 A.2d 1174 (1992) (noting preference for reconciling potentially conflicting statutory provisions), overruled on other grounds, 242 Conn. 689, 699 A.2d 1003 (1997); Lauer v. Zoning Commission, 220 Conn. 455, 469-70, 600 A.2d 310 (1991) (noting “ordinary practice” of reading trial court record to support, rather than contradict, its judgment). This approach is particularly persuasive when we consider the application of collateral estoppel, because one of the policy considerations underlying the doctrine is “to prevent inconsistent judgments which undermine the integrity of the judicial system . . . .” Isaac v. Truck Service, Inc., 253 Conn. 416, 422, 752 A.2d 509 (2000); accord Delahunty v. Mas sachusetts Mutual Life Ins. Co., 236 Conn. 582, 591, 674 A.2d 1290 (1996). We conclude, therefore, that the meaning of fine furniture as used in the Amatulli variance was neither litigated by the parties nor decided by the trial court in the site plan case. Therefore, the trial court did not render final judgment on an issue that would preclude the board, under the doctrine of collateral estoppel, from ensuring in the cease and desist case that the plaintiffs’ actual use complied with its site plan application to sell fine furniture. Accordingly, the Appellate Court improperly applied the doctrine of collateral estoppel.
II
In light of the foregoing, we next address the plaintiffs’ alternative grounds for affirming the judgment of the Appellate Court. The plaintiffs claim that Raymond Ross’ letter stating that the plaintiffs would not sell mass produced furniture, which was the basis for the cease and desist order, cannot be given effect because the planning director was required by law to approve a conforming site plan application without reference to the letter and that the letter could not limit their use of the property under the variance. The plaintiffs next contend that, even if the letter could be given effect, it was part of the second site plan which was, in essence, mooted by the trial court’s decision in the first site plan. Finally, the plaintiffs argue that the trial court improperly concluded that the board’s decision to sustain the issuance of the cease and desist order was reasonable and supported by the evidence. We disagree.
In the cease and desist case, the trial court concluded that the photographs of the plaintiffs’ furniture that were taken by the zoning enforcement officer sufficiently established a violation of an express provision of the plaintiffs’ site plan application. The court predicated that conclusion on the letter written by Raymond Ross in which he assured the planning director that “[t]here will be no . . . mass produced assembly line type of furniture . . . .” According to the court, this language provided the standard by which the plaintiffs’ compliance with the variance could be gauged.
The zoning commission has authority pursuant to § 8-3 (g) to require site plan approval. See footnote 8 of this opinion. The specific materials that comprise a “site plan” are not set forth in the statute, but Connecticut courts have determined that the site plan includes “the entire package of documents submitted to a zoning ‘commission or other municipal agency or official to aid in determining the conformity of a proposed . . . use . . . with specific provisions of such [zoning] regulations.’ ” SSM Associates Ltd. Partnership v. Plan & Zoning Commission, supra, 15 Conn. App. 566. In addition, Ridgefield zoning regulations specify that applications for site plan approval shall include “[a]ny other information which in the director’s judgment will assist in evaluating the proposal.” Ridgefield Zoning Regs., § 324.0 D (6).
As noted previously, the plaintiffs submitted to the planning director a statement describing their proposed use for the property. The planning director then requested that the plaintiffs clarify the proposed use, which prompted Raymond Ross’ letter. The plaintiffs have provided no authority to support the proposition that this letter would not be encompassed within the “entire package of documents”; SSM Associates Ltd. Partnership v. Plan & Zoning Commission, supra, 15 Conn. App. 566; that aided the planning director in ensuring that the plaintiffs met all applicable zoning regulations, including the Amatulli variance. The planning director’s authority pursuant to § 8-3 (g) would permit the director to consider information necessary to ensure compliance with the site plan application. Cf. Friedman v. Planning & Zoning Commission, supra, 222 Conn. 267-69 (upholding denial of plaintiffs site plan application where it did not include traffic study required by zoning regulations).
We disagree with the plaintiffs’ characterization of Raymond Ross’ letter as limiting rights to which they were entitled under the Amatulli variance. The letter addressed the plaintiffs’ understanding concerning the type of merchandise that would not be permitted under the variance. The planning director’s approval of the site plan application shortly after receiving that letter reflects his agreement with that interpretation. In effect, Raymond Ross’ letter did not define fine furniture, but, rather, indicated what, in the plaintiffs’ opinion, the Amatulli variance prohibited.
The plaintiffs also claim that the letter should not be given any effect because it was part of the second site plan application which, in the plaintiffs’ view, became moot once the trial court sustained the appeal in the site plan case. The plaintiffs argue that both site plans sought the same right—to sell furniture pursuant to the Amatulli variance. The plaintiffs claim that once the first site plan decision allowed them to sell furniture without limitation, the second site plan application, which had been approved before the trial court sustained the appeal of the first site plan, became irrelevant. This claim is without merit.
The plaintiffs submitted the second site plan application while the appeal from the board’s denial of their first site plan application was pending. The planning director approved the second site plan application. The plaintiffs concede in their brief that “[t]here was no difference between the first and second site plan applications.” As a result, once the second site plan was approved, there was no additional relief that the trial court could have afforded the plaintiffs by deciding the appeal on the first site plan application. “ ‘[M]ootness’ . . . applies to a situation where, during the pendency of an appeal, events have occurred that make an appeals court incapable of granting practical relief through a disposition on the merits.” State v. Tippetts-AbbettMcCarthy-Stratton, 204 Conn. 177, 181, 527 A.2d 688 (1987); cf. St. Pierre v. Solnit, 233 Conn. 398, 400-402, 658 A.2d 977 (1995) (challenge of zoning commission’s authority to enact special use permit that expired after two years mooted by repeal of limitation); Rosnick v. Zoning Commission, 172 Conn. 306, 308-309, 374 A.2d 245 (1977) (expiration of zoning regulation mooted plaintiffs request for declaratory relief). Therefore, if either of the plaintiffs’ site plan applications had been rendered moot in this case, it would have been the first rather than the second. Moreover, the plaintiffs and the board resolved any differences concerning the variance when the board granted the second site plan application. See Waterbury Hospital v. Connecticut Health Care Associates, 186 Conn. 247, 251, 440 A.2d 310 (1982) (noting that actions of parties in settling differences may cause case to become moot).
The plaintiffs next argue that, even if the second site plan is valid, the reasons cited by the board for sustaining the zoning enforcement officer’s cease and desist order were arbitrary and unreasonable. We disagree. The trial court’s scope of review in the cease and desist case was limited to reviewing the record to ensure that there was sufficient evidence to support the board’s reasons and that those reasons were relevant to pertinent zoning considerations. See Francini v. Zoning Board of Appeals, supra, 228 Conn. 791; Pleasant View Farms Development, Inc. v. Zoning Board of Appeals, supra, 218 Conn. 269. As noted previously, the record contained photographs of the plaintiffs’ merchandise that, according to the trial court, appeared to show mass produced furniture. Therefore, the merchandise that the plaintiffs were selling reasonably appeared to be in contravention of their attorney’s representations to the board in the second site plan application. Consequently, in light of our previous discussion of the effect of Raymond Ross’ letter, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support the board’s statement that the plaintiffs had applied for one use but then put the property to another use.
The plaintiffs’ final claim is that they were denied due process by both the zoning enforcement officer and the board. The plaintiffs contend that the zoning enforcement officer violated their due process rights by failing to specify in the cease and desist order what items of furniture violated the variance. They maintain that the board denied them due process because the term fine furniture is not defined in zoning regulations and it also failed to notify the plaintiffs what items violated the zoning regulations. Their claim, in essence, is that they could not respond adequately to the cease and desist order without more particular facts. This issue was raised below but not decided by either the trial court or the Appellate Court. We find no merit in the plaintiffs’ claim.
“[D]ue process of law requires that the parties involved have an opportunity to know the facts on which the [board] is asked to act . . . and to offer rebuttal evidence.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Grimes v. Conservation Commission, 243 Conn. 266, 274, 703 A.2d 101 (1997), quoting Pizzola v. Planning & Zoning Commission, 167 Conn. 202, 207, 355 A.2d 21 (1974). Due process is met, however, where the parties have sufficient notice of the material aspects of the issue. See Red Hill Coalition, Inc. v. Conservation Commission, 212 Conn. 710, 723-24, 563 A.2d 1339 (1989).
The notice that the plaintiffs received was the cease and desist order, which stated in relevant part that the plaintiffs were engaging in “retail sales of merchandise/ products that specifically violate the [s]ite [p]lan [application’s] conditions of approval.” The plaintiffs claim that, because they were selling furniture, a use they contend complies with the variance in light of the trial court’s decision in the site plan case, due process required that they be told more specifically what merchandise violates the variance. We have concluded in part I of this opinion, however, that the trial court never determined that the variance was unlimited.
The board approved the plaintiffs’ second site plan application based, in part, on the plaintiffs’ own representation that they would not sell “mass produced assembly line type of furniture.” The cease and desist order was issued to preclude the plaintiffs from engaging in further retail sales of just that, mass produced assembly line furniture that did not comply with the terms of the Amatulli variance. This case does not present a situation wherein a store owner blindly receives shipments from a parent company unaware of its source. The plaintiffs’ evidence submitted to the board in the site plan case indicated that they knew exactly which furniture was mass produced. Accordingly, we find no merit in the plaintiffs’ due process claim.
The judgment of the Appellate Court is reversed and the case is remanded to that court with direction to affirm the judgment of the trial court.
In this opinion the other justices concurred.
Plaintiffs David Ross, Mitchell Ross and Phillip Ross are principals in R & R Pool. References herein to the plaintiffs are to all of these parties.
We granted the board’s petition for certification to appeal limited to the following question: “Did the Appellate Court properly reverse the trial court’s dismissal of the plaintiffs’ appeal from the zoning officer’s cease and desist order?” R & R Pool & Patio, Inc. v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 255 Conn. 902, 762 A.2d 909 (2000).
The board’s memorandum of decision cited several reasons justifying the denial of the plaintiffs’ application, only one of which is relevant for purposes of this appeal.
At some time during the course of the appeal in the site plan case, the plaintiffs changed the corporation’s name from R and R Pool and Home, Inc., to R and R Pool and Patio, Inc.
Section 324.0 B of the Ridgefield zoning regulations provides: “General procedure. All applications requiring site plan approval shall be referred to the planning director who shall approve, disapprove or approve with conditions and/or modifications the proposed site plan within sixty-five (65) days after receiving a completed application. Any such application not acted upon within the prescribed period shall be considered approved providing it conforms to all applicable requirements of the zoning regulations.”
Section 324.0 G of the Ridgefield zoning regulations provides: “Recourse. Decisions made by the planning director or the zoning enforcement officer in pursuance of section 324.0 F may be appealed by the applicant to the zoning board of appeals.”
General Statutes § 8-6 (a) provides in relevant part: “The zoning board of appeals shall have the following powers and duties: (1) To hear and decide appeals where it is alleged that there is an error in any order, requirement or decision made by the official charged with the enforcement of this chapter or any bylaw, ordinance or regulation adopted under the provisions of this chapter; (2) to hear and decide all matters including special exceptions and special exemptions under section 8-2g upon which it is required to pass by the specific terms of the zoning bylaw, ordinance or regulation; and (3) to determine and vary the application of the zoning bylaws, ordinances or regulations in harmony with their general purpose and intent and with due consideration for conserving the public health, safety, convenience, welfare and property values solely with respect to a parcel of land where, owing to conditions especially affecting such parcel but not affecting generally the district in which it is situated, a literal enforcement of such bylaws, ordinances or regulations would result in exceptional difficulty or unusual hardship so that substantial justice will be done and the public safety and welfare secured, provided that the zoning regulations may specify the extent to which uses shall not be permitted by variance in districts in which such uses are not otherwise allowed. . . .”
General Statutes § 8-3 (g) provides: “The zoning regulations may require that a site plan be filed with the commission or other municipal agency or official to aid in determining the conformity of a proposed building, use or structure with specific provisions of such regulations. If a site plan application involves an activity regulated pursuant to sections 22a-36 to 22a-45, inclusive, the applicant shall submit an application for a permit to the agency responsible for administration of the inland wetlands regulations not later than the day such application is filed with the zoning commission. The decision of the zoning commission shall not be rendered on the site plan application until the inland wetlands agency has submitted a report with its final decision. In making its decision the zoning commission shall give due consideration to the report of the inland wetlands agency. A site plan may be modified or denied only if it fails to comply with requirements already set forth in the zoning or inland wetlands regulations. Approval of a site plan shall be presumed unless a decision to deny or modify it is rendered within the period specified in section 8-7d. A certificate of approval of any plan for which the period for approval has expired and on which no action has been taken shall be sent to the applicant within fifteen days of the date on which the period for approval has expired. A decision to deny or modify a site plan shall set forth the reasons for such denial or modification. A copy of any decision shall be sent by certified mail to the person who submitted such plan within fifteen days after such decision is rendered. The zoning commission may, as a condition of approval of any modified site plan, require a bond in an amount and with surety and conditions satisfactory to it, securing that any modifications of such site plan are made or may grant an extension of the time to complete work in connection with such modified site plan. The commission may condition the approval of such extension on a determination of the adequacy of the amount of the bond or other surety furnished under this section. The commission shall publish notice of the approval or denial of site plans in a newspaper having a general circulation in the municipality. In any case in which such notice is not published within the fifteen-day period after a decision has been rendered, the person who submitted such plan may provide lor the publication of such notice within ten days thereafter.”
General Statutes § 8-8 (b) provides in relevant part: “[A]ny person aggrieved by any decision of a board may take an appeal to the superior court for the judicial district in which the municipality is located. The appeal shall be commenced by service of process in accordance with subsections (e) and (f) of this section within fifteen days from the date that notice of the decision was published as required by the general statutes. The appeal shall be returned to court in the same manner and within the same period of time as prescribed for civil actions brought to that court.”
The trial court characterized the four witnesses who testified on behalf of the plaintiffs as “experienced salespersons and individuals closely associated with the high end furniture business.”
When asked at the board hearing what he thought constituted fine furniture, the planning director replied that it is “[a type of furniture] that is rather expensive, that I would purchase not [for] the outdoors, but [for] the indoors . . . one that I would pay a substantial amount of money for . . . one that is unique; and . . . one that pleases my eyes and fits my pocket[book].”
Had the trial court made a finding that the Amatulli variance, as approved, should be limited in scope, the court would have impermissibly substituted its judgment for that of the board. See, e.g., Connecticut Resources Recovery Authority v. Planning & Zoning Commission, supra, 225 Conn. 744-45 (trial court incorrectly substituted its judgment for that of board in determining that expanded site disposal was protected nonconforming use); see also, e.g., Fernandes v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 24 Conn. App. 49, 54-55, 585 A.2d 703 (1991) (trial court exceeded scope of review by substituting its judgment for board’s on issue of whether change in circumstances had occurred between defendant’s two variance applications); Horn v. Zoning Board of Appeals, 18 Conn. App. 674, 677, 559 A.2d 1174 (1989) (trial court exceeded scope of review in determining that evidence was not sufficient to establish merger for denial of certificate of zoning compliance).
We note that, based on our review of the record in this case, an additional concern of the board in regard to the Amatulli variance was with traffic and safety issues related to the property. The record reveals that the property is located on a triangular parcel of land formed by the intersection of two heavily traveled roads. Ingress and egress from the property had proved to be difficult in the past. In light of these concerns, the board had expressed concerns about retail use of the property that would draw heavy traffic. This further supports the conclusion that the meaning of fine furniture was not a necessary predicate to the board’s decision in the site plan case.
The plaintiffs have argued more broadly that the trial court’s decision in the cease and desist case was improper because their use of the property complied with the variance and there was no evidence in the record that they were selling anything other than furniture. The issue with respect to Raymond Ross’ letter was an argument that the plaintiffs offered in support of this claim. The plaintiffs’ broader claim is predicated on their belief that the trial court determined in the site plan case that the variance could not be limited. We concluded, however, in part I of this opinion that the trial court did not make any such determination and, therefore, we address only the narrower issue of the effect of Raymond Ross’ letter.
Section 324.0 D of the Ridgefield zoning regulations provides: “Applications. Applications for site plan approval shall consist of the following:
“(1) Application fee in the amount of seventy-five dollars ($75.00);
“(2) A statement describing in detail the proposed use or uses;
“(3) Two (2) copies of a site plan at acceptable scale incorporating a perimeter survey of the premises or parcel of land prepared by a licensed surveyor or registered engineer showing, where applicable, existing and/or proposed buildings and appurtenances thereof, existing and/or proposed parking accommodations, location of existing and proposed buffer strips and landscaping, access and egress details for pedestrian an[d] vehicular traffic, and location and design of existing and proposed signs;
“(4) Where applicable, two (2) copies of drawings at acceptable scale showing floor plans and exterior elevations of buildings;
“(5) Where applicable, two (2) copies of a sketch drawing showing location of public roads, adjacent road cuts, and width of rights-of-way and travelway;
“(6) Any other information which in the director’s judgment will assist in evaluating the proposal.”
If any distinction could be made between the two applications, it was that the first site plan proposed a more limited use than the second site plan. The first plan’s proposed use of the property was for “[wjarehouse, office and retail sale of fine outdoor furniture”; the second plan’s proposed use was for “retail and wholesale sales of oriental rugs, fine furniture and art.”
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VueJS - Redirect Unmatched Routes To 404
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const router = new VueRouter({
routes: [
{ path: '/blog/contact', component: Contact },
{ path: '/blog/:postname', component: Blog },
]
})
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Long-Delayed Shopping Center Project Gains Ground - latimes
A plan to build northwest Pasadena's first shopping center is back on track now that Danny Bakewell's development company has agreed to pay for the removal of a condemned strip mall on the site of the city-assisted project. Responding to the City Council's rejection of his request for a $71,000 loan to help clear the way for the Fair Oaks Renaissance Plaza, Bakewell said Wednesday that his firm will foot the bill so the long-delayed project can move forward. We're back on track and and moving fast, finally, at last, said Bakewell. We're enthusiastic about getting this show on the road. The residents have waited too long. Bakewell expects work to begin within 30 days. The northwest community is finally going to get this positive asset, said Vice Mayor Chris Holden, whose district includes the center. Holden said the project, a year behind schedule, was held to different standards than others. Because Danny Bakewell was the issue it became important to see how many obstacles could be designed to trip him up. The staff and others have let personalities enter in their decision-making when the bottom line is we are looking at revitalizing a depressed area, Holden said. Two weeks ago, the council--which has already agreed to sell the property, bought by the city for about $11 million, to Bakewell for $1.5 million--refused to provide any extra funds to the developer. The council said it would not give more than the $122,000 it previously agreed to provide Bakewell for clearing the site at Orange Grove Boulevard and Fair Oaks Avenue, despite his request for the $71,000 loan to cover asbestos removal until a bank loan for the project is available. Councilman Bill Crowfoot, a supporter of the project, mused that if it failed because of the small sum, critics--who have charged that the center is a gift of public funds--might be right. Nonetheless, Bakewell said he had agreed only to demolish the existing structures and not to remove asbestos. But he said he is putting that behind him, and has filed for permits for the site clearing and asbestos removal. Although work will not begin for a few weeks, city officials said that by filing for those permits, Bakewell is in compliance with a deadline in the city's agreement with the developer to begin demolition this week. I think it complies even though we haven't seen a shovel yet, said Assistant City Atty. Ted Reynolds. Meanwhile, city project manager Fred Jones said Bakewell has signed a new amended development agreement for the 69,000-square-foot project approved by the council in March. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Ranking mechanisms in twitter-like forums
WSDM 2010 (Invited to TIST Special Issue)
Ranking mechanisms in twitter-like forums
Anish DasSarma, Atish Das Sarma, Sreenivas Gollapudi, Rina Panigrahy, Anish DasSarma, Atish Das Sarma, Sreenivas Gollapudi, Rina Panigrahy
Abstract
We study the problem of designing a mechanism to rank items in forums by making use of the user reviews such as thumb and star ratings. We compare mechanisms where forum users rate individual posts and also mechanisms where the user is asked to perform a pairwise comparison and state which one is better.
The main metric used to evaluate a mechanism is the ranking accuracy vs the cost of reviews, where the cost is measured as the average number of reviews used per post. We show that for many reasonable probability models, there is no thumb (or star) based ranking mechanism that can produce approximately accurate rankings with bounded number of reviews per item.
On the other hand we provide a review mechanism based on pairwise comparisons which achieves approximate rankings with bounded cost. We have implemented a system, shoutvelocity, which is a twitter-like forum but items (i.e., tweets in Twitter) are rated by using comparisons. For each new item the user who posts the item is required to compare two previous entries.
This ensures that over a sequence of n posts, we get at least n comparisons requiring one review per item on average. Our mechanism uses this sequence of comparisons to obtain a ranking estimate. It ensures that every item is reviewed at least once and winning entries are reviewed more often to obtain better estimates of top items.
Another publication from the same category: Machine Learning and Data Science
WWW '17 Perth Australia April 2017
Drawing Sound Conclusions from Noisy Judgments
David Goldberg, Andrew Trotman, Xiao Wang, Wei Min, Zongru Wan
The quality of a search engine is typically evaluated using hand-labeled data sets, where the labels indicate the relevance of documents to queries. Often the number of labels needed is too large to be created by the best annotators, and so less accurate labels (e.g. from crowdsourcing) must be used. This introduces errors in the labels, and thus errors in standard precision metrics (such as P@k and DCG); the lower the quality of the judge, the more errorful the labels, consequently the more inaccurate the metric. We introduce equations and algorithms that can adjust the metrics to the values they would have had if there were no annotation errors.
This is especially important when two search engines are compared by comparing their metrics. We give examples where one engine appeared to be statistically significantly better than the other, but the effect disappeared after the metrics were corrected for annotation error. In other words the evidence supporting a statistical difference was illusory, and caused by a failure to account for annotation error.
Keywords | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
2022–23 Jacksonville State Gamecocks men's basketball team
The 2022–23 Jacksonville State Gamecocks men's basketball team represented Jacksonville State University in the 2022–23 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Gamecocks, led by seventh-year head coach Ray Harper, played home games at the Pete Mathews Coliseum in Jacksonville, Alabama as second-year members (in their second stint) of the ASUN Conference. They finished the season 13–18, 6–12 to finish in a tie for 11th place. They failed to qualify for the ASUN tournament.
Previous season
The Gamecocks finished the 2021–22 season 21–11, 13–3 in ASUN play to finish in first place in the West division. As the No. 1 seed in the ASUN tournament, the Gamecocks defeated Kennesaw State in the quarterfinals before losing in the semifinals to Jacksonville. However, because the eventual tournament champion, Bellarmine, was ineligible for the NCAA tournament due to their transition to Division I, Jacksonville State received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA tournament as the No. 15 seed in the Midwest region. They lost in the first round of the tournament to Auburn.
Schedule and results
!colspan=12 style=| Exhibition
!colspan=12 style=| Non-conference regular season
!colspan=13 style=| ASUN Conference regular season
Sources | WIKI |
User:Raeessaiet/Books/money
* Franc
* French franc
* Roman currency
* Currency symbol
* Denarius
* Veneration of Mary in Roman Catholicism
* Mary (mother of Jesus) | WIKI |
Thorne and Eddy Estates
The Thorne and Eddy Estates are located along Normandy Heights Road, near Morristown, in Morris Township of Morris County, New Jersey, United States. The Thorne Mansion, located at 21 Normandy Heights Road, was built in 1912 and the Eddy Mansion, located at 45 Normandy Heights Road, was built in 1896. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places on December 14, 1978, for their significance in architecture, commerce, and social history. The listing also includes the carriage houses of the mansions.
Thorne Estate
The Thorne Mansion, also known as Thorne Oaks, was built in 1912 for William V.S. Thorne, a wealthy financier in the railroad industry. The red brick house was designed by the architectural firm Delano & Aldrich and features neo-Georgian style. It is currently the headquarters for the Morristown Unitarian Universalist Fellowship. The Thorne Carriage House is also built with red brick and has an L shape.
Eddy Estate
The Eddy Mansion, also known as Valley View, was built in 1896 for Jesse Leeds Eddy, a wealthy businessman in the anthracite coal industry. The summer cottage was designed by local architect, George Augustus Mills, with Shingle style. It was built using Vermont granite and natural shingle. The Eddy Carriage House shares many on the architectural features of the main house. | WIKI |
Capitals–Flyers rivalry
The Capitals–Flyers rivalry is a National Hockey League (NHL) rivalry between the Washington Capitals and Philadelphia Flyers ice hockey clubs. Both teams compete in the NHL's Eastern Conference Metropolitan Division. The two teams have been rivals since the Capitals inception in the 1974–75 season, but became most intense in the 1980s when the Capitals joined the Patrick Division. The rivalry was renewed in the late 2000s and 2010s with both teams being equally competitive resulting in two playoff matches in 2008 and 2016.
1980s
Due to the proximity of each team (124 miles from Philadelphia to Washington via Interstate 95), the Flyers and Capitals are natural rivals. It was common for the Capital Centre, where the Capitals played, to be filled with many Flyers fans during the meetings. This led to an intense hatred for Capitals fans, and became even more intense when they joined the Flyers in the Patrick Division. After struggling for close to a decade, the Capitals finally made the playoffs in 1983, but did not meet the Flyers until the next season. The Capitals, then led by Mike Gartner and Rod Langway, got their first playoff series win in franchise history by defeating the Flyers in the 1984 Patrick Division semifinals 3–0 in a best-of-five. This stunning sweep also marked the end of two legendary Flyers careers, Bobby Clarke and Bill Barber.
During the 1987–88 NHL season, the rivalry became intense. With both teams set to play each other in the first round of the playoffs, the two teams met in a regular season game on the final day of the regular season (April 3, 1988). The game decided home-ice advantage during that first round match-up for which the game finished 2–2, with Capitals' defenseman Garry Galley scored two goals. Both teams finished with 85 points and 38 wins, but Washington earned the home-ice advantage by winning four of the six games between the teams (minus the extra game at the Spectrum). The two teams met again in the 1988 Patrick Division Semifinals. This time, the Flyers took a 3–1 lead, only to have the Capitals come back and force a game 7. Both teams sent the game into overtime, and Capitals forward Dale Hunter won it for the Capitals, making it one of the greatest playoff memories in team history.
The Flyers got their revenge the following season in 1989, as the Flyers won the series 4–2. The series is perhaps best remembered for a historical feat committed by Flyers goaltender Ron Hextall. Hextall became the first NHL goaltender to score a goal in the Stanley Cup playoffs, by actually shooting the puck into the empty net. Hextall was also the first to do that feat in the regular season, having done it the year before.
