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Academic Catalog
C S 2M: INTERMEDIATE ALGORITHM & DATA STRUCTURE METHODOLOGIES IN C++
Foothill College Course Outline of Record
Foothill College Course Outline of Record
Heading Value
Effective Term: Summer 2021
Units: 4.5
Hours: 4 lecture, 2 laboratory per week (72 total per quarter)
Prerequisite: C S 2A.
Degree & Credit Status: Degree-Applicable Credit Course
Foothill GE: Non-GE
Transferable: CSU/UC
Grade Type: Letter Grade (Request for Pass/No Pass)
Repeatability: Not Repeatable
Student Learning Outcomes
• A successful student will be able to use the C++ environment to define the basic abstract data types (stacks, queues, lists) and iterators of those types to effectively manipulate the data in his or her program.
• The successful student will be able to analyze the time complexity of a variety of algorithms and data structure access techniques and choose the best algorithm and/or data structure for the project at hand.
Description
Systematic treatment of intermediate data structures, algorithm analysis and abstract data types in the C++ programming language intended for Computer Science transfer majors. Coding topics include large program software engineering design, multi-dimensional arrays, string processing, primitives, compound types, and allocation of instance and static data. Concept topics include dynamic memory, inheritance, polymorphism, hierarchies, recursion, linked-lists, stacks, queues, trees and hash tables.
Course Objectives
The student will be able to:
A. Use instance members, static members, and dynamic data structure allocation as appropriate in object-oriented C++ class design.
B. Analyze and demonstrate the use of dynamic and static multi-dimensional arrays in C++.
C. Design, implement, and test C++ programs that use object-orientation and class inheritance as a key ingredient to good software design, and explain why sub-classing is an example of the is-a relationship.
D. Describe the difference between deep copies and shallow copies in C++, and write programs that effectively handle deep memory.
E. Demonstrate a working knowledge of data abstraction through various data types, data structures and their C++ based API classes, and choose the appropriate data structure to model a given problem.
F. Give examples of the proper use of recursion and describe when iterative solution is more efficient.
G. Explain what abstract C++ classes and pure virtual functions are and how they are used.
H. Describe declaration models for runtime storage allocation and garbage collection, and demonstrate how files are written-to and read-from in C++.
I. Use the C++ Standard Template Library to write efficient and portable application programs.
J. Define various types of C++ templates and show how each is specialized to a class by the client program.
K. Design, implement, test, and debug intermediate-level C++ programs that use each of the following fundamental programming constructs: user interaction and communication, string processing, numeric computation, simple I/O, arrays and the C++ Standard Template Library.
L. Analyze the basic algorithms of a general tree ADT.
M. Use object-oriented programming (OOP) to create alternative implementations of binary search trees in C++, and verify or compare the logN behavior of each.
N. Analyze, classify and measure the main non-NlogN sorts and write a clear report of the results.
O. Write applications that solve problems in one or more application area: mathematics, physics, chemistry, cellular automata, 3-D simulation, astronomy, biology, business, internet.
Course Content
A. The proper use of class members and methods
1. Primitive vs. compound types
2. Types as collection of values (data members) and operations (method members)
3. Type checking and incompatibility in classes
4. When to use instance members and methods
5. When to use static members and methods
6. Implicit and explicit use of the "this" object
B. Multi-dimensional arrays
1. Fixed-size 2-D arrays
2. Dynamically allocated "ragged" 2-D arrays
3. Instantiation of objects in multi-dimensional arrays
C. Inheritance in software design
1. The "is a" relationship
2. Base classes
3. Derived classes (subclasses) and class hierarchy
4. Derived class constructors
5. Member method overriding vs. simple overloading
6. Private, protected, public and default members
7. Encapsulation and polymorphism
8. Separation of behavior and implementation and other attributes of good software design
D. Deep vs. shallow copies of objects
1. Instantiation of member objects in constructors
2. Deep copies and the "big three": copy constructor, assignment operator and destructor
3. Shallow copies of objects
E. Topics in Abstract Data Types (ADTs)
1. The vector ADT and the STL vector
2. The linked-list ADT and the STL list
3. The stack and queue ADT
4. Implementing ADTs through inheritance
5. Using existing ADTs from C++'s STL
F. Recursion
1. Base case vs. general case
2. Divide-and-conquer strategies
3. Analysis of recursive solutions which are not appropriate due to exponential time complexity vs. iterative polynomial complexity
4. Recursive backtracking
G. Abstract classes and interfaces
1. Defining and using abstract classes
2. Defining and using pure virtual functions
H. Storage allocation methods
1. Run time binding, virtual methods and storage management of activation records
2. Consequences of the C++ reference type and the values/pointer mechanism of parameter passing
3. Strong type-checking and run-time vs. compile time error detection
4. Effect of declaration strategy on binding, visibility and lifetime of variables
5. Effect of declaration strategy on scope and persistence of variables
6. File input and output streams
I. C++ Standard Template Library
1. C++ vectors
2. C++ lists and iterators
3. Building priority queues and heaps using the STL library
J. C++ templates
1. Template classes
2. Type parameters
3. Static template methods
K. Essential examples and assignment areas
1. String/text processing
2. Numeric computation
3. User interaction
4. Multi-class projects and compound data types
5. Inheritance-based projects
L. General trees
1. Tree nodes, roots, leaves, children and siblings
2. Binary node implementation of a general tree
3. Insertion and deletion in general trees
4. Traversal with recursion
M. Searching and Binary Search Trees (BSTs)
1. Ordering condition and structure condition
2. OOP (object-oriented-programming) implementation
3. Time complexity consequence of the divide-and-conquer algorithm in of BSTs
N. NlogN sorts
1. Merge sort
2. Heap sort
3. Quicksort
O. Applications used throughout course in selected areas
1. Math
2. Physics
3. Chemistry
4. Biology
5. Astronomy
6. Business and finance
7. Internet
Lab Content
A. Exploring advanced array constructs in class design
1. Gain experience in effectively using single and multi-dimensional arrays as class members
2. Apply nested loops to process multi-dimensional arrays
3. Use the IDE to debug errors in multi-dimensional arrays
4. Solve problems using fixed-size and dynamic sized arrays, as appropriate
B. Building a program that uses class inheritance to demonstrate how re-use is handled in OOP
1. Create a project that contains at least one class intended to be used as a base class
2. Derive (sub-class) one or more classes from the base class
3. Use function chaining to avoid code duplication between base classes and derived classes
4. Differentiate between, and document in your lab, the distinct use of method overloading and method overriding
C. Incorporating basic queue and stack abstract ions in programming projects
1. Implement a fundamental queue and stack abstract data type (ADT) in a programming lab
2. Use a previously written ADT from the programming language's application programmer interface (API)
3. Incorporate inheritance in a project that uses ADTs
4. Provide a client program that tests and demonstrates the correct behavior of the ADT
D. Building projects that use templates (AKA "generics" in some languages)
1. Demonstrate the difference in a lab project between deriving from a base class and specializing a template
2. Practice using a template in a project
3. Use templates to exercise some aspect of ADTs such as specializing a template ADT to make its behavior specific to an assigned project specification
4. Employ debugging techniques to solve problems that arise when designing with template classes
E. Using linked-list ADTs to optimize for size-varying or space-sensitive data types
1. Demonstrate the ability to use programming language-supplied linked-list structures in a problem that is not easily solved using fixed-size ADTs such as arrays
2. Incorporate templates (generics) so as to allow the algorithm to work on various underlying data types
3. Try different sized data for the linked-list and demonstrate that it handles growth properly
F. Demonstrating competence with binary search trees
1. Implement a binary search tree (BST) from scratch, or make significant assigned adjustments to an existing BST data structure supplied by your instructor
2. Use recursion as appropriate for some of the BST methods
3. Demonstrate that the class works on various underlying base type by use of template specialization
G. Incorporating hash tables into programs
1. Produce a lab that creates or modifies a hash table and hashing function
2. Write a client that tests out the hash table on various data
3. Using a large data set, demonstrate that near-constant time access is produced by the hashing function and hash table
4. Supply runs and report results with varying sized data sets
H. Analysis of a single sort algorithm
1. Implement a single sort algorithm as directed by the instructor
2. Experiment with coding adjustments to try to improve the performance
3. Compare the known time complexity of that algorithm with what you observe using increasingly larger data sets
4. Attempt to explain any discrepancies in the expected vs. observed growth rate of the sort algorithm
I. Analysis of multiple sort algorithms
1. Implement multiple sort algorithms, at least two of which involve Shellsort and Quicksort
2. Experiment with coding adjustments to try to improve the performance on any one of them to see if you can beat the fastest of the algorithms
3. Time the algorithms on very small to very large data sets
4. Report on which algorithms work best on small sets, and which on large sets
Special Facilities and/or Equipment
A. Access to a computer laboratory with C++ compilers.
B. Website or course management system with an assignment posting component (through which all lab assignments are to be submitted) and a forum component (where students can discuss course material and receive help from the instructor). This applies to all sections, including on-campus (i.e., face-to-face) offerings.
C. When taught via Foothill Global Access on the Internet, the college will provide a fully functional and maintained course management system through which the instructor and students can interact.
D. When taught via Foothill Global Access on the Internet, students must have currently existing email accounts and ongoing access to computers with internet capabilities.
Method(s) of Evaluation
Tests and quizzes
Written laboratory assignments which include source code, sample runs and documentation
Final examination
Method(s) of Instruction
Lectures which include motivation for syntax and use of the C++ language and OOP concepts, example programs, and analysis of these programs
Online labs (for all sections, including those meeting face-to-face/on campus), consisting of:
1. A programming assignment webpage located on a college-hosted course management system or other department-approved internet environment. Here, the students will review the specification of each programming assignment and submit their completed lab work
2. A discussion webpage located on a college-hosted course management system or other department-approved internet environment. Here, students can request assistance from the instructor and interact publicly with other class members
Detailed review of programming assignments which includes model solutions and specific comments on the student submissions
In-person or online discussion which engages students and instructor in an ongoing dialog pertaining to all aspects of designing, implementing and analyzing programs
When course is taught fully online:
1. Instructor-authored lecture materials, handouts, syllabus, assignments, tests, and other relevant course material will be delivered through a college-hosted course management system or other department-approved internet environment
2. Additional instructional guidelines for this course are listed in the attached addendum of CS department online practices
Representative Text(s) and Other Materials
Weiss, Mark Allen. Data Structures and Algorithm Analysis in C++, 4th ed.. 2013.
Carey, J., et al.. C++ Data Structures and Algorithm Design Principles: Leverage the Power of Modern C++ to Build Robust and Scalable Applications. 2019.
The Weiss text is a classic text in the field and is used by many universities in both undergraduate and graduate classes on the subject of data structures.
Types and/or Examples of Required Reading, Writing, and Outside of Class Assignments
A. Reading
1. Textbook assigned reading averaging 30 pages per week
2. Reading the supplied handouts and modules averaging 10 pages per week
3. Reading online resources as directed by instructor though links pertinent to programming
4. Reading library and reference material directed by instructor through course handouts
B. Writing
1. Writing technical prose documentation that supports and describes the programs that are submitted for grades
Discipline(s)
Computer Science | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
492 S.E.2d 62
Paul ROSS, M.D., Appellant, v. MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA, James B. Edwards, W. Marcus Newberry, Stanley C. Baker, Jr., Thomas C. Roland, M.D., Melvyn Berlinsky, Wm. Bruce Ezell, Jr., M.D., Cotesworth P. Fishburne, Jr., D.D.S., Herbert C. Granger, Charles B. Hanna, M.D., Robert C. Lake, Jr., E. Conyers O’Bryan, Jr., M.D., Claudia W. Peeples, Harrison L. Peeples, M.D., Philip D. Sasser and Alan E. Stalvey, Respondents.
No. 24694.
Supreme Court of South Carolina.
Heard May 7, 1997.
Decided Sept. 22, 1997.
Rehearing Denied Oct. 23, 1997.
Ellis I. Kahn and Justin S. Kahn of Kahn Law Firm, Charleston, for appellant.
Richard S. Rosen, Morris D. Rosen, and Alex B. Cash, of Rosen, Rosen & Hagood, and Joseph C. Good, Jr., Charleston, for respondents.
BURNETT, Justice:
Appellant Paul Ross, M.D., seeks judicial review under the Administrative Procedures Act (the APA) of the termination of his tenured position by Respondent Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC). Dr. Ross contends multiple and overlapping errors at all levels in the process of his termination resulted in denial of his procedural due process rights in violation of the United States and South Carolina Constitutions. The circuit court affirmed the termination. We affirm as modified.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Dr. Ross was a tenured professor at MUSC. In 1989, his employment was terminated by James Edwards, President of MUSC. Pursuant to the procedures set forth in the MUSC faculty handbook, Dr. Ross requested and received a hearing before a Faculty Hearing Committee (Committee). The Committee recommended Dr. Ross’ termination be upheld. In accordance with the handbook procedures, the Vice-President for Academic Affairs, Marcus Newberry, reviewed the Committee’s recommendation and rationale and concurred in the termination. Thereafter, the Board of Trustees (the Board) granted review and, after hearing argument from counsel for both Dr. Ross and MUSC, unanimously voted to uphold Dr. Ross’ termination. After taking additional evidence, the circuit court concluded, inter alia, Dr. Ross’ termination was supported by substantial evidence and his due process rights were not violated.
EVIDENCE BEFORE COMMITTEE
The following evidence was presented during the seven-day hearing before the Committee in September 1989. In 1975, Dr. Ross was hired by MUSC as a tenured professor and the Chairman of the Department of Radiology (the Department). Like other faculty, Dr. Ross’ income was comprised of a base salary, supplemented by funds distributed from a professional fee account. Funds for the professional fee account were generated by clinical work performed by the Department faculty.
The Department received funding directly from MUSC and from the professional fee account. As Chairman, Dr. Ross had authority to distribute the Department’s funds for Departmental salaries, research, and expenses as he saw fit. Dr. Ross agreed he was accountable for the distribution. MUSC administration agreed Department faculty would not be informed of Dr. Ross’ income.
In 1982, Dr. Ross’ net income was $892,702. The Acting Dean of the School of Medicine advised Dr. Ross he was concerned about the level of the doctor’s income. Over the next few years, Dr. Ross’ income increased to $662,556. In 1985, the Vice-President for Academic Affairs warned Dr. Ross about his high income. At times, MUSC reduced the direct funding for the Department to force Dr. Ross to allocate more of the professional fees for Departmental purposes, rather than to his personal income.
In 1986, the Dean of the School of Medicine notified Dr. Ross his total income could not exceed the 80th percentile of income for radiology professors as reported by the Association of American Medical Colleges times 1.2%. The Dean instructed Dr. Ross to resign as Chairman of the Department. Dr. Ross submitted his resignation in mid-1988 and then went on sabbatical. His resignation as Chairman was effective on February 1,1989, Between 1980 and 1988, Dr. Ross allocated to himself over $2,000,000 more than the average medical school department chairman.
Shortly after Dr. Ross’ resignation as Chairman, the Department faculty met with Vice-President Newberry and expressed concern over the direction of the Department. The faculty informed Vice-President Newberry it had discovered the level of income Dr. Ross had distributed to himself from funds generated by the Department as a whole. The faculty was upset because Dr. Ross had maintained MUSC administration had denied the Department adequate funding for their academic endeavors and because he had allocated available funds to his personal income.
Vice-President Newberry spoke with Dr. Ross about his income and the faculty’s concerns on at least three occasions between February 9 and the end of March 1989. At these meetings, Vice-President Newberry informed Dr. Ross Department faculty members were demoralized by his presence and preferred he leave MUSC.
By letter dated and personally delivered to Dr. Ross on March 29,1989, Vice-President Newberry notified Dr. Ross of complaints he had received and charged he had:
repeatedly violated Article X, III(B) of the [MUSC] handbook by conduct seriously prejudicial to [MUSC] through infractions of commonly accepted standards of behavior in academic and professional communities. Specifically, it is alleged that you misused your position as Department Chairman for personal gain by unfairly compensating yourself in relationship to your actual contributions to the department’s earnings. You knowingly allocated [professional account] monies in such a manner as to unfairly penalize your departmental employees while knowingly raising your level of compensation to a point far exceeding that of any M.D. at [MUSC] and exceeding nationally accepted levels. These actions continued even after warnings from the administration.
This letter concluded by stating Vice-President Newberry would appoint a peer review committee to investigate these allegations. Vice-President Newberry testified he tried to resolve the matter with Dr. Ross by offering him the option of resigning in lieu of appointing a peer review committee.
On April 5, 1989, Dr. Ross met with Vice-President New-berry; he refused to resign. Thereafter, Vice-President Newberry discussed the situation with the General Counsel for MUSC. The two reviewed the MUSC faculty handbook and determined, rather than appointing a peer review committee, the matter should be brought to President Edwards’ attention.
President Edwards testified he independently investigated Dr. Ross’ conduct. By letter dated April 13, 1989, President Edwards notified Dr. Ross he was guilty of conduct seriously prejudicial to MUSC and terminated his employment. In response to a letter from Dr. Ross’ counsel, President Edwards wrote Dr. Ross on April 20, 1989, delineating the particular charges of misconduct.
Other testimony before the Committee indicated faculty members recruited by Dr. Ross were paid less than radiologists in the 50th percentile of the Association of American Medical Colleges. Faculty members left the Department because of lack of money. In 1987, Dr. Ross told a faculty member there were no additional funds for raises and his (Dr. Ross’) own salary was directly controlled by the Dean.
A faculty member testified Dr. Ross performed clinical work one-half to one day per week and read scans approximately one to one and one-half hours per day. He explained, at that rate, it was impossible for Dr. Ross to have generated the income he collected as professional fees. Nonetheless, Dr. Ross had the highest income at MUSC.
President Edwards testified Dr. Ross’ conduct irreparably damaged MUSC and resulted in MUSC losing $500,000 in known donations. Various witnesses testified Dr. Ross’ conduct significantly deviated from standard practice in academic administration, was improper, was unethical, and was seriously prejudicial to MUSC.
ISSUES
I. Did the circuit court err by concluding the APA did not apply to the grievance procedure at MUSC?
A. Did Dr. Ross receive notice as required by the APA?
B. Was Dr, Ross improperly prohibited from taking discovery under the APA?
C. Do the Board’s findings of fact and conclusions of law comply with the APA?
II. Did the circuit court err by concluding Dr. Ross’ due process rights were not violated because he was afforded an adequate pretermination hearing?
III. Did MUSC violate South Carolina Constitution article I, § 22?
IV. Did the circuit court err by concluding Dr. Ross was required to establish he was prejudiced by certain ex parte communications between employees of MUSC?
V. Did the circuit court err by issuing its own findings of fact and conclusions of law?
I. Applicability of APA to Grievance Proceedings
While his petition for judicial review was pending, Dr. Ross served discovery on MUSC. MUSC refused to respond and was held in contempt. On appeal of the contempt order, this Court determined, pursuant to provisions in the APA, the circuit court, sitting as the reviewing court, had the discretion to order discovery and to admit extrinsic evidence concerning alleged irregularity in the agency proceeding. In addition, the Court concluded ex parte communications between MUSC’s General Counsel and Vice-President Newberry violated provisions of the APA. Accordingly, the Court affirmed the circuit court’s jurisdiction to order discovery and remanded the matter for further proceedings under the APA. Ross v. Medical University of South Carolina, 317 S.C. 377, 453 S.E.2d 880 (1994) (Ross I).
Dr. Ross contends the circuit court was bound by Ross I as the law of the case and, therefore, erred by concluding the APA did not apply to MUSC’s grievance proceedings. We agree.
The doctrine of the law of the case prohibits issues which have been decided in a prior appeal from being relitigated in the trial court in the same case. 5 Am.Jur.2d Appellate Review § 605 (1995). The law of the case applies both to those issues explicitly decided and to those issues which were necessarily decided in the former case. Nelson v. Charleston & Western Carolina Railway Co., 231 S.C. 351, 357, 98 S.E.2d 798, 800 (1957) (where Court granted a new trial in first appeal for errors in the charge, it logically determined trial court had not erred in refusing defendant’s motion for a directed verdict “for if there had been error in this respect it would have been unnecessary to consider any other questions”); see also Warren v. Raymond, 17 S.C. 163 (1882) (all points decided by the Court on appeal, or necessarily involved in what was decided, are res judicata and cannot be considered again in the cause).
In Ross I, the Court specifically determined the lower court had discretion under provisions of the APA to order discovery concerning alleged irregularities in the grievance proceedings at MUSC and, during the grievance process, MUSC’s General Counsel and Vice-President had violated provisions of the APA prohibiting ex parte communication. In arriving at these conclusions, the Court necessarily decided the APA was applicable to MUSC’s grievance proceedings. The lower court was bound by this decision as the law of the case. Accordingly, the lower court erred by concluding the APA did not apply to the grievance proceedings before MUSC.
A. Notice under the APA
Two months prior to the hearing, Dr. Ross requested the Committee order MUSC to provide more specific information regarding the charges against him. The Committee denied this request. Dr. Ross contends the Committee’s failure to grant his motion violated the notice provision of § 1-23-320(b)(4). We disagree.
Section l-23-320(a) requires all parties to be afforded an opportunity for hearing after notice. Notice includes: (1) a statement of the time, place, and nature of the hearing; (2) a statement of the legal authority and jurisdiction under which the hearing is to be held; (3) reference to the particular sections of the statutes and rules involved; and (4) a short and plain statement of the matters asserted. § l-23-320(b). Section l-23-320(b)(4) provides, “[i]f the agency or other party is unable to state the matters in detail at the time the notice is served, the initial notice may be limited to a statement of the issues involved. Thereafter, upon application, a more definite and detailed statement shall be furnished.”
MUSC provided Dr. Ross with notice of the matters asserted (the reasons for his termination) in compliance with § l-23-320(b)(4). Vice-President Newberry’s letter of March 29, 1989, stated the alleged misconduct and referred to the particular sections of the MUSC faculty handbook the conduct was alleged to have violated. President Edwards’ letter of April 13, 1989, terminating Dr. Ross’ employment also stated the nature of Dr. Ross’ misconduct and referred to specific sections in the faculty handbook the conduct was alleged to have violated. Further, by letter of April 20, 1989, President Edwards responded to Dr. Ross’ request for a more detailed statement and provided detailed allegations of misconduct, the effect of the misconduct on MUSC, and statutory provisions the misconduct was alleged to have violated. Dr. Ross was fully and fairly apprised of the matters asserted in such time and manner so as to be able to meaningfully respond at the hearing. Accordingly, the Committee did not err by denying Dr. Ross’ request for more specific information regarding the charges against him. We find no error.
B. Discovery under the APA
Dr. Ross argues the Committee violated the APA by refusing to compel the deposition of a representative from MUSC and refusing to subpoena television footage covering his termination.
Under the APA, any party to a contested proceeding may depose witnesses in accordance with the provisions which apply in civil actions. § l-23-320(c). In addition, the agency hearing the contested case has the power to issue subpoenas for the attendance of witnesses and production of records. § l-23-320(d).
At the motion hearing, the Committee denied Dr. Ross’ request for an order compelling the deposition of a representative of MUSC. The Committee also denied Dr. Ross’ request to subpoena television footage covering his termination.
While the Committee had the authority to compel the requested deposition and subpoena the requested television footage, we conclude Dr. Ross’ rights were not substantially prejudiced by the Committee’s denial of these requests. Dr. Ross took full advantage of the opportunity to cross-examine the witnesses presented on behalf of MUSC. He has not established his inability to depose a representative of MUSC or gain access to television footage substantially hindered his ability to respond to the charges against him. Accordingly, Dr. Ross was not prejudiced by the Committee’s denial of these motions. Section l-23-380(g) (on appeal under the APA, the reviewing court may reverse the decision if substantial rights of the appellant have been prejudiced because the administrative findings are in violation of statutory provisions).
C. The Board’s Findings of Fact & Conclusions of Law
Dr. Ross asserts the Board, the final decisionmaker in MUSC’s grievance procedure, failed to issue adequate findings of fact and conclusions of law as required by the APA. We disagree.
Section 1-23-350 provides: “[a] final decision or order adverse to a party in a contested case shall be in writing or stated in the record. A final decision shall include findings of fact and conclusions of law, separately stated.”
The Board issued a letter stating, “[a]fter fully reviewing the complete record of the [Committee] proceedings, after oral arguments before the Board by counsel, and after due deliberation, [the Board] voted unanimously to uphold the termination of [Dr. Ross].” The lower court concluded the Board adopted the Committee’s findings of fact and conclusions of law.
We find no error as a result of the Board’s failure to issue its own findings of fact and conclusions of law. Since the Board agreed with the recommendation of the Committee, it was unnecessary for the Board to restate the analysis and conclusion in its own order. Moreover, Dr. Ross has not established any prejudice from failure of the Board to draft its own findings of fact and conclusions of law. Section 1-23-380(g) (on appeal under the APA, the reviewing court may reverse the decision if substantial rights of the appellant have been prejudiced because the administrative findings are in violation of statutory provisions).
II. Adequacy of Pretermination Hearing
Dr. Ross contends the trial judge erred by concluding he received an adequate pretermination hearing before he was discharged. We agree.
The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment provides “nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law ... ”. U.S. Const, amend. XIV, § 1. Similarly, the South Carolina Constitution provides no “person [shall] be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law ... ”. S.C. Const, art. I, § 3. A tenured professor has a property interest in continued employment which is safeguarded by due process. Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972); cf. Storrer v. University of South Carolina, 288 S.C. 555, 343 S.E.2d 664 (Ct.App.1986) (South Carolina Constitution does not require notice and hearing comporting with due process prior to the non-renewal of a non-tenured professor’s contract).
All the process which is due is a pretermination opportunity to respond and a post-termination procedure. Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 105 S.Ct. 1487, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985). “Some kind of hearing” is required prior to the discharge of an employee who has a constitutionally protected property interest in employment. However, a full evidentiary hearing is not required prior to termination. Id.; Arnett v. Kennedy 416 U.S. 134, 94 S.Ct. 1633, 40 L.Ed.2d 15 (1974). Instead, a tenured employee is entitled to 1) oral or written notice of the charges against him, 2) an explanation of the employer’s evidence, and 3) opportunity to present his explanation. Loudermill, supra.
[T]he pretermination hearing need not definitively resolve the propriety of the discharge. It should be an initial check against mistaken decisions — essentially, a determination of whether there are reasonable grounds to believe that the charges against the employee are true and support the proposed action.... The essential requirements of due process ... are notice and an opportunity to respond. The opportunity to present reasons, either in person or in writing, why proposed action should not be taken is a fundamental due process requirement.
Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 545-46, 105 S.Ct. at 1495, 84 L.Ed.2d at 506 (emphasis added).
As a tenured employee, Dr. Ross had a property interest in continued employment at MUSC. Accordingly, he was entitled to due process, including a pre-termination hearing. Board of Regents of State Colleges v. Roth, supra.
MUSC asserts Vice-President Newberry’s four meetings with Dr. Ross between February 9 and April 5, 1989, constituted the pretermination hearing. We question whether meetings over a two-month period qualify as a pretermination hearing. Nonetheless, we need not resolve that issue because we find Dr. Ross was never advised MUSC administration was considering terminating his employment. Instead, the record indicates Dr. Ross was informed, if he refused to resign, a peer review committee would be appointed to investigate the allegations of misconduct. However, the peer review committee was not appointed and Dr. Ross was terminated. Since Dr. Ross was not advised MUSC was contemplating terminating his employment, he did not have an opportunity to respond to the proposed action. Therefore, MUSC did not provide Dr. Ross with a pretermination hearing. Loudennill, supra; Cotnoir v. University of Maine Systems, 35 F.3d 6 (1st Cir.1994).
Nonetheless, although the pretermination procedures afforded Dr. Ross did not comply with minimum due process requirements, the error was remedied by the subsequent Committee hearing. Dr. Ross received notice of a post-termination hearing, a written list of specific charges against him, and references to the sections in the faculty handbook and South Carolina Code his conduct was alleged to have violated. The hearing as originally scheduled was postponed at Dr. Ross’ request. Thereafter, while represented by counsel, Dr. Ross fully participated in the seven-day hearing. He presented his own witnesses and evidence and cross-examined MUSC’s witnesses. Any lack of opportunity to respond to charges in a pretermination hearing was clearly remedied by Dr. Ross’ full and meaningful participation in the post-termination hearing. Glenn v. Newman, 614 F.2d 467 (5th Cir.1980) (any error in pre-termination hearing cured by subsequent hearing); Agarwal v. Regents of University of Minnesota, 788 F.2d 504 (8th Cir.1986) (even if employee did not receive all procedural safeguards during initial proceeding, his right to due process was not violated due to later hearing); McKinney v. Pate, 20 F.3d 1550 (11th Cir.1994) (state may cure procedural deprivation of due process rights by providing later procedural remedy); Jones v. Chatham County, 223 Ga.App. 455, 477 S.E.2d 889 (1996) (available post-termination procedures cured employer’s failure to have pretermination hearing).
III. South Carolina Constitution article I, § 22
Dr. Ross contends MUSC violated South Carolina Constitution article I, § 22. Specifically, he contends 1) neither Vice-President Newberry nor President Edwards provided him with notice or the opportunity to be heard and 2) Vice-President Newberry and President Edwards served as prosecutors and adjudicators, both in violation of article I, § 22.
In recognition of the increasing number of governmental powers delegated to administrative agencies, South Carolina Constitution article I, § 22 was added to the 1895 Constitution in 1970 “as a safeguard for the protection of liberty and property of citizens.” Final Report of the Committee to Make a Study of the South Carolina Constitution of 1895, p. 21 (1969). Article I, § 22 provides, in part:
No person shall be finally bound by a judicial or quasi-judicial decision of an administrative agency affecting private rights except on due notice and an opportunity to be heard; nor shall he be subject to the same person for both prosecution and adjudication;....
We have interpreted this provision as specifically guaranteeing persons the right to notice and an opportunity to be heard by an administrative agency, even when a contested case under the APA is not involved. Stono River EPA v. Department of Health and Environmental Control, 305 S.C. 90, 406 S.E.2d 340 (1991). Article I, § 22 requires an administrative agency provide notice and an opportunity to be heard, but does not require notice and an opportunity to be heard at each level of the administrative process. It mandates notice and opportunity to be heard at some point before the agency makes its final decision. See DeGroot v. Employment Security Commission, 285 S.C. 209, 328 S.E.2d 668 (Ct.App.1985) (Employment Security Commission did not violate article I, § 22 by allowing testimony before Appeals Tribunal but not on appeal to Commission).
A) Dr. Edwards’ Participation
Dr. Edwards investigated Dr. Ross’ conduct and then terminated Dr. Ross. Thereafter, Dr. Edwards testified against Dr. Ross at the Committee hearing.
While we conclude Dr. Ross was entitled to a pretermination hearing in accordance with the Fourteenth Amendment and South Carolina Constitution article I, § 3, we find article I, § 22 did not mandate Dr. Ross be provided with notice and an opportunity to be heard by Dr. Edwards. Article I, § 22 requires and administrative agency to provide notice and an opportunity to be heard prior to the agency’s final decision, but does not require notice and an opportunity to be heard at each level of the administrative process. Id.
We further conclude Dr. Edwards’ participation in Dr. Ross’ termination did not violate the provision of article I, § 22 which prohibits the same person from serving as both prosecutor and adjudicator. First, although Dr. Edwards testified as an adverse witness against Dr. Ross at the Committee hearing, he did not later participate as an adjudicator.
Second, although Dr. Edwards investigated Dr. Ross’ conduct and, thereafter, terminated Dr. Ross, we conclude this is not the investigatory/adjudicatory situation article I, § 22 intended to prohibit. Instead, we find the purpose of article I, § 22 is to ensure adjudications are conducted by impartial administrative bodies. See Babcock v. Office of Audits, supra note 7 (due process requires an impartial decisionmaker). Partiality exists where, among others, an adjudicator either has ex parte information as a result of prior investigation or has developed, by prior involvement with the case, a “will to win.” See Grolier, Inc. v. Federal Trade Commission, 615 F.2d 1215 (9th Cir.1980) (federal APA prohibits person from serving as adjudicator where, by prior involvement with case, he has obtained ex parte information or had a “will to win”). Here, there is no evidence Dr. Edwards’ initial decision to terminate Dr. Ross was not impartial. Dr. Edwards had no access to information which he obtained as a result of his investigation but which he should not have considered in making his decision regarding Dr. Ross’ employment. Further, there is no evidence Dr. Edwards’ personal investigation prevented him from making an objective decision regarding Dr. Ross’ employment. We find no constitutional violation.
B) Vice-President Newberry’s Participation
Vice-President Newberry investigated the faculty complaints against Dr. Ross, testified as an adverse witness at the Committee hearing, and sat as the intermediate judge in the three-step disciplinary procedure. In his role as intermediate decisionmaker, Vice-President Newberry was not required by article I, § 22 to provide Dr. Ross with notice and an opportunity to be heard during his consideration of the Committee’s recommendation. Dr. Ross was given due notice and an opportunity to be fully heard during the Committee proceeding. DeGroot v. Employment Security Commission, 285 S.C. 209, 328 S.E.2d 668.
However, Vice-President Newberry’s participation as both prosecutor and adjudicator clearly violated the provision of article I, § 22 which prohibits the same person from serving in these dual capacities. Having participated as a witness in the Committee hearing, Vice-President Newberry was prohibited from reviewing the Committee’s decision.
Nonetheless, while we do not condone Vice-President Newberry’s participation in this dual capacity, we find the error harmless. After Vice-President Newberry concurred in the Committee’s recommendation, the Board reviewed the record of the hearing before the Committee, heard oral argument from the parties, and conducted its own deliberations. The Boards’ independent consideration of Dr. Ross’ grievance cured the constitutional violation. See Schaper v. City of Huntsville, 813 F.2d 709 (5th Cir.1987) (alleged conspiracy at pretermination procedure did not violate due process rights where employee had right to appeal termination); Davis v. Mann, 721 F.Supp. 796 (S.D.Miss.1988) (where there is an adequate appeal process, bias on part of initial decisionmaker is not denial of procedural due process).
IV. Ex Parte Communications
Dr. Ross argues two ex parte communications during the grievance procedure violated his due process. Specifically, he contends A) the Committee’s distribution of its “Comments” to outside counsel for MUSC, Vice-President Newberry and the Board, but not to himself, and B) Vice-President Newberry’s communication with MUSC General Counsel during his consideration of the Committee’s recommendation violated § 1-28-360 and due process. Dr. Ross claims he was not required to establish the ex parte communications resulted in prejudice. We disagree.
Section 1-23-360 provides:
Unless required for the disposition of ex parte matters authorized by law, employees of an agency assigned to render a decision or to make findings of fact and conclusions of law in a contested case shall not communicate, directly or indirectly, in connection with any issue of fact, with any person or party, nor in 'connection with any issue of law, with any party or his representative, except upon notice and opportunity for all parties to participate,
(emphasis added). Criminal sanctions may be imposed for violations of § 1-23-360.
A. Committee’s “Comments”
After deliberations, the Committee prepared a five-page report. The first four pages of the report were entitled “Decision and Rationale.” In its conclusion, the “Decision and Rationale” states: “[ajccordingly, although the committee had concerns about the actions of MUSC administrators in this matter, it recommends to the Vice-President for Academic Affairs that the grievance appeal by Dr. Ross be dismissed.”
The fifth page was entitled “Comments.” The “Comments” state MUSC knew of Dr. Ross’ excessive personal income yet allowed an inordinate length of time to elapse before taking “precipitous action.” The “Comments” recognized MUSC’s arrangement with Dr. Ross permitted his self-serving conduct and called for adequate oversight and accountability by MUSC administration.
The Committee instructed its counsel to distribute the “Decision and Rationale,” along with a transcript of the hearing and other matters, to counsel for Dr. Ross, outside counsel for MUSC, and Vice-President Newberry. The Committee instructed its counsel to distribute the “Comments” to outside counsel for MUSC, and Vice-President Newberry, but not to counsel for Dr. Ross. Committee Counsel testified the Committee believed the four-page document constituted its decision on Dr. Ross’ termination. Committee counsel explained the “Comments” were the Committee’s criticism of MUSC’s handling of Dr. Ross’ termination and were prepared for MUSC administration. Committee Counsel agreed the “Comments” were helpful to Dr. Ross because they were critical of the administration. The “Comments” were forwarded to the Board.
During argument before the Board, outside counsel for MUSC referred to the “Comments,” stating:
Because in addition to finally ruling they [the Committee] sent the administration a message that listen, we think you are right in this case but you could have done it better. I mean they weren’t afraid of the administration, these people on that committee.
At this point, Dr. Ross learned of the existence of the “Comments.”
The Committee members were employees of MUSC assigned to render a decision. In this position, they were prohibited by § 1-23-360 from communicating ex parte with any party or party’s counsel about any issue of fact or law. Although the Committee characterized its “Comments” as mere criticism, the “Comments” clearly express the Committee’s findings as to MUSC’s conduct in this matter and, therefore, address factual issues. We conclude the Committee’s distribution of its “Comments” to outside counsel for MUSC, but not to Dr. Ross or his counsel, violated § 1-23-360. Furthermore, apart from the APA, the Committee’s failure to distribute its “Comments” to Dr. Ross while distributing the “Comments” to outside counsel for MUSC, Vice-President Newberry, and eventually to the Board was ex parte communication.
Nonetheless, although the Court condemns ex parte communication, it has refused to adopt a per se rule automatically reversing rulings which result from ex parte communications. Instead, the Court considers whether prejudice results from the ex parte contact. Burgess v. Stern, 311 S.C. 326, 428 S.E.2d 880 (1993).
Dr. Ross has not established any prejudice from not receiving a copy of the “Comments.” While the “Comments” offer a more thorough explanation of the Committee’s criticism of MUSC’s administration, the “Decision and Rationale” which Dr. Ross did receive also expresses the Committee’s concern about the administration’s actions. Dr. Ross has not shown receipt of the “Comments” by Vice-President Newberry or the Board influenced the decisions of those adjudicators. Since Dr. Ross has not established any prejudice from not receiving the “Comments,” the error is harmless. Id.; Tall Tower; Inc. v. South Carolina Procurement Review Panel, 294 S.C. 225, 233, 363 S.E.2d 683, 687 (1987) (in an administrative proceeding, “[a] demonstration of substantial prejudice is required to establish a due process claim”); Palmetto Alliance, Inc. v. Public Service Commission, 282 S.C. 430, 319 S.E.2d 695 (1984) (proof of denial of due process in administrative proceeding requires showing of substantial prejudice).
B. Vice-President Newberry’s Communication with MUSC General Counsel
Along with outside counsel, MUSC General Counsel represented MUSC before the Committee. After receipt of the Committee’s recommendation and reaching his own conclusion, Vice-President Newberry asked MUSC General Counsel about the grievance procedure and to draft a letter reflecting his (Newberry’s) decision agreeing with the recommendation of the Committee. MUSC General Counsel drafted a letter for Vice-President Newberry; Vice-President Newberry signed and distributed the letter. By failing to respond to Dr. Ross’ discovery, the circuit court deemed MUSC admitted Vice-President Newberry and MUSC General Counsel discussed the Committee’s “Comments.” Ross I, supra.
Under § 1-23-360, Vice-President Newberry, an employee of MUSC assigned to render a decision, was prohibited from discussing Dr. Ross’ case ex parte with MUSC’s General Counsel. Ross I, supra. Nonetheless, Dr. Ross has not shown any prejudice by the ex parte contact. The record indicates Vice-President Newberry had reached his decision concerning the Committee’s recommendation before communicating with MUSC General Counsel. MUSC General Counsel was merely the scribe who forwarded Vice-President Newberry’s concurrence to the parties. The letter drafted by MUSC General Counsel simply stated Vice-President Newberry concurred in the Committee’s recommendation and informed Dr. Ross of the procedure for appeal. The letter does not set forth findings of fact and conclusions of law. Accordingly, although improper, Vice-President Newberry’s communication with MUSC General Counsel did not prejudice Dr. Ross and, therefore, is not reversible error. Burgess v. Stem, supra; Tall Tower, Inc. v. South Carolina Procurement Review Panel, supra; Palmetto Alliance, Inc. v. Public Service Commission, supra.
V. Circuit Court’s Order
Dr. Ross contends the circuit court erred by issuing extensive findings of fact and conclusions of law when MUSC failed to do so. We disagree.
After stating the relevant factual background of this matter, the lower court’s order addressed Dr. Ross’ various appellate issues. In addition, the order addressed Dr. Ross’ challenge to the alleged procedural irregularities which he claimed did not appear in the record of the grievance proceeding and on which the circuit court permitted discovery and heard evidence. Moreover, we note this argument is disingenuous: Dr. Ross’ proposed order to the circuit court is thirty pages in length and contains references to testimony and his conclusions based on the evidence.
CONCLUSION
Although we have found errors in the process of Dr. Ross’ termination, we conclude, as a whole, Dr. Ross was provided with sufficient notice and opportunity to meaningfully respond to the allegations presented by MUSC. Accordingly, the decision of the trial judge is affirmed as modified.
FINNEY, C.J., and TOAL, MOORE and WALLER, JJ., concur.
. S.C.Code Ann. §§ 1-23-310 to-400 (1986).
. U.S. Const, amend. XIV, § 1; S.C. Const, art. I, § 3.
. After receiving notification the Board concurred with the Committee's recommendation, Dr. Ross filed an action in circuit court alleging due process violations, breach of contract, accord and satisfaction, defamation, and seeking judicial review under the APA. MUSC removed the action to federal court. The federal court remanded Dr. Ross’ petition for judicial review under the APA to the circuit court and held the remaining causes of action in abeyance.
. Section 1 — 23—380(f) provides for discovery on review of an action under the APA where there are alleged procedural irregularities which do not appear in the record.
. 21 CJ.S. Courts § 143 (1990) ('“[a]n adjudication on any point within ' the issues presented by the case cannot be considered a dictum, and this rule applies as to all pertinent questions, although only incidentally involved, which are presented and decided in the regular course of the consideration of the case, and lead up to the final conclusion, and to any statement in the opinion as to a matter on which the decision is predicated.”) (Emphasis added).
. Dr. Ross does not seriously contest the adequacy of the Committee’s findings of fact and conclusions of law. To the extent he does, however, challenge the Committee’s order, we conclude the reasons supporting the Committee's decision are clearly set forth in its report and are sufficient to enable the reviewing court to determine whether substantial evidence exists to support Dr. Ross’ termination. Able Communications, Inc. v. South Carolina Public Service Commission, 290 S.C. 409, 351 S.E.2d 151 (1986).
. In Babcock Center, Inc. v. Office of Audits, 286 S.C. 398, 334 S.E.2d 112 (1985), the Court included investigatory activity with prosecutorial activity.
. Dr. Ross contends the Board’s consideration and ruling on his grievance could not cure this due process violation because the Board's review was also defective since it had the Committee's "Comments.” In that Dr. Ross did not establish the "Comments" affected the decision of the Board, this argument is without merit. See Part IV.
. As noted above, because Dr. Ross alleged there were irregularities in the procedure which did not appear on the record, the circuit court allowed discovery and took evidence regarding the alleged irregularities. See Ross I, supra. The testimony regarding the "Comments” and other ex parte communication was heard by the circuit court.
| CASELAW |
Pakistani girls endeavor for education - Photos
Photos Discuss as: All photos by Nathalie Bardou / AP Pakistani schoolgirl Nisha Nadeem, six, center, attends class in a slum on the outskirts of Islamabad, Pakistan, Oct. 11, 2012. Nathalie Bardou, AP A teenage activist recently shot and critically wounded by the Taliban risked her life to attend school, but the threat from the militant group is just one of many obstacles Pakistani girls face in getting an education. Others include rampant poverty, harassment and the government's failure to prioritize education spending. Afghan refugee and Pakistani children, who were displaced with their families from Pakistan's tribal areas due to fighting between militants and the army, are examined by their teacher during their daily class to learn how to recite verses of the holy Quran, in a mosque, on the outskirts of Islamabad, Pakistan, Oct. 17. A displaced Pakistani student, seen through the window of school's classroom, sits on a bed during a break in a poor neighborhood on the outskirts of Islamabad, Pakistan, Oct. 19. Displaced Pakistani students chant a song with their teacher, not pictured, during school in a poor neighborhood on the outskirts of Islamabad, Pakistan, Oct. 19. Displaced Pakistani schoolgirls play in their school yard in a poor neighborhood on the outskirts of Islamabad, Pakistan, Oct. 19. A Pakistani protestor holds a candle and a poster that reads: Are you with us or the Taliban? Long live Malala Yousufzai and shows 15-year-old schoolgirl Malala Yousufzai, who was shot by the Taliban for speaking out in support of education for women, during a candlelight vigil in Islamabad, Pakistan, Oct. 11, 2012. Yousufzai risked her life to attend school. Related Articles: Fifteen-year-old Malala Yousufzai was shot by the Taliban for speaking out against Pakistani militants and promoting education for girls. Launch slideshow NBC's Keir Simmons reports on an upbeat assessment from Malala Yousafzai's doctors. Follow @NBCNewsPictures •Sign up for the NBCNews.com Photos Newsletter | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
ChucK/Patterns/ExternalDataLoader
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I have been experimenting with a pattern for loading external data, such that once the data is loaded into the ChucK VM, an event is triggered and a consumer of the data is informed that the data is ready for loadinginng. The code below is just scratch code that I am in the process of cleaning up. When this page is complete, I will have 4 distinct modules: a DataLoadedEvent class, a data producer, a data consumer, a class to hold globally accessible static fields like the DataLoadedEvent, and a class to hold externally loaded data (class will provide nice methods to iterate over the data loaded (without having to know the specifics of the data collection)
public class DataObj {
int mydata[];
}
public class TheEvent extends Event
{
int value;
}
//GlobalSpace - All public class that holds globally accessible
// Objects (in this case a user defined event class
//However you cannot (in v. 1.2.1.1) use a straightforward
//approach to capturing non-primative types in a static variable
//So we do a bare declare of e...
public class GlobalSpace {
static TheEvent @ e;
//static int data[200];
static DataObj @ callback;
}
// ...then use the following to do the assignment
new TheEvent @=> GlobalSpace.e;
//This seems to be a necessary hack to allow us to
//use a non-primitive in a static variable space
//
// Event class is defined in the_event.ck
// and the reference to the event class is held in the GlobalSpace
// as a static variable
int data_ready;
int count;
DataObj @ dataObj;
// handler
fun int hi( TheEvent e )
{
while( true )
{
// wait on event
e => now;
// get the data
<<<"Data Is Ready">>>;
1 => data_ready;
0 => count;
GlobalSpace.callback @=> dataObj;
}
}
// spork
<<<"Event Receiver">>>;
spork ~ hi( GlobalSpace.e );
spork ~ hi( GlobalSpace.e );
spork ~ hi( GlobalSpace.e );
spork ~ hi( GlobalSpace.e );
// infinite time loop
/**************/
while( true )
{
// advance time
1::second => now;
if (data_ready) {
if (count < dataObj.mydata.cap()) {
<<< dataObj.mydata[count]>>>;
1 +=> count;
} else {
0 => data_ready => count;
}
}
}
/* */
// the event
TheEvent @ e;
GlobalSpace.e @=> e;
<<<"Flag data is ready">>>;
DataObj dataObj;
[1,2,3,5,7,11,13] @=> dataObj.mydata;
dataObj @=> GlobalSpace.callback;
e.signal();
Michael Nardell | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Fat burning foods honey,weight loss diet plan indian menu list,i want to lose weight fast and unhealthy way - Easy Way
All the leg presses in the world have has only one goal, and that is to reveal the thighs hidden under the layer of fats. The ACE or American Council on Exercise suggests that cardio workout should be done at least 3 to 5 hours per week.
Foods play an important role in your body condition, especially in weight gaining and loss. Another choice among fat burning foods is cardamom, a kind natural herb which enhances the body metabolism and melts out fat fast and effectively.
Furthermore, seeds and nuts like almonds, walnuts, and flax seeds… are excellent foods for belly and thigh fat burning as well as muscle firming. Apart from these above foods, chilly is also widely use to burn fat effectively because it contains capsaicin, which improves metabolic process. With these above best foods burning foods added to your daily meals, you will melt out your stubborn fat quickly. Zombie Apocalypse Survival Workout Review – Who is John Romaniello and Rog Law’s Program Good For?
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In this manner, you can avoid the stop and start outcome that you can get by eating 3 heavy meals every day. In your meals, you should include dairy products that are low in fat, and other foods that are high in fiber.
Fortunately, there are many exercises that can be done at home like yoga that can make your thighs stronger and slimmer.
Turmeric is rich in curcumin which is able to control some certain genes causing scare as well as reduce blood vessel forming in adipose tissue.
