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Goddard Institute for Space Studies
The Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) is a laboratory in the Earth Sciences Division of NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center affiliated with the Columbia University Earth Institute. The institute is located at Columbia University in New York City. It was named after Robert H. Goddard, American engineer, professor, physicist and inventor who is credited with creating and building the world's first liquid-fueled rocket.
Research at the GISS emphasizes a broad study of global change, the natural and anthropogenic changes in our environment that affect the habitability of our planet. These effects may occur on greatly differing time scales, from one-time forcings such as volcanic explosions, to seasonal/annual effects such as El Niño, and on up to the millennia of ice ages.
The institute's research combines analysis of comprehensive global datasets (derived from surface stations combined with satellite data for sea surface temperatures) with global models of atmospheric, land surface, and oceanic processes. Study of past climate change on Earth and of other planetary atmospheres provides an additional tool in assessing general understanding of the atmosphere and its evolution.
GISS was established in May 1961 by Robert Jastrow to do basic research in space sciences in support of Goddard programs. Formally the institute was the New York City office of the GSFC Theoretical Division but was known as the Goddard Space Flight Center Institute for Space Studies or in some publications as simply the Institute for Space Studies. But even before it opened, the institute had been referred to in the press as the Goddard Institute for Space Studies. It was separated from the Theoretical Division in July 1962. Its offices were originally located in The Interchurch Center, and the institute moved into Columbia's Armstrong Hall (a renovated apartment building previously known as the Ostend apartments and subsequently the Oxford Residence Hotel) in April 1966.
From 1981 to 2013, GISS was directed by James E. Hansen. In June 2014, Gavin A. Schmidt was named the institute's third director.
History of scientific research
In the 1960s, GISS was a frequent center for high-level scientific workshops, including the "History of the Earth's Crust Symposium" in November 1966 which has been described as the meeting that gave birth to the idea of plate tectonics.
At a GISS workshop in 1967, John Wheeler popularized the term "black hole" as a short-hand for 'gravitationally completely collapsed star', though the term was not coined there. Hong-Yee Chiu is credited with introducing the term "quasar" while working at GISS in 1964.
In September 1974, at a seminal meeting led by Patrick Thaddeus at GISS with John Mather (his then post-doc) and others discussions began on the possibility of building a satellite to measure both the spectrum and possible spatial fluctuations of the Cosmic Microwave Background. This led directly to the COBE satellite project and a Nobel Prize for Mather.
GISS personnel were involved as instrument and science team scientists in multiple historic NASA solar system missions, Mariner 5 to Venus, Pioneer 10 and 11 to Jupiter and Saturn, the Voyager program, Pioneer Venus, Galileo to Jupiter, the unsuccessful Mars Observer and Climate Orbiter, and Cassini-Huygens mission to Saturn.
Polarimetry has been a speciality of GISS since the Pioneer, Voyager, and Galileo missions, and has been adapted to Earth observing missions as well. Notably, Michael Mishchenko of GISS was project scientist for the Glory mission, which failed to reach orbit after launch in 2011. Glory would have employed the Aerosol Polarimetry Sensor (APS) developed by GISS scientists had it reached orbit. More recently, Brian Cairns of GISS is one of the deputy project scientists of the PACE mission, which launched in February 2024 and has two polarimeters on board.
Climate change research
A key objective of Goddard Institute for Space Studies research is prediction of climate change in the 21st century. The research combines paleogeological record, analysis of comprehensive global datasets (derived mainly from spacecraft observations), with global models of atmospheric, land surface, and oceanic processes.
Climate science predictions are based substantially on historical analysis of Earth's paleoclimate (climate through geological ages), and the sea-level/ temperature/ carbon dioxide record.
Changes in carbon dioxide associated with continental drift, and the decrease in volcanism as India arrived at the Asian continent, allowed temperatures to drop & Antarctic ice-sheets to form. This resulted in a 75m drop in sea level, allowing our present-day coastlines & habitats to form and stabilize.
Global change studies at GISS are coordinated with research at other groups within the Earth Sciences Division, including the Laboratory for Atmospheres, Laboratory for Hydrospheric and Biospheric Sciences, and Earth Observing System science office.
Awards
GISS director James Hansen received the Heinz Award in 2001.
In November 2004, climatologists Drew Shindell and Gavin Schmidt were named amongst Scientific American magazine's Top 50 Scientist award.
One-time GISS post-doctoral scientist John C. Mather was years later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2006.
Climate impacts researcher Cynthia Rosenzweig was awarded the World Food Prize in 2022.
Alumni
People who have worked at GISS and their periods of employment include:
* W. David Arnett, (1966-1967), postdoc
* Norman H. Baker (1962-1965)
* Alastair G. W. Cameron (1961-1966)
* Mark Cane (1966-1970, 1975–1976), programmer, postdoc
* Jérôme Chappellaz (1990-1991)
* Hong-Yee Chiu (1961-1984)
* Benjamin Cook (2008-)
* Thomas M. Dame (1983-1984), postdoc
* Anthony Del Genio (1979-2019)
* Dilhan Eryurt (née Ezer) (1964-1966, 1969–1973), postdoc and staff scientist
* Rhodes Fairbridge (1955-2006)
* Inez Fung (1986-1993)
* Michael Ghil (1975-1976)
* Douglas Gough (1967-1969)
* Milton Halem (1961-1977)
* James Hansen (1967-2014)
* Christine P. Hendon (1998-2000), intern
* Robert Jastrow (1961-1981)
* John Knox (1995-2001), postdoc
* Joel S. Levine (1967-1969), grad student
* Kuo-Nan Liou (1970-1972), postdoc
* Leon B. Lucy (1962), postdoc
* Kate Marvel (2015-2022, 2024-)
* John C. Mather (1974-1976), postdoc
* John McAfee (1968-1970), programmer
* Michael I. Mishchenko (1992-2020)
* Michael J. Prather (1985-1992)
* William J. Quirk (1974-1978), postdoc
* S. Ichtiaque Rasool (1961-1971)
* Cynthia Rosenzweig (1985-)
* William B. Rossow (1979-2007)
* Gavin Schmidt (1996-)
* Stephen Schneider (1971-1972), postdoc
* Stephen Self (1977-1979)
* Drew Shindell (1995-2014)
* Richard Somerville (1971-1974)
* Richard Stothers (1961-2011)
* Patrick Thaddeus (1966-1986)
* James W. Truran (1965-1967), postdoc
* Sachiko Tsuruta (c. 1964), graduate student
* Nadine Unger (2002-2010)
In popular culture
* The institute is housed at the corner of West 112th St. and Broadway in New York City in Columbia University's Armstrong Hall. The building also houses Tom's Restaurant, which was the exterior for the restaurant in Seinfeld and the subject of the Suzanne Vega song Tom's Diner.
* WQED made a documentary in the 1960s "The Universe on a Scratch Pad" about the theoretical work being done at GISS. | WIKI |
16 Comments
1. A related document, RERF’s Views on Residual Radiation was posted on the Radiation Effects Research Foundation’s website in December 2012. Its but 6 pages whose primary intent was to answer criticism that RERF neglected possible carcinogenic effects of residual radiation (e.g. fallout) when evaluating subject exposures for its long-term studies.
RERF’s conclusion was it basically doesn’t matter: residual radiation was small compared to induced radiation which was small compared to direct radiation, and their control group of relief reservists who entered the Hiroshima area the day after the bombing and were exposed to highest levels of induced radiation (but not direct radiation as they weren’t there at the bombing) showed no increased mortality — from any cause — over their countrymen who thank god they were elsewhere:
The estimates showed that most of the unit’s radiation exposure was from induced
radiation, that the estimated maximum dose was 100 mSv based on both chromosome
aberration frequencies and computer simulations, and that the average dose for the entire unit was 13 mSv. Moreover, in a mortality study of these 99 people conducted over a period of 42 years since August 1945, no difference was observed in either all causes of death or cancers when compared with national averages.
This is on page 4 and would appear to contradict LNT just on its own. A standard objection to such epidemiological evidence is that there’s no accounting for life-style changes these men may have made after learning of their exposure. Which may well be true — but if one concedes that hypothesized radiation effects are lost in the noise of day-to-day living, then from an overall risk assessment, does it really matter?
The article concludes with some less-than-alarming news regarding Fukushima:
Because food and drink are now being monitored adequately following the accident and the amount of radioactive substances suspended in the air is extremely small, concerns about internal exposure should not grow any further as long as the current monitoring system is maintained. In terms of effects from radiation exposure immediately after the accident, results of measurements conducted so far by the government of Fukushima Prefecture on tens of thousands of people have shown that the committed dose is less than 1 mSv in more than 99.9% of such people, and the maximum dose observed in this group is as low as the global average background radiation level (2.4 mSv a year).
…but don’t tell Leslie, okay? (joke)
2. I should amend that. From an overall risk assessment it might indeed matter, if one can estimate an upper bound on the beneficial effects of any unaccounted for lifestyle changes. What it doesn’t do is provide support for LNT.
3. These are excellent resources on their own for the scientifically literate lay reader, particularly those who may still accept the fear-inducing narrative about the dangers of radiation from nuclear power.
This is great stuff! Thank you — and SARI — for your efforts.
4. The NIPCC are excellent resources on their own for the scientifically literate lay reader, particularly those who may still accept the fear-inducing narrative about the dangers of carbon dioxide from coal power.
It’s great stuff! Thank you-and NIPCC-for your denial.
http://www.nipccreport.org/
1. @Bob Applebaum
I’m disappointed. I must have posted after your bedtime; it took more than 12 hours before you jumped in with your ever-so-useful allegation that people who reject the linear no-threshold dose assumption are equivalent to climate change deniers.
Can you, for once, please provide some credible analysis or relevant commentary?
2. Bob;
Just because the excessive C02 is proven devastating to the environment doesn’t mean the optimum level of C02 in the atmosphere is Zero.
Since we know you force your belief that the optimum level of Ionizing radiation is zero, that puts yourself in the denial camp that minor background levels may actually be good for us.
I think deep down you realize this, but the cognitive dissonance given your radiation fear cash-in vs the actual benefit of low levels of ionizing radiation is too great.
1. The link would also cast doubt on Acid rain (I grew up just out side the blue line of the Adirondacks), which received great harm from Acid rain. And they pretend 2nd hand smoke isn’t so bad.
3. Bob, could you comment on this recent update to the atomic bomb survivor data? I don’t think I have seen you discuss that aspect of the whole low dose situation before.
Also, how do you feel about the bolded portions of the following sentence from above. I have a guess for what your internal reaction to it is, but prior to stating that guess, I’d like you to present your own thoughts/feelings towards the bolded phrasing, boldness added by me.
“Our group is multidisciplinary and includes expertise in a variety of areas including radiation source characterization, radiation transport, external and internal radiation dosimetry, radiobiological effects (both harmful and beneficial), dose-response modeling, radiation risk and benefit assessment, nuclear medicine, diagnostic radiology, radiation oncology, commercial nuclear power, technology supporting use of nuclear power, isotope production, and nuclear/radiological emergency management.”
I am sure that Helen Caldicott’s feelings, as an ideologue would be something to the effect of: “To suggest that there would be any possibility of any benefit gained from additional radiation is an utter absurdity”.
5. So I’m curious……
Seems to me, that in the event of a nuclear explosion, that citizens would be subjected to irradiated debris in the form of dust particles, breathed in, as well as coating the environment. Where in the case of a nuclear event at a power plant the issue is more one of the release of radiation sans the debris caused by a massive explosion.
So….does this change the amount of health risk posed by the levels or exposure? Of course, just the inhalation of dust is harmful by itself, but as these irradiated particles of dust languish in the lungs, does it compound the radiation exposure?
1. @POA. Sure. Just don’t extrapolate down to zero, which is silly, and that’s what Bob Applebaum does.
2. I think at Hiroshima the radiation from plutonium and other irradiated particles was trivial compared to the gamma burst from the explosion, and even that did less damage than the blast wave and the heat. Both bombs in Japan were air burst, so the fireball didn’t irradiate very much dust. There was a little bit of plutonium in the Chernobyl fallout, closer to the reactor, but, as at Fukushima, gases and volatiles dominated. Gases aren’t a concern; of the volatiles, there was about four times as much Iodine 131 at Chernobyl as Cesium 137. These both produce beta radiation within the cell, with similar energy levels, and leaving damage trails on the order of a millimetre long. Iodine concentrated in the thyroid, which weighs about 15 to 20 grams, whereas Cesium is found more or less evenly throughout the soft tissues, say forty kilos in an adult. Iodine 131 has a half life of eight days, Cesium 137 is about 30 years, roughly 1300 times as long. So in the first week those in the fallout area might have received very approximately 4 x 2000 x 1300 = ten million times as much radiation in the thyroid as in any other organ ( ignoring the concentration of iodine into milk by the cows which were the main vector for it.)
By now the iodine has long decayed to zero, but any radiocesium still around should have about half its original potency. This article details measurements on wolves in Gomel, Byelorussia, one of the more heavily affected areas.
http://ajw.asahi.com/article/0311disaster/analysis_opinion/AJ201203280003
‘ For example, the amount of cesium-137 accumulated in each kilogram of flesh extracted from wolves–which sit at the top of the food chain–was measured at 40.8 kilobecquerels, based on 96 samples, between 1998 and 2000. The figure dropped to 23.9 kilobecquerels, based on 79 samples, from 2001 to 2005.
However, the level rose to 30.7 kilobecquerels, based on 19 samples, from 2006 to 2010.’ That is about 4,000 times less than a lethal dose, according to Wikipedia-
‘A 1972 experiment showed that when dogs are subjected to a whole body burden of 3800 μCi/kg (140 MBq/kg, or approximately 44 μg/kg) of caesium-137 (and 950 to 1400 rads), they die within thirty-three days, while animals with half of that burden all survived for a year.’
1. Whoops, scratch that. On rechecking, the releases from Chernobyl were calculated by activity, not quantity. So assuming roughly similar uptake, dose to the thyroid would only be a few thousand times more than to the rest of the body.
1. Just for completeness re. I-131 and thyroid cancer, one might note two substantial differences between Chernobyl and Fukushima:
1. With their seafood-rich diet, Japanese children are not noted for iodine deficiency. This in contrast with Soviet-era Belarus and Ukraine children, who were.
2. One of the things the Japanese government did do right after the Fukushima explosions was immediate distribution of protective iodine tablets to inhibit uptake of I-131 in any fallout. As result there have been no excess thyroid cancers reported in Fukushima, and none are anticipated. In contrast, there have been 6,000 thryroid cancers in the Chernobyl effected area since 1986, and “…many of those cancers were most likely caused by radiation exposures shortly after the accident.” There have been about 10 thryroid cancer deaths. From UNSCEAR’s 2012 report:
“Apart from the dramatic increase in thyroid cancer incidence among those exposed at a young age, and some indication of an increased leukaemia and cataract incidence among the workers, there is no clearly demonstrated increase in the incidence of solid cancers or leukaemia due to radiation in the exposed populations. Neither is there any proof of other non-malignant disorders that are related to ionizing radiation. However, there were widespread psychological reactions to the accident, which were due to fear of the radiation, not to the actual radiation doses.”
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Quick Start for Users
compass conda environment
E3SM supported machines
For each compass release, we maintain a conda environment. that includes the compass package as well as all of its dependencies and some libraries (currently ESMF and SCORPIO) built with system MPI on our standard machines (Anvil, Badger, Chrysalis, Compy, Cori, and Grizzly). Here are the commands to load the the environment for the latest compass release with the default compiler and MPI library on each machine:
• Anvil (Blues):
source /lcrc/soft/climate/compass/anvil/load_latest_compass.sh
• Badger:
source /usr/projects/climate/SHARED_CLIMATE/compass/badger/load_latest_compass.sh
• Chrysalis:
source /lcrc/soft/climate/compass/chrysalis/load_latest_compass.sh
• Compy:
source /share/apps/E3SM/conda_envs/compass/load_latest_compass.sh
• Cori-Haswell:
source /global/cfs/cdirs/e3sm/software/compass/cori-haswell/load_latest_compass.sh
• Cori-KNL:
source /global/cfs/cdirs/e3sm/software/compass/cori-knl/load_latest_compass.sh
• Grizzly:
source /usr/projects/climate/SHARED_CLIMATE/compass/grizzly/load_latest_compass.sh
These same paths (minus load_latest_compass.sh) also have load scripts for the latest version of compass with all the supported compiler and MPI combinations. For example, on Anvil, you can get an environment appropriate for build MPAS components with Gnu compilers and OpenMPI using:
source /lcrc/soft/climate/compass/anvil/load_latest_compass_gnu_openmpi.sh
other machines
To install your own compass conda environment on other machines, first, install Miniconda3 (if miniconda is not already installed), then add the conda-forge channel:
conda config --add channels conda-forge
conda config --set channel_priority strict
then, create a new conda environment (called compass in this example) as follows:
conda create -n compass -c conda-forge -c e3sm/label/compass python=3.9 \
"compass=*=mpi_mpich*"
This will install the version of the package with MPI from conda-forge’s MPICH package. If you want OpenMPI, use "compass=*=mpi_openmpi*" instead. If you do not want MPI from conda-forge (e.g. because you are working with a system with its own MPI), use "compass=*=nompi*"
To get a specific version of compass, you can instead run:
conda create -n compass -c conda-forge -c e3sm/label/compass python=3.9 \
"compass=1.0.0=mpi_mpich*"
That is, you will replace compass=* with compass=1.0.0.
Then, you will need to create a load script to activate the conda environment and set some environment variables. In a directory where you want to store the script, run:
conda activate compass
create_compass_load_script
From then on, each time you want to set up test cases or suites with compass or build MPAS components, you will need to source that load script, for example:
source load_compass_1.0.0_mpich.sh
When you set up tests, a link called load_compass_env.sh will be added to each test case or suite work directory. To run the tests, you may find it more convenient to source that link instead of finding the path to the original load script.
Building MPAS components
You will need to check out a branch of E3SM to build an MPAS component.
Typically, for MPAS-Ocean, you will clone E3SM and for MALI, you will clone MALI-Dev.