1990s
Perhaps the most notable moment of the rivalry in the 1990s was of a fight filled game at the Cap Centre. On February 10, 1991, the Flyers and Capitals faced off in one of the most violent games between the two teams. The first period was fight filled, but the most notable moment happened in the third period with the Capitals leading big. Capitals forward Dale Hunter laid a vicious elbow to the face of Flyers defenseman Gord Murphy, which sent Flyers head coach Paul Holmgren into a frenzy, as he banged a stick against the plexiglass that separates the team benches and got in a shouting match with Capital head coach Terry Murray and enforcer Alan May. The Flyers later responded with enforcer Craig Berube crushing Capitals goalie Don Beaupre behind the net. This led to another brawl and many fines for both teams. Each team was fined $5,000 and Paul Holmgren was fine $1,000 for his actions. Dale Hunter was suspended four games for his hit on Gord Murphy.
Another notable moment was of another brawl, this time in The Spectrum. Flyers goalie Ron Hextall and Capitals forward Rob Pearson got into a notable scrum in February 1995 but was the last notable moment between the two teams for many seasons.
The rivalry grew dormant throughout the rest of the decade, as the two teams did not meet in the playoffs in the newly constructed Atlantic Division. With the 1998 realignment moving the Capitals into the Southeast Division, the rivalry grew even more dormant, especially as the Capitals struggled following their playoff run to the 1998 Stanley Cup Finals ended in a sweep against the Detroit Red Wings, just as Flyers season ended the year before.
2000s
With the arrival of the Capitals new, young star Alexander Ovechkin, this led to a rebirth of the intensity between the two teams. After 19 seasons, the two teams finally met again in the 2008 Eastern Conference Quarterfinals. Capitals star Alex Ovechkin made an impact early, as he scored the game-winning goal in game one. The Flyers won the next three games, with game 4 being won by Flyers forward Mike Knuble in double-overtime. Reminiscent of their 1988 playoff series, the Capitals forced a game seven back in Washington, D.C., on April 22, which included overcoming an early 2–0 deficit in Philadelphia in Game 6. This time, however, the Flyers won after Flyers forward Joffrey Lupul scored the game and series winning goal for Philadelphia in overtime on the power play.
2010s
The rivalry became its most intense since the 1980s, especially during the 2013–14 season. The Flyers were off to a miserable start to the season, and would face the Capitals on November 1, 2013. The Capitals crushed the Flyers 7–0 in Philadelphia, with Flyers fans chanting for GM Paul Holmgren to be fired. However, the most notable moment of the game was the line-brawl during the third period. Flyers forward Wayne Simmonds dished out a huge hit on Capitals defenseman Steven Oleksy, which led to Simmonds dropping the gloves with the Capitals Tom Wilson, leading to a brawl. Flyers goaltender Ray Emery joined in and fought Capitals goalie Braden Holtby, who was an unwitting combatant. Emery was given two minutes for instigating, two for leaving the crease, five for fighting, and a ten-minute misconduct. Despite the controversy surrounding the brawl, the Flyers cited the game as a rally cry, and made the playoffs, despite the slow start to the season.
Later that season, on March 5, 2014, the two teams would engage in another fight filled game. This time in an eventual 6–4 Flyers win, the brawl started early as Flyers defenseman Luke Schenn checked Capitals forward Ryan Stoa into the boards, which led to a fight between Schenn and Tom Wilson. At the same time, the Flyers Vincent Lecavalier and Capitals John Erskine fought, as did Wayne Simmonds and the Capitals Connor Carrick. The brawl, coincidentally, occurred on the 10-year anniversary of the famous Flyers brawl with the Ottawa Senators.
After storming to make the playoffs, both teams faced off in the 2016 Eastern Conference first round. The Capitals were the Presidents' Trophy winners and were heavily favored. The Capitals took a 3–0 series lead, but the Flyers extended it to game six, thanks to a 44-save performance by goaltender (and former Capital) Michal Neuvirth. The Flyers only had 11 shots during the game, the fewest in franchise history for a playoff game. The Capitals won game six, however, to win the series 4–2. | WIKI |
Talk:Outsourcing
Outsourcing page needs a complete rewrite. Please contribute...
There seems to be a lot of misinformation on this page. I have a PhD in business and the textbooks disagree with a lot of the wiki content on outsourcing.
Outsourcing is not offshoring. Outsourcing is domestic only. Offshoring is foreign only. The confusion between these terms was caused in the first place by putting false information about outsourcing on the internet.
* This is incorrect. Outsourcing relates to buying the services from a third party and may or may not involve off-shoring. Most global outsourcing deals done today have an element of off-shoring.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:32, 17 September 2012 (UTC)
Yeah, PhD is wrong. Outsourcing is work being done outside the company and the term has nothing to do with where it is being done. Outsourcing can be done in your own building, so long that it is another company being contracted to do it.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:16, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
Please rewrite this page and agree on a proper definition. I already wasted my time editing the page to help improve the content and someone didn't like that I removed the misinformation about offshoring and added a proper definition. Whoever is attempting to control the editing of this page seems to be overly biased by "public opinion", which is completely subjective and false. Outsourcing has nothing to do with sending jobs overseas. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:32, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
Offshore outsourcing has everything to do with sending jobs overseas.McGlockin (talk) 19:37, 20 January 2011 (UTC)
I agree, outsourcing is defined as sending jobs to a third party, which can be DOMESTIC or FOREIGN.--Bcookiecook (talk) 18:26, 21 March 2012 (UTC)
Redirect from Computer services
Why does a Wikipedia search for computer services direct to the page for Outsourcing? Not all computer services are outsourced. There should be a separate page for computer services, but I would like to learn the history behind why computer services was directed to Outsourcing. As a reference, Computer services is listed as one of several "Industries" associated with Information technology, one of which may be Outsourcing, however, this is not universally true. Araffals 17:52, 2 March 2013 (UTC)
* Looks like it was pointed there after a very old redirect discussion in 2004. I've changed Computer services to redirect to Information technology, as this seems closer to how the term is actually being used in other articles. --McGeddon (talk) 18:40, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
Causes of outsourcing section
Why is there no causes of outsourcing section? McGlockin (talk) 19:37, 20 January 2011 (UTC)
* No-one has written one, feel free to be bold and do so. WLU (t) (c) Wikipedia's rules: simple/complex 12:41, 8 March 2011 (UTC)
what happenning
I tried to add some info about outsourcing according to the industry like BPO / KPO/ s/w ; but it was removed ? Do you want full rewriting of page at once. I was thinking to rewright it step by step. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Ankitcktd (talk • contribs) 10:00, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
* Pages like like which you added in are not usable as references. Please read Wikipedia's guidelines on reliable sources and no original research. – Pnm (talk) 14:04, 11 January 2012 (UTC)
Additions:
I intend to take the reasons behind outsourcing and rewrite them in more of a formal matter, such as paragraphs with the information describing the reasoning. Also I will explain the difference between outsourcing (while implementing the correct definition of outsourcing) and off shoring as it was mentioned earlier in this talk page because it seems to be two seperate ideas that continue to be mistaken as the same idea.--Bcookiecook (talk) 14:57, 20 March 2012 (UTC)
I am doing a project and i decided to do outsourcing. I plan on giving a better explanation as to what outsourcing is and why corporations/firms choose to outsource. I could use some suggestions. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Pnarvaez25 (talk • contribs) 20:11, 1 April 2012 (UTC)
Quality
In Reasons I want to remove because of poor content. --Tom1492 (talk) 13:08, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
* Foreign countries tend to have workers who will complete the same amount of work as in the United States, but for less than half the salary that an American employee will make [9]. This motivates companies to outsource overseas to find foreign workers who are willing to work for these lower wages. The company can spend up to half the usual cost to train these workers to become experts in a different country [10].
* Comparing the costs to employing a worker in the United States to a worker in China, it is noticed that an employer in the U.S. has to pay higher taxes (social security, Medicare, safety protection (OSHA regulations) and also FICA (taxes))[11].
Gloabalize
The article seems to me to represent outsourcing from the point of view of the US and EU. Why does the opening only reference awareness of the term in the US? Most of the effects of outsourcing are given exclusively from the POV of 1st world countries' governments, workers, businesses. The article could really use about a section on India, China, etc. Forbes72 (talk) 05:12, 30 May 2012 (UTC)
Merger complete
✅ All information from Co-sourcing has been merged into this article. Northamerica1000(talk) 17:22, 9 June 2012 (UTC)
Merger complete
✅ A merge tag was added to rural outsourcing, but no discussion was initiated. However, the following comment was left at Talk:Rural outsourcing:
* Definitely reads like ad copy Lori (talk) 12:57, 29 September 2011 (UTC)
I also noted that the text read like an advertisement and there were five "references", one was 404 not found and the rest were just going to the home page of outsourcing companies. So I redirected the article to here. WTF? (talk) 03:06, 12 July 2012 (UTC)
Merge of business process outsourcing
It has been proposed to merge Business process outsourcing into this article. I don't think this should be merged - the topic is separate enough to merit it's own article. HEre's one article that elaborates on the differences: --Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 18:05, 12 April 2013 (UTC)
* Do Not Merge: Business process outsourcing is quite different than IT Outsourcing. Some of the larger players do both. If you look closely the leaders in each area are quite different. BPO outsources an actual business process. ITO can outsource technology that covers just a part of one or many business functions. www.linkedin.com/pub/david-lung/1/853/791/ — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:53, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
* Note: consensus seems to be to not merge here. However, we still need to do work on differentiating the articles. As it stands, the ledes are similar still.--Obi-Wan Kenobi (talk) 18:41, 22 July 2013 (UTC)
Delete This Trash
This is a large article, and this is the worst written large article I have ever seen. It seems like the entire, overly long article is written by the same person, some dummy who just uploaded his entire crap term paper to Wikipedia. There are many sections and many points of view that simply don't belong. The term "welfare state" needn't appear in an article about outsourcing. Here's an example of the most atrocious writing on Wiki:
"The most recent trends in outsourcing and offshoring have been precisely the opposite force as companies are drifting back to perform tasks themselves and develop facilities back in their home Western locations.
Many firms are undoing their steps in outsourcing because the consequences were not entirely as expected. The circumstances which allow firms to unbundle the different tasks or stages of its manufacturing process into different locations have not been fully determined. Though the nature of the tasks plays a role determining their interconnectedness, other factors such as innovation in the manufacturing process or advances in transport and communication technology also affect the need for direct contact among employees. As the process which ties tasks together within firms remains unclear, there is a degree of uncertainty about which tasks need to remain geographically clustered together. In many cases firms took risks experimenting with outsourcing while lacking a firm understanding of the relationship among internal tasks and its spatial implications."
This is complete garbage that needs to be deleted and started again from a stub.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:13, 25 July 2013 (UTC)
Algocracy
"Recently, a study has identified an additional system of governance, termed algocracy, that appears to govern global software projects alongside bureaucratic and market-based mechanisms." (sec 2.7, 2nd par) I am wondering if algocracy is better expressed as a theory of A. Aneesh, instead of as the resultant findings of a study? ColinBlm (talk) 07:59, 27 July 2013 (UTC)
weasely intro
An editor keeps adding "Outsourcing often refers to" replacing the definitive "Outsourcing is...". The reason given is that "other" things are outsourced but these other things are not explained leaving the reader with a weasely unexplained definition of the topic. Bhny (talk) 17:07, 3 August 2013 (UTC)
* Accuracy trumps the use of "weasel words". Implying that outsourcing is only a business process is inaccurate. The statement cannot be made.--BPearlz (talk) 02:20, 4 August 2013 (UTC)
* OK, I've attempted to compromise by prefixing "In business" to give the topic definition some focus. I still have no idea how an organizational function differs from a business process. Wouldn't anything that a business does be a process? Bhny (talk) 20:02, 3 August 2013 (UTC)
* Not all organizations are businesses and not all outsourcing is business related, so the first sentence does not make sense.--BPearlz (talk) 02:20, 4 August 2013 (UTC)
Cleanup tags
I'm somewhat confused by these cleanup tags that you added to this article. Can you suggest any specific improvements that this article might need? Jarble (talk) 02:26, 6 November 2017 (UTC)
External links modified
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* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20130303212216/http://www.bpmwatch.com/columns/in-sourcing-a-closer-look-at-an-emerging-outsourcing-trend/ to http://www.bpmwatch.com/columns/in-sourcing-a-closer-look-at-an-emerging-outsourcing-trend/
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 05:20, 9 December 2017 (UTC)
Gambling image
So, to my reading, the image of a card table, and certainly the caption "the gambling of outsourcing" sounds decidedly negative, as in "outsourcing is a gamble". I removed it. you reverted that with the edit summary, "Restoring the picture. Not regarded as highly opinionaed. Removal is opinionated." I'm not sure what you meant by "removal is opinionated"? I'm also not sure what this photo is trying to illustrate; it shows a booth for an outsourcing company, but it's unclear that company has anything to do with gambling, so it seems like an odd choice. What are your thoughts? -- Beland (talk) 23:23, 6 January 2019 (UTC)
The outsourcing company at at outsourcing fair/exhibition illustrated they were prepared to assure savings with 10 months ... as a selling point; implying that such saving were not always achieved. The image has been in place almost 3 months at circa 30,000 hits a months and this is the only challenge; so I think its a fair image unless consensus determines otherwise or agrees a re-caption. If the article were improved it would likely be better moved to a section ... possibly some derivation of Counterwave outsourcing ... but placing the image there would not currently be constructive. Reviewing the article one analysis might be the implications section seems to have undue weight with the introduction of the overview section having lost its way. The article level tagging and frequent re-dating is a disincentive to article improvement; whereas the tag for outsourcing models improvement looks reasonable. As a quick fix I'd be inclined to move Implications to a sub article so the main article could look to being more positive then use outsourcing for dummies (I and my libraries dont have a copy and I'm not buying one) or a similar book or two. The problem is I'm time limited and mostly focused on anti content destruction at the moment.Djm-leighpark (talk) 11:00, 8 January 2019 (UTC)
* Plenty of incorrect or opinionated content stays in Wikipedia articles for years without challenge; neglect doesn't make it correct or neutral. I don't read the phrase "the gamble of outsourcing", which is in the image caption as neutral. It implies that outsourcing is risky, and companies should think twice before doing it. This might be true, but Wikipedia shouldn't have an opinion on that. I also don't find the caption accurate - this is a picture of an outsourcing company in the gambling industry, not a booth set up to illustrate that outsourcing is a gamble that might succeed or fail. That's taking the pictured situation out of context, and if feels like the purpose of doing that is to support an opinion in a sort of ironic way that makes outsourcing companies look bad. -- Beland (talk) 08:41, 2 March 2019 (UTC)
* I've moved the image to issues out of lede but I'll consider changing the caption and perhaps it is more related to reducing the risks of using outsourcing and actually relates more to the earlier section. I've moved the article to a section when article improvement has made that possible. Thankyou.Djm-leighpark (talk) 08:50, 2 March 2019 (UTC)
Econmics, Trade, sourcing
A tag that was placed on this article, whose details are
* This article needs attention from an expert in Economics or Trade. Please add a reason or a talk parameter to this template to explain the issue with the article. WikiProject Economics or WikiProject Trade may be able to help recruit an expert. (June 2018)
It was placed over half a year ago, and no details were supplied. Having made extensive edits, including citations from economists, I'm removing the tag.
This article is not meant to be at the PhD level, nor is it meant to be about unemployment. Now the word unemployment only appears five times, two from a NYTimes financial writer. Pi314m (talk) 02:21, 14 January 2019 (UTC)
PhD clarification
The ref to PhD was not a light "doesn't take a brain surgeon/rocket scientist." A Samuelson/eco-class student should easily be able to understand most of the article; that was my goal. Pi314m (talk) 16:52, 18 July 2019 (UTC)
Expanding the section on issues in Outsourcing
I am a co-author of a large report on the challenges and issues in outsourcing. We asked several dozen CTOs (Chief technology officer) from all over the world about their experience and on the basis of this research, we prepared a broad study.
The report can be found here: https://asperbrothers.com/ebooks/Software-Outsourcing-Guide.pdf
On the basis of this report, I would like to propose some changes in the section of issues in outsourcing. What our survey respondents said was about several aspects:
- The problem with communication and distance - even if we live in times of technological possibilities, CTOs say that sometimes a face-to-face conversation is much more effective than teleconferences. Additionally, there is a problem with not getting to know the members of the team you work with, which limits good cooperation.
- The problem with cultural differences - here the phenomenon is particularly important when companies outsource processes between distant countries or even continents. Companies have different organizational cultures, which causes problems.
- The issue with understanding the goals of the project and its course - it happens that despite the best intentions, the company performing the order is not able to understand the whole background and achievements of the company it works for, which means providing the service in a lower quality.
I would like to put similar things in the issues section of this entry, do you think it will be useful? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Inter AS22 (talk • contribs) 15:11, 28 April 2020 (UTC)
* There are 3 sections with the word ISSUES:
* Usability issues in offshore development
* Legal issues
* Issues and reversals
* to which of these do you wish to add material? Pi314m (talk) 21:13, 22 June 2021 (UTC)
Outstaffing
I'd like to suggest to add a section about outstaffing at the Terminology section, since this is a different method to outsourcing, in my opinion.
"Management Services Organization" listed at Redirects for discussion
An editor has identified a potential problem with the redirect Management Services Organization and has thus listed it for discussion. This discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2022 March 27 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Shhhnotsoloud (talk) 12:35, 27 March 2022 (UTC)
ItelCX
User ItelCX, whose "promotional" ID is blocked, made 5 edits, addings 3,747 bytes. One was reverted. Three edits were to Outsourcing. Some NYTimes material does support the idea that Outsourcing to the Caribbeans deserves to be mentioned in this article, albeit with sourcing. Nuts240 (talk) 07:54, 1 September 2022 (UTC)
Merger proposal: Backsourcing
There is a limited amount to be said about backsourcing which is distinct from talking about outsourcing itself - I would like to suggest the material in that current brief article could sensibly be transferred here. BobKilcoyne (talk) 04:19, 27 March 2023 (UTC)
* ✅ Klbrain (talk) 16:09, 9 September 2023 (UTC)
Government Context
New section Government Context may be correct and useful info, but it's out of place. I see this all the time with edits. The author is well intentioned, but does not add the new info in a place that fits with the existing content. In a word it's sloppy.
It was added as a top-level section above Reasons for outsourcing when that was a subsection of Motivation. Now Reasons for outsourcing are under Government Context. That's bad!
I think this section may better fit under practices or examples. Not sure since this article is rather long and sprawling. But, I'm sure it does not belong as top-level section. Stevebroshar (talk) 13:44, 19 June 2024 (UTC) | WIKI |
cemplang
Adjective
* 1) unclear taste or flavor, usually because it lacks of salt or seasoning; bland | WIKI |
2020 Hong Kong national security law
The Law of the People's Republic of China on Safeguarding National Security in the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is a national law of China on Hong Kong national security passed in 2020. It is implemented in Hong Kong in accordance with Hong Kong Basic Law Article 18, which allows for Chinese laws to be valid in Hong Kong if they are included in Annex III. It was formulated under the authorization of the National People's Congress decision on Hong Kong national security legislation. The law was passed on 30 June 2020 by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress as a means of resolving the anti-extradition bill protests instigated by a Hong Kong local bill proposed in 2019 to enable extradition to other territories including the mainland, and came into force the same day.
Among others, the national security law established four particular crimes of secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion with foreign organisations; any open speech, verbal promotion or intention of Hong Kong's secession from China is considered a crime as well. The implementation of the law entitles authorities to surveil, detain, and search persons suspected under its provisions and to require publishers, hosting services, and internet service providers to block, remove, or restrict content which the authorities determine to be in violation thereof. The law established an office outside of Hong Kong jurisdiction to administer enforcement of the law.
Article 23 of the Hong Kong Basic Law, which came into force with the British handover of Hong Kong in 1997, required that a national security law with some of these provisions be enacted by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region. Before the 2019–2020 protests and passage of the law, a 2003 attempt by the Hong Kong Legislative Council to satisfy Article 23 failed after mass demonstrations. Both the 2003 attempt at and the 2020 passage of legislation occurred during outbreaks of a novel coronavirus (SARS and COVID-19, respectively), which affected the actions of both protesters and authorities. Article 23 was implemented in March 2024 with the enactment of the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance.
The United Kingdom and 26 other countries condemned the national security law; the United Kingdom called it a breach of the 1984 Sino-British Joint Declaration, which provided autonomy for Hong Kong to be retained for 50 years. The imposition of the national security law move prompted measures to put forward relaxed immigration laws for Hong Kong migrants by countries such as Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States. The controversial law has also garnered particular attention to its Article 38, which states that the law is applicable also to those who are not permanent residents of Hong Kong, and to those who do not reside there; the provision has been interpreted by some as saying that it is applicable to every individual in the world.
Background
Article 23 of Hong Kong's Basic Law states that Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will "enact laws on its own" for the Region's security and to prevent political bodies outside the Region from "conducting political activities in the Region" or otherwise interfering with Hong Kong's independent security:
"The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region shall enact laws on its own to prohibit any act of treason, secession, sedition, subversion against the Central People's Government, or theft of state secrets, to prohibit foreign political organisations or bodies from conducting political activities in the Region, and to prohibit political organisations or bodies of the Region from establishing ties with foreign political organisations or bodies."
A national security law would relate to three ordinances that make up Hong Kong's penal law, the Official Secrets Ordinance, Crimes Ordinance and Societies Ordinance. The Societies Ordinance in particular covers elements of security, as it was intended to prevent the creation of criminal secret societies and triads. In 1949, with the influx of migrants from China, it was reintroduced and amended to specifically mention "foreign political organisations". The Crimes Ordinance covers the handling of dissent within the region. In place since 1971, and never amended, the ordinance sets a legal standard allowing people to be imprisoned simply for handling material deemed to be against the government, without need for evidence.
The Hong Kong Bill of Rights ensures freedom of speech, but Hong Kong barrister Wilson Leung has said that China may find a way to override this in legislation they introduce. Leung cites the fact a law imposed by China would be considered national law – while the Hong Kong Bill of Rights is "local" and so would be deemed subordinate by Beijing – and that the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress (NPCSC) is the highest authority on interpreting the Basic Law, and so could "say that the new security law cannot be restrained by the Bill of Rights" if they want.
National security legislation in Mainland China is controversial outside the country. First implemented in 1993, China's national security law became more restrictive under Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping, who set up a National Security Commission (that he heads himself) shortly after he came to power.
Societies Ordinance
After the Tiananmen Square massacre in 1989, with Hong Kong residents concerned over their civil liberties, the Societies Ordinance was reviewed; it was amended in 1992, relaxing some of the restrictions against being able to register some societies, but this was repealed after the handover in 1997. According to the Hong Kong Human Rights Monitor (HRM), China amended the ordinance in 1997 "as part of a package of China's effort to emasculate the Hong Kong Bill of Rights". The 1997 amendments include the proviso that should the relevant officials "reasonably believe" that prohibiting a society "is necessary in the interests of national security or public safety, public order (ordre public) or the protection of the rights and freedoms of others", it can be banned without evidence. HRM said that:
"The use of the term 'national security' is particularly objectionable because the concept has frequently been used in China to criminalise the peaceful exercise of the rights of expression and to persecute those with legitimate demands like democracy and human rights. Its inclusion raises fears of extension of such Mainland Chinese practices to Hong Kong especially in the light of Article 23 of the Basic Law."
The international response to this 'national security law' was to invoke the Siracusa Principles, which say that national security "cannot be invoked as a reason for imposing limitations to prevent merely local or relatively isolated threats to law and order", only against outside threats. International jurists declared that including 'national security' in the ordinance dealing with local societies was unwarranted and inappropriate because "it is difficult to suggest that a society or a demonstration in Hong Kong will threaten the existence of China", and any local threat can be handled with normal public order laws. Despite this, the 'national security' ground was introduced. While "national security" was defined as "safeguarding of the territorial integrity and the independence of the People's Republic of China", there was no explanation of what constituted a threat to this, nor how it should be implemented.
Crimes Ordinance
In December 1996, the Hong Kong Legislative Council (as part of the British colonial government) introduced the Crimes (Amendment)(No.2) Bill 1996. The catalyst for introduction was the forthcoming handover, with the initial amendments being mostly technical and removing reference to the monarchy. In turn, it sought proposals to change the articles on treasonable offences. This bill would have amended the Crimes Ordinance, changing sedition legislation that had existed since 1971 and was described by Hong Kong as "archaic". Specifically, the bill proposed legalising dissent of the government, with the council declaring that the existing ordinance "[was] contrary to the development of democracy [as it] criminalises speech or writing and may be used as a weapon against legitimate criticism of the government". The bill failed as it was strongly opposed by Beijing, leaving a gap in national security legislation.
A "scaled-down" version of the Crimes Ordinance amendment was pushed through. It gave a more limited definition of "sedition" and increased territorial defences; it was signed by Hong Kong Governor Chris Patten days before the 1997 handover, but was quickly discarded by the Chinese before it could ever come into effect.
2003
In September 2002, the Hong Kong government released its "Proposals to Implement Article 23 of the Basic Law" Consultation Document. Consultation lasted until December 2002, being concluded early after protests drew tens of thousands of people against the proposal; concessions were made, but the proposals did not return to public consultation. The National Security (Legislative Provisions) Bill 2003 was introduced in February 2003, aiming to comply with the requirement under Article 23 that the Hong Kong government should enact national security legislation "on its own". However, the bill was abandoned due to overwhelming opposition, noting the unprecedented number of protesters.
The 2003 bill would introduce sedition legislation, as well as offer amendments to the ordinances. While the Region was being encouraged to create legislation in line with the Johannesburg Principles, it did not, and the 2003 provisions would have been more restrictive of civil liberties. The changes were: to narrow the definition of "sedition", requiring someone to deliberately commit acts against the government; to add a 'likelihood' clause, requiring a burden of proof; and to add subversion and secession offences. This last addition was the most problematic part of the bill, with the others seen as steps towards protection. The subversion and secession legislation would make it illegal to threaten the presence and stability of the People's Republic of China (PRC) under laws handling treason and war, and also used vague and undefined terms that left the legal threshold for prosecution unclear.
Though the bill had been introduced in February 2003, major protest towards it did not happen for several months, as Asia was experiencing the SARS epidemic. In June, as the city had recovered, the pro-democracy camp mobilised the public to oppose the bill, and on 1 July, the sixth anniversary of the handover, more than a half million Hong Kong residents took to the streets against Chief Executive Tung Chee-hwa and Secretary for Security Regina Ip, who was in charge of the bill. In the evening of 6 July, Liberal Party chairman James Tien decided to withdraw from the "governing coalition" by resigning from the Executive Council in protest. Knowing that the bill would not be passed without the Liberal Party, the government finally decided to postpone it, before it was shelved indefinitely.
2010s
Pro-Beijing Hong Kong politicians have spoken about the proposed law since independence movements grew in Hong Kong. When China announced that "[Beijing] will absolutely neither permit anyone advocating secession in Hong Kong nor allow any pro-independence activists to enter a government institution", Chief Executive Leung Chun-ying said Hong Kong would enact a security law targeting pro-independence movement in Hong Kong. In 2018 Wang Zhimin, director of the Liaison Office of the Central People's Government in Hong Kong, urged the Hong Kong government to enact national security legislation as he said "Hong Kong is the only place in the world without a national security legislation – it's a major weakness in the nation's overall security, and it has a direct impact on residents".