It is also consider a best supporting tool for digestion as it soothes digest system and makes the body’s digest process work better. Researchers have points out that the plentiful portion of protein in an egg is a source of fuel for body’s all day activities without the need of adding other high-energy foods.
Choose almonds, chestnut for your craving instead of snacks which contain plenty of preservative, trans-fat, sugar, salt,.
The reason is that it has ability to prevent the transformation of sugar and carbohydrate, resulting in minimizing body’s fat storing. As a thermo-gene substance, capsaicin can burn calories inside the body after you eat 20 minutes. In our website, there are several effective weight loss methods that can help you lose weight effectively and safely. If you have a fast metabolism, then your body can quickly convert calories into energy instead of storing it as fat. There are fitness centers that offer exercises in groups that include cardio exercises like kick boxing.
If you practice a diet program that is loaded with sodium, sugars, and saturated fats, you will have fats and fluid. If you combine healthy fats in your foods, then you can lose weight fast, especially in the thighs, buttocks, and abdominal area. Forget it; you still lose at least 3 kilograms per year just by changing your dietary habit. Furthermore, egg’s protein is easily absorbed and doesn’t transform into fat, so feel comfortable to have this kind of nutritious foods for your breakfast. As we know, fat is accumulated inside the body under the form of grease, which can be converted into energy for body’s activities thanks to honey.
However, just make use of these foods in moderation to burn ugly fat and improve your skin condition (as they provide a lot of vitamin E). In this article, we will learn how to lose fats on thighs by a combination of strength training, balanced diet, cardio workouts, and etc.
What is worst is that when you are inborn having a fat thighs, these foods is a danger to your health. If you intend to exercise for a long period of time, you should east whole grain pasta and good carbohydrates for quick energy. If your body has substantial amount of muscle tissue, then you can burn more calories all throughout the day, even when you go to sleep. It is because some certain foods have capable of burning extra fat as they contribute to accelerate the body metabolism, which minimizes fat storing and developing.
Besides, keeping turmeric eating can help to reduce risks of bad cholesterol (LDL), high blood pressure, heart attacks and improve blood circulation. However, notice to enjoy boiled or steamed eggs with salad to have better fat burning result. So, drink 10 gram honey with warm water in the morning, and then you will find your weight change a lot! To get the finest outcomes, you should do strength training every day and take a rest between each session.
Weight loss pill on dr oz
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Comments Fat burning foods honey
1. ABD_MALIK
About yourself are all great reasons.
2. Snayper_666
Gotten nice upper-back and return fluid.
3. Ledi_Kovboya
Your exercise program with a doctor. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Samar Raza
Syed Samar Raza (Born 16 July 1976) is a Pakistani Film Director, Screen writer and Revolutionary Singer. Samar Raza received Best Award (Voice of America) in (1990) Photographic competition Against Drugs, Best Short story writer Award Newyork (1992), Gold Medalist Asian Youth Music competition(1996). Recognition as a singer (2000) | WIKI |
Strength of Acids and Bases
Strong and Weak Acids & Bases
Lithium hydroxide is an example of a strong base.
Lithium hydroxide is an example of a strong base. CCoil/Wikimedia Commons/CC By 3.0
Strong electrolytes are completely dissociated into ions in water. The acid or base molecule does not exist in aqueous solution, only ions. Weak electrolytes are incompletely dissociated.
Strong Acids
Strong acids completely dissociate in water, forming H+ and an anion. There are six strong acids. The others are considered to be weak acids. You should commit the strong acids to memory:
• HCl - hydrochloric acid
• HNO3 - nitric acid
• H2SO4 - sulfuric acid
• HBr - hydrobromic acid
• HI - hydroiodic acid
• HClO4 - perchloric acid
If the acid is 100% dissociated in solutions of 1.0 M or less, it is called strong. Sulfuric acid is considered strong only in its first dissociation step; 100% dissociation isn't true as solutions become more concentrated.
H2SO4 → H+ + HSO4-
Weak Acids
A weak acid only partially dissociates in water to give H+ and the anion. Examples of weak acids include hydrofluoric acid, HF, and acetic acid, CH3COOH. Weak acids include:
• Molecules that contain an ionizable proton. A molecule with a formula starting with H usually is an acid.
• Organic acids containing one or more carboxyl group, -COOH. The H is ionizable.
• Anions with an ionizable proton. (e.g., HSO4- → H+ + SO42-)
• Cations
• Transition metal cations
• Heavy metal cations with high charge
• NH4+ dissociates into NH3 + H+
Strong Bases
Strong bases dissociate 100% into the cation and OH- (hydroxide ion).
The hydroxides of the Group I and Group II metals usually are considered to be strong bases.
• LiOH - lithium hydroxide
• NaOH - sodium hydroxide
• KOH - potassium hydroxide
• RbOH - rubidium hydroxide
• CsOH - cesium hydroxide
• *Ca(OH)2 - calcium hydroxide
• *Sr(OH)2 - strontium hydroxide
• *Ba(OH)2 - barium hydroxide
* These bases completely dissociate in solutions of 0.01 M or less.
The other bases make solutions of 1.0 M and are 100% dissociated at that concentration. There are other strong bases than those listed, but they are not often encountered.
Weak Bases
Examples of weak bases include ammonia, NH3, and diethylamine, (CH3CH2)2NH. Like weak acids, weak bases do not completely dissociate in aqueous solution.
• Most weak bases are anions of weak acids.
• Weak bases do not furnish OH- ions by dissociation. Instead, they react with water to generate OH- ions.
Format
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Your Citation
Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Strength of Acids and Bases." ThoughtCo, Apr. 12, 2018, thoughtco.com/strong-and-weak-acids-and-bases-603667. Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. (2018, April 12). Strength of Acids and Bases. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/strong-and-weak-acids-and-bases-603667 Helmenstine, Anne Marie, Ph.D. "Strength of Acids and Bases." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/strong-and-weak-acids-and-bases-603667 (accessed June 18, 2018). | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Jose Gallo Jose Gallo - 9 months ago 38
HTML Question
I can't delete pure text using Jquery
I have error message on the page that I want to delete using Jquery while the error is getting fixed.
I can delete all the
b
tags but I have some elements that are only pure text and I can't figure it out.
Any help, will be appreciate
This is the html:
<body class = "body.home.page.page-id-273">
<br>
<b>Notice</b>
": Undefined variable: output in "
<b>/var/www/vhost/adelapereira.com/home/html/wp-content/themes/optimizePressTheme/lib/assets/default.php</b>
</b>
" on line "
<b>2589</b>
<br>
...
And this is the Jquery I delete all the text inside the b tags, but not the pure text:
<script>
$(document).ready(function() {
$("b, b:nth-child(2), b:nth-child(3), b:nth-child(4)").css( "display", "none" );
});
</script>
Many thanks
Answer
Try this if you have no other text nodes as body childs:
$('b:eq(0), b:eq(1)').remove();
var contents = $('body').contents().filter(function() {
return this.nodeType == 3;
}).remove();
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.1.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<b>Notice</b>
": Undefined variable: output in "
<b>/var/www/vhost/adelapereira.com/home/html/wp-content/themes/optimizePressTheme/lib/assets/default.php</b> | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
battery 0.4.1
Cross-platform information about batteries
battery
Latest Version Latest Version Build Status dependency status Apache 2.0 OR MIT licensed
Rust crate providing cross-platform information about batteries.
Gives access to a system independent battery state, capacity, charge and voltage values recalculated as necessary to be returned in mW, mWh or mV units.
Supported platforms
• Linux 2.6.39+
• MacOS (10.10+ probably, needs to be confirmed)
• Windows 7+
API stability
Until 1.0.0 version API might change in any moment, be careful.
Example
This crate acts both as library and as binary executable, so you can install and check it:
1. Install battery crate:
$ cargo install battery
1. Call the installed file:
$ ~/.cargo/bin/battery
Device: 0
vendor: DP
model: bq20z451
S/N: N/A
battery
state: discharging
energy: 27.50 Wh
energy-full: 33.75 Wh
energy-full-design: 50.05 Wh
energy-rate: 13.94 W
voltage: 7.83 V
time-to-empty 1h 58m 18s
percentage: 55.00%
temperature: 29.70 °C
capacity: 67.43%
cycle-count: 692
technology: lithium-ion
I guess I'll need to replace my battery soon 😩 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:GMTEgirl
Bio
I enjoy editing Wikipedia articles mostly about automobiles and automobile culture. I am in the process of writing my first book which is unsurprisingly based in the automobile industry. In the past, I created or edited a number of articles based on places in Ontario, Canada
Articles I have created
* Brown Brothers Tobacco Company
* Edson, Moore & Company
* Fittings Limited
* Harry H. Bassett
* James Richardson (1819-1892)
* Joseph Ryerson
* Letta Crapo Smith
* Ontario Malleable Iron Company
* Pedlar People Limited
Articles that are in process
* Cliff Durant
* Chevrolet Vega
* McLaughlin Motor Car Company
Articles I have enjoyed editing
* Godfrey, Ontario
* Egerton Ryerson
* Eastcliffe Hall
* Dickinson's Landing, Ontario
* Jerome Mine, Ontario
* Port Talbot, Ontario
* Herron's Mills, Ontario
* Garden Island (Ontario)
* Delino Dexter Calvin
* Balaclava, Renfrew County, Ontario
* Henry Westman Richardson
* George Richardson (ice hockey)
* Ransom Gillis House
* Hammond Building
* Alexander McFarland | WIKI |
Abouna (film)
Abouna (أبونا, English: "Our Father") is a 2002 film by Chadian director Mahamat Saleh Haroun and is the story of two young brothers' search for their father. It was filmed on location in Gaoui and N'Djamena, Chad. It was the Chadian submission for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 75th Academy Awards but was not nominated.
Plot
Two boys (Tahir and Amine) awake one morning to find that their father has abandoned their family. Shocked, they begin to misbehave. While surreptitiously watching a movie, they think they see their father speaking to them and steal the film to examine the frames. Their mother (Achta) eventually despairs and sends them to Koranic school. Unhappy, they plan their escape until the eldest boy falls in love with a deaf girl (Khalil)
Casting and production
Ahidjo Mahamat Moussa, who played the 15-year-old Tahir, was offered a choice of boys to play his younger brother Amine. He eventually chose eight-year-old Hamza Moctar Aguid because he felt that Aguid could really be his brother.
After each day for shooting, film was sent 2600 miles to Paris for processing. Only after waiting several days, when word came back that there were no problems, would shooting resume.
Cast
* Ahidjo Mahamat Moussa as Tahir
* Hamza Moctar Aguid as Amine
* Zara Haroun as Achta (the mother)
* Mounira Khalil as Mute girl
* Diego Moustapha Ngarade as Uncle Adoum
Awards
The film won the following awards:
* 2002 Hong Kong International Film Festival: Firebird Award – Special Mention
* 2002 Kerala International Film Festival: FIPRESCI Prize and Golden Crow Pheasant
* 2003 Ouagadougou Panafrican Film and Television Festival: Baobab Seed Award, Best Cinematography, INALCO Award and UNICEF Award for Childhood | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sigma Omega Epsilon
The result was delete. — Crisco 1492 (talk) 00:58, 21 July 2012 (UTC)
Sigma Omega Epsilon
* – ( View AfD View log • Stats )
This page has Zero references and is written in POV. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:19, 28 June 2012 (UTC)
* The proceeding nomination was copied from Talk:Sigma Omega Epsilon. I have completed the nominating process on behalf of the above IP Editor who was unable to do so themselves, and will comment separately on the merits of the deletion nomination. Monty 845 20:48, 28 June 2012 (UTC)
* Comment The sorority appears to exist, and has multiple chapters, but there is a dearth of independent reliable sources that provide coverage of the subject. What news articles I could find were relatively trivial and not enough to establish Notability. A regular google search turns up mostly self published material. Unless someone can find some reliable sources, it looks like delete to me. Monty 845 20:57, 28 June 2012 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 00:44, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Schools-related deletion discussions. ★☆ DUCK IS PEANUTBUTTER ☆★ 03:45, 29 June 2012 (UTC)
* Delete Insufficient demonstration of notability.--GrapedApe (talk) 15:49, 4 July 2012 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
* Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, — Crisco 1492 (talk) 08:26, 6 July 2012 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
* Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, —Tom Morris (talk) 13:40, 13 July 2012 (UTC)
* Delete as lacking coverage in independent third party sources. Feel free to pin my talk page if such sources get added to the page. Stuartyeates (talk) 07:51, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
* Delete, my searches found about zero. Cavarrone (talk) 09:15, 19 July 2012 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Bridge Michigan
Bridge Michigan is a Michigan-based nonprofit, nonpartisan news organization founded in 2011 that focuses on public policy. It is headquartered in Ypsilanti, Michigan and has offices in Detroit and Lansing.
History
The Center for Michigan, founded by Philip and Kathy Power and a bipartisan steering committee, hired John Bebow as an investigative reporter in 2006. For the 2010 Michigan gubernatorial election, the center created the Michigan Truth Squad and a year later, launched Bridge Magazine based on the existing Truth Squad. By 2018, ProPublica began to partner with Bridge Michigan. For the 2018 Michigan gubernatorial election, Bridge Michigan organized a Truth Squad to monitor the comments made by candidates at the time. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan, Bridge Michigan partnered with Detroit Free Press and Chalkbeat to track $6 billion of federal funding for education in Michigan.
Reception
The Blade described Bridge Michigan as "a well-regarded online publication that covers state issues". In 2017, Bridge Michigan and reporter Chastity Pratt Dawsey were awarded during The Matrix Awards the "Vanguard Award" for Poison on Tap, that the Michigan Chronicle described as "the first comprehensive book about the Flint water crisis".
In 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, Bridge Michigan won multiple awards, including the "Weekly/News Media Publication Class A Newspaper of the Year" as part of the Michigan Press Associations Better Newspaper awards. For the 2018 MPA Better Newspaper, Bridge Michigan also won "The Best FOIA Story Award" for a report on how the Governor Rick Snyder's officials worked beside Enbridge lobbyists and employees to promote Enbridge Line 5 after reviewing emails revealed upon a Freedom of Information Act request. In the 2021 MPA Better Newspaper Contest, Bridge Michigan won "The Best FOIA Story Award" for its reporting that law enforcement officials, specifically Barry County Sheriff Dar Leaf, attempted to assist Donald Trump with his attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election. | WIKI |
Today’s Health Awareness Topic: The Difference Between Type 2 Diabetes and Borderline Diabetes
According to the recent statistics in the United States there are about 86 million people living with borderline diabetes. More than half of these individuals are unaware that they have borderline diabetes. And for those who are aware of their diagnosis, a significant number do not take it seriously.
So what is borderline diabetes?
Borderline diabetes is when the fasting blood glucose level is outside of the normal range, but not quite in the range to diagnose type 2 diabetes.
What are the normal blood glucose levels?
The most common way to diagnose diabetes is to have a fasting glucose (blood sugar) level done. This is when blood is taken for testing after at least an 8 hour fast preferably a 12 hour fast. If the blood glucose levels are between 70-99 mg/dl then this is normal. Fasting glucose levels between 100-125 mg/dl are called impaired fasting glucose. This blood glucose is what defines borderline or pre-diabetes.
Another test that is now being used to diagnose diabetes or borderline diabetes is called the A1C. The A1C has been used to determine how well-controlled blood glucose levels are in someone living with diabetes. It is a test that shows what the average blood sugar levels over the past 6-8 weeks. The A1C is measured as a percent point. For someone living with type 2 diabetes, the goal is to keep the A1C less than 7.0%.
Borderline diabetes is diagnosed when the A1C is between 5.7-6.3%. If the A1c is equal to or more than 6.4% then this is type 2 diabetes.
Usually healthcare providers may want to repeat a fasting glucose level on at least one additional occasion before making a diagnosis of diabetes or borderline diabetes. However the A1C test is conclusive on one occasion.
Does Borderline diabetes have any symptoms?
There are usually no symptoms associated with borderline diabetes. So do not expect to have the common signs of diabetes.
What are the risks associated with borderline diabetes?
The main risk of borderline diabetes is going on to developing type 2 diabetes. However independent of this risk, people with pre-diabetes are at an increased risk for heart disease, strokes and high blood pressure.
Remember that the same risks that put you at risk for type 2 diabetes can also put you at risk for pre-diabetes.
What can be done to prevent borderline diabetes from becoming type 2 diabetes?
If you are diagnosed with pre-diabetes or borderline diabetes, this is the time that you need to consider making adjustments in your lifestyle. You do have to become a type 2 diabetic. You have a choice.
It is possible to reverse borderline diabetes?
The hallmark of successfully reversing pre-diabetes remains diet and exercise. If you are overweight or obese, commit to losing weight.
Research confirms that just by losing 7-10% of your current bodyweight you could reverse borderline diabetes.
Partner with your healthcare provider to get this done and set reasonable goals. Remember you are making a lifestyle change so do not depend on fad diets. Commit to increasing your physical activity through a regular exercise regimen. Include not only aerobic (cardiovascular) exercise but also strength training.
If diet and exercise are not working to bring your blood sugars to within normal range, then your healthcare provider may decide to put you on a medication called metformin. A lot of times patients become confused because they don’t quite understand why they are on medication for diabetes even though they do not have diabetes. But research shows that metformin helps to reduce the probability of developing full-blown diabetes.
So the next time that you hear someone tell you that they were just diagnosed with pre-diabetes or borderline diabetes, do them a favor and educate them about it.
Let them know that this is the time to begin to make changes in their lifestyle. Be an example for them.
Here’s to your health and wellbeing, | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Long Ago and Far Away (TV series)
Long Ago and Far Away is an American children's live-action/animated television series that aired on PBS Television from January 28, 1989 to December 5, 1992. It was created by WGBH, a public television broadcast service located in Boston, Massachusetts. WGBH is a member of PBS, which allowed for the series to be viewed on various other PBS stations.
After the last episode aired, the show went into reruns until September 4, 1994.
Premise
Each episode began with host James Earl Jones sitting in a chair in a room with a table, lamp, and window. The walls were blue with white dots in order to make it appear as if the room was sitting out in space or the night sky.
James Earl Jones talks during the short opening section, then acts as narrator for the balance of an episode. The series presents stories based on traditional folk and fairy tales. A number of presentation methods were used to tell these stories, with stop motion animation, live-action or traditional animation being used depending on the episode.
James Earl Jones only hosts in seasons one and two, but does not host in seasons three and four. Long Ago and Far Away also featured a number of guest narrators, including Tammy Grimes (who narrated "The Happy Circus"); Kim Loughran (who narrated "Bill and Bunny"); David Suchet (who narrated "The Fool of the World and the Flying Ship"); Mia Farrow (who narrated "Beauty and the Beast" and "Pegasus"); Peter Chelsom (who narrated Bill the Minder), Robert Hardy (who narrated "Pied Piper of Hamelin"); and Kevin Kline (who narrated "Merlin and the Dragons"). In the episode "Emperor's New Clothes", Regis Philbin provided the voice of the Emperor, In the episode "The Wind in the Willows", David Jason provided the voice of Mr. Toad and In the episode "The Reluctant Dragon", Simon Callow provided the voice of the dragon.
Awards
* National Education Association Award, Advancement of Learning through Broadcasting
* Action for Children's Television, Achievement in Children's Television Award
* National Catholic Association of Broadcasters and Communicators, Gabriel Award, Best National Children's Program
* International Film and Television Festival of New York, Gold Medal
* Connoisseur Magazine, Connie Award, Best National Children's Series
* International Reading Association, Broadcast Media Award
Season 1 (1989)
* The Pied Piper of Hamelin (January 28, 1989)
* The Reluctant Dragon (February 4, 1989)
* Abel's Island (February 11, 1989)
* The Happy Circus (February 18, 1989)
* Hungarian Folktales (February 25, 1989)
* The Talking Parcel (March 4, 1989)
* The Talking Parcel (March 11, 1989)
* Wind in the Willows (March 18, 1989)
* Svyatogor (March 25, 1989)
* The Sleeping Princess (April 1, 1989)
* As Long As He Can Count the Cows (April 8, 1989)
* The Man Who Planted Trees (April 15, 1989)
* The Silver Cornet (April 22, 1989)
* Bill and Bunny (April 29, 1989)
* Frog and Toad are Friends (May 6, 1989)
* Frog and Toad Together (May 13, 1989)
Season 2 (1990)
* Beauty and the Beast (September 8, 1990)
* Noah's Ark (September 15, 1990)
* Rarg (September 22, 1990)
* Circus Dreams (September 29, 1990)
* More Hungarian Folktales (October 6, 1990)
* The Boy in the Oak Tree (October 13, 1990)
* Oh, Mr. Toad! Part 1 (October 20, 1990)
* Oh, Mr. Toad! Part 2 (October 27, 1990)
* Bill the Minder (November 3, 1990)
Season 3 (1991)
* The Fool of the World and the Flying Ship (October 5, 1991)
* The Fool of the World and the Flying Ship (October 12, 1991)
* The Emperor's New Clothes (October 19, 1991)
* Uncle Elephant (October 26, 1991)
* Jazztime Tale (November 2, 1991)
* Merlin and the Dragons (November 9, 1991)
* Pegasus the Flying Horse (November 16, 1991)
Season 4 (1992)
* Nightengale (November 21, 1992)
* Mouse Soup (November 28, 1992)
* The Talking Eggs (December 5, 1992) | WIKI |
Barry Callebaut
Barry Callebaut AG is a Swiss-Belgian cocoa processor and chocolate manufacturer, with an average annual production of 2.3 million tonnes of cocoa & chocolate (fiscal year 2021/2022). It was created in 1996 through the merging of the French company Cacao Barry and the Belgian chocolate producer Callebaut. It is currently based in Zürich, Switzerland, and operates in over 30 countries worldwide. It was created in its present form by Klaus Johann Jacobs.
Its customers include multinational and national branded consumer goods manufacturers and artisanal users of chocolate (chocolatiers, pastry chefs, bakeries, and caterers).
Cacao Barry
Cacao Barry was founded in Hardricourt, France, by Charles Barry, an Englishman with a passion for exploring Africa in 1842. During Barry's travels to Africa he came in contact with cocoa beans, a major component in the production of chocolate. The company began producing chocolate in 1911.
In 1952, Cacao Barry became active from bean to gourmet chocolate. In 1992, the holding company Société Centrale d’Investissement (SCI) gained control of Cacao Barry, then transferred 49% of the company's capital to Compagnie Nationale à Portefeuille (CNP), an investment fund in financier Albert Frère's group. SCI's management approach favoured greater penetration of the UK market with the consequent opening of a new production site in the United Kingdom. In 1994, shortly before the merger of 1996, they launched the Pure Origine of Cacao Barry brand.
Callebaut
Callebaut was a Belgian company, founded by Eugenius Callebaut as a brewery in Wieze, Belgium, in 1850. The brewery began producing chocolate bars in 1911 and soon switched entirely to chocolate production. They began producing chocolate couverture in 1925. In the 1950s, Callebaut, which was still a family-run business, began exporting its products to other European and North American markets, leveraging the fact that Belgian chocolate had earned an excellent reputation for its quality. In 1981, Interfood, a subsidiary of Tobler-Suchard, bought the company. Bernard Callebaut, heir of the founding family, moved to Canada, where he opened a new chocolate factory named Chocolaterie Bernard Callebaut. In 1983, Klaus Jacobs acquired full control of Interfood, the holding company that controlled Callebaut, and became an international confectionery leader. After a series of acquisitions in the industry, the company merged with the US company Kraft in 1987, creating Kraft Jacobs Suchard. Klaus Jacobs retained Callebaut business.
Merger and IPO
French chocolate company Cacao Barry and Belgian chocolate company Callebaut merged in 1996 to form Barry Callebaut. In 1998, Barry Callebaut was listed on the SIX Swiss Exchange. From a business standpoint, the new Franco-Belgian confectionery company continued to grow, with Jacobs Suchard assigning it the management of Van Houten, the Dutch chocolate and cocoa powder maker founded in 1815 in Amsterdam, which Jacobs Suchard had acquired in 1986. Barry Callebout also expanded its range of products, launching new brands on the market, like Bensdorp (cocoa powder), The Barry and Callebaut (gourmet chocolate and cocoa-based products) and new lines under the Barry Callebaut brand for industrial use, including cocoa powder, cocoa butter, liqueur and chocolate.
In 1999, the company acquired the US-based confectionery company Van Leer Chocolate and, the following year, it acquired the Swiss Carma-Pfister AG. That same year, Barry Callebaut gained access to the South American market when it bought the Brazilian company Chadler Industrial de Bahia.
In 2002, under the leadership of its new CEO, Patrick G. De Maeseneire, Barry Callebaut acquired the German company Stollwerck for $225 million, thereby taking over the 17 brands under its control, including Sarotti.
The following year, it bought Brach's through the assumption of $16 million worth of debt. In 2004, it acquired AM Foods K/S, a company based in Denmark and specialised in croissanterie and chocolate. In 2007, Barry Callebaut signed an agreement with fellow Swiss brand Nestlé to buy its French site in Dijon, plants for the production of cocoa and liquid chocolate in bulk at the Italian site in San Sisto (Perugia), and to supply Nestlé with 43,000 tonnes of chocolate products per year in France, Italy and Russia. Before the year was out, it had acquired FPI-Food Processing International in the United States and KL Kepong Cocoa Products Sdn Bhd in Port Klang Malaysia. In 2009, Barry Callebaut bought the Spanish chocolate producer Chocovic S.A. These international acquisitions took place in the space of a few years, leading CEO De Maeseneire to announce, "We did not want Barry Callebaut to be merely European, we wanted it to become a global company". Two years later, the company decided to transfer the Stollwerck division to the Belgian Baronie Group, in turn controlled by the Sweet Group private equity firm, disposing of most of its retail operations in European markets.
In 2017, Barry Callebaut acquired D’Orsogna Dolciaria, an Italian company based in Abruzzo and specialised in the production of amaretto biscuits, confectionery decorations and similar products.
Ruby Chocolate
In September 2017, the Swiss company launched a new type of chocolate, Ruby, named for its reddish pink color. The pink hue is not created by adding artificial colouring or through chemical manipulation, but is the result of the color of the cocoa beans used to produce the chocolate, Ruby cocoa beans, cultivated in countries with specific climatic conditions, like Ecuador, Brazil and the Ivory Coast, and processed naturally by Barry Callebaut. Barry Callebaut presented what it calls "the fourth type of chocolate" at a private event held for industry experts in Shanghai, since the company sees China as a privileged market for its business.
In January 2018, Nestlé Japan Ltd. launched a Ruby chocolate-based Ruby Sublime Kit Kat in Japan, becoming the first global brand to use the pink chocolate formula developed by Barry Callebaut. The product was also launched in April of the same year in the UK, the first Western nation to test the pink Kit Kat created using Barry Callebaut's Ruby cocoa beans on a commercial scale.
Acquisition and openings history
* 1999 Acquisition of Carma AG in Switzerland
* 2002 Acquisition of the Stollwerck Group in Germany
* 2003 Acquisition of Dutch Group Graverboom B.V. (including Luijckx B.V.)
* 2004 Acquisition of the vending mix business of ASM Foods in Sweden
* 2004 Opening of a sales office in Tokyo, Japan
* 2005 Opening of a chocolate factory in California, U.S.
* 2007 Opening of a chocolate factory in Chekhov (near Moscow), Russia
* 2007 Major outsourcing contracts with Nestlé, Hershey's and Cadbury
* 2007 Acquisition of a cocoa factory in Eddystone, Pennsylvania, U.S.
* 2008 Opening of a chocolate factory in Suzhou (near Shanghai), China
* 2008 Signing of the acquisition of chocolate production capacity from Morinaga & Company, Japan
* 2008 Opening of Chocolate Academies in Suzhou (China), Zundert (Netherlands), Mumbai (India), Chekhov (Russia) and Chicago (U.S.)
* 2008 Acquisition of a 60% stake in KL-Kepong Cocoa Products Sdn Bhd in Malaysia
* 2008 Strategic partnership with Biolands of Tanzania
* 2008 Sale of African consumer business
* 2008 Opening of a specialty factory for frozen pastry in Alicante, Spain
* 2009 Opening of a chocolate factory in Monterrey, Mexico
* 2009 Sale of Van Houten Singapur consumer business to Hershey's
* 2009 Acquisition of Danish vending mix company Eurogran
* 2009 Acquisition of Spanish chocolate maker Chocovic, S.A.
* 2010 Opening of a chocolate factory in Extrema, Brazil
* 2010 Signing of a long-term strategic partnership agreement with Kraft Foods Inc.
* 2011 Acquisition of remaining 40% stake in Barry Callebaut Malaysia Sdn Bhd, formerly KLK Cocoa
* 2011 Expansion of the existing supply and innovation agreement with Hershey
* 2011 Signing of long-term outsourcing agreement with Chocolates Turín, Mexico
* 2011 Sale of Stollwerck to Baronie Group
* 2011 Joint venture with P.T. Comextra Majora to form P.T. Barry Callebaut Comextra Indonesia
* 2012 Acquisition of la Morella nuts in Spain
* 2012 Acquisition of Mona Lisa Food Products, Inc. in the U.S.
* 2012 Launch of "Cocoa Horizons" initiative based on strategic pillar "Sustainable Cocoa”
* 2012 Purchasing Chatham facility from Batory Industries Company in Ontario (Canada)
* 2012 Signing of long-term outsourcing/partnership agreements with Unilever, Grupo Bimbo (Mexico), and Morinaga (Japan)
* 2013 Opening of a chocolate factory in Eskişehir, Turkey
* 2021 Opening of the largest chocolate distribution centre in Lokeren, Belgium
* 2022 Opening of a chocolate factory in Duran, Ecuador
In 2005, Barry Callebaut introduced a "healthy" chocolate product called ACTICOA, which contains higher levels of polyphenol antioxidants (cocoa flavanols) than any other chocolate; some evidence indicates these flavanols have particular health benefits.
Deforestation
On 13 September 2017 NGO Mighty Earth released a report documenting findings that Barry Callebaut purchases cocoa grown illegally in national parks and other protected forests in the Ivory Coast.
The report accused Barry Callebaut of endangering the forest habitats of chimpanzees, elephants and other wildlife populations by purchasing cocoa linked to deforestation. As a result of cocoa production, 7 of the 23 Ivorian protected areas have been almost entirely converted to cocoa. Barry Callebaut was notified of the findings of Mighty Earth's investigation and did not deny that the company sourced its cocoa from protected areas in the Ivory Coast.
A follow-on report by Mighty Earth dated 7 December 2018 indicated little to no progress had been made in the year since Barry Callebaut and other signatories had committed to the Cocoa and Forests Initiative.
Child slavery
In 2021, Barry Callebaut was named in a class action lawsuit filed by eight former child slaves from Mali who alleged that the company aided and abetted their enslavement on cocoa plantations in Ivory Coast. The suit accused Barry Callebaut (along with Nestlé, Cargill, Mars, Incorporated, Olam International, The Hershey Company, and Mondelez International) of knowingly engaging in forced labor, and the plaintiffs sought damages for unjust enrichment, negligent supervision, and intentional infliction of emotional distress.
Salmonella
On June 27, 2022 Salmonella contamination was detected in a batch of chocolates at the Wieze, Belgium plant halting production. Production was resumed gradually after August 8, going back to full capacity by October 20, 2022
Trading in Russia
In January 2024 Barry Callebaut was added to the list of International Sponsors of War for continuing to operate 3 factories in Russia, and having their products used in dry rations of the Russian army. | WIKI |
User:Bhoomi Gohil/sandbox
Background:
The Gay Liberation Movement in Michigan began in the late 1960s and lasted well into the early 1990s. The uprising at the Stonewall in New York from those that were oppressed in society lead to the start of the liberation for many places in the United States, especially Detroit, Michigan. Hundreds of people gathered to riot against the police for around six days. In 1969 activists trying to rebel from societal norms made way. Although Detroit was a key place for the liberation, Ann Harbor and Lansing were hotspots in Michigan as well. Campuses also began to form gay organizations, in 1970 the Gay Liberation Movement registered a student group at Michigan State University as well as many others in the years to come. In the Gay Liberation Movement there was activism, the removal of homosexuality as a mental disorder, and people were able to fight discrimination. People started to form groups and hold meeting to discuss how they were going to fight against the oppression they faced. The attendees reflected upon the city, they all had different backgrounds, genders and were in their 20s mostly. The group initially called themselves the Detroit Gay Liberation Movement but soon decided on the Detroit Gay Liberation Front. The liberation also gave way for the group the Detroit Gay Activists, however this group was broken by the political divisions. The people of Detroit kept fighting for their rights and when someone would come out they would be coming out openly to everyone in the community. Many people of the LGBTQ community began producing publications like the famous, Gay Liberator news paper. | WIKI |
Roger Needham
Roger Michael Needham (9 February 1935 – 1 March 2003) was a British computer scientist.
Early life and education
Needham was born in Birmingham, England, the only child of Phyllis Mary, née Baker (c.1904–1976) and Leonard William Needham (c.1905–1973), a university chemistry lecturer. He attended Doncaster Grammar School for Boys in Doncaster (then in the West Riding) going on to St John's College, Cambridge in 1953, and graduating with a BA in 1956 in mathematics and philosophy. His PhD thesis was on applications of digital computers to the automatic classification and retrieval of documents. He worked on a variety of key computing projects in security, operating systems, computer architecture (capability systems) and local area networks.
Career and research
Among Needham's theoretical contributions is the development of the Burrows-Abadi-Needham logic for authentication, generally known as the BAN logic. His Needham–Schroeder (co-invented with Michael Schroeder) security protocol forms the basis of the Kerberos authentication and key exchange system. He also co-designed the TEA and XTEA encryption algorithms. He pioneered the technique of protecting passwords using a one-way hash function.
In 1962, he joined the University of Cambridge's Computer Laboratory, then called the Mathematical Laboratory, serving as the Head of the Laboratory from 1980 until 1995. He was made a professor in 1981 and remained with the laboratory until his retirement in 1998. Between 1996 and 1998, Needham served as the pro-vice chancellor at the University of Cambridge. In 1997, he set up Microsoft's UK-based Research Laboratory. He was a founding Fellow of University College, Cambridge, which became Wolfson College.
Needham was a longtime and respected member of the International Association for Cryptologic Research, the IEEE Computer Society Technical Committee on Security and Privacy, and the University Grants Committee. He was made a fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery in 1994.
Awards and honours
Needham was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1985 and a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering (FREng) in 1993. He was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for his contributions to computing in 2001. Needham held honorary doctorate degrees from the University of Twente, Loughborough University, and the University of Kent.
Named in Needham's honour
Needham has several awards named after him in his honour. The British Computer Society established an annual Roger Needham Award in 2004.
The European Conference on Computer Systems (EuroSys) established the annual Roger Needham PhD Award. It awards €2,000 to a PhD student from a European university whose thesis is regarded to be an exceptional, innovative contribution to knowledge in the computer systems area. Past winners have been:
* 2021 Victor van de Veen, (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam)
* 2020 Michael Schwarz, Graz University of Technology for his PhD thesis Software-based Side-Channel Attacks and Defenses in Restricted Environments
* 2019 Manolis Karpathiotakis, EPFL
* 2018 Dennis Andriesse (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) for his PhD thesis Analyzing and Securing Binaries Through Static Disassembly
* 2015 Cristiano Giuffrida (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) for his PhD thesis Safe and Automatic Live Update
* 2014 Torvald Riegel (Technische Universitaet Dresden), for his thesis Software Transactional Memory Building Blocks
* 2013 Asia Slowinska (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) for her PhD thesis Using Information Flow Tracking to Protect Legacy Binaries
* 2012 Derek Murray, for his thesis A Distributed Execution Engine Supporting Data-Dependent Control Flow
* 2011 Jorrit Herder for Building a Dependable Operating System: Fault Tolerance in MINIX 3
* 2010 Willem de Bruijn (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) for Adaptive Operating System Design for High Throughput I/O
* 2009 Jacob Gorm Hansen (DIKU) for Virtual Machine Mobility with Self-Migration
* 2008 Adam Dunkels (SICS) for Programming Memory-Constrained Networked Embedded Systems
* 2007 Nick Cook (Newcastle University) for Middleware Support for Non-repudiable Business-to-Business Interactions
* 2006 Oliver Heckmann (TU Darmstadt) for A System-oriented Approach to Efficiency and Quality of Service for Internet Service Providers
Personal life
Needham married fellow computer scientist Karen Spärck Jones in 1958. He died of cancer in March 2003 at his home in Willingham, Cambridgeshire. | WIKI |
ROBERT OAKES, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION, Defendant-Appellant and Third-Party Defendant-Appellant (Leonard A. Potter, Defendant and Third-Party Plaintiff-Appellee).
First District (6th Division)
No. 1—91—3691
Opinion filed November 12, 1993.
Modified on denial of rehearing January 28, 1994.
Lord, Bissell & Brook, of Chicago (Susan E. Mason and Howard A. Sil-verman, both of General Motors Corporation, Evan A. Burkholder, Hugh C. Griffin, David R. Reed, Margaret S. Hickey, and Sandra K. Macauley, of counsel), for appellant.
Charles J. Reed, Richard D. Trainor, and David H. Lucas, all of Reed, Scoby & Trainor, Ltd., and David A. Novoselsky, of David A. Novoselsky & Associates, both of Chicago, for appellee Robert Oakes.
JUSTICE McNAMARA
delivered the opinion of the court:
This cause arises out of a collision of two vehicles which resulted in the paralysis of plaintiff, Robert Oakes. The jury returned a joint and several verdict of $7 million against defendant, General Motors, which manufactured plaintiff’s vehicle, and codefendant, Leonard Potter, who drove the vehicle which struck plaintiff. The trial court entered judgment on the verdict, and it is from this judgment that General Motors now appeals. (Potter admitted negligence at trial, and the jury was instructed that the only issue as to Potter was the amount of plaintiffs damages. On Potter’s contribution claim against General Motors, the jury allocated 7% fault to General Motors and 93% to Potter. Potter raises no issues on appeal.) General Motors contends that: (1) the evidence failed to establish any enhanced injury attributable to a defective seat; (2) the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury on the concept of "enhanced injury”; and (3) the trial court erroneously excluded testing evidence that was critical to the enhanced injury issue and to the issues of proximate cause and defect.
The relevant facts are as follows. On February 10, 1983, shortly after 8 p.m., plaintiff was stopped at a traffic light in his 1982 Chevrolet Camaro Berlinetta when he was rear-ended by Potter, who was driving a four-wheel drive pickup truck with a snowplow bracket mounted on its front end and roofing shingles in the truck bed. Plaintiff was alone in his vehicle and was not wearing a seat belt. Plaintiff was later diagnosed as sustaining an axial fracture of the cervical vertebrae, resulting in permanent incomplete quadriplegia.
Within minutes, fire department and paramedic personnel arrived at the scene. Four of these individuals testified at trial that plaintiff was observed inside the vehicle with his feet near the brake and gas pedals, his buttocks on the console area separating the two front bucket seats and his head in the right rear corner of the rear passenger compartment.
Lawrence Naddy, a firefighter and paramedic for the Village of Midlothian, testified that the passenger compartment of plaintiff’s vehicle had suffered only minor damage, and the rear left passenger seat, although slightly bowed, was still intact. The roof was almost in its normal position, and the rear passenger seatback was in a normal upright position, as if there had been no impact. The driver’s seat-back was in a fully reclined position.
Jeffrey Floyd, a firefighter and paramedic for the Oak Forest fire department, examined plaintiff’s vehicle while the roof was still in place and plaintiff still inside. Floyd observed that the back of the driver’s seat was completely reclined and was resting on the seat in the left rear passenger area. The front passenger seat was in its normal position, and, apart from the position of the driver’s seat, the remainder of the vehicle’s interior was intact, with no noticeable damage. He testified that the only exterior damage was to the trunk-hatch area, noting that the left rear had substantially more damage than the right rear of the vehicle.
Stephen Morgan, a firefighter for the Village of Midlothian, observed the driver’s seatback in a nearly fully reclined, almost flat position and stated that there were no obstructions in the rear seat area preventing the driver’s seat from lying flat. The remainder of the interior was still intact, with the rear seatback in its normal position.
Susan Arnoni, an emergency medical technician for the Oak Forest police department, testified that the interior of the car appeared normal, and there was sufficient room for plaintiffs seat-back to be in a fully reclined position. From her vantage point on the passenger side, she was able to see plaintiffs seat cushion but could not see the seatback since Naddy was in the car obstructing her view.
Paramedic William Doepp, plaintiffs nephew, examined and photographed the car in a tow yard on February 11, 1983, the day after the collision. Doepp testified that the driver’s seatback was in an upright position resting against some sheet metal and other car parts which had been placed in the vehicle’s rear passenger area. Upon kneeling on the bottom cushion of the driver’s seat, Doepp stated that the seat suddenly moved forward. Doepp then grabbed the bottom seat cushion and discovered that it slid back and forth freely in its track without having to maneuver any controls. When he moved the seat forward, Doepp noticed that the driver’s seatback stayed in contact with the debris, reclining on its own, and when he moved the cushion backward, the seatback moved freely into an upright position.
Plaintiff called several expert witnesses to render opinions regarding the speed of the impact; whether the collapse of the driver’s seatback was a defective condition of the vehicle; the causal relationship between the collapse of the seatback and the injury sustained by plaintiff; and the injuries which would have resulted had the seat-back remained upright.
Rudolf Limpert, Ph.D., a mechanical engineer and accident re-constructionist, opined that the impact speed of Potter’s truck, based on an estimated truck weight of 7,000 pounds, was between 31 and 36 miles per hour, producing a change of velocity or "Delta V” (representing the speed generated by an impacted vehicle at the moment of collision) of between 18 to 21 miles per hour. Limpert concluded that plaintiff would have endured the collision without serious injury, given the impact speed and Delta V of the collision, had the seatback not collapsed. Limpert opined that the seatback would have acted as a restraint mechanism, just as a seatbelt would in a front-end collision, and would have prevented any abnormal deflections or forces upon plaintiff’s neck and head. Had the seatback remained in an upright position, according to Limpert, plaintiff would not have impacted the rear seatback. He concluded that the driver’s seat in plaintiffs vehicle was unreasonably dangerous "because it failed in this fairly low Delta V rear-end collision.”
Limpert also stated it was his opinion, based on a review of photographs of the vehicle and statements of eyewitnesses, that the rear seat of the vehicle was in its normal position and that there were no obstructions preventing the driver’s seatback from fully reclining. He concluded that the cause of the seat collapse was the failure of the recliner mechanism. In his view, the teeth of the mechanism either slipped or broke, allowing the seatback to recline. The failure of the recliner mechanism, in Limpert’s view, eliminated the only means of restraining plaintiff in an upright position when he was struck by Potter and caused plaintiff instead to be propelled towards the rear, ultimately causing his spinal injury.
Limpert disagreed with the testimony of General Motors’ experts that the impact speed was 45 to 50 miles per hour. In Limpert’s opinion, the speed of impact was much lower. He based this conclusion on the fact that plaintiffs vehicle traveled only 109 feet after impact, while at the speed suggested by General Motors, plaintiffs vehicle would have traveled at least 138 feet. Moreover, he stated that at an impact speed of 45 to 50 miles per hour, Potter’s truck would have traveled 77 feet after impact. In fact, the truck traveled only 45 to 50 feet.
On cross-examination, Limpert stated that he had not analyzed the occupant kinematics in this case, which he defined as the study of what happens to an occupant’s body when subjected to the motion and forces of a given impact. Limpert could not offer an opinion as to the precise degree of angle at which a seatback loses its ability to restrain an unbelted occupant, but stated that at 25 degrees, or at an upright position, the occupant would likely not move at all.
Leon Kazarian, a biomechanical engineer, testified on plaintiffs behalf regarding the cause of the spinal injury. Kazarian concluded that the only way plaintiffs injury could have occurred was if his head had been rammed backward in a diagonal fashion impacting the rear seatback, which he believed cupped plaintiffs head and brought it to a stop with his body following in an axial alignment, producing a fracture of the cervical, or neck, area of his spine. Ka-zarian opined that the seatback collapse was the cause of plaintiffs injury and that plaintiff would not have sustained a serious injury but for the collapse of the seatback. Kazarian stated that if the driver’s seatback had remained upright, plaintiffs body would have gone back into it, and he would thus have had uniform surface contact over the back side of his body. A seatbelt would not have prevented plaintiffs injury since, in Kazarian’s view, a seatbelt is only effective in front-end collisions, not rearward impacts.
Kazarian disagreed with General Motors’s theory that plaintiff s head struck the roof upon impact. Kazarian stated that if plaintiff s head had hit the roof, he would have sustained an anterior wedge-type fracture of his cervical spine because his chin would have been forced to his chest. He also would have suffered a head injury or concussion as a result of his head hitting the roof. Plaintiff sustained none of these injuries.
On cross-examination, Kazarian acknowledged that an occupant could ramp out of his seat into the roof area of the vehicle depending on the angle of the seatback. However, he disagreed that there would be serious spinal cord injury as a result of hitting the roof at the impact speed involved in this collision.
John Stilson, an automotive engineer, testified on behalf of plaintiff as an expert on automotive safety and rendered the opinion that an impact in the range of 21 to 24 miles per hour Delta V is absolutely survivable without serious injury if the seat system is designed properly. Stilson opined that the driver’s seatback in plaintiffs vehicle failed in that it collapsed rearward upon impact to the point of contact with the rear seat cushion. He based this conclusion in part on the fact that the seatback was not deformed or bent backwards, as it would have been had the recliner mechanism functioned properly. In Stilson’s view, the only way that the seatback could have moved backward was if the recliner mechanism had failed, noting that the only thing holding the seat up was that mechanism. Stilson believed that the recliner mechanism was unreasonably dangerous in design since under conditions of impact or even normal operation by an occupant, the seatback would become loaded by the weight of the occupant and collapse, propelling the occupant toward the rear of the vehicle. The defective and unreasonably dangerous condition of the seatback used in plaintiffs vehicle arose because the recliner teeth did not always fully engage and were insufficient in size and strength to withstand a moderate rear impact without releasing. Stilson quoted from numerous complaints of users of General Motors automobiles who reported that the driver’s seatback sometimes fell backward on its own.
Stilson expressed the opinion that a feasible alternatively designed recliner mechanism employing continuously engaged gears on both sides of the seat, known as a dual rotary recliner, was a superior design and would have provided triple the resisting strength of the unit in plaintiffs vehicle. This alternatively designed rotary recliner was being used on other selected models of 1982 Camaro Berlinetta automobiles manufactured by General Motors, and had been in use since 1979. It would have eliminated the hazard of incomplete teeth engagement and collapse as existed in the "arm and pawl” type recliner used in plaintiffs vehicle.
On cross-examination, Stilson acknowledged that the recliner mechanism used in plaintiffs automobile met the requirements of the applicable Federal safety standards. He also acknowledged that plaintiff, prior to this accident, had not experienced any slippage of the driver’s seatback.
Stilson stated that he could design a seat that could withstand an impact with a Delta V of 30 miles per hour and allow the occupant to survive without serious injury. Stilson acknowledged that no seat-back provided by any car manufacturer in 1982 would have withstood a Delta V impact of 30 miles per hour without the seatback collapsing rearward. Stilson added, however, that there were automobiles whose seat structure would not collapse in a Delta V of 20 miles per hour, which he opined was roughly the speed traveled in this collision. In Stilson’s view, a seat could be designed with a stiffer back that would not deform past 30 degrees in a collision up to 40 miles per hour Delta V. He had never designed such a seat, and no such production seat existed. Stilson opined that the rotary-type recliner, if present in plaintiffs car, would have yielded slowly, would not have permitted the seatback to recline entirely and would have prevented plaintiffs injury.
Stilson expressed no criticism of the structure of the seat in this case and made no recommendation for a structural alternative design. Stilson’s sole criticism was with the failure of the recliner mechanism, which ultimately caused the seatback to collapse and substantially contributed to plaintiffs injury.
At trial, General Motors denied that there was any design or manufacturing defect in the driver’s seat of plaintiffs vehicle. General Motors’ experts all concluded that if the driver’s seatback did collapse as plaintiff claimed, it was not due to any defect in the seat but to the severity of the rear-end impact and plaintiff’s failure to wear a seat belt. General Motors’s experts also concluded that plaintiff would have suffered an equally or more serious spinal cord injury had the driver’s seatback remained in a rigid, upright position. As we will note later, General Motors on appeal has acknowledged that the conflicting evidence on the defect issue created a question of fact for the jury.
During the instructions conference, General Motors offered a variety of instructions pertaining to the concept of enhanced injury. The trial court rejected the instructions on the ground that enhanced injury was not an issue in this case. Instead, the trial court gave the jury the standard Illinois Pattern Jury Instructions pertaining to joint tortfeasors, concurrent causes, and burden of proof.