To build MPAS-Ocean, first source the appropriate load script (see compass conda environment) then run:
cd components/mpas-ocean
git submodule update --init --recursive
make <mpas_make_target>
MALI can be compiled with or without the Albany library that contains the first-order velocity solver. The Albany first-order velocity solver is the only velocity option that is scientifically validated, but the Albany library is only installed on Badger, Grizzly, and Cori. Therefore, in some situations it is desirable to compile without Albany to run basic tests on platforms where Albany is not available. This basic mode of MALI can be compiled similarly to MPAS-Ocean. Again, first source the appropriate load script (see compass conda environment) then run:
cd components/mpas-albany-landice
git submodule update --init --recursive
make <mpas_make_target>
Compiling MALI with Albany has not yet been standardized, though this is a feature we hope to support in the next release. Some information is available at https://github.com/MALI-Dev/E3SM/wiki, and complete instructions will be added here in the future.
See the last column of the table in Supported Machines for the right <mpas_make_target> command for each machine and compiler.
Setting up test cases
Before you set up a test case with compass, you will need to build the MPAS component you wish to test with, see Building MPAS components above.
If you have not already done so, you will need to source the appropriate load script, see compass conda environment.
To see all available test cases you can set up in compass, run:
compass list
and you get output like this:
0: landice/circular_shelf/decomposition_test
1: landice/dome/2000m/sia_smoke_test
2: landice/dome/2000m/sia_decomposition_test
3: landice/dome/2000m/sia_restart_test
4: landice/dome/2000m/fo_smoke_test
5: landice/dome/2000m/fo_decomposition_test
6: landice/dome/2000m/fo_restart_test
7: landice/dome/variable_resolution/sia_smoke_test
8: landice/dome/variable_resolution/sia_decomposition_test
9: landice/dome/variable_resolution/sia_restart_test
...
The list is long, so it will likely be useful to grep for particular content:
compass list | grep baroclinic_channel
32: ocean/baroclinic_channel/1km/rpe_test
33: ocean/baroclinic_channel/4km/rpe_test
34: ocean/baroclinic_channel/10km/rpe_test
35: ocean/baroclinic_channel/10km/decomp_test
36: ocean/baroclinic_channel/10km/default
37: ocean/baroclinic_channel/10km/restart_test
38: ocean/baroclinic_channel/10km/threads_test
See compass list for more information.
To set up a particular test case, you can either use the full path of the test case:
compass setup -t ocean/global_ocean/QU240/mesh -w <workdir> -p <mpas_path>
or you can replace the -t flag with the simple shortcut: -n 15. You can set up several test cases at once by passing test numbers separated by spaces: -n 15 16 17. See compass setup for more details.
Here, <workdir> is a path, usually to your scratch space. For example, on Badger on LANL IC, you might use:
-w /lustre/scratch4/turquoise/$USER/runs/210131_test_new_branch
The placeholder <mpas> is the relative or absolute path where the MPAS component has been built (the directory, not the executable itself; see Machines). You will typically want to provide a path either with -p or in a config file (see below) because the default paths are only useful for developers running out of the compass repository.
You can explicitly specify a supported machine with -m <machine>. You can run:
compass list --machines
to see what machines are currently supported. If you omit the -m flag, compass will try to automatically detect if you are running on a supported machine and will fall back to a default configuration if no supported machine is detected.
You may point to a config file with -f:
compass setup -t ocean/global_ocean/QU240/mesh -f ocean.cfg -w <workdir>
to specify config options that override the defaults from compass as a whole, individual testcases, or machines. If you are working on a supported machine and you used -p to point to the MPAS build you want to use, you do not need a config file.
If you are not on one of the supported machines, you will need to create a config file like in this example for MPAS-Ocean. See also these examples in the repository.
# This file contains some common config options you might want to set
# if you're working with the compass MPAS-Ocean or MALI.
# The paths section describes paths that are used within landice and ocean
# test cases.
[paths]
# The root to a location where data files for MALI will be cached
landice_database_root = </path/to/landice_datafiles>
# The root to a location where the mesh_database, initial_condition_database,
# and bathymetry_database for MPAS-Ocean will be cached
ocean_database_root = </path/to/ocean_databases>
# The parallel section describes options related to running tests in parallel
[parallel]
# parallel system of execution: slurm or single_node
system = single_node
# whether to use mpirun or srun to run the model
parallel_executable = mpirun -host localhost
# cores per node on the machine
cores_per_node = 4
# the number of multiprocessing or dask threads to use
threads = 4
The two *_database_root directories can point to locations where you would like to download data for MALI and MPAS-Ocean. This data is downloaded only once and cached for the next time you call compass setup or compass suite (see below).
The cores_per_node and threads config options should be the number of CPUs on your computer. You can set this to a smaller number if you want compass.
In order to run regression testing that compares the output of the current run with that from a previous compass run, use -b <previous_workdir> to specify a “baseline”.
When you set up one or more test cases, they will also be included in a custom test suite, which is called custom by default. (You can give it another name with the --suite_name flag.) You can run all the test cases in sequence with one command as described in Test Suites or run them one at a time as follows.
Running a test case
After compiling the code and setting up a test case, you can log into an interactive node (see Supported Machines), load the required conda environment and modules, and then
cd <workdir>/<test_subdir>
source load_compass_env.sh
compass run
The <workdir> is the same path provided to the -w flag above. The sequence of subdirectories (<test_subdir>) is the same as given when you list the test cases. If the test case was set up properly, the directory should contain a file test_case.pickle that contains the information compass needs to run the test case. The load script load_compass_env.sh is a link to whatever load script you sourced before setting up the test case (see compass conda environment).
Test Suites
compass includes several suites of test cases for code regressions and bit-for-bit testing, as well as simply to make it easier to run several test cases in one call. They can be listed with:
compass list --suites
The output is:
Suites:
-c landice -t fo_integration
-c landice -t full_integration
-c landice -t sia_integration
-c ocean -t cosine_bell_cached_init
-c ocean -t ec30to60
-c ocean -t ecwisc30to60
-c ocean -t nightly
-c ocean -t pr
-c ocean -t qu240_for_e3sm
-c ocean -t quwisc240
-c ocean -t quwisc240_for_e3sm
-c ocean -t sowisc12to60
-c ocean -t wc14
You can set up a suite as follows:
compass suite -s -c ocean -t nightly -w <workdir> -p <mpas_path>
where the details are similar to setting up a case. You can use the same config file (e.g. -f ocean.cfg) and you can specify a “baseline” with -b <previous_workdir> for regression testing of the output compared with a previous run of the nightly suite. See compass suite for more on this command.
To run the regression suite, log into an interactive node, load your modules, and
cd <workdir>
source load_compass_env.sh
compass run [nightly]
In this case, you can specify the name of the suite to run. This is required if there are multiple suites in the same <workdir>. You can optionally specify a suite like compass run [suitename].pickle, which is convenient for tab completion on the command line. The load script load_compass_env.sh is a link to whatever load script you sourced before setting up the test case (see compass conda environment). | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
ISync
iSync is a defunct application developed by Apple Inc., which syncs iCal and Address Book data to SyncML-enabled mobile phones, via Bluetooth or by using a USB connection. It was first released on Jan 2, 2003, with technology licensed from fusionOne. Support for many (pre-October 2007) devices was built-in, with newer devices being supported via manufacturer and third-party iSync Plugins.
History
iSync's first beta was released on September 28, 2002.
In June 2003, The Register reported that an iSync 1.1 bug could lead to contacts without phone numbers being deleted from synced phones. iSync uses port 3004, which could also be blocked if the Mac OS X firewall was enabled.
Before the release of Mac OS X 10.4, iSync also synchronized a user's Safari bookmarks with the now-defunct .Mac subscription service provided by Apple.
Starting with Mac OS X 10.4, much of iSync's original syncing functionality was moved into the Sync Services framework, which developers can use to incorporate synchronization into their own applications. iSync, however, retained responsibility for the setup, configuration and synchronising of supported mobile handsets. Since the release of iTunes 4.8, the user interface for synchronizing iPods had been delegated to iTunes, although conflict-resolution and substantial changes to contact information (>5%) show an iSync panel. Synchronization with MobileMe (previously .Mac) was then the domain of MobileMe Sync, accessible through a System Preferences pane.
iSync was removed from Mac OS X in version 10.7 (Lion). However, since the underlying framework still existed in Lion and 10.8 (Mountain Lion), it was possible to restore the functionality of iSync using a 10.6 (Snow Leopard) installation or backup.
Device compatibility
In 2005, iSync supported iPods, personal digital assistants (PDAs), mobile phones, and other devices; iSync supported phones from Motorola, Nokia, Panasonic, Sony Ericsson, Siemens, and Sendo.
Before the release of iSync, Palm had released its own sync software, Palm Desktop for Mac, which it soon abandoned. Apple created its own software tool, called Palm Conduit, to make iSync compatible with Palm's HotSync protocol. iSync 2.0 directly integrated Palm Conduit. After the 2009 Palm Pre abandoned HotSync, Apple dropped Palm support from iSync 3.1 in Mac OS X Snow Leopard.
BlackBerry OS, Palm OS, and Windows Mobile (Pocket PC) devices were not officially supported by iSync, but could still be synchronized through the use of third-party iSync plug-ins. | WIKI |
Solved thread
This post is marked as solved. If you think the information contained on this thread must be part of the official documentation, please contribute submitting a pull request to its repository.
Model validation 'Wrong number of parameters'
I am having a bit of an issue with the new validator on CLI Task, probably I am doing something wrong.
php 5.5.9, phalcon 3, Xubuntu 14.04, package manager instalation
Line 124 is return $this->validate($validator);
public function validation()
{
$validator = new \Phalcon\Validation();
$validator->add(
['RELATED', 'RELATED_ID', 'bin_key64'],
new \Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Uniqueness()
);
return $this->validate($validator);
}
CLI error is has follows
PHP Fatal error: Uncaught exception 'BadMethodCallException' with message 'Wrong number of parameters' in /var/www/v2/app/models/Files.php:124
Stack trace:
#0 [internal function]: Phalcon\Mvc\Model->getRelated()
#1 [internal function]: Phalcon\Validation->getValue('RELATED')
#2 [internal function]: Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Uniqueness->isUniqueness(Object(Phalcon\Validation), Array)
#3 [internal function]: Phalcon\Validation\Validator\Uniqueness->validate(Object(Phalcon\Validation), Array)
#4 [internal function]: Phalcon\Validation->validate(NULL, Object(Files))
#5 /var/www/v2/app/models/Files.php(124): Phalcon\Mvc\Model->validate(Object(Phalcon\Validation))
#6 [internal function]: Files->validation()
#7 [internal function]: Phalcon\Mvc\Model->fireEventCancel('validation')
#8 [internal function]: Phalcon\Mvc\Model->_preSave(Object(Phalcon\Mvc\Model\MetaData\Memory), false, 'id')
#9 /var/www/v2/app/tasks/FileTask.php(346): Phalcon\Mvc\Model->save()
#10 /var/www/v2/app/tasks/File in /var/www/apqe/v2/app/models/Files.php on line 124
Hapens also with php 7
Is RELATED a relation like belongsTo or hasMany or any other alias ? Then it won't work.
edited Aug '16
It's not a relation, ['RELATED', 'RELATED_ID', 'bin_key64'] are properties of the model and fields of the table.
135.3k
Accepted
answer
edited Aug '16
Oh i know why it's executed https://github.com/phalcon/cphalcon/blob/master/phalcon/validation.zep#L489 Beacause it's looking for getRelated() method and obviously such method exists from Phalcon\Mvc\Model, you need to change name of this for now, create issue on github maybe so we will add underscore before getRelated but this will be change in phalcon 4.
So Related is a reserved 'propertie' in models? because when phalcon tries to call getRealated it uses the magic method __get()?
edited Aug '16
No no no. Validation is trying to use getter. And obviously there is such a method as getRelated in model(Phalcon\Mvc\Model::getRelated().
But this means yes - related is reserved property name.
I just tested it works if I do not name a propertie 'related'. yes I know there is such a method, been reading the code all nigh ^^
but the model magic method is running 1st thus generating the error.
So if 'related' is not considered a "reserved word" maybe a reference in the manual that such problems can occour?
No it's nor running first. First validation checks for getters, then other things. Check link from source i posted.
Oh ok got it, Will create issue on Github, you are right maybe the underscore will solve the issue on phalcon4, but it's a public ...
Have you guys ever considered to implement a DataMapper ORM?
Well it's huge work to do.
Yes I know, I did try to implement one of my own in pure php, nonsense when you have zephir.
Please dont get me wrong, my idea is not to change the hole ORM to DataMapper and ditch ActiveRecord, my idea is to have both options and offer a alternative for those who use for example Doctrine2. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:CanonLawJunkie/Canonical structure
Dicastery
Each dicastery of the Roman Curia has juridic personality under canon law. The dicasteries are equal juridically to each other. Some dicasteries, which serve a dual function both as an administrative body of the Holy See and of Vatican City State, have dual juridical personality, civil and canonical, under the law of Vatican City and under Catholic canon law. | WIKI |
Q:
What is the Eat to Live Diet Plan?
A:
Quick Answer
The Eat to Live Diet Plan is a six week diet plan that aims at 20 pounds of weight loss and improved health. The diet plan cuts down on carbohydrates, oils and sugars, and it cuts out meats and dairy. It advises participants to eat plenty of vegetables, fruits, legumes, beans and whole grains. The diet plan is rated medium to hard because of the its restrictive levels for the first six weeks.
Continue Reading
Full Answer
Some foods that are allowed on this diet plan are raw vegetables, around one cup of beans or legumes each day and four fresh fruits per day, as long as the fruit is not canned. Steamed and cooked vegetables are allowed, also, as long as they are foods like cauliflower, tomatoes, green vegetables, mushrooms and peppers. All of these items can be eaten in unlimited amounts.
Some food items that can be eaten in limited amounts daily are one cup of cooked whole grains or starchy vegetables, such as squash or corn; two ounces of avocado; two tablespoons of dried fruit; one ounce of raw nuts or seeds; and a tablespoon of ground flax seeds.
Food items not allowed on the diet include any animal products, such as meat and dairy, processed foods and any snacks between meals.
After the initial six-week period is up, meats are slowly reintroduced, as are non-fat dairy items, olive oil and refined carbohydrates.
Learn more about Diet Plans
Sources:
Related Questions
Explore | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
BRIEF-Provention Announces Positive Data From Phase 1B Prevail Study Of PRV-3279
March 12 (Reuters) - Provention Bio Inc: * PROVENTION ANNOUNCES POSITIVE DATA FROM PHASE 1B PREVAIL STUDY OF PRV-3279 * PROVENTION BIO INC - PRV-3279 INHIBITED FUNCTION OF B CELLS, DURABLY AND WITHOUT DEPLETION * PROVENTION BIO INC - PRV-3279 WAS WELL TOLERATED IN HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS * PROVENTION BIO INC - PRV-3279 WAS WELL-TOLERATED, WITH NO SERIOUS ADVERSE EVENTS * PROVENTION BIO INC - PLANS TO COMMENCE PHASE 2A PORTION OF PREVAIL STUDY IN LUPUS PATIENTS IN FIRST HALF OF 2021 Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage: | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Fora
Trove running perfectly.
Autor Odpowiedzi
Dasto Tuesday 13 September 2016 at 23:20
DastoAnonymous
I recently wanted to run Trove and thought great PlayOnLinux has a Rift game setup. I thought this would work as Rift and Trove install from same installer/hub but it didn't. Glyph (game installer/hub) installed correctly but Trove error messaged, wouldn't install or run. I found a few forums and YouTube videos and combined their recommendations and it works perfectly.
I have been trying to recreate the method I used with no joy. When I have recreated it I have used a plain Wine 1.9.5-staging instead of the Rift version as a base then modefy Wine version, Windows version and add libraries(with Rift base it works after modifying). I have created a backup of this virtual machine using PlayOnLinux Vault so I don't lose it.
My main reason for messaging here is because I would like to share my success by asking PlayOnLinux or forum members if there are files I can submit to PlayOnLinux to get it into the supported games area. Then after that I will pass the information to CrossOver for their supported list.
How I did it: http://pastebin.com/5WQS7CW6
Any feedback would be grately appreciated smiley
Edytowane przez Dasto
mac.linux.free Monday 3 October 2016 at 0:15
mac.linux.freeAnonymous
hi dasto.
could you please share your playonlinux vault?
I couldn´t get it to work since the last glyph update.
thank you very much.
Dadu042 Friday 25 September 2020 at 11:10
Dadu042
Thanks for the report, I made a script for (just running the Glyph Game Store script is enough, as of 2020-09-25)
I put here a copy of the 2016 howto of Dasto (from Pastebin.com):
1. How to get TROVE to work in PlayOnLinux:
2.
3. Programs: PlayOnLinux (Rift game base)
4.
5. Modifications to make to Rift game base to get Trove working...
6.
7. Version 1.9.5 wine-staging
8. Config: Windows Vista or 7
9.
Wine Libraries (in the wine config install apis):
10. api-ms-win-core-apiquery-l1-1-0
11. api-ms-win-crt-locale-l1-1-0
12. api-ms-win-crt-runtime-l1-1-0
13. gdiplus
14. ucrtbase
15. vcruntime140
16.
17. Programs required:
18. Directxfullsetup install (to install components) - POL_Install_dxfullsetup
19.
20.
21. COPY: drive_c/Program Files/Glyph/Games/Trove/Live/Trove.cfg
22. PASTE: drive_c/users/dasto/Application Data/Trove/
23.
24. Within the pasted Trove.cfg add: Device = opengl UNDER [Rendering] SECTION.
25.
26. I then COPIED the file from: drive_c/users/dasto/Application Data/Trove/
To: drive_c/users/Public/Application Data/Trove/
27. I'm not sure if you need to copy into users/Public but I did just to cover myself.
28.
29. In drive_c/users/dasto/Application Data/Trove/ "dasto" is my linux login username.
30. I'm not sure how you would set the preset as the user folder would depend on the Linux login username.
31.