Prelude to legislation
In 2019, the Hong Kong government introduced an extradition law amendment bill proposing to allow extradition to countries and territories that have no formal extradition agreements with Hong Kong, including Taiwan and Mainland China, in certain circumstances.
The bill sparked continuing protests, and was later withdrawn. The Chinese authorities attributed the instability to failing to exert critical influence over local affairs. The South China Morning Post reported that the Chinese central government believed that the political climate in Hong Kong, due to the protests, precludes the passage of national security legislation under Article 23, while Chief Executive Carrie Lam added that the protests made the law more necessary than before, and so China resorted to enactment of security measures through the National People's Congress (NPC) instead. On 15 April, the head of the liaison office in Hong Kong, Luo Huining, called for the rapid passing of a national security law for the city.
On 18 June 2020, the Chinese government introduced a draft to the NPC, aiming for the session to take three days. This is a much more rapid process than bills in the NPC, which go through three different rounds of approval.
NPCSC decision
On 22 May 2020, the NPC approved a decision to authorise the NPCSC to enact a national security law for Hong Kong if Hong Kong did not "legislate national security law according to the Basic Law as soon as possible".
The decision authorises the NPCSC to enact laws for "a sound legal system" in the territory. An NPCSC deputy claims that the Article 23 legislative provisions still have to be passed by August 2021.
Analysis of Chinese government involvement
Brian Fong, a political analyst in Hong Kong-Mainland Chinese relations, explains that the move is a dramatic change in Chinese policy, and a risky one that could lead to Beijing "losing access to foreign capital and technology through Hong Kong".
The American diplomat of Asian affairs Daniel R. Russel wrote in The Diplomat on 3 June 2020 that China was "fully aware of both the local and the international reaction it could expect" when the NPC passed its decision about the legislation. Russel explained that the reaction in 2003, the 2019 protests, and some US sanctions favouring Hong Kong over Mainland China set the baseline for response to the decision. He also noted that China's reputation was already low internationally because of the COVID-19 pandemic (noting that, "ironically", it was in the same position as in 2003 with SARS and the legislation), especially in the US where "public attitudes toward the other nation have taken a sharp turn for the worse" because of the pandemic that originated in China. However, he added that Beijing had at the time an "increased level of resolve [and] tolerance for negative consequences"; he wrote that forceful economic action from the US may prompt the Chinese government to retaliate with military action in Hong Kong, suggesting that both nations have a disregard for the territory if it can be used for benefit in their trade war and warning that "Hong Kong may be martyred in the process".
On 9 June 2020, The Guardian 's China specialists Tania Branigan and Lily Kuo published a report titled "How Hong Kong caught fire: the story of a radical uprising". In it, they wrote that "the nature of [Chinese government involvement] is as alarming as its content: it sets a precedent of Beijing forcing unpopular legislation on Hong Kong", in open defiance of the handover terms. They also look at the approach of the law, explaining that Beijing has given "material security in place of political freedoms" to its people in Mainland China, and plans to do the same in Hong Kong because it sees all issues as purely economical and protests only escalating because of "troublemakers and hostile foreign powers". In terms of how it is being executed, the pair assert that in 2020, "Beijing has abandoned any pretence of winning hearts and minds", instead using force to prevent democracy politicians and activists from having platforms, which Branigan and Kuo say is a plan to use fear to suppress Hong Kong, as "persuasion" has not worked.
The Chinese government's legal basis for involvement comes from the Chinese constitution declaring Hong Kong part of China, and Article 18 of the Hong Kong Basic Law allowing for Chinese laws to be valid in Hong Kong if they are included in Annex III. Deutsche Welle expects that the NPCSC national security law will stand as a Chinese national law that applies to Hong Kong, as it will be added to Annex III; Dang Yuan wrote for Deutsche Welle that "Beijing wants to maintain the appearance of Hong Kong's autonomy and continues to insist that Hong Kong pass its 'own' corresponding law" in alignment with the NPCSC legislation. Deutsche Welle wrote that China chose mid-2020 as the time to intervene with a restrictive law because of the likelihood of a democratic majority winning in the Hong Kong elections in September, meaning another Hong Kong attempt at a national security law would be unlikely.
Hong Kong
A large number of Hong Kong residents opposed the Chinese government proposals. The prospect of any national security law has always been unpopular, but protesters in 2020 said that the new proposals "strikes at the heart of Hong Kong's civic political identity, its success as an international hub. But most of all it strikes at people's sense of belonging". Some Hong Kong opponents of the law hope it will cause other countries to revoke their special treatment toward Hong Kong, which will in turn damage China's economy, using the Cantonese slang term lam chau to describe this.
The Hong Kong Bar Association, the city's professional body representing its barristers, issued a statement saying that it was "gravely concerned with both the contents of the [national security law] and the manner of its introduction." The statement noted that the law was enacted in a way that prevented the city's lawyers, judges, police and residents from understanding its contents in any way prior to its coming into force. The Hong Kong politician Margaret Ng believes that the Chinese government has wanted to implement a national security law in Hong Kong under their terms for years, and are using the 2019 protests as an excuse, saying that "China has always found it difficult to accept the kind of freedom and restraint to power that Hong Kong has under a separate system". Man-Kei Tam, the Hong Kong director of Amnesty International, described the Chinese legislation as "Orwellian".
In light of the passing of the national security law on 30 June, prominent democracy activists Joshua Wong, Nathan Law, Agnes Chow, and Jeffrey Ngo announced that they would be leaving Demosistō, which had been involved in lobbying in the US for the passing of the Hong Kong Human Rights and Democracy Act and the suspension of the city's special trade status. Shortly afterward, Demosistō was disbanded and all operations were ceased. Two other pro-independent groups announced that they had ended their operations in Hong Kong, fearing that they would be the targets of the new law. Nathan Law fled the country shortly afterwards. Adrian Brown from Al Jazeera observed the passing of the law created a chilling effect in the city. According to him, when his team began interviewing ordinary people about their opinions on the passing of the law, many of them declined to comment, a phenomenon which he perceived to be "unusual".
Though the law was not retroactive, many Hong Kong people deleted pro-democracy social media posts and accounts, and asked journalists to destroy evidence of previous conversations. Businesses participating in the yellow economy removed pro-democracy posters, Lennon Walls, and pro-democracy social media posts.
Already after the passage of the NPCSC decision on 22 May, Hong Kong citizens began looking for ways to emigrate and leave Hong Kong, feeling that the law would fundamentally damage their rights of expression and freedom. Ten times the usual number of web searches about emigration were recorded after the decision was announced. Following the British announcement that it would open a route to British citizenship for Hong Kongers born under British rule, a spike in interest in properties in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Canada occurred.
Reuters held a poll of local opinion towards the law, in June before it was implemented. The result showed that a majority of Hong Kongers opposed the law, with 49% strongly opposing it and 7% somewhat opposing it. About a third of Hong Kongers said they supported the law, with 27% strongly supporting it and 7% somewhat supporting it. Reuters conducted another poll after the law was implemented in late August. Which showed that 60% of the respondents opposed the law and a little bit over 31% supported the law. The Hong Kong Research Association interviewed 1,097 adult citizens by telephone on 2–5 July. 66% of the respondents support the National People's Congress Standing Committee's enactment of the "Hong Kong National Security Law" and its implementation in Hong Kong in Annex III of the Basic Law, while 31% do not support it; the survey also shows that 47% of the respondents believe The "Hong Kong National Security Law" has a positive impact on Hong Kong's prospects, 32% of the respondents have no impact, and 17% think it has a negative impact.
The One Country Two Systems Research Institute, a pro-Beijing think tank, conducted a telephone sampling survey in May 2020 and interviewed 963 adult citizens in Hong Kong. The institution reported that to the question "Do you think Hong Kong is responsible for safeguarding the country's security?", 74% of those who answered "Responsible", 16.6% of "No responsibility", and 9.5% of "Don't know/difficult to tell".
On 1 June, a pro-Beijing group claimed it had gathered more than 2.9 million signatures supporting the legislation, through a website and street booths. Around the same time, the heads of the governing council of Hong Kong's eight publicly funded universities jointly backed Beijing's plan to impose a national security law on the city, specifically "the introduction of legislation which prohibits criminal acts that threaten the existence of the state".
Republic of China (Taiwan)
Taiwanese President Tsai Ing-wen expressed her disappointment with the controversial law and announced that a special office for coordinating humanitarian assistance to the Hong Kong people would officially open on the first of July in response to the law's passage. The Democratic Progressive Party warned that this was the end of the "one country, two systems" policy for Hong Kong and that Taiwanese people travelling to Hong Kong should take care. The head of the Mainland Affairs Council Chen Ming-tong described the law as "a decree issued by the Celestial Empire to the people of the world" due to its impacts on people worldwide not just in Hong Kong.
United Kingdom
"Sure, handover promises to the UK were made but [Xi Jinping] was not going to let some Western attachment to liberty trump loyalty to the motherland. Not on his watch. Enter the security law."
The UK, of which Hong Kong is a former colony, encouraged China to back down on the security law per the provisions of the Sino-British Joint Declaration: terms of the UK handing sovereignty of Hong Kong to China included allowing Hong Kong to maintain autonomy and its British-based form of governance. British First Secretary and Foreign and Commonwealth Secretary Dominic Raab stated that China was violating the Joint Declaration in their attempts to pursue the law. On 3 June, the Chinese government announced that they consider the Joint Declaration to have become void as soon as power was transferred in 1997.
At the start of June 2020, Raab and former Foreign Secretaries called for a formation of a large international alliance to exert pressure on Beijing.
The biannual 11 June 2020 UK Report on Hong Kong (covering the last six months of 2019) had Raab more firmly warn China against interference, as well as reiterating the UK's right to comment on Hong Kong. The report requests that China abstain from interfering in the September elections in Hong Kong, and accuses the Chinese government of torturing a former employee of the British Consulate in Hong Kong, Simon Cheng, who visited the Mainland when working at the British Consulate in Hong Kong. Six days later, the UK said that a new human rights law, which has been stalled in Whitehall for several months, could be used to "sanction Chinese officials if Beijing presses ahead" with the national security law. The British law is to be a form of Magnitsky legislation, for the government to sanction those who commit acts repressing human rights.
The 10 June 2021 semiannual report (covering the last six months of 2020) stated that Beijing had used the national security law in that period to "drastically curtail" free speech and to "stifle political opposition". It further raised concerns about "increasing pressure" on foreign judges. A spokesperson of the Hong Kong government said in response that the report was "inaccurate", a "smearing" of the national security law, and "adopting double standards".
Extending Hong Kong British national rights
In late May and early June 2020, members of the British Cabinet also announced measures to provide a route to British citizenship for 3 million Hong Kong residents. On 3 June, Prime Minister Boris Johnson announced that if China were to continue pursuing the law, he would allow Hong Kong residents to claim a British National (Overseas) (BNO) passport and open a path to British citizenship for them. Raab said that the UK would sacrifice trade deals with China to support Hong Kong.
Raab delivered a proposal on right of abode legislation to the House of Commons on 2 June. His measure planned to allow BNO passport holders to apply for a visa, remain in the UK for an initial period of twelve months instead of six as previously, allow them to apply to study and work, and thereby provide them a path to citizenship. Further to this proposal, Johnson's 3 June announcement would cover all of the approximately 3 million Hong Kong residents born before 1997.
The extent of the scheme was clarified on 12 June 2020 by Home Secretary Priti Patel in correspondence with Johnson. All people eligible for BNO status, as well as their dependents, would be allowed to enter the UK under the scheme. This extent was still criticised for leaving a gap of young adults born after 1997 who were no longer dependents of a BNO and thus would not be able to access the scheme. She added that Hong Kong residents could start to come to the UK without restrictions while the scheme was still being set up, if the national security law were passed.
On 1 July, Johnson announced the full plans. BNOs and their dependents will be able to apply for a visa allowing them to remain in the UK for five years, including being free to work and study. After five years they can, under normal British nationality law, apply for settled status and then, a year later, for citizenship. Applications for the BNO visa were set to open on 31 January 2021.
Other countries
The UK held a teleconference with its allies in the Five Eyes alliance (the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand) in the first few days of June, where they discussed the Hong Kong situation and requested that should the BNO extension go ahead, the other countries would share the burden of taking in Hong Kongers in the resulting exodus. Foreign ministers from the Five Eyes members and Commonwealth realms of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the UK jointly wrote a letter to the United Nations requesting "a new special envoy to monitor the impact of the law on Hong Kong", especially noting the Chinese security law proposal came in the week of the anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre. Following persuasion from the UK, all members of the G7, notably including Japan, signed an official statement both urging China to reconsider the national security law and expressing concerns about human rights in Hong Kong on 17 June 2020.
Australia
Australia, with strong ties to Hong Kong, notably delayed action until 9 July, when the country announced new visa and permit schemes for Hong Kongers to match the UK's offer. That same day, the Australian Government suspended Australia's extradition agreement with Hong Kong. In retaliation, China suspended its extradition agreement with Australia. Beijing also suspended its extradition agreements with the United Kingdom and Canada, which had suspended their extradition agreements with Hong Kong in response to the national security law.
New Zealand
On 9 July, New Zealand Foreign Minister Winston Peters announced that New Zealand would review "the setting of its relationship" with Hong Kong in response to the introduction of the national security law. On 28 July, New Zealand suspended its extradition treaty with Hong Kong on the grounds that it "eroded rule-of-law principles" and undermined the "one country, two systems" rule. In retaliation, China severed its extradition agreement with New Zealand on 3 August.
Japan
In Japan, Gen Nakatani, of the Liberal Democratic Party, and Shiori Yamao set up a nonpartisan group, on 29 July, with the aim of easing visa requirements for any Hong Kong citizens leaving the city due to the National Security Law, and making it easier for Hong Kongers to work and immigrate to Japan. It also urges the Japanese Government to not extradite any potential offenders of the National Security Law. Under the provisions of the Extradition Act, the general framework for extradition by Japanese Law, political prisoners cannot be extradited to foreign countries, and offenders of the National Security Law are considered to fall under such status.
United States
United States President Donald Trump declared that the administrative principle of One country, two systems, which acted to guide Hong Kong policy as separate from Mainland China, was no longer in effect, and issued Executive Order 13936, which terminated Hong Kong's special trade status with the United States. Trump also canceled Fulbright programs with China.
US Congress passed the Hong Kong Autonomy Act, which in August 2020 issued sanctions on several Hong Kong officials deemed responsible for undermining the autonomy of Hong Kong, via the National Security Law, including Chief Executive Carrie Lam. Citing human rights concerns, it cancelled its extradition treaty and suspended cooperation on training police and military. On 14 October 2020, the United States Department of State released a report on 10 individuals who it deemed to have "materially" contributed in the past or present to "the failure of [China] to meet its obligations under the Sino-British Joint Declaration and Hong Kong's Basic Law", or attempted to do so. Xia Baolong, Zhang Xiaoming, Luo Huining, Carrie Lam, Teresa Cheng, Erick Tsang, Zheng Yanxiong, Eric Chan, John Lee, and Chris Tang were on the list. Four more officials were sanctioned by the Department of State on 9 November, including Edwina Lau Chi-wai, head of the Committee for Safeguarding National Security; and Li Jiangzhou, deputy director of the Hong Kong Office for Safeguarding National Security. On 7 December 14 vice chairs of the NPCSC were sanctioned by freezing any US assets and barring travel to the United States, a move which China's foreign ministry spokeswoman Hua Chunying strongly condemned on 8 December at a regular press briefing as "vile intention to grossly interfere in internal affairs".
Ireland
Ireland announced that from 23 October 2020, the extradition treaty to Hong Kong will be suspended due to the implementation of the NSL.
Business community
On 3 June, the banks HSBC and Standard Chartered gave their backing to the law. HSBC made a post stating the company "respects and supports all laws that stabilise Hong Kong's social order". Standard Chartered stated they believe the law can "help maintain the long-term economic and social stability of Hong Kong". In response, British Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab criticised HSBC's statements, saying "ultimately businesses will make their own judgement calls, but let me just put it this way, we will not sacrifice the people of Hong Kong over the altar of banker bonuses".
Over 61% of the responses in a business community survey said that the law would either have a positive or no impact at all on their businesses over the long term, according to the Hong Kong General Chamber of Commerce. Some 54% viewed the law as "controversial", with the threat of foreign sanctions being seen as their biggest concern, though only affecting business in the short term.
Educational community
Following the implementation of the national security law Oxford University, along with a number of other universities, took measures to protect their students and faculty from it. Recording of classes was prohibited, work was anonymised, and small group tutorials were replaced with one-on-one meetings with faculty.
In 2021, SOAS University of London warned students and faculty that they could face arrest and prosecution if they brought copies of their lecture notes to Hong Kong or mainland China in either physical or electronic form.
Political analysis of British and international responses
Johnson had previously voiced support for Hong Kong autonomy against the proposed extradition bill that incited the protests in 2019. Johnson is seen as taking a more forceful approach to Hong Kong autonomy than former Prime Minister David Cameron; The Guardian 's diplomatic editor Patrick Wintour wrote on 3 June 2020 that Cameron had been scared of the public perception of an influx of Hong Kong nationals to the UK in 2015 (when he encouraged China to allow Hong Kong to elect its leader without Beijing interference but went no further), while Johnson's hard stance to allow such mass migration is seen as a risk worth taking because it would also fundamentally undermine China's economy.
Wintour and Guardian journalist Helen Davidson suggested that the ambiguity and possible conflicting statements on the number of Hong Kong residents the BNO measures will be extended to could reflect several things. One reason may be differences in opinion within the Cabinet, but Wintour and Davidson also write that it may be a tactic "to leave China guessing about the potential scale of a British-enabled brain drain from Hong Kong, if Beijing seeks to suppress human rights in the territory".
The director of Hong Kong Watch, a human rights NGO, Johnny Patterson, felt that Johnson's announcement was "a watershed moment in Sino-British relations [because] no sitting PM has made a statement as bold as this on Hong Kong since the handover". Patterson added that it shows "the severity of the situation on the ground [and] the fact that the British government genuinely, and rightly, feel a sense of duty to citizens of Hong Kong and are going to do all they can to stop them becoming the collateral damage of escalating geopolitical tensions".
Davidson and Guardian Australia journalist Daniel Hurst note that despite powerful political calls in the country, and a precedent of good relations with Hong Kong and helping evacuate Chinese people in times of emergency, Morrison had a detached approach to the issue of welcoming fleeing Hong Kongers. They said Australia was "issuing statements of concern jointly with likeminded countries including the US, the UK and Canada, rather than speaking out on its own", and said this was because Australia had recently strained its relations with China when it was early to call for an inquiry related to the spread of COVID-19.
Japan, which signed a statement with the G7 condemning China in relation to imposition of the law on 17 June, is typically neutral to Chinese politics. Wintour suggested that Japan decided to add their voice to the international dissent because of "a growing Japanese perception of the technological threat to Japanese security posed by China". Shinzo Abe said that he wanted Japan to take the lead on the G7's statement, an announcement that drew criticism from China.
In the wake of the new security law implemented in Hong Kong by China, the United Kingdom suspended its extradition treaty with Hong Kong on 20 July 2020. The UK Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab suggested that the revocation of extradition treaty will prevent its misuse.
South Korea has not taken a clear position for or against the national security law. Experts believe that outright support for China on these issues would damage South Korea's vital diplomatic relationship with the US and would also run counter to South Korea's pro-democracy views. At the same time, vocally opposing China would risk damaging South Korea economically, since China is their most prominent trading partner and had already placed informal sanctions on South Korea in the past regarding their participation in the US-led Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) missile defence programme announced in July 2016.
Initial plans
Chinese plans for the legislation included most prominently criminalising "separatism, subversion, terrorism and foreign interference", which many interpreted as a crackdown on civil liberties, government critics, and the independence movement. China also planned to implement an intelligence service in Hong Kong under the law, using the PRC's own Ministry of Public Security police force that previously had no power or influence in Hong Kong. Various national governments expressed concern that the Chinese plans would undermine Hong Kong autonomy and the "one country, two systems" policy. The NPC approved the Chinese plans on 29 May 2020, with state media outlet People's Daily declaring that the approval "sends a strong signal [...] to anti-China forces in Hong Kong desperately fighting like a cornered wild beast: your defeat has already been decided".
After gatherings marking the one-year anniversary of the extradition law protest movement on 8 June 2020, Zhang Xiaoming, deputy director of China's Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office who had been demoted from the director position in February 2020, said that the national security law would only give Hong Kong residents more freedom, saying: "They can be free from the fear of violence. They can ride the train and go shopping freely. They can speak the truth on the street without the fear of being beaten up. In particular, they no longer have to worry about young people being brainwashed."
Carrie Lam refused to rule out that the law could be applied retroactively. The Global Times, controlled by the People's Daily, suggested that past tweets from the pro-democracy Hong Kong businessman Jimmy Lai may be used as evidence to prosecute Lai under the law. Former Chief Executive CY Leung also suspected it may be used to ban Tiananmen Square vigils. On 10 June 2020, Hong Kong police began "establishing dedicated unit to enforce the new law", which had not been formally announced at that point; the next day, the British government revealed that an outline of the Chinese legislation "includes provision for the authorities in Hong Kong to report back to Beijing on progress in pursuing national security education of its people".
While Hong Kong's public universities publicly supported the law and said it will not affect academia and research, scientists in the territory feared that China's censorship of COVID-19 research publication would be extended to Hong Kong under the law. They also expressed concern that Hong Kong will likely be stripped of international funding within academia. A further worry within the field was the growth of self-censorship as a defensive response to fear of being punished for "publishing research that could upset the central government", citing unsuccessful trials as something that could harm market prospects, making scientists fear continuing to work at all. One dean, speaking to Nature in June 2020, insisted the law would not affect publishing, but did acknowledge that access to US data would become restricted.
On 15 June 2020, the 30th anniversary of the Basic Law being officially enacted, Beijing announced that the Chinese government reserves the right to deal with cases under the national security law, expecting the number to be low and in "very special circumstances", and that a mainland security office must be opened in Hong Kong as a demand of the government. The government refused to qualify what the exceptional circumstances may be, leading to fears that the law will be used to arrest critics of Beijing and then have them extradited to the mainland for prosecution. As well as the new mainland security office, Hong Kong must allow Chinese security agencies to operate in the region when needed, and accept that Chinese agencies "will supervise and guide the Hong Kong government". Controversy had already erupted the day before, after police arrested a teenage schoolgirl for protesting by using a knee to pin her neck to the ground, with another officer pinning her at the waist. This drew comparisons to the murder of George Floyd and prompted questions about the use of force on a non-violent minor.
The first concrete details of the legislation were announced on 15 June 2020, but by the time lawmakers in Beijing were approving final drafts on 29 June 2020, Carrie Lam had still not seen a draft of the law. The law went through initial stages of deliberation between 18-20 June.
Provisions
The NPCSC passed the law unanimously, with 163 votes for and none against, on 30 June 2020 and listed it under Annex III of the Basic Law, bypassing Hong Kong approval. Xi Jinping, in his capacity as president, signed the law on the same day. According to media reports, the final law would criminalise secession of Hong Kong, subversion against the Chinese government, terrorism, and colluding with foreign forces. The law is broader than China's own criminal law.
The law came into effect at 2300 local time (1500 UTC) on 30 June and the full text of the law was only published at the time it became effective. BBC noted the significance of the law coming into effect just before the 23rd anniversary of the 1 July 1997 handover, an event that annually draws large pro-democracy protests. Despite this, political leader Wu Chi-wai (of the Hong Kong Democratic Party) said that he will still attend a march on 1 July. Al Jazeera's Katrina Yu said "It's very symbolic that this law has been passed just a day before the anniversary of Hong Kong's handover from Britain back to mainland China", saying it was a power play by China.
The law applies to Hong Kong permanent residents as well as non-residents, and those outside Hong Kong who violate the law. It has six chapters and a total of 66 articles, published in the Hong Kong Government Gazette solely in Chinese, although a de facto official English translation was made available almost immediately afterwards, with the Chinese version prevailing. These cover the four crimes (secession, subversion, terrorism, collusion), which are all punishable with a maximum sentence of life in prison. The minimum sentence for "active participants" is set at 3 years, and under 3 years of detention or restriction for other participants or those that voluntarily surrender. The areas of treason, sedition and theft of state secrets are not covered by the new law, and remained to be implemented by the Hong Kong legislature until the enactment of the Safeguarding National Security Ordinance in March 2024. China announced that they will administer the law, and that it can also be used to prosecute people from other countries. Reviews of the content proved troubling to legal scholars and observers, as it is deemed to be "stronger than many feared, both in scope and penalties". While not carrying life sentences, peaceful protesters could see 10 years in prison if it is judged the protest movement has foreign links, and freedoms will be limited as all "foreign groups, organisations and media" will be subject to oversight from the Chinese government. Chinese intelligence agencies will be present in Hong Kong, and although they must abide by Hong Kong law, their actions are not subject to any form of oversight within Hong Kong. Any decisions made by the new Chinese national security commission will also be immune from facing legal challenge. Still, Reuters noted that the law explains it cannot be retroactively applied to actions that occurred before it was implemented.
Other specific offences are laid out in the law, such as the damage of transport facilities being considered a terrorism offence. Article 29 of the law criminalises "inciting hatred of the central government and Hong Kong's regional government". This also seems to cover written works: on 5 July, at least nine books about democracy were made unavailable in Hong Kong as they were removed or reviewed for violating the law. Article 38 details how foreign nationals committing acts outside of Hong Kong and China are criminally liable under the law, and that such foreigners could be arrested upon arrival in Hong Kong. Anyone found guilty under the law will be barred from public office for life. In respect to China taking control and extraditing suspects, Al Jazeera reported that: "The full text of the law gave three scenarios when China might take over a prosecution: complicated foreign interference cases, 'very serious' cases and when national security faces 'serious and realistic threats'." The law further explains that the action does not need to be violent, and that the minimum sentence in such cases will be 10 years. Emily Feng wrote for NPR that, because of this power, China was effectively installing "an extreme version" of the failed 2019 Hong Kong extradition bill.
As part of the Chinese security presence in Hong Kong, the law provides for the establishment of the Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, a bureau exempt from Hong Kong jurisdiction that can, if the Central People's Government of the PRC chooses to grant it jurisdiction, prosecute cases under the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China. On 3 July 2020, Zheng Yanxiong was appointed head of the bureau. Zheng is considered to have strong nationalist views on national security, including a dislike for media. On 6 July 2020 the Hong Kong government published the Implementation Rules for Article 43. The rules enable Hong Kong police officers to conduct searches at private properties without a warrant, restrict suspects' movements, freeze their assets and intercept communications. The police can also require publishers, hosting providers and internet service providers to remove, or block or restrict access to, content that the police think is likely to constitute an offence under the national security law. If the providers do not co-operate immediately the police can seize equipment and remove the content themselves.