The issues which General Motors raises on appeal center around what has come to be known as the "crashworthiness” or "second collision” theory of liability. (See Huddell v. Levin (3d Cir. 1976), 537 F.2d 726.) In Larsen v. General Motors Corp. (8th Cir. 1968), 391 F.2d 495, the court defined the essence of this theory:
"Any design defect not causing the accident would not subject the manufacturer to liability for the entire damage, but the manufacturer should be liable for that portion of the damage or injury caused by the defective design over and above the damage or injury that probably would have occurred as a result of the impact or collision absent the defective design.” (Larsen, 391 F.2d at 503.)
In the cases following Larsen, that portion of the damage or injury "over and above the damage or injury that probably would have occurred as a result of the impact or collision absent the defective system” has come to be known as the "enhanced injury.” See, e.g., Huddell, 537 F.2d 726.
General Motors contends that the trial court erred in precluding it from developing the enhanced injury theory at trial. It requests this court to grant a judgment in its favor, or, alternatively, to remand for a new trial, on the grounds that the trial court failed to require plaintiff to offer evidence of an enhanced injury at trial; failed to instruct the jury on the issue of enhanced injury; and erroneously excluded the interior camera shots of a test run by an independent testing agency which would have shown that no enhancement of injury occurred.
In response, plaintiff contends that General Motors has waived its opportunity to argue these issues on appeal because it failed to raise them in the trial court. He further contends that, even if the issue of enhanced injury is not waived, General Motors nevertheless may not prevail on appeal because the theory has been expressly rejected by our supreme court under circumstances where the injury sustained by plaintiff is incapable of being logically or reasonably divided or apportioned among defendants.
Without discussion, we reject plaintiff’s assertion that General Motors has waived the issue of enhanced injury. We will consider General Motors’ argument on appeal.
At oral argument, counsel for General Motors agreed that the jury had found in plaintiff’s favor on the issue of whether the driver’s seatback was defective, and that there was sufficient evidence to support that finding. General Motors maintains, however, that it should be liable only for the enhanced injury, if any, stemming from the defect.
Recognizing that the issues General Motors raises with respect to the enhanced injury theory of liability will be rendered moot if we find that such a theory does not apply under the circumstances presented in this case, we shall begin our discussion by addressing this particular point: Whether the trial court erred in finding that the concept of enhanced injury was not applicable in this case.
General Motors asks this court to find, as a matter of Illinois law, that a plaintiff who suffers an indivisible injury as a result of the conduct of a negligent driver and a manufacturer of a defectively designed vehicle must separate out the enhanced injuries in order to recover from the manufacturer. Plaintiff argues, on the other hand, that his burden of proof against the manufacturer in such a case is no different from his burden in any other tort claim. In support of this contention, plaintiff cites Burke v. 12 Rothschild’s Liquor Mart, Inc. (1992), 148 Ill. 2d 429, 593 N.E.2d 522, a case recently decided by our supreme court. Plaintiff argues that although Burke was not a "crashworthy” or "second collision” case, the principles which it espouses should nevertheless be applied here.
In Burke, the plaintiff was injured by the negligent acts of Rothschild’s’ employees and then was further injured by the acts of Chicago police officers when they threw him into the back of a police vehicle. The city argued in a post-trial motion and again before the appellate court that it was a successive tortfeasor and should thus be liable only for the injuries caused by its conduct. (On appeal to the supreme court, the plaintiff, rather than the city, argued that the defendants were successive tortfeasors, and the city argued that it and Rothschild’s acted jointly.) In an effort to reaffirm and clarify Illinois law, our supreme court distinguished separate from joint tortfeasors by focusing on the nature of the injury itself.
Citing Gertz v. Campbell (1973), 55 Ill. 2d 84, 302 N.E.2d 40, overruled on other grounds (1981), 85 Ill. 2d 1, 421 N.E.2d 886, the court noted that the defendant motorist and defendant physician in Gertz were not joint tortfeasors in part because the injuries were sustained at different times. (Burke, 148 Ill. 2d at 437, 593 N.E.2d at 525.) The Burke court further noted that "inherent to the Gertz analysis was the recognition that the plaintiff’s original injury — a broken leg— could be distinguished from the physician’s aggravation of that injury, which resulted in amputation of the leg.” (Burke, 148 Ill. 2d at 437-38, 593 N.E.2d at 525.) In the court’s view, "[tjhese were separate and distinct injuries, for which defendants could not be held jointly liable.” Burke, 148 Ill. 2d at 438, 593 N.E.2d at 525.
The Burke court reiterated that the test of jointness in Elinois is the indivisibility of the injury, citing with approval section 433A of the Restatement (Second) of Torts, which states:
"(1) Damages for harm are to be apportioned among two or more causes where
(a) there are distinct harms, or
(b) there is a reasonable basis for determining the contribution of each cause to a single harm.
(2) Damages for any other harm cannot be apportioned among two or more causes.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 433A (1965).
The court also cited with approval the comment to subsection (2) above, which explains:
"Certain kinds of harm, by their very nature, are normally incapable of any logical, reasonable, or practical division. *** By far the greater number of personal injuries, and of harms to tangible property, are *** single and indivisible. Where two or more causes combine to produce such a single result, incapable of division on any logical or reasonable basis, and each is a substantial factor in bringing about the harm, the courts have refused to make an arbitrary apportionment for its own sake, and each of the causes is charged with responsibility for the entire harm.” Restatement (Second) of Torts § 433A, Comment i, at 439-40 (1965).
Applying section 433A and comment i to the facts in Burke, the court concluded that since the plaintiff’s injuries caused by the first tortfeasor (Rothschild’s) had been "exacerbated and/or that he had received an additional injury through his subsequent mishandling by the City’s employees,” the plaintiff had suffered an indivisible harm rendering Rothschild’s and the city jointly liable for the entire extent of his injuries. (Burke, 148 Ill. 2d at 439, 593 N.E.2d at 526.) In this regard, the court stated:
"There was no clear medical evidence to show either that Burke’s irreversible quadriplegia came about solely through negligence of Rothschild’s or that the paralysis caused by behavior of Rothschild’s was a temporary condition capable of reversal absent the City’s misconduct. Either injury or both injuries could have caused plaintiff’s lasting condition. Burke’s quadriplegia was an indivisible harm. Consequently, we agree that the trial court properly found Rothschild’s and the City jointly liable to plaintiff.” (Emphasis added.) Burke, 148 Ill. 2d at 439, 593 N.E.2d at 526.
In Buehler v. Whalen (1977), 70 Ill. 2d 51, 374 N.E.2d 460, a case strikingly similar to the present case, plaintiffs contended that the vehicle in which they were riding was struck in the rear at 30 miles per hour. The plaintiffs’ experts opined that the gas filler spout had been displaced from its normal position upon impact; the gas cap came off; fire emanated from the trunk and spread into the passenger compartment; and that a feasible design alternative was a firewall between the fuel tank and passenger compartment which would have diminished plaintiff's injuries. The plaintiffs’ experts concluded that with the alternative safer design, the spread of fire would have been delayed long enough to permit the occupants to get out "without suffering serious injury.” Buehler, 70 Ill. 2d at 57, 374 N.E.2d at 462.
Defendant, Ford Motor Company, vigorously contested each of the opinions of the plaintiffs, contending that the gas cap had remained on the filler spout; the fire came from outside the vehicle; no fuel had entered the trunk compartment; the impact speed was 45 miles per hour; and it was impossible to build a feasibly designed firewall. (Buehler v. Whalen (1977), 41 Ill. App. 3d 446, 355 N.E.2d 99.) Ford claimed that its fuel tank was not defective and that the fire was proximately caused by the high-speed collision and the negligence of the driver, Whalen.
Our supreme court was asked by defendant Whalen to apportion damages between herself and Ford. The court examined the nature of the respective responsibility of the auto manufacturer whose un-crashworthy design combined with the negligence of a driver who precipitated the collision. The court stated:
"We have here a classic case of concurrent tortfeasors whose separate acts combine to produce a single individual injury. Under these circumstances there is no apportionment.” (Emphasis added.) (Buehler, 70 Ill. 2d at 63, 374 N.E.2d at 465.)
The court in Buehler ultimately held that given the indivisible nature of plaintiffs’ injury, i.e., severe burns, each defendant was jointly and severally responsible for the entire extent of plaintiffs’ damages. Buehler, 70 Ill. 2d at 64, 374 N.E.2d at 465.
General Motors attempts to distinguish Buehler by asserting that no burden of proof issue existed there because it was undisputed that all the injuries for which plaintiff sought recovery were enhanced injuries and that no injury at all would have occurred absent the alleged crashworthiness defect. We do not agree. On the contrary, our reading of Buehler reveals that Ford, like General Motors here, strenuously disputed the manner in which plaintiffs sustained their indivisible injuries; that a defect existed; the speed of impact; the proximate cause of plaintiff’s injuries; and the feasibility of an alternative design. (Buehler, 41 Ill. App. 3d 446, 355 N.E.2d 99.) We see no difference, therefore, between the situation in Buehler and the situation here for the purpose of determining the measure of liability on the part of General Motors.
The holdings in Burke and Buehler demonstrate that the trial court correctly determined that the concept of enhanced injury was not at issue here. It is clear from those two cases alone that in Illinois, defendants are to be held jointly and severally liable when the plaintiff’s injury is indivisible, assuming, of course, that evidence exists to support a finding that each defendant proximately caused the plaintiff’s injury. Like the plaintiff in Burke, plaintiff’s injury here was quadriplegia, and we concur in the supreme court’s view that such an injury is indivisible. The combination of Potter’s negligence and General Motors’ defectively designed seating system was "a classic case of concurrent tortfeasors whose separate acts combine to produce a single individual injury.” Buehler, 70 Ill. 2d at 63, 374 N.E.2d at 465.
General Motors argues, notwithstanding the holdings in Burke and Buehler, that application of the enhanced injury doctrine in crashworthiness cases does not require that the injuries be divisible. It maintains, rather, that the doctrine requires the jury to compare all the injuries plaintiff actually sustained in the accident (divisible or indivisible) against all the injuries (divisible or indivisible) that plaintiff would have sustained in the accident absent the alleged defect. Moreover, General Motors argues that the burden is on the plaintiff to prove the enhanced injuries. In an effort to convince this court of the wisdom of this view, General Motors cites a number of Federal court decisions and decisions of courts of other jurisdictions which have adopted the enhanced injury theory of liability requiring the plaintiff to prove an enhanced injury in order to recover from the manufacturer.
The case chiefly relied upon by General Motors is Huddell, 537 F.2d 726. In Huddell, the driver of a General Motor's vehicle was killed in a rear-impact collision with another vehicle. The decedent’s wife brought an action against the driver of the vehicle alleging negligence, and against General Motors on the ground that the driver’s seat head restraint was defectively designed and was a substantial contributing factor of the decedent’s death. In vacating the jury’s verdict in favor of plaintiff and against General Motors, the third circuit held that the plaintiff had failed to meet the three-pronged burden of proof under the crashworthiness doctrine. In what has come to be known as the "Huddell rule,” the plaintiff, in order to recover from the manufacturer, must prove:
(1) the existence of an alternative safer design;
(2) the injuries he would have sustained had the alternative safer design been employed at the time of the accident; and
(3) the extent of the enhanced injuries attributable to the defective design.
See Huddell, 537 F.2d at 737-38.
This formulation of the enhanced injury doctrine would require a plaintiff who sustains injuries as a result of the defective design of an automobile to separate those injuries sustained as a result of the defect from those injuries which he would have sustained in the occurrence absent the defect. As plaintiff points out, under this rule, he would be required to establish what injuries he might have received even though he did not receive them. In other words, plaintiff would have to prove a negative based on a hypothetical set of facts. We consider this to be a nearly insurmountable burden, particularly here, where plaintiff’s injury is incapable of being logically or reasonably divided. In Larsen, the defendant, General Motors, concurred in this view. Ostensibly arguing against the enhanced injury doctrine in that case, General Motors contended that the enhanced injury arising from a design defect would be "difficult to assess.” (Larsen, 391 F.2d at 503.) It is ironic that here, notwithstanding the indivisible nature of plaintiff’s injury, the determination of the enhanced injury, in General Motors’s view, is an easy feat.
The decision in Mitchell v. Volkswagenwerk, AG (8th Cir. 1982), 669 F.2d 1199, highlights the practical difficulties created in requiring application of the Huddell rule to an indivisible injury situation. In Mitchell, the plaintiff sustained a severe spinal injury ultimately resulting in paraplegia after he was ejected through a defective door of the vehicle in which he was a passenger. The jury determined that plaintiff’s paraplegia was a divisible injury and thus apportioned the damage award between the driver of the vehicle and the manufacturer. On appeal, the eighth circuit, which, significantly, was the same court that 14 years earlier had advanced the enhanced injury doctrine in Larsen, held that the trial court erred in failing to rule that the paraplegic injury was indivisible as a matter of law and was therefore not capable of apportionment. The court stated that "[ujnder these circumstances the jury should have been instructed that if it found the defective design was a substantial factor in producing the paraplegia, the manufacturer would be liable as a joint and several tortfeasor with the driver of the car.” Mitchell, 669 F.2d at 1201-02.
In so holding, the Mitchell court recognized that under Minnesota law, "where two or more persons acting independently are guilty of consecutive acts of negligence closely related in point of time, and cause damage to another under circumstances where the damage is indivisible, i.e., it is not reasonably possible to make a division of the damage caused by the separate acts of negligence, the negligent actors are jointly and severally liable.” Mitchell, 669 F.2d at 1203, citing with approval Restatement (Second) of Torts § 433A, Comment i (1965).
Acknowledging that some of the other circuits had taken the view that in "second collision” cases the plaintiff had the burden of proving not only that the manufacturer was the sole cause of an enhanced indivisible injury, but also that he would not otherwise have received injuries absent a defect, the eighth circuit ultimately rejected this approach as difficult and unworkable:
"The primary difficulty we have with this analysis is that it forces not only the parties but the jury as well to try a hypothetical case. Liability and damage questions are difficult enough within orthodox principles of tort law without extending consideration to a case of a hypothetical victim. More realistically, the parties and jury should direct their attention to what actually happened rather than what might have happened.
By placing the burden of proof on a plaintiff to prove that the designer was the sole cause of not only an enhanced indivisible injury, but, in addition, that he would not otherwise have received injuries absent a defect, the injured victim is relegated to an almost hopeless state of never being able to succeed against a defective designer. The public interest is little served. We write to reaffirm that Larsen was not intended to create a rule which requires the plaintiff to assume an impossible burden of proving a negative fact. A rule of law which requires a plaintiff to prove what portion of indivisible harm was caused by each party and what might have happened in lieu of what did happen requires obvious speculation and proof of the impossible. This approach converts the common law rules governing principles of legal causation into a morass of confusion and uncertainty.” (Emphasis added.) (Mitchell, 669 F.2d at 1204-05.)
The court ultimately set forth the plaintiff’s burden in a "second collision” case: The plaintiff must show only that the design defect was a "substantial factor” in producing damages over and above those which were probably caused as a result of the original impact or collision. The court went on to hold that if the manufacturer’s negligence is found to be a substantial factor in causing an indivisible injury such as paraplegia or death, then "absent a reasonable basis to determine which wrongdoer actually caused the harm, the defendants should be treated as joint and several tortfeasors.” Mitchell, 669 F.2d at 1206.
We concur in the foregoing analysis of the eighth circuit and find the sound reasoning contained therein to be in line with our supreme court’s holdings in Burke and Buehler. Mitchell clearly shows the sort of speculation in which a jury would be forced to engage in apportioning damages between concurrent tortfeasors where the injury is indivisible, and where no reasonable basis exists to determine which wrongdoer actually caused the harm. In Mitchell, there was conflicting evidence as to whether the paraplegic injury was incurred when the car rolled over or when the plaintiff was ejected from the vehicle through the defective door. Similarly, in this case, there was conflicting evidence as to whether plaintiff’s quadriplegic injury was caused by plaintiff hitting his head on the rear passenger seat after the driver’s seatback failed or by ramping up the seat, hitting his head on the roof upon impact. The trial court observed that plaintiff’s injury happened within a "split second,” and that it was caused either by one or both defendants. The jury ultimately accepted plaintiff’s evidence that his injury was proximately caused by the concurrent actions of both defendants.
We need not explore any of the other non-Illinois cases cited by General Motors which have accepted the Huddell rule as a viable theory of liability. As the foregoing discussion makes clear, we do not find the Huddell rule to accurately reflect the current state of the law in Illinois with respect to concurrent tortfeasor liability in an indivisible injury situation. In summary, we hold that the trial court properly determined that the concept of enhanced injury was not an issue in this case. Accordingly, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion as to any of the three issues General Motors raises on appeal.
As a final matter, General Motors requests this court to address an additional contention related to the interior camera shots taken during its crash test, which, as we have concluded, were properly excluded on the issue of enhanced injury. General Motors argues that the camera shots were admissible as well on the issues of proximate cause and defect. The camera shots showed an instrumented "dummy” ramping out of a rigidly designed, upright driver’s seat into the roof of the test vehicle upon impact, at an impact speed of 48.8 miles per hour and a resulting Delta V of approximately 30 miles per hour. In conducting the test, General Motors sought to rebut the testimony of Stilson, one of plaintiff’s experts, who stated that, although he had never seen one, a safer seat could be designed with a stiffer back that would not deflect past 30 degrees in a rear-end collision up to 40-miles-per-hour Delta V (the equivalent of an impact speed of approximately 55 to 60 miles per hour). General Motors intended to show that, contrary to Stilson’s testimony, such a seatback would not have been safer in a collision as severe as plaintiffs, because had plaintiff ramped into the roof, as the camera shots indicated he would have, his spinal injury would have been equally if not more severe than that which he actually sustained. Thus, even if defective, the seatback could not have been a proximate cause of plaintiffs injuries since he would have been injured to the same extent absent the defect. Nor, General Motors argues, could the existing seatback have been considered "defective” since even Stil-son’s proposed alternative design would not have been effective in preventing serious spinal cord injury to plaintiff "in an impact of the type and severity that occurred [in plaintiff’s collision].”
For the reasons which follow, we reject General Motors’s argument, and thus find that the trial court’s exclusion of the evidence was proper. If the purpose of the crash test was, as General Motors suggests, to prove that Stilson’s proposed seatback design would not have been effective in preventing plaintiff’s spinal injury "in an impact of the type and severity that occurred here,” it follows that the test should have been conducted under conditions which replicated, to the extent possible, an impact of that type and severity. The trial court excluded the evidence after determining that the test vehicle was impacted at a substantially higher speed than was plaintiff’s vehicle. Indeed, Stilson opined that the Delta V which resulted in plaintiff’s collision was between 15 and 20 miles per hour, 10 to 15 miles per hour lower than the Delta V which resulted in the test collision. Thus, although the "dummy” ramped into the roof while seated in the Stilson-type seat in the test collision, it does not necessarily follow that plaintiff would have done the same given the considerably lower speed of the impact in his collision. Indeed, plaintiff himself acknowledges that had the impact occurred at the speed of the test collision, "there would have been no room for [his] seat to collapse and whatever the demerits of [the] seat they would not have been manifest.” Plaintiff’s theory at trial with respect to the seatback was that he would have survived this accident without serious injury had the seatback not been defective, precisely because it was a "fairly low Delta V” collision. Stilson opined that a stiffer seatback design existed at the time plaintiff’s vehicle was manufactured which would have withstood a collision of this severity. Had that design been tested in such a collision and failed, the evidence would indeed have been relevant and admissible to refute plaintiff’s claim that the defective seatback proximately caused his injuries. Under the circumstances here, however, we agree with the trial court that the evidence was properly excluded.
For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
EGAN, P.J., and GIANNIS, J., concur. | CASELAW |
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Apollo Ofwono
Apollo Yeri Ofwono (born April 14, 1962) is a Ugandan politician and a member of Ugandan parliament representing Tororo Municipality in Tororo District. He was elected to the parliament on the ticket of the National Resistance Movement (NRM). He is a member of the Natural Recourses and Appointments committee.
Life and education
Ofwono is a Christian of Anglican denomination. He studied for a bachelor’s degree in Commerce at the Makerere University Business School.
Political career
Ofwono first ran for his Tororo District seat in the Ugandan Parliament in 2006 but lose to incumbent MP Sanjay Tanna. Disatified, Ofwono challenged the result of the poll with allegations that his opponent bribed voters and brought in non-registered voters to vote him. He lose the case in court and was ordered to pay 44 million shillings in court cost. He failed to pay the fine until 2009 when he was arrested on the order of the court. | WIKI |
Community Research and Development Information Service - CORDIS
Final Report Summary - EPIAGE (Epigenetic Regulation of Ageing)
The central question in aging research is whether epigenetic components govern the aging of animals. Insight into the genome-wide deposition of epigenetic marks in the course of aging should facilitate revealing novel aging-related genes. The discovery of an epigenetic landscape of aging will moreover provide markers, quite like the length of telomeres is an aging marker, which might be helpful to determine the age of an animal. Our research therefore focusses on typical chromatin components including transcription factors and epigenetic enzymes and the respective modifications they catalyze at chromatin. To this end, we have established a liquid culture based RNAi screening method for the model organism C. elegans that allows us to screen hundreds of epigenetic components over the full lifespan of the animal. Importantly, nearly all RNAi screenings conducted so far in the nematode have been carried out with young animals of the L1 and L4 larvae stages. We have devised a post-reproductive screening method, which allowed us to look into late-life gene function for the very first time. In this screen C. elegans is fed on RNAi producing bacteria only after the full development is completed (day 9 of life). This is of utmost importance to not measure developmental effects that later impinge on the life of the nematode but rather to identify regular aging mechanisms. We have utilized a synchronized population of worms, which we cleaned up by sorting with a Biosorter to make sure that no offspring (with an intact germ line) contaminates the aging assays. Following this we have screened a chromatin factor RNAi library for genes that upon knockdown lead to an extension of the lifespan. We have found about 40 genes that upon late-life knockdown cause a dramatic change in the lifespan. Amongst these 40 candidates we have found one gene that had been strongly linked to aging previously. Therefore, we have focused on describing the late-life function of this gene in detail. We have found that a late-life knockdown of this gene not only significantly increases the lifespan but also the health span of the animals as demonstrated by a better conservation of muscles and the pharynx. Further and in accordance with these findings, the knockdown of the gene of interest caused better movement of the animals even at old ages. We have further looked into factors operating downstream of the protein encoded by the gene of interest. Our data show that a prominent metabolic pathway is coordinated by the protein product of the gene of interest and that the lifespan and health span extension are transmitted through the aforementioned metabolic pathway. Furthermore, our findings show that the candidate protein is not affected by any of the canonical aging signalling pathways arguing that a yet unidentified signalling pathway must exist that contributes to organismal aging after reproduction. Moreover, we have found that the knockdown of the aforementioned gene and its impact on longevity occurs mainly in one tissue of the animal. In sum, we have delineated new functions for chromatin-associated factors in determining life and health span of the nematode C. elegans.
Taken together our findings have a great socio-economic importance as they demonstrate that gene regulation has a profound impact on aging and that interference with gene function late in life can result in healthier aging. Given that the candidate gene and its function are evolutionary conserved it is comprehensive to assume that similar processes might occur in humans. Compounds that inhibit the function of the candidate gene would therefore prolong life and health span the worm but potentially also in higher species such as mice or human. Future work will therefore need to address whether the genes identified by the post-reproductive RNAi screen are drugable and whether age-related diseases could be alleviated by such drugs.
Reported by
INSTITUT FUR MOLEKULARE BIOLOGIE GGMBH
Germany
Subjects
Life Sciences
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User:VulGarDen
VulGarDen
VulGarDen, or VGD as it is often called, it the unofficial American Based Dir en grey fanclub. Founded on August 2nd of 2007, VGD is striving to become the First Official American fanclub for the Japanese Rock Band, Dir en grey. Currently residing as a simple myspace page, VGD has over 400 members, with the numbers steadily increasing. With a strong loyalty to the band, AKnot, and the Fans, VGD has made sure to bring forth accurate and up to date information to the fans of America.
DISCLAIMER :: VulGarDen is soley a fanbased operation and does not claim to work with Dir en grey, the Japanese Fanclub AKNOT, or any other association with Dir en grey. VulGarDen belongs to itself and creators.
* Vul~Gar~Den Main Page:: | WIKI |
Sevison, G., Farzinazar, S., Burrow, J., Perez, C., Kwon, Heungdong, Lee, J., Asheghi, M., Goodson, K.E., Hendrickson, J., Afha, I., 2020, “Phase Change Dynamics and 2-Dimensional 4Bit Memory in Ge2Sb2Te5 Via Telecom-Band Encoding,” ACS Photonics, Vol. 7, pp. 480-487.
Abstract
PDFAs modern computing gets continuously pushed up against the von Neumann Bottleneck-limiting the ultimate speeds for data transfer and computation- new computing methods are needed in order to bypass this issue and keep our computer’s evolution moving forward, such as hybrid computing with an optical co-processor, all-optical computing, or photonic neuromorphic computing. In any of these protocols, we require an optical memory: either a multilevel/ accumulator memory, or a computational memory. Here, We propose and demonstrate a 2-dimensional 4-bit fully optical non-volatile memory using Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) phase change materials, with encoding via a 1550 nm laser. Using the telecom-band laser, we are able to reach deeper into the material due to the low-loss nature of GST at this wavelength range, hence increasing the number of optical write/read levels compared to previous demonstrations, while simultaneously staying within acceptable read/write energies (maximum 60 nJ/bit for write, depending on the number of pulses). For our experimental results 50 ns long pulses with a 25 ns fall time, a peak power of 200 mW, and a 125 kHz repetition rate were used. We verify our design and experimental results via rigorous numerical simulations based on finite element and nucleation theory, and we successfully write and read a string of characters using direct hexadecimal encoding. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Pongsakorn Nimawan
Pongsakorn Nimawan (พงศกร นิมะวัลย์) is a volleyball player from Thailand and is a member of the men's national volleyball team.
Club
* 🇹🇭 Kasetsart VC (2016–present) | WIKI |
The V Cut Workout For Your Core
The V Cut Workout For Your Core
4 5727
V Cut Workout
So you want a V cut? Get in line. Most of us do. But, not many know how to get it. That’s where we come in with all the details you need to craft a V cut workout.
Out of all the different workouts, you can perform for your abs, the v cut workout has to be one of the best ones if you seek definition. But, the workout is only half the battle. You have to have a well-established nutrition program that is focused on fat loss with lean muscle retention. This isn’t the easiest or a simple diet plan to follow, but we’ll get into more of those details later. First, let’s take a look at what you need to get the v cut look and how to build abs.
What Is The V Cut?
When someone talks about the V cut they are referring to the area that runs down your abs, obliques, and groin area. The appearance takes the shape of a V because of the two lines that run down. This is easily seen when your shirt is off and is the look that many men and women want for the summertime when clothes are a bit scarce. The only way you can achieve this is through lean muscle definition and a low body fat percentage.
It will also help if you research how to lose inner thigh fat.
You can’t just target one area to lose fat. When you seek low body fat that means your entire body needs to drop fat in order for all areas to appear well defined. But, you can target specific areas to increase the intensity. This allows better results in the region you wish to have them.
The V-Cut Workout Nutrient Info
V Cut Abs Workout Nutrient Info
Around 90% of the results from any type of training are because of proper dieting. Make no mistake: Only proper dieting allows it to be possible. You only train four to six days a week for a max of two hours. Most average people do not go beyond this training time. So the rest of your day is filled with nutrient consumption. The military even has a saying that eating is continuous in the field. The point is that nutritious nutrients must be continually eaten throughout the day to maintain energy production and muscle retention.
Chances are you likely already know that the three primary nutrients for our bodies. If not, we’ll tell you. They are protein, carbohydrates, and dietary fats. These are called macronutrients because they are the largest nutrients that we consume.
But what do they mean for you in terms of the v cut workout?
Protein is essential for life and is the main nutrient that repairs damaged cells and allows them to recover properly into stronger and denser proteins. This is basically how your muscles get larger over time. Protein is also vital for your workout because it helps keep your body content after consumption.
Why?
Simple, the reason is because it takes your body longer to digest proteins. Another fact people do not seem to know is that protein keeps your bones healthy – not just calcium.
Carbs are not essential for life, but removing them from your diet simply for fat loss is going to be very hard. It usually ends with you going back to eating even more sugary snacks. Studies show that most of the people who follow the no carb or very low carb diet go right back to eating more carbs after six months. They state you should only do this for brief timeframes.
Carbs are our primary source for energy and dietary fats become the secondary choice of energy after carb storages known as glycogen have been depleted. This is how your body keeps going even after all the energy from foods that you consumed are gone. Your metabolism essentially figures out there are no more carb storages and resorts to breaking fat down into ketones to use them for energy.
A lot of fats are actually good for your body when consumed in the proper amounts. They not only protect your inner organs, but they are used as a secondary energy source. You want them to be used next because the third energy source that can be used if you’re not careful is protein, which means the proteins in your muscles begin to be used. This is not a good situation because at that point the lean muscle gains are danger of being destroyed from within.
When it comes to fats there are actually ones that are essential for life.
Omega-3 fatty acids are the main ones to consume because they can help keep your heart healthy, blood pressure low, joints lubricated and may even help your metabolism burn fat. When we say essential it means that particular nutrient isn’t capable of being produced by your body, so you must consume foods or the best supplements for muscle gain to receive the needed daily amounts.
V Line Abs Workout Nutrient Intake
The three macronutrients we’ve discussed make up your diet program. Consuming enough micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, shouldn’t be much of a concern if you’re eating fruits and veggies. You should also consume foods that have calcium. The only issue you may face is iron deficiency if you’re on a vegetarian or vegan diet. Aside from these situations the following info applies to most people training for the V cut look.
There is no way to give you accurate calorie intake since we have no clue how much you weigh, your overall body fat percentage or height. But you can go off of a simple concept used for gaining muscle while burning fat. There are two different scenarios that you could be in. The first is being a little overweight, and the other is being underweight or just someone with an average build.
When you are a bit overweight you will be trying to convert what body fat you have into lean muscle. In that case, it is vital that you diet properly for fat loss by eating a lesser amount of calories than you require daily.
Start by reducing your intake by up to 300 calories per day. You could cut an even greater amount of calories if you notice that you are still not losing much weight.
Underweight and average builds share similar goals since they do not need to lessen the calories being consumed, but instead increase their intake by 200 calories. Start at this point and see if you are gaining slight muscle mass after a few months. The extra calories are to support muscles since they require them for maintenance, recovery, and growth. You could also simply consume 15 to 17 calories per pound of body weight. So a 150-pound man would consume around 2,400 calories daily for lean muscle growth.
Those who are obese or pre-obese should seek medical counseling or the help of a dietitian. This is actually a condition that is recognized as a medical disease and health risks are very high. This program is only designed for those who are physically capable of dieting and training without medical conditions.
The Exercises Involved In The V Cut Workout
The Exercises Involved In The V Cut Workout
A V cut workout does focus a lot on your obliques and abs muscles, but crunches and sit-ups are not going to be the only way to reach this goal. Sure they do make up a big portion of the training program, but there are other exercises that focus on your core strength as a whole. Compound movements and core-focused exercises incorporate the abs and oblique regions greatly.
In fact, these two muscle regions have a very big role in activating different portions of exercises. Think about when you first started bench pressing properly. Your legs and abs probably felt sore for a few days because they are used during the exercise as well, even though everyone knows they target chest muscles.
Your body as a whole will receive training for the program, but of course, your obliques and abs get more attention.
Another way you will get a perfect weekly workout in is with the use of isometric exercises. You may not be too familiar with these exercises since they do not actually involve joint movements. Instead, you get into a specific stance or position and hold it for a precise timeframe. This pause allows you to contract the muscles without having to actually move and is highly effective at lean muscle growth.
Think about flexing your biceps. When you hold the flexing position you are causing contractions in this area. This is actually a form of resistance. This would be one of the few exercises that do not involve resistance since you need moderate to heavy loads for your muscles to grow more effectively. Yes, your abs will need weighted resistance to create the V cut look.
V Cut Workout Program
The V Line Workout Program
In this program, you will take three-minute rests between sets. This allows your body to prime up for each new set. As well, studies show that longer rest periods can actually lead to better growth potential compared to short rest periods. All compound movements with repetition sets of x5 will be performed with heavy loads. Resistance sets with eight reps will be moderate loads. Abs based exercises are with moderate loads as well when using resistance.
You will train for a total of four days a week to allow proper rest for your muscles. It is often said that abs do not need any rest. But, they are muscles just like your biceps. They are going to need proper time for protein synthesis to complete. Think of it as your abs growing while you rest, which is actually what they will be doing.
Make sure you drink plenty of water. You should also stretch for five minutes before and after each workout to keep your muscles from being tense and injury prone.
This Is Day 1
Exercise Sets Reps
Barbell Back Squat x5 x5
Barbell Flat Bench Press x5 x5
Dumbbell Pullover x4 x8
Decline Sit-Up w/ weight plate x4 x15
Superset (perform next exercise set right after first set)
Standing Oblique Crunch w/ weight x4 x15
V Crunch Hold x4 Hold for 30 seconds
Hanging Leg Raise x1 Burnout (as many as you can)
This Is Day 2
You should rest. No training at all!
This Is Day 3
Exercise Sets Reps
Barbell Conventional Deadlift x5 x5
Standing Dumbbell Overhead Press x5 x5
Standing Dumbbell Overhead Extension x4 x8
Flutter Kick x4 x20
Superset
Russian Twist w/ weight x4 x15
Plank x4 Hold for 30 seconds
Lying Oblique Crunch x1 Burnout
This Is Day 4
Get rest. Do not do any training.
This Is Day 5
Exercise Sets Reps
Dumbbell Bulgarian Split-Squat x5 x5 (alternate sides)
Parallel Dip w/ weight x5 x5
Seated Incline Dumbbell Curl x4 x8
Elbow to Knee Crunch x4 x20
Superset
Single Arm Dumbbell Chest Press x4 x8 (alternate sides)
Paused Lying Leg Raise x4 Hold for 30 seconds
Bicycle Kick x1 Burnout
This Is Day 6
Do not train. Get your rest.
This Is Day 7
Exercise Sets Reps
Barbell Back Squat x5 x5
Dumbbell Alternating Lunge x5 x5 (alternate sides)
Standing Single Arm Overhead Press x4 x8 (alternate sides)
Russian Twist x4 x20
Superset
Standing Oblique Crunch w/ weight x4 x15
Decline Sit-Up w/ weight x4 x15
Elliptical or Treadmill Run x1 10 to 15 minutes
Flex Banner
Conclusion
This V cut workout is definitely going to make your muscles burn and may even seem a bit hard. Don’t worry. That is normal. The whole point is to get your muscles growing. Consider performing the heavy sets with moderate resistance until you feel capable of completing the exact workout. You will notice supersets and burnout have been given for each training day to encourage the highest intensity possible for your body. You have all the info you need to build the V cut you want. Now all you need to do is to put in the work.
By Brian Pankau, CPT
4 COMMENTS
1. Thanks for sharing this workout. I think everyone could do with focusing on their core a little more. I definitely need it! Gonna try this out.
Leave a Reply | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Transformer (disambiguation)
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another.
Transformer may also refer to:
Art and entertainment
* Characters in the Transformers franchise
* Transformer (film), a 2017 Canadian documentary
* Transformer, a 1986 Sega arcade game
* Transformer: The Deep Chemistry of Life and Death, a 2022 book by Nick Lane
Music
* Transformer (David Stoughton album), 1968
* Transformer (Lou Reed album), 1972
* Transformer (Bruce Kulick album), 2003
* "Transformer", a song by Gnarls Barkley from St. Elsewhere
* "Transformer", a song by Marnie Stern from This Is It and I Am It and You Are It and So Is That and He Is It and She Is It and It Is It and That Is That
Science and technology
* Transformer (deep learning architecture), a machine learning architecture
* Transformer (flying car), a DARPA military project
* "Electronic transformer", a term commonly used in extra-low-voltage lighting applications for a switched-mode power supply
* Asus Transformer, a series of hybrid tablet computers
* TrikeBuggy Transformer, a U.S. powered hang glider
* Transformer (gene), a family of genes that regulate sex determination in some insects
Other uses
* Transformer (spirit-being), an indigenous tradition of the Pacific Northwest of North America
* Prada Transformer, a building in Seoul, South Korea | WIKI |
User:Danielhmorgan~enwikibooks
Hello and Welcome
I'm looking forward to contributing to various books and possibly starting a few. I look forward to your posts. Also, you may reach me directly by adding "at" bellsouth.net to my username here.
Topics of Interest
Design Science, Information Technology, Social Science, Life Quality Improvement, Social Software, Languages, Knowledge Generation and Transferrance, Open source/design/systems
Book Ideas
Design Science and Information Technology--the intersection of IT and Buckminster Fuller's Comprehensive, Anticipatory Design Science; focusing on the development and use of open-source software for individual-to-global life quality improvement
The Digitization of Human Experience--opportunities for having more life in our lifetimes by developing better languages; this is a look at one based on the numeric mapping of system attributes, events, and functions; goals are greater accuracy, efficiency, and indexability
Imagined Futures--a self-help guide for improving one's emotions, behaviors, health, and relationships; focus is on describing and clearly visualizing the doing of the new behaviors and feelings | WIKI |
User:Abwettar
Hello my name is Abbie... Abbie Jefferson :P I live in Saltburn. And that's all I can type for now as I am very busy doing my Geography Coursework... | WIKI |
Palaeonemertea
Palaeonemertea is a class of primitive nemertean worm. It may be para- or polyphyletic, consisting of three to five clades and totalling about 100 species.
These worms have several apparently simple features and, as their name suggests, they are often considered to be the most primitive nemerteans. The primary body-wall musculature consists of an outer circular layer overlying a longitudinal layer.
The group includes genera such as Cephalothrix in which the nerve cords are inside the body-wall longitudinal muscle, and Tubulanus, in which the nerve cords are between the outer circular muscle and the epidermis. Tubulanids are commonly encountered in rocky areas of intertidal zones in the northern hemisphere. They are often bright orange or have very distinctive banding and or stripes and can be many metres long, although only a few millimetres thick.
Taxonomy
Chernyshev (2021) placed the group in its own superclass Pronemertea, and included the following three orders and six families in the group:
* Carinomiformes
* Carinomidae
* Carininidae
* Tubulaniformes
* Tubulanidae
* Carinomellidae
* Archinemertea
* Cephalotrichidae
* Cephalotrichellidae | WIKI |
S/MIME
Padlock Icon
S/MIME is the most widely-supported method for secure email communication. Activate it in Zammad now and all the messages you send from your Zammad instance will be signed and encrypted.
What is S/MIME?
S/MIME stands for Secure / Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions. With S/MIME, you can exchange signed and encrypted messages with others. But why should you do that?
• Signing
is proof that a message hasn’t been tampered with and wasn't by an impersonator. In other words, it guarantees a message’s integrity and authenticity.
• Encryption
scrambles a message so that it can only be unscrambled by the intended recipient. In other words, it guarantees privacy and data security.
You can activate S/MIME in Zammad as well so that all your communication through Zammad is secure.
Prerequisites
You need two things in order to activate S/MIME in Zammad:
• A certificate and private key for your own organization
(Use this to sign outgoing messages and decrypt incoming messages.)
• Certificates belonging to your contacts, or their issuing certificate authority (CA)
(Use these to verify incoming message signatures and encrypt outgoing messages.)
Where can I get a certificate?
The easiest way to get certificates is to buy an annual subscription through a commercial CA, such as:
Zammad is not affiliated with these CAs in any way.
You can also generate your own self-signed certificates, but the process is complicated and usually involves extra work for your contacts. Bear in mind that S/MIME only works if the other party is using it, too.
You can easily see the status of each message based on the corresponding icon:
Zammad S/MIME status icons
Setting up S/MIME in Zammad
By default, S/MIME is disabled in Zammad. Enable it to complete the setup.
Next, you can start adding certificates and private keys and define the settings for the default behavior.
Once you're done, all your messages can be encrypted and signed!
Webcast showing how to encrypt emails in Zammad
Don't worry - this may sound a bit tricky now but it's actually quite straightforward. Check our Admin documentation for a step-by-step guide.
💛 This feature was sponsored by Barzahlen/viacash. 💛
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awos
Preposition
* 1) because of
* 2) to, in order to
* 3) for the sake of, in the name of
* 4) in spite of, notwithstanding
Noun
* 1) shoulder | WIKI |
Task level native optimization ------------------------------ Key: MAPREDUCE-2841 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/MAPREDUCE-2841 Project: Hadoop Map/Reduce Issue Type: Improvement Components: task Environment: x86-64 Linux Reporter: Binglin Chang I'm recently working on native optimization for MapTask based on JNI. The basic idea is that, add a NativeMapOutputCollector to handle k/v pairs emitted by mapper, therefore sort, spill, IFile serialization can all be done in native code, preliminary test(on Xeon E5410, jdk6u24) showed promising results: 1. Sort is about 3x-10x as fast as java(only binary string compare is supported) 2. IFile serialization speed is about 3x of java, about 500MB/s, if hardware CRC32C is used, things can get much faster(1G/s). 3. Merge code is not completed yet, so the test use enough io.sort.mb to prevent mid-spill This leads to a total speed up of 2x~3x for the whole MapTask, if IdentityMapper(mapper does nothing) is used. There are limitations of course, currently only Text and BytesWritable is supported, and I have not think through many things right now, such as how to support map side combine. I had some discussion with somebody familiar with hive, it seems that these limitations won't be much problem for Hive to benefit from those optimizations, at least. Advices or discussions about improving compatibility are most welcome:) Currently NativeMapOutputCollector has a static method called canEnable(), which checks if key/value type, comparator type, combiner are all compatible, then MapTask can choose to enable NativeMapOutputCollector. This is only a preliminary test, more work need to be done. I expect better final results, and I believe similar optimization can be adopt to reduce task and shuffle too. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. For more information on JIRA, see: http://www.atlassian.com/software/jira | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Dino (marque)
Dino was a marque best known for mid-engined, rear-drive sports cars produced by Ferrari from 1957 to 1976. The marque came into existence in late 1956 with a front-engined Formula Two racer powered by a brand new Dino V6 engine. The name Dino was used for some models with engines smaller than 12 cylinders, it was an attempt by the company to offer a relatively low-cost sports car. The Ferrari name remained reserved for its premium V12 and flat-12 models until 1976, when "Dino" was retired in favour of full Ferrari branding.
History
The name Dino honors Ferrari founder Enzo Ferrari's late son, Alfredo "Dino" Ferrari, credited with designing the V6 engine used in the car. Along with engineer Vittorio Jano, Alfredo persuaded his father to produce a line of racing cars in the 1950s with V6 and V8 engines. The Dino script that adorns the badge and cylinder head covers was based on Alfredo's own signature. The Dino models used Ferrari naming convention of displacement and cylinder count with two digits for the size of the engine in decilitres and the third digit to represent the number of cylinders, i.e. 246 being a 2.4-litre, 6-cylinder and 308 being a 3.0-litre, 8-cylinder.
Dino 156 F2
The first race car to ever bear the Dino marque badge was the 1957 Dino 156 F2 single seater intended for the Formula 2 series. It was powered by an all-new, front-mounted, 65° Dino V6 co-designed by Vittorio Jano and named in memory of Enzo Ferrari's late son, Alfredo "Dino" Ferrari. The new V6 engine, first built and tested in 1956, had to adhere to 1.5 litre, Formula 2 regulations.
Total capacity was 1489.35 cc (bore of 70 mm and stroke pf 64.5 mm) and power output was 180 PS at 9000 rpm with a 10:1 compression ratio. The fuel system consisted of three Weber 38DCN carburettors and used regular fuel. The valvetrain was of a twin overhead camshafts per bank type with two valves per cylinder and single spark plugs.
Per the naming convention, the 1.5-litre, 6-cylinder car was named 156 and made its debut at the Naples Grand Prix in 1957. The chassis was made of steel tubes with independent front suspension, a de Dion rear axle, and Houdaille shock absorbers. Only one example was produced: s/n 0011. Its drivers included Luigi Musso, Maurice Trintignant, and Peter Collins.
Musso managed to score third place at the time of its debut at the Naples GP and Maurice Trintignant won the Coupe de Vitesse. Musso later took two second place finishes at the Modena GP (in both heats).
The engine was upgraded to 1860 cc in 1957 (later 2195 cc), to 2417.33 cc 85 x 71 mm 280 PS at 8500 rpm in 1958 for Formula One specification {and renamed Ferrari 246 F1 ) and 2474 cc 290 PS in 1959. In 1960 the engine was updated with a lower V-degree (65º>60º), a shorter stroke {73 x 58.8 mm for 1476.6 cc), and a single overhead camshaft.
This racer gave birth to a whole generation of V6-powered, Ferrari-built cars.
Dino 166 F2
A change in Formula One rules for the 1966 season brought changes to Formula 2 as well. New homologation requirements meant that at least 500 production units of the same engine block were to be produced. Ferrari turned to Fiat to produce a more affordable sports car for this purpose. Fiat produced two models with the Dino engine in coupé and spider form under the name Fiat Dino. For the 1967 European Championship season Ferrari was able to field a new car, the Dino 166 F2, with a rear-mounted, longitudinal 65° Dino V6 engine. The car made its debut at the Racing Car Show in Turin in February 1967.
Specifications
The new powerplant had 1596.25 cc of total capacity with a bore of 86 mm and a very short stroke at only 45.8 mm with a Heron type 3 valves head. A single split overhead camshaft per bank actuated the valves per cylinder: two inlet directly by the camshaft and one exhaust through a rocker. In 1968, the cylinder measures changed to 79.5 x 53.5 mm (1593.4 cc) with an 11:1 compression ratio. In 1969, the power grew from 200 PS at 10,000 rpm to 232 PS at 11,000 rpm. Fuel feed was by Lucas indirect injection and ignition by Magneti Marelli transistorized twin-plugs, later changed to a single ignition. The chassis was a semi-monocoque with all-independent suspension and disc brakes. Seven cars were built, of which three were later converted for the Tasman race series with engines enlarged to 2.4 litres.
Racing
The cars were raced by Ernesto Brambilla, Chris Amon, Andrea de Adamich, and Derek Bell. Their first F2 wins were the 1968 Hockenheim race and later the GP Roma at Vallelunga.
Dino 246 Tasmania
For the 1968 season of Formula One, Ferrari had returned to the V12 engined cars. This created a need to pursue other racing venues for their already existing projects. The Tasman Series for cars up to 2500 cc was just that venue and the Dino 246 Tasmania was just such a car, converted from the Dino 166 Formula 2 basis with the engine enlarged to 2.4 L to meet the requirements without overstretching the engine.
Specifications
The new displacement of 2404.74 cc was achieved thanks to 90 by 63 mm of bore and stroke. Internal dimensions were identical to that of the 246 F1-66. At an 11.5:1 compression ratio, power output was a healthy 285 PS at 8900 rpm. Already standard on 65° Dino V6 twin overhead camshafts per bank, and a novelty: four valves per cylinder. The same as its predecessor, the chassis was a semi-monocoque with all-independent suspension and disc brakes.
Racing
Only three cars were made and raced with success between 1968 and 1971, mainly in hands of Chris Amon and Graeme Lawrence. The Tasman Series was particularly suited for the Dino Tasmania. Chris Amon won two races in the 1968 Tasman Series and dominated the 1969 edition by scoring four wins in New Zealand and Australian Grands Prix and won the Drivers Championship. In 1969 Amon was aided by Derek Bell in the other Scuderia Veloce car with enough points for fourth place. For the 1970 Tasman Series the winning car was handed over to Graeme Lawrence who won only one race but, with four other podium finishes, won the championship.
Dino 196 S
The first sports racing car under Dino marque was 2.0 L Dino V6-engined Dino 196 S. The first example, s/n 0740, was made in 1958 and had a 65° DOHC configuration as found in its Formula Two predecessor and is sometimes referred to as 206 S. The other, s/n 0776 from 1959, had its engine redesigned as a 60° SOHC version. A possible third car was immediately upgraded to 3.0 L specification and never raced it its two-litre form. All early Dino sports cars actually had Ferrari badges on the front.
Specifications
Both cars' engines had 1983.72 cc of total capacity from 77 by 71 mm of bore and stroke. Both used the same carburettor setup with three 42DCN Webers, resulting in the same 195 PS power output. The differing factors were the RPM range: 7200 for the DOHC, 7800 for both the SOHC engine and a twin spark plug arrangement for the DOHC-variant. Both cars were created on a tubular chassis with independent front suspension and live rear axle. The first car received Scaglietti coachwork, but was soon rebodied by Fantuzzi, who also bodied the second car. Their style was reminiscent of a Ferrari 250 TR and was often referred to as a 'smaller Testa Rossa.'