32. Majority of the modifications are credit to the creator of this video (Peka, 2016): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wH4xHLCuQG0
Edytowane przez Dadu042 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Castle of the fairies
Suggestion
I had this one sitting around on the French site Elinruby (talk) 17:08, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
* You will need to use Template:Infobox building for the infobox. There is no infobox chateau. scope_creep Talk 17:16, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
K thanks. Yes, the markup is completely different. I would have had to look up the right template though, so thanks for saving me that step. I just found another that is at a more advanced state and includes excavations, though, if you two would prefer to wait on this one for me to fix the markup. I do know how to do that. I just liked the name of this one. Research question for myself anyone else: what is the actual common name of this place. "Château" may just be what the French call this castle (or Castel) Elinruby (talk) 17:25, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
* Convert the infobox first and do the translation on the fields and then ping me. Its needs a info sorted first and then the lead. scope_creep Talk 17:32, 6 January 2023 (UTC)
Château vs castle vs castel
Tentatively making the call that "chåteau" used as an English word connotes something far later and more elaborate (Chantilly, Versailles). When I move the article to mainspace I think I shall call it a castle. Elinruby (talk) 08:19, 18 June 2023 (UTC)
* yeah this was definitely more of a fortress than a palace. Yet not a castel, since this is derived from and has overtones of castrum, and while old this building does not seem to date back as far as that. So castle it is. Not moving yet as a few translation issues remain to be resolved. Elinruby (talk) 21:15, 6 July 2023 (UTC)
Ping
, who was somewhat interested. Moving to mainspace, please feel free to work on this if interested Elinruby (talk) 07:49, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
"force" in image caption
I am having trouble translating this. It doesn't seem to be a forceps, which was one theory I has. Force of course has a lot of other meanings in both French and English Elinruby (talk) 09:06, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
* actually just avoided the issue by saying 'archaeologival finds', but I am curious about the answer if anyone knows. Elinruby (talk) 09:12, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
Feedback from New Page Review process
I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: Nice work
North8000 (talk) 12:56, 1 September 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Hurricane Ismael (1983)
Hurricane Ismael was responsible for significant flooding throughout the Inland Empire of the United States in August 1983. The cyclone was the tenth depression, ninth named storm, and fifth hurricane of the 1983 Pacific hurricane season. The origins of Hurricane Ismael were from a northward bulge of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) in early August, which resulted in the formation of a tropical depression on August 8. Six hours later, it was upgraded into Tropical storm Ismael. Continuing to intensify, Ismael was upgraded into a hurricane late on August 10 and subsequently developed an eye. After bypassing the Revillagigedo Islands, the storm reached its peak wind speed of 100 mph. Late on August 11, Hurricane Ismael began to weaken as it encountered cooler waters. The following day, Ismael was downgraded into a tropical storm. On August 14, the storm was downgraded into a tropical depression approximately 250 mi west of Point Ensenada. After turning north, Ismael dissipated later that day near Guadalupe Island.
While still out at sea, Ismael brought 6 - 9 ft waves to Southern California, though waves from the storm were less than expected. One person was swept away at a beach. The remnants of the storm later moved over the region, resulting in moderate rainfall. The Yucca Valley was the worst hit by the storm, where nearly every road was washed out. Almost 50,000 residents were isolated due to rains. A tornado was spotted near Los Angeles, causing minor damage. In San Bernardino, many buildings were destroyed. Around 80,000 homes were left without power across the Inland Empire. Moreover, three interstates were closed. In all, minor injuries were reported, three people died in San Bernardino when their car swept into a channel, and an engineer was killed returning to China Lake when her car was swept into a wash. Damage in the region totaled $19 million (1983 USD). After affecting California, the remnants of the hurricane moved into Nevada. Many parking lots in Laughlin were flooded; two small towns in Clark County were also isolated. Furthermore, several major streets along the outskirts of Las Vegas were closed because of flooding.
Meteorological history
Hurricane Ismael originated from a northward bulge of the ITCZ in early August. On August 7, the Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center (EPHC) reported that this bulge had resulted in the formation of a tropical disturbance centered 500 mi south of Acapulco. Late on August 8, the system was upgraded into a tropical depression. Initially, the storm was expected to turn west and remain at sea; however, the depression turned northwest instead. Six hours after becoming a tropical cyclone, the low was upgraded into Tropical Storm Ismael.
After remaining a marginal tropical storm for 18 hours, Ismael began to deepen and by August 10, it was approaching hurricane intensity. By this time, the storm was forecast to accelerate and approach Guadalupe Island in three days. At 1800 UTC on August 10, Ismael was upgraded into a hurricane. At 0245 UTC the next day, an eye began to form as the system passed east of the outer Revillagigedo Islands. Nine hours later, the EPHC upgraded the storm into a Category 2 hurricane on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (SSHWS); simultaneously, the storm reached its peak of 100 mph. At the time of its peak, Hurricane Ismael was located about 400 mi west of Cabo San Lucas. Sandwiched between a ridge to the west of the hurricane and a trough off the coast of California, Ismael turned west-northwest and accelerated.
Late on August 11, Hurricane Ismael began to weaken as it encountered cooler waters. According to the EPHC, the storm was downgraded to a Category 1 on the SSHWS late on August 11. The following day, Ismael was downgraded into a tropical storm about 380 mi west of the Baja California Peninsula. On August 13, Hurricane Hunters flew through the storm, penetrating the center of circulation twice. During its first penetration, the aircraft reported winds of 40 mph just east of the center and also noted that the weakening system had a poorly defined eye. Two hours later, the aircraft made its second pass through Tropical Storm Ismael, with the aircraft reporting winds of 35 mph. Based on this, the storm was downgraded into a tropical depression while centered about 250 mi west of Point Ensenada. After turning north and entering even cooler waters, the storm made landfall on Guadalupe. The depression dissipated later on August 14 about 20 mi southwest of Guadalupe Island which is not normally affected by tropical cyclones.
California
While still out at sea, Ismael brought rough seas that lead to one home on the Capistrano Beach being ruled unsafe. Although waves from the storm were less than expected, swells of 6 - 9 ft were estimated along south-facing beaches near Santa Barbara. In Malibu, one home was damaged due to the increased surf. In Laguna Beach, in southern Orange County, a 20-year-old woman was swept off rocks and later died. Overall, Hurricane Ismael was one of six tropical cyclones to bring high waves to the state within a span of a month.
On August 11, the outer rainbands of Hurricane Ismael brought unseasonably high humidity and thunderstorms to Southern California. Subsequently, flash flood watches were posted for much of Southern California. The remnants of the storm eventually moved over the area, resulting in significant flooding. Some areas sustained 2 in of rain, leading to water depths of 2 to 4 ft on roadways. The towns of Joshua Tree, Yucca Valley, Twentynine Palms, California, and Landers were the hardest hit. Nearly every road was washed out in the Yucca Valley.
Almost 50,000 residents in Palm Springs were isolated due to brief, but heavy rains. In addition, a tornado damaged two homes and over seven chimneys near Los Angeles. Heavy rains also drenched the cities of Riverside and San Bernardino while flooding several homes. In the latter, many buildings were destroyed, forcing widespread evacuations. In Rancho Mirage, 24 homes were damaged. One woman had to be rescued after she was swept 3 mi downstream a river in Los Angeles. Around 80,000 homes were left without power across the Inland Empire, though within 24 hours after the outage, power was restored to all but 4,000 residents. Moreover, portions of Interstate 10, Interstate 15, and 215 were closed. The highway the lead into Palm Springs was closed as well, resulting in major traffic jams. In all, minor injuries were reported. However, three people died in San Bernardino when their car swept into a channel. Damage from the storm totaled $19 million (1983 USD).
Nevada
Heavy rains that preceded the storm forced thousands of gamblers along the Las Vegas Strip to be evacuated and left two people missing. The remnants of the storm later moved into the region, bringing additional flooding. Many parking lots in the resort town of Laughlin were flooded. Furthermore, the villages of Searchlight and Blue Diamond were isolated due to flooding. Several major streets in Paradise were closed because of flooding and sandbag barriers were erected alongside Caesars Palace to prevent further flood damage. In addition, record river levels were measured along the Amargosa River near Death Valley.
Elsewhere
In the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur, the storm brought high clouds over the region for several days. In Ensenada, minor flooding was recorded. Along the peninsula, waves up to 8 ft were measured.
Residents of Davis County, Utah that were in close proximity of streams were put on alert due to the threat of flooding. The remnants of Hurricane Ismael ultimately brought thunderstorms to Arizona and Utah. In Mohave County, up to 3 in of rain was recorded. Further south and west, in Phoenix, a thunderstorm flooded streets and brought down power lines. | WIKI |
Los Angeles Dodgers - PlayerWatch
1B Cody Bellinger hit three home runs in the Cleveland series, including a line drive over the right field wall in the fourth inning Thursday. Bellinger has a team-high 18 home runs, which leads all National League rookies, and is the most in the majors since Bellinger made his major league debut on April 25. “I don’t know what else I can say. I’ve tried to use all the words I can think of to describe him,” manager Dave Roberts said. 3B Justin Turner, who got a semi-day off by serving as the designated hitter Thursday, singled in his final at-bat, in the ninth inning, to extend his hitting streak to 11 games. During his streak, Turner is batting .450 (18-for-40). LHP Alex Wood will start Friday in Cincinnati. In four career appearances against the Reds, Wood is 2-0 with a 2.95 ERA. RHP Ross Stripling was optioned to Triple-A Oklahoma City. He’s 0-3 with a 4.00 ERA in 21 appearances (36 innings) this season. 1B Adrian Gonzalez, who was placed on the disabled list June 13, received a second opinion on his back condition, which confirmed the original diagnosis, a herniated disc. There is no timetable for his return. LHP Rich Hill’s inability to pitch deep into games is starting to become a concern. In his loss to Cleveland on Thursday, Hill threw 105 pitches but only made it through four innings, giving up seven runs and eight hits. It was Hill’s eighth start of the season and he has not pitched more than five innings in any of them. “I just didn’t pitch well. It’s no fun not helping the team. I’ve got to get better results the next time,” Hill said. Manager Dave Roberts said, “Even when his stuff is good it seems like he has to work harder than he should. He can’t get through five (innings) and we’re counting on him for depth.” | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Dave Porter in the Far North.djvu/235
Rh and his face took on a look of deep anxiety. "Dave" He stopped short.
"What?"
"Nothing, only—do you really think the others were killed?"
"Let us hope not," was Dave's grave reply. | WIKI |
Welcome to zamfarablog where we answer the ququestion: Write a story that illustrate the saying: half a leaf is better than none.
Write A Story That Illustrate The Saying: Half A Leaf Is Better Than None
Once upon a time in a small village nestled among rolling hills, there lived a kind-hearted farmer named Thomas. He worked tirelessly to provide for his family, cultivating his land with utmost care. However, the village had experienced a drought for several months, leaving the fields parched and barren. Thomas watched helplessly as his crops withered away, his hopes fading along with them.
One morning, Thomas received news that a neighboring village had been blessed with rain and their fields were flourishing. Filled with determination, he decided to seek assistance from his prosperous neighbors. With a small sack slung over his shoulder, he set off on a long journey towards their village.
Arriving tired and hungry, Thomas humbly explained his situation to the villagers. Moved by his plight, the villagers were willing to help but couldn’t spare much due to their own needs. A kind farmer named Robert approached Thomas and offered him half a loaf of bread, apologizing for not being able to provide more.
Thomas gratefully accepted the half loaf, understanding that half a loaf was better than none at all. With renewed energy, he set off on his return journey, cherishing the small hope that the half loaf represented. As he walked, he contemplated the saying, “Half a loaf is better than none,” and realized its profound truth.
Back in his village, Thomas shared the bread with his family. Though it was a modest portion, it brought nourishment and lifted their spirits. Inspired by the half loaf, Thomas devised a plan. He gathered his fellow farmers and proposed they pool their resources to combat the drought collectively. Though skeptical at first, the villagers agreed, realizing that half a loaf was better than none when faced with adversity.
Together, they dug channels to redirect water from a distant river to their fields, implemented efficient irrigation techniques, and supported one another in their efforts. Despite the ongoing drought, the collective action yielded positive results. The crops began to grow, and hope returned to the hearts of the villagers.
Word of their success spread, and neighboring villages sought guidance from Thomas and his fellow farmers. They willingly shared their knowledge and resources, emphasizing the power of unity and the importance of making the most of limited resources. As the villages banded together, the effects of the drought were mitigated, and the communities flourished.
The saying, “Half a loaf is better than none,” resonated throughout the region as a symbol of resilience and resourcefulness. It reminded people that even in the face of adversity, it was crucial to make the most of what they had, no matter how small or insignificant it may seem.
Years later, the drought ended, and the villages thrived. Thomas, now regarded as a wise elder, continued to impart the lessons he learned from that half loaf of bread. He emphasized the importance of gratitude, humility, and the power of unity in overcoming challenges.
And so, the saying “Half a loaf is better than none” became a timeless reminder that with determination, cooperation, and a positive mindset, even the smallest of provisions can lead to great achievements. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Intereting Posts
is_unique для проверки правильности формы кода
Я пытаюсь выяснить, как я могу использовать правило is_unique из библиотеки проверки формы Codeigniter в следующей ситуации.
Я пытаюсь отправить редактирующую форму пользователя и имею правило:
$this->form_validation->set_rules('user_name', 'User Name', 'required|trim|xss_clean|is_unique[users.user_name]');
Что делать, если другие значения в форме изменяются, но это значение остается неизменным. Форма увидит, что это значение уже существует, поэтому как бы защитить его от редактирования, если это значение не изменилось.
Используя код в качестве примера, is_unique проверки is_unique работает, ища поле с именем user_name в таблице базы данных ваших users . Если поле с тем же значением существует, оно проверяется как false.
Чтобы убедиться, что он работает только тогда, когда пользователь отправляет новое значение, вы можете проверить опубликованное значение $this->input->post('user_name') против значения, которое вы вытащили из базы данных, чтобы заполнить вашу форму. Если они одинаковы, не проверяйте is_unique;
if($this->input->post('user_name') != $original_value) { $is_unique = '|is_unique[users.user_name]' } else { $is_unique = '' } $this->form_validation->set_rules('user_name', 'User Name', 'required|trim|xss_clean'.$is_unique);
Есть лучший способ обойти это, я думаю, все еще используя библиотеку проверки CodeIgniters … Используйте edit_unique, где вы передаете дополнительный параметр, который является идентификатором строки, которую вы редактируете. См. Ниже. Я использую его и работает очень хорошо для меня .. надеюсь, что это поможет
$this->form_validation->set_rules('user_name', 'User Name', 'required|trim|xss_clean|edit_unique[users.user_name.'.$id.']');
$something = $this->input->post('something'); $this->form->validation->set_rules('something','Something','xss_clean|is_unique['tbl'.users]'); if($this->form_validation->run()== FALSE){ } - $something = $this->input->post('something'); $this->form->validation->set_rules('something','Something','xss_clean|is_unique['tbl'.users]'); if($this->form_validation->run()== FALSE){ } - $something = $this->input->post('something'); $this->form->validation->set_rules('something','Something','xss_clean|is_unique['tbl'.users]'); if($this->form_validation->run()== FALSE){ }
Вот простой способ, который работал для меня и использовал хорошо документированный код (благодаря https://github.com/ivantcholakov для его обмена!). Я нашел ссылку на https://github.com/bcit-ci/CodeIgniter/issues/3109#issuecomment-46346280
1. Загрузите https://github.com/ivantcholakov/starter-public-edition-3/blob/master/platform/application/libraries/MY_Form_validation.php (лицензия MIT) и сохраните его в своем приложении в приложении \ libraries \ MY_Form_validation.php
2. Удалите эти две строки из __construct ():
$ This-> CI-> load-> помощник ( 'флажок'); $ This-> CI-> load-> помощник ( 'электронная почта');
3. Удалите все функции, кроме __construct () и unique ().
4. В конце метода __construct () вашего контроллера добавьте эту строку:
$ This-> load-> библиотека ( 'form_validation');
5. В соответствии с документацией метода unique () обновите правило валидации, чтобы добавить «уникальное» правило, подобное этому (например, если у вас уже есть необходимые правила и правила обрезки)
… | требуется | [. Tablename.fieldname, имя_таблицы (PrimaryKey используемый-для-обновления)] Уникальный | отделка …
function check_unique_user_name($user_name) { $query= $this->db->select('user_name') ->from('emp') ->where('id',$user_name); $query = $this->db->get(); if ($query->num_rows() > 0) { return $query->row()->user_name; } for $original_value you have to write function in model after Jeemusu code
Расширить библиотеку Form_validation.php, создать класс внутри имени файла приложения / библиотек MY_Form_validation.php
<?php class MY_Form_validation extends CI_Form_validation{ protected $ci; public function __construct($config = array()){ parent::__construct($config); $this->ci =& get_instance(); } public function is_unique_update($str, $field){ $explode=explode('@', $field); $field_name=$explode['0']; $field_id_key=$explode['1']; $field_id_value=$explode['2']; sscanf($field_name, '%[^.].%[^.]', $table, $field_name); if(isset($this->ci->db)){ if($this->ci->db->limit(1)->get_where($table, array($field_name => $str,$field_id_key=>$field_id_value))->num_rows() === 0){ $this->ci->form_validation->set_message('is_unique_update', 'The {field} field must contain a unique value.'); return false; } return true; } } }
Теперь в вашем контроллере
$this->form_validation->set_rules('user_name', 'User Name', 'required|trim|xss_clean|is_unique_update[users.user_name@id@'.$id.']');
"@" Я использовал для взрыва строки
где id – первичный ключ таблицы пользователей
и $ id – значение id. Теперь вы можете использовать эту проверку is_unique_update в любом контроллере.
нам нужно добавить имя таблицы для is_unique
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Reverse Engineering Shopping Cart Security
All this talk about 555 timers is causing projects to pop out of the woodwork like this one that reverse engineers a shopping cart security mechanism. The wheel seen above listens for a particular magnetic signal and when encountered it locks down the yellow cowl, preventing the wheel from touching the ground and making the cart very hard to move.