People prosecuted under the law will face different judges with special designation to the Hong Kong judiciary; BBC China correspondent Stephen McDonell wrote on 30 June that Hong Kong's judges are independent and can appropriately interpret the law, which the Chinese government will not accept, and so judges will be appointed for this matter by the Chief Executive directly. McDonell writes that this is "effectively installed by Beijing". This brought into question the role of Commonwealth of Nations, including many British, justices that hear cases in Hong Kong, though Chief Justice of Hong Kong Geoffrey Ma spoke up on 2 July to say that judges will be chosen by merit rather than political affiliation, and foreign judges will be permitted. Some cases in Hong Kong can be held without juries if it is deemed they contain state secrets; similarly, the press and public will not be allowed to observe some court proceedings for some cases. The Guardian pointed out that closed-door trials are often used in mainland China in cases involving political dissidents. The law does not presume bail will be granted for those arrested under it, and there is no limit to how long these people may be held.
International reactions
More countries and groups responded after the law was enacted on 30 June 2020. The UK, the President of the European Council, and NATO responded with statements that China was destroying the rule of law in Hong Kong, and the UK, Taiwan and Canada warned their citizens against visiting Hong Kong. Presidents Ursula von der Leyen of the European Commission and Charles Michel of the European Council announced that they would discuss within Europe whether to discredit China as a trading partner. Speaking in the UK House of Commons, Foreign Secretary Dominic Raab announced that the British National Overseas offer still stands, and saying that the UK may take further action if the full text of the law shows further breaches of the Joint Declaration. Germany also called for the postponed European Union-China summit to be rescheduled as soon as possible, while Japan spoke forcefully against China. France began more fervently reaching out to national leaders to create an international "anti-Chinese alliance".
A 30 June meeting of the United Nations Human Rights Council saw a majority of countries express support for the law. The British ambassador to the UN presented a statement on behalf of 27 other countries to the UN, criticising the law. The Cuban ambassador responded with a statement on behalf of 52 other countries in support of the law, stating that "Hong Kong affairs are China's internal affairs that brook no interference by foreign forces." The statement criticised the discussion of the law in the UNHRC itself, reasoning that "non-interference in internal affairs of sovereign states is an essential principle enshrined in the Charter of the United Nations and a basic norm of international relations." The China Media Project found that media reporting on the statement in the signatory countries besides China was scant, and in most cases ultimately sourced, through content sharing arrangements, from Chinese state media agency Xinhua.
Tom Cheshire, Sky News's Asia correspondent, wrote on 30 June 2020 that the law and its strength was evidence that the Chinese government does not care what the world thinks of its behaviour, that Xi Jinping could not wait until 2047 to take over Hong Kong, and that the timing suggests China felt the distraction of the COVID-19 pandemic on the rest of the world made it an easier moment to impose the law. The same view was expressed by the BBC's diplomatic correspondent on 2 July, who wrote that "the Covid-19 crisis gave Beijing the opportunity to bring the Hong Kong crisis to a head", while CNN expressed that the pandemic as well as "the antics of the Trump administration" were used as distraction, noting that the situation of world politics at the time was "discombobulated".
Both political parties in the US created bills to provide refugee status for Hong Kong residents, for those "at risk of persecution" because of the law, and a bill passed in the House of Representatives on 2 July to sanction US banks that deal with China. Titled the Hong Kong Autonomy Act, it will now pass to the US president. British journalist Simon Jenkins wrote an opinion piece on the law and its response, expressing pride at the democracy still shown in Hong Kong but also affirming that even these local democracy activists have long felt Hong Kong would end up a Chinese enclave. Jenkins suggested the law was damaging and inevitable, and the only appropriate response is to help the Hong Kongers who believe in democracy to leave. On 3 July, Canada announced that it would stop extraditing people to Hong Kong, stop exporting certain goods including weapons to the Region, and would consider introducing new Hong Kong immigration measures, and Taiwan's Mainland Affairs Council issued a formal warning which advised Taiwanese citizens against visiting China, Hong Kong, or Macao in light of the new security law so that they do not become a "second Lee Ming-che". On 9 July, Australia matched Canada in retracting its extradition deal, and matched the UK by establishing a path to permanent residency for Hong Kongers.
After being granted asylum by the UK, Simon Cheng suggested that he and other Hong Kong democracy activists may start a Hong Kong parliament-in-exile that would reflect the real and free views of the people of Hong Kong. Critics say the law marks Beijing's full takeover of Hong Kong, which was promised 50 years of a "high degree of autonomy" after the handover. Alvin Cheung, a legal scholar focusing on Hong Kong issues at New York University's US-Asia Law Institute, opined: "A national security law was imposed on Hong Kong through a process nobody in Hong Kong had any control over, with content nobody in Hong Kong was privy to. That should put an end to the notion that Hong Kong remains autonomous in any meaningful way". Rights advocates and legal scholars believe the law will be used broadly to stifle dissent. Joshua Rosenzweig, the head of Amnesty International's China Team, said, "The passing of the national security law is a painful moment for the people of Hong Kong and represents the greatest threat to human rights in the city's recent history. From now on, China will have the power to impose its own laws on any criminal suspect it chooses".
CNN also expressed concern for the freedom of speech of foreign media, as several companies – including itself, Bloomberg, and Agence France-Presse – have their Asian headquarters in Hong Kong.
As per an announcement by the United Nations Human Rights Council from October 2021, four of its human rights experts (Fionnuala Ní Aoláin, Clément Nyaletsossi Voule, Irene Khan and Mary Lawlor) had submitted a detailed analysis regarding the national security law to the central government. The experts called for "reinvigoration of an independent judiciary in Hong Kong, a pause in applying this law, and a fundamental reconsideration of its use". The United Nations Human Rights Committee stated in July 2022 that the national security law was incompatible with the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). It cited the "conundrum" of China not being a party of the ICCPR as one of the committee's reasons for calling for a "complete repeal" of the national security law. The Hong Kong government said in response that the report contained "unfair criticisms", and that its recommendations had been made "without giving due weight to the unique circumstances of Hong Kong".
On 15 June, the European Parliament passed a resolution concerning Hong Kong’s shrinking rights to free speech, and specifically demanded the release of and the dropping of charges against media tycoon and pro-democracy activist Jimmy Lai.
Extraterritoriality
Concerns have been raised that Article 38 of the law exerts extraterritorial jurisdiction over all non-Chinese citizens, which some consider to be criminalising any criticism of the CCP or Chinese government by anyone anywhere in the world. The introduction of the law, and particularly Article 38, caused individuals and international organizations to scramble to adapt to China's increasing extraterritorial reach. A number of organizations closed down entirely and the exodus of refugees from Hong Kong has increased.
"This Law shall apply to offences under this Law committed against the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region from outside the Region by a person who is not a permanent resident of the Region."
Taiwanese outlets reported that a Hong Kong legal scholar, Eric Cheung, sarcastically said "there are 8 billion people who will have to read the national security law" so that they do not break it, and asserted that they have the legal right to enforce it on anyone. A US-based China correspondent for the media outlet Axios, Bethany Allen-Ebrahimian, suggested that the inclusion of Article 38 was primarily targeting the Hong Kong diaspora and aiming to prevent dissident organisation within Hong Konger communities abroad.
The law, due to its wide spectrum, has impacted Hong Kong students living abroad. Some Hong Kong students studying abroad have reported that they fear returning home due to the possibility of being arrested under the national security law.
On 21 April 2023, an unnamed female Hong Kong student who came back from Japan to update her ID was detained due to online comments she made that are critical of the HK government. She made suggestions that Hong Kong should have independence. Her passport was temporarily confiscated, preventing her from going back to continue with her post-secondary education.
In July 2023, the Security Bureau said that extraterritoriality was a "common feature" of national security laws in other jurisdictions, and that "Extraterritorial application vested in the Hong Kong National Security Law (NSL) is in line with the well-recognised international law principle of 'protective jurisdiction' and international practice."
Enforcement
On 1 July 2020, many protesters took to the streets despite the official 1 July march being banned by the police. Ten people were arrested for breaking the new law. Police were taking DNA samples of suspects arrested on suspicion of breaking the NSL.
On 29 July 19-year-old Tony Chung and three other former members of the pro-independence group "Studentlocalism" were arrested on suspicion of inciting secession, becoming the first political figures to be so arrested under the national security law. Chung said the men who abducted him took him to a shopping centre where his telephone was forcibly unlocked, and then went to search his home in Yuen Long. The three were later released on bail. On 27 October, Chung was again arrested and detained along with two other activists, and charged on 29 October with several offences, including the national security related charge of secession. He was refused bail. In November 2021, Chung was sentenced to a total of three years and seven months in jail, three years and four months of which were for a national security secession charge.
On 10 August, Apple Daily founder Jimmy Lai was arrested under the "collusion with foreign powers" charge, alongside six others associated with his enterprise Next Media. Over 200 police forces raided the Next Media headquarters in Tseung Kwan O. On the same day, activists Agnes Chow, Andy Li, and Wilson Li were also arrested on various national security charges. The raid on Apple Daily triggered mass outpouring of support for the newspaper, with share prices of Next Media soaring by 300% as supporters of the newspaper bought up shares of the company to show their support. Other independent local media companies that have reported negatively on the government over the past year, such as TVMost and i-Cable Communications, also saw significant share price rises as citizens flocked to invest in media companies to express their support for the freedom of the press.
Teachers have been investigated for being overly critical of the police, and some courses that might violate the new law have been cancelled. Opposition legislators fear if they vote in a way not aligned with the Beijing government, they may be prosecuted.
On 5 November, Hong Kong police opened a tip-off line for email, SMS as well as the mainland-based messaging platform WeChat, to allow members of the public to "provide or report national security related information", as per the police website. On social media, police urged citizens to share "information, photographs, audio or video". The anonymity of those reporting would be protected. Before the rollout, pro-democracy activist Joshua Wong opined that the line would be prone to misuse, and that it would encourage citizens to "snitch" on each other. By the morning of 6 November, police reported that it had received more than 2,500 pieces of information. In March 2022, police commissioner Raymond Siu said that over 210,000 pieces of information had been received, many of which had been useful in anti-violence and anti-terror operations.
, and as per information from the Security Bureau, 279 people had been arrested and 162 charged in relation to national security offences since the NSL came into force – including an unknown number of those held under the non-NSL charge of sedition. As per the same date, of those charged under the NSL, 30 had been convicted or are awaiting sentencing.
International warrants
On 31 July, according to Chinese state media, the Hong Kong police issued arrest warrants for six activists outside of Hong Kong citing suspected violations of the law. These are Nathan Law, who left Hong Kong prior to the NSL coming into effect; Simon Cheng, a former employee by the British consulate in Hong Kong who was detained by the PSB and allegedly tortured, and who was granted asylum in the United Kingdom; Ray Wong, who skipped bail and was granted asylum in Germany in May 2018; and pro-independence activists Wayne Chan and Honcques Laus. Also on the wanted list is Samuel Chu, a naturalised American citizen and managing director of the Hong Kong Democracy Council in Washington. He reacted by saying that Hong Kong police were targeting a US citizen of 25 years for lobbying his own government, warning that although the first, he would not be the last non-Chinese citizen to be intimidated in this way.
On 11 August, the day after the arrest of Jimmy Lai under the law, Finn Lau, an ex–chartered surveyor living in the United Kingdom and known as the inventor of the concept of "lam chau", was listed as wanted by Hong Kong police under the national security law.
On 10 March 2022, the CEO and co-founder of UK-based NGO Hong Kong Watch, Benedict Rogers, was ordered to take down the organisation's website by the Hong Kong Police Force. Failure to comply would be liable to a fine and imprisonment.
Retroactivity
Despite assurances by both the mainland and Hong Kong governments that the law would not apply retroactively, in October 2021, court rulings allowed authorities to retroactively apply the law to reboot the sedition statue of the Crimes Ordinance.
Self-assessed impact in Hong Kong
In an interview with mainland-owned newspaper Commercial Daily published on 19 October 2020, Hong Kong Chief Executive Carrie Lam spoke positively about the effects of the national security law, and about the progress of the integration of the CPGNSO Office for Safeguarding National Security with the Hong Kong police and the Department of Justice. She further said that the first "instant result" of the law was the "restoration of social stability". During a visit of Lam to Beijing, Senior Vice-Premier and Politburo member Han Zheng on 7 November commended her administration for achieving "notable results" in "implementing the national security law and safeguarding the stability of Hong Kong society".
On 15 April 2021, at a day of citywide activities to encourage residents to support the national security law, security office head Zheng Yanxiong thanked the Hong Kong people who, in his words, had "arrived through a very natural and reasonable process at acceptance, welcoming and support" for the law.
In a radio interview on 11 July 2021, Lam said that the national security law was "relatively mild by international standards", and that the understanding of citizens of the law had to be strengthened through education. In her annual policy address on 6 October 2021, Lam said that the national security law and the 2021 Hong Kong electoral changes had brought the city "back on the right track", and claimed that initial concerns in the business sector about the impact of the law had "notably subsided".
Criticism
In September 2023, former Hong Kong politician Abraham Razack said that the government should focus less on national security issues and more on the economy. | WIKI |
6-DOF Haptic Rendering
Gears
Abstract: We present an algorithm for haptic display of moderately complex polygonal models with a six degree of freedom (DOF) force feedback device. We make use of incremental algorithms for contact determination between convex primitives. The resulting contact information is used for calculating the restoring forces and torques and thereby used to generate a sense of virtual touch. To speed up the computation, our approach exploits a combination of geometric locality, temporal coherence, and predictive methods to compute object-object contacts at kHz rates. The algorithm has been implemented and interfaced with a 6-DOF PHANToM Premium 1.5. We demonstrate its performance on force display of the mechanical interaction between moderately complex geometric structures that can be decomposed into convex primitives.
Paper Six Degrees-of-Freedom Haptic Display of Polygonal Models (PDF, 78 KB)
Arthur Gregory, Ajith Mascarenhas, Stephen Ehmann, Ming Lin, and Dinesh Manocha
Color Plate
Color Plate (Appears with paper. PDF, 153 KB)
DEMOS
Polygonal Datasets
Gears
Gear Demo:
The gears are modeled and positioned in such a manner that the user can turn one gear with the other in either direction. The teeth are not so tightly interlocking that there is always a collision. In the demonstration shown, the gears contain a few hundred polygons and about 20 convex primitives. The user can attach the haptic probe to either gear in two different modes. Clicking the button towards the rim of the gear is like inserting a rod into a bicycle wheel. The probe's position remains at a fixed radius from the center of the gear and its orientation is fixed so as to rotate with the gear at that radius. If the user clicks around the center of a gear, the probe effectively becomes the gear. Its position is fixed, and it is only allowed to rotate about one axis. In this mode, the user turns the gears and feels their interactions entirely through the torque of the probe handle.
Peg-in-the-Hole
Peg-in-the-hole Demo:
In this scenario, the user attaches the probe to a rectangular peg and attempts to insert it into a rectangular hole. Often one or two pairs of the parallel faces are the pair(s) of the closest features and may be in contact. If any type of sampling technique is used, the number of contact points would be very high, since nearly all faces of the peg are in close proximity with the walls of the hole. Collision detection and contact determination for such a seemingly simple scene are actually rather difficult, due to its contact configuration and geometric robustness problem.
Dice
Dice and shaker: We have a dynamic scene with objects moving under the influence of gravity. There are three dice in a box-like shaker. The user can grab the shaker and influence the motion of the dice. Gravity results in the user feeling continuous force and torque and the collisions between the shaker and the dice result in impulse force and torque which are felt as small blips.
Plank
Plank and weights: The user can manipulate a plank and a pair of cubes with unequal weights.
Dynamic Scene
Dynamic scene of multiple moving objects: In this setup, there are four cubes, four spheres (320 faces each), four ellipsoids (320 faces each) and a stick like block. The user can grab any object and move about interacting with the other objects.
Volume Datasets
Electric Charges
Force-field due to two electric charges: The force-field and streamlines were generated using Greg Turk's streamlines program. The user can move a rigid-body through the field using the 6-DOF device and feel force and torque exerted by the field on the rigid-body. In the scene there are two charges of opposite polarity with the charge on the right acting as a source and the charge on the left acting as the sink.
Cylinder
Force-field due to uniform flow inside and around a cylinder: The scenario shows ideal fluid flow in and around a cylinder. The user feels strong unstable forces at the singularities inside the cylinder.
Utah Head
The Utah head Data-set: The image shows the potential values on the head data-set. The head volume is tetrahedrized. There are three electro-static charges placed inside the volume and the electric field vectors and the potential scalars are given at each vertex of the tetrahedrization. The user can move a rigid-body like a cube in the volume and feel the force and torque exerted on the rigid-body.
Principle Investigators
Ming C. Lin
Dinesh Manocha
Project Members
Stephen A. Ehmann
Ajith Mascarenhas
Past Project Members
Arthur D. Gregory
Related Projects
HCollide
inTouch
UNC Research Group On Modeling, Physically-Based Simulation And Applications Geometric and Solid Modeling
The nanoManipulator Graphics Groups at UNC
Funding Agencies
DOE ASCI Award
Army Research Office
National Science Foundation
Intel
For more Information, contact geom@cs.unc.edu
Created by Ajith Mascarenhas
Last Content Update : Aug 19, 2000
Last Content Review : Aug 19, 2000
Copyright 1999. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the author.
This material is presented to ensure timely dissemination of scholarly and technical work. Copyright and all rights therein are retained by authors or by other copyright holders. All persons copying this information are expected to adhere to the terms and constraints invoked by each author's copyright. In most cases, these works may not be reposted without the explicit permission of the copyright holder. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Roddy Toomim
The result was delete. W.marsh 23:56, 15 October 2007 (UTC)
Roddy Toomim
* – (View AfD) (View log)
Placing for deletion because this person is simply not notable enough for an encyclopedia, including this one according to our WP:BIO guidelines. It could be argued that this also fails WP:BLP as well as there are no reliable third party sources to speak of. Bur nt sau ce 20:41, 10 October 2007 (UTC)
* Delete There are simply not enough reliable, third party sources, of Toomim or DJ Geki, to justify an article.--Sethacus 03:21, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
* Delete due to lack of sources. RFerreira 22:15, 11 October 2007 (UTC)
| WIKI |
What Is Destructuring And Restructuring Design Pattern In JavaScript?
A More Declarative Approach.
Two new features introduced in JavaScript es6 were destructuring and spread. Combining both, along with default function parameters, we can create and use a design pattern called Destructuring and Restructuring, that is more declarative than the usual implementation. This pattern and its name come from Kyle Simpson.
Example
Let’s say we have a default settings object that we need values from, but we also need to add new values or override the defaults. We usually use underscore or lodash libraries for this functionality:
const defaultSettings = {
a: "a",
b: "b",
c: "c",
d: {
e: "e",
f: "f"
}
};
const settings = {
a: "A",
b: "B",
d: {
m: "m"
},
g: "g",
h: "h"
};
const finalSettings = _.extend(defaultSettings, settings); //underscore extend
This approach works, but it is not declarative enough, and we have to rely on the implementation detail of underscore extend to know what is happening and how we’re getting the finalSettings.
The alternative could be to use es6 features. We define a function that expect an object, assign the default values to the param object keys, destructure the ones we think might have more keys, and return the merged object with restructuring the destructured parts:
const getSettings = ({
a = "a",
b = "b",
c = "c",
d: {
e = "e",
f = "f",
...otherDs
} = {},
...others
}) => {
return {
a, b, c, d: {
e, f, ...otherDs
},
...others
}
}
const settings = {
a: "A",
b: "B",
d: {
m: "m"
},
g: "g",
h: "h"
};
const finalSettings = getSettings(settings);
In both cases the finalSettings should have the following value:
{
a: 'A',
b: 'B',
c: 'c',
d: { e: 'e', f: 'f', m: 'm' },
g: 'g',
h: 'h'
}
Notice that m, g, and h are additional keys, whereas a and b have been overridden.
Where Is This Pattern Used?
This is useful with default settings or options, such as with API calls or server configurations, where you need plenty of defaults and also overridden values.
See also | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Protestant Exiles from France Agnew (1st ed. vol 3).djvu/162
(1.) Le Sieur dc La Caillemotte (pp. 1, 2.) — Pierre de Massue de Ruvigny. second son of the Marquis de Ruvigny, and younger brother of the Earl of Galway was born at Paris, 4th January 1653, and was killed at the Battle of the Boyne, 12th July 1690.
(2.) La Marquise de Ruvigny (page 2). — The widow of the old Marquis de Ruvigny made her will, 14th May 1698. Rachel Lady Russell, in 1699, made overtures to the King of France through our ambassador as her heiress; and at the same time applications for estates in France were forwarded on behalf of Sir William Douglas, Monsieur Le Bas, and Mrs Mary Cardins (page 3). See Cole’s State Papers.
(3.) Colonel Ruvigny De Cosne (page 3 and page 314). — Aimée Le Venier de la Grossetière, niece of the Marquise De Ruvigny, was married to Pierre De Cosne (probably a scion of the house of Cosne-Chavernay) a refugee gentleman at Southampton. The children of this couple, registered at Southampton, were Rachel Henriette (born 1708), Louise (born 1709), Charles (born 1710), Henriette (born 1714), Antoine (born 1715), Ruvigny (born 1717). See Lord Galway’s Will.
Isaac Dumont de Bostaquet, the heir of an ancient Norman family, was born in 1632. He was a cornet of cavalry, but retired on his marriage in 1657, and lived as a country-gentleman till 1687, when he became a refugee in Holland, and was enrolled in the Dutch army as a captain of cavalry. Madame de Bostaquet (his third wife, Marie de Brossard, daughter of the Chevalier de Grosmenil) and his surviving children, settled with him at the Hague on 22d March 1688.
Page 7. The expedition of the Prince of Orange into England soon interrupted this domestic life. De Bostaquet joined it as a cavalry officer. The Huguenot cavalry were provisionally enrolled in two regiments of blue and red dragoons. The officers of “the Blues” [les bleus] were Colonel Petit, Captains Desmoulins, Petit, Maricourt, D’Escury, Montroy, Neufville, Vesansay, Montaut, and Bernaste; Lieutenants Quirant, Louvigny, Moncornet, Tournier, Le Blanc, D’Ours, Fontanes, Bernard, Senoche, Serre, and Ruvigny; Cornets Martel, Dupuy, Darouvière, De Lamy, Lassaut, Salomon, Larouvière, La Bastide, De Bojeu, De Gaume, and Constantin.
The officers of “the Reds” [les rouges] were Colonel Louvigny; Captains Bostaquet, La Grangerie, Passy, D’Olon, Vivens, Varenques, and La Guiminière,- Lieutenants Boismolet, Mailleray, Clairvaux, Vilmisson, La Caterie, D’Ornan, and Rochebrune; Cornets Vasselot, Maille, Maille (brother), D’Olon, jun., Du Chesoy, Montpinson, and Ricard.
It appears from the above list that De Bostaquet, who had then nearly completed his 57th year, was Senior Captain of Louvigny’s red dragoons. He gives a lively account of the embarkation and voyage to our coast, then of the disembarkation. | WIKI |
C4 Fuse Box Panel Knob
By -
If you\’re faced with replacing the broken fuse box cover
knob on 1984-95 Corvettes, don\’t get discouraged…we\’ve ALL been
there.
The knobs are failure-prone since they\’re made of plastic
and actually weaken with every twist, (ironic, since this is how you lock
the cover in the first place.)
Hopefully, this little tech tip will
help. If your nut is okay, skip steps 1-3.
If you must replace the
nut also (like if your is damaged or missing) follow steps 1-4.
1.
First, remove the fuse box cover. Then, remove the three torx head screws
holding the dashboard trim plate in place.
2. Snap the nut into
place HORIZONTALLY with the curved section (shaped sort of like a tiny,
rainbow bridge) on the underside of the dashboard trim pate.
3.
Re-position the dashboard trim plate and screw it back into place. Now,
position the fuse box cover making sure the alignment tab is
seated.
4. Insert the knob vertically through the slot on the fuse
box cover and twist either to the left or right. In doing so, you\’ll
THINK the knob is going to break off in your hand, but it\’s actually
made to fit snugly. Just keep twisting until the knob moves to its locked
(horizontal position) and you\’re done!
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Zoetis (ZTS) Beats on Q1 Earnings & Sales, Retains '18 View
Zoetis Inc.ZTS posted first-quarter 2018 adjusted earnings of 75 cents per share (excluding one-time items), which increased 42% year over year and beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate of 70 cents.
Total revenues rose 11% year over year (up 7% operationally excluding the impact of currency) to $1.37 billion in the quarter and beat the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $1.33 billion.
A look at Zoetis' share price movement shows that the stock has outperformed the industry on a year-to-date basis. The stock has gained 15.8% against the industry's decline of 2.7%.
Quarterly Highlights
Zoetis reports business results under two geographical operating segments - the United States and International. The company has a diverse portfolio of products for livestock and companion animals.
Revenues from the United States segment increased 5% year over year to $634 million. Sales of companion animal products in this region were up 6%, primarily due to higher sales of dermatology portfolio and new product launches. This was partially offset by lower sales of in-line products. Livestock revenues increased 4% mainly due to increased sales of cattle and poultry products, partially offset by declines in dairy products.
Revenues at the International segment grew 18% year over year (up 11% operationally) on a reported basis to $726 million. Livestock sales were up 14% on a reported basis (up 7% operationally) in the quarter mainly driven by strong growth for cattle and poultry products. Moreover, sales of companion animal products grew 28% on a reported basis and 19% on an operational basis, reflecting higher sales of dermatology portfolio and newly launched products, especially Simparica.
2018 Outlook Maintained
Zoetis reiterated its outlook for 2018. The company continues to expect adjusted earnings in the range of $2.96-$3.10 per share.
Revenues are expected in the range of $5.675-$5.800 billion. The Zacks Consensus Estimate for earnings and revenues is pegged at $3.04 per share and $5.75 billion, respectively.
Other Updates
The company continued to expand the availability of its oral flea and tick medication, Simparica, into new markets, with additional approvals in Thailand and Serbia. Zoetis' canine dermatology product, Cytopoint, received approval in Mexico and Switzerland.
In the United States, the company enhanced its swine vaccine franchise with the approval of Fostera Gold PCV MH for protection against PCV and mycoplasma hyopneumoniae.
Moreover, Inforce 3, a respiratory disease vaccine, received approval in Korea and Egypt while treatment for mastitis in dairy cows, Spectramast DC, was approved in China.
Our Take
Zoetis' first-quarter results exceeded both earnings and sales expectations. Zoetis became the first animal health company to deliver more than $5 billion in revenues in 2017. The company continued to achieve operational revenue growth driven by diversity of its product portfolio and balanced performance across the United States and all of its major international markets.