Racing
The first Dino 196 S made its debut at the Goodwood Sussex Trophy and was driven to second place by Peter Collins. After being converted to SOHC form, it scored silver for the 1959 Le Mans Test and a single victory at Coppa Sant Ambroeus. The last race for this car was the 1959 Pontedecimo-Giovi hillclimb in which another second place was achieved before the car was dismantled at the factory. The other Dino had a much longer career. In 1959, driven by Ricardo Rodriguez it finished fourth and second in a couple of races at the Governor's Trophy, Nassau. The following year the car was entered in the Targa Florio and finished seventh overall.
Replicas
Numerous replicas had been made of this model. Approximately twelve examples based on a tubular chassis with handcrafted aluminium bodywork in Fantuzzi spider style. Cars were created either by anonymous builders or by Vincenzo Marciano, an Italian private constructor. Power came from 2.4 L four-cam V6 Fiat Dino road car engine mated to a 5-speed ZF transmission.
Dino 296 S
The second Dino-badged sports racing model was the 1958 Dino 296 S. Only a single example, s/n 0746, was made with a near 3-litre V6 engine. It had a 65° configuration with twin overhead camshafts per bank and two spark plugs per cylinder. Total capacity was 2962.08 cc thanks to internal measurements of 85 x 87 mm. With three Weber 45DCN carburettors, power was an impressive 300 PS at 7600 rpm.
A tubular steel chassis with independent front suspension, de Dion rear axle and drum brakes was clothed with a spider Fantuzzi bodywork as seen on its siblings from the same period. The fuel tank had 177 litres capacity.
Its first outing was in England at Silverstone Circuit in May 1958, where Mike Hawthorn scored third place. After just a single race the car was converted into an experimental 250 Testa Rossa model and raced in June, the same year, at the 1000km Nürburgring, where Wolfgang von Trips and Olivier Gendebien finished third overall. The model was further raced by Ricardo Rodriguez in the Bahamas and United States.
Dino 246 S
For the 1960 season, Ferrari presented a new derivative of their V6-engined sports racing car, the Dino 246 S. Its engine was closely related to that found in the Ferrari 246 F1 but designed as a 60°, chain-driven, single overhead camshaft per bank variant. Only two examples were ever created, s/n 0778 and 0784, the latter known as the 'high tail' spider.
Specifications
Internal measurements of 85 x 71 mm and resulting capacity of 2.4 L (2417.33 cc) were identical to the Formula One sibling. At a 9.8:1 compression ratio with three Weber 42DCN carburettors, rated power output was 250 PS at 7500 rpm. The engine used a single spark plug per cylinder served by a single coil. This would be the last Dino sports racing car with a front-mounted engine.
The chassis was constructed out of steel tubes with independent front suspension and a live axle at the rear. The wheelbase was 2160 mm. Bodies were designed and executed by Fantuzzi, both in the style previously seen on the Dino cars, but s/n 0784 was rebodied as a 'high tail' spider before 1961 12 Hours of Sebring race. Brakes were of a disc type all-round.
Racing
The Dino 246 S debuted in January 1960 at the 1000km Buenos Aires but failed to finish due to ignition problems. Its first success came when both cars were entered in the 1960 Targa Florio, finishing second and fourth overall and first and second in the 'Sports 3.0' class. Phil Hill and Wolfgang von Trips drove the car that finished second. Ludovico Scarfiotti, Willy Mairesse and Giulio Cabianca were in the other car. In 1960, s/n 0778 was recreated at the factory after a pit stop fire damage at the 1000km Nürburgring. Both cars continued their later careers in the United States. The 'high tail' spider driven by Jim Hall and George Constantine scored sixth place and won its 'Sports 2.5' class at the 1961 12 Hours of Sebring.
Ferrari SP series
The Ferrari Dino SP was a series of Italian sports prototype racing cars produced by Ferrari from 1961 through 1962. This first series of Dino-engined sports prototypes included the 246 SP, 196 SP, 286 SP, 248 SP, and 268 SP; distinguished from each other by use of V6 and V8 engines in different displacements. All shared a similar body and chassis with a rear mid-engine layout, a first for a Ferrari sports car. Major racing accolades include the 1962 European Hill Climb Championship, two overall Targa Florio victories, in 1961 and 1962, and "1962 Coupe des Sports" title.
At first the SP-series used Vittorio Jano-designed, V6 Dino engines in both SOHC 60° and DOHC 65° forms. Later, Ferrari introduced a new SOHC 90° V8 engine designed by Carlo Chiti. All used dry sump lubrication and were mated to a 5-speed manual transmission.
After 1963, these Ferrari SP models were no longer used by Scuderia Ferrari and passed into the ownership of private individuals or independent racing teams. They were succeeded by the Dino 166 P in 1965.
Dino 166 P
The 1965 Dino 166 P was created by Ferrari to compete in endurance racing with categories up to 1600 cc or even 2000 cc. One chassis that raced, s/n 0834, sported brand new all-aluminium berlinetta bodywork inspired by the Ferrari P-series of cars but with smaller dimensions. It was designed and built by Piero Drogo's Carrozzeria Sports Cars in Modena. This new style would be carried over to the rest of the Dino race car family. This was the first Ferrari-made sports prototype to bear the rectangular 'Dino' badge on the front of the car and also the first to be bodied with a closed body. A second car, s/n 0842, never raced and was converted into the works prototype of the Dino 206 S.
Specifications
The engine, mounted in the rear, displaced 1.6 L (1592.57 cc) from 77 by 57 mm of bore and stroke. The compression ratio was 11.5:1 and with three Weber 40DCN/2 carburettors and twin spark plugs per cylinder, resulting power was 175 PS at 9000 rpm. From this moment on, every Dino race and road car would have a 65°, twin overhead camshafts per bank with two valves per cylinder engine. As a race engine it also used dry sump lubrication.
A tubular steel chassis now received full independent suspension, front and rear. The wheelbase was 2280 mm long. Disc brakes all-round were standard at the time. The whole car weighed only 586 kg dry.
Racing
After a failed attempt at the 1000km Monza in May 1965, the following month the 166 P was entered into the GP Roma on the Vallelunga track. Giancarlo Baghetti won it outright, two laps ahead of a Porsche. The same month Lorenzo Bandini with Nino Vaccarella scored a respectable fourth place overall and second in 'Prototype 2.0' class at the 1000km Nürburgring, ahead of cars with much bigger engine capacity. Just after failing to finish the 1965 24 Hours of Le Mans race due to engine problems, the 166 P was developed into the Dino 206 SP with completely open bodywork and a bigger 2.0 L engine.
Dino 206 SP
The Dino sports prototype model that followed the 166 P was the Dino 206 SP. The first example was an exact conversion from is predecessor, still with the same s/n 0834, but with new barchetta body and a bigger 2.0 L engine. Designed specifically for the European hillclimb events, the car is also referred to simply as the Dino 206 P. A second car, s/n 0840, was the basis for the concept car, Dino Berlinetta Speciale by Pininfarina.
Specifications
The biggest change was the engine enlargement to 2.0 L (1986.60 cc) so that car could make full use of the 2000 cc category limit. The engine was redesigned by Ferrari engineer Franco Rocchi for Formula Two use. This displacement would be carried over not only to the 206 S, the succeeding model, but also to the Fiat and Dino road cars as well. The larger displacement was due to bigger bore, now at 86 mm, and stroke was the same as before. Power rose to 218 PS at 9000 rpm, with all of the remaining specifications the same apart for all-new Lucas fuel injection.
All of the chassis and suspension configuration was carried over without change. The 206 SP received new low-slung barchetta bodywork that was a whole 160 mm lower, now at 800 mm. Only a small, wrap-around windscreen and a single roll bar protruded above the bodywork. Due to this mass reduction the overall dry weight of the car measured up to 532 kg, that is more than a 50 kg saving. All this was with twisty hillclimb competition in mind. Later the car was rebodied in style with the 206 S and received similar roll bar-roof treatment.
Racing
The new car debuted at its first hillclimb in Trento-Bondone in 1965, winning it outright in the hands of Ludovico Scarfiotti, despite being described as "an absurdly dramatic climb". He also won three more races in a row: the Cesana-Sestriere hillclimb, the Freiburg-Schauinsland hillclimb and Ollon-Villars. At the Gaisberg hilllclimb in August 1965 Scarfiotti finished fifth but still won the European Hill Climb Championship. This was his second championship for Ferrari, the first he won back in 1962 in a Ferrari 196 SP. In 1967 the 206 SP was lent to Scuderia Nettuno that entered the car in the Targa Florio, placing fourth overall and third in the 'Prototype 2.0' class, driven by Vittorio Venturi and Jonathan Williams. Venturi then placed third in yet another hillclimb event at Monte Erice. Leandro "Cinno" Terra entered the 206 SP for the 1969 Targa Florio, but finished in a distant 25th place. Its last period race was the Coppa Collina, where it finished in second place.
Dino 206 S
The last of the Dino prototype sports car models was produced in 1966–1967. 18 examples were made with Group 4 category homologation in mind. Still powered by 2.0 L (1986.60 cc) engine based on the 206 SP powerplant. Some received experimental 3-valve heads and Lucas fuel injection.
Concept cars
Ferrari built and presented numerous design concepts and prototypes to overcame styling and engineering challenges derived from a new engine layout of a road-car. As many as six different Dino prototypes were built between 1965 and 1967. The new and revolutionary design would spawn whole generations of Dino and Ferrari mid-engine road cars.
Dino Berlinetta Speciale
The first Dino-badged concept car was presented by Ferrari and Pininfarina in 1965. It was a mid-engined, two-seater called Dino Berlinetta Speciale. The work started in March 1965. The car was designed by Aldo Brovarone who created the conceptual plans that would in the future form a basic characteristics of the production Dino cars. The project was managed by Leonardo Fioravanti, and its directors included Sergio Pininfarina. They were all involved in creating and packaging this concept car and ultimately the production version, Dino 206 GT, that would also be partially credited to Fioravanti as its co-designer along Brovarone. Also in 1965, Brovarone designed the Alfa Romeo Giulia 1600 Sport concept car using the similar stylistic cues but realised on a front-engined car.
The Berlinetta Speciale was built on a competition Type 585 tubular chassis, derived from the Dino 206 SP sports prototype, with its engine mounted longitudinally. This first Dino concept car was finished in record time by October 1965, just before the 52nd Paris Motor Show. It was built on a spare chassis s/n 0840, from Scuderia Ferrari. In November of the same year, it was exhibited at the Turin Motor Show and at the New York Motor Show in April 1966.
The short-wheelbase car had a very streamlined body with prominent wheel arches. The front of the car was very low and incorporated headlights covered with plexiglass. The elongated side air-intakes that channelled air for rear brakes cooling became a signature element of the marque range. The rear window was curved round the inclined rear pillars and were also part of the quarter-light windows. Whole rear section of the car could be opened to reveal an engine bay and spare wheel. The car and the cockpit were finished in Ferrari red and the non-adjustable seats in cream colour. The pedal box could be moved to conform to the driver. Same as on a competition car, the steering wheel was mounted on the right.
The Dino Berlinetta Speciale was sold on Artcurial auction in 2017 for €4,390,400.
Ferrari 365 P Berlinetta Speciale
The Ferrari 365 P Berlinetta Speciale is both seen as a scaled up version of the original Dino and its predecessor, presented at the same time as the other Dino prototypes, in 1966. The Ferrari Berlinetta Speciale was also known as "Tre-Posti" for its unique seating design. Aldo Brovarone of Pininfarina was also credited with this design, but the car featured a triple seating with the driver situated in the center. Also the overall size was larger to accommodate bigger V12 powerplant.
Dino Berlinetta GT
In 1966, Pininfarina designed an evolution over the previous concept car, the Dino Berlinetta GT prototype. It was presented in November 1966, at the 48th Turin Motor Show and previewed the production Dino road car that would be presented a year later at the same venue.
The prototype had three round taillights mounted on a chrome background and turn signals below the front grille. The entire body was longer than the production car as was its wheelbase at 2340 mm. The reason was that the 2.0-liter V6 was mounted longitudinally in the middle of the car. The engine however was no longer a competition unit, rather a road-car sourced Type 135B. The same as before, the engine was accessed by a large lid hinged on the roof of the car that incorporated the buttresses and rear convex window. The side air intakes were elongated, featuring chrome bars that also functioned as door handles. The chassis was also different from the previous concept, now a Type 599. The chassis number 00106 was assigned in 1967 from the road car sequence.
The yellow-painted Dino Berlinetta GT prototype was sold in 2018 at Gooding & Company auction for US$3,080,000.
Dino Berlinetta Competizione
At the 1967 Frankfurt Motor Show, Pininfarina and Ferrari unveiled the Dino Berlinetta Competizione. It was a concept car designed by a young designer, Paolo Martin. It was an exclusive design study as well as a working prototype but was never intended to enter production. The concept was based on a Dino 206 S racing chassis s/n 034, one of the last of the series. The engine was a Type 231/B with an improved 3-valve heads.
Some of the design cues were influenced by the existing Dino competition cars. The whole creative process took no longer than four months. The overall rounded shape was later modified with addition of the front and rear spoilers. The gullwing doors featured a curved glass that would slide into the door structure.
Road cars
The Dino road cars marque was created to market a lower priced, more affordable sports car capable of taking on the Porsche 911. Ferrari's expensive V12s well exceeded the 911 in both performance and price. Enzo Ferrari did not want to diminish his exclusive brand with a cheaper car, so the Dino was created.
Although a mid-engine layout was common in the world of sports car racing at the time, adapting it to a production car was quite daring. Such a design placed more of the car's weight over the driven wheels, and allowed for a streamlined nose, but led to a cramped passenger compartment and more challenging handling. Lamborghini created a stir in 1966 with its mid-engined Miura, but Enzo Ferrari felt a mid-engine Ferrari would be unsafe in the hands of his customers. Eventually he partially relented and a mid-engined Dino concept car was built for the 1965 Paris Motor Show. Response to the radically styled car was positive, so Ferrari allowed it to go into production, rationalizing the lower power of the V6 engine would result in a more manageable car.
Dino 206 GT
The first road-going Dino was the 1967 Dino 206 GT, designed by Aldo Brovarone at Pininfarina.
The 206 GT used a transverse-mounted 2.0 L all-aluminium 65-degree V6 engine, with 180 PS at 8,000 rpm, the same used in the Fiat Dino. The 206 GT frame featured an aluminium body, full independent suspension, and all round disc brakes. 152 were built in total between 1967 and 1969, in left hand drive only.
Dino 246 GT and GTS
In 1969 the 206 GT was superseded by the more powerful Dino 246 GT. The 246 GT was powered by an enlarged 2419.20 cc V6 engine, producing 195 PS at 7,600 rpm in European specification. Initially available as a fixed-top GT coupé, a targa topped GTS was also offered after 1971.
Other notable changes from the 206 were the body, now made of steel instead of aluminium, and a undefined mm longer wheelbase than the 206. Three series of the Dino 246 GT were built, with differences in wheels, windshield wiper coverage, and engine ventilation. Dino 246 production numbered 2,295 GTs and 1,274 GTSs, for a total production run of 3,569.
Dino 308/208 GT4
The 308 GT4 was produced from 1973 to April 1980. Initially branded "Dino", the 308 GT4 was Ferrari's first V8-engined production automobile.
The 308 was a 2+2 with a wheelbase of 100.4 in. The 308 was designed by Bertone; with its angular wedge shape, it looked quite different from the 206/246 from which it was derived.
The 308 GT4 had a 2927 cc, 90-degree V-8 with twin overhead camshafts per bank and two valves per cylinder. Fuel was fed by four Weber 40DCNF carburettors which produced 255 PS at 7700 rpm. The V-8 block and heads were made of an aluminium alloy. The compression ratio was 8.8:1. The American version had a timing change and catalytic converters; it produced a more modest 205 PS. For the 1991 cc 208 GT4, an Italian market model, manufacturer claimed 180 PS. The GT4 weighed 1150 kg dry.
The 308 GT4 wore the Dino badge until May 1976, when it finally got the Ferrari "Prancing Horse" badge on the hood, wheels, and the steering wheel. | WIKI |
Boost Factorial Calculation with Spark
We all know that, Apache Spark is a fast and a general engine for large-scale data processing. It can process data up to 100x faster than Hadoop MapReduce in memory, or 10x faster on disk.
But, is that the only task (i.e., MapReduce) for which Spark can be used ? The answer is: No. Spark is not only a Big Data processing engine. It is a framework which provides a distributed environment to process data. This means we can perform any type of task using Spark.
For example, lets take Factorial. We all know that calculating Factorial for Large numbers is cumbersome in any programming language and on top of that, CPU takes a lot of time to complete the calculations. So, what can be the solution ?
Well, Spark can be the solution to this problem. Lets see that in form of code.
First, we will try to implement Factorial using only Scala in a Tail Recursive way.
def factorial(number: Int): BigInt = {
def recursiveFactorial(number: Int, accumulator: BigInt): BigInt = {
if(number == 0) accumulator
else recursiveFactorial((number - 1), accumulator * number)
}
recursiveFactorial(number, 1)
}
The time taken by above code to find the Factorial of 200000 on my machine (Quad Core Intel i5) was about 20.21s.
Now, lets implement the same function using Spark.
def factorial(number: Int): BigInt = {
val list = if(number == 0 ) List(BigInt(1)) else (BigInt(1) to number).toList
val rdd = sparkContext.parallelize(list)
rdd.reduce(_ * _)
}
The time taken by Spark to find the factorial of 200000 on the same machine was only 5.41s, which is almost 4x faster than using Scala alone.
Of course, the calculation time can vary depending on the H/W we are using. But, still we have to admit that Spark not only reduced the calculation time, but also gave a much cleaner way to code it.
This entry was posted in Scala, Spark and tagged , . Bookmark the permalink.
5 Responses to Boost Factorial Calculation with Spark
1. Nirmalya Sengupta (@baatchitweet) says:
I like the blogs that you guys at Knoldus, write: I have learnt about many things from them and will keep doing so in the future.
I have some observations about this particular one:
1) ‘.. Spark gave a much cleaner way to do it’: some may argue that the Recursive version leans more towards how a Factorial is understood mathematically! If the code is meant for the next guy who comes to read it (and not the machine or framework), it is debatable which is cleaner. 🙂
2) You have not mentioned if you gave enough time to JVM to warm itself up before you measured the performance. That is necessary for all the inlining and JITs to be happy! Please make your readers wiser.
3) Factorial is not really a good example to establish Spark’s ability to be a ‘generalized’ distributed environment to process data (as you claim). It is an associative computation, and inherently parallelizable. If you use Scala Library’s parallel operations on Collection for your regular Factorial calculation and then compare the results, you are being fair! 🙂
4) Did you measure the performance of the Spark version, including the _collect()_ call? Just inquisitive.
5) Finally, in the _recursiveFactorial_ function, why are we not checking for (number == 1), instead of (number == 0)? Am I missing something obvious?
These are just observations. You may want to elaborate on your proposition of Spark being a Distributed Computing framework, using another example. That will be very interesting.
My 2 cents.
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Connecting to %s | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Devdas Chhotray
Devdas Chhotray is an Indian Odia author, administrator and academician. He was the first vice-chancellor of Ravenshaw University, Cuttack, Odisha. His work consists of poetry, short stories, lyrics, musicals and screenplays. Chhotray's father Gopal Chhotray, a recipient of Padma, Central Sahitya Akademi and Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, was an architect of modern Odia theatre.
Early life, Education & Career
Chhotray was educated at Ravenshaw College (now Ravenshaw University) and Cornell University. After joining the Indian Administrative Service in 1971, he worked in West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and New Delhi. In 2006 Chhotray became the first vice-chancellor of Ravenshaw University, obtained UGC approval for the school in six months.
Chhotray was director of the Orissa Film Development Corporation from 1983 to 1989 and 1996–98, chairman of the publications committee for the fifth International Children's Film Festival in 1987 and was vice-president of the governing council of the Film and Television Institute of India in Pune from 1999 to 2001.
Lyrics credit
* Boura Hatabaksa
* Pahili Raja
* Nandini I Love U
* Laxmi Pratima
* Puja Pain Phulatie
* Tu Eka Aama Saha Bharasa
* To Akhi Mo Aina
* Paradesi Babu
* Kapala Likhana
* Suna Chadhei
* Chaka Aakhi Sabu Dekhuchi
* Chaka Bhaunri
* Sapana Banika
* Sahari Bagha
* Jaga Hatare Pagha
* Hira Nila
Books, Writings
He has written a collection of stories, Lal Machha (Red Fish), the lyrics for more than 75 films in Oriya and television musicals. Chhotray is known for his collaboration with Akshaya Mohanty, a pioneer in modern Oriya music from the 1960s until his death in 2002, as Mohanty's principal songwriter.
He has written screenplays for feature films in Oriya. One, Indradhanura Chhai (Shadows of the Rainbow) was screened at the Cannes Film Festival in 1995.
In addition to Chhotray's anthologies of poems and stories in Oriya, notably Nila Saraswati (Blue Muse) and Hati Saja Kara (Order the Elephants), English translations of his poems have appeared in Longing (published by Pimlico Books in London). An anthology of his poems in Hindi, Ret Ki Sidhi (A Staircase of Sand) has been published in Delhi.
Awards
Chhotray's four decades of poetry and lyrics have been translated into Indian and foreign languages, and he has been published in Bengali (in the Sunil Gangopadhyaya-edited Krittibas. He has received the Prajatantra Bisuv Milan and Utkal Samaj Centenary (Gangadhar Meher Samman) Awards and the 2008 Rajdhani Book Fair Award 2008 for poetry.
* Odisha Excellence Award 2018 | WIKI |
Amazon Looks at New Sales Taxes, and Shrugs: DealBook Briefing
Good Friday. Want this in your inbox every morning? Sign up here. The Supreme Court ruled yesterday that states can collect taxes on e-commerce sales, even from retailers with no presence in their jurisdictions. The WSJ reports that state tax officials are already revving their engines, and may act within weeks. President Trump, who has criticized Amazon for dominating e-commerce and eroding American jobs, tweeted support for the ruling. It sounds like bad news for online retailers, and stock prices dropped at many of them. But small retailers are likely to suffer more than giants like Amazon, as are consumers. Buyers in states with high sales taxes, Jessica Melugin of the Competitive Enterprise Institute argues in an NYT Op-Ed, are losing the option to “vote with their wallets” by choosing online retailers based elsewhere: It is the online equivalent of the gas station attendant calculating your tax based on where you live, not where you are pumping gas. And Bloomberg Opinion’s Sarah Halzack explains why Amazon has little to fear: Increasingly, Amazon’s value proposition to shoppers is as much — if not more — about its vast selection and its speedy delivery than it is about rock-bottom prices. This decision does nothing to alter the convenience of shopping at Amazon, meaning it leaves Amazon’s most important advantage intact. Nearly all of the big American banks passed the Fed’s latest check of their financial health with flying colors. So they could keep lending even if the economy went south. (The only small stumbles were by Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley; that could affect their ability to pay dividends.) Wall Street’s take? That the government can, and should, now let banks take more risks. Regulators appear amenable: “We want to tailor those regulations for institutions,” Jerome Powell, the Fed’s chairman, said earlier this month. Peter Eavis’s take: The robust health of banks is in stark contrast to their near-death state a decade ago. But the resurgence is evidence to some that the post-crisis rules haven’t stopped lenders from making good money. To some industry skeptics, that suggests restrictions should remain. The Trump administration has repeated its argument that a trade battle is necessary to stop China stealing American intellectual property, and using it to dominate the industries of the future. The president demonstrably has valid concerns — but his approach may backfire. One example: Paul Mozur of the NYT describes a heist of American intellectual property, in which engineers at a Taiwanese semiconductor company tried to smuggle designs from Micron Technology into China. But Jim Tankersley and Cade Metz of the NYT explain that the administration’s focus on tariffs may be misplaced: Experts in artificial intelligence say the administration should push for more investment in academic and government research, instead of cutting back on scientific research across the government. Elsewhere in trade: The European Union has struck back at the U.S. by introducing tariffs on $3.2 billion worth of American goods. Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross argued that the trade wars aren’t hurting the U.S. economy, and that America has “more bullets” left. And how the global trade fight and uncertainty over the Iran sanctions are hurting Italy. An NYT investigation into the scale of the operations used to house, transport and watch over migrant children detained along the southwest U.S. border contains eye-popping numbers. More from Manny Fernandez and Katie Benner: The nonprofit Southwest Key Programs has won at least $955 million in federal contracts since 2015 to run shelters and provide other services to immigrant children in federal custody. More immigration news: House Republicans rejected a hard-line bill on immigration policy and delayed a vote on compromise legislation (it’s probably doomed, too). From Google to Microsoft to, now, Amazon, workers at tech titans are increasingly protesting their employers’ government projects. A letter from Microsoft workers that criticizes the company’s work with Immigration and Customs Enforcement gathered more than 300 signatures this week. Meanwhile, The Hill reports that Amazon employees have joined civil rights groups and investors in protesting the company’s sale of facial recognition technology to law enforcement. They have also demanded an end to services for organizations that work with I.C.E. (All this echoes Google employees’ campaign to halt an A.I. project for the Pentagon.) The big question: Tech employees increasingly want their companies to be ethical and held accountable. But with government contracts so lucrative, how much will their executives care? He resigned from Intel yesterday after its board discovered that he had a “past consensual relationship” with a female employee, in violation of a non-fraternization policy. The NYT reports that the #MeToo movement against sexual harassment and assault probably influenced the board’s approach. Shares in Intel fell 2 percent yesterday, as investors worried about the company needing a new permanent C.E.O. The semiconductor world is evolving rapidly, Intel has struggled in mobile and A.I. chips, and it’s already ceded its longtime throne atop the sector to Samsung. So there’s little time to waste. Months after stepping down as Vanity Fair’s editor, the ebullient media executive is said to be working on a venture with the investment firm TPG: a gossipy media company with a robust party-planning operation. More from Alexandra Steigrad of the New York Post: Carter’s new company would put him back in the game and, in some respects, in head-to-head competition with the likes of Vanity Fair — at least where it comes to Carter building a full-scale party-planning operation, one source buzzed. Bonus gossip: The Post added that Mr. Carter offered to buy Vanity Fair from Condé Nast shortly before leaving, and got a rapid rebuff. Virgin Atlantic named Shai Weiss, its chief commercial officer, as C.E.O. (Bloomberg) Deutsche Bank is said to be dismantling its global corporate strategy group. The team’s head, Ali Almakky, may leave the firm. (WSJ) Partners at Egon Zehnder, the prominent corporate headhunter, elected Jill Ader as chairwoman, snubbing the firm’s C.E.O., Rajeev Vasudeva. (FT) Deals • Gossip from the Walt Disney-Comcast fight for 21st Century Fox: bad blood between Comcast’s Brian Roberts and Disney’s Bob Iger; Murdoch family intrigue; and media moguls bonding over boats. (WSJ) • JAB, the deal-hungry conglomerate building a coffee-and-food empire, is reportedly close to raising 5 billion euros, or $5.8 billion, for a consumer fund. (Bloomberg) • The bankrupt radio network operator iHeartRadio rejected a $1.16 billion takeover bid by John Malone’s Liberty Media. (Bloomberg) Politics and policy • Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke met with the chairman of Halliburton and other investors in a real-estate project that his own foundation was involved with; that might violate federal conflict-of-interest laws. (Politico) • Airbus said it might withdraw from Britain if the country can’t secure a deal with the E.U. on Brexit. (Bloomberg) Tech • Twitter was on the rocks two years ago, but it has made a startling comeback. Here’s how. (And here’s how Nintendo also returned from the brink.) • Facebook’s Sheryl Sandberg has reportedly been privately answering questions from state attorneys general about Cambridge Analytica. (Bloomberg) • A.I. learns from human data, which reflects human biases. Can we fix that? (NYT) Best of the rest • Chanel has published annual results for the first time in 108 years. (NYT) • Basic income could work — but maybe only the Canadian way. (MIT Technology Review) • The natural gas industry has a $2 billion a year methane leak problem. (NYT) • Here’s the membership list for a very exclusive club: bank executives charged with crisis-era crimes. (DealBook) We’d love your feedback. Please email thoughts and suggestions to bizday@nytimes.com. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
ABSTRACT
Gibbons are small arboreal apes that display an accelerated rate of evolutionary chromosomal rearrangement and occupy a key node in the primate phylogeny between Old World monkeys and great apes. Here we present the assembly and analysis of a northern white-cheeked gibbon (Nomascus leucogenys) genome. We describe the propensity for a gibbon-specific retrotransposon (LAVA) to insert into chromosome segregation genes and alter transcription by providing a premature termination site, suggesting a possible molecular mechanism for the genome plasticity of the gibbon lineage. We further show that the gibbon genera (Nomascus, Hylobates, Hoolock and Symphalangus) experienced a near-instantaneous radiation ∼5 million years ago, coincident with major geographical changes in southeast Asia that caused cycles of habitat compression and expansion. Finally, we identify signatures of positive selection in genes important for forelimb development (TBX5) and connective tissues (COL1A1) that may have been involved in the adaptation of gibbons to their arboreal habitat.
Gibbon genome and the fast karyotype evolution of small apes.
Carbone L, Harris RA, Gnerre S, Veeramah KR, Lorente-Galdos B, Huddleston J, Meyer TJ, Herrero J, Roos C, Aken B, Anaclerio F, Archidiacono N, Baker C, Barrell D, Batzer MA, Beal K, Blancher A, Bohrson CL, Brameier M, Campbell MS, Capozzi O, Casola C, Chiatante G, Cree A, Damert A, de Jong PJ, Dumas L, Fernandez-Callejo M, Flicek P, Fuchs NV, Gut I, Gut M, Hahn MW, Hernandez-Rodriguez J, Hillier LW, Hubley R, Ianc B, Izsvák Z, Jablonski NG, Johnstone LM, Karimpour-Fard A, Konkel MK, Kostka D, Lazar NH, Lee SL, Lewis LR, Liu Y, Locke DP, Mallick S, Mendez FL, Muffato M, Nazareth LV, Nevonen KA, O'Bleness M, Ochis C, Odom DT, Pollard KS, Quilez J, Reich D, Rocchi M, Schumann GG, Searle S, Sikela JM, Skollar G, Smit A, Sonmez K, ten Hallers B, Terhune E, Thomas GW, Ullmer B, Ventura M, Walker JA, Wall JD, Walter L, Ward MC, Wheelan SJ, Whelan CW, White S, Wilhelm LJ, Woerner AE, Yandell M, Zhu B, Hammer MF, Marques-Bonet T, Eichler EE, Fulton L, Fronick C, Muzny DM, Warren WC, Worley KC, Rogers J, Wilson RK, Gibbs RA.
Nature. 2014 Sep 11;513(7517):195-201. doi: 10.1038/nature13679.
PMID: 25209798 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
#Task 2 #BRUGS library(BRugs) modelCheck("lab6-bernoulli.txt") modelData("bernoulli-data.txt") modelCompile(numChains=2) modelInits(rep("bernoulli-inits.txt", 2)) # read init data file modelUpdate(1000) # burn in samplesSet(c("theta")) # theta should be monitored modelUpdate(10000) # 10000 more iterations .... samplesStats("*") # the summarized results ## Getting data in then we can play post=samplesSample("theta") # Collect the MCMC posterior sample length(post) stat.hist=hist(post,plot=FALSE) b=stat.hist$breaks d=stat.hist$density hist(post,freq=FALSE,ylim=c(0,max(d)*1.1), col=rainbow(length(b),alpha=1), main="Adjusted Posterior Histogram\n Wayne",xlab=expression(theta)) lines(density(post),lwd=3,col="Red") curve(dbeta(x,1+13,1+20-13),add=TRUE, lwd=4) xcurve= seq(0,1,length=1000) ycurve=dbeta(xcurve, 1+13,1+20-13) polygon(c(0,xcurve,1),c(0,ycurve,0),col=rainbow(1,alpha=0.5) ) ### Some posterior estimates #point estimate # Compare with exact values mean(post) (1+13)/(1+1+20) quantile(post,prob=c(0.025,0.975)) qbeta(c(0.025,0.975),shape1=1+13,shape2=1+20-13) ## some built in plots samplesHistory("*", main="History") # plot the chain, samplesDensity("*") # plot the densities, ## Performing all in R # Defining the model modelstring=" model{ for(i in 1:nflips){ X[i]~dbern(theta) } theta~dbeta(a,b) a<-1 b<-1 } " # Write the model to a file writeLines(modelstring,con="model.txt") dir() #Check model modelCheck("model.txt") # Make data datalist= list( X=c(1,1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0), nflips=20 ) modelData(bugsData(datalist)) modelCompile(numChains=2) writeLines("list(theta=0.5)",con="inits.txt") #write a file containing the inits modelInits(rep("inits.txt", 2)) # read init data file modelUpdate(1000) # burn in samplesSet(c("theta")) # theta should be monitored modelUpdate(10000) # 10000 more iterations .... | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ferronnière
A ferronnière is a style of headband or fillet that encircles the wearer's forehead, usually with a small jewel suspended in the centre. The original form of the headband was worn in late fifteenth-century Italy, and was rechristened a ferronnière at the time of its revival in the second quarter of the nineteenth century for both day and (more frequently) formal and evening wear.
Etymology
The term ferronnière for describing such headbands was probably coined in the early nineteenth century. Merriam-Webster date the earliest use of the term to 1831, and the Oxford English Dictionary notes that their record of the earliest usage of the term is located in a mid-19th-century publication called World of Fashion. Some sources suggest that the term was contemporary to the 1490s.
The ferronnière is often said to be named after a 1490s portrait attributed to the school of Leonardo da Vinci, the La belle ferronnière, where the sitter wears such an ornament. However, this painting's title was assigned in the 18th century, well after it was painted, under the erroneous assumption that it portrayed Madame Le Féron, a reputed mistress of Francis I of France; or another mistress who was allegedly an iron merchant's wife. The literal translation of ferronnière in English is "female ironmonger;" the term was used for the wife or daughter of an ironmonger. In their catalogue, the Louvre suggest that La belle ferronnière was so-called because of her forehead ornament, a theory that is supported by other scholars, but other sources conclude that the ornament was named after the painting, due to the term's specific application apparently not existing prior to the 19th century.
In fashion
The original ornament that later became called a ferronnière was popular in 15th-century Italy, where it could be made from metal or jewels.
The nineteenth-century ferronnière was worn from the late 1820s to the early 1840s, when it was considered to enhance a high forehead, and by the 1850s, it had fallen out of fashion. One contemporary source from 1831 describes the ferronnière as "a small plait of hair, adorned in the centre of the forehead by a large brilliant, from which depends another brilliant of the pear shape." It has been described as one of the most widely worn examples of historicism in early Victorian fashion, worn as a tribute to the Renaissance alongside beaded belts called cordelières inspired by medieval clothing and hairstyles named after historic women such as Agnès Sorel and Blanche of Castile. The ferronnière could be worn for either day or evening. Alternative terms for similar ornaments were the bandelette and the tour de tête. | WIKI |
레트 증후군 환자의 의사 소통 수단
At the Rett Syndrome Center at Montefiore, NY, eye tracking technology was used in order to compare patterns of visual processing in Rett Syndrome patients and non-Rett control subjects.
실험 배경
Rett Syndrome is the most physically debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder on the Autism Spectrum and one of the leading genetic causes of severe impairments in females. Today, 45 years after the syndrome was identified, we still do not understand if, and how much girls and women with RTT understand, how much they remember, or how they process information. Profound impairments in their abilities to speak, walk, and use their hands (caused by apraxia and other movement disorders) severely limit the ways in which girls with RTT can express themselves and are understood. Motor difficulties and apraxia also limit the abilities of RTT girls to respond to questions during standardized neuropsychological testing, which may lead to underestimations of their cognitive abilities.
"Eye gaze technology allowed us to give Rett Syndrome patients a voice – a way to communicate their perception of what they see. This is of immeasurable value because most of these patients have no other way to communicate their knowledge or understanding due to extreme physical disabilities."
Dr. Aleksandra Djukic, Rett Syndrome Center, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
아이트래킹과 시각정보 처리 과정
Goal 1: Qualitatively compare the abilities of Rett Syndrome patients to identify focal points within images. Basically, answer the question: Can Rett Syndrome patients differentiate between the more important and less important aspects of an image by giving more attention to the relevant (focal) stimuli?
Goal 2: Quantitatively compare the abilities of Rett and non-Rett individuals to visually identify the focal points within images by finding any significant differences between the following values:
• How long it takes Rett/non-Rett individuals to look at the focal point of an image.
• How long the first fixation on the focal point lasts.
• How long the individuals spend looking at the focal point.
• How many times the individuals looked at the focal point.
실험 방법 및 도구
31 girls with Rett Syndrome were involved as test participants in the study. The control group consisted of hospital personnel, research team members, and parents.
A total of eleven images were presented to the test participants via the Tobii T120 eye tracker. These images consisted of photographs of real situations, faces, shapes and cartoons.
Viewing time was 5 seconds. To minimize confounding effects of language processing, verbal requests were limited to: "Look at the screen".
Gaze plots illustrating Rett and non-Rett individuals attention span.
Heat map visualization in Tobii Pro Studio of the eye tracking data was used to analyze data qualitatively. A Student's T-Test was then used to compare the mean values of the four values listed above (Time to first fixation, First fixation duration, Total fixation duration, and Fixation count—all standard metrics in Tobii Pro Studio) for Rett and non-Rett individuals for the focal points of 5 images. This yielded twenty Rett to non-Rett comparisons.
실험 결과
Rett Syndrome patients appeared to demonstrate similar fixation patterns compared to Non-Rett individuals and meaningful visual searching strategies.
In seven of the eleven images, the areas of greatest fixation duration (red regions) were similar in both Rett and non-Rett heat maps. Also, only six out of twenty Rett to non-Rett metric value comparisons revealed significant differences between Rett and non-Rett values, indicating that they observe image focal points in a similar way. In four out of five images with obvious focal points, Rett Syndrome patients did focus the majority of their gaze on the focal point.
"The results of this study are extremely encouraging, and demonstrate the feasibility of using eye tracking technology in evaluations of patients with RTT. This is necessary, because any intellectual ability they do possess needs to be exercised and strengthened as if they were a typically developing child."
Dr. Aleksandra Djukic, Rett Syndrome Center, Children’s Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine
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The role of A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKaps) in regulating sperm function.
D. W. Carr, A. E.Hanlon Newell
Research output: Contribution to journalReview articlepeer-review
32 Scopus citations
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) is a signalling molecule involved in the regulation of many physiological functions including those of cilia and flagella. PKA localizes to specific cellular structures and organelles by binding to AKAP (A-kinase anchoring protein) molecules via interaction with the regulatory subunits (RI and RII) of PKA. AKAPs are capable of forming multi-protein complexes to coordinate the action of several signalling molecules all at a single location. AKAPs also bind to a group of four proteins that share the RII dimerization/docking (R2D2) domain. R2D2 proteins are expressed at high levels in both the testis and spermatozoa and mutants lacking R2D2 proteins exhibit abnormal sperm motility. Thus AKAPs and AKAP associated proteins appear to be key molecules in the biochemical machinery regulating the functions of flagella and cilia.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)135-141
Number of pages7
JournalSociety of Reproduction and Fertility supplement
Volume63
StatePublished - 2007
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Medicine(all)
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Dive into the research topics of 'The role of A-kinase anchoring proteins (AKaps) in regulating sperm function.'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
-- North Korea Reviewing ‘Nuclear Issue’ to Counter U.S.
North Korea said it is reviewing the
“nuclear issue” to counter the U.S., days after Kim Jong Un
consolidated his power by taking the nation’s top military rank
and removing the army chief. The U.S. is funding plots to bring down the regime in
Pyongyang, an unidentified Foreign Ministry spokesman said in a
statement carried by the official Korean Central News Agency
yesterday. The dispatch didn’t elaborate on what was meant by
the nuclear review. Kim may be preparing to follow in the footsteps of his
father, Kim Jong Il, who detonated nuclear devices in 2006 and
2009, according to South Korea’s Foreign Ministry . The leader,
who took power after the death in December of the elder Kim,
presided over a botched long-range missile launch in April that
ended a U.S. aid deal and further isolated the nation. “I can’t confirm whether or not the North Koreans may
undertake another underground nuclear test, but we are concerned
about any potential for provocative action taken by North
Korea,” George Little , a spokesman for the U.S. Defense
Department, told reporters yesterday at the Pentagon. The North Korean regime, which in May denied any plans to
test an atomic weapon, said yesterday it arrested a traitor who
was paid and directed by U.S. and South Korean intelligence
agencies to stir unrest by destroying national monuments, giving
the U.S. a pretext for military intervention. Nuclear Talks The statement shows that North Korea may change its mind
and conduct a third nuclear test, said a South Korean Foreign
Ministry official involved in nuclear talks, who asked not to be
identified because he isn’t authorized to speak to the media. He
said there was no substance to North Korea’s accusation and
urged it to return to six-nation talks aimed at ending its
nuclear weapons program. North Korea accused South Korea and the U.S. of attempting
to demolish statues of its founding leader, Kim Il Sung , in
North Korea near the Chinese border, citing testimony from North
Korean defector Jon Yong Chol. The arrested man, Jon, was a North Korean who defected to
South Korea in 2010 and then returned illegally to destroy
statues celebrating the Kim family, KCNA said July 19. South Korea’s Unification Ministry, which handles Seoul ’s
relations with North Korea, confirmed Jon’s 2010 defection.
South Korea denies all the allegations of espionage, Kim Hyung
Suk, a spokesman for the ministry, said by telephone. Uranium Enrichment The six-nation forum involving China , Japan , Russia , the
U.S., South Korea and North Korea began in 2003 and hasn’t
convened since 2008. The North Korean regime disclosed a uranium
enrichment plant in November 2010, providing it with a second
means in addition to plutonium to create nuclear weapons. South Korea raised some military alert levels this week
after Kim assumed the title of marshal and Ri Yong Ho was fired
as army chief. The Workers’ Party cited illness as the reasons for Ri’s
replacement and named General Hyon Yong Chol vice marshal of the
North Korean army two days later, KCNA said. The change was probably because of a power struggle as Kim
deployed military resources for infrastructure projects,
analysts, including Cheong Seong Chang at Sejong Institute in
Gyeonggi, said. Military Rights Kookmin Ilbo reported yesterday, citing unidentified South
Korean government officials, that the dismissal of Ri probably
is related to Kim Jong Un’s initiatives to strip his country’s
military of various lucrative rights related to its economy. The North Korean military would have controlled 70 percent
of the country’s domestic output, enabling military authorities
to earn foreign currencies and accumulate assets, the Seoul-
based newspaper said. North Korea repeated yesterday that Ri’s dismissal stemmed
from his illness, rather than scrambles for power within the
leadership. In a commentary, KCNA blamed international medias
for spreading false rumors, saying there is no change in its
stand to keep to the path of Songun, the path of independence,
pioneered and led by Kim Il Sung and Kim Jong Il . To contact the reporter on this story:
Sangwon Yoon in Seoul at
syoon32@bloomberg.net To contact the editors responsible for this story:
Paul Tighe at
ptighe@bloomberg.net ;
John Brinsley at
jbrinsley@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Arkansas State Hospital
WordPress-hosted site as reference
An automated filter flagged my adding a WordPress-hosted site as a source for the exact demolition year (1963) of the State Hospital's original Kirkbride building. Though it was flagged because WordPress is commonly used for blogs, this site is more like a traditional informational website than a blog. Also, as a longtime Little Rock-area resident I can personally vouch for the validity of this source; it is consistent with the source of the previous language (which I left in its original place) that said it was demolished in the 1960's, and the image on the homepage correctly points out that virtually all of the Kirkbride-era buildings were between Hooper Drive (the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences campus was built in 1956 on the former east side of the campus between Hooper Drive & Elm Street; one small building was where Hooper Drive was rerouted during the 2001–11 expansion of UAMS Medical Center) and Palm Street (the Arkansas Department of Health headquarters was built in 1969 at the former northwest corner of the campus between Palm & Monroe Streets).
I did find one problematic claim on this site: It incorrectly claims the State Hospital left the Kirkbride campus in 1963 (when the original building was torn down) and didn't return until 2008 when the current administration building was built. In fact, the State Hospital never left the Kirkbride campus; new hospital treatment buildings, still in use today, were built just west of the main Kirkbride building (but still within the footprint of other Kirkbride-era buildings) around the same time, as well as a new administration building (called the Faubus Building after then-Gov. Orval Faubus, already nationally infamous for other reasons) on the old Kirkbride building site. The 2008 administration building, at Markham & Palm Streets just west of the 1960's treatment buildings, was a replacement for the Faubus Building which was turned over to UAMS as part of the 2001–11 expansion; UAMS retained the Faubus Building (though no longer called by that name, almost certainly due to its namesake's infamy) and built other buildings across Hooper Drive from the main campus. (Ironically, the 1960's-era campus was once said to be the only new mental hospital facility built in the entire country after the nationwide fall of the Kirkbride Plan.) --RBBrittain (talk) 12:16, 2 March 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
MySQL is an open-source, relational database management system.
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Page:Samantha on Children's Rights.djvu/283
up a stun above her poor guilty head and carved on it the sacred name of "Wife."
Why, they wuzn't a dry eye in my head, not one, when she had finished it. And, though mebby it wouldn't be my first choice to recite to an evenin' party, still I wuz jest melted down by it, and so wuz Josiah Allen, as I glanced round at him he wuz jest puttin' his bandanna back into his pocket and wuz winkin' hard, he has got a heart, Josiah Allen has.
But all of a sudden, jest before she got through recitin' it, this woman with the brood of girls gathered 'em in front of her, as if danger wuz behind her, and shooed 'em out of the room. And I declare for it, and I am tellin' the truth, as she stood up sweepin' out, I see way down below their shoulder blades, every single blade. They went into the room where they wuz dancing, it wuz there they sought safety from indelicacy and unrefined suggestions, but for them that see 'em come in the sight wuz fur worse than the back view, yes fur worse.
But no sooner did the anxious mother chase her brood out in front of her than another woman, whose dress wuz so low it is a wonder it held onto her till she got out, she swep' out with her two daughters in front of her, one on 'em dressed in a string of pearls and a ostrich tip, and the other one bare as she wuz born almost from her waist up, every mite of their dresses almost layin' on the carpet. They fled from the contagion of indelicacy into the ballroom, and went to talkin' Bible together and condemnin' bitterly the low, immodest woman who had dared to recite such a poem before their innocent daughters. They had guarded 'em so, they said from everything and anything that could by any | WIKI |
Coleridge, North Carolina
Coleridge is an unincorporated community along the Deep River in Randolph County, North Carolina, United States. It lies near Ramseur and southeast of Greensboro. Major roads through the town are Highway 22, which is joined in the middle by Highway 42, which then travels to Bennett.This community was named for James A. Cole, a local merchant. It is in the Eastern Standard Time zone UTC-5. The elevation is 436 feet. Former and merged names include Foust's Mill.
The Coleridge Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. | WIKI |
Imagine this: You’re sailing through coding, lines flowing like poetry, until—bam! You’re blindsided by a parse error. It’s the curveball you never saw coming, like a cryptic riddle in the midst of your script, disrupting your seamless symphony of code. So, what’s a developer to do?
Understanding a parse error is a bit like being a detective in a complex whodunit. This is where you dive in, unravelling the mystery that stops your code from executing flawlessly.
You’ll learn to pinpoint that enigmatic, ill-placed character, wrestle with a mischievous JSON syntax quirk, or disentangle a web of XML that’s knotted up. It’s all in a day’s work.
By the end of this deep dive, you’ll emerge equipped to decode the cryptic, troubleshoot like a pro, and squash those bugs with gusto.
We’ll touch on compilation errors, march through script parsing, and even brush up on exception handling to ensure you’re ready to tackle parse errors head-on, alongside some indispensable programming forums and debug tools at your disposal.
Buckle in—let’s decode the mess and transform it back into your masterpiece.
Recognizing a Parse Error in WordPress
Error message indicators
When a parse error occurs, WordPress usually displays an error message that contains crucial information. The error message often includes the term “Parse error,” followed by the type of error, the file path, and the line number where the error occurred.
How parse errors manifest in a WordPress site
Parse errors can manifest in various ways, such as:
• A blank screen, also known as the “white screen of death.”
• An error message displayed on your website’s frontend or backend.
• A partial loading of your website, with missing elements or broken functionality.
The Role of PHP in WordPress Parse Errors
Understanding PHP syntax
PHP is the programming language that powers WordPress. It’s essential to understand that PHP has a specific syntax that must be followed for the code to execute properly. A parse error occurs when the PHP interpreter encounters incorrect syntax or unexpected characters in the code.