[Nolan Blender] acquired one of these wheels for testing purposes and he’s posted some details about the hardware inside. But the first thing he did was to put together some test equipment to help find out details about the signal that trips the mechanism. He connected a coil to an audio amplifier and walked around the market looking for strong signals. Once he found a few strong bursts with that equipment he grabbed an oscilloscope, hooked it to the coil, and made some measurements. He found an 8 kHz signal at a 50% duty cycle at 30 ms intervals (it would be hard to make a better case for why you need an oscilloscope).
With the specs in hand, [Nolan] grabbed two 555 timers, an audio amplifier, and a 200 turn antenna around a ferrite core to build his own locking mechanism. If you’re ever stopped short in the middle of the market, just look for the hacker at the end of the aisle holding the homemade electronics.
[Photo source]
[Thanks Colin]
30 thoughts on “Reverse Engineering Shopping Cart Security
1. I seem to remember a similar story a few years back. The hacker in question actually built his antenna into his clothing, and walked around Target, pressing a button occasionally when standing near another customer. I don’t remember whether he ever got caught.
What I’d like to see next is the reverse–a way to unstick a stuck shopping cart.
2. very cool. I wonder how universal that signal is. I know at my local grocery store the lock mechanism is different (It locks internally, so the wheel technically never loses contact with the ground). I would love to be able to lock them for fun :P
3. Shopping cart locking has been done to death now. In the UK nearly all the shopping cart locking systems are simply magnetic strips sunk into the ground. No fancy locking/unlocking codes here but it does mean that all you need is a magnet to set them off. It’s harder to trigger from a distance though.
4. “He found an 8 kHz signal at a 50% duty cycle at 30 ms intervals (it would be hard to make a better case for why you need an oscilloscope).” — Mike Szczys
derp, you don’t need a scope for that.
you can measure that with a decent multimeter.
5. Or you can record it with an audiorecorder and just run it through any audio analyzing software, 8KHz is easy to capture.
I think some of the first people that hacked it did it that way.
6. @ruthlesspirate
thats what i was thinking. perhaps he stole too many?
@strider
Bubbles is a charactor from a Canadian television show called Trailer Park Boys.
“kitties arent supposed to smell like cigerettes”
7. FTA: “The system can be defeated, however it is unlikely that the kind of person that steals shopping carts would be inclined to develop an unlocking transmitter”
… with the exception of the author, I assume ;-)
Once while living in an urban center, there were so many abandoned ‘stolen’ carts left in front of my residence that I decorated them with xmas lights during the holidays (apparently individuals hired to retrieve them did not care for those carts left mangled, embedded within snow banks by the plows).
8. I think 8 Hz is the frequency the security alarms on the doors use. At least that was the case at a Walgreens I worked at. I guess the shopping cart security system is a 1000 times more awesome.
9. fairly sure this is a repost(well, not a repost but the same thing has been posted before on hackaday
various versions such as http://www.instructables.com/id/EMP-shopping-cart-locker/
the cheap version, http://www.instructables.com/id/Shopping-Cart-Locker-THE-EASY-WAY-Improved-Range/ record the sound with a coil/audio input
and you can view exactly what its doing on any audio editor
play it back through a amp, works almost as good as a dedicated circuit!
10. friend found some shop lifting tags in the parking lot of our mall. they had sirens built in and were sounding, they had been cut off something.
they had texas instruments MSP430-F2001 processors, a 58khz tuned coil, battery, peizo, 2 switches, led, smt parts. They used a spring loaded pin to lock the device. Magnet to unlock.
Case is glued closed.
As the controller is likely locked, desoldering to try to read will likely be pointless.
What should my friend do with these?
Strip it and toss the rest?
11. I invented this technology back in the mid 90’s. If you look up my name in the patent office you will see my patents. This particular model is a copy cat of my original product for Gatekeeper systems. Carttronics just copied much of the design except the goofy shovel like brake. The references to the 8khz locking signal were half right. The carrier is digitally encoded at at a low data rate. The carrier frequency was chosen to be under FCC part 15 regs. I also created the PURCHEK anti roll-out technology.
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Talk:IMG (file format)
Untitled
This article is completely wrong. The .img format is a Macintosh disk image format. The thing you want to describe in this article is just a raw dump, possible with any unix block device. It's mostly created with the command dd (Unix). Yes, .img (not .IMG ... Unix is case sensitive, UPPERCASE is only used on DOS, not even on Windows) is the most common file extension, but also .dd is, or maybe it's something like .144 or .hd dependent on the disk. But it's not a file format ... just a raw copy of the filesystem, without any format. --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:13, 25 May 2008 (UTC) (User Saski in German Wikipedia)
* "Raw dump" also is kind of a format - an easy one ;-) --Arilou (talk) 16:49, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
And it IS compatible with IMA format by WinImage, as they are the same. Extension .dd is seldomly found on Unix, never anywhere else. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:19, 30 October 2008
* Then please rewrite it accordingly. Be bold'. --Joshua Issac (talk) 15:11, 14 April 2009 (UTC)
DiskDupe
DiskDupe uses extension .ddi, not .img.--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:43, 9 June 2008 (UTC)
Bitmap image format
An IMG file, also known as GEM Raster Image, is the native bitmap image format for Graphical_Environment_Manager. You can find its description here. Do not confuse with *.GEM files (these are native metafiles of the same OS). Mamurra (talk) 18:54, 25 September 2009 (UTC)
Incorrect
This is not correct. ISO refers to a file format and IMG files are not the same. That Nero, or some other application can treat them the same way from the user standpoint isn't relevant. (More to follow).--Kernel.package (talk) 16:29, 19 June 2010 (UTC)
Accessing and converting non-standard obsolete IMG formats
''I added the following text but decided to remove it as it doesn't address the issue of floppies in pre-MS-DOS formats (the many CP/M formats, for example, not all of which can be handled by PC drives). I don't know if sources are available; and I don't think there is a straightforward method simple enough for anyone to try to support the text. If anyone thinks any of this belongs in the article, here it is - feel free.''
Accessing old floppy images in proprietary non-raw format on modern hardware can be problematical. There are some programs such as dd, a command-line program originally for Unix but ported to Microsoft Windows, which can convert images between many formats, although the syntax is rather complex. Alternatively the original program, if available, can be used either to create a physical floppy which can be used directly or re-encoded in standard raw format. Or a virtual machine can be used without the need for a physical floppy drive or a computer system capable of running the software; VMware Player, for example, can mount a raw floppy image into a virtual drive A:, and the imaging program can "write" the image to the virtual floppy, thereby creating a raw image from the non-standard file. the virtual machine used must run an operating system that supports the imaging program, which may be an older Windows, Linux, MS-DOS, or any other operating system supported by the virtual hardware.
GNU RaWrite and RaWrite 2
I can't find any information on the internet about Gnu RaWrite, does it exist? I can only find rawrite as DOS program. --Stijn Brouwer (talk) 15:14, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
* Ok, I found RaWrite 2, but it isn't from GNU, it's licensed under the GNU license. --Stijn Brouwer (talk) 15:14, 28 December 2012 (UTC)
Someone needs to fix this mess!
* The disambiguation page linking here says IMG (file format), the file extension of several different image formats.
* The actual article says refers to binary files with .img filename extension that store raw disk images of floppy disks, hard drives, or optical discs
WELL WHAT IS IT? An image format or a raw format? Personally I know it is both but this page makes a mess of it all.
I suggest creating another article focused on the image format(s) and this article dedicated to the raw format. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Schalice (talk • contribs) 05:31, 13 November 2013 (UTC)
* I agree that the disambiguation page is inconsistent with the current state of this page (it is a leftover from when this page actually contained image format information). And I agree that it makes sense to create another page with information about image formats. However, I would hardly call that a mess. Fixing the disambiguation page would be enough to clarify the issue. A page with information about the img formats would clarify things even more. But from your comments, it sounds as if the contents of this article are really confusing.... yet I don't see in your comment any specific reference to confusing information inside this article itself (besides maybe the article's name). --Sega381 (talk) 15:40, 4 December 2013 (UTC) | WIKI |
Muscle spindle
Muscle spindles are stretch receptors within the body of a skeletal muscle that primarily detect changes in the length of the muscle. They convey length information to the central nervous system via afferent nerve fibers. This information can be processed by the brain as proprioception. The responses of muscle spindles to changes in length also play an important role in regulating the contraction of muscles, for example, by activating motor neurons via the stretch reflex to resist muscle stretch.
The muscle spindle has both sensory and motor components.
* Sensory information conveyed by primary type Ia sensory fibers which spiral around muscle fibres within the spindle, and secondary type II sensory fibers
* Activation of muscle fibres within the spindle by up to a dozen gamma motor neurons and to a lesser extent by one or two beta motor neurons
Structure
Muscle spindles are found within the belly of a skeletal muscle. Muscle spindles are fusiform (spindle-shaped), and the specialized fibers that make up the muscle spindle are called intrafusal muscle fibers. The regular muscle fibers outside of the spindle are called extrafusal muscle fibers. Muscle spindles have a capsule of connective tissue, and run parallel to the extrafusal muscle fibers unlike Golgi tendon organs which are oriented in series.
Composition
Muscle spindles are composed of 5-14 muscle fibers, of which there are three types: dynamic nuclear bag fibers (bag1 fibers), static nuclear bag fibers (bag2 fibers), and nuclear chain fibers.
Primary type Ia sensory fibers (large diameter) spiral around all intrafusal muscle fibres, ending near the middle of each fibre. Secondary type II sensory fibers (medium diameter) end adjacent to the central regions of the static bag and chain fibres. These fibres send information by stretch-sensitive mechanically-gated ion-channels of the axons.
The motor part of the spindle is provided by motor neurons: up to a dozen gamma motor neurons also known as fusimotor neurons. These activate the muscle fibres within the spindle. Gamma motor neurons supply only muscle fibres within the spindle, whereas beta motor neurons supply muscle fibres both within and outside of the spindle. Activation of the neurons causes a contraction and stiffening of the end parts of the muscle spindle muscle fibers.
Fusimotor neurons are classified as static or dynamic according to the type of muscle fibers they innervate and their effects on the responses of the Ia and II sensory neurons innervating the central, non-contractile part of the muscle spindle.
* The static axons innervate the chain or static bag2 fibers. They increase the firing rate of Ia and II afferents at a given muscle length (see schematic of fusimotor action below).
* The dynamic axons innervate the bag1 intrafusal muscle fibers. They increase the stretch-sensitivity of the Ia afferents by stiffening the bag1 intrafusal fibers.
Efferent nerve fibers of gamma motor neurons also terminate in muscle spindles; they make synapses at either or both of the ends of the intrafusal muscle fibers and regulate the sensitivity of the sensory afferents, which are located in the non-contractile central (equatorial) region.
Stretch reflex
When a muscle is stretched, primary type Ia sensory fibers of the muscle spindle respond to both changes in muscle length and velocity and transmit this activity to the spinal cord in the form of changes in the rate of action potentials. Likewise, secondary type II sensory fibers respond to muscle length changes (but with a smaller velocity-sensitive component) and transmit this signal to the spinal cord. The Ia afferent signals are transmitted monosynaptically to many alpha motor neurons of the receptor-bearing muscle. The reflexly evoked activity in the alpha motor neurons is then transmitted via their efferent axons to the extrafusal fibers of the muscle, which generate force and thereby resist the stretch. The Ia afferent signal is also transmitted polysynaptically through interneurons (Ia inhibitory interneurons), which inhibit alpha motorneurons of antagonist muscles, causing them to relax.
Sensitivity modification
The function of the gamma motor neurons is not to supplement the force of muscle contraction provided by the extrafusal fibers, but to modify the sensitivity of the muscle spindle sensory afferents to stretch. Upon release of acetylcholine by the active gamma motor neuron, the end portions of the intrafusal muscle fibers contract, thus elongating the non-contractile central portions (see "fusimotor action" schematic below). This opens stretch-sensitive ion channels of the sensory endings, leading to an influx of sodium ions. This raises the resting potential of the endings, thereby increasing the probability of action potential firing, thus increasing the stretch-sensitivity of the muscle spindle afferents.
How does the central nervous system control gamma fusimotor neurons? It has been difficult to record from gamma motor neurons during normal movement because they have very small axons. Several theories have been proposed, based on recordings from spindle afferents.
* 1) Alpha-gamma coactivation. Here it is posited that gamma motor neurons are activated in parallel with alpha motor neurons to maintain the firing of spindle afferents when the extrafusal muscles shorten.
* 2) Fusimotor set: Gamma motor neurons are activated according to the novelty or difficulty of a task. Whereas static gamma motor neurons are continuously active during routine movements such as locomotion, dynamic gamma motorneurons tend to be activated more during difficult tasks, increasing Ia stretch-sensitivity.
* 3) Fusimotor template of intended movement. Static gamma activity is a "temporal template" of the expected shortening and lengthening of the receptor-bearing muscle. Dynamic gamma activity turns on and off abruptly, sensitizing spindle afferents to the onset of muscle lengthening and departures from the intended movement trajectory.
* 4) Goal-directed preparatory control. Dynamic gamma activity is adjusted proactively during movement preparation in order to facilitate execution of the planned action. For example, if the intended movement direction is associated with stretch of the spindle-bearing muscle, Ia afferent and stretch reflex sensitivity from this muscle is reduced. Gamma fusimotor control therefore allows for the independent preparatory tuning of muscle stiffness according to task goals.
Development
It is also believed that muscle spindles play a critical role in sensorimotor development.
Clinical significance
After stroke or spinal cord injury in humans, spastic hypertonia (spastic paralysis) often develops, whereby the stretch reflex in flexor muscles of the arms and extensor muscles of the legs is overly sensitive. This results in abnormal postures, stiffness and contractures. Hypertonia may be the result of over-sensitivity of alpha motor neurons and interneurons to the Ia and II afferent signals. | WIKI |
Draft:PB
HISTORY: First Baptist was born in 1828 only fifty-two years after the founding of the United States. It has not moved one iota in its hope and doctrine. The same beliefs rooted in Scripture that it held at its inception are its non-negotiable affirmations today, a testament to God’s great faithfulness to us. When you become a part of this body, you take part in history. To understand what is so special about this body lets head back to 1828.
DANVILLE: “Danville was settled in 1828, nearly 100 years ago. Only a few modest dwellings proclaimed the site of the present populous city, and red-skinned first families of the land abounded in superabundance. We find, however, that Baptist sentiment in this township may be traced back to 1819, when the territory of Danville was brought into the path of civilization, and the solitary places were to be made glad. In 1818, when yet the unbroken forest was spread over the rolling hills and prairie vales, when the moose, deer, bear and all kinds of wild beasts could be found when the rattlesnake was wont to hiss and crawl at pleasure and none to disturb him--with the Indian in the forest on his way to fish or hunt, Baptist believers were to be found.
ILLINOIS A STATE: In the year 1818 Illinois was made a state. But two years before Illinois was admitted into the union, Crawford County was formed, and at that time Vermilion County was a part of that territory. Illinois in 1787 was a part of the Northwest Territory, and when Ohio was made a state Illinois and Indiana were united; but in 1809 Illinois was made a territory of itself and nine years later was admitted to the Union. The first capital was Kaskaskia and the first Territorial Governor was Ninian Edwards. In 1818, when Illinois became a state, it was with Shadrach Bond as Governor. Among those who came to explore the regions of the Wabash and Vermilion rivers were men of Baptist faith. "Predestinarian Baptist," or "Hard-shell Baptist, " as they were then called. Most of them came from Virginia, some from Kentucky and a few from New England. Among the early Baptist believers were Henry Johnson, Absalom Starr, Henry Martin, George Brock, William Reed, Harvey Luddington. H. Cunningham, James Butler, Asa Elliot, and some of their families whose names appear as subscribers to the Baptist faith and covenant. They worshipped in their log cabin homes in the form as cottage prayer meetings are held.
INDIAN VILLAGE
We do not realize the force of the comparison of time until we reflect upon the past and contrast it with the present. The inhabitants of Danville of today (1919) have no conception of how Danville looked in 1822. Let us for a moment imagine that the massive steel bridge with its paved floors which spans the "Big Vermilion" at the foot of Gilbert street has vanished, and no house to be seen, no paved streets, no street lights, nothing but fields and forests, with here and there a little log house, the white man's dwelling. But on the slope of the Vermilion from the foot of Gilbert street around the bend to where Ellsworth park Public Domain now is, you find an Indian village. In this village (now Ellsworth Park) is a large tree; under this tree the Indian Chief calls his bands together and holds council with them. This tree is still there and commonly known as "Conference Tree" because early Baptists held conferences there and baptized their converts in the river near by. Such a village actually existed on the banks of the Big Vermilion River. The village was partly on the north side and partly on the south side. From this village the Indians had their trail east through the forest and on with but few turns until they reached the Wabash, near what is now known as Covington, Indiana. The old Indian trail is now West and East Main street, having undergone but few changes as to its running line. These Indians were, by the early settlers, believed to be of the "Miami Tribe." They were peaceful and kindly disposed towards the white man- always ready to trade with the whiteface. They also had a religion and believed and practiced it; the white man was welcome to their services. This gave the white man an opportunity to introduce his religion and tell the Indians about the Redeemer who had come to save the world, including the Indians. Some Christian religion had been preached to the red-skinned people and the doctrine of Immersion had been taught them, but as the white man grew in numbers and took possession the Indian withdrew.”
ORGANIZED CHURCH
“In 1828 Hezekiah Cunningham erected a large frame building on the southwest corner of what is now known as the old public square, and in the upper story of this building court was held and religious services conducted. In this room on the 12th day of April, 1829, the first Baptist Church of Danville was organized with eighteen members. Following is the list of Charter Members, as gathered from early church papers and from the Court records of Vermilion County: Elder Freeman Smalley, Absalom Starr, Maria Starr, Henry Johnson, Henry Martin, George Brock, Nancy Brock, William Reed, Harvey Luddington and wife, Hezekiah Cunningham and wife, James Butler and wife, Asa Elliott, Sadie Butler, John M. Vance and Nancy Vance. “Elder Freeman Smalley acted as Moderator and Hezekiah Cunningham served as Clerk. It was then voted that the name of this church shall be “The First Baptist Church of Danville Illinois. Voted that Brother Freeman Smalley, minister to this church as pastor. It was voted to adopt "New Hampshire Articles of Faith," but lay emphasis upon the great and fundamental doctrine of Predestination. Voted that Brother Freeman Smalley minister to this church as pastor and that Brother George Brock serve this church as deacon. After the formation of the church, Elder Smalley preached a sermon from the text, "Buried with him in Baptism, wherein we stand.” (Rom. 6:4.) After prayer and exhortation. the meeting closed and adjourned to meet again next Sabbath.”