For 2018, the company expects to improve its working capital and fund investments that will support its ability to create long-term value for its shareholders.
Zoetis Inc. Price, Consensus and EPS Surprise
Zoetis Inc. Price, Consensus and EPS Surprise | Zoetis Inc. Quote
Zacks Rank & Stocks to Consider
Zoetis currently carries a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold).
Some better-ranked stocks from the same space are Ligand Pharmaceuticals LGND , Protagonist Therapeutics PTGX and Catabasis Pharmaceuticals CATB . Whlle Ligand and Protagonist Therapeutics sport a Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy), Catabasis carries a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy). You can see the complete list of today's Zacks #1 Rank stocks here .
Ligand's earnings per share estimates moved up from $4.24 to $4.43 for 2018 and remained stable at $5.32 for 2019 over the last 60 days. The company delivered a positive earnings surprise in three of the trailing four quarters, with an average beat of 24.88%. The company's shares have rallied 14.6% year to date.
Protagonist Therapeutics' loss estimates narrowed from $1.68 to 66 cents for 2018 and from $2.43 to $1.26 for 2019 over the last 60 days. The company delivered a positive earnings surprise in three of the trailing four quarters, with an average beat of 24.95%.
Catabasis' loss estimates narrowed from 92 cents to 90 cents for 2018 and from $1.48 to $1.43 for 2019 in the last 30 days. The company came up with positive earnings surprise in all the preceding four quarters, with an average beat of 14.56%. The stock has rallied 7.4% year to date.
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Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
-- Japan’s Capital Spending Increased 3.5% in First Quarter
Japan ’s companies increased spending
in the first quarter, adding to signs the world’s third-largest
economy will sustain a recovery this year despite drags from
power constraints and the strengthening yen. Capital spending excluding software rose 3.5 percent from a
year earlier, after increasing 4.9 percent in the previous
quarter, the Finance Ministry said today in Tokyo. The second
straight quarter of expansion compared with a median estimate of
a 0.1 percent decline in a Bloomberg News survey of seven
economists. Today’s report will be used by the government to revise
preliminary gross domestic product data that showed annualized
growth of 4.1 percent in the first three months of the year. The
economy should continue to grow this quarter, even with the
strengthening yen and electricity supply concerns weighing down
company outlooks and export performance. “The overall picture for capital spending continues to be
a gradual recovery,” said Junko Nishioka , chief economist at
RBS Securities Japan Ltd. in Tokyo and a former central bank
official. “Shipments to the U.S. are staying solid and it’s
clear that Japan’s major companies are recovering” from last
year’s earthquake, she said. Companies including Panasonic Corp. (6752) and Nippon Steel Corp. (5401)
are preparing power-saving measures as the government forecasts
electricity shortages due to the closure of all nuclear power
plants and will request users to cut consumption this summer. A
government panel deliberating on Japan’s energy supply after the
Fukushima disaster proposed four scenarios on May 29, including
one to go nuclear free, for a final decision by the summer. Europe’s Crisis The European debt crisis and concerns that Greece may exit
the euro are increasing demand for the yen as a haven. The yen
has climbed more than 6 percent against the dollar from this
year’s low in mid-March toward October’s record high of 75.35,
weighing on export sales and profits for manufacturers. The yen traded at 78.56 as of 10:21 a.m. in Tokyo, after
touching 78.21 the previous day, the strongest since Feb. 15.
Finance Minister Jun Azumi told reporters in Tokyo today that
the government is watching excessive yen moves, and that the yen
and stock markets do not reflect the fundamentals of the
economy. Vice Finance Minister Takehiko Nakao, the nation’s top
currency official, said this week in an interview in Hong Kong
that the finance ministry will take action on the yen if
necessary, suggesting the door is open to intervention to weaken
the currency. To contact the reporter on this story:
Andy Sharp in Tokyo at
asharp5@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Paul Panckhurst at
ppanckhurst@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
-- Liberty Media Makes Bet Corporate Tax Rate Will Decline
Greg Maffei, the chief executive
officer of Liberty Media Corp., reaped about $245 million in
option profits ahead of time under a company plan that
anticipates Congress will lower corporate tax rates next year. Liberty Media and Liberty Interactive (LINTA) Corp., both of which
are based in Englewood, Colorado , moved up the date that Maffei
and other employees were allowed to cash in options on millions
of shares, according to filings yesterday and Dec. 6 with the
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Maffei and the others
used the resulting profits to buy restricted shares from the
companies. Both companies said they undertook the transactions earlier
in the week “based on the belief that the corporate tax rate
will decrease in 2013 and beyond,” thereby reducing the value
of related deductions. Republican Mitt Romney championed lower
corporate taxes in his losing campaign for the presidency, and
President Barack Obama and Congress may not lower corporate
taxes as they wrangle over ways to cut the budget deficit . Liberty Media “must possess a clearer crystal ball than
anyone else has in Washington because it’s very up in the air,”
said Dean Zerbe , a former senior tax counsel for the Senate
Finance Committee who is now national managing director of
Alliantgroup, a Houston-based tax-services firm for businesses.
“There is not as much zeal as you would have seen if Romney had
gotten in.” Compensation Expense Liberty Interactive, whose assets were formerly owned by
Liberty Media, carried out the same transactions with executives
who hold options on its Class A shares and those of yet another
affiliate, Liberty Ventures, according to a separate filing.
Maffei is the CEO of both Liberty Media, the owner of the cable
network Starz LLC, and Liberty Interactive, which participates
in the video and online-commerce industries, though the two
companies are now separate. U.S. companies get to treat employee profits from stock
options as compensation expense that can be deducted from
income, resulting in lower corporate tax bills. Liberty Media
and Liberty Interactive will benefit from the stock transactions
by receiving the compensation deduction at a potentially higher
corporate tax rate than in the future, the companies said in
their filings. “Liberty Media and Liberty Interactive have effected
transactions with respect to outstanding employee stock options
in a manner that is consistent with the company’s historical
goal of minimizing the company’s taxable income,” the companies
said in an e-mailed statement. Whit Clay, a spokesman, declined
to comment beyond the statement. Starz Spinoff As a result of the option exercises, Liberty Media expects
to record deductions for compensation expense totaling $358
million this year, producing an estimated cash tax benefit of
$129 million, according to its filing. Liberty Interactive
expects to record deductions for compensation expenses totaling
$242 million, generating benefits of about $85 million, the
company reported in a separate filing. Many of Liberty Media’s employees will work for Starz after
the parent company spins off its other assets, a move that is
scheduled to take place by year-end, according to yesterday’s
filing. Starz will have “limited amounts of taxable income” to
use the stock-option deductions, so having employees exercise
the securities ensures that Liberty Media can take advantage of
the benefits. President Obama is negotiating with Congressional
Republicans to avert the so-called fiscal cliff, a series of tax
increases and spending cuts set to take effect in January. Obama
has pushed to raise the personal income tax rate for top earners
to 39.6 percent from the current 35 percent. ‘Good Bet’ When executives exercise options to purchase shares below
their current market price, the resulting paper profits are
taxed as ordinary income, even if the person holds onto the
shares and doesn’t realize any gains. As a result, Maffei would
benefit from the early exercise of options should Congress agree
to raise the rate on top earners or reduce the deductions they
can take on charitable gifts or interest payments on home
mortgages, said Alan Johnson , the head of Johnson Associates
Inc., a New York-based compensation consulting firm. “I would think this is being done to benefit the
executives,” Johnson said in a telephone interview. “While
it’s not clear that the corporate rate will go down, it’s a good
bet that high-end individual rates will go up.” Maffei earned paper profits of $340.4 million by exercising
options on 10.3 million Liberty Interactive shares, 515,681
Liberty Ventures shares, and 2.78 million Liberty Media shares,
according to SEC filings. About $245.2 million of these gains
came from options that had yet to reach the date on which they
originally could be exercised. Liberty Media and Liberty Interactive accelerated the
vesting dates on the options, allowing Maffei and the others to
take the gains before year-end. The executives used the profits
to buy restricted shares from the companies at current market
prices, and also received additional options, according to the
filings. To contact the reporter on this story:
Miles Weiss in Washington at
mweiss@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Christian Baumgaertel at
cbaumgaertel@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
John Nettleton
John Nettleton may refer to:
* John Nettleton (actor) (1929–2023), British actor
* John Dering Nettleton, South Africa recipient of the Victoria Cross | WIKI |
Journal of Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation
All submissions of the EM system will be redirected to Online Manuscript Submission System. Authors are requested to submit articles directly to Online Manuscript Submission System of respective journal.
Editorial, J Physiother Rehabil Vol: 3 Issue: 1
Use of Pain Assessment Tools in Physiotherapy
Sharick Shamsi* and Shabana Khan
Department of Physiotherapy, Raj Nursing and Paramedical College, Gorakhpur, India
*Corresponding Author : Sharick Shamsi
Department of Physiotherapy, Raj Nursing and Paramedical College, Gorakhpur, India
Tel: +919918061106
E-mail: [email protected]
Received: March 18, 2019 Accepted: March 19, 2019 Published: March 29, 2019
Citation: Shamsi S, Khan S (2019) Use of Pain Assessment Tools in Physiotherapy. J Physiother Rehabil 3:1.
Abstract
Pain is a universal concept; however, the experience is unique from person to person. Pain is a subjective term that an individual describes and experiences. Pain has its meaning and is produced out of the complex interactions of body, mind, and culture. Pain can be interpreted differently from individual to individual depending on the time and place where that person is [1]. Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage [2]. Pain is described as acute or chronic. Acute pain is experienced for short time (two weeks) due to trauma while chronic pain last longer than three months and is associated with injury to tissues or nerves. There are four factors that commonly affect pain expressions: Location, Duration, Intensity and Etiology. The location is the place where the pain occurs. Duration is the time that pain lasts, and is classified as chronic or acute. Intensity tells how severe the pain is. It is usually measured through a pain scale from zero to ten. The patient's rate themselves. Usually, four to six is considered as a moderate level, and above seven is considered to be severe pain [3].
Keywords: Physical therapy; Pain
Introduction
Pain is a universal concept; however, the experience is unique from person to person. Pain is a subjective term that an individual describes and experiences. Pain has its meaning and is produced out of the complex interactions of body, mind, and culture. Pain can be interpreted differently from individual to individual depending on the time and place where that person is [1].
Pain is defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage [2]. Pain is described as acute or chronic. Acute pain is experienced for short time (two weeks) due to trauma while chronic pain last longer than three months and is associated with injury to tissues or nerves.
There are four factors that commonly affect pain expressions: Location, Duration, Intensity and Etiology. The location is the place where the pain occurs. Duration is the time that pain lasts, and is classified as chronic or acute. Intensity tells how severe the pain is. It is usually measured through a pain scale from zero to ten. The patient's rate themselves. Usually, four to six is considered as a moderate level, and above seven is considered to be severe pain [3].
Etiology means the reason for the pain. Etiology can be divided into nociceptive pain, somatic pain, and neuropathic pain. Nociceptive pain is experienced when a proper functioning nervous system sends a signal of a tissue damage requiring proper care. Somatic pain originates from the skin, muscle, bone or connective tissue. It is a sharp sensation or aching. Due to illness neuropathic pain occurs within malfunctioning nerves [3].
Pain assessment tools
Pain assessment is important to evaluate efficacy of pain treatment [4-6]. There are two types of pain assessment tools available, selfreport and ‘observational or behavioral’ for those who cannot selfreport.
Self-report
Self-report pain assessment tools are- Visual Analogue Scale, Numerical Rating Scale, Verbal Descriptor Scale, Numerical Descriptor Scale, Wong Baker smiley faces and McGill Pain Questionnaire etc.
Behavioral
When self-report tools are not sufficient, behavioral tools are utilized. They are: Critical Care Pain Observation Tool, Abbey Scale, Pain Assessment IN Advanced Dementia, Faces, Legs Arms and Crying Consolability etc.
Pain assessment tools and Physiotherapy
Physiotherapists are being criticized for more than 20 years for not using evidence based pain assessment tools.
Many authors claim that practicing physiotherapists should critically evaluate treatment effectiveness, based on scientific evidence [7,8].
According Krebs [9], physiotherapists should use reliable and valid assessment tool, to prove accuracy of their contribution towards patient treatment. Almost all patients who seek physiotherapy treatment have pain. For a treatment to be effective and accurate, it is important for a physiotherapist to measure pain [10].
Because of the large emotional component, pain is a subjective experience and, for the physiotherapist, it is the patient's perception of pain that must be taken into account [11].
Patient’s feeling of pain changes depending on physiological or psychological state at that time, and they might not often identify its decrease while being treated by physiotherapist [11,12]. Liggins [10] stated that pain assessment is divided into subjective and objective methods. In subjective method patient himself explains pain feeling which is then recorded, and in objective methods, pain is measured indirectly. In both methods pain is recorded. According to him though, assessment and measurement of pain is still not used routinely by physiotherapists, but obviously it’s becoming a trend in their practice.
Turner [13] showed that physiotherapists use evidence based methods of assessment and most of them utilize POMR system for documentation. But around one fourth of them did not perform reassessment of pain.
Ferreira et al. suggested that pain justifies belief of functional incapability and limitation of these patients [14].
Researchers have proved that physiotherapy students have improved in their pain understanding and knowledge. According to Colleary et al., physiotherapy students improve in their pain knowledge from 45% to 79% after three days lecture using NPQ score [15]. Similarly Cox et al. demonstrated that, NPQ scores increased from 41% to 84% in physiotherapy students after 3 hour lecture [16].
According to Henderson et al., physiotherapists in pediatric clinic also measure pain in children using Faces Pain Scale and the Numeric Pain Rating Scale [17]. But, still none of the scale is considered universally satisfactory. Thus it can be concluded that Physiotherapists attitude towards pain in children are positive and compassionate.
References
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Vitex rotundifolia
Vitex rotundifolia, the roundleaf chastetree or beach vitex, is a species of flowering plant in the sage family Lamiaceae. It is native to seashores throughout the Pacific. Its range includes continents and islands stretching from India east to Hawaii and from Korea south to Australia. This shrub typically grows approximately 1 m in height. It has a sprawling growth habit and produces runners that root regularly at nodes. This rooting pattern allows the plant to spread rapidly. At maturity, V. rotundifolia produces blue-purple flowers that are borne in clusters and ultimately yield small brown-black fruits. Its leaves are rounded at the tips with green upper surfaces and silver lower surfaces. While the plant is a seashore obligate, it grows over a wide latitude range. It has been used for medicinal purposes throughout its native range. More recently, it was imported to the eastern United States where it has become a seashore invasive. Control efforts are presently underway to protect the fragile beach dune ecosystem.
Description
Vitex rotundifolia is a sprawling shrub that can grow as tall as 1.5 m though it typically ranges from 0.5 to 1 m in height. As a product of its rapid nodal rooting, the plant can form dense mats reaching in excess of 10 m from the parent plant.
Stems
New stems are green, square and fleshy initially before maturing brown and woody. Older, large-diameter stems are covered with heavily fissured bark. Running horizontal stems produce frequent upright branches. Leaves are strongly aromatic, intensifying when crushed.
Leaves
The majority of leaves are simple, but they can occasionally be palmate trifoliate or 2-leaved. Leaves measure 2 to 6.5 cm in length and 1–4.5 cm in width. Leaf margins are entire. The leaf shape varies from ovate to obovate with acute bases and obtuse apices. Occasionally, leaf apexes are acute or emarginate. Upper leaf surfaces are dark green whereas lower leaf surfaces range in color from silver to white to light green; all leaf surfaces are tomentose. Petiole bases are typically somewhat purple and measure 0 to 1 cm in length. Blades are cupped downward slightly. Leaf veins are lighter green than surrounding tissue.
Flowers
The flowers are borne in indeterminate panicles that may be terminal or axillary. Inflorescences measure 3 to 7 cm in length. The calyx is cup-shaped and 4 to 4.5 cm long. Flowers are zygomorphic, purple to blue-purple, and short pedunculate. They are two-lipped and funnel-form (measuring 8 mm in length). Four stamens are didynamous and extend beyond the corolla tube (measuring 9 to 10 mm). The style extends beyond the stamens (total length: 12 mm). Pollen is tricolpate. Ovaries consist of two carpels with each containing two single seeded locules.
Fruits
The fruits are globose drupes that are green while immature but turn yellow and red before maturing to bluish black. The fruits are frequently incorrectly characterized in the literature as "seeds or berries". Each drupe contains a maximum of four seeds though there are usually fewer as a result of seed abortion.
Seeds
Each seed is encapsulated in a separate compartment. Endosperm is absent. Seeds germinate into tender seedlings that bear two cotyledons and quickly develop two red-margined true leaves. Ploidy level is 2n = 32, 34*.
Taxonomy
Vitex rotundifolia is a member of the family Lamiaceae and subfamily Viticoideae. The plant was originally described by the son of Carl Linnaeus, Carl Linnaeus the Younger The original description was published in Supplementum Plantarum in 1782. The generic epithet, Vitex, is derived from the Latin viere, meaning “to bind or twist” in reference to the rope-like stems produced by some species in the genus. The specific epithet, rotundifolia, is derived from the Latin rotundus, which means "round, spherical", and folium, meaning "leaf.” This is a reference to the rounded character of the leaves.
Family level classification
Vitex and all other members of the family Verbenaceae save those in the subfamily Verbenoideae were recently moved to the family Lamiaceae. As a result of this reorganization, two monophyletic families were established from the paraphyletic Verbenaceae and polyphyletic Lamiaceae. This new classification scheme was initially proposed by Cantino in 1992. Subsequent cpDNA analysis, rbcL sequence analysis, chemotaxonomic studies, and morphological analyses have supported the original logic for family reorganization.
This revision has resulted in some confusion regarding the classification of V. rotundifolia in the literature. Despite the fact that the revision is well supported with volumes of data, many authors continue to incorrectly place the plant in Verbenaceae.
Species level classification
Recent revisions of the genus Vitex have placed V. rotundifolia in synonymy with V. trifolia subsp. littoralis Steenis. Previous researchers have placed V. rotundifolia within V. trifolia. Moldenke (1958) placed V. rotundifolia in synonymy with V. trifolia var. simplicifolia. The placement of Moldenke was in disagreement with Corner (1939), which held V. rotundifolia as distinct from V. trifolia. The placement of Corner was subsequently supported by several authors: Fosberg (1962), Munir (1987), and Wagner (1999).
Common names
Likely due to the wide range over which V. rotundifolia is native, the plant has acquired a host of common names.
English speaking countries
* Beach vitex
* Round-leaved chaste tree
* Single-leaf chaste tree
* Chasteberry
* Monk's pepper
China
* Dan ye man jing
Japan
* Hamagou
Korea
* Sunbiginamu
* Man Hyung Ja(mainly medicinal name)
Hawaii
* Kolokolo kahakai
* Hinahina kolo
* Manawanawa
* Mawanawana
* Pōhinahina
* Polinalina
Hybrids
Multiple hybrids between Vitex agnus-castus and Vitex rotundifolia have been developed at the Chicago Botanic Garden. These cultivars have undergone successful trials at Longwood Gardens. The characteristics of the hybrids are more like those of V. rotundifolia than V. agnus-castus. However, the hybrids are more upright than V. rotundifolia and have been described as "open and spreading." The leaf characteristics are intermediate between the two parent plants while the blue-purple flower color of the parents persists in the hybrid.
Distribution and habitat
V. rotundifolia grows along sandy and rocky coasts from 0 to 15 m above sea level. Plants grow down to the ocean waves themselves. V. rotundifolia is highly tolerant of the harsh beach dune environment characterized by intense heat, high wind, coarse-textured soil, and elevated salinity.
This plant's natural range includes much of the Pacific Rim and many of the Pacific islands. The plant was observed by Munir from Northern and Western Australia, New Guinea, Indonesia, New Caledonia, Polynesia, Hawaii, Malaya, Philippines, and Hong Kong. Moldenke reported V. rotundifolia in Brazil, Mauritius, Reunion, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Andaman Islands, China, Taiwan, Japan, Ryukyu Islands, Korea, Indochina, Thailand, Borneo, and Sarawak. The plant has also been observed in southern India. Cultivation of V. rotundifolia has been reported in England, Florida, Germany, the Hawaiian Islands, Hong Kong, Java, Johnston Island, Maryland, and New York. At present in the United States, beach vitex has become naturalized only in southeastern states along the east and gulf coasts.
Biology and ecology
Beach vitex is a perennial that grows throughout the summer months in temperate and tropical areas of the Pacific. In temperate areas, the plant is deciduous and loses its leaves during the cool nights of fall. In the southeastern United States, leaves emerge in April while flowering occurs from June–August with fruiting following shortly thereafter. Fruits may remain attached to the plant into the early spring. V. rotundifolia is capable of overwintering on the dunes in South and North Carolina and in gulf coastal areas. It can survive in USDA hardiness zones 6b to 10.
Growth
The plant grows rapidly, and reproduces through vegetative means. As the plant matures, it begins to flower. After maturation, the plant produces large numbers of fruits (up to 5581 fruits per square meter).
Pollination
Insect visitation is the likely method of pollen transfer due to the spatial separation of the anthers and stigma, which would make self-pollination unlikely. Abe reported V. rotundifolia flowers on Nishino-shima Island were visited by flies, honey bees, beetles, butterflies, and ants though most of the visitors were ants. Diverse groups of pollinators visit the flowers in search of the 0.5 μL per flower nectar reward. Due to this wide range of visitors, it is unlikely the plant would require a specialist insect to mediate successful pollination.
Dormancy
Evidence indicates that beach vitex possesses a combinational dormancy mechanism. This dormancy mechanism is made up of a physical dormancy component and a physiological dormancy component. The physical dormancy mechanism is believed to be inforced at least in part by cuticular alkanes that prevent water penetration. The mechanism of the physiological dormancy component is not yet fully understood. This dormancy mechanism allows for the establishment of a substantial soil seed bank that is capable of surviving and producing new seedlings in excess of 4 years after all vegetation has been removed. Dormancy mechanisms also allow the plant to undergo long-distance dispersal.
Dispersal
There is substantial supportive evidence of a water-based dispersal mechanism for beach vitex fruits. V. rotundifolia plants are present throughout the Pacific including coastal areas of two continents and many islands. Bird dispersal is highly unlikely as there is no fleshy fruit reward; water dispersal is the most likely dispersal means capable of enabling dispersal over such long distances. Fruits are covered with thick coatings of hydrophobic cuticular alkanes allowing them to resist water penetration for extended periods. Researchers have observed V. rotundifolia fruits floating on rivers and oceans.
Genetic diversity
Genetic diversity within populations has been found to be much lower than the average for most woody plants. Additionally, the divergence between populations was found to be higher. There were large genetic differences between populations, indicating there is limited gene flow between populations. This is understandable due to the limited ecological niche beach vitex inhabits. Since the populations are largely clonal, this may enhance genetic drift. Significant variations have been observed with regard to genotype and chemotype of various beach vitex samples collected from across China. Genotypic and chemotypic variations were closely associated. Large genetic variation between populations was observed with lower variation within populations, and plants within 20 m of each other were closely related. It was believed that differentiation of separated populations might be the cause of variations between populations.
Medicinal uses
Vitex rotundifolia has many medicinal uses. These uses generally parallel those of Vitex agnus-castus.
Environmental concerns
In areas where it has been introduced outside of its native range, V. rotundifolia has proven to be an invasive species. This plant dominates dune ecosystems leading to a reduction in the prevalence of native species. Native species exclusion is of particular concern because some of the species that share a niche with V. rotundifolia, such as sea beach amaranth (Amaranthus pumilus Rafinesque), are presently listed as threatened.
Vitex rotundifolia fruits have been shown to transfer cuticular alkanes to the sand substrate. This results in intense sand hydrophobicity that persists in the soil for many years. This hydrophobicity might negatively impact dune recovery or serve as a means for limiting growth of native plant species.
Sea turtle conservation groups have publicized concerns that dense V. rotundifolia growth may prevent sea turtles from reaching acceptable nesting sites. These same organizations believe that V. rotundifolia may limit the ability of baby turtles to reach the ocean after they hatch. A recent USA Today article mentioned these concerns as part of an effort to raise awareness of V. rotundifolia, and has at least one review article. However, these concerns have not been validated scientifically. Several sea turtle species nest along the coasts of the Carolinas. These include the endangered loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta), the endangered green turtle (Chelonia mydas), and the critically endangered Kemp's ridley (Lepidochelys kempii). If scientific evidence is found to support claims that V. rotundifolia harms sea turtles, this threat would constitute a substantial environmental issue.
Beach vitex emits large amounts of methyl chloride from its leaves. V. rotundifolia was one of the six highest emitting species of 33 possessing this characteristic. A total of 187 species were examined. Methyl chloride is produced naturally, but may be responsible for a substantial portion of the negative impacts on the stratospheric ozone layer.
Legislation
In light of the invasive characteristics of V. rotundifolia, it has been added to the North Carolina Noxious Weed List (effective 2/1/2009). Plants on this list are effectively banned within the state in that possession, sale, and transport of these species is illegal. Virginia has enacted a permanent statewide quarantine (effective 05/07/12) to limit further V. rotundifolia spread. At least 12 municipalities in North and South Carolina have enacted ordinances that ban V. rotundifolia planting and require homeowners to remove established plantings from their property. In June 2020 Florida also banned V. rotundifolia, making it illegal to purchase in Florida or to move it into or within the state.
Control measures
Initially, beach vitex stems are wounded using a machete. A 5.25% solution of imazapyr is applied to the wounded areas of the stems. After a period of 6 months, all stems are removed. This treatment procedure is repeated until zero regrowth is observed. Triclopyr may be used to treat small resprouts and seedlings. | WIKI |
What is Dermidex cream used for?
What is Dermidex cream used for?
Miconazole Cream is an antifungal medicine used to treat fungal infections of the skin. It works by killing the fungus that causes infections such as athlete’s foot, Dhobie Itch, thrush, ringworm and dry, flaky skin.
What is the generic name for Torsemide?
Torsemide oral tablet is available as the brand-name drug Demadex and as a generic drug.
Does torsemide cause nausea?
Tell your doctor right away if you have any of these unlikely but serious side effects: muscle cramps, weakness, unusual tiredness, confusion, severe dizziness, fainting, drowsiness, unusual dry mouth/thirst, nausea, vomiting, fast/irregular heartbeat, unusual decrease in the amount of urine.
Where do I apply miconazole cream?
Vaginal miconazole comes as a cream or suppository to be inserted into the vagina. The cream may also be applied to the skin around the outside of the vagina. The suppositories are used as a one-time dose (Monistat 1) or once a day at bedtime for 3 days in a row (Monistat 3).
How quickly does miconazole work?
How fast does miconazole (Monistat) work? Most people will feel relief within the first 24 hours after using miconazole (Monistat). You should definitely feel some improvement within the first 3 days after starting miconazole (Monistat) and completely better within 7 days.