PHP versions and compatibility
The PHP version running on your server plays a significant role in parse errors. Newer PHP versions introduce changes in syntax and functions, making older code incompatible. Ensuring that your WordPress site, themes, and plugins are compatible with the PHP version on your server can help prevent parse errors.
Common Parse Error Scenarios in WordPress
Syntax errors in theme files
One of the most common causes of parse errors is syntax errors in theme files. These errors can occur due to missing or misplaced characters, such as brackets, semicolons, or quotes. Additionally, copying and pasting code from external sources can introduce hidden characters that cause parse errors.
Syntax errors in plugin files
Plugins are essential for extending WordPress functionality, but they can also cause parse errors if their code contains syntax errors. Similar to theme files, these errors can result from missing or misplaced characters or hidden characters from external sources.
Misconfigurations in the wp-config.php file
The wp-config.php file is the heart of your WordPress installation, as it contains crucial configuration settings. Errors in this file, such as incorrect database credentials, file paths, or syntax errors, can lead to parse errors and even make your site inaccessible.
Troubleshooting WordPress Parse Errors
Identifying the source of the parse error
To fix a parse error, you first need to identify its source. The error message usually provides information about the affected file and the line number where the error occurred. In some cases, the issue might be with a recently installed or updated theme or plugin.
Using debugging tools and error logs
WordPress has a built-in debugging feature called WP_DEBUG that you can enable in the wp-config.php file. Enabling this feature will display detailed error messages, making it easier to pinpoint the source of the parse error. Additionally, you can check your server’s error logs for more information.
Resolving Parse Errors in Theme Files
Correcting syntax errors
Once you’ve identified the theme file causing the parse error, you can correct the syntax error using a code editor. Be sure to carefully review the code for missing or misplaced characters, and double-check the PHP syntax to ensure it’s correct.
Restoring default themes
If you’re unable to fix the syntax error, you can restore your site by switching to a default WordPress theme. You can do this by renaming the folder of the problematic theme in your server’s wp-content/themes directory, which will force WordPress to use a default theme.
Resolving Parse Errors in Plugin Files
Deactivating and reactivating plugins
When a parse error is caused by a plugin, you can deactivate the problematic plugin to restore your site.
To do this, access your server’s wp-content/plugins directory and rename the folder of the plugin causing the error. This will deactivate the plugin, allowing you to access your WordPress dashboard and investigate the issue further.
Updating or replacing problematic plugins
After deactivating the problematic plugin, check for updates or contact the plugin developer for assistance.
In some cases, the parse error might be a known issue that has been fixed in a newer version of the plugin. If no updates are available or the issue persists, consider replacing the plugin with an alternative that provides similar functionality.
Resolving Parse Errors in the wp-config.php File
Correcting misconfigurations
Misconfigurations in the wp-config.php file can lead to parse errors. Carefully review the file for any incorrect settings, such as database credentials, file paths, or syntax errors. Ensure that all required settings are present and correctly configured.
Restoring a backup wp-config.php file
If you’re unable to identify and fix the issue in the wp-config.php file, you can restore a backup version of the file if you have one available. Replacing the problematic file with a known working version will help restore your site and resolve the parse error.
Preventing Parse Errors in WordPress
Regularly updating WordPress, themes, and plugins
Keeping your WordPress installation, themes, and plugins up to date is crucial for preventing parse errors. Updates often include compatibility fixes, security patches, and improvements that can help avoid parse errors and other issues.
Using a staging environment for testing
A staging environment is a replica of your live site used for testing purposes. By testing updates, new themes, and plugins in a staging environment before deploying them to your live site, you can identify and fix parse errors and other issues before they affect your site’s visitors.
Implementing proper coding practices
Following best coding practices, such as using proper PHP syntax, commenting your code, and adhering to WordPress coding standards, can help prevent parse errors. Additionally, using a code editor with syntax highlighting and error checking features can make it easier to spot potential issues before they cause parse errors.
Resources for Further Understanding and Assistance
Official WordPress documentation
The official WordPress documentation, also known as the Codex, provides valuable information on WordPress development and troubleshooting, including parse errors.
WordPress community forums and support channels
The WordPress community is vast and knowledgeable, making the community forums an excellent resource for seeking assistance with parse errors and other issues.
Professional WordPress development services
If you’re unable to resolve a parse error on your own, consider hiring a professional WordPress developer who can help you identify and fix the issue.
FAQ on what is a parse error
What Exactly Is a Parse Error?
A parse error? That’s the wrench in the gears of your code. When you’ve crafted a line that the compiler just can’t digest—whether it’s syntax gone rogue or a misplaced character.
It’s like the grammar police halting your program because it can’t understand what you’re saying.
Why Does a Parse Error Happen?
These sneak up when your code’s syntax isn’t quite on point. A forgotten bracket here, a mistyped keyword there.
It’s the compiler’s way of saying, “I’m trying to follow your instructions, but this doesn’t make sense to me.” Imagine writing a sentence without a verb—confusing, right?
Can You Fix a Parse Error Easily?
“Easy” depends on your eye for detail. It’s about spotting that needle in the haystack. Thankfully, with highlights from IDEs and line number references, it’s more like a scavenger hunt. You find the clue, you fix the puzzle. Most times, it’s a quick fix once you spot the culprit.
How Do I Identify Where a Parse Error Has Occurred?
It’s a combination of playing Sherlock and knowing your debugging tools. Modern development environments will point you to the scene of the crime with a line number. Then it’s up to you to scrutinize the code, line by line. Look for the anomaly—it’s in there, hiding in plain sight.
What’s the Difference Between a Parse Error and a Runtime Error?
Now, here’s the scoop. Parse errors are the bouncers stopping your code from running at all, while runtime errors are like stumbling blocks your program trips over while it’s running the marathon. One’s a syntax grammar check; the other’s an on-the-fly mishap.
Is a Parse Error the Same as a Syntax Error?
You could say a syntax error is the parent of a parse error. When your syntax goes off the rails, the parser waves the red flag. A syntax error is essentially the reason you’re facing a parse error—it’s all about the rules of the coding language being broken.
Do All Programming Languages Deal with Parse Errors?
Absolutely. Whether you’re a Python hero, a Java maven, or a C++ warrior, parse errors are the common ground. Each language has its syntax nuances, sure, but they all play by the same fundamental rule: clear, correct syntax is non-negotiable.
What Tools Can I Use to Help Prevent Parse Errors?
Keep a few aces up your sleeve—like syntax checkers and linting tools that act as your personal code proofreaders. An IDE is your best buddy, scanning your script as you type, and don’t forget handy compiler error messages that call out your errors in real-time.
How Does a Parse Error Affect My Website or Application?
It’s putting the brakes on launch. A parse error means your website or app is lost in translation. The code doesn’t compute, and the app doesn’t run—it’s that simple. You’ll need to debug and address the issue before you can roll out the red carpet.
Can Parse Errors Affect SEO Performance of a Web Page?
Indirectly, yes. If a parse error crops up in your website’s JavaScript, it could mess with how content is loaded and displayed. That means search engines might not see your page as intended, which could affect how your site is indexed and, ultimately, its place in the rankings.
Conclusion
Alright, so we’ve untangled the knots and now, staring this parse error beast right in the eye doesn’t seem so daunting, does it? Let’s wrap this up.
Think of your coding journey as a roadmap; parse errors are just roadblocks, not dead ends. Feel empowered knowing they’re fixable—often with a keen eye on your syntax or a helpful nudge from your trusty IDE. Keep those lines of code crisp and precise. Remember, the devil’s in the details.
It’s all about:
• Patience
• Precision
• Practice
Do that, and these errors will start feeling like speed bumps rather than stop signs.
You’re now primed to debug with confidence—your tool belt’s loaded with error messageslinting tools, and an arsenal of online programming forums. Use them. Your website, your app—they’re counting on you to smooth out those rough edges. With each resolved parse error, watch your code transform—it gets cleaner, more efficient, and yes, more powerful. Let’s code on and create something incredible.
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Trisomy 8
Trisomy 8 causes Warkany syndrome 2, a human chromosomal disorder caused by having three copies (trisomy) of chromosome 8. It can appear with or without mosaicism.
Characteristics
Complete trisomy 8 causes severe abnormalities on the developing fetus and can be a cause of miscarriage. Complete trisomy 8 is usually a gestational lethal condition, whereas trisomy 8 mosaicism is less severe and individuals with a low proportion of affected cells may exhibit a comparatively mild range of physical abnormalities and developmental delay. Individuals with trisomy 8 mosaicism are more likely to survive into childhood and adulthood, and exhibit a characteristic and recognizable pattern of developmental abnormalities. Common findings include stunted psychomotor development, moderate to severe intellectual disability, variable growth patterns which can result in either abnormally short or tall stature, an expressionless face, and many musculoskeletal, visceral, and eye abnormalities, as well as other anomalies. A deep plantar furrow is considered to be pathognomonic of this condition, especially when seen in combination with other associated features. The type and severity of symptoms are dependent upon the prevalence of the affected cells and their location within the body.
Other conditions
Trisomy 8 mosaicism affects wide areas of chromosome 8, containing many genes, and can thus be associated with a range of symptoms.
* Mosaic trisomy 8 has been reported in rare cases of Rothmund–Thomson syndrome, a genetic disorder associated with the DNA helicase RECQL4 on chromosome 8q24.3. The syndrome is "characterized by skin atrophy, telangiectasia, hyper- and hypopigmentation, congenital skeletal abnormalities, short stature, premature aging, and increased risk of malignant disease".
* Some individuals trisomic for chromosome 8 were deficient in production of coagulation factor VII due to a factor 7 regulation gene (F7R) mapped to 8p23.3-p23.1.
* Trisomy and other rearrangements of chromosome 8 have also been found in tricho–rhino–phalangeal syndrome.
* Small regions of chromosome 8 trisomy and monosomy are also created by recombinant chromosome 8 syndrome (San Luis Valley syndrome), causing anomalies associated with tetralogy of Fallot, which results from recombination between a typical chromosome 8 and one carrying a parental paracentric inversion.
* Trisomy is also found in some cases of chronic myeloid leukaemia, potentially as a result of karyotypic instability caused by the bcr:abl fusion gene.
Diagnosis
The simplest and easiest way to detect trisomy 8 is by a karyotype, a photograph representing all chromosomes of a cell in an orderly manner. Amniocentesis is also a technique for diagnosis. Samples from the amniotic fluid are taken from a fetus, cultured, then analyzed by a karyotype. If the photograph shows 3 copies of chromosome 8 instead of 2, then the individual has trisomy 8. | WIKI |
Extending the WebSocket API
As a component you might have information that you want to make available to the frontend. For example, the media player will want to make album covers available for the frontend to show. Our frontend is communicating with the backend over the websocket API, which can be extended with custom commands.
Registering a command (Python)
To register a command, you need to have a message type, a message schema and a message handler. Your component does not have to add the websocket API as a dependency. You register your command, and if the user is using the websocket API, the command will be made available.
Message Types
Message types are made up the domain and the message type, separated by a forward slash. In the below example, we're defining media_player/thumbnail.
# The type of the message
WS_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYER_THUMBNAIL = "media_player/thumbnail"
Message Schema
The message schema defines what type of data we expect when the message is invoked. It is defined as a voluptuous schema and has to extend the base web socket command schema.
import voluptuous as vol
from homeassistant.components import websocket_api
import homeassistant.helpers.config_validation as cv
# The schema for the message
SCHEMA_WEBSOCKET_GET_THUMBNAIL = websocket_api.BASE_COMMAND_MESSAGE_SCHEMA.extend(
{
"type": WS_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYER_THUMBNAIL,
# The entity that we want to retrieve the thumbnail for.
"entity_id": cv.entity_id,
}
)
Defining a handler
Message handlers are callback functions that are run inside the event loop. If you want to do I/O or have to wait for your result, create a new function and queue it up using hass.async_add_job. This is done so that the websocket API can get back to handling the next message as soon as possible.
Sending a direct response
If you are defining a command that is querying simple information, you might be able to fulfill the request while the handler is being called by the websocket API. To do this, use connection.to_write.put_nowait.
@callback
def websocket_handle_thumbnail(hass, connection, msg):
"""Handle getting a thumbnail."""
# We know the answer without having to fetch any information,
# so we send it directly.
connection.to_write.put_nowait(
websocket_api.result_message(
msg["id"], {"thumbnail": "http://via.placeholder.com/350x150"}
)
)
Sending a delayed response
If your command needs to interact with the network, a device or needs to compute information, you will need to queue a job to do the work and send the response. To do this, use connection.send_message_outside.
@callback
def websocket_handle_thumbnail(hass, connection, msg):
"""Handle get media player cover command."""
# Retrieve media player using passed in entity id.
player = hass.data[DOMAIN].get_entity(msg["entity_id"])
# If the player does not exist, send an error message.
if player is None:
connection.to_write.put_nowait(
websocket_api.error_message(
msg["id"], "entity_not_found", "Entity not found"
)
)
return
# Define a function to be enqueued.
async def send_image():
"""Send image."""
data, content_type = await player.async_get_media_image()
# No media player thumbnail available
if data is None:
connection.send_message_outside(
websocket_api.error_message(
msg["id"], "thumbnail_fetch_failed", "Failed to fetch thumbnail"
)
)
return
connection.send_message_outside(
websocket_api.result_message(
msg["id"],
{
"content_type": content_type,
"content": base64.b64encode(data).decode("utf-8"),
},
)
)
# Player exist. Queue up a job to send the thumbnail.
hass.async_add_job(send_image())
Registering with the Websocket API
With all pieces defined, it's time to register the command. This is done inside your setup method.
async def async_setup(hass, config):
"""Setup of your component."""
hass.components.websocket_api.async_register_command(
WS_TYPE_MEDIA_PLAYER_THUMBNAIL,
websocket_handle_thumbnail,
SCHEMA_WEBSOCKET_GET_THUMBNAIL,
)
Calling the command from the frontend (JavaScript)
With your command defined, it's time to call it from the frontend! This is done using JavaScript. You will need access to the hass object which holds the WebSocket connection to the backend. Then just call hass.connection.sendMessagePromise. This will return a promise that will resolve if the command succeeds and errors if the command fails.
hass.connection.sendMessagePromise({
type: 'media_player/thumbnail',
entity_id: 'media_player.living_room_tv',
}).then(
(resp) => {
console.log('Message success!', resp.result);
},
(err) => {
console.error('Message failed!', err);
}
);
If your command is not sending a response, you can use hass.connection.sendMessage.
Last updated on | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Jan Václav Voříšek
Untitled
There are now two releases of Voříšek's piano music and chamber works - Radoslav Kvapil on Supraphon playing his opus 1 through opus 20 piano works on three CDs, for example and another release with not just the violin sonata but several other works as well- so it is not at all strictly true that the symphony, the violin sonata and the Mass (and the piano sonata!) are among the few works of his recorded. And while it would not be NPOV to say that more recordings are in some sense deserved, that's in part because there are better, more only-the-facts (but still reader-friendly and jargon-free, like Tovey's notes on other pieces known and unknown) ways to say much the same. So I believe the sentence as written is not really accurate enough? Schissel | Sound the Note! 17:03, 25 June 2006 (UTC)
Burial
Voříšek died in 1825, Beethoven in 1827, and Schubert in 1828. So Voříšek wasn't buried in the cemetery where the other two 'lay at rest' which is what the sentence appeared to be saying. In fact, the remains of both Beethoven and Schubert were later moved to the Zentralfriedhof. Perhaps this is what the sentence intended - that they lay there at rest before they were moved? Anyway, the amendement is now both clear and correct. If anyone else feels like adding that B and S are now buried elsewhere, let them add it, but the article is about Voříšek Ioan_Dyfrig (talk) 17:32, 20 August 2008 (UTC)
* This is completely false. Voříšek was buried in the Währinger Allgemeiner Friedhof which was a different, much bigger and less exclusive cemetery in Währing. The primary sources are very clear concerning his place of burial.--Suessmayr (talk) 14:31, 19 June 2020 (UTC)
Dating of symphony in D
According to this preface - http://www.musikmph.de/musical_scores/vorworte/904.html - the symphony dates from 1822-3, not 1821? Schissel | Sound the Note! 13:17, 20 September 2009 (UTC)
The liner notes of an old Czech recording of the work, made in 1984, gives the year of composition as 1823. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:58, 1 February 2014 (UTC)
External links modified
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External links modified
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I have just modified 2 external links on Jan Václav Voříšek. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20080518205551/http://www.regisrecords.co.uk/regisrecords/Alpha/RRC1224.html to http://www.regisrecords.co.uk/regisrecords/Alpha/RRC1224.html
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 15:28, 3 December 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
Window sill
A windowsill (also written window sill or window-sill, and less frequently in British English, cill) is the horizontal structure or surface at the bottom of a window. Window sills serve to structurally support and hold the window in place.
The exterior portion of a window sill provides a mechanism for shedding rainwater away from the wall at the window opening. Therefore, window sills are usually inclined slightly downward away from the window and wall, and often extend past the exterior face of the wall, so the water will drip off rather than run down the wall.
Some windowsills are made of natural stone, cast stone, concrete, tile, or other non-porous materials to further increase their water resistance.
Windows may not have a structural sill or the sill may not be sufficiently weather resistant. In these cases, a strip of waterproof and weather resistant material (steel, vinyl, PVC) called a sill pan may be used to protect the wall and shed the water. Like the sill, a sill pan will usually be inclined and protrude from the wall.
Types of window sill
A window sill in the most general sense is a horizontal structural element below a window opening or window unit in masonry construction or framed construction and is regarded as part of the window frame. The bottom of a window frame sits on top of the window sill of the wall opening.
A window sill may span the entire width of a wall from inside to outside, as is often the case in basic masonry construction, making it visible on both the interior and exterior of the building. In such a case, the exterior window sill and interior window sill would be two sides of the same structural element.
Conversely, a window sill may only extend from the internal wall structure to the outside and not be visible from the building's interior. In that case, the window likely has a shelf-like piece of interior trim work—often made of wood, tile, or stone—which is distinct from the exterior window sill. The technical term used by carpenters, window manufacturers, and other professionals for this piece of trim work is window stool, but it is also referred to as a window sill. In residential buildings, some people use this latter kind of interior window sill or stool to store houseplants, books, or other small personal items. | WIKI |
Page:Juvenal and Persius by G. G. Ramsay.djvu/387
beginning of the world our common maker gave only life; to us he gave souls as well, that fellow-feeling might bid us ask or proffer aid, gather scattered dwellers into a people, desert the primeval groves and woods inhabited by our forefathers, build houses for ourselves, with others adjacent to our own, that a neighbour's threshold, from the confidence that comes of union, might give us peaceful slumbers; shield with arms a fallen citizen, or one staggering from a grievous wound, give battle signals by a common trumpet, and seek protection inside the same city walls, and behind gates fastened by a single key.
But in these days there is more amity among serpents than among men; wild beasts are merciful to beasts spotted like themselves. When did the stronger lion ever take the life of the weaker? In what wood did a boar ever breathe his last under the tusks of a boar bigger than himself? The fierce tigress of India dwells in perpetual peace with her fellow; bears live in harmony with bears. But man finds it all too little to have forged the deadly blade on an impious anvil; for whereas the first artificers only wearied themselves with forging hoes and harrows, spades and ploughshares, not knowing how to beat out swords, we now behold a people whose wrath is not assuaged by slaying someone, but who deem that a man's breast, arms, and face afford a kind of food. What would Pythagoras say, or to what place would he not flee, if he beheld these horrors of to-day,—he who refrained from every living creature as if it were human, and would not indulge his belly with every kind of vegetable?
301 | WIKI |
Talk:Frank Ashton-Gwatkin
Untitled
I would like to make a request to someone with the appropriate privileges to please add a hyphen to the header for this page. The name should read Ashton-Gwatkin. Evidently, I omitted this at an earlier stage and I can't see a way of correcting it now. I will know better next time.
Many thanks.
Vltava (talk) 21:57, 3 June 2015 (UTC)
I have now made the correction myself. You learn something new every day!
Vltava (talk) 09:35, 4 June 2015 (UTC) | WIKI |
Epicardial adipose tissue thickness and its association with adiponectin in metabolic syndrome patients from Mérida, Venezuela
Associação entre a espessura do tecido adiposo epicárdico e a adiponectina em pacientes com síndrome metabólica em Mérida, Venezuela
Marcos M. Lima-Martínez Gabriel López-Mendez Rodolfo Odreman José H. Donis Mariela Paoli About the authors
Objective:
To study the relationship between epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) thickness and plasma levels of adiponectin in Venezuelan patients.
Subjects and methods:
Thirty-one patients diagnosed with metabolic syndrome (study group) and 27 controls were selected and tested for glycemia, lipids, and adiponectin. EAT thickness, ejection fraction, diastolic function, left ventricular mass (LVM), and left atrial volume (LAV) were determined by transthoracic echocardiography.
Results:
EAT thickness was greater in metabolic syndrome patients (5.69 ± 1.12 vs. 3.52 ± 0.80 mm; p = 0.0001), correlating positively with body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.661; p = 0.0001); waist circumference (WC) (r = 0.664; p = 0.0001); systolic (SBP) (r = 0.607; p = 0.0001), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (r = 0.447; p = 0.0001); insulin (r = 0.505; p = 0.0001); Tg/HDL-C ratio (r = 0.447; p = 0.0001), non-HDL-C (r = 0.353; p = 0.007); LAV (r = 0.432; p = 0.001), and LVM (r = 0.469; p = 0.0001). EAT thickness correlated negatively with adiponectin (r = -0.499; p = 0.0001).
Conclusion:
A significant association exists between EAT thickness and both metabolic syndrome components and adiponectin concentration, a link that might be used as a biomarker for this disease.
Epicardial adipose tissue; epicardial fat; metabolic syndrome; adiponectin; Hispanics
Sociedade Brasileira de Endocrinologia e Metabologia Rua Botucatu, 572 - conjunto 83, 04023-062 São Paulo, SP, Tel./Fax: (011) 5575-0311 - São Paulo - SP - Brazil
E-mail: abem-editoria@endocrino.org.br | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Bank of Columbia Use of the Bank of the United States v. Lawrence/Opinion of the Court
The case was argued by Mr. Key and Mr. Dunlop, for the plaintiffs, and by Mr. Jones and Mr. Taylor, for the defendant.
For the plaintiffs it was urged, that the distance of the actual residence of the defendant from Georgetown created a difficulty in giving him a personal notice; and it is not incumbent on the holder of a note to follow the endorser, or to resort to other than the ordinary modes of conveyance; the post-office has always been deemed this mode, and it was the usage of this bank, as well as of all other banks in the District of Columbia to proceed in this manner. It was claimed that the defendant knew of this usage. This usage, therefore, became a part of the contract; and that an agreement to comply with the usage is binding, has been decided at the present session of this Court, in Brent's Executors vs. The Bank of the Metropolis, (ante p. 89.) Benner vs. The Bank of Columbia, 9 Wheat. 590. Mills vs. The Bank of the United States, 11 Wheat. 431. These cases show that a departure from the general law relative to a demand of payment, when according to established custom, was sustained.
The evidence showing that the defendant transacted business at his former residence in Washington, does not establish that as his established place of business, and if it did, the bank was not obliged to give a notice there, as it was not in the place where the note was dated, and where the note was payable. Objections of equal, perhaps of greater validity, would have been made had any other mode been employed; and therefore the notice through the post-office, which gave the opportunity to find it where the defendant was accustomed to receive his letters, was the most proper. The reasonableness of notice is a question to be decided by the Court-the time of giving notice and the place where, are questions of law. Tindall vs. Brown, 1 T. R. 167. Chitty on Bills, 292. Where the holder and endorser reside in the same town, the rule is, that the notice must be personal, or left at the endorser's residence, or place of business. When the endorser's residence or place of business is in a different town, the holder is not bound to follow him there, but may give notice through the post-office. Chitty on Bills, 288. Ireland vs. Kipp, 10 ''John. Rep.'' 490. Same vs. Same, 11 John. 231.
What constitutes a place of business is a question of law, although the facts in reference thereto may be for the decision of the Jury, and in this case, the Court below had the right to say, and should have said the evidence was not sufficient, supposing it uncontradicted, to make the house of the former residence of the defendant his place of business. Cited Chitty on Bills, 285-6. Bank of Utica vs. Smith, 18 John. 230. 16 ''John. Rep.'' 218. Reed vs. Payne.
Mr. Jones and Mr. Taylor, for the defendant.
The claim to maintain the rights of the plaintiffs, by showing a usage relative to notice of the dishonour of notes or bills may, if it shall be admitted, establish a principle of great danger in reference to the subject matter. The usage will operate in favour of an endorser, who by residence or other circumstances, may be supposed to be acquainted with it, and another, a distant endorser, will not be within its influence. A waiver of the regular mode of giving notice of the dishonour of a bill cannot be implied, it must be proved to have been expressly declared. Chitty, 308.
2. The notice should have been sent to the place of the defendant's business, and this was in Washington; and the holder of a bill, must adopt the usual means to convey or give the notice. 11 John. 490. The nearest post-office may not always be the proper post-office; as cases may exist in which, for convenience, a party is in the practiee of going to and using a more distant post-office. 10 John. 411. Nor is a post-office the proper place to leave a notice not intended to be conveyed from it; as post-offices are places from which letters are to be forwarded, and it is not their duty to receive, or are they responsible for letters which are to be left in them.
The expense of sending a special messenger is to be paid by the party to whom he is sent, and as the defendant was not a resident of Georgetown, such a messenger should have been employed to give the notice. Chitty on Bills, 276, 278.
Mr. Justice THOMPSON delivered the opinion of the Court.--
This case comes before the Court upon a writ of error to the Circuit Court of the District of Columbia.
The defendant was sued as endorser of a promissory note for $5000, made by Joseph Mulligan, bearing date the 15th of July 1819, and payable sixty days after date, at the Bank of Columbia. The making and endorsing the note, and the demand of payment, were duly proved; and the only question upon the trial was touching the manner in which notice of non-payment was given to the endorser; no objection being made to the sufficiency of the notice in point of time.
The material facts before the Court upon this part of the case, as shown by the bill of exceptions were; that the banking-house of the plaintiffs was in Georgetown, at which place the note appears to be dated. That some time before the note fell due, the defendant had lived in the city of Washington, and carried on the business of a morocco leather dresser, keeping a shop and living in a house of his own, in the said city. That about the year 1818, he sold his shop and stock in trade and relinquished his business, and removed with his family to a farm, in Alexandria county, within the District of Columbia, and about two or three miles from Georgetown. That the Georgetown post-office, was the nearest post-office to his place of residence, and the one at which he usually received his letters.
The notice of non-payment was put into the post-office, at Georgetown, addressed to the defendant at that place. It was proved, on the part of the defendant, that at the time of his removal into the country, and from that time until after the note in question fell due, he continued to be the owner of the house in Washington where he formerly lived; and which was occupied by his sister-in-law Mrs. Harbaugh. That he came frequently and regularly every week, and as often as two or three times a week, to this house; where he was employed in winding up his former business and settling his accounts, and where he kept his books of account, and where his bank notices, such as were usually served by the runner of the bank on parties who were to pay notes, were sometimes left, and sometimes at a shop opposite to his house; and where also his newspapers and foreign letters were left. That his coming to town and so employing himself, was generally known to persons having business with him. That his residence in the country was known to the cashier of the bank. That there was a regular daily mail from Georgetown to the city of Washington, and that the defendant's house was situated in Washington, less than a quarter of a mile from Georgetown.
There was also some evidence given, on the part of the plaintiffs, tending to show that the usage of the bank in serving notices in similar cases, was conformably to the one here pursued, and that the defendant was apprized of such usage. But that testimony may be laid out of view; as this Court does not found its opinion in any measure upon that part of the case. Upon this evidence the plaintiffs prayed the Court to instruct the jury, that it was not incumbent on them to have left the notice of the non-payment of the note at the house occupied by Mrs. Harbaugh, as stated in the evidence; but that it was sufficient, under the circumstances stated, to leave the notice at the post-office in Georgetown; which instructions the Court refused to give, but instructed the jury that their verdict must be governed according to their opinion and finding on the subject of usage which had been given in evidence.
The jury found a verdict for the defendant.
From this statement of the case it appears that the note was made at Georgetown, payable at the Bank of Columbia, in that town. That the defendant, when he endorsed the note, lived in the county of Alexandria, within the District of Columbia, and having what is alleged to have been a place of business in the city of Washington; and the notice of non-payment was put into the Georgetown post-office addressed to the defendant at that place, by which it is understood, that the notice was either enclosed in a letter, or the notice itself sealed and superscribed with the name of the defendant, with the direction 'Georgetown' upon it; and whether this notice is sufficient is the question to be decided.
If it should be admitted, that the defendant had what is usually called a place of business in the city of Washington, and that notice served there would have been good; it by no means follows, that service at his place of residence, in a different place, would not be equally good. Parties may be and frequently are so situated, that notice may well be given at either of several places. But the evidence does not show that the defendant had a place of business in the city of Washington, according to the usual commercial understanding of a place of business. There was no public notoriety of any description given to it as such. No open or public business of any kind carried on, but merely occasional employment there, two or three times a week, in a house occupied by another person; and the defendant only engaged in settling up his old business. In this view of the case the inquiry is narrowed down to the single point, whether notice through the post-office at George town was good; the defendant residing in the country two or three miles distant from that place, in the county of Alexandria.
The general rule is, that the party whose duty it is to give notice in such cases, is bound to use due diligence in communicating such notice. But it is not required of him to see that the notice is brought home to the party. He may employ the usual and ordinary mode of conveyance, and whether the notice reaches the party or not, the holder has done all that the law requires of him.
It seems at this day to be well settled, that when the facts are ascertained and undisputed, what shall constitute due diligence is a question of law. This is certainly best calculated to have fixed on uniform rules on the subject, and is highly important for the safety of holders of commercial paper.
And these rules ought to be reasonable and founded in general convenience, and with a view to clog, as little as possible, consistently with the safety of parties, the circulation of paper of this description; and the rules which have been settled on this subject, have had in view these objects. Thus, when a party entitled to notice, has in the same city or town a dwelling-house and counting-house or place of business, within the compact part of such city or town, a notice delivered at either place is sufficient, and if his dwelling and place of business be within the district of a letter carrier, a letter containing such notice addressed to the party and left at the post-office, would also be sufficient. All these are usual and ordinary modes of communication, and such as afford reasonable ground for presuming that the notice will be brought home to the party without unreasonable delay. So when the holder and endorser live in different post towns, notice sent by the mail is sufficient, whether it reaches the endorser or not. And this for the same reason, that the mail being a usual channel of communication, notice sent by it, is evidence of due diligence. And for the sake of general convenience it has been found necessary to enlarge this rule. And it is accordingly held, that when the party to be affected by the notice, resides in a different place from the holder, the notice may be sent by the mail to the post-office nearest to the party entitled to such notice. It has not been thought advisable, nor is it believed that it would comport with practical convenience, to fix any precise distance from the post-office, within which the party must reside, in order to make this a good service of the notice. Nor would we be understood, as laying it down as a universal rule that the notice must be sent to the post-office nearest to the residence of the party to whom it is addressed. If he was in the habit of receiving his letters through a more distant post-office, and that circumstance was known to the holder, or party giving the notice, that might be the more proper channel of communication, because he would be most likely to receive it in that way; and it would be the ordinary mode of communicating information to him, and therefore evidence of due diligence.
In cases of this description, where notice is sent by mail to a party living in the country, it is distance alone or the usual course of receiving letters which must determine the sufficiency of the notice. The residence of the defendant therefore being in the county of Alexandria, cannot affect the question. It was in proof that the post-office in Georgetown was the one nearest his residence, and only two or three miles distant, and through which he usually received his letters. The letter containing the notice, it is true, was directed to him at Georgetown. But there is nothing showing that this occasioned any mistake or misapprehension with respect to the person intended, or any delay in receiving the notice. And, as the letter was there to be delivered to the defendant, and not to be forwarded to any other post-office, the address was unimportant, and could mislead no one.
No cases have fallen under the notice of the Court, which have suggested any limits to the distance from the post-office, within which a party must reside in order to make the service of the notice in this manner good. Cases however, have occurred, where the distance was much greater, than in the one now before the Court, and the notice held sufficient. (16 John. 218.) In cases where the party entitled to notice resides in the country, unless notice sent by mail is sufficient, a special messenger must be employed for the purpose of serving it. And we think that the present case is clearly one which does not impose upon the plaintiffs such duty. We do not mean to say no such cases can arise, but they will seldom, if ever, occur, and at all events such a course ought not to be required of a holder, except under very special circumstances. Some countenance has lately been given to this practice in England in extraordinary cases, by allowing the holder to recover of the endorser the expenses of serving notice by a special messenger. The case of Pearson vs. Crallan, (2 Smith's Rep. 404. Chitty, 222, note,) is one of this description. But in that case the Court did not say that it was necessary to send a special messenger, and it was left to the jury to decide whether it was done wantonly or not. The holder is not bound to use the mail for the purpose of sending notice. He may employ a special messenger, if he pleases, but no case has been found where the English Courts have directly decided that he must. To compel the holder to incur such expense would be unreasonable, and the policy of adopting a rule that will throw such an increased charge upon commercial paper, on the party bound to pay, is at least very questionable.
We are accordingly of opinion that the notice of non-payment was duly served upon the defendant, and that the Court erred in refusing so to instruct the jury.
Judgment reversed and a venire facias de novo awarded. | WIKI |
Talk:William Prunier
Untitled
I don't think this is really in the scope of France as a whole...it is very specific, if he indeed comes back and captains France (can't see it) then it probably would be. Also i need confirmation on his goal/app. stats, juggedhair for some reason deleted these. The earlier edits have incorrect caps for France as that is only tournament appearances. He made five national appearances. i think he scored four goals for France as well, most of which were flukes hence is claim to fame as 'the defender who can'. Don't know details on his club stats.
Jangaroo (talk) 16:21, 8 May 2008 (UTC)
Don't know if this should be in the French project really. He played a total of seven games for France, i will dig up a ref. You can probably find his stats here: http://www.soccerstats.com/. I will take a look later. I think some of Juggedhair's claims maybe a bit..err...far fetched. He did indeed look to be a great player at one point, but his spell at Manchester United was not nearly as impressive as it is made out to be. I think it is mainly the French papers who think that, he is considered somewhat of a disaster by most Manchester United fans. This is probably harsh as he was not to blame for that clubbing they got, but i think perhaps this view should be shown.
I cannot find any refs about those transfer figures cited. I cannot find any at all though and he was on a contract as opposed to a free transfer during both of those transfers. Anyway i shifted the text a bit and cleared the club appearances. Not sure if he ever played for hearts of midlothian, cannot find any source saying he did.
Waterwish (talk) 17:12, 8 May 2008 (UTC)
I'd like to try and improve the article further - to date, I don't think that all his achievements as a footballer have been entered on the page. I'll try and search for references and such like. Ducksofmercy (talk) 19:23, 8 May 2008 (UTC)
I have found his Manchester United stats at http://www.btinternet.com/~keano16/manupag/legends/prunierpag/prunier.htm he played two full games and scored two goals. I will continue to search for further stats.
Waterwish (talk) 20:35, 8 May 2008 (UTC)
He cannot have played over a 100 games in 1 year! Also his national stats are wrong i think, but the club ones need to be sorted first. There must be a site that would have them. Juggedhair (talk) 20:48, 8 May 2008 (UTC)
Sorry but some of the stuff on this page is tripe. 'illustrous career,' 'Prunier was disputably the greatest product of the famous AJ Auxerre youth team' 'Prunier quickly showed his leadership qualities and through sheer determination managed to prevent a far worse result.' Bauwhhahaha! What?! 'Prunier reconsidered his retirement in 2008, joining Argentine giants River Plate on a three year contract. He has expressed his desire to play for and captain France in the 2010 world cup.' I heard about this on sky, surely the man is not serious...he is 40 and was never *that* good, how on earth does he think he is going to captain France at the age of 42! Has he actually signed for River or is he just on a trial? I also think he was only at Man U on a trial, so i am guessing these two should be excluded from the list. I think he has played more games than that for France though?
Anyhow i don't really know what to change about this article because it's a bit...slanted shall we say? I surpose it's better than the version prior to juggedhare updating it. I think this: 'Prunier was disputably the greatest product of the famous AJ Auxerre youth team' needs to go as it is clearly tripe; there is no WAY any sane person would dispute that William flipping Prunier is greater than Eric Cantona...
Also what is with the pointless sign at the top?
-
There appears to be a general lack of clarity regarding this article, maybe a general cleanup is in order?
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:19, 8 May 2008 (UTC)
I have found the rest of his stats, corrected his years in the French national. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Waterwish (talk • contribs) 18:18, 9 May 2008 (UTC)
This article has been edited and words with opinion removed, for example 'illustrious career’. The career statistics have been confirmed and corrected. They are now up to date with River Plate appearences.
Elictorsky (talk) 20:00, 16 May 2008 (UTC)
Dates corrected, club list fixed. Jangaroo (talk) 10:01, 17 May 2008 (UTC)
Bias?
Some of the descriptive language used in this article is rather bias. The clubs on the list don't seem to correlate with those described either.
Drogmatap (talk) 17:28, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
Agreed. I have been doing some research into Prunier as well as some other poorly observed footballers, i will type up my findings soon. The middle part of his career is somewhat hard to find info on. His D.O.B is wrong as well.
http://www.frenchleague.com/joueur/index.asp?no_joueur=88 Waterwish (talk) 17:34, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
---
All those career stats are garbage. He didn't score for Man U, also those French stats are way out:
http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12744.html
Drogmatap (talk) 17:46, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
That page got those from the ones quoted in the original wiki page, however they are wrong.
Waterwish (talk) 17:48, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
* Ok, fair enough. However something still is not right, why were those stats there anyway if wrong? Also he has not scored any goals for Man U, i am 95% sure about this. As per here: Drogmatap (talk) 17:53, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
* As per where? I have seen pages quote zero goals but he had two spells, one on trial. He scored the goals on trial thats why you may not see them, also why some pages only display one tenure at United. Waterwish (talk) 17:55, 18 May 2008 (UTC)
Hi user <IP_ADDRESS>, can you provide a ref for those stats you have added? I am 90% sure he has only made 1 WC app, but far more int caps. Thanks! —Preceding unsigned comment added by Waterwish (talk • contribs) 10:48, 19 May 2008 (UTC) | WIKI |
The Black Death!
On a hot September day in 1924, Jesus Lajun noticed a terrible smell coming from his house in Los Angeles. He went down to his basement and discovered a dead rat, which he picked up and tossed in the trash. A few days later, Lajun came down with a fever and noticed a strange, purple lump on his thigh. Soon Lajun was dead, as was his daughter, several of his neighbors, his ambulance driver, and even the priest who had performed his funeral. All of them died from the same illness! What killed Jesus Lajun and quickly spread with disturbing ease to the people around him? A doctor studying the case soon discovered that it was plague, a deadly disease that’s spread by fleas and rodents—including rats. In Bubonic Plague: The Black Death!, children will learn all about the three forms this disease takes in the human body—bubonic, pneumonic, and septicemic—including how the disease spreads, the worst outbreaks in history, and how doctors have developed effective medicines to combat the illness. Most important, children learn how to avoid catching bubonic plague in the first place! | FINEWEB-EDU |
Polariton Mediated Electron Transfer via Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics MandalArkajit KraussTodd D. HuoPengfei 2020 We investigate the polariton mediated electron transfer reaction in a model system. With analytic rate constant expression and direct quantum dynamical simulations, we demonstrate that charge transfer reactions can be significantly enhanced or suppressed by coupling the molecular system to the quantized radiation field inside an optical cavity. This is due to the fact that quantum light-matter interactions can mediate the effective driving force and electronic couplings between the hybrid light-matter excitation (so-called the polariton states). Under a resonance condition, the effective driving force can be tuned by changing the light-matter coupling strength; for an off-resonant condition, the same effect can be accomplished by changing the molecule-cavity detuning. Forming polaritons thus provides new possibilities to control the fundamental photo-redox chemistry. Further, we find that both the counter-rotating terms and the dipole self-energy in the quantum electrodynamics Hamiltonian play a crucial role for obtaining an accurate polariton eigenenergy and the polariton mediated charge transfer rate constant, especially in the ultra-strong coupling regime. These investigations significantly complement the previous theoretical developments that ignore both terms, and bring interesting concepts from quantum optics into the field of photochemistry | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Mold (cooking implement)
Opening heading
It struck me as a bit odd that the food mold (molding) article seemed to make no reference to the molding process generally. I assume that they're referred to with the same name, and utilize basically the some processes. Perhaps I am missing something.(?) Would it be inappropriate to indicate that the molding & casting is a technique with applications spanning from food to bronze to plastic?
Thanks <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:44, 3 August 2010 (UTC)
Move request
* The following discussion is an archived discussion of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
Page moved to Mold (cooking implement). It is clear that the current name was not acceptable. At least one of the proposed names was a redirect to another page. I think I agree with the discussion in that there is no hands down best choice here. So I have no problem if this continues to be discussed and there is a follow on rename to a better choice. One issue in using cooking or preparation is the potential to confuse this with the use of the mold fungus in the food making process (i.e.cheese). Vegaswikian (talk) 21:00, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
Mold (food) → ? —
* As it stands now, the current name Mold (food) could probably be confused with Mold (fungus) rather than Mold (casting). Seeing as how these two senses of the word are very different, I believe a name change would be in order. What to change it to, I don't know though. Any ideas? --vgmddg (look | talk | do) 22:19, 8 December 2010 (UTC)
* Possibilities include mold (food preparation) (long) or mold (cooking) (not entirely accurate). Any others? — AjaxSmack 22:34, 8 December 2010 (UTC)
* What's wrong with mold (cooking)? Recury (talk) 15:42, 9 December 2010 (UTC)
* Support name change in general. I don't think mold (food preparation) sufficiently disambiguates from mold (fungus). How about Mold (cooking implement)? --Born2cycle (talk) 01:41, 9 December 2010 (UTC)
* Support (and I'm the one who started the article). Why not just do it? Looking at Epicurious, a "mold" is defined as either a "food container" or a finished dish made in such a container (e.g. a jello mold). So one of those might work. I guess the article could list and refer to different kinds of foods too. - Wikidemon (talk) 01:59, 9 December 2010 (UTC)
* Well, that brings up the issue of article scope. If even in the context of food preparation "mold" is a homograph that can refer to either the implement or the finished edible product, we have to decide if the scope of this article is only one of these uses, or both. That decision should help us decide how to disambiguate it. Right now it appears to be about only the implement itself, but I really don't want to argue for a separate article on the other use. I suggest a note mentioning the term "mold" may also refer to the food product created via a mold (the cooking implement) would be more than adequate. I guess I'm favoring Mold (cooking implement) at this point. I'll add the note about the other relate use of the term. --Born2cycle (talk) 22:53, 9 December 2010 (UTC)
* Support any of the suggestions as a definite improvement over the present title. Though I would perhaps call it a utensil rather than an implement.--Kotniski (talk) 12:15, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the proposal. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on this talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
Name discussion
As a follow on to the just closed discussion. One option that did not get mentioned was some name using food form. So I wonder if Mold (food form) might be a good option? I'm not watching this page, so if anyone wants me to comment or to move the page, after a discussion, leave me a note on my talk. Vegaswikian (talk) 21:28, 16 December 2010 (UTC)
Moulds?
A cake tin (or cake pan in the US) isn't really a mould, though the mixture does bake in the shape of it, it's just used as a container in which to cook the cake. There should be an article on actual cake tins.--Jcvamp (talk) 18:18, 6 January 2013 (UTC)
"Food mold" listed at Redirects for discussion
The redirect [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Food_mold&redirect=no Food mold] has been listed at redirects for discussion to determine whether its use and function meets the redirect guidelines. Readers of this page are welcome to comment on this redirect at until a consensus is reached. HumanBodyPiloter5 (talk) 17:35, 20 December 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey
The Notre Dame Fighting Irish men's ice hockey team is the college ice hockey team of the University of Notre Dame, competing at the NCAA Division I level as an associate member of the Big Ten Conference. The Irish play their home games at Compton Family Ice Arena. The head coach of the Fighting Irish is Jeff Jackson, and his assistant coaches are Paul Pooley, Andy Slaggert, and Max Mobley.
Conference history
Prior to the 2013–14 season, the team competed in the Central Collegiate Hockey Association, and also won its last ever conference championship. In the 2013–2014 season, the team began to play in the Hockey East conference, where it played until the conclusion of the 2016-2017 season. Beginning in the 2017–2018 season, the team joined the Big Ten Conference.
History
Ice hockey has existed on and off as both a club and varsity sport at Notre Dame since 1912. The modern era of Notre Dame hockey began in 1968, when the Fighting Irish began to play as a Division I independent. In 1971, the team joined its first conference, the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA). The team continued playing in the WCHA for a decade until moving to the Central Collegiate Hockey Association (CCHA) with the conference's three Michigan schools in 1981. The Fighting Irish lasted only two years in the new CCHA, when ice hockey was downgraded to a club sport for the 1983–1984 season. During that season, the Fighting Irish played in the Central States Collegiate Hockey League (CSCHL). Notre Dame finished that season second in the CSCHL with a record of 13–2–0. In 1984–1985 Notre Dame Hockey was once again elevated to varsity status with the team playing as a Division I independent. In 1992 Notre Dame rejoined the CCHA. The Irish struggled to remain competitive in the CCHA, but began to improve under head coach Dave Poulin. In 2004, Poulin led the team to its first ever NCAA Tournament. However, the following season was dramatically different. They only won five games, the worst season in school history. Poulin resigned after the season.
Jeff Jackson era
In 2005, Jeff Jackson took over as head coach. Jackson, who had already won two national championships at Lake Superior State University, had an immediate impact at Notre Dame. In his first season with the Irish, the team greatly improved upon the five-win season, boosting its record to 13–19–5. 2007 was even more successful. The Irish achieved their first ever number one ranking in both the Uscho.com and USA Today Polls and their first number one seeding for the NCAA Tournament. The following year, the Irish finished fourth in both the CCHA's regular season and playoffs, and again made the NCAA Tournament. Once there, the Irish went on to beat top-seeded New Hampshire 7–3 and third-seeded Michigan State 3–1 to advance to the Frozen Four for the first time in school history. From there, they defeated first-seeded Michigan in overtime to advance to the national title game, ultimately losing to Boston College 4–1. Notre Dame also became the first four-seed to advance to the national semi-finals, and eventually to the national title game since the new 16-team format was introduced in 2003. In the 2008–2009 season, the Irish added another CCHA regular season title and a CCHA Tournament title, defeating Michigan 5–2 in the title game. Notre Dame advanced to the 2009 NCAA Tournament where the Irish was upset by 16th seeded Bemidji State 1–5.
The following season, Notre Dame finished with a record of 13–17–8 and ended the season after being swept by Ohio State two games to none in the three game opening round series of the CCHA Playoffs. The Irish rebounded in the 2010–11 regular season at 23–13–5, and clinched their second trip to the Frozen Four in program history by defeating New Hampshire 2–1 in the Northeast Regional Final. The Fighting Irish faced the East Regional Champion Minnesota-Duluth in the national semi-finals. The Irish fell to the eventual national champion 3–4.
In October 2011, Notre Dame announced the team will join Hockey East starting in the 2013–14 season, in response to the conference realignment. The university also announced an expanded television broadcast deal with NBC. The Fighting Irish Hockey began the 2011–12 season in the Edmund P. Joyce Center and played the last hockey game at the Joyce Center on October 15, 2011 against Ohio State. The team opened the university's new 5,000-seat Compton Family Ice Arena on October 21, 2011 against Rensselaer. Following the move into the new arena the Irish improved to a 7–3 home record in the new facility that included wins over future Hockey East rivals, Boston University, ranked 3th in the NCAA, Boston College, ranked 4th, and 8th ranked Western Michigan. On January 4, 2012, former coach and long-time Notre Dame Athletic Department employee, Charles "Lefty" Smith died. Smith coached the team from 1968 to 1987 as the first varsity ice hockey after helping the program transition from club to varsity status. Following his coaching career, he continued at Notre Dame in the athletic department until retiring just three days before his death. The Fighting Irish finished the regular season with an overall record of 17–16–3 and a conference record of 12–13–3. The team defeated Ohio State in the opening round of the 2012 CCHA Tournament, sweeping the Buckeyes in two games by scores of 2–0 and 4–2. In the second round of the CCHA Tournament, the team was defeated by the Michigan Wolverines in two games in a series that saw the first game go into a double overtime. The team was defeated in the first round of the NCAA regional playoffs in 2013 and 2014, both times by the St. Cloud State Huskies.