FIRST PUBLIC BUILDING
On the second Sunday in April 1833, nine years after John M. Vance had settled at Salt Fork and manufactured salt, the settlement of Danville had grown to be a comfortable village. It was during this time that the Baptist services were held in the upper room over the Cunningham store that the dread cry, "The Indians. The Indians," rang through the quiet streets, and from the little Baptist congregation alone, thirty men were immediately organized into a company to defend their homes and families against the invaders under "Black Hawk, " the Indian chief who had returned and aroused the Indians of this section to an uprising. Elder Freeman Smalley, Thomas Whitlock, Elder John M. Peck. J. M. Black and Alfred Parks (Baptists), were the first exponents of Christianity in this part of Vermilion county and the Township of Danville. Elder G. W. Riley and Benjamin Smalley, were also among the early Baptist ministers who traveled from Crawfordsville, Indiana to Peoria, Illinois, and all through the county, preaching and establishing churches. None of the early churches had a regular pastor on the field, but the good brethren conducted services among themselves and were strengthened from time to time by an Elder who came on horseback with Bible in his saddle-bag, to spend the Sabbath with them and preach a sermon.
“The room over Cunningham's store remained the permanent meeting place of the congregation until 1834, when on the first Sunday in October the Church entered into their new and first Meeting House. This structure, a small frame building, 28x36, was located northeast of what is now East North and Jackson street, (there are now some living among us who remember the old Church and attended services there). It was after the style and size of the many white painted church buildings still to be found in this country. In some respects it looked better than the one erected later (1874).”
THE MISSION QUESTION: In 1836 the “Mission and anti-Mission Question” arose, causing division in many churches in Illinois, including First Baptist Church of Danville. “It appears, however, that the missionary portion prevailed and the anti-mission faction has long since been dead and buried. The church prospered and other congregations were organized throughout the county. The Middle Fork Church, The Goshen Church (now Fairmount), The Walker's Point Church (now Muncie), the Stony Creek Church and Vermilion (Snyder's Corner), all took their rise and were ministered to by the brethren above named. Danville being so close to the Wabash river and Indiana, the church visited and cooperated mostly with the churches in Indiana and the old Gilman Association; the Danville, Illinois line joined Indiana. When the war of 1861 broke out, the Middle Fork Church broke apart and no longer held services because the church took sides. The Church at Danville had its trials of faith even in the early days of its history and some differences of scriptural interpretations crept in. The Bloomfield Association was formed, but First Baptist would not join the association because of doctrinal differences, remained independent. The Sixth meeting of the Bloomfield Association, 1843, was held with the Church at Brewett's Creek, near Clinton, Indiana…At this meeting the differences of opinion as to missions was discussed and the following resolution passed: ‘Resolved, That in accordance with principles understood but not expressed in the constitution of the Association as an Association we are favorable to Missions, but think it is the right of each individual church and member to act as they may think best on the subject.’ This brought about a clearer understanding between the churches and the Danville Church was more often heard from in the Association after this resolution was passed, although the Danville Church did not become a member of the Bloomficld Association until later” (Krumrieg).
From 1846-1850 no church records were kept and the Danville church suffered decline or lost the records. “In the spring of 1850 Rev. Cleighton Elliott gathered the believers of the First Baptist Church and revived the work. That year the church registered 50 members and grew by eleven. Tens professions of faith and one transfer of membership. Additionally it shows the church had a weekly prayer meeting. An abstract from the letter of the First Church of Danville to the Association reads: "Have the labors of C. Elliott; have well attended and interesting prayer meetings. J. Brown, church clerk." Three years later the letter reads: "Acknowledge the want and zeal in Christ's Cause; Have the labors of. Elder C. Elliott; Pray for a Revival; Have weekly prayer meetings; Have no Meeting House." J. W. Parker, Church clerk. (The old meeting house at this time. was very much out of repairs and had been abandoned for a time and the meetings were then held in the old Presbyterian church. However, the old Meeting House was later on repaired through the efforts of the pastor and Col. O. T. Harmon. Col. O. F. Harmon, born 1827 in Monroe County, N. Y.. came to Danville in 1853. He was a lawyer and practiced in Danville with Judge O. L. Davis as a partner. He was a Baptist and became the leader and the mainstay of the First Baptist Church. The old Meeting House referred to above was placed in repair under the direction of Colonel Harmon, and was again occupied by the Church. When the war broke out in 1861 Brother Harmon enlisted in the 125th Volunteer Infantry and fell in battle at Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., on the 27th day of June, 1864, and in his death the Church lost its best support”.
GROWTH AND STRUGGLE: In 1852 a portion of the church chose to start Hopewell Baptist Church near Bluegrass. In 1856 Brother Blankenship held a camp meeting on Walnut and Williams, near a bank of a creek known as Gerrat’s branch (currently the location of Walnut and Williams). There were 18 conversions and with not baptistry available they damed up the water of the creek to baptized these believers by immersion.
“The strength of the church was materially decreased during the troublesome times of the slavery agitation and the war of 1861-65, in which the Baptist Church took a decided stand against slavery. This caused the church to suffer greatly, together with removals and death, further depleted the ranks, to the extent that the church in 1865 discontinued holding services in the old meeting house; it being a frail frame structure to begin with, in 1834, and much out of repair at this time, the building was sold. Then followed a period of five years of a lethargic state, during which some of the members died, others moved away and still others, more in-different, united with other churches not of the Baptist faith. That the First Baptist Church, in Danville, was not dead in 1866, even though their old meeting house was gone, will be seen from the following letter, granted by the "Sand Creek Baptist Church, Ind., Feb. 2d, 1866. The letter reads: "Sand Creek, Ind., Feb. 2, 1866. To the members of the First Baptist Church, Danville, Ill. Greeting: The Sand Creek Baptist Church, Indiana, certifies that Bro. J. B. Hawkins, his wife Sarah and daughter Martha, are members with us in regular standing, and at their own request are hereby dismissed from us to unite with you; when joined to you their relation with us will cease. May the blessing of God be on you all.”
, “There must have been some Baptists in Danville about this time who believed in the "perseverence of the saints" and held together the church organization, received and dismissed members…” They continued to search for a permanent pastor, dismissed some members to start Pleasant Point church in 1864. A postal card dated Nov. 20, 1870, at Terre Haute, Ind. and stamped, Bedford, Ind., Nov. 21, 1870, reads: “Dear Brother: I will come and preach for you on Sunday, the 7th day of December next, if desired. Please write as soon as you can. Yours Truly, S. M. Stemson.” This card was addressed to J. W. Parker, clerk, First Baptist Church, Danville, Ill., and was a reply to a letter written by Bro. Parker to Rev. Stem-son, who at that time was pastor at Terre Haute, Ind., and who in 1868 had baptized Bro. B. F. Siner, in Terre Haute. Bro. Siner, is now and has been for many years a Deacon in the First Baptist Church, Danville, and at this writing is Chairman of the Board of Deacons and also on the Building Committee. The above records and facts are stated to prove that the church had a complete organization prior to the coming of Rev. E. S. Graham to the pastorate of this church. As some not familiar with the church's history, had come to believe that with the coming of Elder Graham the church in Danville had its beginning.
The church had been weak for a number of years and without a regular pastor, but it had held services, in private homes, school houses, halls and for a time in the old Presbyterian church. Though some what inactive at times, the church had never disbanded its work or organization since 1829, when it was formed. The church has kept a continued record with periods of inactivity. E. S. Graham, a man highly educated and of marked ability, was pastor at Sadorus, and attended the Association at Tolono. Deacon J. W. Parker, Mrs. Lucy Ballengee and Mrs. H. L. Holton, of the Danville church, who also attended the Association, arranged with Elder Graham, for him to visit the church in the near future. Rev. E. S. Graham came to visit the Danville church on the second Sabbath of September and preached to the congregation in the Robert McDonald Hall on East Main street, where the church had me since 1869. He based his sermon upon the 10th verse of the second chapter of second Timothy-"Therefore, I endure all things for the elect's sake, that they may also obtain the salvation which is in Christ Jesus with eternal glory." The sermon was peculiarly appropriate to the Baptists of Danville and was treated in a manner encouraging to the hearers. The hall was filled to its capacity to hear this able preacher. At the close of the service a conference was held and Brother Graham was invited to come and take up the work of the First Baptist Church in Danville and become its pastor. Negotiations followed and Rev. Graham accepted the call and began his work as pastor of the church on the first Sabbath of January, 1873, having resigned the church at Sadorus.
CHURCH INCORPORATION: "With the coming of the new pastor and the opening of the new effort to revive the work; the pastor on the first Sunday called the church together, all that were left of the members and others ready and willing to sustain the work, to subscribe to a "covenant" and pledge their support. Pastor Graham, having prepared articles of incorporation with a view of buying a lot and erecting a church edifice, laid the proposition before the church, which, after careful consideration, was approved by an unanimous vote. The following members of the church signed the corporation paper: Rev. E. S. Graham, Mrs. E. S. Graham, Mrs. F. B. Freese, Mrs. F. C. Wilber, Mrs. Kate Bayle, Mrs. H. L. Holton, Mrs. S. Kimball, J. W. Parker, Mrs. J. W. Parker, Mr. and Mrs. B. Wilkinson and Mrs. Eliza W. ,Davis. These twelve members became the corporate members of the First Baptist Church of Danville. The forming of this voluntary religious corporation led to the belief, on the part of some, that this was the beginning of the Baptist Church, and the date ([March 23] 1872) crept into the Association minutes as the date of organization. This, however, is not the case, as the church has existed ever since April12th, 1829, though often its light was dim, it had never been extinguished and this noble act of Rev. Graham and the Baptists of 1873 was not an organization, but rather a reviving of the work and the incorporating of the church.
After the coming of the Rev. Mr. Graham, great interests aroused among the Baptists and within a short time after the formation of a corporate body a lot was purchased by the church on the corner of Walnut and Madison streets, for which $2000 was paid and without delay work was begun on a church building… It was completed and dedicated in 1874 and remained the church house of the Baptists until March 25, 1915, when the new and more up-to date church was dedicated.
The Calvary Mission In South Danville
Various pastor came and went and by “In 1878 the church reported 114 members. In 1894 the Lord sent a special season of revival and one-hundred and fifty-seven people were added to the church at that time. In April 27, 1898 there was a membership of three-hundred and sixty-six accounting the church clerk Mr. F. T. Webber. The ministry of Rev. Williams opened very auspiciously, he gave much of his time and attention to the work of the Mission in South Danville. The interest on the part of the pastor in the Mission, together with its apparent growth, led some living in South Danville to believe that the time had come for the formation of an independent church and recognize the Mission as the "First Baptist Church" of South Danville, Illinois. This notion led to considerable debate as to the advisability to take that step. However, the pastor; together with some members, urged the formation of a church in South Danville and accordingly on the 14th day of May, 1900, forty-three members of the First Church were dismissed to form the new church. This was done, however, against the better judgement of the Deacons and older members of the First Church, believing it to be a hasty move. The Mission has been maintained by the First Church with success and it had prospered under its care. A recognition council was called to meet he 11th day of June, 1900, for the purpose of recognizing South Danville Mission as a regular Baptist church. Three pastors, of Crisman, Indianola and Gifford, together with a few lay-men, formed the council. The council, seeing the situation under which it had been called, hesitated to proceed, but after due deliberation recognized the church under the name of the "First Baptist Church of' South Danville, Ill." This left the First Church, Danville, a membership of 290, enough to do great work for God in the city of Danville. After a strenuous pastorate of two years, Rev. Williams resigned as pastor, May 30, and left Danville, Sept., 1900. With is departure from the field the curtain drops, obscuring a scene of the church upon the stormy deep. The clouds lifted and the sun in all its beauty shone again upon the field of God. Rev. F. M. Mitchell succeeded Rev. Williams as pastor of the First Church and under his leadership the church rallied and prospered. The newly organized church at South Danville found it too difficult to exist as a church independent of the First Church. Unable to carry on the work as a church, they sent word to the First Church that they were about ready to abandon the work. The following is the letter to the "Mother Church:” ‘The Baptist Church at South Danville, Ill. To the First Baptist Church, Danville, Ill., Greeting: Dear Brethren: After a trial of eight months to operate as a church, we find the task too much and now realize that a serious mistake was made in organizing this church. We have decided to abandon the organization and again come under your watchful care. Kindly advise us what steps to take.’” The membership returned to First Baptist north. The church did start and maintain missions outreach to South Danville called “The Calvary Mission.” This mission was strengthened under Rev. W.H. Breach, became self-sustaining, and was organized into a church (Today Calvary Baptist Church in Tilton, IL.). “Mrs. Margaret Lewis had given a lot (in South Danville) to the First Church, for the purpose of erecting a building for a Baptist Church in South Danville. This lot was located on Main street, but owing to indications that the east side of South Danville would grow it was considered advisable to sell that lot and secure one elsewhere. Mr. Breach secured a lot as a gift from Mr. R.D. McDonald on 11th st., east, to erect a building for the Calvary Baptist Church. The First Church, on the first day of May, 1907, voted to sell the lot on S. Main st., and give the proceeds of the sale to the building of a new church on the lot given by Mr. McDonald.(Page 38-39).
WALNUT AND WILLIAMS BUILDING: As soon as they had given for that missions church the Lord provided a new space for First Baptist. “The First Church bought a lot for a new church on the corner of Walnut and Williams Streets at a cost of $8,500. In the meantime the church grew through the Billy Sunday revival, a ministry “to hobos” started by Pastor Rhoades. Finally in June 1914 trees were cleared from the lot purchased, the cornerstone was laid on the 6th day of June, 1914. The stone contains a copper box with a number of articles [church records] deposited therein. Three sides of the stone are exposed to full view. The side facing the east is engraved ‘First Baptist Church.’ On the side facing north are the dates of the three important historical periods: Organized 1829, 1874 when the church was incorporated and the second building was dedicated; and 1914 when this new church was erected. The third side bears a Latin inscription “‘With Courage and Faith. The edifice was completed and March 24, 1915 “the congregation bade farewell to the old church, in the regular services, Sunday morning and evening.” The building cost $48,365.27 to build and they had 24,913 on hand with $11,300 pledged. The church was already full to capacity. This all was done under the leadership of Dr. Edward L. Krumreig, D.D. who accepted the call to become pastor of First Baptist Church in 1913. In his ten year tenure two-hundred and eighty-five people were added to the church. An adjacent properties were purchased in this location for increased ministry.
GROWING MINISTRY
On July 1951 Pastor Seidler purchased property on Fowler Avenue and had a tent meeting in attempt to bring souls to Jesus. Two years later they would begin a missions church in the location called Fowler Avenue Baptist Church. Today that ministry is known as Edgewood Church. On May 28, 1953 First kindergarten graduation was held which included 31 students in white caps and gowns one of the first in the state of Illinois. In 1953 Church voted to establish a Christian day school of 8 grades to begin with a first grade in addition to the kindergarten. In 1953 First Baptist started a radio ministry on WDAN. The Sunday school ministry reached 415 in attendance in the early 1950’s under Pastor Seilder’s direction. The conservative Baptist Assembly Camp Assurance conducts summer camps.
VERMILION STREET: Property was purchased at 1211 North Vermillion St. with plans for a seven hundred seat auditorium and for a school for seven-hundred in 1952. A portion of the school was completed and several years later, on October 9, 1960 a ground breaking services was held for the new auditorium. Pastor Harris Stuermer saw the completion of that building. The first service was held on the eve of Thanksgiving in 1962. Under his leadership the church saw physical growth: houses were purchased, the parking lot was paved, property was purchased for Camp Assurance, vehicles were purchased, the nursery, gym, and school additions were constructed. The church saw an Easter attendance of 1,269 in 1974. Pastors In its almost 200 years of existence First has been shepherded by thirty-two men, eighteen have stayed less than five years, ten have stayed from 6-10 years, three have stayed 10-20 years (Mitchell Seidler, Jerry Cummins, and Paul Rebert), and one man for 20-30 years (Harris Stuermer).
Updates have been completed and additional have been built. I (Paul Rebert) was voted in as the Pastor on Wednesday night, December 21, 2011 with a ninety-three percent positive affirmation. In that last two hundred years false teachers have come and gone and culture has waxed worse. Most recently on July 19, 2023 the church demonstrated its commitment to biblical doctrine by strengthened its Statement of Faith. First Baptist is “the house of God, which is the church of the living God, the pillar and ground of the truth” (1 Timothy 3:14b). Success here is not be determined by societal standards, but by our commitment to “the Faith once delivered,” obedience to inerrant Word, love for one another, and commitment to herald the good news. As seasons come and go, the culture shifts, political tides adjust, tolerance of evil increases, and people in the church are born and pass on. The natural "grass withereth, and the flower thereof falleth away: But the word of the Lord endureth for ever (1 Peter 1:25). The unchanging thing about First Baptist, proof of God’s faithfulness to us has been its unwavering commitment to the Scriptures. The legacy of First Baptist can be described in one phrase, “Our faithful God has kept us faithful to the Book.” | WIKI |
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C++ Multithreading | How Many Threads Can You Have?
• Sep 28, 2023
• 6 Minute Read
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• By Abrar Ahmed
C++ Multithreading | How Many Threads Can You Have?
Multithreading has emerged as a fundamental concept in modern C++ programming, enabling developers to harness the power of parallelism and concurrency. In this article, we will explore the world of multithreading in C++, and discuss the number of threads one can have in C++.
What is Multithreading in C++?
Multithreading refers to the execution of multiple threads concurrently within a single program. Multithreading in C++ is achieved through the threading library, which provides classes and functions to create, manage, and synchronize threads.