Does torsemide affect the kidneys?
Torsemide is used to help treat fluid retention (edema) and swelling that is caused by congestive heart failure, liver disease, kidney disease. It belongs to the group of medicines called loop diuretics (water pills). This medicine works by acting on the kidneys to increase the flow of urine.
Does torsemide make you sleepy?
This medication may cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance. Tell your doctor right away if you have any of these unlikely but serious side effects: muscle cramps, weakness, unusual tiredness, confusion, severe dizziness, fainting, drowsiness, unusual dry mouth/thirst, nausea, vomiting, fast/irregular heartbeat.
Does torsemide cause leg pain?
Tell your doctor right away if any of these rare but serious side effects occur: numbness/tingling/pain/redness/swelling of the arms/legs, hearing changes (such as ringing in the ears, temporary or permanent decreased hearing/deafness). A very serious allergic reaction to this drug is rare. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 44.djvu/196
PECHEY, JOHN (1655–1716), medical writer, whose name is also spelt Peachey and Peche, was son of William Pechey of Chichester, and was born in 1655. He entered at New Inn Hall, Oxford, in 1671, and graduated B.A. in 1675, M.A. in 1678. On 7 Nov. 1684 he applied for admission as a licentiate of the College of Physicians in London; his application was further considered on 5 Dec., and he was admitted on 22 Dec. 1684. He practised in the city of London, residing at the Angel and Crown in Basing Lane. His methods were those of an apothecary rather than of a physician, and on 15 Nov. 1688 he was summoned before the College of Physicians ‘upon printing bills signifying his removal and shilling fee, and putting up a board of notice to the people with his name over his dore.’ He was admonished, but on 7 Dec. 1688, the board remaining over his door as formerly, and he not having ceased ‘spargere cartulas,’ the censors fined him 4l. On 4 Jan. he declined to pay, and on 17 Jan. 1689 he had no further excuse than that ‘other have broake our statutes besides’ himself, and was fined 8l. for his second contempt. On 30 July 1689 he took the oaths and declaration, and his autograph signature remains in the original record at the College of Physicians as ‘Joh. Peachey.’ In 1692 he published two books, ‘Collections of Acute Diseases, in five parts,’ and ‘A Collection of Chronical Diseases.’ The first treats of smallpox, measles, plague, and other febrile disorders, of rheumatism, apoplexy, and lethargy; and the second, of colic, hysteria, gout, and hæmaturia. He published in 1693 ‘Promptuarium Praxeos Medicæ,’ in Latin—a compendium of medicine with many prescriptions given in full. The book ends with an admonition or puff of ‘Pilulæ catharticæ nostræ,’ which ‘venales prostant’ at his own house in Basing Lane. He next published ‘The Compleat Herbal of Physical Plants’ and ‘The Storehouse of Physical Practice.’ Another edition of the former appeared in 1707, and of the latter, with slightly altered title, in 1697. In 1696 he published ‘A General Treatise of the Diseases of Maids, Big-bellied Women, Childbed Women, and Widows’—a compilation without any original observations. All these were brought out by his original publisher, Henry Bonwicke, and slightly varied parts of some of them appeared as separate works. In the same year he published the book by which he is best known—a vigorous and idiomatic translation of ‘the whole works’ of Sydenham. The preface, which contains a short account of Sydenham, is dated from the Angel and Crown in Basing Lane, 12 Oct. 1695, and on the last page is an advertisement of Pechey's pills, sold at his house at 1s. 6d. the box. A seventh edition of this translation appeared in 1717, and an eleventh in 1740. Pechey moved into Bow Lane, Cheapside, near his former house, and the last list, at the College of Physicians, in which his name appears is that of 1716.
He has often been confused with John Peachi or Pechey, who was a doctor of medicine of Caen in Normandy, and was admitted an extra-licentiate of the College of Physicians on 26 July 1683 (original record at College of Physicians). This physician is stated in a manuscript note on the title-page of a pamphlet in the library of the Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society to be the ‘doctor of physick in Gloucestershire’ who wrote ‘Some Observations made upon the Root called Casmunar,’ reprinted in London in 1693. Several other pharmacological tracts are attributed to him without satisfactory proof, and many of them contain internal evidence of another authorship. That he practised outside London is certain, as his name never appears in the College of Physicians' lists, in which at that time extra-licentiates were not included (Manuscript Annals or Minutes of Proceedings at the College of Physicians, 1683–9).
PECK, FRANCIS (1692–1743), antiquary, younger son of Robert and Elizabeth Peck, was born in the parish of St. John the Baptist at Stamford, Lincolnshire, on 4 May 1692, and baptised in St. John's on 12 May. His mother's maiden name was Jephson, and his father is believed to have been a prosperous farmer. He entered Trinity College, Cambridge, at the age of fifteen, and graduated B.A. in 1709, and M.A. in 1713. On leaving Cambridge he took holy orders, and in 1719 became curate of Kingscliff in | WIKI |
Talk:Cog (advertisement)/Archive 1
old discussion
Can anyone confirm that this was never shown on US television due to the cost of such a long segment? -- Darac 13:42, 3 Feb 2004 (UTC)
Nope. i saw it on a news station once, so i had the eviable position of being one of the only people that caught it, unless you watched NBC or CNN or something like that. -- SabinFigaro 11:13 AM, May 20, 2005
* I have also seen it on TV, I thought it ran during some big time event, but I do remember seeing it in it's entirety as an actual advertisement. I personally wouldn't want to buy the car either way, but it made me go "Wow, this commericial is sweet." PirateMonkey 00:06, 26 February 2006 (UTC)
What years was it produced/aired in? Circeus 02:26, August 16, 2005 (UTC)
* 2003 was it's main run; I first saw it in full at the cinema before The Matrix Reloaded, it got into Channel 4's Top TV Treats Of 2003 and then mostly disappeared. Kinitawowi 20:36, August 18, 2005 (UTC)
* I think the last time I saw it was on the 29th December 2004, when ITV1 were showing Star Wars Episode IV. For some reason the entire ad-break consisted of nothing but Honda adverts, and that was one of the adverts shown. BillyH 15:45, 21 December 2005 (UTC)
You´re just plain s_tupid.
Relevancy, berevity, be damned: would somebody like to name each car part in the secquence? Are they all from the advertised model? Are they all honda/acura? <IP_ADDRESS> 21:51, 24 September 2006 (UTC)
Link
I am adding a link to the flash version. --Shell 02:49, 9 January 2006 (UTC)
Method
I think it's stop-motion. --Anonymous, 08:42, 10 January 2006 (UTC)
* Stop thinking. --Jeffrey O. Gustafson - Shazaam! - <*> 02:22, 18 June 2006 (UTC)
Sporting Trick External Link
I don't think the link is necessary. It has little or nothing to do with the article. Ben 21:09, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
This is the link I had in mind: I'm removing it. Any questions or objections? Ben 21:10, 22 September 2006 (UTC)
* Sporting Trick Video on Google Video
The Way Things Go
I recently saw part of Fischli/Weiss's The Way Things Go at The Lowry gallery in Salford and I have to admit, Cog bears more than a passing resemblance to it. In fact the similarity is blatant - although in many ways the range of interactions in the Fischli/Weiss film is rather more clever. -- Solipsist 15:21, 20 November 2006 (UTC)
* There should probably be a reference to Fischli and Weiss in the opening paragraph of this article. The commercial does not contain some similarities to their work, it is a deliberate homage or, if they were not paid or credited, a blatant rip-off. That said, Fischli and Weiss were probably fans of Mouse Trap (board game) as children.Terwilliger 19:24, 27 November 2006 (UTC)
Official Honda Website
Can someone find and provide the link to the ad on the official Honda site? —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:00, 5 April 2007 (UTC).
Name of Cog?
I have heard a few reasons why it's called cog. Some have said because of the gear in a car which is first seen in the commercial. Others have said center of gravity, possibly suggesting the car's center of gravity shifting at the end to finalize the scene. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Ucla1989 (talk • contribs) 08:51, 4 June 2008 (UTC)
Correction of "606 takes" misconception.
(First time participating in a Wikipedia edit ... still trying to figure out how to do things correctly, properly cite, etc.)
Many media reports stated the ad required 606 takes to complete. Antoine Bardou-Jacquet, the ad's director, replies "That was just us messing around in the 'making of' video. We put 606 on the clapper board as a joke and everyone in the press picked up on it and thought it was for real. In reality, it was probably 20 or so takes each day for the five-day shoot." http://www.brandrepublic.com/News/181579/ Dolcent (talk) 07:51, 6 July 2008 (UTC)
No way this is real
I know snopes has “confirmed” that Honda said it's real, but I'm sorry I just don't believe it. It's an elaborate hoax. I am experienced in CGI, and this has all the tell-tale signs of 3D computer graphics/3D rendering. The reflections and textures are too perfect looking and look like Ray tracing (graphics) and the motion of the objects is too perfect (motion is too springy and smooth) and looks like Dynamical simulation). I will believe it when I see the unedited video of the takes with humans setting it up or humans holding cameras etc. And why would an ad agency go through the horror of setting this kind of thing up when you could do the equivalent with CGI for cheaoper and quicker. Sorry, but ad agencies are about makung money, not about doing something "cool". Lastly, the director Antoine Bardou-Jacquet is known for CGI work and his bio says "He is constantly creating new concepts for CGI and is working on new ideas for film making". It's a hoax. Flame me all you want, but i wont believe it until I see some proof. Repliedthemockturtle (talk) 15:37, 22 April 2009 (UTC)
* So what you're saying is, this looks shopped. You can tell from the pixels, and from seeing quite a few shops in your time. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:03, 18 May 2009 (UTC)
* I totally agree with you that this is CGI. I thought it was rather obvious, it looks like a Michael Bay movie. I came to Wikipedia for this reason, because I couldn't believe it when they said it took them 606 tries to succeed. That would be way too expensive compared to the costs of CGI. (OK, someone above said that the 606 takes weren't true, but still) I saw the ad right after footage from the movie 'Der Lauf der Dinge', by which it was 'inspired'. I know that movie is from 1987, but just look at the HUGE visual differences. Do the makers really think we're so stupid we don't know what reality looks like anymore? Just like you I won't believe it until I see proof.(<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:18, 13 June 2009 (UTC))
Notes from rewrite
Howdy! Just finished pasting the new version of the article from my Sandbox. A few things to note from the rewrite:
* Budget: Some argument about what the budget was exactly. Not helped by the fact that W+K didn't release the official figure. Figures range from the £1m linked in the article (and in several other sources) through £800k down to £750k ([]). When it's mentioned at all, the £1m figure seems the most common, though that may be just because it's a nice round number.
* Number of takes: The number used by most members of the press was 606, taken from the clapboard on the making-of. Bardou-Jacquet admits that this figure was facetious and that it was actually ~20 takes a day. HOWEVER, Ben Walker mentions in the Adweek interview reffed in the article that the actual figure was 70-80 over the two days (35-40 per day), with a total of about 600 over the entire production schedule. Need to decide who to believe, or just make the number of takes more vague.
* Lawsuit: A lot of media outlets reported that the Swedish artists were in the process of sueing the makers of Cog. However, as the links provided in the article attest, that was a misconception. The pair sent a letter (via their lawyer) complaining about the use of their work, but the letter was never followed up.
* Breakfast Cereal: the reference provided for the "Sugar Puffs parody" actually says that the cereal was "Sugar Snaps". There is no cereal brand by that name, and W+Ks optimism blog corrects the assertion and points to the ad being for "Sugar Puffs" (and I'm sure more than a few of you remember the ad yourself. It was the one with the Honey Monster using the convoluted breakfast contraption.) Sadly, blogs, even official ones, don't really rate as Reliable Sources, so I'm not sure how to correctly ref that sentence.
* Most awarded ad: Could really, really do with getting hold of a copy of the Guinness Book of World Records where the ad is mentioned. I know the fact is true, but could do with a more reliable source to back it up. Also: not entirely sure whether Grrr (the only possible contender since) beat Cog out of its record, or whether it still holds it.
* Negative criticism: Aside from the plagiarism accusation, Cog *was* pretty much universally beloved by the advertising community. However, back when I was digging up sources, I did find one authoritative commentator (in Adweek? AdAge? something like that) moaning that Cog was the latest in big-budget wastes of time. to make it better, the article was trashed by another critic from another publication. Could really do with something to balance out the slightly hagiographical tone that the Reception section has, but I can't seem to find the article any more. If anyone else has a subscription to the online trade journals, please lend a hand and help me track down some negative criticism!
Just a note, but what's currently up on the article page is a rough first draft. It needs a LOT of copyediting. I'm hoping some MP exposure via the DYK feature will encourage some souls to pitch in. If not, I'll probably get back to it in a few months when I can see it with fresh eyes, and maybe push this up the assessment chain. For now, enjoy the ad and the article! GeeJo (t)⁄(c) • 22:32, 7 September 2009 (UTC)
* Pull quotes: I think the article has enough decoration, but in case anyone disagrees, here are a few pull quotes I thought about using but never did:
* "This is a viral success story; more specifically, it is a viral creative success story, demonstrating that a great idea knows no boundaries, formats or restrictions." - imed
* "We wanted to get someone who was a bloody genius, who understood film and who could capture what we wanted. That's why we got Antoine Bardou-Jacquet involved." - Ben Walker, http://www.allbusiness.com/marketing-advertising/4202298-1.html
* "My own opinion is that this is the best commercial that I have seen for at least ten years." - Charles Inge, chairman of BTAA jury (chairman's foreword)
* "Of course we didn't invent the chain reaction and Cog is obviously a different thing. But we did make a film the creatives of the Honda ad have obviously seen. We feel we should have been consulted about the making of this ad," - Fischli
* "It is difficult to say it was plagiarised because we are all influenced by something else. This was chosen because of its ability to surprise the viewer. It took hundreds of rehearsals because there were no special effects used. It got a lot of free publicity because people were so interested in how it was made that in the end it paid for itself." - Steven Davies, chief executive of the APA -
Quotation marks/italics
Having just reverted a change from italics to quotation marks around Cog, I thought I'd explain my reasoning here. While the list at Manual of Style (titles) doesn't include commercials specifically, it does indicate that titles for articles on film-based media (documentaries, feature-length films, television series, televised plays, etc.) should be italicised. If you take away the sponsored production of Cog or any other commercial, they are essentially short films. A quick browse of Category:Short films shows that the consensus is that titles of articles on such material should be italicised. There's also a fair amount of precedent within articles on advertisements, including the only FA in the category, noitulovE. Finally, if the decision to switch over is made, it needs to be consistent throughout the article. The version reverted had only changed Cog to "Cog", leaving all other titles (Sense, Tipping Point, etc.) unaltered. GeeJo (t)⁄(c) • 21:44, 4 March 2010 (UTC)
* I won't revert it as I'll leave it up to you to make the call, but I did consider the fact that advertisements are often regarded as short films – I should have pointed out that short films are explicitly listed at Manual of Style (titles) as works whose titles should appear in quotation marks rather than italics. You're right that the articles in Category:Short films suggest a prevailing preference for italics, though Category:Television commercials is more split. –CapitalLetterBeginning (talk) 11:43, 5 March 2010 (UTC) | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Crack stem
The result was redirect to Crack cocaine. ‑Scottywong | squeal _ 17:20, 26 March 2013 (UTC)
Crack stem
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
This is an orphaned page, with no incoming links except from Stem (a disambiguation page). It has not been significantly edited since 2008. It does not have any references, and has been tagged as such for five years. Its content consists of a dictionary definition and a paragraph that discusses legal technicalities. Wikipedia cannot provide legal advice, and this paragraph is unsourced anyway. —Bkell (talk) 02:51, 18 March 2013 (UTC)
* Redirect to crack cocaine and merge any useful content to a paraphernalia section. Crack pipe already redirects there. There aren't many reliable sources that address crack stems directly and in detail (this one's okay) though they are sold in convenience stores in urban areas and it is a plausible search term. Gobōnobō + c 03:43, 18 March 2013 (UTC)
* Comment Although I can find references using the term, there's not much defining it. The article Love rose is also related (the rose's tube is used as a crack stem). Possibly merge both into Crack, or merge/redirect this to Love rose, which is referenced a little. --Colapeninsula (talk) 12:42, 19 March 2013 (UTC)
| WIKI |
From fighting off the French colonials in the 1940s, until the fall of Saigon in 1975- war dominated Vietnam in the last century. America's involvement began when France tried to reestablish control during the French Indochina War. From the unmoral support of leaders like Nguyen Van Thieu and Ngo Dinh Diem to the My Lai Massacre and the Invasion of Cambodia, the US’s decisions were clouded with bad judgment and resulted in civil unrest and international embarrassment. The war the east refers to as the “American war” and the west as the “Vietnam war” was a cold war-era military conflict that occurred in Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia, from 1st November 1955 to 30th April 1975. The wars belligerents were …show more content…
After Tet, things changed. Difficult questions were being raised. The Offensive had shown the home front that despite what Westmoreland and other representatives of the Johnson administration had been claiming, it was clear a long struggle still lay ahead. The medias approach changed. Walter Cronkite, the most famous TV journalist in the US, stated that he now thought the war to be unwinnable. After Tet TV journalists pounced on the Vietnam War, people were seeing shocking images of executions and warfare in their living room. This triggered massive antiwar protests all over the country, from large organizations of Civil Rights campaigners and Student groups. For a war on such a scale, America had to have the support of its public. Which is why the loss of American public support was a major factor to why the war failed.
The doubts about US involvement in the Vietnam War were not only felt by the media and the public but by the US troops themselves. Low moral, disobedience and inexperience were big problems in the army. The troops were made up of men that for the most part had never been in the military before, with the average age of 19. They were mainly drafted men, graduates, college dropouts and a large proportion of black people. The brutality of war was shocking and often too much for them to deal with. Many of the troops reportedly used drugs and alcohol to combat the psychological traumas | FINEWEB-EDU |
User:Johnandersonvcu
John Anderson (AKA Wondrous Kazak)
Richmond Virginia
Son of Richard and Mary
Brother of Ross, Eric, and Richard
Uncle of Stephen, Wesley, Jesse, Sam, Mike, and Lisa
Master of my own universe | WIKI |
Domnall Ua Finn
Domnall Ua Finn (died 1195), Bishop of Clonfert.
Ua Finn (later Ó Finn or Finn) derived from the Irish fionn, meaning fair or fair-haired. From the medieval annals, the surname appears to have arisen independently in at least three distinct areas: in Oriel; in Ui Fiachrach Aidhne in what is now County Galway and in Uí Fiachrach Muaidhe in what is now County Sligo. All three families were unrelated. The Galway family were based around Kilcolgan in the south of the county, where they were hereditary abbots of Kilcolgan. The date of Ua Finn's appointment is uncertain; the Annals of the Four Masters, citing him as Coarb of Clonfert-Brendan, records his death sub anno 1195. | WIKI |
User:Nahpetsl/Eras of genome research
Eras of genome research ... Research investigating the human genome has been and will be conducted in three rough time periods ('eras'), that differ substantially regarding the research tools available and the character of research. Human genetic research is presently in the 'post-genome era'.
Pre-genome era This period started with the discovery of the structure of DNA by Watson and Crick and lasted for about 50 years, to the end of the 20th century.
Post-genome era The post-genome era started with the publication of the first draft sequence assembly of the human genome and is presently under way.
Synthetic-genome era During this era of genetic reserach, the focus will shift from the investigation of natural human and other mammmalian genomes to the construction of sequence-defined new genomes for cells and tissues with tailored features, suited to, e.g., reconstructive medicine. Such research is presently not yet possible. | WIKI |
Let's end preventable maternal and child deaths worldwide in the next decade | TheHill
Less than a year after giving birth to twin boys, Melanie Atieno’s health worker delivered troubling news: both of Melanie’s sons were malnourished. Melanie felt frustrated. She did not know how to get her sons the nutrients they needed to thrive, and she was not alone – even when many mothers in the developing world have enough food for their children, the traditional diet lacks important nutrients like Vitamin D and iron. In Kenya, where Melanie and her family live, over one-quarter of all children under five are stunted, a sign of chronic malnutrition. This trend is reflected in too many developing countries around the world. Nearly half of all child deaths worldwide are related to malnutrition. That amounts to nearly 2.4 million preventable deaths of children under the age of five every year. Children suffering from poor nutrition are more vulnerable to illnesses in their early years and into adulthood. Expectant mothers who are malnourished are at higher risk of bearing malnourished children, perpetuating an intergenerational cycle. Iron deficiency anemia, which is associated with malnutrition, contributes to 1 in 5 maternal deaths. While these dire statistics underscore how serious the issue remains, there is reason for hope. Over the past few decades, the world has made tremendous progress in reducing maternal and child mortality and improving global nutrition thanks to the United States’ leadership and a bipartisan commitment by Congress and multiple presidential administrations. In 2000, for example, about 200 million children five years old and younger were stunted as a result of chronic malnutrition in early childhood. By 2018, that number had dropped by nearly 50 million children, even though the global population increased. A vital program that has contributed to this success is a USAID neighborhood-based approach that helps mothers learn to prepare, cook, and feed their children nutritionally-balanced meals with locally available food items. This program helped Melanie Atieno in Kenya learn which foods would provide her sons with the nutrients they need and empowered her to improve their health and nutrition. She was able to help both her sons rise from malnourished to healthy weight status. Of the 116 children from two counties in Kenya who participated in the initial program with Melanie’s sons, about 92 percent reached their recommended weights. Due to this widespread success, USAID has expanded the approach to other counties throughout the African continent facing high rates of malnutrition. In an effort to build on this success and improve the health of mothers and children around the world, we recently introduced a resolution on global nutrition that applauds the USAID Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Strategy. This approach examines more effective ways to address both the direct and underlying causes of malnutrition. We know that good nutrition in early childhood saves lives and lays the foundation for healthy physical and cognitive growth and development. Investing in nutrition during the thousand days from a pregnancy’s beginning to a child’s second birthday is among the most cost-effective ways to strengthen human health and well-being. Studies also show that improved nutrition can increase a person’s lifetime earnings by 46 percent. Every dollar invested in a child’s early nutrition generates as much as $166 in lifetime benefits related to better health and productivity. We also recently reintroduced our bipartisan Reach Every Mother and Child Act of 2019, which aims to reach mothers and children with simple, proven, cost-effective interventions, led by the United States, that we know will help them survive. A concentrated effort could end preventable maternal and child deaths worldwide in the next decade. Despite modest increases over the last few years, our nation’s spending on global health programs remains less than a tenth of a percent of the entire federal budget. For several years, we have urged our colleagues to increase funding for programs that have a demonstrated impact on maternal and child health. These low-cost and effective interventions have helped save the lives of 50 million children, and this year, 35 senators from both parties joined us in the effort to help save even more. Funding for maternal and child health and global nutrition is among the most cost-effective, life-saving investments the United States can make. Assistance can take many forms, from education programs to providing specific foods and health care. When children and mothers thrive, so do the countries they live in—leading to greater economic and political stability for everyone. We encourage our colleagues in both the House and Senate to support continued U.S. leadership in these efforts. It is both the right and the smart thing to do. Collins is the senior senator from Maine and Coons is the junior senator from Delaware. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Arvind atom/sandbox
ARVIND ATOM
Arvind kumar was born on june 3 2000 he studed in lourdes school at cubbonpet bangalore and later higher studies in lorven collage in chandapura. | WIKI |
record-wrangler: Alter your records with ease
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Dependencies base (>=4.11 && <5), template-haskell [details]
License LicenseRef-Apache
Copyright 2019 Matt Parsons, Lumi
Author Matt Parsons
Maintainer parsonsmatt@gmail.com
Category Development
Home page https://github.com/lumihq/record-wrangler#readme
Bug tracker https://github.com/lumihq/record-wrangler/issues
Source repo head: git clone https://github.com/lumihq/record-wrangler
Uploaded by parsonsmatt at 2019-04-01T20:14:07Z
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Readme for record-wrangler-0.1.1.0
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record-wrangler
Build Status
This package uses TemplateHaskell to alter records in ways that may be convenient for you.
Inspiration
Let's say you've got a set of API types and a set of domain types. The API types define your HTTP contract, and you generically derive ToJSON and FromJSON instances from their field labels. They look like this:
data User = User
{ id :: Int
, name :: String
, age :: Int
}
data Dog = Dog
{ id :: Int
, name :: String
, toy :: FavoriteToy
, ownerId :: Int
}
The domain types for your business logic look a little different, though. The record fields are prefixed with an _ underscore character, to allow for lens derivation. We can pretend they have other differences that are relevant to internal details and irrelevant for showing off record-wrangler if that makes you feel better.
data Dog = Dog
{ _id :: Int
, _name :: String
, _toy :: FavoriteToy
, _ownerId :: Int
}
makeLenses ''Dog
data User = User
{ _id :: Int
, _name :: String
, _age :: Int
}
makeLenses ''User
If the record fields were the same, then we could just write the conversion function using RecordWildCards and it'd be fine:
convertUser Api.User{..} = Domain.User{..}
However, because the field labels are different, we have to do it manually:
convertUser Api.User{..} = Domain.User
{ _id = id
, _name = name
, _age = age
}
This is annoying and boilerplatey. I don't know about you, but I hate writing code, for every line of code I write is a chance to mess up. Let's use record-wrangler to make these conversions easier.
wrangle ''Api.User defWrangleOpts
{ fieldLabelModifier = \fieldStr -> '_' : fieldStr
}
This is going to take the Api.User type and modify it slightly. By default, we append a ' to the constructor name, type name, and field labels. Here, we've decided to prepend a _ character to the field label. It also generates a function wrangleUserToUser' which converts the old record to the modified one.
With the power of view patterns, our conversion function is now quite concise:
convertUser :: Api.User -> Domain.User
convertUser (wrangleUserToUser' -> User'{..}) = Domain.User{..} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How quickly see results from HIIT?
If you are looking to increase cardiovascular fitness and VO2 max, HIIT can offer results in 6-8 weeks. If you are looking to lose fat using HIIT, the results are 100% dependent on your ability to place yourself in a calorie deficit, which HIIT can help with, but is not the only factor involved in weight loss.
Do Heather Robertson’s workouts work?
Instead of treating it like it was optional, I treated it as a chore, something I had to do whether I liked in or not. It turns out, this was very effective for me and I worked out 3 times a week for the majority of 2021 including completing Heather Robertson’s 1.0 12-week workout programme, not once but twice!
What is the 30 day HIIT challenge?
Each 30 days of HIIT circuit is designed using the 30-20-10 model: You’ll do 30 seconds of moderate intensity, 20 seconds of increased intensity, and 10 seconds of give-it-all-you’ve-got intensity for each exercise followed by 30 seconds of rest before moving on to the next exercise.
How do I know if HIIT is working?
5 Ways To Know You’re Going Hard Enough With HIIT
1. Are You Out Of Breath? When you’re doing HIIT, you shouldn’t be able to hold a conversation.
2. Is Your Heart Rate Increasing?
3. Are You Feeling The Burn?
4. Are You Keeping It Short And Simple?
5. Are You Adding Restorative Work To Your Routine?
Why am I so hungry after HIIT workout?