Season-by-season results
Source:
All-time coaching records
As of completion of 2023–24 season † The Program was dropped to club status for the 1983–84 season.
NCAA Tournament Results
The Fighting Irish have appeared in the NCAA Tournament 13 times.
Statistical leaders
Source:
Career goaltending leaders
GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals against; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average
minimum 30 games played
Statistics current through the end of the 2023–24 season.
Current roster
As of June 29, 2023.
United States Hockey Hall of Fame
Source:
* Bill Nyrop (1997)
Individual awards
Spencer Penrose Award
* Jeff Jackson: 2007, 2018
Tim Taylor Award
* T. J. Tynan: 2011
Mike Richter Award
* Cale Morris: 2018
All-Americans
AHCA First Team All-Americans
* 1972-73: Bill Nyrop, D; Eddie Bumbacco, F
* 1975-76: Jack Brownschidle, D
* 1976-77: Jack Brownschidle, D; Brian Walsh, F
* 1979-80: Greg Meredith, F
* 1982-83: Kirt Bjork, F
* 2006-07: David Brown, G
* 2008-09: Ian Cole, D
* 2017-18: Cale Morris, G
AHCA Second Team All-Americans
* 1998-99: Benoit Cotnoir, D
* 2008-09: Erik Condra, F
* 2013-14: Anders Lee, F
* 2014-15: Robbie Russo, D
* 2016-17: Anders Bjork, F
* 2018-19: Bobby Nardella, D
* 2022-23: Ryan Bischel, G
Individual awards
Most Valuable Player
* Brian Walsh: 1977
Freshman of the Year
* Brian Walsh: 1974
Coach of the Year
* Lefty Smith: 1973
All-Conference Teams
First Team All-WCHA
* 1972–73: Eddie Bumbacco, F
* 1975–76: Jack Brownschidle, D
* 1976-77: Jack Brownschidle, D; Brian Walsh, F
* 1979-80: Greg Meredith, F
Second Team All-WCHA
* 1972–73: Bill Nyrop, D; Ian Williams, F
* 1973–74: Ray Delorenzi, F
* 1976–77: John Peterson, G
Individual awards
Player of the Year
* David Brown: 2007
Rookie of the Year
* Mark Eaton: 1998
* T. J. Tynan: 2011
Best Defensive Defenseman
* Kyle Lawson: 2009
* Sean Lorenz: 2011
Best Goaltender
* David Brown: 2007
Coach of the Year
* Jeff Jackson: 2007, 2011
Scholar-Athlete of the Year
* Cory McLean: 2005
* Jordan Pearce: 2009
Terry Flanagan Memorial Award
* Steve Noble: 1997
* Dan VeNard: 2008
* Erik Condra: 2009
* Joe Rogers: 2013
Ilitch Humanitarian Award
* Neil Komadoski: 2004
Tournament Most Valuable Player
* David Brown: 2007
* Jordan Pearce: 2009
* T. J. Tynan: 2013
All-Conference Teams
First Team All-CCHA
* 1998–99: Benoit Cotnoir, D
* 2006–07: David Brown, G
* 2008–09: Ian Cole, D
* 2011–12: T. J. Tynan, F
* 2011–12: Anders Lee, F
Second Team All-CCHA
* 1981–82: John Schmidt, D; Dave Poulin, F
* 1982–83: Kirt Bjork, F
* 1998–99: Ben Simon, F
* 2003–04: Brett Lebda, D; Aaron Gill, F; Rob Globke, F
* 2008–09: Kyle Lawson, D; Erik Condra, F; Christian Hanson, F
* 2010–11: T. J. Tynan, F; Anders Lee, F
CCHA All-Rookie Team
* 1992–93: Jamie Ling, F
* 1996–97: Joe Dusbabek, F
* 1997–98: Mark Eaton, D
* 1998–99: David Inman, F
* 2000–01: Brett Lebda, D
* 2005–06: Erik Condra, F
* 2006–07: Kyle Lawson, D; Kevin Deeth, F; Ryan Thang, F
* 2008–09: Billy Maday, F
* 2009–10: Mike Johnson, G
* 2010–11: T. J. Tynan, F; Anders Lee, F
* 2011–12: Robbie Russo, D
* 2012–13: Mario Lucia, F
Individual awards
Best Defensive Forward
* Sam Herr: 2016
Best Defensive Defenseman
* Dennis Gilbert: 2017
Three-Stars Award
* Anders Bjork: 2017
All-Conference Teams
First Team All-Hockey East
* 2014–15: Robbie Russo, D; Vinnie Hinostroza, F
* 2016–17: Cal Petersen, G; Anders Bjork, F
Second Team All-Hockey East
* 2013–14: Stephen Johns, D
* 2015–16: Jordan Gross, D; Anders Bjork, F
Third Team All-Hockey East
* 2016–17: Dennis Gilbert, D
Hockey East All-Rookie Team
* 2013–14: Vinnie Hinostroza, F
* 2014–15: Cal Petersen, G
* 2015–16: Bobby Nardella, D
* 2016–17: Andrew Peeke, F
Individual awards
Player of the Year
* Cale Morris: 2018
Goaltender of the Year
* Cale Morris: 2018
* Ryan Bischel: 2023
Tournament Most Outstanding Player
* Cale Morris: 2018, 2019
All-Conference Teams
First Team All-Big Ten
* 2017–18: Cale Morris, G; Jordan Gross, D; Jake Evans, F
* 2018–19: Bobby Nardella, D
* 2022–23: Ryan Bischel, G
Second Team All-Big Ten
* 2018–19: Cale Morris, G
* 2020–21: Spencer Stastney, D; Alex Steeves, F
* 2021–22: Max Ellis, F
* 2023–24: Landon Slaggert, F
Big Ten All-Freshman Team
* 2018–19: Michael Graham, F
Fighting Irish in the NHL
As of July 1, 2023.
WHA
Several players also were members of WHA teams.
Source:
Team captains
* Terry Lorenz & Steve Noble, 1996–97
* Steve Noble, 1997–98
* Brian Urick, 1998–99
* Ben Simon, 1999–2000
* Ryan Dolder, 2000–01
* Evan Nielsen, 2001–03
* Aaron Gill, 2003–04
* Cory McLean, 2004–05
* T. J. Jindra, 2005–07
* Mark Van Guilder, 2007–08
* Erik Condra, 2008–09
* Ryan Thang, 2009–10
* Joe Lavin, 2010–11
* Sean Lorenz & Billy Maday, 2011–12
* Anders Lee, 2012–13
* Jeff Costello, 2013–14
* Steven Fogarty, 2014–15
* Steven Fogarty & Robbie Russo, 2015
* Steven Fogarty, 2015–16
* Cal Petersen, 2016–17
* Jake Evans, 2017–18
* Andrew Peeke, 2018–19
Compton Family Ice Arena
In February 2009, The University of Notre Dame announced it will begin construction on a new, freestanding, on-campus ice arena designed to meet the needs of both the Irish hockey team and the local community. Construction on the 5,022-seat arena began on March 15, 2010 with the venue opening in the Fall of 2011. The arena held its first Notre Dame hockey game on October 21, 2011 when a sellout crowd saw Notre Dame defeat Rensselaer 5–2.
The new ice arena is located south of the Joyce Center, just north of Edison Road, and just west of where the new Irish track and field facility is being constructed. The majority of the general public arena seating is of the chair-back variety with bleacher seating in the student section. The Compton Family Center replaced the rink inside the Edmund P. Joyce Center. During the time that the Irish played at the Joyce Center, the facility was the second smallest home rink in the CCHA with a hockey capacity of 2,857. All seats were benchers, and most of the seating consists of temporary bleachers. In 2007, the Irish compiled an impressive 14–2–2 home record at the Joyce Center. | WIKI |
PRESS DIGEST-British Business - Feb 28
Feb 28 (Reuters) - The following are the top stories on the business pages of British newspapers. Reuters has not verified these stories and does not vouch for their accuracy. The Times Flutter Entertainment Plc, the gambling operator that owns Paddy Power and Betfair, said that the ban on credit card bets could reduce its revenues by up to £25 million a year. bit.ly/399iR43 National Express Group Plc said Thursday it will not buy another diesel bus as it aims to have a zero-emission fleet by 2035. bit.ly/2Vu0K51 The Guardian UK's financial watchdog has launched a formal investigation into NMC Health Plc hours after shares in the FTSE 100 healthcare group were suspended from trading amid a deepening accounting scandal. bit.ly/2IeK21L Businesses must improve how they disclose their impact on the environment or risk failing to meet climate targets, Mark Carney, the governor of Bank of England warned on Thursday. bit.ly/2T9hqNH The Telegraph Persimmon Plc CEO David Jenkinson announced plans to quit after fewer than 15 months in the job. bit.ly/2PukykX Sky News Heathrow Airport's plans to build a third runway have hit severe turbulence after the government confirmed it would not appeal a court decision to block the project on environmental grounds. bit.ly/2I1oRQn The Gambling Commission fined Mr Green, an online gambling company owned by William Hill Plc, 3 million pounds for after an investigation found "systemic failings" affecting customers at the online casino business. bit.ly/2VvA43x The Independent Bitish power producer Drax Group Plc said it will phase out the dirty fuel from its Yorkshire power station in March next year, a major step in Britain's efforts to quit coal. bit.ly/2Puk3az Compiled by Bengaluru newsroom | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
No statements in this article have been evaluated by the US Food & Drug Administration. No products in this article are intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease. Basically any and everything I say here should NOT be taken as medical advice. I personally feel that if you give the body what it needs and craves it is perfectly capable of healing itself naturally.
ShredCBD’s offering, is pretty solid. A massive 1200mg of isolate in 60 capsules, making this the best way to get a good amount of CBD into your diet. CBD isolate isn’t full spectrum CBD, so it might be for everyone. But there is minimal THC in each capsule and zero side effects, it’s a completely safe bet and one that also supports weight loss whilst coming with all the usual effects of CBD.
One of the most important factors to remember when deciding is that whatever cannabis a person uses should have higher levels of CBD, with only trace amounts of THC. The purpose of using CBD is to gain the positive, natural effects that help with stress, inflammation, anxiety, insomnia, etc. THC in higher levels can create a psychoactive effect, which a bodybuilder or someone working out would not want.
The above details illustrate the value of House of Healing Hemp Oil to our health. Apart from relieving pain and anxiety, it also contributes to the health of our heart system. Though not all people love the local flavor, many enjoy the taste. $59.99 is affordable for many people. As a result, House of Healing Hemp Oil is accessible. Among the best CBD oil on the market, it has won its place on the top. To experience the effectiveness of CBD oil, consider House of Healing Hemp Oil as a priority.
Based in Los Angeles, Calm by Wellness plans to be among the largest hemp-growing and CBD extraction facilities in the world by the end of 2019. The company sources their hemp from Colorado and uses clean CO2 technology to extract their CBD and other cannabinoids (no THC though!). The company is also GMP and ISO9001 food-grade manufacturer certified.
Hemp-based CBD, on the other hand, is sourced from industrial hemp plants that contain very small amounts of THC. With the proper licensure, these types of plants can be legally grown under the 2018 U.S. Farm Bill in all 50 states. If you are going to be buying oils for anxiety from an online seller, for example, you will likely be purchasing a product that has been sourced from hemp rather than marijuana.
Since the loosening of legal policy around cannabis and the growing evidence in support of its health benefits, CBD oil has become an integral part of a lot of peoples supplement stack, used as a recovery aid by helping to improve sleep and reduce exercise-induced inflammation. Personally, I’ve been taking it for a few weeks have felt real, tangible improvements in my sleep quality.
You are likely very familiar with the dangers that prescription painkillers (and other pharmaceuticals) present. In fact, it’s estimated that the majority of CBD oil users attempt to switch to the all-natural therapy for the precise reason of kicking prescription med habits, which all too often cause an overwhelming array of irritability, sleep disruption, digestive complications, and even thoughts of suicide.
However, like we just mentioned CBD oil for pain management that has been sourced from industrial hemp grown under the farm bill is in fact legal to buy and sell. The best CBD oil brands that we cover here on this site, claim to extract their concentrates from U.S.-based industrial hemp supplies, which if true, are 100% legal since they contain negligible amounts of THC.
Other potential side effects include low blood pressure, lightheadedness, and drowsiness, but these have typically only occurred in patients who have exceeded doses of 1,500 mg daily for a period of 4 weeks or more; far more than the average person will need take on a daily basis for chronic pain symptoms. (In fact, the majority of CBD users claim they find an effective dose to be anywhere between 10 and 40 mg daily).
It’s safe to say that Charlotte’s Web is probably the most recognized CBD brand out there — and it’s not all hype. This company pioneered the CBD industry and made it their mission to de-stigmatize CBD by setting the bar high for transparency. They produce and oversee their organic CBD products from seed to sale, standing behind them with a solid return policy.
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 116 people died every-day from opioid-related drug overdoses in 2016. Forty percent of these deaths involved a prescription opioid and in 2017, the government declared the opioid crisis a public health emergency. Opioids are typically prescribed by health care providers as a way to manage and treat pain. But what if there was a better solution?
In short, the results of the survey (which were published in the Journal of Pain Research) showed that roughly 42% and 46% (respectively) of participants claimed they were able to use cannabis in place of traditional medical to effectively treat their specific medical ailment. So if you’re wondering how to know if you need CBD for pain, remember that you’re certainly not alone.
Another field in which CBD is creating a buzz is in the area of mood disorders like anxiety and depression. Both conditions have been treated with a variety of medications, courtesy of Big Pharma, that have had varying levels of success. Again, the long list of side effects can be off-putting to someone who just wants to get through the day without the sweaty tension of anxiety or the gray haze of depression.
There has been little high-quality research into the use of cannabidiol for epilepsy. The limited available evidence primarily focuses on refractory epilepsy in children.[15] While the results of using medical-grade cannabidiol in combination with conventional medication shows some promise, they did not lead to seizures being eliminated, and were associated with some minor adverse effects.[15]
To be clear, there is no one specific test, scan, or anything else of the sort that you can do to determine whether or not you need CBD oil for pain. Also, since cannabis is not yet recognized by the FDA, you unfortunately can’t really go to your doctor either and have them recommend it; until marijuana is FDA-approved, it cannot be prescribed by physicians.
The company recommends that you take one capsule per serving which, in addition to CBD, provides beneficial cannabinoids various essential minerals, vitamins, and plant waxes that promote a healthy diet. A third-party laboratory tests the products to ensure quality. This product is also certified to ensure optimal oversight during the manufacturing process.
Pure Hemp Botanicals has created a soothing tea made from whole-plant ingredients. The product is packaged locally and is cruelty-free and vegan. It includes the flavors of hibiscus and apple to reduce the hemp aftertaste. The hemp used to create this oil has been organically grown, and the tea contains full-spectrum plant terpenes that are entirely natural. It is also caffeine free.
× | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ukraine’s Agroton Starts Road Show for Debut Eurobonds May 10
Agroton Public Ltd. (AGT) , an agricultural
producer in Ukraine, said it will start a road show for its
debut Eurobonds on May 10 as it seeks to raise funds to finance
debt and expand its business. Agroton, based in Luhansk, eastern Ukraine, appointed VTB
Capital Plc and Dragon Capital as the joint lead managers and
Jaspen Capital Partners as co-lead manager for the sale, the
company said today in an e-mailed statement. The proceeds from the bonds will be used to redeem the $21
million of bank debt, fund construction of additional grain
storage facilities, expand the company’s land bank and purchase
more agricultural machinery, according to the statement. Agroton’s net income climbed to $15.7 million in 2010, from
$5.1 million a year earlier, the company said April 14. To contact the reporter on this story:
Daryna Krasnolutska in Kiev at
dkrasnolutsk@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Balazs Penz at
bpenz@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Rating Upgrade at DDR - Analyst Blog
Retail real estate investment trust (REIT) - DDR Corp. ( DDR ) - received a rating upgrade from Moody's Investors Service, the rating unit of Moody's Corporation ( MCO ). The company now enjoys senior unsecured and preferred equity ratings of Baa2 and Baa3, which were raised from Baa3 and Ba1, respectively. Further, the rating outlook was revised to stable from positive.
The uptick in the rating is an acknowledgement of DDR's high quality property portfolio and its efforts towards enhancing its value. The company aims for open air community retail shopping centers, majority of which boasts big box and supercenter tenants.
Moreover, the company shares a long-standing anchor tenant relationship, enjoy high occupancy levels and positive same-store net operating income growth. DDR is also focused on strengthening its balance sheet, increasing its unencumbered asset pool and enhancing its quality and value, as well as lowering its secured debt levels.
Yet, DDR faces credit challenges. While its fixed charge coverage is improving, it is yet to reach the levels of other REITs with mid-Baa ratings. Also, leverage improvement has moderated and rise in Internet sales continue to pose a challenge for storefront retail.
The rating upgrade of DDR is encouraging. In fact, this plays a major role in preserving investor confidence in the stock and helps boost its creditworthiness in the market.
Earlier this month, DDR reported third-quarter 2013 operating FFO (funds from operations) per share of 28 cents, in line with the Zacks Consensus Estimate and up nearly 4% from 27 cents reported in the year-ago quarter. The year-over-year increase was mainly aided by organic growth and investments in shopping center acquisitions, but was partly dwarfed by asset sales.
Going forward, we believe that for DDR, which boasts a cluster of industry leading retailers such as Wal-Mart Stores Inc. ( WMT ), Lowe's and Target Corp. ( TGT ), the addition of upscale assets to its high-end asset portfolio along with strengthening of balance sheet promises strong growth prospects. However, stiff competition from other players in the market and an elevation in Internet sales that adversely affect the demand for retail space remain our concerns.
DDR currently has a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold).
Note: FFO, a widely used metric to gauge the performance of REITs, is obtained after adding depreciation and amortization and other non-cash expenses to net income.
DDR CORP (DDR): Free Stock Analysis Report
MOODYS CORP (MCO): Free Stock Analysis Report
TARGET CORP (TGT): Free Stock Analysis Report
WAL-MART STORES (WMT): Free Stock Analysis Report
To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
The play, Hamlet, is written by the famous play-writer William Shakespeare, who lived from 1564 to 1616. Hamlet is written between 1599 and 1601, and its sub-genre is tragedy.
The play is about a prince called Hamlet. He is told by his father's ghost that his father was killed by his uncle Claudius. Hamlet then wants Claudius dead, and is eager to get revenge against him. He decides that he needs some proof about what the ghost had said, before doing anything. He pretends then to be crazy,
and he gets a few actors to play the scene of his father's death, to see how Claudius would react. When he finds out that Claudius get shocked by the play, he knows that he did it.
Hamlet is in love with Ophelia, and doesn't… | FINEWEB-EDU |
PhD biophysicist at Laboratory of Biophysics and Evolution — Offre pourvue
Version imprimable de cet article RSS
Offre pourvue
A statistical approach to the origin of life : emergence of polymerization, autocatalysis and Darwinian evolution
CBI - ESPCI Paris
ESPCI Paris – PSL : ESPCI Paris
- PSL is a major institution of higher education (a French "Grande École d’ingénieurs"), an internationally renowned research center (6 Nobel Prizes), and a fertile ground of innovation for industry (3 start-ups created/year). ESPCI is a highly multidisciplinary environment with teaching and research in physics, chemistry and biology.
Project : Is Darwinian evolution a surprising phenomenon ? Life as we know it is governed by Darwinian evolution but it remains unknown how it emergences from inanimate matter. Understanding this is central to understanding the origin of life. In particular, no non-living system capable of Darwinian evolution has been found in nature or made artificially from physical-chemical components.
In this project, we propose a theoretical statistical approach to identify conditions for the emergence of Darwinian evolution. By generating random chemical reaction rules, we will estimate the probability of key processes in the origin of life : polymerization, autocatalysis, and evolution by natural selection. This analysis builds on recent works of the lab which define general conditions for autocatalysis [1,2]. The aim is to define whether the emergence of Darwinian evolution is merely possible, which parameters in chemical reactions matter for this emergence, and estimate whether these conditions are plausible given actual chemical systems found on Earth or exoplanets.
The PhD will be co-supervised by Philippe Nghe (biophysicist at Laboratory of Biophysics and Evolution, ESPCI Paris-PSL) and Jérémie Unterberger (mathematician, Institut Elie Cartan, Université de Lorraine). The PhD is funded by the ERC project AbioEvo.
Relevant publications from the group :
[1] Blokhuis, A., Lacoste, D., & Nghe, P. (2020). Universal motifs and the diversity of autocatalytic systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(41), 25230-25236.
[2] Unterberger, J., & Nghe, P. (2021). Stoechiometric and dynamical autocatalysis for diluted chemical reaction networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.01130.
Laboratory : The research will be hosted by the Nghe team in the Laboratory of Biophysics and Evolution (https://www.lbe.espci.fr/home/) at ESPCI Paris – PSL University, France (www.espci.psl.eu/en/espci-paris-psl/) in the heart of Paris.
Expected profiles :
The candidate is expected to have a strong background in theoretical physics or mathematical physics or computational approaches, and a taste for discussion with experimentalists and interdisciplinarity.
Starting date : March 2023
Duration : 3 years
Salary : 1 700€ net
Application : Send a motivation letter, CV with a publication list, and recommendation letters to Philippe.nghe@espci.psl.eu Please be sure to read about our approach to doing science and follow advice for applicants : https://www.lbe.espci.fr/home/jobs/
ÉCOLE SUPÉRIEURE DE PHYSIQUE ET DE CHIMIE INDUSTRIELLES DE LA VILLE DE PARIS
10 Rue Vauquelin, 75005 Paris | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Thuzhar/sandbox
Test Tackles is a youtube Channel based in Cebu City, Philippines, The Channel is primary content is about sport fishing. The Channel releases video once a week.
list of current videos :
* Test tackles intro
* Trigger Fish and Pugapo Catch and Cook - Test Tackles EP.1
* Epic Mystery Fish and Pakol prep and grill
* What's For Breakfast? : Cordova Jigging
list of current fishing gears :
* Rod - 2x Eupro Hammerhead
* Reel - Jarvis Walker 6000
* Reel - pioneer bg altitude 6000
* Line - SeaKnight Monster w8
* Line - J Braid brand x8 | WIKI |
UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Keith SHERLIN (94-6111) and Tracy Teague (94-6112), Defendants-Appellants.
Nos. 94-6111, 94-6112.
United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.
Argued May 23, 1995.
Decided Oct. 18, 1995.
Gary Humble, Asst. U.S. Atty. (argued and briefed), Office of the U.S. Attorney, Chattanooga, TN, for U.S.
Howell G. Clements (argued and briefed), Chattanooga, TN, for Keith Sherlin.
Keith Sherlin, Manchester, KY, pro se.
Perry H. Piper (argued and briefed), Federal Defender Services of Eastern Tennessee, Inc., Chattanooga, TN, for Tracy Teag-ue.
Before KENNEDY, JONES, and KRUPANSKY, Circuit Judges.
NATHANIEL R. JONES, Circuit Judge.
Defendants Keith Sherlin (No. 94-6111) and Tracy Teague (No. 94-6112) appeal their convictions. We affirm in each case.
Both were named in a seven-count superseding indictment filed on April 28, 1994, which included charges of conspiracy to commit arson in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 844(i), arson with personal injuries in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 844(i) and 2, and perjury in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1623. Sherlin was found guilty of conspiracy to commit arson (Count I), arson with personal injuries (Count II), and perjury (Counts III-V). Sherlin was sentenced to a total of 235 months in prison and restitution in the amount of $1,377,-892.31. Teague was found guilty of conspiracy to commit arson (Count I) and perjury (Counts VI-VII), but the jury returned a not guilty verdict with respect to the arson charge (Count II). He was sentenced to a total of 64 months in prison and restitution in the amount of $1,377,892.31. On appeal, the Defendants question the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain their convictions, the admission or denial of certain evidence, the district court’s denial of a severance motion, subject matter jurisdiction, and the district court’s refusal to review a presentence report of a government witness prior to cross-examination of the witness.
I.
At trial, the evidence revealed that on November 4,1993, Keith Sherlin, Tracy Teague, and Charlie Jacks travelled to the campus of Lee College in Cleveland, Tennessee, and set fire to the Ellis Hall dormitory with seventy-six sleeping students inside. This act was the culmination of a series of events that began on October 4, 1993. On that date, Sherlin, Stacy Miller, and Milford Weathers, Sheriin’s cousin, went to the Lee College campus and provoked an argument with some students. Subsequently, Miller went to his house and, accompanied by Sherlin and Weathers, returned to the campus with a shotgun. The shotgun was discharged in the direction of some students, and Miller and Sherlin were charged with four counts of felonious reckless endangerment. As a result of this incident, Sherlin swore that he would get revenge. The Ellis Hall fire apparently was Sherlin’s revenge.
Sherlin made several statements to friends that he would seek revenge. Shortly before the fire, he travelled with Tracy Teague to Lisa Pritchett’s apartment. In the presence of Teague, Pritchett, J.J. Rodgers, and Pritchett’s boyfriend, Keith Mitchell, Sherlin discussed the October 4 shotgun incident, and he promised that he would get revenge. On another occasion, he visited his ex-girlfriend, Christy Vandergriff. Again, Sherlin swore that he would seek revenge on Lee College.
On the evening of November 3,1993, Sher-lin, Teague, Jacks, and Rodgers met at Jacks’ brother’s apartment. Sometime after midnight, Sherlin obtained gasoline and placed it in the trunk of Charlie Jacks’ car. Sherlin then asked his buddies if they would “help him get some revenge.” Around 2:00 a.m., the four men travelled to Lee College, and Sherlin stated to Rodgers that it “was time to get even.” Sherlin told Teague to act as a lookout, watching for security guards and others. Rodgers, being seared to death, remained in the car. Sherlin, Teague, and Jacks were unaware that a Lee College student watched them move from their parked car to Ellis Hall.
While Teague acted as a lookout, Sherlin and Jacks entered the Ellis Hall dormitory prayer room. Sherlin directed Jacks to pour gasoline on the floor, and Jacks complied. Sherlin struck a book of matches and threw them down on the floor. Sherlin and Jacks then ran from Ellis Hall. They picked up Teague and ran to the car. Again, unknown to Sherlin, Teague, and Jacks, a Lee College student watched them run from Ellis Hall and return to Sherlin’s vehicle.
The three men jumped into the ear and left the scene. About the time that the fire trucks arrived, Sherlin, Teague, and Jacks returned to the scene of the fire. The three of them watched as Ellis Hall burned.
All three suspects appeared before a grand jury investigating the arson. While they all admitted their presence at Charlie Jacks’ brother’s apartment, they initially claimed that they were watching a movie at the time of the fire. Sherlin claimed that after the movie was completed he returned home. Jacks rendered the same statement, and Teague testified that after Sherlin left Jacks’ brother’s apartment, he did not see him for the remainder of the morning. All three denied any knowledge of the fire.
Eventually, Teague admitted to the authorities that he travelled to the Lee College campus that morning with Sherlin, Jacks, and Rodgers. He claimed that Sherlin told him to “watch out,” while Sherlin and Jacks went toward Ellis Hall. Shortly after Teag-ue’s statement, Jacks and Rodgers both broke down and admitted that they had previously lied to the grand jury when they denied knowledge of the fire. Jacks admitted his involvement. Jacks and Rodgers pled guilty to all counts in which they were charged in the original indictment. Neither entered a plea agreement with the government.
As a result of the fire, seventeen students were injured. Three were severely injured. The injuries included broken bones and third degree burns.
After Sherlin and Teague were convicted, these appeals timely followed.
II. Common Issues
A Lack of Federal Jurisdiction
Both Sherlin and Teague argue that the district court erred in failing to dismiss the arson and conspiracy counts for lack of federal jurisdiction. They claim that their alleged act of arson did not involve interstate commerce and was not within the powers granted by the U.S. Constitution pursuant to Article I, Section 8, Clause 3.
In part, Sherlin and Teague were charged with violating section 844(i) of Title 18 of the United States Code, which stated the following in pertinent part at the time the Defendants committed the offense, were convicted and sentenced:
Whoever maliciously damages or destroys, or attempts to damage or destroy, by means of fire or an explosive, any building, vehicle, or other real or personal property used in interstate or foreign commerce or in any activity affecting interstate or foreign commerce shall be imprisoned for not more than ten years or fined not more than $10,000, or both; and if personal injury results to any person, including any public safety officer performing duties as a direct or proximate result of conduct prohibited by this subsection, shall be imprisoned for not more than twenty years or fined not more than $20,-000, or both....
18 U.S.C. § 844© (1988) (emphasis added).
First, Sherlin and Teague rely on Russell v. United States, 471 U.S. 858, 859-60, 105 S.Ct. 2455, 2456-57, 85 L.Ed.2d 829 (1985), which held that the legislative history of 18 U.S.C. § 844® indicated that Congress intended to protect all “business property,” and to exercise its “full power under the Commerce Clause” to that end. The Defendants contend that Ellis Hall was not a “business,” nor was it connected to a business in the normal sense of the word. Thus, they claim that the alleged arson was not encompassed by 18 U.S.C. § 844®, and that consequently, the district court did not have jurisdiction to hear the arson charges.
Contrary to the Defendants’ assertion, we find that Congress intended 18 U.S.C. § 844© to encompass acts of arson such as the malicious burning of Ellis Hall. The plain language of the statute prohibits the malicious destruction, by means of fire, of any “building ... used ... in any activity affecting interstate or foreign commerce.” 18 U.S.C. § 844®. Ellis Hall was clearly a “building,” and the evidence adduced at trial was more than sufficient to establish that Ellis Hall was used in an activity affecting interstate commerce.
At trial, Dr. Paul Conn, the “CEO” of Lee College, testified that Lee College “was in the business of providing educational services at the undergraduate level[;] people pay us money to teach them and provide them with college credit.” He also testified that Lee College advertised out-of-state. As a result, Lee College had over 2,000 full-time students when the fire occurred and eighty-six percent of those students were from out-of-state. Significantly, the seventy-six students living in the Ellis Hall dormitory at the time of the fire were residents of twenty-one different states. Only four of the Ellis Hall residents were from Tennessee; the other seventy-two were from other states and countries.
Dr. Conn also noted that Lee College purchased numerous supplies from out-of-state. For example, approximately $1,000,000 worth of out-of-state food services was supplied by the Washington, D.C.-based Marriott Corporation.
Clearly, the educational business of Lee College was an activity affecting interstate commerce, and Ellis Hall was a building used in that activity. 18 U.S.C. § 844®. Thus, the plain language of the statute encompassed the Defendants’ act of arson.
At oral argument, the Defendants raised another fundamental challenge to the court’s jurisdiction. Relying on United States v. Lopez, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 1624, 131 L.Ed.2d 626 (1995), the Defendants contended that 18 U.S.C. § 844© exceeded the authority of Congress under the U.S. Constitution to regulate commerce among the several states. U.S. Const., art. I, § 8, cl. 3. In Lopez, a 12th-grade student, who carried a concealed handgun into his high school, was charged with violating the Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990, which made it a federal offense “for any individual knowingly to possess a firearm at a place that the individual knows, or has reasonable cause to believe, is a school zone,” 18 U.S.C. § 922(q)(1)(A) (Supp. V 1993). Lopez, - U.S. at -, 115 S.Ct. at 1626. The Supreme Court found problematic that the statute “neither regulate[d] a commercial activity nor contain[ed] a requirement that the possession be connected in any way to interstate commerce.” Id. With regard to the latter point, the Court noted that 18 U.S.C. § 922(q) did not contain a “jurisdictional element, which would ensure, through case-by-case inquiry, that the firearm possession in question affect[ed] interstate commerce.” Lopez, — U.S. at -, 115 S.Ct. at 1631. Thus, the Court held that the statute exceeded Congress’ authority under the Commerce Clause “[t]o regulate the Commerce ... among the several States,” U.S. Const., art. I, § 8, cl. 3. Lopez, — U.S. at -, 115 S.Ct. at 1626.
Unlike the unconstitutional statute in Lopez, 18 U.S.C. § 844© does contain a jurisdictional element, which ensures, through proper inquiry, that the arson in question affects interstate commerce. The statute specifically requires that the burned building must have been “used in interstate ... commerce” or “used ... in an activity affecting interstate ... commerce.” 18 U.S.C. § 844(i). Thus, Lopez is distinguished from the present case, and we find that Congress did not exceed its authority under the Commerce Clause when it enacted 18 U.S.C. § 844(i). In sum, the district court’s jurisdiction over this matter was proper.
B. Sufficiency of the Evidence
Both Sherlin and Teague claim that their convictions were based on insufficient evidence. As noted earlier, Sherlin was convicted of conspiracy to commit arson, arson with personal injuries, and perjury. Teague was convicted of conspiracy to commit arson and perjury. We review allegations of insufficient evidence in the following manner:
The relevant inquiry when reviewing claims of insufficient evidence is “whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence are accorded the same weight and “‘the uncorroborated testimony of an accomplice may support a conviction under federal law.’ ” United States v. Frost, 914 F.2d 756, 762 (6th Cir.1990) (quoting United States v. Gallo, 763 F.2d 1504, 1518 (6th Cir.1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1017, 106 S.Ct. 1200, 89 L.Ed.2d 314 (1986)). Therefore, we will reverse a judgment for insufficiency of evidence only if, viewing the record as a whole, the judgment is not supported by substantial and competent evidence. [United States v.] Ellzey, 874 F.2d [324,] 328 [ (6th Cir.1989) ].
United States v. Blakeney, 942 F.2d 1001, 1010 (6th Cir.1991), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 1035, 112 S.Ct. 881, 116 L.Ed.2d 785 (1992). Substantial evidence is more than just a scintilla. United States v. Martin, 375 F.2d 956, 957 (6th Cir.1967). “It means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept to support a conclusion.” Id.
After our thorough review of the record, we are convinced that all of the convictions were supported by substantial and competent evidence such that a rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of each crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt.
III. Sherlin’s Distinct Claims
A. Admissibility of Prior Lies Regarding Prior Arson Charges
The district court permitted the government to cross-examine Sherlin regarding statements that he had made to arson investigators in 1990, approximately three years before the arson charged in the instant case, in connection with two unrelated fires. Sherlin’s statements to the investigators were recorded. In both of these statements, Sherlin initially denied any knowledge of the fires. After questioning, Sherlin admitted that he had originally lied to the investigators and that he knew who set the fires.
The district court permitted the cross-examination pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 608(b), which provides the following:
Specific instances of the conduct of a witness, for the purpose of attacking or supporting the witness’ credibility, other than conviction of crime as provided in rule 609, may not be proved by extrinsic evidence. They may, however, in the discretion of the court, if probative of truthfulness or untruthfulness, be inquired into on cross-examination of the witness (1) concerning the witness’ character for truthfulness or untruthfulness....
Fed.R.Evid. 608(b). The district court specifically found that the evidence was highly probative and not unfairly prejudicial. Fed.R.Evid. 403. At Sherlin’s request, the district court instructed the jury that the evidence was not to be used for any purpose other than to assess Sherlin’s credibility.
Sherlin contends that the district court erred in allowing the government to cross-examine him regarding his involvement in the two previous arsons. Sherlin claims any probative value was greatly outweighed by the prejudicial value of the evidence because he was on trial for arson, conspiracy to commit arson, and perjury.
This court has held that “[a] trial judge’s decision regarding an evidentiary ruling will not be reversed absent a clear showing of abuse of discretion.” United States v. Phillips, 888 F.2d 38, 40 (6th Cir.1989). Abuse of discretion exists where the reviewing court is firmly convinced that a mistake has been made. Id.
The evidence in question clearly fit within the confines of Rule 608(b). The government inquired into the prior arson investigations on cross-examination of Sherlin, and the admitted lies were obviously probative of Sherlin’s character for truthfulness or untruthfulness. Moreover, the evidence was not “unfairly prejudicial” to Sherlin. See United States v. Rey, 923 F.2d 1217, 1222 (6th Cir.1991). Under these circumstances, we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the evidence.
B. Motion for Severance
Next, Sherlin argues that the trial court erred in failing to grant Sherlin’s Motion for Severance pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 14. The basis for the severance motion was the government’s plan to seek admission of portions of two statements of Teague, a nontestifying codefendant, which allegedly contained information that incriminated Sherlin in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to confront the witnesses against him. See Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476 (1968) (holding that admission of nontestifying codefendant’s confession at a joint trial may violate a defendant’s confrontation rights if defendant is expressly incriminated).
The decision to grant or deny a severance is within the sound discretion of the trial court. Zafiro v. United States, 506 U.S. 534, -, 113 S.Ct. 933, 938, 122 L.Ed.2d 317 (1993). A defendant must show compelling and specific prejudice to reverse a district court’s denial of a severance. United States v. Sivils, 960 F.2d 587, 594 (6th Cir.), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 130, 121 L.Ed.2d 84 (1992). This is so because there is a strong preference in the federal court system for jointly indicted defendants to be tried together. Zafiro, 506 U.S. at -, 113 S.Ct. at 937. The defendant bears a heavy burden since jurors are presumed to follow the court’s instruction to consider each defendant’s case separately. Francis v. Franklin, 471 U.S. 307, 324 n. 9, 105 S.Ct. 1965, 1976 n. 9, 85 L.Ed.2d 344 (1985); Sivils, 960 F.2d at 594.
We find that Sherlin’s confrontation rights were adequately protected by measures taken during the trial to avoid any Bruton problems, including the district court’s instructions to the attorneys. Specifically, counsel for the United States did not offer into evidence statements of Teague that incriminated Sherlin, and the court prevented Teague’s attorney from eliciting such statements on cross-examination of the government’s witness. The government only offered two statements of Teague. The first was an oral and written statement that he gave to an arson investigator in which he claimed that he was a lookout. The second statement was a portion of Teague’s testimony before the grand jury. In neither case was Sherlin’s Sixth Amendment right to confrontation compromised.
With regard to the first statement, Sher-lin’s name was redacted from Teague’s statement to the arson investigator, and the district court refused to allow Teague’s counsel to elicit on cross-examination of the government witness any statements within Teague’s confession that incriminated Sherlin. Subsequent to Bruton, the Court declined in Richardson v. Marsh, 481 U.S. 200, 208-11, 107 S.Ct. 1702, 1707-09, 95 L.Ed.2d 176 (1987), to take a contextual implication approach or evidentiary linkage approach to Bruton questions. In Marsh, the confession of a nontes-tifying eodefendant was redacted to omit any reference at all to the defendant. The confession only became incriminating when linked with other evidence introduced at the trial, such as the defendant’s own testimony. Marsh, 481 U.S. at 208, 107 S.Ct. at 1707-08. The Marsh Court found that Bruton was distinguishable because, unlike the confession in Bruton, the redacted codefendant’s confession in Marsh did not expressly implicate the defendant as an accomplice. Marsh, 481 U.S. at 208, 107 S.Ct. at 1707-08. Thus, the Court held that “the Confrontation Clause is not violated by the admission of a nontestify-ing codefendant’s confession with a proper limiting instruction when ... the confession is redacted to eliminate not only the defendant’s name, but any reference to his or her existence.” Id. at 211, 107 S.Ct. at 1709.
As in Marsh, Sherlin’s name was redacted from Teague’s statement to the investigator, and the statement did not expressly implicate Sherlin. See J.A. at 284, 319-322. Because Teague’s statement was not facially incriminating of Sherlin and could only have been incriminating when linked with other evidence, this redacted statement did not pose Bruton problems.
Regarding the portion of Teague’s testimony before the grand jury, which was admitted at trial in connection with the perjury charges against Teague, it, too, did not violate Sherlin’s confrontation rights because it was not offered to prove the truth of the matter asserted. See Fed.R.Evid. 801(c). Although the statement did refer to Sherlin, it was the government’s position that the statement was false. Cf. Anderson v. United States, 417 U.S. 211, 220-221, 94 S.Ct. 2253, 2260-61, 41 L.Ed.2d 20 (1974) (“[T]he point of the prosecutor’s introducing those statements was simply to prove that the statements were made so as to establish a foundation for later showing, through other admissible evidence, that they were false.... Here, since the prosecution was not contending that anything [the codefendants] said at the election contest was true, the other defendants had no interest in cross-examining them so as to put their credibility in issue.”). Because the government’s position was that Teague’s grand jury statement, which referred to Sherlin, was false, Sherlin’s confrontation rights were not implicated by the admission of the statement.
For all of these reasons, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the severance motion.
C. Failure to Admit Polygraph Results
At trial, Sherlin sought to admit polygraph test results that allegedly proved that he was truthful when he denied burning the Ellis Hall dormitory and that he did not lie to the grand jury. Relying on the Supreme Court’s recent interpretation of Federal Rule of Evidence 702 in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., — U.S. -, 113 S.Ct. 2786, 125 L.Ed.2d 469 (1993), Sherlin contended that the polygraph results were admissible pursuant to Rule 702. The district court ruled, however, that the proposed evidence was inadmissible under Federal Rule of Evidence 403 because its probative value was outweighed by the prejudice. J.A at 95-96. On appeal, Sherlin contends, based on the same grounds as below, that the court erred in this decision.
The decision to exclude from evidence the results of a polygraph examination is within the sound discretion of the trial court. United States v. Blakeney, 942 F.2d at 1014. In order to determine whether the results of a polygraph examination should be admitted at trial over an opponent’s objections, this court has established a two-step analysis. First, the evidence must be relevant, and second, its probative value must outweigh the prejudice. United States v. Barger, 931 F.2d 359, 370 (6th Cir.1991). As a general rule, the results of a polygraph examination are inadmissible. Blakeney, 942 F.2d at 1014. Indeed, this circuit has recently stated “that unilaterally obtained polygraph evidence is almost never admissible under Evidence Rule 403.” Conti v. Commissioner, 39 F.3d 658, 663 (6th Cir.1994), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 1793, 131 L.Ed.2d 722 (1995).
The Sixth Circuit has consistently recognized that in the absence of a prior agreement between the parties that the results of an examination would be admissible, the probative value of the polygraph is substantially less because the defendant would have no adverse interest at stake in the polygraph. Id. at 662-63; Wolfel v. Holbrook, 823 F.2d 970, 974 (6th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1069, 108 S.Ct. 1035, 98 L.Ed.2d 999 (1988). Thus, Sherlin’s privately commissioned polygraph test, which was unknown to the government until after its completion, is of extremely dubious probative value.
Federal Rule of Evidence 403 provides that even relevant evidence may be excluded if in the discretion of the court “its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.” This court has previously suggested in Barnier v. Szentmiklosi, 810 F.2d 594, 597 (6th Cir.1987), that the use of a polygraph solely to bolster a witness’ credibility is “highly prejudicial,” especially where credibility issues are central to the verdict. In this case, the district court noted that Sherlin’s “credibility is probably, without overstating it, maybe the central issue in this case.” J.A. at 590.
Although Sherlin relies on Daubert and its analysis of Federal Rule of Evidence 702, this court has held that when a defendant unilaterally takes a polygraph, the district court has the separate discretion to exclude the test results under Federal Rule of Evidence 403. Conti, 39 F.3d at 662-63. In Conti we rejected the argument that Daubert was controlling in these circumstances; Rule 403 offers a basis for excluding polygraph results independent of Daubert. Conti, 39 F.3d at 662-63. In the instant ease, the district court reached the same conclusion. J.A. at 95-96.
Thus, we find that the district court did not abuse its discretion when it refused to admit this polygraph evidence pursuant to Rule 403 because its probative value was outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.
IV. Teague’s Distinct Claims
A. Limitation of Cross-examination of Government Witness
During the government’s direct examination of Cleveland Fire Department Arson Investigator David MeAmis, MeAmis testified that Teague admitted to him that he went to Lee College in Charlie Jacks’ car and acted as a “lookout.” J.A. at 284. Counsel for Teague objected to the investigator’s use of the word “lookout” because according to Teague’s written statement, Teague said that he was told to “watch out.” Id. The court overruled the objection and told counsel that he could take that matter up on cross-examination. On cross-examination, counsel for Teague wanted to go beyond Teague’s written statement and inquire of the witness whether Teague stated who told him to get out of the car and who told him to watch out. J.A. 305-06. Moreover, counsel for Teague wanted to question the witness regarding portions of the statement that inculpated Sherlin. J.A. at 306-07. The district court ruled that counsel for Teague could cross-examine the witness regarding Teague’s statement, but the court limited the cross-examination to exclude references to Sherlin.
Teague claims that the court’s limitation of his cross-examination of MeAmis denied him his constitutionally mandated right of confrontation and was reversible error. Teague argues that the portions of his statement that he was not permitted to address on cross-examination supported his theory of defense, namely that he was just a follower and had no real knowledge of the activity that was about to take place.
We find that the district court correctly limited the cross-examination of MeAmis to exclude references to Sherlin. As noted above, this redaction prevented potential Bruton problems. Moreover, Teague’s statement is actually ambiguous as to who told him to “watch out.” The district court properly concluded that it was irrelevant for purposes of Teague’s defense who told Teague to watch out. Finally, the portions of Teague’s statement, which contained potentially inculpating statements of Sherlin, would not have been admissible if offered into evidence through MeAmis because they were hearsay. Fed.R.Evid. 805.
B. Denial of Request to Review Presentence Report
During the cross-examination of government witness Charlie Jacks, Teague asked the court for a copy of Jacks’ presentence report to further test Jacks’ credibility. The government objected to the request for the report. J.A. at 218. At side bar, Teague asked the court to “look at the report in camera,” but the district court denied Teague’s request. J.A. at 220-21. Relying on Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S. 83, 87, 83 S.Ct. 1194, 1196-97, 10 L.Ed.2d 215 (1963), Teague claims that the court committed reversible error in denying his request for access to Jacks’ presentence report and in refusing to review the presentence report in camera for potential Brady material.
The regulation of discovery in criminal matters is committed to the discretion of the trial court. Fed.R.Crim.P. 16(d). Thus, we review for abuse of discretion.
Although this court has not addressed this particular issue in a published decision, the Fifth Circuit, in United States v. Trevino, 556 F.2d 1265, 1270 (5th Cir.1977) did address the issue of whether the Supreme Court’s holding in Brady required a court, for due process reasons, to provide access for a defendant to a prosecution witness’ presentenee report. In Brady, the Court held that “the suppression by the prosecution of evidence favorable to an accused upon request violates due process where the evidence is material either to guilt or to punishment.” 373 U.S. at 87, 83 S.Ct. at 1196-97. Recognizing that Brady was directed to suppression of available evidence by the prosecution, the Fifth Circuit distinguished the application of Brady to the facts in Trevino because a “presentenee report is a report to the court, compiled for the court’s use in the sentencing process.” Trevino, 556 F.2d at 1270; see Fed.R.Crim.P. 32(b). Thus, the Fifth Circuit declined “to extend Brady’s reach by holding that a discovery motion addressed in effect to a court or its probation officer, rather than the prosecution, asking production of a witness’ presentence report, must be granted under Brady’s authority.” 556 F.2d at 1271; see United States v. Walker, 491 F.2d 236, 238 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 990, 94 S.Ct. 2399, 40 L.Ed.2d 769 (1974).
We find the Fifth Circuit’s reasoning in Trevino quite persuasive. Brady expressly applies to material evidence withheld from the defense by the prosecution. Neither Brady nor the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure mandate that a trial court produce a copy of a presentenee report concerning a government witness, prepared for the court, to the defense upon request. Nor do they require a trial court to review such a report in camera for potential Brady material. Thus, we hold that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying Teague’s request.
V.
Based on the foregoing analysis, we AFFIRM the convictions of both Sherlin and Teague on all counts.
. We note that the record in this case does not indicate that the district court gave a limiting instruction to the jury regarding the evidentiary scope of Teague's statement. We do not, however, find the lack of instruction problematic in this case because Sherlin did not request such an instruction. See United States v. Locklear, 24 F.3d 641, 646 n. 2 (4th Cir.) (noting that defendant waives right to limiting instruction if he fails to ask for one), cert. denied, - U.S. -, 115 S.Ct. 278, 130 L.Ed.2d 195 (1994).
. Federal Rule of Evidence 702 states the following: ■
If scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine a fact in issue, a witness qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education, may testify thereto in the form of an opinion or otherwise.
Fed.R.Evid. 702.