By utilizing multithreading, developers can break down complex tasks into smaller, independent units that can be executed simultaneously, thus maximizing CPU utilization and reducing overall execution time.
By executing multiple threads simultaneously, C++ applications can achieve improved performance, responsiveness, and resource utilization.
Let's consider an example to illustrate the usage of multithreading in C++. Assume we have a function `calculatePrimeNumbers()` that calculates prime numbers within a given range. We can parallelize this task by dividing the range among multiple threads and executing the calculations concurrently.
#include <iostream>
#include <thread>
#include <vector>
void calculatePrimeNumbers(int start, int end) {
// Calculate prime numbers within the given range
// ...
}
int main() {
const int numThreads = 4;
const int rangeStart = 1;
const int rangeEnd = 100;
std::vector<std::thread> threads;
int rangeSize = (rangeEnd - rangeStart + 1) / numThreads;
int rangeRemainder = (rangeEnd - rangeStart + 1) % numThreads;
int start = rangeStart;
int end = start + rangeSize - 1;
for (int i = 0; i < numThreads; ++i) {
if (i == numThreads - 1) {
end += rangeRemainder;
}
threads.emplace_back(calculatePrimeNumbers, start, end);
start = end + 1;
end = start + rangeSize - 1;
}
for (std::thread& t : threads) {
t.join();
}
return 0;
}
In the above code, we create a vector of threads and divide the range `[1, 100]` among four threads. Each thread is responsible for calculating prime numbers within its assigned range. By executing the calculations concurrently, we can leverage the power of multithreading to improve the overall efficiency of the program.
Why Do We Need Multithreading in C++?
Multithreading in C++ offers several benefits and is crucial in various scenarios. Some key reasons why we need multithreading in C++ include:
• Enhanced Performance: Multithreading allows us to leverage the capabilities of modern multi-core processors, enabling the execution of multiple tasks simultaneously. This can significantly improve the performance and responsiveness of applications.
• Concurrency and Responsiveness: Multithreading enables the execution of multiple tasks concurrently, enhancing the responsiveness of applications, especially in scenarios where there are multiple I/O operations or time-consuming computations.
• Resource Utilization: Multithreading enables efficient utilization of system resources by distributing workloads among threads, thereby maximizing CPU utilization and reducing idle time.
Single Thread vs. Multithreaded Approaches
A single-threaded approach involves executing tasks sequentially within a single thread. This approach is simpler and suitable for scenarios where tasks are independent and there is no need for parallelism or concurrency.
On the other hand, a multithreaded approach allows tasks to be executed simultaneously in multiple threads, enabling parallelism and concurrency. This approach is beneficial when dealing with complex tasks that can be divided into smaller, independent units, providing opportunities for performance optimization and resource utilization.
How Many Threads Can You Have in C++?
The number of threads one can have in C++ depends on various factors, including the hardware, operating system, and application requirements. Modern processors typically support multiple cores and threads, allowing for the execution of several threads simultaneously.
However, creating an excessive number of threads may result in diminishing returns due to thread management overhead and resource limitations. It is essential to strike a balance between the number of threads and the available hardware resources to achieve optimal performance.
Do C++ Threads Share Memory?
By default, C++ threads share the same memory space within a process. This means that threads can access and modify shared variables, leading to potential data races and synchronization issues. It is crucial to ensure proper synchronization mechanisms, such as mutexes or atomic operations, to coordinate access to shared data and prevent race conditions.
Conclusion
Multithreading is a powerful concept in C++ programming and applications can achieve enhanced performance, responsiveness, and resource utilization with it. So, embrace its power and unlock the true potential of your applications.
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About The Author
Abrar Ahmed
An ambivert individual with a thirst for knowledge and passion to achieve. Striving to connect Artificial Intelligence in all aspects of life. I am also an avid coder and partake in coding challenges all the time on Leetcode and CodeChef. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
From 490ef3213a09ec2b202e9b511a92ce89f811af66 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Dana Jansens Date: Tue, 26 Feb 2008 22:22:35 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 1/1] Change the kill prompt buttons to "Cancel" and "End Process"/"Disconnect" (for local/remote apps) --- openbox/client.c | 20 ++++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 14 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/openbox/client.c b/openbox/client.c index 3a46f82..20a4dff 100644 --- a/openbox/client.c +++ b/openbox/client.c @@ -3406,10 +3406,11 @@ static void client_prompt_kill(ObClient *self) /* check if we're already prompting */ if (!self->kill_prompt) { ObPromptAnswer answers[] = { - { _("Cancel"), OB_KILL_RESULT_NO }, - { _("Force Exit"), OB_KILL_RESULT_YES } + { 0, OB_KILL_RESULT_NO }, + { 0, OB_KILL_RESULT_YES } }; gchar *m; + const gchar *y; if (client_on_localhost(self)) { const gchar *sig; @@ -3420,12 +3421,19 @@ static void client_prompt_kill(ObClient *self) sig = "kill"; m = g_strdup_printf - (_("The window \"%s\" does not seem to be responding. Do you want to force it to exit by sending the %s signal?"), self->original_title, sig); + (_("The window \"%s\" does not seem to be responding. Do you want to force it to exit by sending the %s signal?"), + self->original_title, sig); + y = _("End Process"); } - else + else { m = g_strdup_printf - (_("The window \"%s\" does not seem to be responding. Do you want to disconnect it from the X server?"), self->original_title); - + (_("The window \"%s\" does not seem to be responding. Do you want to disconnect it from the X server?"), + self->original_title); + y = _("Disconnect"); + } + /* set the dialog buttons' text */ + answers[0].text = _("Cancel"); /* "no" */ + answers[1].text = y; /* "yes" */ self->kill_prompt = prompt_new(m, answers, sizeof(answers)/sizeof(answers[0]), -- 1.9.1 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Ancient Law.djvu/140
CHAP. V. attributes present themselves. The moral elevation and moral debasement of the individual appear to be confounded with, or postponed to, the merits and offences of the group to which the individual belongs. If the community sins, its guilt is much more than the sum of the offences committed by its members; the crime is a corporate act, and extends in its consequences to many more persons than have shared in its actual perpetration. If, on the other hand. the individual is conspicuously guilty, it is his children, his kinsfolk, his tribesmen, or his fellow-citizens, who suffer with him, and sometimes for him. It thus happens that the ideas of moral responsibility and retribution often seem to be more clearly realised at very ancient than at more advanced periods, for, as the family group is immortal, and its liability to punishment indefinite, the primitive mind is not perplexed by the questions which become troublesome as soon as the individual is conceived as altogether separate from the group. One step in the transition from the ancient and simple view of the matter to the theological or metaphysical explanations of later days is marked by the early Greek notion of an inherited curse. The bequest received by his posterity from the original criminal was not a liability to punishment, but a liability to the commission of fresh offences which drew with them a condign retribution; and thus the responsibility of the family was reconciled | WIKI |
Toledo Comes To Gainesville Hoping To Pull Off UF Upset « CBS Miami
GAINESVILLE (CBSMiami) – The University of Florida Gators kickoff their 2013 football season in Gainesville against a Toledo Rockets team ready to spring a big upset on the number 10 team in the country. The Gators are likely to get a good challenge out of the Rockets as UF may be overlooking them with the University of Miami on the schedule next weekend. Toledo is no slouch having been to three straight bowl games and racking up seven wins against ranked teams, including an upset of #21 Cincinnati last year. Still, Toledo is a 23.5 point underdog heading into the season-opener at the Swamp. UF also has a history of playing down to the level of their opponent. Last year, Louisiana was tied with the Gators at 20 in the final minute before a blocked punt was returned for a touchdown to seal the victory for the Gators. There's definitely no easy game, Gators quarterback Jeff Driskel said. You can't just roll your helmet out and win. When you do play at a place like Florida, teams are going to throw different stuff at you. … Everybody that plays us is going to play their best. They're going to take some gambles on offense and defense. Toledo, which was picked to finish second in the Mid-American Conference's West Division, is 1-6 against teams ranked in the top 10. The lone win came against Pittsburgh in 2003. The Rockets finished last season with an offense that ranked 32nd in the nation, 71 spots higher than Florida. Toledo's offense averaged 193.23 rushing yards per game and 252 yards through the air per game. But the Rockets' Achilles heel was scoring defense, giving up 28.4 points per game along with 473.2 yards of total offense per contest. Toledo's total defense was only ranked 113th out of 124 FBS teams last year. Toledo isn't lacking confidence. When you go into an atmosphere like that, it's you and your brothers, and your backs are against the wall, senior running back David Fluellen said. We're just trying to prove the Rockets are for real and we can compete with any team in the country. Toledo will follow up the trip to Gainesville with a trip to Columbia, Missouri to play the Missouri Tigers, another SEC East school. (TM and Copyright 2013 CBS Radio Inc. and its relevant subsidiaries. CBS RADIO and EYE Logo TM and Copyright 2013 CBS Broadcasting Inc. Used under license. All Rights Reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed. The Associated Press contributed to this report.) Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in: You are commenting using your Twitter account. ( Log Out / Change ) You are commenting using your Facebook account. ( Log Out / Change ) You are commenting using your Google+ account. ( Log Out / Change ) Connecting to %s Notify me of new comments via email. Notify me of new posts via email. Listen Live | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Fadhil Nsyengulah
Full Names : Fadhil Jeremiah Nsyengulah Date of Birth : December 12,1990 Nationality : Tanzanian Sex : Male Marital Status : Single Language : Swahili/English Contact Details : Mobile No: +255715 847561 Email Address<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Higher Education : Bachelor’s degree (Bsc Of Business Administration-Accounting) From SAUT-MWANZA CURRENTLY LIVES IN MBEYA TANZANIA | WIKI |
Talk:SlutWalk/Archives/2011/August
Justice Dewar material
I believe the material LamontCranston wishes to include in this article must be shown to have direct relevance to the SlutWalk movement. Otherwise, we could insert material on any number of rape cases which appear to blame the victim. If the dispute had its own page, it might be relevant as a "see also." Hyper3 (talk) 15:36, 19 June 2011 (UTC)
* Is it not an incident along with the cops footinmouth that sparked it? It was my understanding that it was, certainly happened soon after. LamontCranston (talk) 21:42, 19 June 2011 (UTC)
* Well, that's assuming that the police officer's statement was a case of "foot in mouth," which I don't buy. What that police officer said was equivalent to suggesting that you should keep your valuables hidden when out walking at night, so you don't get clobbered for them. That's in no way blaming the victim, and the police officer's statement would never have been controversial if the issue hadn't been one that particularly concerns women. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:45, 24 August 2011 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza
Re structuring of page
I have begun editing the SlutWalk page as things have moved on considerably and the page looks very out of date. I have changed a lot of the text to put it in the past tense, removing statements made in the future tense.
I note that the original Table of Contents reflects a focus on the original march and I am wondering whether with everything now written (particularly in our local Australian media on the pros and cons of the SlutWalk concept and march whether the page sections should be re-titled to reflect a different focus? I have added a section for criticism. There are already comments made in the first paragraph at the top of the page specific to the original Toronto march and then there is a separate section devoted to it below. I am wondering whether it would be more appropriate to delete or merge this information? Page structure suggestions welcome.Writerose (talk) 06:36, 30 May 2011 (UTC)
I note that there has been a template added to this page claiming that synthesis of public material has been made without sources and pointing editors to this page. Unfortunately there is no explanation here of what is being questioned on the page and no way to assess the validity and breadth of the template and its criticisms. Perhaps someone can remove the template given there is no way to address it as it is not clear to what in the article it applies?
I removed the citation required template from the statement that SlutWalk 'has generated grassroots support'. I believe that the thousands of people attending rallies across the globe constitutes grassroots support and do not appreciate having citation templates placed on basic facts. If an editor has a contrary view I suggest they insert it with appropriate referencing rather than questioning an obvious fact.Writerose (talk) 10:25, 12 June 2011 (UTC)
* But that's Original Research. You see thousands attending rallies across the globe--and you CONCLUDE grassroots support. It's not a basic fact; it's a conclusion. And even if it were a basic fact, it could still use a citation so as not to be simply stating what you've observed. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:58, 24 August 2011 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza
Leave in the incident with Justice Robert Dewar, it was the other contributing factor and honestly a lot worse than the dumb cop. LamontCranston (talk) 08:04, 19 June 2011 (UTC)
* But leaving it in because "this was dumb" or "that was a lot worse" at least assumes a consensus on what is in fact a matter of opinion. My opinion is that the police officer only spoke common sense, and his remarks no more blame the victim than suggesting that someone who got robbed shouldn't have set down his wallet on the bar and turned his back; no, he shouldn't have, but the only wrong committed was the other person picking up the wallet. I think this distinction is commonly recognized, and the police officer's statement wouldn't have been an issue if it wasn't specially associated with women. You think it should be in because it was "dumb." That implies an agenda to push your view, rather than simply recording a phenomenon. My own view is that it was not "dumb." Which would suggest removing it. See the problem? But there it does seem that the phenomenon was sparked by the officer's remark. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:55, 24 August 2011 (UTC)Stephen Kosciesza | WIKI |
Lap steel guitar
The lap steel guitar, also known as a Hawaiian guitar, is a type of steel guitar without pedals that is typically played with the instrument in a horizontal position across the performer's lap. Unlike the usual manner of playing a traditional acoustic guitar, in which the performer's fingertips press the strings against frets, the pitch of a steel guitar is changed by pressing a polished steel bar against plucked strings (from which the name "steel guitar" derives). Though the instrument does not have frets, it displays markers that resemble them. Lap steels may differ markedly from one another in external appearance, depending on whether they are acoustic or electric, but in either case, do not have pedals, distinguishing them from pedal steel guitars.
The steel guitar was the first "foreign" musical instrument to gain a foothold in American pop music. It originated in the Hawaiian Islands about 1885, popularized by an Oahu youth named Joseph Kekuku, who became known for playing a traditional guitar by laying it across his lap and sliding a piece of metal against the strings to change the pitch. The instrument's distinctive portamento sound, characterized by a smooth gliding between notes, became popular throughout the islands. American popular culture became fascinated with Hawaiian music during the first half of the twentieth century – to the degree of becoming a musical fad. Americans were curious about the lap steel instrument featured in its performance, and came to refer to it as a "Hawaiian guitar", and the horizontal playing position as "Hawaiian style". Hawaiian music began its assimilation into American popular music in the 1910s, but with English lyrics; a combination Hawaiians called hapa haole (half-white). In the 1930s, the invention of electric amplification for the lap steel was a milestone in its evolution. It meant that the instrument could be heard equally with other instruments, that it no longer needed a resonance chamber to produce its sound, and that electrified lap steels could be manufactured in any shape (even a rectangular block), with little or no resemblance to a traditional guitar.
In the early twentieth century Hawaiian music and the steel guitar began to meld into other musical styles, including blues, jazz, gospel, country music and, particularly, the country music sub-genres Western swing, honky-tonk, and bluegrass. Lap steel pioneers include Sol Hoopii, Bob Dunn, Jerry Byrd, Don Helms, Bud Isaacs, Leon McAuliffe, Josh Graves, Pete Kirby, and Darick Campbell.
Conceptually, a lap steel guitar may be likened to playing a guitar with one finger (the bar). This abstraction illustrates one of the instrument's major limitations: its constraint to a single chord that is not changeable during a performance without re-tuning the instrument. An early solution was to build lap steel guitars with two or more necks, each providing a separate set of differently-tuned strings on a single instrument. The performer's hands could move to a different neck at will. Although in the early 1940s, elite players recorded and performed with these multi-neck guitars, most musicians could not afford them. The problem was addressed in 1940 by adding pedals to the lap steel to change the pitch of certain strings easily, making more complex chords available on the same neck. By 1952, this invention revolutionized how the instrument was played, in many ways making it virtually a new instrument, known as a "pedal steel". An overwhelming majority of lap steel players adopted the pedal design, and, as a result, the lap steel became largely obsolete by the late 1950s, with only pockets of devotees in country and Hawaiian music remaining.
Early history
Spanish guitars were introduced into the Hawaiian Islands as early as the 1830s. The Hawaiians did not embrace the standard guitar tuning that had been in use for centuries. They re-tuned the guitars to make a chord when all the strings were sounded together, known as an "open tuning". This was called "slack-key", known in Hawaiian as "kī hōʻalu", because certain strings were "slackened" to achieve it. Hawaiians learned to play fingerstyle this way, creating melodies over the full resonant tones of the open strings, and the genre became known as slack-key guitar. About 1885, after guitar strings made of steel became available, Joseph Kekuku, on the island of Oahu developed and popularized playing an open tuning while seated with the guitar across his knees while pressing a steel bar against the strings. Following Kekuku's lead, other Hawaiians began playing in this new manner, with the guitar laid across the lap, instead of in the traditional way of holding the instrument against the body. Once the horizontal style became popular throughout the islands, the technique spread internationally, and was referred to (typically outside of Hawaii) as "Hawaiian style".
Hawaiian music, with the sound of the steel guitar as a marked featured of it, became a popular musical preoccupation or fad in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century. In 1916, recordings of indigenous Hawaiian music outsold all other U.S. musical genres. This popularity initiated the manufacture of guitars designed specifically to be played horizontally. The archetypal lap steel guitar is the acoustic Hawaiian guitar. Despite incorporating a resonant chamber in their body, these early acoustic versions of the instrument were not loud enough relative to other instruments. However, in the early 1930s a steel guitarist named George Beauchamp invented the electric guitar pickup. Electrification not only allowed the lap steel guitar to be heard better, but it also meant that their resonance chambers were no longer essential, or even required. The result was that steel guitars could be manufactured in any shape – even in the form of a rectangular block bearing little or no resemblance to the traditional guitar shape. This led to table-like instruments in a metal frame on legs called "console steels".
Types of lap steel guitars
There are three categories of lap steel guitars:
* Acoustic lap steel guitars: These are traditional acoustic steel-string acoustic guitars modified to be played on the performer's lap. The modification is to raise the strings higher off the fingerboard than a traditional guitar, which can be done by inserting an adapter on the instrument's bridge and its nut. This prevents the steel bar from hitting against the frets.