“Leptin is also lower in those with less body fat. So if you are a really lean person doing HIIT workouts, you’ll likely feel hungry because you have less leptin.” In other words, your body knows it needs more food and is sending you signals to give you a heads up that it’s time to eat.
What type of exercise is Heather Robertson?
The majority of Heather’s workouts are metabolic strength workouts–you will build strength and muscle while also burning lots of calories. You do not need a lot of equipment to do Heather’s workouts. She has a lot of body weight workouts.
Which HIIT workout is best?
Best HIIT Workouts
• Push-ups.
• Sit-ups.
• Lunges.
• Crunches.
• Jumping jacks.
• High knees.
• Cable chops.
• Squat.
What is the benefit of HIIT workout?
Overall, HIIT produces many of the same health benefits as other forms of exercise in a shorter amount of time. These benefits include decreases in body fat, heart rate, and blood pressure. HIIT may also help lower blood sugar and improve insulin sensitivity.
What is 3030 days of HIIT?
30 Days of HIIT is a visual no-equipment fitness program designed for higher burn in a shorter period of time. If you’re looking for weight loss or muscle tone or just improved endurance but haven’t got a lot of spare time on your hands, then this program is the right one for you. Different HIIT routines will boost your metabolism…
Is HIIT the right program for You?
If you’re looking for weight loss or muscle tone or just improved endurance but haven’t got a lot of spare time on your hands, then this program is the right one for you. Different HIIT routines will boost your metabolism while challenging your cardio vascular system on a daily basis giving you better results faster in the comfort of your own home.
What is the best HIIT workout for You?
Cardio oriented HIIT workouts will help you get rid of the extra reserves in the midsection followed by ab work that will tighten up and work the muscles further. This program is ideal for anyone who hasn’t got much time to exercise and is interested in primarily tackling the midsection. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
雖も
Etymology 1
From. Attested since at least the of 759.
Analyzable as / of verb + inflectional suffix + particle.
The kanji spelling is from via kanbun.
Up through the, the reading ifu to mo was used specifically for hypothetical statements, while the iedo mo reading was used specifically for conditional statements. Over time, this distinction eroded, and by the, the iedo mo reading was used for both cases.
Conjunction
* 1) even though; despite; notwithstanding
Usage notes
Some style guides may proscribe the alternative spelling in formal contexts.
Etymology 2
From. Attested since at least the of 759.
Analyzable as verb + particle + particle.
Up through the, the reading ifu to mo was used specifically for hypothetical statements, while the iedo mo reading was used specifically for conditional statements. Over time, this distinction eroded, and by the, the iedo mo reading was used for both cases.
Conjunction
* 1) even though; despite; notwithstanding | WIKI |
Talk:Lycan
Spelling of 'Lycan'
I thought the plural of 'Lycan' was 'Lycan', especially as Lycan comes from Greek 'Lykanos' (this means 'wolf' which is where 'Lycaon' came from) and Greek plurals in English are often the same as the word.
Usage
Is the term lycan used anywhere apart from the Underworld series ? -- Beardo 14:34, 25 June 2006 (UTC)
On 3 October, the following was removed - perhaps accidentally:
* I doubt it. Personally I think this ought to be merged as a section into lycantrophy. --Joffeloff 20:57, 16 July 2006 (UTC)
restored 10 December
* I don't think so. but it doesn't matter personally I think this ought to be its own catagory, death dealer isn't used outside the movie but it has its own catagoryAlso characters and races in other movies usually have their own section, so why not leave it the way it is. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) on 3 October
* I don't see that the article needs to go - but it needs to be written more in an out-of-universe style - and make clear what universe is being dealt with. -- Beardo 13:48, 10 December 2006 (UTC)
Okay, Ive given cleaning up the article my best shot, and I think it looks alot better now. I'd be appreciative if someone could look it over and say what they think. Regards.SMegatron 13:32, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
{i have heard the term "lycan" used in soomething other then the underworld seris it was a huge book i found at the library in the anciant history section it was called "the lycan" it was a fasinatiing book although some of was in latin wich i can read a little but not a lot!.. agl243}
I've seen the word used to describe similar beings in video games (the knightsonline mmorpg comes to mind), I don't feel this should be deleted since there are plenty of other wikipedia entries relating only to fictional topics. it's also been commented that it should be be erased for lack of citation, but since the artical was written only as it relates to the underworld movie franchise I'd say that qualifies as hte only necisary source for most of the document, aside from word origin
Origin of word
Surely the word comes from the ancient Greek lykánthropos (λυκάνθρωπος): λύκος, lýkos ("wolf") + άνθρωπος, ánthrōpos ("man") not from Lycaon ? -- Beardo 14:45, 25 June 2006 (UTC)
According to Sci Fi/Fantasy writer Laurell K. Hamilton the term lycan is supposed to be a plant. The term lycanthropy is supposed to refer the were-wolves tales. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Danar (talk • contribs) on 28 August 2006
lichen is the plant and it isn't really a plant it is a symbiotic alge and fungus shouldnt wikipedia have a section on it or something? Plant-like colonies of fungi and algae that grow on the exposed surface of rocks. Lichen grow at a constant rate within a single geographic area. college.hmco.com/geology/resources/geologylink/glossary/l.html
it is already here: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichen —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) on 3 October 2006
* That sounds like a bad joke made by a panellists at an SF con. -- Beardo 13:55, 10 December 2006 (UTC)
Fair use rationale for Image:Williamlycanelder.JPG
Image:Williamlycanelder.JPG is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.
BetacommandBot 12:21, 6 July 2007 (UTC)
Prod
Don't see how the criteria exclude this, it's about a common theme through a two films,so doesn't fit neatly as a section in eihter of them written in out of universe perspective, what's the problem? --Nate1481(t/c) 11:14, 26 July 2007 (UTC) | WIKI |
> How to > Todo Backup Resource > Use Freeware to Clone HDD/SSD to Hybrid Drive (Seagate SSHD)
Use Freeware to Clone HDD/SSD to Hybrid Drive (Seagate SSHD)
Oct 12, 2017 / Posted by Jean to Todo Backup Resource
Summary:
When you decided to clone HDD to hybrid drive or clone SSD to hybrid drive, like Seagate SSHD, do not miss the most popular as well as the best cloning software this year.
About Hybrid Drive (SSHD)
Nowadays, HDD and SSD are so familiar to all modern users. With the prevalence of solid state drives that works to improve computer performance while being provided with higher price and smaller capacity than the traditional hard disk drives, a new technology has emerged. it's called solid state hybrid drive, short for SSHD, and the most reputable SSHD producer is Seagate.
What can you benefit from a hybrid drive exactly? Imagine this. You got a laptop with SSD installed but soon it's slowing down due to insufficient storage space, or you're a frenzy game player who demands a high-performance laptop with ample disk storage. As long as you require both the speed and performance from SSD, meanwhile the mass storage space from HDD, SSHD is an ideal choice. By then, you don't necessarily to swap the machine at all.
How to Upgrade Computer HDD/SSD to Hybrid Drive Free?
The new SSHD technology utilizes a little solid state storage but combines with the traditional hard disk drive, altogether providing the uunprecedented user experience. Most of all, it doesn't cost too much. Sounds incredible? It's easy to upgrade to SSHD in fact, only three steps will do.
• Select a proper solid state hybrid drive according to your own needs.
• Clone all necessary information from the old HDD or SSD to the new hybrid drive.
• Remove the old drive and replace it with the new drive.
Choose the best cloning software
After having an ideal SSHD at hand, you're now supposed to choose a disk cloning software that assists this SSHD upgrading job the best. EaseUS Todo Backup with its clone feature is great, and it shall fully meet all your requirement in cloning HDD/SSD to SSHD in a super easy and fast way, without worrying that cloned hard drive won't boot problem occurs.
Here download EaseUS free backup software as well as disk cloning software.
Go through the cloning process to clone HDD/SSD to SSHD
Connect both your old HDD/SSD and SSHD to the desktop or laptop via the correct cable. Launch EaseUS Todo Backup so you're ready to go.
Step 1. On the main window, go directly to the Clone option.
click clone to clone hdd/ssd to hybrid drive
Step 2. Choose the source disk (your old HDD/SSD) and then click Next.
choose the hdd/ssd as the source disk
Step 3. Choose your new SSHD as the destination disk. Tick Sector by sector clone, with it, you can clone all sectors from source disk to the destination disk. You are allowed to preview the disk layout in advance, then click Proceed "to clone the disk.
choose the sshd as the destination disk
After the cloning process finished, you have done all the transfer task and successfully cloned HDD/SSD to the hybrid drive. Set the SSHD as the boot drive now. Enjoy. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Dorchester Park
More than one Dorchester Park!
Dorchester Park is also a large lake-front park in Broome County, NY. (http://www.gobroomecounty.com/parks/dorchester)
Perhaps there is a need to create separate pages to distinguish these parks or turn this into a disambig page. --Sanya3 (talk) 06:29, 15 October 2012 (UTC)
* Since this one is on the National Register, I would be inclined to create the other one as Dorchester Park, Broome County, NY (or something similar), keep this one as is, and put a hatnote on this one. . . Jim - Jameslwoodward (talk to me • contribs) 22:57, 16 October 2012 (UTC) | WIKI |
Setting things up
Installation
Debian and ubuntu
A binary debian repository provides trousseau packages for i386, x86_64 and arm architectures, so you can easily install it. Just add the repository to your sources.list:
$ echo "deb http://dl.bintray.com/oleiade/deb /" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/trousseau.list
And you’re ready to go:
$ sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install trousseau
OSX
Homebrew
If you’re using homebrew just proceed to installation using the provided formula:
$ brew install trousseau.rb
Et voila!
Macports
Coming soon (Don’t be shy, if you feel like you could do it, just send pull request ;) )
Build it
1. First, make sure you have a Go language compiler >= 1.1.2 (mandatory) and git installed.
2. Make sure you have the following go system dependencies in your $PATH: bzr, svn, hg, git
3. Then, just build and copy the ./bin/trousseau executable to a system PATH location
make
sudo cp ./bin/trousseau /usr/local/bin/trousseau
Prerequisities
Gpg passphrase
Every decryption operations will require your gpg primary key passphrase.
As of today, trousseau is able to handle your passphrase through multiple ways:
• system’s keyring manager
• gpg-agent daemon
• system environment
• --passphrase global option
Keyring manager
Supported system keyring manager are osx keychain access and linux gnome secret-service and gnome-keychain (more might be added in the future on demand). To use the keyring manager you will need to set up the TROUSSEAU_KEYRING_SERVICE environment variable to the name of they keyring manager key holding the trousseau main gpg key passphrase.
$ export TROUSSEAU_KEYRING_SERVICE=my_keyring_key
$ trousseau get abc
Gpg agent
Another authentication method supported is gpg-agent. In order to use it make sure you’ve started the gpg-agent daemon and exported the GPG_AGENT_INFO variable, trousseau will do the rest.
$ export GPG_AGENT_INFO=path_to_the_gpg_agent_info_file
$ export TROUSSEAU_MASTER_GPG_ID=myid@mymail.com
$ trousseau get abc
Environment variable
Alternatively, you can pass your primary key passphrase as TROUSSEAU_PASSPHRASE environment variable:
$ export TROUSSEAU_PASSPHRASE=mysupperdupperpassphrase
$ trousseau get abc
Passphrase global option
Ultimately, you can pass you gpg passphrase through the command line global option:
$ trousseau --passhphrase mysupperdupperpassphrase get abc
Environment
Trousseau behavior can be controlled through the system environment:
• TROUSSEAU_STORE : if you want to have multiple trousseau data store, set this environment variable to the path of the one you want to use. Default is $HOME/.trousseau | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Lieutenant Governor of Kentucky
The lieutenant governor of Kentucky was created under the state's second constitution, which was ratified in 1799. The inaugural officeholder was Alexander Scott Bullitt, who took office in 1800 following his election to serve under James Garrard in 1799. The lieutenant governor becomes governor of Kentucky under circumstances similar to those under which the vice president of the United States assumes the presidency. The current lieutenant governor is Democrat Jacqueline Coleman, who has been office since December 10, 2019.
Duties of the Kentucky lieutenant governor
As specified in Kentucky Revised Statute 11.400, it states:
11.400 Duties of Lieutenant Governor. (1) In addition to the duties prescribed for the office by the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Kentucky, the duties of the Lieutenant Governor shall be as follows: (a) To serve as vice chairman of the State Property and Buildings Commission as prescribed by KRS 56.450; (b) To serve as vice chairman of the Kentucky Turnpike Authority as prescribed in KRS 175.430; (c) To serve as a member of the Kentucky Council on Agriculture in accordance with KRS 247.417; (d) To appoint one (1) member of the Public Officials' Compensation Commission as provided in KRS 64.742; (e) To serve as a member of the Board of the Kentucky Housing Corporation in accordance with KRS 198A.030; and (f) To serve as a member of Kentucky delegations on the following interstate compact commissions or boards: 1. The Southern Growth Policies Board as prescribed by KRS 147.585; 2. The Breaks Interstate Park Commission as provided in KRS 148.225; 3. The Falls of the Ohio Interstate Park Commission pursuant to KRS 148.242; 4. The Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway Development Authority pursuant to KRS 182.305; 5. The Interstate Water Sanitation Control Commissions as prescribed by KRS 224.18-710; and 6. The Kentucky Mining Advisory Council for the Interstate Mining Compact as provided by KRS 350.310. (2) Nothing in this section shall prohibit the Governor and Lieutenant Governor from agreeing upon additional duties within the executive branch of the state government to be performed by the Lieutenant Governor. Effective: June 26, 2007
Changes by 1992 amendment
The role and powers of the lieutenant governor of Kentucky were altered by a 1992 amendment to the Constitution of Kentucky. Prior to that 1992 amendment to the Constitution of Kentucky the lieutenant governor became acting governor at any time that the governor was outside of the commonwealth. Lieutenant governors Thelma Stovall (1975–1979) and Happy Chandler (1931–1935) engaged in high-profile use of their powers as acting governor when the elected governor was out of the commonwealth.
Also prior to the 1992 amendment of the Constitution of Kentucky, the lieutenant governor of Kentucky presided over the Kentucky Senate, casting a vote only in the event of a tie. The 1992 constitutional amendment supplanted the office of President pro tempore of the Kentucky Senate with the new office of President of the Kentucky Senate as presiding officer and abolished the lieutenant governor's duties involving the Senate. As a result, the lieutenant governor has no ongoing constitutional duties, and his or her traditional use of the Old Governor's Mansion as an official residence has been phased out.
Candidates for governor and lieutenant governor in Kentucky run together on party slates. This is the result of the same 1992 constitutional amendment; prior to that the candidates for both offices ran separately and, as a result, sometimes the two elected to those offices were not allies and did not work together. This was famously highlighted when then-Lt. Gov. A. B. "Happy" Chandler in 1935 and then-Lt. Gov. Thelma Stovall in 1978 called the Kentucky General Assembly into session to enact legislation that was not advocated by the governors at the time (Ruby Laffoon and Julian Carroll, respectively). In 1967 a Republican, Louie Nunn, was elected governor and a Democrat, Wendell H. Ford, was elected lieutenant governor; they served together in that way for four years.
List of lieutenant governors
Some accounts also indicate that Kentucky's Confederate government had one lieutenant governor, Horatio F. Simrall, who was elected at the Russellville Convention in 1861. Simrall fled to Mississippi shortly thereafter. | WIKI |
HOMESIZES
Discord icon size in 2020
LAST UPDATE
December 10, 2019
You decided to put an icon to make the Discord server more beautiful, but you don't know the one? Here is the discord icon size information for you. Scroll down.
Although discord supports loading more than one size icon, it would make sense to select and install an image of the smallest size.
Discord supports more than one size. Here are the discord icon sizes you can use: 128×128, 256 x 256, 512 x 512
Discord Server Logo Size
If you want to change the discord server logo, here is the right size.
512x512
Discord Server Picture Size
If you want, you can customize the discord server by changing the background photo. So you will feel more at home.
Here Discord server picture size information
1920x1080
Because anyway, whatever size you install, the discord will reduce the size. The reason for this is to prevent the software from slowing down with unnecessary file sizes.
There's more than one benefit to putting an icon on Discord servers. First of all, you can quickly determine the purpose of installing the server with a related image.
To find what you're looking for dozens of servers in the icon works.
Rather than searching for which server is where you can divide your energy into issues that are important to your business.
Discord was founded in 2015, but the number of users has increased very quickly.
The reason for this rapid rise is that it solves a straightforward and tremendously necessary problem. What is this problem? Players cannot communicate well when playing video games. Discord provided this opportunity.
If the Discord icon changes to you in the coming years, I will update this article as well.
If you are interested in design, I suggest you check out the random palette generator.
Copied👏 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Grandville (graphic novel)
Grandville is the first of a planned five-part British graphic novel series written and drawn by Bryan Talbot. Published on 15 October 2009, it is a mixture of the steampunk, alternative history and thriller genres. It is set in a world in which France won the Napoleonic Wars and invaded Britain, and in which the world is populated mostly by anthropomorphic animals. The book follows a British anthropomorphic badger, Detective Inspector Archie LeBrock of Scotland Yard, investigating a murder which leads him to visit Paris in order to solve the crime, which itself leads him to uncover a political conspiracy.
Development
Talbot writes in his book that Grandville is inspired by the work of Jean Ignace Isidore Gérard, who worked under the name J.J. Grandville, and Albert Robida. He states he is also inspired by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Rupert Bear and Quentin Tarantino. References are made to them in the book. For example, there is a building called "Robida Tower" and an early scene set in England takes place in a village called "Nutwood", the setting of the Rupert Bear stories.
Grandville makes several references to modern day political events. There are references to the War on Terror, weapons of mass destruction and the September 11 attacks. There are also references to other works, such as The Adventures of Tintin.
Setting
Grandville is set in a steampunk world, featuring steam-powered motor vehicles, air transport, robots (known as "Automatons") and televisions. In this world, Britain lost the Napoleonic War and was invaded by France, and the British Royal Family were guillotined. Britain was later given independence from the French Empire following "a prolonged campaign of civil disobedience and anarchist bombings." Following independence, Britain became "The Socialist Republic of Britain". 23 years later, by which time the English is only spoken in rural communities, Britain is linked to the French Empire by the Channel railway bridge, and Paris is the biggest city in the world.
The vast population in Grandville are anthropomorphic animals. Humans do exist, however. Having evolved in Angoulême, they are referred to by the French as "doughfaces". This is most likely because compared to animal facial features, human faces appear as pale and smooth, reminiscent of the dough substances used to make bread. Having never gained citizens' rights, and are considered menial workers. They are not allowed passports and so have never made it to Britain.
Story
The book begins with a chase in the streets of Paris, also known as Grandville, in which British diplomat Raymond Leigh-Otter (an otter) escapes from a group of assassins. The action then cuts to Leigh-Otter's house, in which he is found shot dead and the local police are inspecting the body. Detective Inspector Archie LeBrock of Scotland Yard, a large, heavily built badger, arrives with his assistant, Detective Roderick Ratzi (a rat), and deduces that Leigh-Otter was in fact murdered, after LeBrock notices that Leigh-Otter is holding the gun in his right paw when in fact he is left-handed. Thus, they go to Paris in order to investigate.
After LeBrock and Ratzi check into their hotel, they learn that Leigh-Otter often met up with a female guest, Coco (a very attractive cat), the dresser for music hall star Sarah Blairow (a badger). After further investigation they learn that others have also committed suicide, including Coco. As LeBrock goes to meet Sarah, he finds that some assassins have come to kill her. LeBrock gets rid of them and learns that they are working for an organisation called "The Knights of Lyon". LeBrock tells Sarah to go into hiding while he and Ratzi try to solve the case.
While LeBrock attempts to find more information by interviewing the British ambassador, Honourable Citizen Turtell (a tortoise), Ratzi learns the Knights of Lyon are a medieval religious cult possibly connected to the Knights Templar. They visit the Robida Tower ground zero site, which had been bombed by British anarchists, causing tension between Britain and France. Two assassins approach LeBrock, who makes his way to a Turkish bath. LeBrock stops them and learns that the assassins do not know who they are working for, knowing them only as "The Knights". LeBrock kills them.
Ratzi investigates another of the suicides, that of Professor Tope (a mole), pioneer of automaton engineering. After talking to his son, they learn he had an assistant called Snowy Milou (white Wire Fox Terrier). After searching Tope's old lab, LeBrock receives a telephone call from Sarah asking him to visit, because she is worried about her safety. She seduces LeBrock after he arrives and the two make love.
The next day, LeBrock learns that Milou has become an opium addict and drug dealer. Ratzi uncovers a photograph which features Tope and several other public figures: Jean-Marie Lapin (a rabbit), a far-right nationalist politician and now Prime Minister who came to power following the bombing of Robida Tower, promising a "War on Terror"; Madame Krupp (a wombat), an arms manufacturer and newspaper owner; the Archbishop of Paris (a chimpanzee); Reinhardt (a rhinoceros) the Minister for War; and Hyen (a hyena), Chief of Police and Secret Service. LeBrock believes they are the Knights of Lyon and goes to investigate the Archbishop.
LeBrock meets up with Milou and learns from him the whereabouts of the Archbishop. LeBrock and Ratzi capture the Archbishop, tie him to a chair and threaten to kill him by setting fire to him. LeBrock deduces that the attack on Robida Tower was organised by the Archbishop and the other Knights (with the help of Tope), who used the British anarchists as scapegoats. Under pressure, the Archbishop tells them that they did it because they believed they could protect French society from decadency and atheism by uniting them against a common enemy. An attempt to unite the people by having a war in French Indo-China had failed, so the Knights began to spread stories of a British super-bomb aimed at Paris. Their final plan is to launch a skyship from Krupp's estate and fly it into the Paris Opera House, where thousands will be watching the Trans-Empire Song Contest. Afterwards, LeBrock sets the Archbishop on fire, killing him. Outside, LeBrock tells Ratzi that he believes that Leigh-Otter was not a diplomat, but a member of the British Secret Service trying to stop the Knights' plan.
As LeBrock and Ratzi arrive back at the hotel, they receive a message from Sarah saying that she is in danger. The two arrive at her hideout to find she is being held captive by the assassins. During a shoot-out, Sarah is killed and Ratzi badly injured. The following morning, LeBrock asks a human bellboy at the hotel to collect some things for him - things he will use to make bombs. LeBrock makes his way to the Krupp estate, where the Knights are preparing for the attack on the Opera House. LeBrock sets off his bombs and shoots Krupp, Hyen, Lapin and Reinhardt. Krupp's dying words, to LeBrock, are that the Knights were loyal to the Emperor. He realises that they are not "The Knights of Lyons", but "The Knights of The Lion", the lion being Emperor Napoleon XII, the head of state. LeBrock is hit over the head with a chair by Reinhardt, who was not dead but only injured. Reinhardt makes his way to the skyship and prepares to leave. LeBrock follows him and grabs hold of the skyship as it takes off. Not seeing LeBrock, Reinhardt sets the skyship's course and prepares to jump out. As he opens the door, LeBrock jumps in. Reinhardt charges at him, but falls out of the door. As he falls, LeBrock shoots him dead. LeBrock then changes the skyship's course, crashing it into Napoleon's palace.
The next day the public learns the truth about the Knights and the attack on Robida Tower, with some wondering if a revolution might happen following the news. LeBrock meets up again with Ratzi in hospital.
Reception
Grandville has received positive reviews.
Ryan Agee from The Skinny gave Grandville four out of five stars, writing: "Corny puns abound, but this is a stunningly well drawn book with a compelling mystery, and a great detective team at it's [sic] heart. Great stuff."
Neel Mukherjee in The Times was also positive saying: "It's a playful, allusive book in which there's a witty touch or deliciously knowing in-joke on almost every page: the French press whipping up Anglophobia; LeBrock's Holmes-like unpacking of apparently innocent signs, which yield vital information, when he makes his first appearance; the drug-addled Milou/Snowy, dreaming of plotlines of Tintin books in his opium-induced stupors. The numerous fight sequences are simply cracking, especially the beautifully rendered sprays of blood and, throughout, the glossy gorgeousness fills your eyes."
Rich Johnston from Bleeding Cool wrote that: "I love this comic. It's big, bold, brash, insanely detailed and has badgers torturing frogs. There are steam powered carriages and robots, gratuitous violence, big explosions, lots of kicking, a decent ending and Inspector LeBrock finding himself a long, long way from Wind In the Willows. It can be appreciated on so many levels and with so many potential fanbases basically performing bukkake upon the pages, it should appeal to a lot of people. even those who have a problem with a talking snobby French fish butler with legs. Also, don't try to work out the evolutionary timelines. It will just mess with your head. But do enjoy."
Joe McCulloch from The Savage Critics was less positive however, writing: "This doesn't automatically lend itself to a tremendous amount of depth, frankly, and the somewhat stale, vengeful nature of Talbot's plot leaves it teetering on the edge of embarrassing-silly instead of fun-silly." | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Language/2017 August 13
= August 13 =
Looking for a word in Arabic
...that means "ballot" or "lots". The common etymon of Swahili kura and Hausa ƙuri'a. —Μετάknowledgediscuss/deeds 20:13, 13 August 2017 (UTC)
* The verb root is قرع. The noun is قرعة /qur‘a(t)/ (Wiktionary does not give this, though).--Lüboslóv Yęzýkin (talk) 22:24, 13 August 2017 (UTC)
* Could you also help with finding the right derivative of طُوب that is the common etymon of Swahili tofali and Hausa tubali? —Μετάknowledgediscuss/deeds 00:04, 22 August 2017 (UTC)
* طفل /ṭafl/ "clay", and طفال /ṭufāl/ "potter's clay". See also here.--Lüboslóv Yęzýkin (talk) 07:25, 22 August 2017 (UTC)
40 in Russian
Why is 40 in Russian a word of Turkish origin?? Usually, all names of numbers in the 1-1000 interval are native to the languages being spoken. 40 in Russian is one of the few exceptions. Any reason?? Georgia guy (talk) 20:56, 13 August 2017 (UTC)
* The word is not from Turkish, but (possibly, not necessarily) borrowed from a Turkic language quite a long time ago. As for why that might happen, basic numbers are not immune to borrowing, so it should not be inherently surprising. In Thai, the word for "three" is borrowed from a Sinitic language! —Μετάknowledgediscuss/deeds 21:02, 13 August 2017 (UTC)
* Someone should ping Lyuboslov Yezykin who can remember his real user name. (Can we please create redirects to usernames?) One obvious reason would be for trade reasons. The word dozen comes from French, and is a common amount used in trade, although it did not supplant 12. French itself has an odd Vigesimal system, when Latin's system was transparently decimal and largely parallel to modern English. μηδείς (talk) 22:15, 13 August 2017 (UTC)
* сорок seems to favor a trade unit. --Pp.paul.4 (talk) 23:00, 13 August 2017 (UTC)
* You can see what Wiktionary says at сорок -- AnonMoos (talk) 23:02, 13 August 2017 (UTC)
* Its Turkic origin is just one version, and it must be really old (from Hunnic, Avar or Bulgar?). Another version is from Greek. But the most likely version for me seems from the word for shirt (old сорокъ, modern сорочка), which might mean a sack for furs and later a sack for exactly 40 furs. Nobody will answer you why this happened, and linguistics very often fails to answer why. My suggestion they used this trade jargon so often that it became literally a synonym for forty and later supplanted the original numeral. Compare this with the history of the Romance languages where vulgar jargon often supplanted Latin words (e.g. testa, parabolare, etc.)--Lüboslóv Yęzýkin (talk) 23:35, 13 August 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
Intuit's stock slips after revenue, income warning due to late start of tax season
Shares of Intuit Inc. slipped 0.2% in premarket trade Friday, after the tax preparation software company, which products include TurboTax, warned that fiscal second-quarter revenue and operating income would miss expectations, but raised its adjusted profit outlook. The company said the lowered revenue outlook is because the tax season opened later this year, but it affirmed its full-year outlook as revenue was expected to shift to the third quarter. The company cut its second-quarter revenue outlook to $1.160 billion to $1.165 billion from $1.160 billion to $1.180 billion, and its operating income outlook to $15 million to $20 million from $35 million to $45 million. For adjusted EPS, which excludes non-recurring items, the company raised it outlook to 34 cents to 35 cents from 31 cents to 34 cents. The company affirmed its 2018 revenue outlook of $5.64 billion to $5.74 billion. "Every tax year is different and this year is no exception with the IRS opening its doors six calendar days later than last year," said Dan Wernikoff, general manager of TurboTax. The stock has tacked on 0.2% over the past three months through Thursday, while the S&P 500 has slipped 0.1%. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Mauretania Sitifensis
Mauretania Sitifensis was a Roman province in Northwest Africa. The capital was Setifis.