. A similar issue arose in United States v. Cunningham, Nos. 92-3101/3102, 1993 WL 358539 (6th Cir. Sept. 15, 1993) (unpublished per cu-riam). In Cunningham, defense counsel asked the court to disclose the presentence reports of three of the defendant's coconspirators, who previously had pleaded guilty and been sentenced, prior to their testimony at the defendant's trial. Defense counsel thought the presentence reports might contain information that would impugn the witnesses' credibility or tend to exculpate the defendant under Brady. The government stated that the reports were not in their possession, but the court agreed to examine the presentence reports after each witness testified to determine whether any discrepancies existed that might reflect upon the witnesses’ credibility. After reviewing the reports the district court found no discrepancies or inconsistencies, and it denied defense counsel’s discovery request. Relying on Brady but with virtually no analysis, this court held that the district court’s "review was adequate to satisfy any obligation the court had to ensure the defense had access to exculpatory evidence contained in the [presentence reports], especially since the documents apparently were no longer in the government's control.” We note, however, that in Cunningham, the district court examined the presentence reports of the government witnesses before it denied the defense access to the reports, and this court, on appeal, was not faced with the issue of whether a district court is required to review such a report in camera for potential Brady material upon the request of the defense.
| CASELAW |
Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb
The Ohio Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was a deaf school campus in Downtown Columbus, Ohio. The school, today known as the Ohio School for the Deaf, sat on the present-day Topiary Park grounds in the modern-day Discovery District. The main school building was gutted by a fire on October 2, 1981, though an existing building still stands as Cristo Rey Columbus High School. That remaining building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and Columbus Register of Historic Properties.
The school was founded in 1829 as the Ohio Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb. Within a few decades, the school purchased 10 acre on East Town Street. Small buildings housed the school in numerous locations, with no funds to build, and finally a new three-story building was constructed on the East Town Street property in 1832. The school moved into the space in 1834. Several additions were made to the structure in the following years. In 1868, a new building was constructed on the property and the former main building was taken down. An additional building, the current Cristo Rey Columbus High School, was completed in 1899. By 1941, with the buildings in disrepair, school administrators purchased the deaf school's current campus, and moved there in 1953. By September 1981, at least fifteen fires had taken place at the old main building, prompting fire officials to recommend demolishing the structure. The school, art, and gymnasium building was also slated for demolition; two holes had been made into it amid demolition of the main building. Preservationists saved the school building from demolition by entering and refusing to leave; architects and officials agreed it could be saved. | WIKI |
This documentation is archived and is not being maintained.
Choosing a Channel
This topic is specific to a legacy technology that is retained for backward compatibility with existing applications and is not recommended for new development. Distributed applications should now be developed using the Windows Communication Foundation (WCF).
The .NET Framework remoting infrastructure provides the following channel implementations:
IpcChannel
The IpcChannel class uses named pipes to provide high-speed interprocess communication for multiple process applications on the same computer. An IpcChannel :
• Communicates between sender and receiver by using named pipes.
• Supports encoding payloads in binary format and the industry standard SOAP serialization format.
• Generates and consumes ChannelDataStore for object references.
• Supports impersonation and delegation.
• Supports access control lists (ACL) on the named pipe for advanced access control.
Use an IpcChannel when an application must communicate with another application that runs in a different process on the same computer. Because the IpcChannel uses named pipes, applications can generally obtain the highest communication performance while still being able to use impersonation and delegation to control access to the remote object. This functionality is especially useful between the second and third tiers of a three-tier application that must perform well under load.
TcpChannel
The TcpChannel class uses a binary formatter to serialize all messages to a binary stream and to transport the stream to the target Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) by using the TCP protocol. A TcpChannel performs the following functions.
• Communicates between sender and receiver by using TCP sockets.
• Supports encoding payloads in binary format and the industry standard SOAP serialization format.
• Generates and consumes ChannelDataStore for object references.
• Supports impersonation and delegation.
• Supports SSPI encryption.
A TcpChannel opens and caches as many connections as there are threads making requests to another server at that moment. Socket connections are closed on the client after 15-20 seconds of inactivity.
If you are building a number of applications that use .NET Framework remoting, it can be easy to mistakenly use a HttpChannel to connect to a server application domain that listens with a TcpChannel. If you make this connection, the client receives the following exception: "The underlying connection was closed: An unexpected error occurred on a receive." If you have a client that receives this exception, you should check the client and the server for mismatched channels.
HttpChannel
The HttpChannel class transports messages to and from remote objects by using the SOAP protocol. All messages are passed through a SoapFormatter, where the message is changed into XML and serialized and the required SOAP headers are added to the stream. If the binary formatter is also specified, a binary data stream is created. The data stream is then transported to the target URI by using the HTTP protocol. A HttpChannel is compliant with SOAP 1.1 and performs the following functions:
• Communicates between sender and receiver by using the HTTP protocol as a transport.
• Supports encoding payloads in SOAP, which is an XML encoding standard, as well as a binary format.
• Sets the receiver to receive HTTP requests and send HTTP responses in ASP.NET and on a TCP socket.
• Generates and consumes ChannelDataStore for object references.
• Supports impersonation and delegation.
• Supports SSPI encryption.
NoteNote
To use a HttpChannel on the client with Microsoft Internet Explorer, you cannot set the automatic configuration of proxy settings in Internet Explorer. Instead, you must explicitly set the proxy settings in Internet Explorer.
A HttpChannel opens only a specified number of connections at one time to a given server. The default is two, but you can use the clientConnectionLimit attribute in an application configuration file to change the default.
If you are building a number of applications that use .NET Framework remoting, it can be easy to mistakenly use a HttpChannel to connect to a server application domain that listens with a TcpChannel. If you do, the client receives the following exception: "The underlying connection was closed: An unexpected error occurred on a receive." If you have a client that receives this exception, you should check the client and the server for mismatched channels.
See Also
Show: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Airline Stock Roundup: AAL Gives Update on MAX 737 Grounding, HA, LUV in Focus
In the past week, American Airlines AAL extended the grounding period of Boeing 737 Max jets untill Jun 5, 2019. Currently, the carrier has 24 such jets in its fleet. The company is awaiting further notifications on the issue from U.S. regulators.
Meanwhile, Southwest Airlines LUV received encouraging tidings on the labor front when it inked a tentative deal with Aircraft Mechanics Fraternal Association (AMFA) - the union representing its 2,400 mechanics and related employees.
On the traffic front, GOL Linhas GOL , Azul AZUL and Hawaiian Airlines - the wholly-owned subsidiary of Hawaiian Holdings HA - unveiled their respective traffic numbers for March. Traffic figures apart, Hawaiian Airlines adjusted its guidance on key metrics for the first quarter of 2019.
(Read the last Airline Stock Roundup here ).
Recap of the Past Week's Most Important Stories
1. American Airlines has joined Southwest in extending the grounding tenure of Boeing 737 Max jets in their fleet. Notably, this Fort Worth, TX-based carrier is aware that its latest decision to prevent the Boeing-made Max jets from flying for more than a month compared with the earlier projected date will increase its passengers' harassment. To mitigate the harassments caused by the prolonged cancellations, the carrier stated that it will reach out to the affected customers with available re-bookings. (Read more: American Airlines Extends 737 MAX Grounding Tenure As Well ).
2. Southwest Airlines signed an agreement in principle with AMFA (on Mar 16, 2019), following which the carrier inked a provisional deal with its mechanics' union. Now that a tentative agreement has been inked, the mechanics and related employees will vote on the same. The union intends to communicate directly with the mechanics and related employees on the ratification procedure.
The pay-related deal will become effective for five years, if the outcome of the voting procedure is favorable. In that case, the agreement becomes amendable on Aug 16, 2024. (Read more: Southwest Airlines & AMFA Ink Tentative Deal: What's Ahead? ).
Southwest Airlines carries a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold). You can see the complete list of today's Zacks #1 Rank (Strong Buy) stocks here .
3. At GOL Linhas, traffic - measured in revenue passenger kilometers (RPK) - climbed 5.5% to 3.14 billion. Moreover, consolidated capacity (or available seat kilometers/ASKs) improved 4.7% to 3.96 billion. In March, this Latin American carrier witnessed a 6.4% increase in passenger count. (Read more: GOL Linhas Posts Impressive March Traffic Statistics ).
4. Consolidated traffic at Azul improved 15.6% year over year to 2.17 billion on 20.1% growth domestically and a 2.7% rise internationally. Consolidated capacity (or available seat kilometers/ASKs) expanded 15.3% to 2.68 billion, driven by a 17.5% rise in domestic capacity and an 8.5% growth in international capacity.Also, load factor (percentage of seats filled by passengers) in the month improved as traffic growth outpaced capacity expansion. (Read more: Azul's March Traffic & Load Factor Up on High Travel Demand ).
5. At Hawaiian Airlines, load factor declined 10 basis points to 86.4% as traffic growth (0.2%) was outweighed by capacity expansion (0.3%). For the first quarter of 2019, operating revenue per available seat mile (RASM) is anticipated to decline between 3% and 5%. Previous guidance was a decrease in the 3-6% range. Additionally, the company has trimmed its non-fuel unit costs guidance on account of lower costs from its Neighbor Island freighter operation. Cost per available seat mile, excluding fuel (CASM, ex-fuel), is now expected to increase in the 0.5-2.5% band, lower than 1-4% increase projected earlier.
6. Per a monthly data released by the International Air Transport Association (IATA), demand for air travel increased 5.3% year over year across the globe in February 2019. Though this rate of growth was the slowest in more than a year, it still was in line with long-term demand trends. The report also revealed a 5.4% rise in capacity (measured in available seat kilometers). With traffic growth lagging capacity expansion, load factor declined marginally to 80.6% in February.
Performance
The following table shows the price movement of the major airline players over the past week and during the last six months.
The table above shows that airline stocks exhibited a mixed trend with respect to price in the past week. The NYSE ARCA Airline Index gained 1.8% to $101.71 over the period.
Over the course of six months, the NYSE ARCA Airline Index appreciated 2.4% on impressive gains at GOL Linhas and Spirit Airlines SAVE .
What's Next in the Airline Space?
Investors will keenly await Delta Air Lines' DAL earnings report on Apr 10. With this, Delta will kick off the Q1 earnings season for the airline sector. Also, updates on Boeing 737 MAX jets are not ruled out in the coming days.
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Delta Air Lines, Inc. (DAL): Free Stock Analysis Report
Spirit Airlines, Inc. (SAVE): Free Stock Analysis Report
American Airlines Group Inc. (AAL): Free Stock Analysis Report
Hawaiian Holdings, Inc. (HA): Free Stock Analysis Report
Southwest Airlines Co. (LUV): Free Stock Analysis Report
Gol Linhas Aereas Inteligentes S.A. (GOL): Free Stock Analysis Report
AZUL SA (AZUL): Free Stock Analysis Report
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The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
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evtxexport LOCAL evtxexport
NAME
evtxexportexports items stored in a Windows XML EventViewer Log (EVTX) file
SYNOPSIS
evtxexport [-c codepage] [-f format] [-l log_file] [-m mode] [-p message_files_path] [-r registy_files_path] [-s system_file] [-S software_file] [-t event_log_type] [-hTvV] source
DESCRIPTION
evtxexport is a utility to export items stored in a Windows XML EventViewer Log (EVTX) file
evtxexport is part of the libevtx package. libevtx is a library to access the Windows XML EventViewer Log (EVTX) file
source is the source file.
The options are as follows:
codepage
specify the codepage of ASCII strings, options: ascii, windows-874, windows-932, windows-936, windows-949, windows-950, windows-1250, windows-1251, windows-1252 (default), windows-1253, windows-1254, windows-1255, windows-1256, windows-1257 or windows-1258
format
output format, options: xml, text (default)
shows this help
log_file
specify the file in which to log information about the exported items
mode
export mode, option: all, items (default), recovered 'all' exports the (allocated) items and recovered items, 'items' exports the (allocated) items and 'recovered' exports the recovered items
message_files_path
search PATH for the resource files (default is the current working directory)
registy_files_path
name of the directory containing the SOFTWARE and SYSTEM (Windows) Registry file
system_file
filename of the SYSTEM (Windows) Registry file This option overrides the path provided by -r
software_file
filename of the SOFTWARE (Windows) Registry file This option overrides the path provided by -r
event_log_type
event log type, options: application, security, system if not specified the event log type is determined based on the filename.
use event template definitions to parse the event record data
verbose output to stderr
print version
ENVIRONMENT
None
FILES
None
EXAMPLES
# evtxexport evtxexport -p c/ -r c/Windows/System32/config/ c/Windows/System32/winevt/Logs/Apllication.Evtx
evtxexport 20120910
...
DIAGNOSTICS
Errors, verbose and debug output are printed to stderr when verbose output -v is enabled. Verbose and debug output are only printed when enabled at compilation.
BUGS
Please report bugs of any kind to <joachim.metz@gmail.com> or on the project website: https://github.com/libyal/libevtx/
AUTHOR
These man pages were written by Joachim Metz.
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2011-2024, Joachim Metz <joachim.metz@gmail.com>. This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
SEE ALSO
evtxinfo(1)
April 14, 2019 libevtx | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Meynell
Etymology
Two main origins:
* From, a topographic surname for someone who lived in an isolated dwelling.
* From a female personal name composed of the elements and.
Statistics
* According to data collected by Forebears in 2014, Meynell is the 7556th most common surname in England, belonging to 860 individuals. | WIKI |
1978-02-01
Effects of Fuel Properties on Soot Formation in Turbine Combustion 781026
A T-63 combustor rig has been used to study the sensitivity of combustor performance to the physical and chemical properties of fuels. The purpose was to determine the impact of broadening fuel specifications and using non-specification fuels in emergencies. The fuel properties of special concern were the composition, the distillation curve and viscosity. The first property is associated with the chemistry of carbon formation while the latter two are related to mixing as they affect the atomization and vaporization. Six fuels were blended from a JP-5 base fuel and used to determine the effects of aromatic content, types of aromatics, and end point. Three JP-5s derived from coal, shale oil, and tar sands, were used to see if they correlated the same as the petroleum-derived fuels despite their different chemistry. Seven more fuels that were blends of marine diesel, JP5, and gasoline were used to examine all aspects but with emphasis on viscosity and distillation curve. Four emulsified fuels containing 5, 10, 20 and 30% water were prepared with one of the above high aromatic JP-5 fuel blends. Two more emulsified fuels containing 10 and 20% water were prepared with the shale oil derived JP-5.The combustor was instrumented for flame radiation, exhaust smoke, and gaseous emissions. Measurements of these items were made at the full power condition.The hydrogen/carbon ratio was the most effective correlating parameter for radiation and smoke; sensitivities to molecular structure appeared to be secondary. Similar to the syncrude fuels, the water/fuel emissions and methanol/aromatic blends correlated in the same way as petroleum fuels. Higher end points did not affect the correlation indicating that soot formation was due to gas phase reactions not liquid phase pyrolysis. The results favor a chemical mechanism for the role of water in reducing soot.
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Page:A history of architecture on the comparative method for the student, craftsman, and amateur.djvu/535
ITALIAN (VENETIAN) RENAISSANCE. 477 in the new style having Gothic in conjunction with Renaissance details. A notable instance is in the pointed arches of the Renais- sance facade in the courtyard of the Doges' Palace (No. 210 f) (see below). The architecture of Venice is, in general, of a lighter and more graceful kind than that of Florence, columns and pilasters being used freely in all designs. A special Venetian feature is the grouping of the windows near the centre, leaving com- paratively solid boundaries to the facades (No. 207), which facades are comparatively fiat, and have no great projections, in consequence of the houses being situated on the side of canals, and having a straight frontage with the water. The rustication of walls, as at Florence, is unusual, and a cornice usually marks each story (No. 208), in contrast with the great crowning Florentine cornices. Extreme depth was sometimes given to the frieze, in which windows were sometimes placed (No. 210 A, b). The balconies ( No. 209) are graceful and important features, and give light and shade to the fa5ade, having the same effect as the recessing of portions of the structure. The regularity of the disposition of a Venetian fa9ade is described by Browning, who talks of the " Window just with window mating, Door on door exactly waiting." In the later period perfection of details is characteristic of the Venetian Renaissance, as, for instance, in S. Mark's Library and the palaces by Sansovino (a.d. 1479-1570). In Longhena's works and other late examples, the detail became large and projected boldly, producing strong effects of light and shade, heavy rustication being used to contrast the basement with the upper part of the faqade (No. 209). 3. EXAMPLES. SECULAR ARCHITECTURE. The Court to the Doges' Palace (No. 210) was commenced A.D. 14S6, by Ant. Rizzi, the Giant's Staircase, giving access to the upper portions, being erected by Sansovino in a.d. 1554. The facade of the Geological Museum in Piccadilly is founded on the design of the lower part of the courtyard fa9ade of this palace. The Library of S. Mark (a.d. 1536) was erected by San- sovino (No. 210), but the continuation of the design, one order higher round S. Mark's Square, was executed in 1584 by Scamozzi. This design has been followed for the Carlton Club, London. | WIKI |
Measurement object
1. Material and emissivity.
A thermal imager measures the long-wave infrared radiation which is emitted by an object. The quantity of infrared radiation which is emitted (by the object itself), depends on the surface of the material.
Please note: Every surface has a specific emissivity.
2. Colour
The colour of the surface has no significant effect on the long-wave infrared radiation emitted by the measurement object. The crucial factor is the temperature. For example, a heating radiator painted black emits exactly the same amount of long-wave infrared radiation as a radiator which is equally warm, and painted white.
Please note: The colour of a surface hardly plays a part.
3. The surface of the measurement object
In thermography, the structure of the measurement object's surface plays a crucial role. For the emissivity of the surface varies according to the structure of the surface, soiling or coating.
Surface structure
As a rule, the emissivity of smooth, shiny, reflective and/or polished surfaces is somewhat lower than that of matt, structured, rough, weathered and/or scratched surfaces of the same materials.
Please note: When measuring smooth surfaces, pay particular attention to possible radiation sources in the surroundings (e.g. sun, heating etc.).
Moisture, snow and frost on the surface
Water, snow and frost have relatively high emissivities (approx. 0.85 < ε < 0.96), which is why the measurement of these substances is generally not a problem. However, you must bear in mind that the temperature of the measuring object can be distorted by natural coatings of this kind. Because moisture cools the surface of the measurement object when it evaporates, and snow has good insulating properties. Hoarfrost usually does not form a sealed surface, so the emissivity of the hoarfrost as well as that of the surface underneath it must be taken into account when measuring.
Please note: If possible, avoid measuring on wet, snow-covered or frost-covered surfaces.
Dirt and foreign bodies on the surface
Dirt and foreign bodies such as dust, soot or lubricants on the surface usually increase the emissivity of the surface. For this reason, measuring dirty objects is generally unproblematic. However, your thermal imager always measures the temperature of the surface, i.e. the dirt, and not the exact temperature of the surface of the measuring object underneath.
Please note: Avoid measuring on loose dirt (falsified temperature due to air inclusion).
Theoretical principles of thermography
Find out more in our compact tutorial on the physical principles of thermography. A real advantage, for example for setting the right emissivity for every surface.
如何联系我们
我们非常乐意帮您解决您的任何问题。 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
John W. Hunter House
The John W. Hunter House is a single-family house located at 556 W. Maple Road in Birmingham, Michigan. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.
History
John W. Hunter was originally from New York, and moved to Michigan in 1818. He settled in what is now the city of Birmingham, and was soon joined by his wife, parents, and daughters. He first constructed a log cabin on his property. In 1822, Hunter hired itinerant carpenter George Taylor to construct this house, which was the first frame house built in Bloomfield Township. The original location of the house was along what is now Old Woodward, south of Maple Road and in the heart of what is now the Birmingham's commercial district. By the late 1820s, Hunter began manufacturing farm implements, building a foundry near his home as well as a furnace in Detroit. Hunter died in 1880.
At some point, John W. Hunter sold this house to his son-in-law, who by 1877 had sold it to Ira Toms. By 1893, Henry Randall was the owner, and he moved the house from its original location to Brown Street. The house passed through a series of owners who used it as a residence until 1970, when it was purchased by the city of Birmingham. The city moved it to its current location in a historical park on Maple Road.
Description
The Hunter House is a simple $1 1/2$-story Greek Revival house, of plank construction, measuring 36 by. It is clad with clapboard, and has a cornice with cornice return. | WIKI |
User:Arnold direktor
Hello, my real name's Aleksandar and I come from Serbia.
I'm 17, 18 in January | WIKI |
SEARCH
SEARCH BY CITATION
Keywords:
• fluorescent silica nanoparticles;
• fluorescence microscopy;
• antibody functionalized silica nanoparticles;
• flow cytometry
Abstract
Fluorescent silica nanoparticles (FSNs) are prepared by incorporating dye into a mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) synthesis procedure. FSNs containing sulforhodamine B, hydrophobically modified sulforhodamine B, and Cascade Blue hydrazide are made. The MSN-based FSNs do not leach dye under simulated physiological conditions and have strong, stable fluorescence. FSNs prepared with sulforhodamine B are compared to FSNs prepared with hydrophobically modified sulforhodamine B. The data indicate that FSNs prepared with sulforhodamine B are equally as stable but twice as fluorescent as particles made with hydrophobically modified sulforhodamine B. The fluorescence of a FSN prepared with sulforhodamine B is 10 times more intense than the fluorescence of a 4.5 nm core–shell CdSe/ZnS quantum dot. For diagnostic applications, a method to selectively and covalently bind antibodies to the surface of the FSNs is devised. FSNs that are functionalized with antibodies specific for Neisseria gonorrhoeae specifically bind to Neisseria gonorrhoeae in flow cytometry experiments, thus demonstrating the functionality of the attached antibodies and the potential of MSN-based FSNs to be used in diagnostic applications. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Useppa Island
Useppa Island is an island located near the northern end of Pine Island Sound in Lee County, Florida, United States. It has been known for luxury resorts since the late 19th century, and it is currently the home of the private Useppa Island Club. On May 21, 1996, it was added to the U.S. National Register of Historic Places, due to its archaeological significance.
Name
In the early 1830s the island was variously called Caldez's Island, Toampe, and Joseffa. Records indicate that José Caldez, who had operated a fishing rancho on the island, called it Josepha's when he sold it in 1833. The name Useppa first appeared on a hydrological chart of the area in 1855.
Like the nearby islands of Gasparilla, Sanibel, and Captiva, a folk etymology has developed connecting Useppa Island's name to the legendary pirate captain José Gaspar, also known as Gasparilla. A local folk story, extant in at least two versions, tells of Gaspar kidnapping a Spanish princess, with whom he becomes enamored. When she spurns his advances he kills her, but is overtaken by remorse and buries her himself on the beach. One version identifies the princess as Josefa, daughter of Martín de Mayorga, Viceroy of New Spain from 1779 to 1782, and indicates that her burial place of Useppa Island still bears her name in an altered form.
Geology
Useppa Island is 1 mi long north to south, and up to 1/2 mi wide. A ridge, up to 18 ft high, runs along much of the eastern edge of the island. A ridge up to 40 ft high is in the middle of the island along the western side. A 9 m conical shell midden with ramps is located on the west side of the island towards the southern end. The southern end of the island may have grown by as much as 500 m during the 20th century, possibly when a golf course was developed there. The island was part of the Florida mainland during the last glacial period, when the sea level around Florida was 100 m or more lower than today. Useppa Island is high ground that became separated from the mainland by a rising sea level around 4500 BCE. This high ground is believed to be stabilized sand dunes formed during a high sea level episode prior to the last glacial episode. During the period from 4500 BCE to 3000 BCE barrier islands formed to the west of Useppa Island, creating Pine Island Sound and protecting Useppa Island from the open Gulf of Mexico.
History
Before Useppa Island separated from the mainland, the area was visited by Paleo-Indians, who were present in Florida by at least 8,000 BCE. Soon after the sea level had risen enough to separate the island from the mainland, around 4500 BCE, Indians of the Archaic period began living on the island for part of the year, primarily during the spring and summer. Oyster shells were deposited in middens from this time. Tools made from seashells during the period from 4500 BCE to 3000 BCE show a cultural affinity with Horr's Island to the south.
After about 3000 BCE bodies were buried on Useppa Island in a flexed position. Steatite stone vessels and fiber-tempered pottery came into use on the island after 2000 BCE. Sand-tempered pottery appeared after 1200 BCE. Seasonal occupation of the island continued through the end of the Archaic period (c. 500 BCE) and into the Caloosahatchee culture period, until about 1200. While the island may have been used occasionally as a fishing camp after that date, there is no known sustained occupation of the island until after 1700. Shortly after 1700, the Calusa people (the people of the Caloosahatchee culture region during the historic period) were killed, carried away to slavery, or driven out of the area by Creek and Yamasee people (who later coalesced into the Seminole.
Later in the 18th century and as late as 1835 Muspa Indians, possibly descendants of people who lived in the Calusa town of Muspa (on or near Marco Island) were reported to be living in the Charlotte Harbor and Pine Island area. Around 1784, Jose Caldez of Cuba began using Useppa Island as the base for his seasonal fishing operations. Caldez employed both Cubans and local Native Americans at this fishing rancho. By 1833 the rancho consisted of close to 20 palmetto-thatched houses and about 60 people.
The Second Seminole War began in late 1835. Henry Crews, the U.S. Customs officer on Josefa Island (Useppa), was killed in late March 1836, possibly by Seminoles or by Indians working at the rancho. Crews had been at odds with the Spaniards at the fishing rancho, believing that they were using fishing as a cover for large scale smuggling. After the death of Crews, the "Americans" living around Charlotte Harbor, which probably included Spaniards and rancho Indians, fled to the rancho operated by William Bunce on Passage Island in Tampa Bay. In late 1836 the ranchos around Charlotte Harbor, including the Caldez rancho on Useppa, were reported to be abandoned and "largely destroyed." Rancho Indians, including those who were married to Cubans or were half-Cuban, were gathered up by the Army and sent west to Indian Territory.
The area around Charlotte Harbor and Pine Island, including Josefa Island, remained sparsely inhabited for several decades. The U.S. Army established Fort Casey on, renamed, Useppa Island early in 1850, but abandoned it before the end of the year. Union troops and refugee Union sympathizers occupied the island in December 1863, and mounted a small raid into Charlotte Harbor and up the Myakka River, which resulted in some skirmishes with Confederate troops and irregulars. The troops on Useppa Island moved to Fort Myers after it was established in January, 1864. The Census of 1870 found two residents on the island. It was reported to be uninhabited in 1885, and to have one family in residence in 1895.
Chicago businessman John Roach built a hotel on Useppa Island in 1896. Barron Collier bought the island in 1911, and developed the resort, enlarging the hotel and adding tennis courts and a 9-hole golf course. Collier made the island his official residence, from which he directed his real estate empire. Collier died in 1939, and the resort was closed during World War II. Hurricanes in 1944 and 1946 damaged the hotel, and it was torn down. The island opened again as a resort in 1946, continuing until 1960. In 1960, Useppa briefly served as a CIA training base for Cuban exiles in preparation for the Bay of Pigs Invasion.
Useppa Island changed hands four times in the 1960s and 1970s, with two short-lived attempts to operate it as a resort. Gar Beckstead bought the island in 1976 and his company, Useppa Inn and Dock Company, has operated it as a private resort since then. Hurricane Charley heavily damaged the island in 2004. The rebuilt Collier Inn was re-opened one year later.
The Useppa Island Historical Society operates the Barbara Sumwalt Museum on the island.
Archaeological investigations
While some archaeologists passed by or visited Useppa Island in the 19th century, the first scientific excavation on the island was by John Griffin and Hale Smith, who collected ceramics from a disturbed midden in 1947. Jerald Milanich and Jefferson Chapman conducted more extensive excavations on Collier Mound and adjacent middens in 1979 and 1980, using a backhoe to dig trenches in mound and middens.
William Marquardt and Michael Hansinger conducted an excavation on Collier Ridge in 1985. Marquardt and Corbett Torrence excavated several locations on the island in 1989. Marquardt excavated a burial on a lot scheduled for construction in 1994. Volunteers associated with the Rendell Research Society, the University of California Los Angeles, and the Useppa Island Historical Society excavated a shell axe workshop on the island in 2006. | WIKI |
Deciphering the rock
Coptic equivalents, also isolating the Demotic equivalents of ‘Egypt,’ ‘the temples,’ ‘many,’ ‘the master,’ and ‘Greek,'” wrote Parkinson. Coptic had been nevertheless comprehended into the nineteenth century, and Akerblad as well as other scholars knew that Coptic had been an Egyptian language with terms whoever definitions had been much like those into the Demotic script.
While Akerblad made discoveries that are important the Rosetta rock as soon as 1802, the credit for the decipherment for the Demotic and Egyptian hieroglyphic texts would go to two scholars: Thomas younger and Jean-Franзois Champollion.
Younger had been a polymath whom made discoveries in mechanics, optics, structure, acoustics, physics, navigation and languages, composed Ray. The Rosetta Stone was discovered, Young was an established scientist with many patents and a well-known reputation by the time. Champollion, in comparison, ended up being a new, upstart Egyptologist who was simply struggling in order to become created in their field, composed how to write a good paragraph Ray.
Younger concentrated his efforts on comprehending the script that is demotic the cursive type of Egyptian hieroglyphs, had written Ray. Scholars knew that the text that is demotic letters and noises which had the makings of an alphabet, but some scholars thought that hieroglyphs had been more symbolic.
Younger had been able to decipher the hieroglyphic term for “Ptolemy” and figure out that the hieroglyphic indications represented noises and letters — the makings of a alphabet. “In 1819 he Young published within the Encyclopaedia Britannica a write-up which we could phone up to date, for which he offered equivalents for 218 Demotic terms, along with 200 hieroglyphic teams,” had written Ray, whom noted that younger nevertheless believed that hieroglyphs just represented an alphabet when Greek or foreign terms had been utilized, and therefore the hieroglyphs were mostly symbolic once they talked about Egyptian subjects.
“He Young could not over come their suspicion that the elements that are alphabetic he’d found were utilized limited to international names and therefore the remaining portion of the hieroglyphs could never be explained along those lines,” had written Ray.
Whenever Champollion discovered of younger’s work, he discovered that younger ended up being incorrect, and that hieroglyphs represented an alphabet that might be understood and deciphered. Champollion decided to go to work matching the hieroglyphic text regarding the Rosetta rock with similar terms in Demotic and Greek, slowly exposing the alphabet that is hieroglyphic. He utilized their familiarity with Coptic to support this task.
Champollion got copies of additional inscriptions that are egyptian other web sites in Egypt and managed to see the title “Ramesses,” a title utilized by several pharaohs. He had been additionally in a position to browse the title associated with the god Thoth, noted Parkinson in the guide.
On Sept. 27, 1822, Champollion introduced his findings in the Acadйmie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. “In this report Champollion described the alphabet which was utilized to create non-Egyptian names, as well as in the concluding pages he tentatively announced he had been sure that the phonetic indications were a essential element of ‘pure hieroglyphic writing,'” published Parkinson in their guide. The hieroglyphs represented a language with an alphabet, which Champollion had deciphered in other words. The findings in this report allowed ancient Egyptian texts to be translated and Egyptian history to be better understood in the upcoming decades.
Younger was at the viewers throughout the presentation and had written a page to Champollion congratulating him on their discoveries. While historians often declare that there is conflict between younger and Champollion, the letters that Young penned show small proof of it. The 2 scholars corresponded before Champollion’s paper had been presented in 1822 and for some time afterwards. Ray noted in their guide that younger had currently made numerous discoveries in a number of industries, along with his invest clinical history was already assured. younger died in 1829 during the chronilogical age of 56, while Champollion passed away in 1832 in the age of 41. | FINEWEB-EDU |
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PiecePipe Examples: Map, Aggregation, & Group-By
PiecePipe is a library that allows you to write code by focusing on the flow of data through a pipeline of steps without worrying about the iteration and “glue code.” It also makes testing much easier by removing the need to test the “glue code.”
Back in June, Dave wrote a blog post about the PiecePipe gem, but he left out the usage of MapStep and HashedAggregator.
Here is an example of using MapStep and HashedAggregator to do a simple group-by.
I’ve also added a GroupByStep to Piece Pipe that makes this example unnecessary.
# each output would be a region => [plant_1_radiation, plant_2_radiation, ...]
# Using Map-Aggregate
PiecePipe::Pipeline.new.
source([{region: region}]).
step(FetchPowerPlantsByRegion).
step(KeyByRegion).
step(HashAggregator).
to_enum
# Expects inputs to be a Hash with :region, :date and :calories.
# Output will look like: { :some_region => original_item_including_region }
class KeyByRegion < PiecePipe::MapStep
def map(inputs)
key = inputs[:region]
val = inputs
emit key, val
end
end
# Using group-by
# no extra step definition is required
PiecePipe::Pipeline.new.
source([{region: region}]).
step(FetchPowerPlantsByRegion).
group_by(:region).
to_enum
If you are looking to sum values or use some sort of aggregate of the values, you should create a custom HashedAggregator step. Group by is a specialized case, but I found myself wanting it each time I used PiecePipe.
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1. [...] PiecePipe Examples: Map, Aggregation and Group-By Shawn Anderson shows off PiecePipe, a Ruby library for writing code where you focus on the flow of data through a pipeline of steps without worrying about the iteration and 'glue code.' An interesting approach. [...] | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
-- U.S. Wholesale Inventories Rise More Than Forecast
Inventories at U.S. wholesalers rose
more than forecast in December as distributors tried to keep up
with improving sales. The 1 percent increase in stockpiles compared with a 0.7
percent gain median forecast in the Bloomberg News survey and
followed an unchanged reading in November, Commerce Department
figures showed today in Washington . Sales grew 0.4 percent to
$371.5 billion, the highest level since August 2008. Strengthening demand indicates orders to factories will keep
climbing, which will keep manufacturing at the forefront of the
economic expansion in coming months. The need to replenish
stockpiles will probably contribute to growth in coming months. “Demand is coming back and companies are seeing the need to
keep their shelves well stocked,” said Sal Guatieri , a senior
economist at BMO Capital Markets Inc. in Toronto. “Manufacturers
are cranking up production to keep up with growing strength in
exports and growing domestic demand.” The median projection for wholesale inventories was based on
a survey of 35 economists whose estimates ranged from an increase
of 1.8 percent to a decline of 0.4 percent. The November reading
was revised from a previously reported 0.2 percent decline. Another report today showed the number of Americans filing
first-time claims for unemployment insurance fell last week to
the lowest level since July 2008, showing further strength in the
labor market after the jobless rate declined to a 21-month low. Jobless Claims Applications for jobless benefits decreased by 36,000, more
than forecast, to 383,000 in the week ended Feb. 4, Labor
Department figures showed. Economists forecast claims would fall
to 410,000, according to the median estimate in a Bloomberg
survey. Stocks held earlier losses after the reports as profit
forecasts at Cisco Systems Inc. and PepsiCo Inc. trailed analyst
estimates and concern grew about accelerating global inflation.
The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index fell 0.7 percent to 1,311.94 at
10:03 a.m. in New York . The increase in stockpiles, which would normally lead to an
upward revision to fourth-quarter growth, may reflect a surge in
imports which would widen the trade gap and counter the positive
contribution from inventories. The Commerce Department will release trade balance figures
tomorrow. The median forecast of economists surveyed by Bloomberg
is for a $40.5 billion shortfall, up from the $38.3 billion
recorded a month earlier. Influence on Growth Inventory rebuilding, a major driver of the early stages of
the economic recovery, slowed in the fourth quarter as sales
jumped, detracting 3.7 percentage points from gross domestic
product, according to the Commerce Department data. Wholesalers make up about 30 percent of all business
stockpiles. Factory inventories, which comprise about 38 percent
of the total, rose 1.1 percent in December, the Commerce
Department said Feb. 3. Retail stockpiles, which make up the
rest, will be included in the Feb. 15 business inventories
report. Wholesalers’ stockpiles of durable goods, or those meant to
last several years, increased 0.8 percent in December, led by
automobiles and electrical equipment, today’s report showed. The value of unsold non-durable goods inventories increased
1.2 percent as purchases dropped 0.3 percent. Inventory Breakdown The gain in non-durable goods stockpiles may have been
influenced by higher commodity prices. The average price of a
barrel of crude oil traded on the New York Mercantile Exchange
was $89.23 in December, compared with $84.31 in November. Corn,
wheat and soybean futures this week surged to the highest level
since 2008. “Prices of many industrial and agricultural commodities
have risen lately, largely as a result of the very strong demand
from fast-growing emerging market economies,” Federal Reserve
Chairman Ben S. Bernanke told a congressional committee
yesterday. At the current sales pace, wholesalers had enough goods on
hand to last 1.16 months in December, close to the record low of
1.13 months reached in April. Holiday sales rose 5.5 percent, the best performance since
2005, according to MasterCard Advisors’ SpendingPulse, which
measures retail sales by all payment forms. Consumer spending
rose at a 4.4 percent rate in the fourth quarter, the fastest
since early 2006. Sales Climb Car sales began the new year on a strong note. General
Motors Co . posted a 22 percent gain in January from a year
earlier, while Toyota Motor Corp. saw a 17 percent increase, the
companies announced last week. “We’ve managed our business prudently, keeping inventories
in line and lowering our incentive costs while remaining
competitive,” Don Johnson , vice president for U.S. sales at GM,
said on a Jan. 4 conference call. Coach Inc ., a leading leather goods producer and marketer,
saw North American same-store sales rise 13 percent in the
quarter ended Jan. 1 from a year earlier, Chief Executive Officer
Lew Frankfort said on a conference call from New York on Jan. 25. “Our current inventories support the strong underlying
business trends, and will allow us to maximize sales this
spring,” Michael Devine, Coach’s chief financial officer, said
on the call. “We’ve been right sizing our inventories this year,
bringing them up to more appropriate levels to support our
growing businesses.” To contact the reporter on this story:
Bob Willis in Washington at
bwillis@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Christopher Wellisz at
cwellisz@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Mediaevalleicest00billrich.djvu/12
I am most grateful also to Mr. A. B. McDonald, A.R.C.A. (Lond.), of the Leicester School of Art, who has been very generous and successful in preparing plans and drawings, and in supervising the illustrations contained in the volume. I wish also to thank Col. C. F. Oliver, D.L., T.D., and all others who have so kindly helped with these embellishments, or who have allowed me to publish them; and I take this opportunity of congratulating both Mr. Newton and Mr. Keene on the good results of the photographic work entrusted to them.
I am under considerable obligations to Mr. Henry Hartopp, of Leicester, who has assisted me from the vast stores of his local knowledge; to Mr. A. Hamilton Thompson, M.A., F.S.A., who has given me much-appreciated help, chiefly in matters ecclesiological; to Mr. G. E. Kendall, A.R.I.B.A., who most obligingly made searches at the Public Record Office and elsewhere; to Mr. J. C. Challenor Smith, formerly Head of the Literary Department at Somerset House, who very kindly transcribed some original wills, and helped me in other ways; to the Mayor and Corporation of Leicester City, who readily gave me permission to print a translation of one of the unpublished documents preserved in their Muniment Room, and to publish an illustration of it; to the Venerable Archdeacon Stocks, D.D., who willingly transcribed and translated this document, and gave me other assistance; to Mr. H. A. Pritchard, the Town Clerk of Leicester; to Mr. T. H. Fosbrooke, F.S.A.; to Mr. H. M. Riley, of the Leicester Municipal Reference Library; to Mr. F. S. Herne, the Librarian of the Leicester Permanent Library, and to many others.
But those who are kind enough to help a lame dog over a stile are not answerable for his disability, and the mistakes and shortcomings of the book are all my own.
"Me, me, adsum qui feci, in me convertite ferrum!"
CHARLES JAMES BILLSON. 33,, October 14th, 1920. | WIKI |
Supramolecular Route to Well-Ordered Metal Nanofoams
Ivana Vukovic, Sergey Punzhin, Zorica Vukovic, Patrick Onck, Jeff Th M. De Hosson, Gerrit ten Brinke*, Katja Loos
*Bijbehorende auteur voor dit werk
OnderzoeksoutputAcademicpeer review
79 Citaten (Scopus)
Samenvatting
Metal nanofoams with a porosity above 50% v/v have recently attracted great. Interest In materials science due to their interesting properties.. We.. demonstrate a new straightforward route to prepare such nanofoams using diblock copolymer-based PS-block-P4VP-(PDP) supramolecules that self-assemble Into a bicontinuous gyroid morphology, consisting of PS network channels in a P4VP(PDP) matrix. After dissolving the PDP, the P4VP. collapses onto the PS struts and a free-standing bicontinuous. gyroid template of 50-100 mu m thickness and interconnected, uniformly sized pores Is formed. The hydrophilic P4VP corona facilitates the penetration of water-based plating reagents into the porous template and enables a successful metal deposition. After plating, the polymer is simply degraded by heating, resulting In a well-ordered inverse gyroid nickel-foam. Essential to this approach Is the removal of only one part of the matrix (i.e., PDP). Therefore, the template accounts for 50% v/v or more. The porosity characteristics (amount, size of pores) can be tuned by selecting the appropriate copolymer and by adjusting the amount of PDP.
Originele taal-2English
Pagina's (van-tot)6339-6348
Aantal pagina's10
TijdschriftAcs Nano
Volume5
Nummer van het tijdschrift8
DOI's
StatusPublished - aug-2011
Citeer dit | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Federal agency recommends Kellyanne Conway be removed from government
President Donald Trump's senior counselor Kellyanne Conway should be removed from the federal government for repeatedly violating a law that bars executive branch employees from using their official position for political purposes, the government agency charged with enforcing that law said Thursday. In a letter and accompanying report sent to the president, the Office of Special Counsel wrote that Conway was a "repeat offender" whose "multiple violations of the law would almost certainly result in removal from her federal position" if she were any other federal employee. The agency, which is distinct from the Justice Department special counsel's office, wrote that Conway violated the early 20th century law, known as the Hatch Act, and "ridiculed its enforcement." Conway repeatedly disparaged Democratic presidential candidates while speaking in her official capacity, the agency said. It is ultimately Trump's decision whether Conway keeps her job, and he is unlikely to remove her. In a statement, White House deputy press secretary Steven Groves called the Office of Special Counsel's actions "deeply flawed" and a violation of Conway's "constitutional rights to free speech and due process." "Its decisions seem to be influenced by media pressure and liberal organizations – and perhaps OSC should be mindful of its own mandate to act in a fair, impartial, non-political manner, and not misinterpret or weaponize the Hatch Act," Groves wrote. The White House counsel's office also took issue with the Office of Special Counsel report in a letter dated Tuesday. That letter alleged that the report was "based on numerous grave legal, factual, and procedural errors" and called the recommendation to remove Conway "as outrageous as it is unprecedented." But some Democrats responded to the agency's report by calling on the White House to remove Conway from her job. "Complying with the law is not optional," House Oversight Committee Chairman Elijah Cummings, D-Md., said in a statement. "Allowing Ms. Conway to continue her position of trust at the White House would demonstrate that the President is not interested in following the law—or requiring his closest aides to do so." Cummings announced that his committee would hold a hearing with the Office of Special Counsel, to which Conway would be invited "to answer for her violations." The agency's letter to Trump follows its March 2018 report finding that Conway violated the Hatch Act by advocating for and against candidates in the 2017 special election for Alabama's U.S. Senate seat. The agency also cited an interview from last month in which Conway dismissed the Hatch Act. "If you're trying to silence me through the Hatch Act, it's not going to work," Conway said, according to the Office of Special Counsel. "Let me know when the jail sentence starts," she added. Asked for comment Thursday, Conway said, "I have no reaction. Why would I give you a reaction?" — CNBC's Eamon Javers contributed to this report. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Hate your boss? Science says they may be missing this key trait
There's nothing more infuriating than receiving orders from someone who has no idea what is involved in completing the task. And there's science to back that up. Research that focused on 35,000 randomly selected employees and workplaces in the U.S. and Britain, recently highlighted by the Harvard Business Review, shows that the largest positive influence on a typical worker's level of job satisfaction is whether bosses have the technical skill set to complete the work they ask their subordinates to do. If bosses understand and can do what they are asking, employees are much happier. The 2014 study was completed by Benjamin Artz, an associate professor at the University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh; Amanda Goodall, Ph.D., a senior lecturer in management at Cass Business School; and Andrew J. Oswald, a professor of economics and behavioral science at the University of Warwick. For the research, the team measured boss competence in the following three categories: Whether the supervisor could, if necessary, do the employee's job. Whether the supervisor worked his or her way up inside the company. The supervisor's level of technical competence as assessed by a worker. "Even we were surprised by the size of the measured effect," the authors remark in a piece penned for the Harvard Business Review. "For instance, among American workers, having a technically competent boss is considerably more important for employee job satisfaction than their salary (even when pay is really high)." The importance of a boss' technical competence is higher for older employees than younger employees, the researchers note. That could be because older employees are likely to be more senior and have fewer bosses. Each individual boss therefore has more influence, the report says. "The bottom line is that employees are happiest when the boss knows what she or he is talking about, and that drives performance," the authors write. "The boss casts a very long shadow. Your job satisfaction is profoundly molded by your boss's competence; and your own team's job satisfaction levels depend on your competence." | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:The World as Will and Idea - Schopenhauer, tr. Haldane and Kemp - Volume 2.djvu/152
142 reason now discovered were as utterly unknown to them as the sixth sense of the bat is to us. And as far as I am concerned, I must confess that I also, in my weakness, can not comprehend or imagine that reason which directly perceives or apprehends, or has an intellectual intuition of the super-sensible, the absolute, together with long yarns that accompany it, in any other way than as the sixth sense of the bat. This, however, must be said in favour of the invention or discovery of such a reason, which at once directly perceives whatever you choose, that it is an incomparable expedient for withdrawing oneself from the affair in the easiest manner in the world, along with one's favourite ideas, in spite of all Kants, with their Critiques of Reason. The invention and the reception it has met with do honour to the age.
Thus, although what is essential in reason (, ratio, raison, Vernunft) was, on the whole and in general, rightly understood by all philosophers of all ages, though not sharply enough defined nor reduced to one point, yet it was not so clear to them what the understanding (, intellectus, esprit, Verstand) is. Therefore they often confuse it with reason, and just on this account they did not attain to a thoroughly complete, pure, and simple explanation of the nature of the latter. With the Christian philosophers the conception of reason received an entirely extraneous, subsidiary meaning through the opposition of it to revelation. Starting, then, from this, many are justly of opinion that the knowledge of the duty of virtue is possible from mere reason, i.e., without revelation. Indeed this aspect of the matter certainly had influence upon Kant's exposition and language. But this opposition is properly of positive, historical significance, and is therefore for philosophy a foreign element, from which it must keep itself free.
We might have expected that in his critiques of theoretical and practical reason Kant would have started with an exposition of the nature of reason in general, and, after | WIKI |
Crambus kazitaellus
Crambus kazitaellus is a moth in the family Crambidae that is endemic to Kenya. It was described by Graziano Bassi in 1986. | WIKI |
user2948533 user2948533 - 5 months ago 28
SQL Question
Oracle PL/SQL Script to update column values based on specific condition
I have a table which is having 3 columns-PID,LOCID,ISMGR. Now in existing scenario, for some person, based on the location ID, he is set as ISMGR=true.
But as per the new requirement, we have to make all the ISMGR=true for any person who is having at least one ISMGR=true(means if he is mangager for any one location, he should be manager for all the locations).
I need to do it in Oracle PL SQL.
Table Data before running the script:
PID|LOCID|ISMGR
1 1 1
1 2 0
1 3 0
2 1 0
2 2 1
Table Data after running the script:
PID|LOCID|ISMGR
1 1 1
1 2 1
1 3 1
2 1 1
2 2 1
Any help will be highly appreciated..
Thanks in advance.
Answer
I would be inclined to write this using exists:
update t
set ismgr = 1
where ismgr = 0 and
exists (select 1 form t t2 where t2.pid = t.pid and t2.ismgr = 1);
exists should be more efficient than doing a subquery with an aggregation. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ali Al-Khalifa Al-Sabah
Sheikh Ali Al-Khalifa Al-Sabah (born October 22, 1945) is a Kuwaiti ruling family member and former minister of oil and finance. He was minister of finance from 1983 to 1985. | WIKI |
Page:Atharva-Veda samhita.djvu/428
v. 21- 6. As the birds (patatrín) are all in a tremble at the falcon, day by day; as at the thundering of the lion, so do thou, O drum etc. etc.
7. Away have all the gods alarmed our enemies by the drum and the skin of the gazelle—[the gods] who are masters of the host.
8. With what foot-noises Indra plays together with shadow, by those let our enemies be alarmed who go yonder in troops (anīkaçás).
9. Let the drums, with bow-string noises, yell toward all (yā́s) the quarters—the armies of our enemies going conquered in troops.
10. O Āditya, take [away their] sight; ye beams, run after; let them that have foot-fastenings fasten on, the arm-power (-vīryà) being gone away.
11. Do ye [who are] formidable, O Maruts, sons of the spotted mother, with Indra as ally, slaughter our foes.
King Soma, king Varuṇa, the great god, also Death, Indra—
12. Let these armies of the gods, sun-bannered, accordant, conquer our enemies: hail! | WIKI |
Is Botox safe?
Dentists
Cosmetic procedures such as Botox are becoming more common in this age of looking good to feel good. The lengths at which some people will go to alter their appearance can be staggering and potentially harmful to their health. Before you consider any cosmetic procedure, it is important to know exactly what you’re having done and what side effects their might me. Botox, being one of the most popular and well-known non-surgical cosmetic treatments is no different.