* Dobro-type guitars or National guitars: These are typically acoustic steel guitars with a large aluminum cone under the bridge, called a resonator, that increases volume output. Wood-body resonator guitars are called "Dobros" and steel bodied ones are called "Nationals". The types do not sound the same — the Nationals are brassier and are usually preferred by blues players. Either type offers round necks (Spanish) or square necks (Hawaiian). Square necks are sometimes necessitated both by the use of thicker strings and by the increased force the instrument is subject to as a consequence of its raised strings.
* Electric lap steel guitars: Describes instruments that are specifically designed to be played horizontally and feature an electric pickup so that they do not require any resonance chamber. Guitars in this category may differ markedly from one another in external appearance, and include instruments made from rectangular solid blocks of wood. Some may be small enough to be played on the lap; others may have more than one neck (making the instrument heavier), and may be built on a frame with legs, which is then known as a console steel.
Tunings
Over centuries in Western countries, the traditional Spanish guitar developed a near-universal tuning of ascending fourths (and one major third) consisting of E–A–D–G–B–E; however, no such standard existed for the Hawaiian "open tunings" (guitar tuned in a chord). The Hawaiians simply tuned to a chord that suited the singer's voice. Beginning in the days of slack-key guitar in the 1850s, Hawaiian tunings came to be as closely guarded as any trade secret, handed down in families. Many players de-tuned their instruments when they were not playing them to keep others from discovering their tuning.
The tuning chosen for these instruments is a crucial foundation on which steel guitar style is built. The tuning used determines the notes that the player has available in a chord, and affects how notes can be played in sequence. Experimenting with different tunings was a widespread practice of the Hawaiian music of the 1930s and provided templates that became a foundation for the playing style of later musicians. Scores of tunings are available for lap steel players. The addition of a sixth interval into a tuning had a dramatic effect on the steel guitar because it created numerous positions and playing pockets which were not accessible in a simple major chord. The C6 was a common tuning for six string lap steels in the 1920s and 1930s. Tunings with a sixth interval are popular in Western swing and jazz, while tunings containing flatted sevenths are often chosen for blues and rock music.
A fundamental challenge of lap steel guitar design is the inherent constraint it places on the number of chords and inversions available in any given tuning. To address the meager array available to them, some early players would simply have a second lap steel at hand, with a different tuning, ready when needed. Another strategy was to increase the number of strings on the instrument (the more strings available, the smaller the pitch intervals between them, and therefore more notes available when the bar is placed straight across the strings). A third strategy was to add additional necks to the same instrument, thus providing separate sets of strings that could each be tuned differently.
The Hawaiian "craze" in the United States
In the U.S. Mainland in the early 20th century, after the 1898 annexation of Hawaii, the Hawaiian "craze" was in full force, as evidenced by radio broadcasts, stage shows, and motion pictures featuring Hawaiian music. Hollywood films perpetuated the musical image of an idealized island lifestyle. Hawaiian guitars and lessons for youth were widely available. For example, the Oahu Music Company sold their Oahu-brand guitars and lessons to young people by door-to-door sales, canvassing nearly every city in the United States.
The steel guitar was the first "foreign" musical instrument to gain a foothold in American pop music. Pioneer lap steel players between 1915 and 1930 included Sol K. Bright Sr., Tau Moe, Dick McIntire, Sam Ku West and Frank Ferera. Ferera was the most-recorded of any lap-style guitarists in that time period. Hawaiian music began to meld into American popular music in the 1910s – a combination Hawaiians called hapa haole (half-white) – which was essentially Hawaiian music, sung in English, intended for white audiences. As an example, Honolulu-born Dick McIntire and his Harmony Hawaiians recorded Hawaiian songs sung by American pop crooner Bing Crosby in 1936. Tin Pan Alley obliged the demand for Hawaiian songs by publishing a large supply of hapa haole music. Many amateur and professional musicians throughout America formed Hawaiian combos in the 1930s and 1940s. The introduction of electrified guitars in the 1930s had a profound effect, boosting commercial Hawaiian music.
Lap steel pioneers
In the development of lap steel guitar in the early twentieth century, many innovators contributed; among the most prominent were:
Sol Ho'opi'i (pronounced Ho-OH-pee-EE) was perhaps the most famous Hawaiian musician whose work spread the sound of instrumental lap steel play worldwide. He was the first steel guitarist to combine Hawaiian music with American jazz. Born in Honolulu in 1902, Hoopii was a gifted talent on lap steel from an early age. When he was a teenager, he stowed away on a Matson liner on its journey from Hawaii to San Francisco. After his arrival in California, he formed a trio and became well known in clubs, theaters, movie appearances and recordings from 1925 to 1950. He combined Hawaiian music with the jazz he heard from clarinet and horn players. He was a trendsetter in his use of the metal-bodied National Tricone guitar and, later, the Rickenbacker Bakelite (see photo above) and Dickerson electric steels.
Bob Dunn was the first steel guitarist of renown playing Western swing. Born in 1908 in Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, he quit school in the eighth grade to join traveling musical troupes. Considered a musical revolutionary, according to music writer Michael Ross, Bob Dunn played the first electrified instrument of any type on a commercial recording. It was a Western swing tune released in 1935, performed by Dunn in collaboration with "Milton Brown and his Musical Brownies". The guitar he played was a Rickenbacker A22, nicknamed the "Frying Pan". Formerly a trombone player, Dunn's guitar playing introduced horn-like solos, with the staccato phrasing of jazz players, and, according to historian Andy Volk, was of indelible influence on subsequent generations of steel players.
Jerry Byrd was born in Lima, Ohio, in 1920. As a youth, he attended a traveling tent show that came to town; it was a troupe of Hawaiians playing Hawaiian music and featured a polished National steel guitar. Byrd was smitten by the sound as well as the physical appearance of the instrument and said, "That was the day that changed my life". In a musical career divided between Hawaiian music and country music, Byrd helped lay the foundation for the Nashville steel guitar sound. He is credited with developing the C6 tuning that became the standard of C6 pedal steels. With Hank Williams, Byrd recorded songs like "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry", "Lovesick Blues" and "A Mansion on the Hill". Byrd also recorded with Marty Robbins, Hank Snow, Ernest Tubb and others. After his Nashville career, Byrd made Hawaii his permanent home.
Western Swing
In the early 1930s, the newly electrified lap steel guitar took a prominent position in a type of dance music known as "Western swing", a form of jazz swing that combined elements of country music and Hawaiian music. Pioneers of the genre include bandleaders Milton Brown and Bob Wills. Wills in turn hired and nurtured innovative players, who subsequently influenced the genre, including Leon McAuliffe, Noel Boggs, and Herb Remington.
In October, 1936, Bob Wills and his Texas Playboys and McAuliffe, performing with a Rickenbacker B–6 lap steel, recorded the remarkably well selling record, "Steel Guitar Rag". Due to the need to have different chords or voicings available, the design of the lap steel and the way it was played underwent continual change as the style evolved. McAuliffe had two Rickenbackers, each tuned differently. The instrument's constraints caused leading steel guitarists to add additional necks with different tunings on the same instrument. Lap steels were the first multi-neck electric instruments. The added size and weight meant that the instrument could no longer be reasonably supported on the player's lap and required placement in a frame with legs known as a "console" steel guitar, that is still ostensibly a lap steel. Prominent players of that era, including Herb Remington and Noel Boggs, accommodated by instrument maker Leo Fender, eventually played instruments with four different necks.
Honky-tonk
By the late 1940s, the steel guitar featured prominently in the emerging "honky-tonk" style of country music, developed in Texas and Oklahoma bars and dance halls (called honky-tonks). The style features a simple two-beat sound with a prominent backbeat. Honky-tonk singers who used a lap steel guitar in their musical arrangements included Hank Williams, Lefty Frizzell and Webb Pierce.
Don Helms (1927–2008), born in New Brockton, Alabama, played a double-neck Gibson lap steel using an E6 and a B11 tuning on recordings by all three of these artists, as well as on more than 100 Hank Williams songs, including "Your Cheating Heart", "I Can't Help It (If I'm Still in Love with You)" and "Cold, Cold Heart". Helms' playing style helped move country music away from the hillbilly string-band sound popular in the 1930s and toward the more modern electric style that took over in the 1940s. His guitar intros, leads, and fills have been widely imitated for 50 years. Other classic country recordings featuring Helms' work were "Walkin' After Midnight" (Patsy Cline) and "Blue Kentucky Girl" (Loretta Lynn). Many recordings of that era (1950s) were made using a steel guitar tuning in a sixth chord, often a C6, which is sometimes called a "Texas tuning".
Dobro
The Dobro or resonator guitar is a uniquely American lap steel guitar with a resonator cone designed to make a guitar louder. It was patented by the Dopyera brothers in 1927, but the name "Dobro", a portmanteau of DOpyera and BROthers, became a generic term for this type of guitar. The dobro never became popular with blues players, who generally prefer the National guitar, which has a similar resonator design but uses a metal body. In the opinion of music writer Richard Carlin, the dobro probably would have disappeared from the musical scene had it not been for two influential players: Pete Kirby and Uncle Josh Graves (Buck Graves).
Beecher "Pete" Kirby (1911–1992), known as Bashful Brother Oswald, was born in Sevierville, Tennessee. As a member of Roy Acuff's "Smoky Mountain Boys", in 1939 his dobro playing on the Grand Ole Opry helped define country music in its formative years. Kirby introduced the instrument to a nationwide radio audience. He played a Dobro Model 27, and sometimes a steel-bodied National guitar. He was known to perform a comedy act dressed as a yokel, wearing a wide-brim slouch hat and overalls. His dobro attracted interest and fascination; he said, "People couldn't understand how I played it and what it was, and they'd always want to come around and look at it." He stayed with Acuff for 53 years.
Buck "Josh" Graves (aka "Uncle Josh Graves"), born in 1927, played dobro in the pioneering Bluegrass band "Flatt and Scruggs" in 1955. Graves played a role in establishing dobro as a common fixture in a bluegrass band. He honed a style that elevated his dobro skills to rival the prowess of his bandmates. To do so, he abandoned Hawaiian stylings and adopted hammer-on and pull-off notes to combine open strings with fretted notes rapidly; additionally, he adopted a three-finger picking style taught to him by Earl Scruggs. Dozens of other bluegrass groups added a dobro after hearing Graves' lightning-fast solos that fit into the bluegrass instrumental style. He took lap steel guitar to a new level, able to complement the banjo, fiddle, and mandolin.
Dobro fell out of favor in mainstream country music until a bluegrass revival in the 1970s brought it back with younger virtuoso players like Jerry Douglas, whose Dobro skills became widely known and emulated.
Sacred steel
This gospel music tradition, now called "sacred steel", began in the 1930s church services in the "House of God", a small African-American denomination where the steel guitar emerged as an alternative to the church organ. Darick Campbell (1966–2020) was a lap steel player for the gospel band, The Campbell Brothers, who took the musical tradition from Pentecostal churches to international fame. Campbell played a traditional Hawaiian lap steel: a Fender Stringmaster 8-string (Fender Deluxe-8). He regulated the volume up on top of the guitar with his hand as he played and used a wah pedal. Born in Rochester, New York, Campbell was a master at mimicking the human singing voice with his guitar. He said, "My method is to always think of my guitar as a voice". Campbell played many music festivals, but his renown in rock and jazz circles was not well received by church leaders. The Campbell Brothers parted ways acrimoniously with the Nashville-based House of God Church, Keith Dominion, because the Pentecostal church wanted to keep the band's music within the church walls. Campbell recorded with The Allman Brothers and Medeski Martin and Wood.
Lap slide guitar
Lap slide guitar is not a specific instrument, but a style of playing lap steel that is typically heard in blues or rock music. Players of these genres typically use the term "slide" instead of "steel"; they sometimes play the style with a flat pick or with fingers instead of finger picks. Pioneers in lap slide include Buddy Woods, "Black Ace" Turner (who used a small medicine bottle as a slide), and Freddie Roulette. Turner played a National Style 2 square neck Tricone guitar on his lap.
Another blues guitar playing style is called "slide guitar", a hybrid between steel guitar and conventional guitar. It is played with a conventional guitar held flat against the body, fretting the bass strings in the usual way (for rhythm accompaniment), while using a tubular slide (or the neck of a bottle) placed on a finger of the same hand to slide against the treble strings. In 1923, Sylvester Weaver was the first to record this style. In the 1940s, blues players like Robert Nighthawk and Earl Hooker popularized electric slide guitar this way, using a traditional guitar in standard tuning. The term "bottleneck" was historically used to describe this type of playing. Early blues players used open tunings, but most modern slide players use both standard and open.
Lap steel obsolescence
The expense of building multiple necks on each guitar made lap steels unaffordable for most players and a more sophisticated solution was needed. Many inventors sought a mechanical linkage to change the pitch of strings on the steel guitar. Gibson introduced a pedal steel guitar as early as 1940, but it never caught on. About 1946, Paul Bigsby created a new design for the pedal action, greatly improving it. Bigsby, working alone in his shop, made guitars for leading players of the day, including Joaquin Murphey and Speedy West. Nashville guitarist Bud Isaacs received one of Bigsby's two-pedal guitars in 1952. It was a wooden double–eight string model. Isaacs experimented with the new pedals in an E9 tuning, trying to imitate the sound of two fiddles playing in harmony. In doing so, he came upon something new – he innovated pushing the pedal while the strings were still sounding. This practice had been strictly avoided by other players of the era, because it was considered poor technique and "un-Hawaiian". Isaacs' intent was to use the pedal mechanism itself as a feature of the music. The technique created a triad chord, where two lower notes bend up in glissando counterpoint from below, to harmonize with a third note on top that remains unchanged. The pedal facilitated the move in perfect synchronization and pitch, which was consistent and reliable.
Isaacs tried it in a 1953 recording session on a Webb Pierce song called "Slowly". The song became one of the most-played country songs of 1954 and was No. 1 on the Billboard's country charts for seventeen weeks. Isaacs' guitar became the first pedal steel guitar on a hit record. More importantly, the sound was immediately recognized by lap steel (non-pedal) guitarists as something both unique and impossible to produce on a non-pedal lap steel. Dozens of instrumentalists rushed to get pedals on their steel guitars to imitate the unique bending notes they heard in Isaacs' play. In the months and years after this recording, instrument makers and musicians worked to duplicate the innovations of Bigsby and Isaacs. Even though the instrument had been available for over a decade before this recording, the pedal steel guitar emerged as a crucial element in country music after the success of this song. The pedals allowed playing more complex and versatile music than it was possible on lap steel.
The pedal steel design was adopted by an overwhelming majority of lap steel players in the early 1950s. The resulting new and distinctive style of playing became a defining characteristic of the country music coming out of Nashville for decades thereafter. In accordance, the non-pedal lap steel became largely obsolete, with only pockets of devotees remaining in country and Hawaiian music.
Jimmy Day was an example of an established lap player who was able to make a successful switch to pedals in mid-career. Other prominent lap steel players—including Noel Boggs, Jerry Byrd and Joaquin Murphey—refused to switch. According to music historian Rich Kienzle, this decision hindered Boggs' later career. Speaking about the pedal steel in a 1972 interview, Jerry Byrd said: "Mechanically, there were a lot of bugs, you couldn't keep them in tune, and that drove me crazy" ... So I decided to stay with what I had and keep my identity and ride it out... I never made the change-over." Joaquin Murphey stayed with the non-pedal lap steel long after his contemporaries had switched over, and with his C6 tuning. He felt that the Nashville-standard E9 was, in his words, a "gimmick". He stated in a 1995 interview, "I can't do all that fancy Nashville stuff and I hate it anyhow". | WIKI |
All-time record options bets on volatility spook Wall Street over leverage risk
Options experts are saying Thursday's record volume in volatility derivatives bets may signal a dangerous problem with the size of volatility-linked trading products.The focus is on the CBOE volatility index, a key measure of market expectations for near-term volatility as conveyed by the price of S&P 500 index options. The CBOE announced VIX options volume hit 2.56 million contracts on Thursday, a record for a single day. In addition, VIX futures volume reached 939,000 contracts, another record. The high volume coincided with a 44 percent spike in the VIX, to 16.04, its highest daily close for the year. The VIX recently hit a record intraday low of 8.84. On Friday afternoon, it was at 14.54. The volume in VIX "options and futures tells us that yesterday was potentially a more serious event, and validates some of what we have discussed in recent notes about the growing leverage in VIX-linked products," Macro Risk Advisors head derivatives strategist Pravit Chintawongvanich wrote in a note to clients Friday. The strategist cited how large future moves in the VIX may be driven by the increased use of volatility exchange-traded products or ETPs. "Volatility can quickly revert to 'normal' levels as we saw yesterday. But starting from low VIX futures levels, that translates into a large percentage move for the VIX ETPs – which in turn translates into a potentially large rebalance, and the potential for the inverse VIX ETPs to be stopped out," he added. As a result, Chintawongvanich recommends investors buy put options on the SPDR S&P 500 ETF and the iShares iBoxx $ High Yield Corporate Bond ETF to hedge against further downside volatility. A put option gives the holder the chance to sell an asset at a set price at a point in the future. It's a bet the asset price will fall.One accomplished options trader said the dramatic one-day VIX surge Thursday likely stemmed from traders being forced to close out losing volatility positions. "When I see really out sized moves in VIX like yesterday I have to think the reason isn't just people scrambling for protection as much as some of the so-called smart money being forced to cover their naked shorts," CNBC contributor Jon Najarian, founder of Investitute.com, wrote in an email. "If the market moves too quickly to the short strikes, the trader and or his or her clearing firm are forced to buy back the short positions at the worst possible time, when volatility is elevated," he added. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2018; 22 (6): 1686-1692
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201803_14581
lncRNA CCHE1 increased proliferation, metastasis and invasion of non-small lung cancer cells and predicted poor survival in non-small lung cancer patients
Y. Liao, S. Cheng, J. Xiang, C. Luo
Department of Respiration, University-Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China. Luochun-1@163.com
OBJECTIVE: Lung cancer is common cancer worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of lung cancers. Thus, we studied whether long non-coding RNAs influence malignancy in NSCLC to discover new therapeutic targets for increasing the survival rate of NSCLC patients. lncRNA has been proven to be important in different cancer progression. In this study, we mainly focused on the role of lncRNA CCHE1 (cervical carcinoma high expressed 1) expressed PCNA regulatory lncRNA in NSCLC cancer.