History
In the later division of the Roman Empire under the Emperor Diocletian, the eastern part of Mauretania Caesariensis, from Saldae to the river Ampsaga, was split into a new province, and called Mauretania Sitifensis named after the inland town of Setifis (Setif in modern Algeria).
At the time of Constantine the Great, Mauretania Sitifensis was assigned to the administrative Diocese of Africa, under the Praetorian prefecture of Italy. The new province had a huge economic development in the 4th century, until the conquest by the Vandals. In this province, the Christian denomination known as Donatism challenged the Roman Church (which was the main local religion after Constantine), while Setifis was a center of Mithraism.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, certain areas of Mauretania Sitifensis were under Vandal and later Byzantine control, but most of the province (until 578 AD) was ruled by Berber kingdoms like the Kingdom of Altava. Only the coastal area around Saldae and Setifis remained fully Romanized.
Byzantine emperor Maurice in 585 AD created the province of Mauretania Prima and erased the old Mauretania Sitifensis. Indeed, the emperor Maurice in that year created the office of "Exarch", which combined the supreme civil authority of a praetorian prefect and the military authority of a magister militum, and enjoyed considerable autonomy from Constantinople. Two exarchates were established, one in [taly, with seat at Ravenna (hence known as the Exarchate of Ravenna), and one in Africa, based at Carthage and including all imperial possessions in the Western Mediterranean. The first African exarch was the Patricius Gennadius: he was appointed as magister militum Africae in 578 AD, and quickly defeated the Romano-Moorish kingdom of Garmul in Mauretania extending the territory of the Mauretania Sitifensis. Among the provincial changes done by emperor Maurice, Mauretania Caesariensis and Mauretania Sitifensis were re-merged as a province of Mauretania Prima.
Mauretania Sitifensis initially had an area of 17800 square miles and had a good agriculture (cereals, etc..), that was exported through the port of Saldae. But under Byzantine control the province was reduced to only the coastal section, with one third of the original area.
Episcopal sees
Ancient episcopal sees of the late Roman province of Mauretania Sitifensis, listed in the Annuario Pontificio as titular sees: • Acufida (Cafrida)
• Arae in Mauretania (Ksar-Tarmounth)
• Assava (Hammam-Guergour)
• Asuoremixta
• Castellum in Mauretania (ruins of Aïn-Castellou?)
• Cedamusa (near the Fdoulès mountains)
• Cellae in Mauretania (Kherbet-Zerga)
• Cova (Ziama Mansouriah)
• Eminentiana
• Equizetum (Lacourbe, Ouled Agla)
• Ficus (in the region of El-Ksar or Djemâa-Si-Belcassem)
• Flumenpiscense (ruins of Kherbet-Ced-Bel-Abbas?)
• Gegi
• Horrea (ruins of Sidi-Rehane or of Aïn-Zada?)
• Horrea Aninici (ruins of Aïn-Roua)
• Ierafi (in the valley of Bou-Sellam?)
• Lemellefa (Bordj-Redir)
• Lemfocta (between Tiklat and Mlakou)
• Lesvi
• Macri
• Macriana in Mauretania
• Maronana (ruins of Aïn-Melloud?)
• Medjana (Medianas Zabuniorum)
• Molicunza (ruins of Makou?)
• Mons in Mauretania (ruins of Henchir-Casbalt?)
• Mopta (ruins of El-Ouarcha?)
• Murcona
• Novaliciana (Kherbet Madjouba or Beni-Fouda)
• Oliva (ruins of Drâa-El-Arba?, ruins of Tala, Mellal?)
• Parthenia
• Perdices (ruins of Aïn-Hamiet?)
• Privata (near Safiet-El-Hamra Mountain)
• Saldae
• Satafis (Aïn El Kebira)
• Sertei (Kherbet-Guidra)
• Sitifis, Metropolitan Archdiocese
• Socia
• Surista
• Tamagrista (near Mount Magris)
• Tamallula (Ras El Oued)
• Tamascani (Kerbet-Zembia-Cerez?)
• Thibuzabetum (Aïn-Melloul?)
• Thucca in Mauretania
• Tinista
• Vamalia (ruins of Biar-Haddada?)
• Zabi (Bechilga)
• Zallata | WIKI |
Jacob Alan Dickinson
Jacob Alan Dickinson (July 20, 1911 – June 1, 1971) was a Topeka, Kansas attorney and president of the Topeka Board of Education at the time of the Supreme Court desegregation decision in Brown v. Board of Education (May 17, 1954).
Dickinson was a key supporter of elementary school integration, which had begun locally before the Supreme Court decision. He welcomed the Court's action, which he believed to be "in the finest spirit of the law and true democracy."
His father, William B. Dickinson, Sr., was an attorney. In 1927 his mother, Alice Hillman Dickinson, was one of the first two women elected to a school board in the state of Missouri.
Dickinson was the senior partner in the Topeka law firm Dickinson, Crow & Skoog. He married Edith Senner in 1931 and had two children: architect and businessman Jacob Alan "Skip" Dickinson II and author Linda Spalding. One of his brothers was journalist and editor William Boyd Dickinson, Jr. | WIKI |
16th-century pirate Francis Le Clerc was the first modern era pirate to have what?
François or Francis Le Clerc, known as "Jambe de Bois" ("Peg Leg"), (died 1563) was a 16th-century French privateer, originally from Normandy. He is credited as the first pirate in the modern era to have a "peg leg".
He was often the first to board an enemy vessel during an attack or raid. It was this brazen style that eventually caused him to suffer the loss of a leg and severe damage to one arm while fighting the English at Guernsey in 1549. Although many pirates would have had their careers ended by such an injury, le Clerc refused to retire and instead expanded the scope of his piracy by financing the voyages and attacks of other pirates as well.
Despite his wounds, Le Clerc led major raids against the Spanish, who nicknamed him "Pata de Palo" ("Peg Leg"). In 1553, he assumed overall command of seven pirate craft and three royal vessels, the latter commanded by himself, Jacques de Sores and Robert Blundel. This same year he attacked the port of Santa Cruz de La Palma, in the Canary Islands, which he looted and set on fire, destroying a large number of buildings. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Page:Elegiac Sonnets 1.pdf/124
Rh
white, of an agreeable fragrance; these are succeeded by seed pods that bear some resemblance to feathers or hair, whence it is sometimes called Old Man's Beard.
Banks! which inspired thy Otway's plaintive strain! Wilds, whose lorn echoes learn'd the deeper tone Of Collins' powerful shell! Collins, as well as Otway, was a native of this country, and probably at some period of his life an inhabitant of this neighbourhood, since in his beautiful Ode on the death of Colonel Ross, he says, The Muse shall still, with social aid, Her gentlest promise keep; E'en humble Harting's cottag'd vale Shall learn the sad repeated tale, And bid her shepherds weep. | WIKI |
Category:Phenols
Phenols are aromatic compounds with a hydroxyl functional group. The chemistry of the hydroxyl group in this chemical environment is substantially different than those found in alcohols. | WIKI |
gạch
Noun
* 1) a brick
* 2) a tile
Etymology 2
.
Verb
* 1) to draw a line, especially over text to delete it
Noun
* 1) any punctuation mark that is a line; a hyphen, a dash, a slash, etc.
Noun
* 1) tomalley; hepatopancreas | WIKI |
Kamelet
Kamelets (Kamel route snippets) allow users to connect to external systems via a simplified interface, hiding all the low-level details about how those connections are implemented.
By default, calling kamelets should be done as endpoints with the kamelet component, such as to("kamelet:mykamelet").
The Kamelet EIP allows calling Kamelets (i.e., Route Template), for special use-cases.
When a Kamelet is designed for a special use-case such as aggregating messages, and returning a response message only when a group of aggregated messages is completed. In other words, kamelet does not return a response message for every incoming message. In special situations like these, then you must use this Kamelet EIP instead of using the kamelet component.
Given the following Kamelet (as a route template):
routeTemplate("my-aggregate")
.templateParameter("count")
.from("kamelet:source")
.aggregate(constant(true))
.completionSize("{{count}}")
.aggregationStrategy(AggregationStrategies.string(","))
.to("log:aggregate")
.to("kamelet:sink")
.end();
Note how the route template above uses kamelet:sink as a special endpoint to send out a result message. This is only done when the Aggregate EIP has completed a group of messages.
And the following route using the kamelet:
from("direct:start")
// this is not possible, you must use Kamelet EIP instead
.to("kamelet:my-aggregate?count=5")
.to("log:info")
.to("mock:result");
Then this does not work, instead you must use Kamelet EIP instead:
from("direct:start")
.kamelet("my-aggregate?count=5")
.to("log:info")
.to("mock:result");
When calling a Kamelet, you may refer to the name (template id) of the Kamelet in the EIP as shown below:
Options
The Kamelet eip supports 0 options, which are listed below.
Name Description Default Type
description
Sets the description of this node.
String
disabled
Whether to disable this EIP from the route during build time. Once an EIP has been disabled then it cannot be enabled later at runtime.
false
Boolean
name
Required Name of the Kamelet (templateId/routeId) to call. Options for the kamelet can be specified using uri syntax, eg mynamecount=4&type=gold.
String
outputs
Required
List
Exchange properties
The Kamelet eip has no exchange properties.
Using Kamelet EIP
• Java
• XML
from("direct:start")
.kamelet("foo")
.to("mock:result");
<route>
<from uri="direct:start"/>
<kamelet name="foo"/>
<to uri="mock:result"/>
</route>
Camel will then, when starting:
• Lookup the Route Template with the given id (in the example above its foo) from the CamelContext
• Create a new route based on the Route Template
Dependency
The implementation of the Kamelet EIP is located in the camel-kamelet JAR, so you should add the following dependency:
<dependency>
<groupId>org.apache.camel</groupId>
<artifactId>camel-kamelet</artifactId>
<!-- use the same version as your Camel core version -->
<version>x.y.z</version>
</dependency>
See Also
See the example camel-example-kamelet. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Karoondinha Music & Arts Festival
Karoondinha Music & Arts Festival was a music festival which was to be held at Penn's Cave & Wildlife Park in Centre Hall, Pennsylvania. The festival was officially announced on December 9, 2016. The inaugural festival's full lineup was unveiled May 2, 2017, and featured Chance the Rapper, John Legend, ODESZA, Paramore, and Sturgill Simpson as headliners. On June 27, 2017 the festival's official website and social media went dark signaling the festival had been cancelled. Compounded with the festival's reported financial struggles, an overarching factor in the closing of the festival was a result of the May 22nd terrorist attack of an Ariana Grande concert in London. Many consumers feared the possibility of a similar attack taking place at the venue in Penn's Cave, forcing ticket sales to plummet, and subsequently, contributing to the cancellation of the festival.
2017
On May 2, 2017, the official lineup announcement was made for the inaugural year of the festival, which will be held July 21–23, 2017. The festival will be headlined by Chance the Rapper, John Legend, ODESZA, Paramore, and Sturgill Simpson. The Roots, Porter Robinson, Dillon Francis and Young the Giant are also among the many artists performing at the three day festival.
Below is the lineup listed in the order as they appear on the official lineup poster, as of May 11, 2017:
* Chance the Rapper
* John Legend
* ODESZA
* Paramore
* Sturgill Simpson
* The Roots
* Porter Robinson
* Dillon Francis
* Young the Giant
* Chromeo
* Alessia Cara
* Leon Bridges
* X Ambassadors
* The Revivalists
* Daya
* Maren Morris
* NEEDTOBREATHE
* Misterwives
* Jon Bellion
* Alunageorge
* Marian Hill
* Broods
* DNCE
* St. Lucia
* COIN
* PVRIS
* Grace VanderWaal
* Jacob Collier
* Us the Duo
* Watsky
* The Griswolds
* Drake White and the Big Fire
* Cam
* MAX
* Colony House
* Mavis Staples
* Caveman
* Jordan Fisher
* Morgan James
* DREAMERS
* Ripe
* Lawrence
* Busty and the Bass
* Wild Child
* City of the Sun
* Andy Allo
* Spencer Ludwig
* Shy Girls
* Mikaela Davis
* Chukwudi Hodge
* Alaman | WIKI |
-- Burning Investors Pays Political Dividend in Sinn Fein Campaign
Gerry Adams, president of Irish
nationalist party Sinn Fein , is selling a clear message ahead of
Ireland’s election this month: burn the bank bondholders and
send the International Monetary Fund home. His stance appears to be winning voters, at least according
to opinion polls ahead of the Feb. 25 vote. Sinn Fein, the
political wing of the Irish Republican Army before the group
laid down its arms, may double support to about 14 percent. That
leaves it vying for third place with Fianna Fail , the party in
government and the lightening rod for Irish ire over the
country’s financial demise. “Given the anger out there, it’s resonating,” said
Diarmaid Ferriter , a historian and author of “The
Transformation of Ireland: 1900-2000.” “The party is no longer
as demonized as it once was, because of the peace process and
the end of the IRA’s campaign.” Ireland’s 85 billion-euro ($115 billion) bailout from the
IMF and European Union is at the center of the political fight
after the governing coalition collapsed last month and Prime
Minister Brian Cowen was forced to call an election. While the parties leading the polls, Fine Gael and Labour,
say they will seek to renegotiate the interest rate on the
package of loans and reduce protection for bank bondholders,
bearded Belfast native Adams wants to walk away from the accord. “This government shouldn’t have gone near the IMF or the
EU,” Adams, 62, who was imprisoned in the 1970s for republican
activities, said in a Feb. 3 interview. “But they did and they
did a bad deal when they did it. We can’t afford it.” Dundalk Doldrums Adams, one of five Sinn Fein lawmakers from Northern
Ireland elected to the British parliament, was speaking in
Dundalk across the border in Ireland where he’s seeking to win a
seat in the Dublin parliament for the first time. While Sinn Fein representatives decline to take up their
seats in the U.K. parliament in protest of having to swear
allegiance to the monarchy, Adams resigned last month as the
member representing Belfast West. He won 71 percent of the vote
in that constituency in the British election on May 6. Sinn Fein holds a seat in Louth-East Meath, which includes
the town of Dundalk, in the Dail, the Irish parliament. The
incumbent lawmaker, Arthur Morgan, is stepping down. “They are going to be able to fight our corner, while the
other parties will just sell out,” said Paul Mackin, 39, an
unemployed voter from Dundalk. “Times are tough right now. I’ve
been looking for work, but I can’t get it.” Election Rhetoric Adams and his party are proposing to take 7 billion euros
from the country’s Pension Reserve fund to create jobs after the
Irish unemployment rate almost tripled in three years and stood
at 13.4 percent last month. The party also wants to increase
taxes on the wealthy, while Adams said he wants to “burn” some
bank bondholders by paying them less. Anglo Irish Bank Corp., taken over by the government two
years ago, said it expects to post a pretax loss of about 17.6
billion euros for 2010, the largest in the nation’s history. Sinn Fein’s rhetoric may help steer the campaign. During a debate with party spokesman Pearse Doherty on Feb.
7, Irish Finance Minister Brian Lenihan said the government is
pressing for a “substantial discount” on 20 billion euros of
unsecured senior bank bonds, less than two weeks after he said
in parliament that the idea of reneging on senior bank bonds is
akin to “torching” a house. Under terms of the bailout,
Ireland agreed to pay back holders of senior bank bonds. Causing Concern Fine Gael and the Labour Party are pushing for EU approval
to impose discounts on senior bank bondholders. The two lead
Fianna Fail by a combined 40 percentage points, according to a
Sunday Business Post poll published on Feb. 6. Sinn Fein’s plan for spurning the bailout would have
“devastating” consequences for the country, Micheal Martin,
leader of Fianna Fail, told reporters on Feb. 2. A former
foreign minister, Martin replaced Cowen as leader last month. “Gerry needs to be asked where we are going to get 50
billion euros to pay teachers, nurses and police,” Martin said. Any electoral gains by Sinn Fein may raise concern about
the future of the bailout, said Bob Janjuah, the co-head of
cross-asset allocation strategy at Nomura International Plc. “One of the things we are most concerned about is the
prospects that Sinn Fein could form a large bloc in the new
parliament,” Janjuah said on Bloomberg Television’s “Inside
Track” with Erik Schatzker on Jan. 24. “The Sinn Fein push in
Ireland is to say ‘no’ to Brussels, is to ask the banks to
default and put the national interest first, which may be
misguided but it’s a fear for the market.” ‘Bounced’ The extra yield investors demand to hold Irish 10-year
bonds rather than German securities of similar maturity almost
quadrupled to 568 basis points in the past year. The spread over
German debt is more than nine times the average of the past
decade, data compiled by Bloomberg show. The government sought the bailout as investors shunned the
country’s bonds on concern the cost of rescuing the financial
system was surging. “They said they were bounced into it,” said Adams. “You
can’t be bounced by these big boys, you have to be able to stand
up for yourself.” Adams took over as president of Sinn Fein in 1983, the year
he first won election to Westminster. He led the negotiations
with former U.K. Prime Minister Tony Blair as the IRA
decommissioned its weapons in 2005 and pledged to pursue its
goal of a united Ireland peacefully. IRA Legacy Sinn Fein supported the IRA during a three-decade long
conflict in Northern Ireland that caused 3,500 deaths. It
largely ended in 1998 with a U.K. and Irish government-brokered
peace deal. Adams was interned without trial first in 1972 and
never convicted. Some voters can’t accept him. “Adams standing here, that makes me angry,” said Kevin
O’Callaghan, 60, who runs a butcher’s shop in Dundalk. “I don’t
like the violence that he was associated with.” Sinn Fein may win between 15 and 20 seats in the 166-seat
parliament, polls show. Some 84 percent of people want the new
government to renegotiate terms with bondholders of the
country’s banks, according to a survey of 1,022 adults,
conducted in Ireland on Jan. 26 and Jan. 27 by Dublin-based
market research firm Millward Brown Lansdowne. “Fianna Fail sold us out, we shouldn’t be responsible for
the bankers and the bondholders,” said Peter Callan, 46, a taxi
driver in Dundalk, which has a population of about 35,000
people. “If I put a bet on and I lose, I can’t go back and get
my money back. Why should it be different for bondholders? Sinn
Fein is the best to stand up for the country.” To contact the reporter on this story:
Colm Heatley in Belfast at
cheatley@bloomberg.net
Dara Doyle in Dublin at
ddoyle1@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Rodney Jefferson at
r.jefferson@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Difference Between Ipv6 And Ipv4 Pdf
File Name: difference between ipv6 and ipv4 .zip
Size: 1266Kb
Published: 10.01.2021
IPv6 is the next generation Internet Protocol IP address standard intended to supplement and eventually replace IPv4, the protocol many Internet services still use today. Every computer, mobile phone, home automation component, IoT sensor and any other device connected to the Internet needs a numerical IP address to communicate between other devices.
There are various differences between IPv4 and IPv6 protocol including their features, but the crucial one is the number of addresses Address space it generates. IP version 4 IPv4 generates 4. Whereas IP version 6 IPv6 produces 3. First of all, let us understand what is Internet protocol.
Differences between IPv4 and IPv6
Skip to content. Related Articles. IPv4 and IPv6 are internet protocol version 4 and internet protocol version 6, IP version 6 is the new version of Internet Protocol, which is way better than IP version 4 in terms of complexity and efficiency. Recommended Articles. Differences between number of increasing subarrays and decreasing subarrays in k sized windows.
IPv4 provides an addressing capability of approximately 4. It is replacing IPv4 to accommodate the growing number of networks worldwide and help solve the IP address exhaustion problem. IPv4 uses four 1 byte decimal numbers, separated by a dot i. Below is the summary of the differences between the IPv4 and IPv Advantages of IPv6 over IPv Related Articles:.
Abstract Internet using is increasing rapidly. İnternet occured as a result of commincating nodes with each. New internet users are joining to this structure and development of it is going on. In such a big structure, communication of two nodes is possible only if they find each other. Various addressing protocols have been developed to obtain this. The well-known is called Internet Protocol IP. Ipv4 has limited address.
Differences between IPv4 and IPv6
IPv4 and IPv6 are internet protocol version 4 and internet protocol version 6, IP version 6 is the new version of Internet Protocol, which is way better than IP version 4 in terms of complexity and efficiency. Attention reader! Writing code in comment? Please use ide. Skip to content. Related Articles. Recommended Articles.
Skip to Main Content. A not-for-profit organization, IEEE is the world's largest technical professional organization dedicated to advancing technology for the benefit of humanity. Use of this web site signifies your agreement to the terms and conditions. Performance comparison of IPv4 and IPv6 on various windows operating systems Abstract: Internet is a ubiquitous part of businesses and individuals worldwide. With its popularity on an incline, operating system vendors are developing end-systems that support the new version of Internet Protocol IPv6 that eventually will replace IPv4. The new version resolves issues that IPv4 has and takes the Internet into the 21st century. Performance of the IP stack and how it associates with operating systems is critical to the efficiency of all network related activities on any computing infrastructure.
An Internet Protocol address is also known as IP address. It is a numerical label which assigned to each device connected to a computer network which uses the IP for communication. IP address act as an identifier for a specific machine on a particular network. The IP address is also called IP number and internet address. IP address specifies the technical format of the addressing and packets scheme.
Differences between IPv4 and IPv6
Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6 is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol IP , the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4. Devices on the Internet are assigned a unique IP address for identification and location definition. With the rapid growth of the Internet after commercialization in the s, it became evident that far more addresses would be needed to connect devices than the IPv4 address space had available. By , the IETF had formalized the successor protocol.
Difference Between IPv4 and IPv6
Differences between IPv4 and IPv6
An Internet Protocol address is also known as IP address. It is a numerical label which assigned to each device connected to a computer network which uses the IP for communication. IP address act as an identifier for a specific machine on a particular network.
Internet Protocol IP is used to identify and locate computers on the Internet. Currently, IPv4 still routes most Internet traffic. However, with the exhausting of IPv4 addresses, the transition to IPv6 is imminent, because, as the successor of IPv4, IPv6 can provide a larger available address space. Existing studies have addressed the notion that IPv6-centric next generation networks are widely deployed and applied. In order to gain a deep understanding of IPv6, this paper revisits several critical IPv6 performance metrics.
To browse Academia. Skip to main content. By using our site, you agree to our collection of information through the use of cookies. To learn more, view our Privacy Policy. Log In Sign Up. Download Free PDF. Download PDF.
Figures 1 and 2 compare the header of a IPv4 packet and an IPv6 packet. Even if you don't study packet header fields, you can see the difference between the.
IPv4 vs IPv6: What’s the Difference?
Content: IPv4 Vs IPv6
Internet Protocol version 6 IPv6 is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol IP , the communications protocol that provides an identification and location system for computers on networks and routes traffic across the Internet. IPv6 is intended to replace IPv4. Devices on the Internet are assigned a unique IP address for identification and location definition. With the rapid growth of the Internet after commercialization in the s, it became evident that far more addresses would be needed to connect devices than the IPv4 address space had available. By , the IETF had formalized the successor protocol. IPv6 uses a bit address, theoretically allowing 2 , or approximately 3. The actual number is slightly smaller, as multiple ranges are reserved for special use or completely excluded from use.
The Internet has run out of Internet addresses Perhaps you've heard the news: the last blocks of IPv4 Internet addresses have been allocated. The fundamental underlying technology that has powered Internet Protocol addresses ever seen a number like That's an IP address since the Internet's inception will soon be exhausted. A new technology will take its place, though. IPv4's successor is IPv6, a system that will not only offer far more numerical addresses, but will simplify address assignments and additional network security features.
An Internet Protocol address is also known as IP address. It is a numerical label which assigned to each device connected to a computer network which uses the IP for communication. IP address act as an identifier for a specific machine on a particular network. The IP address is also called IP number and internet address. IP address specifies the technical format of the addressing and packets scheme.
IPv4 vs IPv6: What’s the Difference?
An Internet Protocol address is also known as IP address.
The Internet Protocol, or IP, is the set of rules that makes it possible for our computers and other communication devices to connect to each other over the internet. The two versions currently coexist, and IPv6 will take over once the IPv4 addresses run out. What are the major differences between IPv4 and IPv6? IP addresses operate in the same way as street addresses laid out on a map.
An Internet Protocol address is also known as IP address. It is a numerical label which assigned to each device connected to a computer network which uses the IP for communication. IP address act as an identifier for a specific machine on a particular network. The IP address is also called IP number and internet address.
During the starting of the Internet, IPv4 was mainly used everywhere but nowadays due to an increase in the use of the Internet for almost every possibility, the address space has exhausted. Therefore, IPv6 was introduced which has almost infinite address capability with advanced features like auto-configuration of IP address and mobility, etc. IP version 4 is the older version.
An Internet Protocol address is also known as IP address. It is a numerical label which assigned to each device connected to a computer network which uses the IP for communication. IP address act as an identifier for a specific machine on a particular network. The IP address is also called IP number and internet address.
Он хотел их отключить. Для него важен был только один голос, который то возникал, то замолкал. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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