Firstly, what exactly is Botox? Botox is actually a natural neurotoxin derived from clostridium botulinum, found in places like lakes and forests where it is inactive and non-toxic. It is a type of bacteria that can also be found in intestinal tracts of many mammals. As a neurotoxin, it works because it interferes with the signalling process that allow neurons to communicate. The botulinum toxin is actually one of the most poisonous substance known to man and in high doses can result in botulism, a life-threatening disease. Despite the toxicity, Botox remains extremely popular. Why is this?
At extremely low doses it does a fantastic job in preventing signals from the muscle and neurons and actually paralyzes the targeted muscles. Typically used in the facial muscles that cause frown lines, Botox essentially paralyses these muscles for a few months and does not let them contract or tense into a frown or wrinkle. That way, with a completely relaxed muscle, over a time a wrinkle can shrink and become less stiff. It can take anywhere from 24-72 hours to start working and can last between 2 – 6 months
Botulinum toxin is currently approved as the anti-wrinkle treatment Botox, but also for eyelid spasms, migraines, excessive sweating, chronic muscle spasms, crossed eyes, all under varying drug names. It is generally well tolerated by most people at the prescribed micro doses, however it can have side effects and should only be administered by a professional. Approximately 1 percent of people who get botulinum toxin injections develop antibodies, making any following treatments ineffective. It some cases, it may also cause nausea, numbness, pain, headaches and fatigue.
While Botox is regarded as safe and effective, remember like any drug it has side effects and requires constant treatments for long term results. Source: https://www.appearancemedicine.co.nz/botox
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Azzo Alidosi
Azzo Alidosi (died 1372) was an Italian condottiero and a lord of Imola.
The son of Roberto Alidosi, he was governor of Fermo in 1364–1367, and succeeded his father in Imola after his death. Named papal vicar of the city under the control of Cardinal Gil de Albornoz, he had first to face a rebellion of his brother Bertrando, whose result was that both were brought to Bologna by the papal forces. He could return to Imola in 1364. The following year he had to quench another rebellion of the Imolese, only to be jailed in Bologna by the papal legate in 1366; he could return in the same year.
He married two times: with Rengarda Manfredi, from the ruling family of Faenza, and with Margherita di Castelbarco.
He died in 1372. | WIKI |
Naan Than Bala
Naan Than Bala is a 2014 Tamil-language drama film directed by Kannan and produced by J. A. Lawrence under SSS Entertainments. Vivek plays the film's lead role. The film released on 13 June 2014.
Plot
Bala (Vivek), a poor priest, lives in an agraharam in Kumbakonam, looking after his aged parents and performing puja at a Perumal temple. Circumstances force him to accept help from a hired killer named Poochi (Venkatraj J) to save his father from a jail sentence. Life takes an unfortunate turn for Bala. Unable to bear the taunts of the neighbours, Bala's parents commit suicide. Bala is forced to leave the agraharam. He begins a new life with Poochi in Kancheepuram. Vaishali (Shwetha Bandekar), a young Saurashtrian who sells poli on the streets, comes into Bala's life. Soon they get engaged. Meanwhile, a close friendship develops between Bala and Poochi. Bala learns of Poochi's true identity. The police are desperate to hunt down Poochi. Bala is a good influence on Poochi, and he reforms a cold-hearted killer. The second half is all about whether their friendship survives this war of principles.
Cast
* Vivek as Bala
* Venkatraj J as Poochi
* Shwetha Bandekar as Vaishali
* Cell Murugan as Thomas Alva Edison
* Thennavan as Kattooran
* Lavanya
* Sujatha Sivakumar
* Mayilsamy
* Ganesh Gopal as Auto Driver
Production
Kannan had approached Vivek with the script and the team began preliminary work in June 2013. In November 2013, Vivek confirmed filming had started and stated he would portray the role of a Hindu priest at a Perumal temple in Kumbakonam, who gets into a relationship with a local thug. He said that he opted to move away from his usual comedy roles after being advised by director Bala and Kamal Haasan. During production, the media wrongly reported that R. Kannan who had made Settai (2013) was director of the film. He later clarified it was not him but R. Kannan.
The team held a large scale audio launch event in December 2013 at Kamala Theatre, Chennai with Mani Ratnam, Bharathiraja, K. Balachander and A. R. Rahman in attendance as chief guests. Vivek was insistent that Rahman attended the event and pushed back the launch by a week and changed the setting from Sathyam Cinemas, in order to accommodate the composer.
Release
The satellite rights of the film were sold to Jaya TV.
Reception
Baradwaj Rangan wrote, "Naan Than Bala should have been shattering drama. That it isn't is a function of the usual problems of our cinema — sketchy performances in the supporting parts, flavourless romance, comedy that constantly undermines the film's seriousness, lazy contrivances, mood-killing songs and an over-the-top ending". The Times of India gave the film 2 stars out of 5 and wrote, "There is juicy melodrama in-built in the story of Naan Than Bala but the writing and direction are plain amateurish. The trouble is that the director, Kannan, never really has a grip on this material...Kannan's treatment of this material is at best TV serial melodrama". IANS gave 2.5 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Shoddy writing and direction makes Naan Than Bala a boring film despite good intention". The New Indian Express wrote, "The plot did have the potential to turn into an intriguing play-out of human inadequacies and emotions. But the director fails to capitalise on it". Silverscreen.in wrote, "There is nothing wrong with the premise in itself : a simple tale of amity between a Hindu priest and a hardened criminal, but there is a lot wrong with the execution". Behindwoods gave it 1.75 stars out of 5 and wrote, "Naan Than Bala is an old tale of Dharma's triumph over evil that doesn't engage you well enough and is kind of preachy at places, but with a very heartfelt performance from Vivek". Indiaglitz.com also gave 1.75 out of 5 and wrote, "Debutante director R.Kannan's intentions are noble. But what hampers the overall impact is the script replete with cliches and uninteresting narration. The glitches in writing and execution are too many to let us hope that a good message and Vivekh's acting prowess can help the film sail through".
Box office
The film collected inr 600000 in Chennai in first weekend. | WIKI |
Template:Did you know nominations/Hendrika B. Cantwell
The result was: promoted by Cwmhiraeth (talk) 09:33, 23 July 2017 (UTC)
Hendrika B. Cantwell
* ... that Dr. Hendrika B. Cantwell, one of the first physicians in the US to work for a child protection agency, came in contact with an estimated 30,000 cases of suspected child abuse and neglect? Source: "Dr. Hendrika Cantwell has been involved with 30,000 cases reported by doctors and hospitals to Denver Social Services" (Women of Consequence)
* Reviewed: Template:Did you know nominations/Wilmette, Illinois
Created by Yoninah (talk). Self-nominated at 22:48, 13 July 2017 (UTC).
* Symbol confirmed.svg Substantial article about a tough topic, on good sources, no copyvio obvious. - Thank you for the quote! - Please do something about the two book chapters that produce a large message about not being used. You could use them, or change to cite book, with the chapter titles under "title", and the book title as "work". --Gerda Arendt (talk) 20:18, 19 July 2017 (UTC)
* thanks for the review! I don't understand what's wrong with the chapter formatting. The pages easily open up for me. Could you point me to the page explaining cite book ? Yoninah (talk) 21:42, 19 July 2017 (UTC)
* Don't know if I get the question. - I see a fat message "Harv warning: There is no link pointing to this citation. The anchor is named CITEREFCantwell1999." (and another 1995) - I guess it will go away if you cite it. should do that, insert where the chapter is mentioned. --Gerda Arendt (talk) 21:48, 19 July 2017 (UTC)
* won't work here, as nothing in the article is cited to this chapter. This is just a short list of book chapters. I made the change you suggested in your earlier post. It looks strange to me – but does it work for you? Yoninah (talk) 19:01, 22 July 2017 (UTC)
* It looks fine, thank you! --Gerda Arendt (talk) 20:27, 22 July 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
Fundamental Concepts of Surveying
Question 1
The error in measuring the radius of a 5 cm circular rod was 0.2%. If the cross-sectional area of the rod was calculated using this measurement, then the resulting absolute percentage error in the computed area is______. (round off to two decimal places)
A
0.25
B
0.40
C
0.67
D
0.83
GATE CE 2022 SET-2 Geometics Engineering
Question 1 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} r&=5 \\ e_r&=\frac{0.2}{100} \times 5=0.01cm \\ A&=\pi r^2 \\ e_A&=2 \pi r.e_r \end{aligned}
Absolute perecentage error in computed area
\begin{aligned} &=\frac{e_A}{A} \times 100 \\ &=\frac{2 \pi r.e_r}{\pi r^2} \times 100\\ &=2 \times \left ( \frac{e_r}{r} \times 100 \right )\\ &=2 \times 0.2=0.4 \end{aligned}
Question 2
A line between stations P and Q laid on a slope of 1 in 5 was measured as 350 m using a 50 m tape. The tape is known to be short by 0.1 m.
The corrected horizontal length (in m) of the line PQ will be
A
342.52
B
349.3
C
356.2
D
350.7
GATE CE 2022 SET-1 Geometics Engineering
Question 2 Explanation:
Horizontal distance of line
PQ=350 \cos \theta =\frac{350 \times 5}{\sqrt{26}}=343.20m
Tape is 0.1 m short.
Nominal length of tape, l = 50 m
Actual length of tape, l' = 50 - 0.1 = 49.9 m
Corrected horizontal length of line PQ
\begin{aligned} &=\left ( \frac{l'}{l} \right ) \times 343.2\\ &=\left ( \frac{49.9}{50} \right )\times 343.2\\ &=342.517\simeq 342.52m \end{aligned}
Question 3
In general, the CORRECT sequence of surveying operations is
A
Field observations\rightarrow Reconnaissance\rightarrow Data analysis\rightarrow Map making
B
Data analysis\rightarrow Reconnaissance\rightarrow Field observations \rightarrow Map making
C
Reconnaissance\rightarrow Field observations \rightarrow Data analysis \rightarrow Map making
D
Reconnaissance\rightarrow Data analysis \rightarrow Field observations \rightarrow Map making
GATE CE 2021 SET-2 Geometics Engineering
Question 3 Explanation:
Reconnaissance\rightarrowField observations\rightarrowData analysis\rightarrowMap making
Question 4
Which of the following is/are correct statement(s)?
A
Back Bearing of a line is equal to Fore Bearing \pm 180^{\circ}
B
If the whole circle bearing of a line is 270^{\circ}, its reduced bearing is 90^{\circ} \mathrm{NW}
C
The boundary of water of a calm water pond will represent contour line
D
In the case of fixed hair stadia tachometry, the staff intercept will be larger, when the staff is held nearer to the observation point
GATE CE 2021 SET-1 Geometics Engineering
Question 4 Explanation:
The principal of fixed hair tacheometry is that distances are proportional to staff intercept.
As distance increase, staff intercept also increases.
Question 5
In a survey work, three independent angle, X, Y and Z were observed with weight W_{X},W_{Y},W_{Z} respectively. The weight of the sum of angles X, Y and Z is given by:
A
1/(\frac{1}{W_{X}}+\frac{1}{W_{Y}}+\frac{1}{W_{Z}})
B
(\frac{1}{W_{X}}+\frac{1}{W_{Y}}+\frac{1}{W_{Z}})
C
W_{X}+W_{Y}+W_{Z}
D
W_{X}^{2}+W_{Y}^{2}+W_{Z}^{2}
GATE CE 2015 SET-1 Geomatics Engineering
Question 6
Which of the following statements is FALSE?
A
Plumb line is along the direction of gravity
B
Mean Sea Level (MSL) is used as a reference surface for establishing the horizontal control
C
Mean Sea Level (MSL) is a simplification of Geoid
D
Geoid is an equi-potential surface of gravity
GATE CE 2015 SET-1 Geomatics Engineering
Question 6 Explanation:
Mean sea level (MSL) is used as a reference surface for establishing the vertical control.
Question 7
The survey carried out to delineate natural features,such as hills, rivers, forests and manmade features, suchas towns, villages, buildings, roads, transmission lines and canals is classified as
A
engineering survey
B
geological survey
C
land survey
D
topographic survey
GATE CE 2014 SET-2 Geomatics Engineering
Question 7 Explanation:
Tropographic survey is done to determine the natural features of a country such as rivers, strains, lakes, wood, hills etc. and artificial features such as roads, railways, canals, towns and villages.
Question 8
The plan of a survey plotted to a scale of 10 m to 1 cm is reduced in such a way that a line originally 10 cm long now measures 9 cm. The area of the reduced plan is measured as 81 cm^{2}. The actual area (m^{2}) of the survey is
A
10000
B
6561
C
1000
D
656
GATE CE 2008 Geomatics Engineering
Question 8 Explanation:
Shrinking factor = \frac{9}{10}=0.9
Reduced plan area =(\text { Shrinkage factor })^{2}
\times Actual plan area
\Rightarrow \quad 81=(0.9)^{2} \times Actual plan area
\Rightarrow Actual plan area =100 \mathrm{cm}^{2}
\therefore \quad
Actual area of survey in \mathrm{m}^{2}
\begin{aligned} &=100 \times(10)^{2} \\ &=10000 \end{aligned}
Question 9
The type of surveying in which the curvature of the earth is taken into account is called
A
Geodetic surveying
B
Plane surveying
C
Preliminary surveying
D
Topographical surveying
GATE CE 2008 Geomatics Engineering
Question 9 Explanation:
Geodetic surveying is that type of surveying in which the shape of the earth is taken into account. Geodetic surveying involves spherical trigonometry.
Question 10
The plan of a map was photo copied to a reduced size such that a line originally 100 mm, measures 90 mm. The original scale of the plan was 1:1000. The revised scale is
A
1:900
B
1:1111
C
1:1121
D
1:1221
GATE CE 2007 Geomatics Engineering
Question 10 Explanation:
\begin{aligned} \text { Reduction factor }&=\frac{90}{100}=0.9 \\ \text { Revised scale }&=\text { Original scale }\\ &\times \text { Reduction factor }\\ =\frac{1}{1000} \times 0.9&=\frac{1}{1000 / 0.9}=\frac{1}{1111} \end{aligned}
There are 10 questions to complete.
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Truth and Reconciliation Commission (Peru)
Peru's Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC; Comisión de la Verdad y Reconciliación, CVR) (13 July 2001 – 28 August 2003) was a truth and reconciliation commission established by President Alejandro Toledo to investigate the human rights abuses committed during the internal conflict in Peru between 1980s and 1990s. The TRC was a response to the violent internal conflict between 1980 and 2000 during the administration of Presidents Fernando Belaúnde (1980–1985), Alan García (1985–1990), and Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000). The commission's mandate was to provide a record of human rights and international humanitarian law violations committed in Peru between May 1980 and November 2000, as well as recommend mechanisms to promote and strengthen human rights. The TRC reported on the estimated 70 000 deaths, assassinations, torture, disappearances, displacement, employment of terrorist methods and other human rights violations executed by the State, Shining Path, and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement. The report concluded that there is both institutional and individual accountability, as well as identifying racial and cultural factors that became a catalyst for conflict.
A 2019 study disputed the casualty figures from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, estimating instead "a total of 48,000 killings, substantially lower than the TRC estimate" and concluding that "the Peruvian State accounts for a significantly larger share than the Shining Path." The TRC later came out to respond to these statements.
Background
Between 1980 and 2000, Peru experienced an era of political violence characterized by extensive human rights violations. Several regimes of military dictatorship resulted in political and economic instability that increased social tensions within Peru. The internal conflict in Peru was ignited by the 1980 Presidential election that led to guerrilla warfare by several political revolutionary groups. The internal armed conflict resulted in the deaths of approximately 70 000 people and the internal displacement of 600 000 people, as well as extensive damage to both public and private infrastructures. Both state and non-state actors carried out assassinations, kidnapping, forced disappearance, tortures, unfair detentions, serious crimes and other human rights violations. Although rebel groups remain lightly active, the government ended its engagement in the conflict after President Alberto Fujimori was forced to resign in 2000.
Shining Path
The Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) is of the major Peruvian rebel groups involved in the internal conflict of Peru and was found to be largely responsible for the human rights violations during the 1980s and 1990s. The revolutionary group was organized as a Maoist political group in 1970 after the dissolution of the Communist Party of Peru. The Shining Path employed guerrilla tactics and violent acts of terrorism in an attempt to overthrow the government. The Shining Path ignited the internal conflict in 1980 when it began its revolutionary campaign with its first act of violence in Chuschi, Ayacucho by storming the polling station and burning the ballot boxes on the eve of the first national elections in approximately 10 years. The majority of the acts of violence by the Shining Path were carried out in the Ayacucho region of Peru, where many indigenous populations live in extreme poverty. The group established a presence throughout the country, but mainly operated out of the rural highlands with limited government presence. Their campaign consisted of bombings, assassinations, public executions and other guerrilla attacks against the state.
Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru) is a Marxist–Leninist revolutionary group formed in 1982 from the influence of Revolutionary Left Movement of the 1960s and the Revolutionary Socialist Party. The revolutionary group was found to be responsible for a significant number of deaths and displacements during the internal conflict, as well as engaged in guerrilla warfare against the military and the Shining Path. The group intended to overthrow the military government and establish a Marxist regime to eliminate Japanese and U.S. imperialism from Peru. Their campaign officially began on 1 June 1984 by broadcasting their first communiqué with a declaration of intent to reform the Peruvian Government through an occupation radio broadcasts systems. The activities of the revolutionary group consisted of bombings, kidnappings, bank robberies, extortion, ambushes, and assassinations, as well as being responsible for several anti-United States attacks. The Túpac Amaru is considered to be a lesser violent rebel group because its guerrilla operations were "designed to support the mass struggle" against the authoritarian governments.
Fernando Belaúnde
Fernando Belaúnde Terry served as President of Peru from 1963 to 1968 and again from 1980 to 1985. Belaúnde was part of the Popular Action (Acción Popular) political party, a centre-right party known for its pro-American position. Economic instability persisted under the Belaúnde administration, experiencing large foreign debt, budget deficits, high inflation rates, costly natural disasters, and weak markets for Peru's exports, causing the government to impose austerity measures for economic development. The internal conflict began as a result of the democratic elections of 1980, with both the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement and the Shining Path implementing a terrorist campaign against the government. The government attempted to suppress the rebel groups through police and armed force operations, resulting in deaths and disappearances beginning to escalate. Human rights groups denounced the widespread abuse of innocent citizens during the struggle against the rebel groups.
Alan García
Alan García Pérez served as President of Peru from 1985 to 1990 and again from 2006 to 2011. García was part of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), a centre-left political party. The García Administration inherited the economic and political instability of its predecessor. The government implemented an austerity program as an effort against the Shining Path, but resulted in an economic crisis. Peru's economy suffered a hyperinflation of 7500% during García's presidency, worsening national poverty rates. Conflict between the government and rebel groups escalated to a 'dirty war', in which atrocities were committed by both the rebels and military forces. The armed groups deliberately targeted civilians and government forces responded with execution of suspects, forced disappearances, and unlawful detention. The most notable human rights abuse performed by García's government was the Accomarca massacre of 1985, where more than forty-five civilians were tortured and killed in an attempt to discover the names of members of Shining Path.
Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Fujimori served as President of Peru from 1990 to 2000 and was known for his corruption and crimes against humanity under international law. He was head of the Cambio 90 political party, a new right-wing party. Fujimori carried out neo-liberal policies and implemented an austerity policy, known as Fujishock, to eliminate inflation but increase poverty. The failure of the policy led to a military supported autogolpe (self-coup), declaring a state of emergency, dissolving Congress, and calling for a new constitution, in which Fujimori ran unopposed. Fujimori increased the government's influence over military operations, using it as primary means against the rebel groups. The government implemented an anti-insurgency campaign, including arming villagers and conducting secretive military trials of suspected members of rebel groups. Fujimori was responsible for the Barrios Altos massacre, where six members of the Peruvian armed forces executed 15 people allegedly involved with the Shining Path, including one child, and left five injured. Corruption within the government further developed under Fujimori, as he used the secret police to infiltrate opposing political parties, bribed legislators and electoral officials, censored the media, embezzled and redirected government funds, as well as carrying out human rights abuses, such as illegal arrests and torture.
Mandate
In December 2000, interim President Valentín Paniagua approved the establishment of a truth and reconciliation commission, which ratified by President-elect Alejandro Toledo in 2001. The commission was created to investigate a wide variety of human rights abuses, including assassinations, torture, disappearances, displacement, employment of terrorist methods and other violations executed by the state and rebel groups between May 1980 and November 2000. The mandate was to analyze the causes of violence that had occurred, determine the scale of victimization, assess responsibility, and propose reparations and recommendations. The degree of the mandate comprised an open list of acts of crime, allowing the commission to include all crimes deemed relevant. The primary purpose of the commission was to establish the truth about crimes and events, providing a historical explanation by determining individual and group culpability for crimes and abuses. Despite the main purpose of exposing the truth, it was important to restore personal dignity, as victims became stigmatized by the public or local communities who assumed they were associated with rebel groups. The TRC organized its work into specialized units to conduct research in specific areas.
Objectives
The TRC described 5 main objectives:
* 1) Analyze the political, social and cultural conditions and behaviours that contributed to the violent conflicts in both State and societal context.
* 2) Contribute to the administration of justice, and to clarify the crimes and violations to human rights committed by both terrorist organizations and the State.
* 3) Determine the situation and identification of the victim, as well corresponding responsibilities when possible.
* 4) Make moral and material proposals for victims or their relatives.
* 5) Recommend necessary reforms for preventive measures to ensure no experiences are repeated.
National process of political violence
The purpose of the area of study was to analyze political, social and cultural conditions that contributed to the situation of violence in Peru, including societal and state institutions as contributing factors. Violence influenced social, economic and political conditions of society, therefore the unit was devoted to the impact of national violence. The analysis presented to the TRC focused on national level research and a historical interpretation of political violence.
Clarification of facts
To clarify historical events, research was conducted to reconstruct the explanations of crimes and human rights violations. The tasks of the unit was to investigate specific cases of local experiences. Testimonies of crimes and human rights violations were registered to provide in-depth studies of communities affected by the internal conflict.
Consequences, reparations and reconciliation
The unit's objective was to determine the effects of political violence in various areas of Peru and on the lives of people living in those areas, group identified victims of political violence and ensure that victims were dignified in the process. From the conclusions, the group developed proposals for mechanisms that ensure reparation, prevention and reconciliation.
Communications and education
The unit designed and constructed social communication programs, citizen participation and education. The group proposed several platforms, including mass and broadcast campaigns, seminars and forums, cultural and artistic activities, and volunteer programs.
Public hearings
Public hearings were a mechanism to gather information of atrocities and relay it to the public. Peru was the first Latin American TRC to hold public hearings, a method popularized by the South African TRC. The TRC held hearings with testimonies that the commissioners heard directly, as well as being open to the public and broadcast on radio and television. The objectives of public hearings were to incorporate the personal truth of the victims into the commission and convert the information into an instructional instrument, while recognizing the dignity of victims. Public hearings validated the victims by providing them a public forum to share their experiences. Thematic hearings were held to examine critical aspects, such as anti-subversive legislation, displaced persons, universities, women, and teachers.
Gender analysis
The TRC's mandate did not include a specific obligation to a gender perspective or a special analysis of gender-based crimes, but it became concerned with incorporating a gender perspective in its work. A gender perspective widens the scope of victimization and introduces new crimes that are subject to investigation. The commission held a public forum to establish the importance of the role of women in the internal conflict, as well as provided training workshops for TRC teams and volunteers. It investigated how the violence affected men and women differently, the participation of women in the Shining Path and the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, and it considered a broad spectrum of sexual abuse and violence. The TRC's final report included a chapter on sexual violence and gender analysis, as well as proposing several recommendations.
Authority
The mandate authorized specific framework for the TRC to work within. All relevant state information and documentation was made accessible to the commission. The commission was authorized to conduct interviews to collect relevant information, including interviews of authorities and public officials. Visits and inspections of affected areas were permitted with the assistance of experts. When necessary, the commission could request security measures for those who required them. The commission was authorized to develop public hearings and reserved procedures, establish communication channels, and promote participation of the population of those affected by political violence. The commission did not have any jurisdictional functions, however it provided assistance in the prosecutions that developed as a result of the final report.
Commissioners
The commission was composed of twelve Peruvian commissioners, ten men and two women. Initially it consisted of seven commissioners, however President Alejandro Toledo increased the number of commissioners, as well adding an observer position. Commissioners were appointed by the President with the approval of the Council of Ministers. To qualify for the position of commissioner, one had to be a Peruvian national with prestige and legitimacy, defending democratic and constitutional values.
Initial commissioners
* The President of the TRC, Dr. Salomón Lerner Febres: philosopher and rector of Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
* Dr. Beatriz Alva Hart: Lawyer and former member of the Congress of Peru
* Dr. Enrique Bernales Ballesteros: Doctor at Law, executive director of the Andean Jurists Commission.
* Dr. Carlos Iván Degregori Caso: Anthropologist, professor at Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, and member of the Instituto de Estudios Peruanos
* Father Gastón Garatea Yori: Sacred Hearts priest and president of the Consensus Building Table for Poverty Fighting
* Sofía Macher Batanero: Sociologist and former Executive Secretary of the Human Rights National Coordinator
* Carlos Tapia García: Engineer, Political researcher and analyst.
Added commissioners
* Dr. Rolando Ames Cobián: Sociologist, political researcher and analyst
* Luis Arias Grazziani: Retired Air Force Lieutenant General and an expert in national security issues
* Minister Humberto Lay Sun: Architect and leader of the Assemblies of God, evangelical denomination of the Evangelic National Concilium, CONEP
* Monsignor José Antúndez de Mayolo: La Salle priest and former apostolic administrator of the Ayacucho Archdiocese
* Alberto Morote Sánchez: Engineer and former President of Universidad San Cristóbal de Huamanga
As observer:
* Monsignor Luis Bambarén Gastelumendi: Bishop of Chimbote and president of the Peruvian Episcopal Conference
Executive Secretariat
The Executive Secretariat is an organ that assisted the commission, being in charge of administrative management and the execution of approved programs. The Secretariat consisted of an executive secretary and officials from a variety of professional backgrounds. The executive secretary was Javier Ciurlizza Contreras, the former Secretary General of the Andean Jurists Commission and former head of cabinet of the Ministry Of Justice.
Offices
The commission opened five regional offices to cover all the national territory and carry out its work. The Regional offices were located in Lima, Huanuco, Huancayo, Huamanga, and Abancay, each focusing on specific provinces of Peru. The commission had approximately five hundred people in their staff working within the regional offices. Regional offices managed decentralized offices, known as Zone Offices, organized by a zone coordinator, as well as fixed and mobile teams. The fixed and mobile teams collected testimonies, filled out records, made reports, investigated cases, and promoted dissemination and education initiatives. Short-term teams and research groups have also been established to perform tasks for a fixed period.
Mental Health Team
The Mental Health Team was to design and develop a psychosocial proposal that addressed the possible emotional impact of the TRC's process. The team sought to understand the effects of crimes and human rights violations on individuals and their social relations. The team addresses subjective aspects and interrelated dimensions of individual and group dynamics to identify difficulties and resources for the commission. With results of the psychosocial analysis, the team presented alternative proposals and recommendations that offer strategies to address problems and create conditions that promote comprehensive development.
Documentation centre
The documentation centre provided information services to all teams and areas of the TRC. The Centre facilitated access to information on the commission's work by organizing and storing all documents into an official archive, including case, video, audio, photography and other files. The internal service of the Centre terminated at the end of the commission's mandate, and all the documents were transferred to the ombudsman’s office.
Funding
The budget for the commission was approximately $13 million US for the 2 years of operation, and nearly half of the funding came from international donors. The United Nations supported the Peruvian Government because of its commitment to truth and reconciliation. The UN argued that international funding must supplement the Government's effort, including a cancellation of debt to reallocate finances in support of social programs. The Government signed an agreement with the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) for the commission to receive funding. The agreement transfers government resources to the UNDP, gives them authority over the allocation of funds, and commits the UNDP to provide management and auditing services
Functions
The TRC's main objective was to investigate human rights violations, and was achieved through various research strategies that led to the commission's conclusions and recommendations. The commission's work was oriented towards investigating the truth, understanding the causes of violence, and ultimately proposing government reparations and reforms. The research conducted by the commission covered nearly all national territories affected by the internal conflict, with an emphasis on remote communities.
Collection of testimonies
Testimonies was considered to be an intrinsic aspect of the TRC's research because it allowed the voices of the victims of violence. The commission traveled throughout the entire country to gather testimonies from people from 129 provinces and 509 districts. Testimonies collected necessary data about the victims and events in which they were involved, in order to understand the complexity of the violence that the country experienced. The TRC collected approximately 17 000 testimonies about the violence experienced in Peru between 1980 and 2000. The collection of testimonies demonstrated how violence was experiences differently between groups of people throughout the country. Overall, 54% of testimonies were given by women; within the Ayacucho region, women gave 64% of the testimonies. Public hearings were used as a platform to publish testimonies. Those who provided private testimonies where invited to share them again at a public hearing. The TRC held 27 public hearings, featuring testimonies from 422 people on 318 separate allegations of human rights abuses.
Analysis of crimes and human rights violations
The commission used a systematization of the gathered information to analyze human rights violations in the period 1980 and 2000. An analysis of crimes committed by rebel groups or state agents, systematic or widespread practice of violations of human rights, and political strategies allows for the commission to determine responsibility for the violence. The commission focused on, but was not limited to, massacres, disappearances, torture, internal displacement, terrorist attacks, and violence against women. The analysis of crimes and human rights violations provided a framework for recommendations of institutional reform policies necessary to consolidate a democratic and peaceful society.
Exhumations
The commission requested to observe exhumations in order to address the numerous massacres committed by both state agents and rebel groups. The remains of the victims were permitted to be claimed by their relatives to allow for dignified burials. The TRC signed an agreement with the Attorney General's Office to assist in the exhumation of clandestine graves and the forensic examination of the remains. The exhumations provided information on circumstances of death, identity of missing people, and used as evidence in prosecutions. The TRC oversaw three major exhumation projects, however official exhumations continued after the end of the TRC's mandate. 2,556 bodies have been found, of which 1,525 have been identified, and 1,366 have been claimed by their families.
Missing persons initiative
The commission argued that forced disappearances is not only a violation of the individual's human right, but is also cruelty towards the family that lives in permanent uncertainty, and thus the missing persons committee was created to assist friends and families of the victims of disappearances. An estimated 15,000 people disappeared within the timeframe of the TRC's mandate. Following the final report of the TRC, the International Committee of the Red Cross published a provisional list of the missing people as a joint effort with TRC, Public Prosecutor's Office, and the National Coordinator for Human Rights.
In-depth case studies
The commission gathered information through in-depth case studies to understand the nature of the human rights violations. The cases demonstrate the complexity of violence and reveal patterns, such as rape, violence by regions, behaviours of the conflict actors, and political strategies. Case studies provided information of the circumstances of specific situation, and simultaneously allows the commission to recompose the order of events. The commission conducted interviews with actors and witnesses of violence to gain regional stories and clarify historical events.
Photographic project
The photography project was a means of reconciliation intended to understand various aspects and effects of the internal conflict through a visual narrative to impact the future and ensure that the situation is not repeated. The TRC commissioned a transmedia photography project, Yuyanapaq, to build a collective memory of the internal conflict. Yuyanapaq means 'to remember' in Quechua, Peru's predominant indigenous language. The photography exhibition was established based on the assertion that truth is expressed in many forms and to recount and visual representations are invaluable to reconcile with the past. The project was led by Mayu Mohanna and Nancy Chappell, selecting images from over 90 archives, including photos from personal albums, the press and news agencies, the Armed Forces and Police, human rights organizations, community photography projects, and the Church. Yuyanapaq became available through an online photographic archive, photography book, photo exhibition, and multiple travelling exhibitions.
Conclusions
The TRC's two years of investigations and research led to several conclusions that were presented in the final report, released on 28 August 2003. Based on evidence discovered during the investigations of deaths and disappearances, the TRC was able to provide an accurate estimation of the number deaths that were the result of the internal conflict. It was originally estimated that only 24,000 people died or disappeared, however the TRC concluded that approximately 69,280 died or disappeared as a result of the internal conflict in Peru between 1980 and 2000.
The TRC assessed responsibility for the crimes and human rights violations and determined key the perpetrators. The Shining Path was the principle perpetrator, being responsible for 54% of the deaths. The Shining Path targeted unarmed civilians as part of their strategy to devastate communities as a whole. The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement was responsible for 1.5% of the deaths and 1.8% of the total number of human rights violations. Rebel groups were largely responsible for the recruitment of minors who were apprehended and forced to participate in acts of war. The Peruvian state was responsible for 37% of the deaths and disappearances, including agents of the military, police, other security forces, and political parties. Various human rights violations were carried out by State officials to obtain information, confessions, or incriminate others, as well as to punish individuals and communities. State agents systematically inflicted torture and other forms of cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, mainly in military detention centres, police stations, and counter-terrorism units. 83% of sexual violence against women and girls were attributed to state officials.
The TRC also discovered that rural areas were disproportionately affected by violence, especially those of indigenous communities. Indigenous peoples have historically been the country's most marginalized population, and they became the groups most affected by violence. Although only 29% of the national population lives in rural regions, they represented 79% of the victims of violence. 75% of those who died as a result of the conflict spoke Quechua or another Indigenous language as their first language, when only 16% of the national population's first language is an Indigenous language. Violence was most concentrated in rural, Indigenous, and impoverished regions of the country, in which 45% of reported deaths and disappearances were from the Ayacucho region. Overall, 85% of victims were from the departments of Ayacucho, Junín, Huánuco, Huancavelica, Apurímac and San Martín. Although the internal conflict was not caused by ethnic tensions, the TRC argues that the results represent veiled racism that exists in Peruvian society.
Reconciliation with justice
The TRC understood reconciliation as a foundational pact between the State and society to build a better country, therefore reconciliation must use the justice system to provide reparations and punish the perpetrators. The TRC recommended that all those accused of crimes and human rights abuses must assume responsibility before the courts, and no one should be given amnesty. 43 cases including killings, extrajudicial executions, forced disappearances, torture and ill-treatment, and sexual violence and massacres in communities and prisons were forwarded to the Ombudsman's Office and the Public Prosecutor's Office, identifying both State agents and opposition groups as perpetrators.
Institutional reforms
The TRC recommended institutional reforms as a preventative measure to ensure that an internal conflict will not reoccur.
State presence
The results of investigations demonstrated that the extent of conflict depended on State presence or institutional mechanisms of regions. The TRC recommended that the rights of indigenous peoples should be recognized and protected in national legislation to reaffirm diversity and plurality in Peru. Mechanisms should be implemented to prevent abuses by establishing policies and standards for law enforcement that facilitate collaboration between the National Police, municipal authorities, and citizens.
Security forces
The TRC recommended that the government should create new regulations to limit the powers of armed forces during a state of emergency. Recommendations for the development of a national security policy and establishment of civilian authority over military intelligence services were issued, as well as to determine respective jurisdictions between the Armed Forces and the Police.
Administration of justice
The TRC recommended that military jurisdiction be limited to service-related offences to strengthen the independence of the justice system. The commission stated that International human rights law and international humanitarian law should be incorporated into domestic legislations. The TRC also recommended reforms to the prison system to guarantee rights for detainees, as wells as introducing rehabilitation and social reintegration programs.
Education system
The TRC recommended that the education system promote and respect for ethnic and cultural differences by integrating children from the poorest areas that were most affected by the violence. Basic literacy should be taught to teenage and adult women in rural areas with high literacy rates, as well as an improvement to infrastructure and staffing in rural schools.
Reparations
The TRC recommended the creation of an Integral Reparations Plan to provide reparations to victims & victims' families. The Integral Reparations Plan was a comprehensive plan to help victims of the internal armed conflict to regain their personal dignity and ensure they are given back their rights as citizens, as well as providing compensation for the social and material damage caused to their community. Beneficiaries of the Plan are any individual who suffered abuses of international human rights law, including those who were subject to forced disappearance, kidnapping, extrajudicial execution, murder, displacement, arbitrary detention, forced recruitment, torture and rape, as well as those who were injured or killed as a result of attacks. The TRC also recommended several different types of reparations:
Symbolic reparations
The TRC recommended that places associated with human rights violations be shut down or renovated, including certain detention centres such as Challapalca Prison and El Callao Naval Base. Events should also be held to recognize the importance and seriousness of the human rights violation that occurred.
Reparations in health
Free health care programs should be implemented to provide mental and physical treatment, including specialists for women.
Reparations in education
Grant programs should be created to exempt those who were forced to give up education from paying tuition fees. Adult education program programs should be implemented in areas most affected by violence.
Reparations in society
The commission recommended reparations related to the restoration of full citizen status and elimination of social stigma. The legal status of the "disappeared" should be changed to "absent due to disappearance" to allow relatives to settle succession, property and ownership of goods matters. The legal situation of citizens who were wrongly accused of terrorism should be regularized, as well as expunging records of innocent prisoners who have been acquitted. The TRC recommended a general program that issues new documentation to those without identity documents as a result of the internal conflict.
Financial reparations
Individual compensation should be offered to the relatives of those who died or disappeared, people left with physical or mental disabilities, people who were unjustly imprisoned, and the victims of sexual violence and children born as a result of rape. Collective compensation should be offered to rebuild institutions in indigenous communities and other regions in which social and physical infrastructure were lost as a result of the internal conflict.
Forensic program
The TRC recommended for the continuation of exhumations and investigations into the disappeared. The development of the National Anthropological-Forensic Research Plan is intended to authenticate burial sites and reveal more accurate number of deaths from the internal conflict. The TRC argued that progress can be made in investigations, legal proceedings, and the reparation process by returning remains of victims.
Impact
The High Level Multi-Sectoral Commission was established to supervise collective reparations to communities affected by the violence. This Commission followed up on the recommendations of the TRC and oversaw State action and policy on matters relating to peace, reparations and reconciliation. Its goal was to implement reparations programs to re-build social links between State and Community, however only 65% of projects were carried out by 2007.
By 2004, 3 of the 43 cases submitted to the Public Prosecutor's Office by the TRC have been brought to trial: the alleged arrest and extrajudicial execution of residents of the district of Totos in Ayacucho in April 1983; extrajudicial executions of the Quispillaccta peasant community, in the district of Chuschi, in March 1991; and the murder of 34 inhabitants of Lucmahuaycco in November 1984. 81 cases were completed at the National Criminal Division between 2005 and 2011, which resulted in 58 convictions and 195 acquittals.
In 2005, a Comprehensive Reparations Plan was approved and issued by executive decree 2006, comprising six programs: Restitution of Civil Rights, Education, Health Care, Collective Reparations, Symbolic Reparations, Promotion and Access to Housing, and Economic Reparations or Compensation.
Since 2005, The Inter-American Court of Human Rights has found the state of Peru liable for 16 violations of human rights committed during the internal armed conflict, including for massacres, summary executions, enforced disappearances, torture, and violations of judicial guarantees. On 13 October 2006, a civil anti-terrorism sentenced the Shining Path's leader and his deputy to life in prison, as well as delivering lesser sentences to ten other rebel leaders.
In 2008, The National Council for Reparation began registering victims in order to provide individual reparations according to the TRC recommendations. By 2013, the council had registered 160,429 individual victims and 7,678 communities, including 32 organizations of displaced people. In 2012, the High Level Multi-Sectoral Commission proposed the Comprehensive Reparations Plan, a 5-year financial compensation program. By December 2012, 17,652 victims were beneficiaries of compensation, a total investment of 96 million soles ($36.7 million US).
Prosecution of Fujimori
On 27 August 2001, the Peruvian Congress lifted Alberto Fujimori's immunity and declared that he was responsible for crimes against humanity. President Toledo requested the Japanese authorities to extradite Fujimori to Peru, but was rejected. On 7 November 2005, Fujimori was arrested in Chile at the request of the Peruvian government, and later transported to Peru to be put on trial on 22 September 2007.
Fujimori was on trial for human rights abuses from December 2007 until April 2009. The charges against him in regards to major incidences of crimes and violations: The 1991 Barrios Altos massacre, the killings of nine students and a professor at La Cantuta University in 1992, and the kidnappings of journalist Gustavo Gorriti and businessman Samuel Dyer. Other charges against Fujimori included abuse of authority, illegal wiretapping, bribery, and corruption. The Supreme Court of Peru found Fujimori guilty, and he was sentenced to twenty-five years in prison. He was also ordered to pay reparations to survivors and victims’ relatives. An appeal was filed, however the verdict was sustained.
On 10 October 2012, Fujimori submitted a petition for presidential pardon on humanitarian grounds, due to tongue cancer. On 24 December 2017, President Pedro Pablo Kuczynski granted Fujimori medical pardon, after he had served 12 years of his sentence. The victims of Pativilca requested the National Criminal Court to deny the pardon. On 19 February 2018, the National Criminal Court ruled that the former president must stand trial for his responsibility crimes against humanity.
Reactions
The TRC generated controversies throughout the mandate and with its final report. Some argue that the TRC's mandate was too focused and did not adequately address certain communities' experiences. Approximately 200 000 impoverished Indigenous women were sterilized without proper consent by the Fujimori government, and the final report was insufficient in acknowledging the impact on their communities.
Many of the controversies are related to the Shining Path. Many argue that the TRC's final report is biased against the Peruvian military and biased toward the Shining Path and other rebel groups. Commissioner Sofia Macher referred to the Shining Path as a "political party", and many Peruvians felt that was suggesting that the commission was sympathetic to terrorism. Despite the report's conclusions that the majority of human rights violations were carried out by rebel groups, the TRC still received criticisms for its "anti-military" bias. Many members of Peruvian society argue that Shining Path members were terrorists, and are therefore undeserving to be labelled a victim, as well as arguing that state forces were doing their constitutional duty during the years of violence. Social stigma exists within Peruvian society that associates former rebel group members with terrorism, and that they are not truly victims of the internal conflict. A monument called El Ojo que Llora (The Eye that Cries) was built in 2005 to commemorate the victims of violence. The fountain is surrounded by rocks with inscriptions of the victims of violence. In November 2006, the Inter-American Court of Human Rights ordered that the names of the forty-one victims of the 1992 massacre in Castro Castro prison be added to the monument. Many of these victims were members of the Shining Path, causing outrage by some members of society. The monument was vandalized in 2007. The Place of Memory, Tolerance and Social Inclusion has also been controversial.
Despite the criticisms and controversies of the TRC, the commission is often regarded as one of the most successful truth and reconciliation commission. Priscilla Hayner argues that Peru's TRC is one of the strongest commissions for its thorough investigations within a wide scope of human rights abuses. The TRC is recognized for the successful execution of a wide and complex mandate, and is studied by different countries engaged in truth-seeking. The TRC was a success when analyzed by its mandate and final report. Within the 2 years of work, the TRC established the truth about two decades of violence, provided comprehensive recommendations for reforms, prosecutions, and reparations that could begin the process of reconciliation, as well as completing the final report that was disseminated to the public. | WIKI |
Bantul the Great
Batul, Bantul, Batul the Great, or Bantul the Great (বাঁটুল দি গ্রেট) is a popular Bengali comic strip character created by Narayan Debnath. Bantul the great is originally India's first untelevised superhero. It first appeared and still appears in a children's magazine called Shuktara and is widely read, not only by children but by adults as well. It has since appeared in a comic book format and as an animation series.
Origin
Narayan Debnath's first comic book characters in color were for the comic strip and book Batul The Great. By Debnath's admission, he thought up the idea of the superhero while returning from College Street, Calcutta. He has remarked that the character of Batul or Bantul was influenced by his friend Manohar Aich, the famous Bengali bodybuilder. The name came to him instantly and he thought up the figure of the protagonist rapidly. Initially, he did not know what he foresaw as a future for Batul or Bantul and did not give him any superpowers. This character is said to have similarities with Desperate Dan.
When the Bangladesh War of Liberation, also known as the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 flared up, he was asked by the editors and publishers to add an aura of invincibility. Debnath was reluctant at first because he was worried about legal implications. On assurance, he made Batul a superhero. Bullets began to bounce off of him, much like Superman. Batul was still drawn by Debnath for Shuktara. It has been argued that the historical and cultural significance of Bantul is that he "became a symbol of formidability, a much needed push for the Bengalis in the Bangladesh Liberation War, 1971."
Theme
The protagonist of the story, Batul or Bantul, is a superhero, with a well-built wide body, has an excessively large/broad chest and god-like strength. He is around 6 feet and 2 inches tall and weighs 500 kilos (1102 lbs.) and is so strong that he can lift the whole earth, run through a wall breaking it to pieces, kill whales and sharks barehanded, and even missiles cannot pierce his chest. He has a great appetite and sometimes has a whale for his breakfast. Unlike other heroes, Batul or Bantul does not wear any attractive attire. Rather, he is always seen clad in a pink or orange vest and black shorts. He is the terror of dacoits and hooligans, and protects the good. Sometimes, Bantul's amazing strength is the cause of his downfall. This is especially true when he is trying to operate machinery, since he usually breaks it. Another example, depicted in the panel, shows him trying to ride a bull in a rodeo, but due to his weight, the legs of the bull get embedded in the ground. He is also a portrayed as an intelligent detective in the animation series.
During the early years as a comic book character, Bantul was immensely powerful but lacked superhuman intelligence. He did not possess some abilities such as being lightning quick or having divine powers. But his body was indeed hard enough for him to be able to tank bullets, missile attacks and explosions. Bantul still ate a whale for breakfast and could run through a solid house or apartment breaking it into pieces. Over the years, the strength of Batul or Bantul also increased, with him now being able to even expand or contract the size of his body, having infinite physical strength and even being able to lift the entire sun or any unmovable entity. He is now a superhero possessing supreme intellect along with having an unmatched mental and physical strength. He is also known to be immune to the effects of the most powerful weapons, dark magic or any kinds of physical/mental manipulation. Bantul has performed several planetary and multiversal feats in the animation series.
Both in the comics and the animated series, he is widely shown to be the savior of the good and the destroyer of hooligans, dacoits, monsters, evil scientists, cosmic beings and aliens. Bantul's updated powers in the animation series makes him one of the most powerful superheroes of modern times similar to the strongest incarnations of DC's Superman and Marvel's Thor or even more powerful. With Bantul stays two mischievous boys viz. Bachhu (বাচ্চু) and Bichchu (বিচ্ছু) (also sometimes referred to as Goja গজা and Bhoja ভজা ), who regularly play truant at school, often conspire with robbers and even commit daring crimes like bank robberies. Other characters in the comic strip include Lambakarna, who has long ears and superhuman hearing, Nitai da, who is a servant of Batobyal Sir. Batobyal Sir (a game teacher) is another character who is also a very close neighbor of Bantul, Bantul's aunt, who cooks food for him; Bantul's formidable pet dog Vedo, and a pet ostrich, Uto. He can also ignite flames and also be immune to its effects.
Powers and Abilities
Batul or Bantul the great has the following powers and abilities as shown in the animated series and the comics:
* 1) He has the power of indestructibility.
* 2) He cannot be captured or harmed without his own will.
* 3) He has superhuman intellect.
* 4) He is a supreme hand-to-hand combatant.
* 5) His body is impenetrable.
* 6) He is an expert detective.
* 7) He is immune to the effects of any godly, natural or man-made weapons.
* 8) He has superhuman speed.
* 9) He has superhuman stamina.
* 10) He has superhuman reflexes.
* 11) He has superhuman durability.
* 12) He has shapeshifting ability.
* 13) He has superhuman breath allowing him to exhale huge volumes of air and extinguish fire or destroy any obstruction in his path.
* 14) He has superhuman strength allowing him to even lift or destroy the planets, sun, moon and other galaxies.
* 15) He is immune to magic or dark magic.
* 16) He is immune to reality warping.
* 17) He can easily survive universal or planetary destruction.
* 18) He is immune to any form of manipulation.
* 19) He is omnipotent.
* 20) He is the possessor of divine power.
Animation
Bantul The Great is an Indian animated series created and produced by Arijit Bhadra. The series based on Narayan Debnath's same name comic strip. The series started airing on Zee Bangla from 4 July 2010, airing every Sunday and airing everyday from 29 March 2020 with some repeated episodes, making it one of the most successful animated cartoon series of Bengali Television. It now airs on Zee Bangla from 9am to 10am.
Characters
* Bantul
* Bachchhu
* Bichchhu
* Lambakarna
* Nitai
* Batobyal sir
* Noshu Ghosh
* Ghansa
* Boccha
* Daroga Babu
Voice artists
* Naren Bhattacharya as Bantul
* Rupan Dasgupta as Bachchhu
* Arijit Bhadra as Bichchhu | WIKI |
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