PATIENTS AND METHODS: qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of CCHE1 in 126 cases of NSCLC tissue and adjacent tissue, and the clinical significance was also analyzed. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assay was used to detect the proliferation ability of NSCLC cancer cell lines, and Western-blot was used to measure the expression of the protein when the expression of CCHE1 was suppressed.
RESULTS: We found that the CCHE1 was highly expressed in the NSCLC tissue, compared with the adjacent tissue. We also found that the expression of CCHE1 was closely related to the size and survival time of patients. Moreover, CCHE1 could promote the proliferation, metastasis, and invasion of NSCLC cell line via increasing the expression of ERK/MAPK signaling pathway.
CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, we found that CCHE1 was closely related the progression of NSCLC, which could be a potential target for treating NSCLC.
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To cite this article
Y. Liao, S. Cheng, J. Xiang, C. Luo
lncRNA CCHE1 increased proliferation, metastasis and invasion of non-small lung cancer cells and predicted poor survival in non-small lung cancer patients
Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci
Year: 2018
Vol. 22 - N. 6
Pages: 1686-1692
DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_201803_14581 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Some reasons why high gravity brewing has a negative effect on head retention
D. J. Cooper, G. G. Stewart, J. H. Bryce
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
30 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
Our aim was to examine the effect of high gravity brewing on head retention with respect particularly to the effect of high gravity brewing on hydrophobic polypeptide levels. High gravity brewed beer had poorer head retention values when compared to a similarly brewed low gravity beer. Analysis of hydrophobic polypeptide levels in both high gravity wort (20° Plato) and low gravity wort (10° Plato) produced using a lauter tun, revealed that the high gravity wort contained 8% less hydrophobic polypeptide than the low gravity wort (undiluted basis). Analysis of hydrophobic polypeptides throughout the brewing process for these 10°P and 20°P brews demonstrated that the hydrophobic polypeptide content decreased, especially during the kettle boil and fermentation. Furthermore, the high gravity brewed beer suffered the greatest loss, leaving the final beer with approximately 40% less hydrophobic polypeptides than the low gravity beer. Brewing at 10°P and 20°P using a mash filter demonstrated that these filters can improve the head formation and stability of the resultant beers at sales gravity. However, the low gravity beer still produced a more stable foam (Rudin value 93 s) when compared to the high gravity beer (Rudin value 83 s). The mash filter slightly increased the hydrophobic polypeptide extraction. It is concluded that the mash filter produced higher hydrophobic polypeptide levels in the final beers, as well as having a positive effect on reducing the levels of foam negative compounds such as fatty acids in the wort, and therefore slightly improved head retention values.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)83-87
Number of pages5
JournalJournal of the Institute of Brewing
Volume104
Issue number2
Publication statusPublished - Mar 1998
Keywords
• Fermentation
• Foam
• High gravity brewing
• Hydrophobic polypeptides
• Mash filter
• Wort
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• Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
-- U.S. Import Prices Jumped 1.3% in March on Fuel, Materials
Prices of goods imported into the
U.S. rose more than forecast in March, reflecting higher costs
for fuel and industrial materials such as metals. The 1.3 percent gain in the import-price index was the
biggest since April 2011 and followed a revised 0.1 percent drop
in February that was previously reported as an increase, Labor
Department figures showed today in Washington . Economists
projected the March gauge would increase 0.8 percent, according
to the median forecast in a Bloomberg News survey. Prices
excluding fuel climbed 0.5 percent, also the most in 11 months. Even with the jump from a month earlier, import prices over
the last year posted the smallest gain since November 2009,
indicating slower global growth may help temper inflation
pressures. Federal Reserve policy makers said last month that
higher fuel prices will prove temporary, allowing them to stick
to plans to keep interest rates low at least until late 2014. “Given what’s been driving import prices, which is the oil
component, you’re likely to see a slight moderation or even
greater moderation going forward,” said Jacob Oubina, a senior
U.S. economist at RBC Capital Markets LLC in New York , who
correctly forecast the March figure. “Import prices were
certainly a problem for businesses in the last three months, but
we’ve seen those pressures ease.” Prices of imported consumer goods excluding autos were
unchanged for a second month in March. Projections for import prices ranged from a decrease of 0.3
percent to an increase of 1.3 percent, according to the
Bloomberg survey of 48 economists. February import prices were
initially reported as a 0.4 percent gain. Stock Futures Stock-index futures rose after Alcoa Inc., the biggest U.S.
aluminum maker, posted a surprise first-quarter profit. The
contract on the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index expiring in June
added 0.8 percent to 1,368.1 at 8:35 a.m. in New York. Compared with a year earlier, import prices rose 3.4
percent, today’s report showed. They rose 5 percent in the 12
months ended in February. The cost of imported petroleum and products jumped 4.3
percent in March, the most since April 2011, from the prior
month and was up 9.6 percent from a year earlier. While crude oil prices reached the highest level in almost
a year in mid-March, they have since fallen, signaling future
relief for the country’s imported energy bill. Brent oil for May
delivery has dropped 5 percent through yesterday’s close since
reaching a peak this year of $126.22 a barrel on March 13. Food Prices Imported food was 1.8 percent more expensive last month,
today’s report showed. In February, imported food costs dropped
2.8 percent. Prices for imported automobiles and parts rose 0.3 percent
after no change and were up 3 percent from March 2011. The cost
of imported capital goods rose 0.2 percent. The price of imported industrial supplies and materials
minus fuel rose 1.7 percent, the biggest gain in a year, led by
metals, paper and building materials. Fed officials have indicated they see inflation moderating
as the surge in energy costs wanes. “The recent increase in oil and gasoline prices will push
up inflation temporarily, but the Committee anticipates that
subsequently inflation will run at or below the rate that it
judges most consistent with its dual mandate,” the Federal Open
Market Committee said in the minutes of its March 13 meeting. Federal Reserve At the same time, the central bank officials indicated they
will probably hold off on more monetary accommodation unless
prices rise more slowly than their 2 percent target or the
economic expansion falters, according to the minutes. Their
preferred price gauge, tied to consumer spending and issued by
the Commerce Department, rose 2.3 percent in the year ended in
February. Cheaper agriculture and materials may reduce pressure on
companies to raise prices on American consumers facing an 8.2
percent unemployment rate. The Thomson Reuters/Jeffries CRB
commodity index was 300.45 yesterday, down 7.8 percent from a
five-month high reached Feb. 24. “It’s possible that by the end of the year inflation will
be much more benign,” Michael Schlotman, chief financial
officer at Kroger Co. said during a March 21 conference. The
largest U.S. grocery chain, based in Cincinnati, is experiencing
5 percent inflation, a rate that should drop to 2 percent this
year, Schlotman said. “There are some positive signs out there,
but we just don’t see anything at this point that would cause us
to think we’ll go to deflation.” U.S. Dollar A pickup in the value of the U.S. dollar since the third
quarter of 2011 may also help make imported goods less
expensive. The Dollar Index, which IntercontinentalExchange Inc.
uses to track the currency against that of six major trade
partners including the euro and yen, has increased 8.7 percent
since July 26 through yesterday. Slower economic growth across the globe will probably help
relieve pressure on commodity prices as cooling economies in the
euro area and tempered growth in emerging markets like China and
India reduces demand. The cost of imported goods from China was unchanged in
March and were up 2.7 percent over the past 12 months. Imported goods from Japan were also little changed, while
the cost of goods from the European Union climbed 0.9 percent,
the most since May. Goods from Mexico rose 1.1 percent. U.S. export prices increased 0.8 percent in March, today’s
report also showed, after rising 0.4 percent the previous month.
Prices of farm exports climbed 2.7 percent and those of non-farm
goods increased 0.5 percent. The import-price index is the first of three monthly price
gauges from the Labor Department. Data on producer prices are
released tomorrow, followed the next day by the consumer-price
index. To contact the reporter on this story:
Alex Kowalski in Washington at
akowalski13@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Christopher Wellisz at
cwellisz@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
What is Carb Cycling?
What is Carb Cycling?
Purpose and Benefits
Carb cycling aids in building and preserving lean muscle mass, especially crucial after strength training. This approach acknowledges the post-workout anabolic window, utilising carbs to replenish energy and facilitate muscle tissue repair. Balancing higher and lower carb days can optimise physical performance and prevent metabolic slowdown. Studies suggest that a carb cycling or “calorie shifting diet” helps prevent a decline in resting metabolic rate, offering benefits such as decreased plasma glucose, lower cholesterol, and reduced hunger compared to classic calorie restriction diets.
Carb cycling facilitates weight loss while preserving and building lean muscle mass, making it a gold standard for improving body composition and especially useful for cyclists and bodybuilders. By creating a carb deficit, the body turns to stored fat for fuel, promoting effective weight loss without compromising metabolism. Carb cycling can contribute to hormone regulation and blood sugar control. While low-carb approaches show benefits in managing diabetes and related risk factors, periodic boosts in carb and calorie intake may protect against hormonal declines associated with dieting, promoting metabolic rate and overall health.
How Carb Cycling Works
Carb cycling involves alternating between lower-carb and higher-carb days throughout the week. It’s essential to recognise that increasing carb and calorie intake provides a metabolic boost, while the opposite may slow down your metabolic rate. Weight loss is facilitated by strategically cutting carbs and calories on specific days.
Meal timing can play a role in carb cycling plans. Some individuals opt for more frequent eating (four to six times per day) to enhance adherence and potentially gain metabolic advantages. Alternatively, others integrate intermittent fasting by reducing daily meals to twice a day, occasionally skipping breakfast for quicker results.
Types of Carb Cycling
Weekly carbohydrate cycling is a common method of carb cycling that involves maintaining a consistent daily intake of protein and fats while adjusting carbohydrate intake (and consequently, calorie intake) based on training preferences. Some variations include another approach where daily calories remain constant, but carbs and fats fluctuate throughout the week, prioritising high carbs on training days and higher fats on rest days. While personal food preferences may drive this method, it stems from misconceptions about carbs causing weight gain without training, a notion that’s debunked. This approach mirrors the final form of carb cycling discussed later.
Typically, a weekly cycling approach emphasises medium days, with a high-carb day strategically placed on or before a heavy training session, and low-carb days on lighter training or off days. While this setup logically fuels training and limits fuel on rest days, its effectiveness is subject to scrutiny.
Cyclic ketogenic diets involve ketosis, an extremely low carbohydrate consumption, which forces the body to use ketone bodies as its primary fuel source. However, sustained ketosis or very low-calorie diets can have adverse effects. Training on a low-carb diet presents challenges, particularly in resistance training, which relies on carbohydrates as a primary fuel source. Depleting muscle glycogen reduces training intensity and duration. To counteract this, cyclic ketogenic diets incorporate periodic refeeds, involving a reduction in protein and fat alongside a substantial increase in carbohydrates, aiming to replenish glycogen stores and address hormonal adaptations.
Macronutrient Manipulation
The careful manipulation of macronutrients is pivotal for carb cycling. Protein intake remains consistent and sufficient throughout the cycle, supporting muscle repair and maintenance. On high-carb days, tailored to periods of increased physical activity or intense workouts, there is an emphasis on elevated carbohydrate intake. This provides essential energy for training, replenishes glycogen stores, and optimises overall performance. Conversely, low-carb days, designated for rest or lighter training, involve a reduction in carbohydrate intake, encouraging the body to utilise stored fat for energy and promoting fat loss. Adjustments in fat intake complement the overall calorie goals, with moderate fat consumption on high-carb days and a focus on healthy fats on low-carb days. Caloric manipulation aligns with specific health and fitness objectives, with higher caloric intake on high-carb days to meet increased energy needs and a calorie deficit on low-carb days to facilitate fat loss during reduced activity.
Implementing Carb Cycling
While flexibility allows for adjustments, here’s a sample of a typical carb cycling meal plan: Monday and Wednesday are higher-carb days; Tuesday, Thursday, and Sunday are lower-carb days; and Saturday is either a higher-carb day or optional reward day.
Another carb cycling approach involves a weekly “refeed” day, an 8–12 hour planned increase in calorie intake, typically emphasising a substantial rise in carbohydrates. This is usually implemented no more than once weekly, or sometimes only 1–2 times per month.
Suitable Foods for Carb Cycling
Rather than categorising carbs as “good” or “bad,” prioritise unrefined options whenever possible. These include:
• Whole Grains: Opt for unmodified grains like brown rice, oats, and quinoa, which offer numerous health benefits.
• Vegetables: Diverse vegetables provide various vitamins and minerals. Aim for a colourful variety to achieve a well-rounded nutrient balance.
• Whole Fruits: Choose whole fruits, emphasising the uniqueness of each, with a special focus on berries for their high antioxidant content and low glycemic load.
• Legumes: Opt for legumes as a valuable source of slow-digesting carbohydrates, rich in fiber and essential minerals.
• Tubers: Include potatoes and sweet potatoes in your diet as part of this category of nutrient-dense carbohydrates.
Potential Drawbacks
If you’re transitioning to a carb cycling meal plan that differs significantly from your usual diet, anticipate an adjustment period for your body, encompassing cravings, energy levels, and fluid balance. In the initial stages of carb cycling, you may experience the following effects, generally considered normal and likely to diminish within one to two weeks:
• Increased fatigue
• Occasional carb cravings
• Possible constipation or bloating, often related to water retention, especially after higher carb days
• Momentary weakness during workouts
• Difficulty sleeping
• Moodiness or irritability
Should these side effects persist beyond the initial adjustment period, carb cycling might not be suitable for your individual needs. Individual factors such as age, gender, activity level, body weight, and genetic disposition contribute to the varied reactions to low-carb diets. Always prioritise listening to your body and exercising your judgement rather than solely adhering to external advice.
Athletes and Carb Cycling
Carb cycling is frequently employed to elevate endurance and athletic capabilities. High-carb days contribute to increased storage of carbohydrates, known as glycogen, serving as the body’s primary energy source. On low-carb days, the emphasis shifts towards proteins and healthy fats to facilitate recovery.
Augmenting carb intake before a cycling time trial enhances power output and speed in athletes by promoting the oxidation (or breakdown) of carbohydrates. Additionally, studies suggest that incorporating extra carbs around workouts can replenish glycogen stores, expedite recovery, and enhance performance during endurance exercise.
FAQs
What are the potential benefits of carb cycling?
Carb cycling may offer benefits such as improved energy levels, enhanced fat loss, and muscle preservation. By strategically adjusting carbohydrate intake, individuals may optimise their performance during workouts and encourage the body to use stored fat for energy on low-carb days.
How is carb cycling implemented in a diet?
Carb cycling involves structuring the intake of carbohydrates over a period, typically a week. This may include high-carb days on intense workout days, moderate-carb days for regular activity, and low-carb days on rest days. The key is to tailor the carbohydrate consumption to match activity levels.
Are there specific foods recommended for carb cycling?
While there isn’t a strict list of foods for carb cycling, it’s generally advised to focus on complex carbohydrates like whole grains, vegetables, and fruits on high and moderate-carb days. On low-carb days, individuals might emphasise lean proteins, healthy fats, and non-starchy vegetables to control overall carbohydrate intake. Personal preferences and nutritional needs should be considered when selecting specific foods.
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// ============================================================================ // == == // == AMDiS - Adaptive multidimensional simulations == // == == // ============================================================================ // == == // == crystal growth group == // == == // == Stiftung caesar == // == Ludwig-Erhard-Allee 2 == // == 53175 Bonn == // == germany == // == == // ============================================================================ // == == // == http://www.caesar.de/cg/AMDiS == // == == // ============================================================================ /** \file MatrixVector.h */ #ifndef AMDIS_MATRIXVECTOR_H #define AMDIS_MATRIXVECTOR_H #include #include "Global.h" #include "MemoryManager.h" #include "Serializable.h" namespace AMDiS { template class DOFVector; /// Class for efficient vector operations of fixed size numerical vectors. template class Vector : public Serializable { public: MEMORY_MANAGED(Vector); /// Constructor. Vector(int i = 0) : size(i) { if (size == 0) valArray = NULL; else valArray = new T[size]; } inline bool used() const { return (valArray != NULL); } /// Change the size of the vector to newSize. inline void resize(int newSize) { if (size != newSize) { if (valArray) delete [] valArray; valArray = new T[newSize]; size = newSize; } } /// Copy constructor. Vector(const Vector& rhs) : Serializable(),size(rhs.size) { valArray = new T[rhs.size]; *this = rhs; // uses operator=() } /// Destructor. virtual ~Vector() { delete [] valArray; } /// Assignement operator inline const Vector& operator=(const Vector& rhs) { TEST_EXIT_DBG(rhs.size == size)("invalid size\n"); T *rhsIt, *thisIt; for (rhsIt = rhs.begin(), thisIt = this->begin(); rhsIt != rhs.end(); ++rhsIt, ++thisIt) { *thisIt = *rhsIt; } return *this; } /// Assignement operator inline const Vector& operator=(const T& scal) { T *thisIt; for(thisIt = this->begin(); thisIt != this->end(); ++thisIt) { *thisIt = scal; } return *this; } /// Assignement operator inline const Vector& operator=(const T* vec) { T *thisIt; const T *vecIt; for(thisIt = this->begin(), vecIt = &vec[0]; thisIt != this->end(); ++thisIt, ++vecIt) { *thisIt = *vecIt; } return *this; } /// Sets all entries to scal. inline const Vector& set(const T& scal) { return *this = scal; } /// Sets all entries. inline const Vector& setValues(const T* values) { T *thisIt; const T *valuesIt; for(thisIt = this->begin(), valuesIt = values; thisIt != this->end(); ++thisIt, ++valuesIt) { *thisIt = *valuesIt; } return *this; } /// Sets all entries. inline void fill(const T value) { for (T *thisIt = this->begin(); thisIt != this->end(); thisIt++) { *thisIt = value; } } /// Comparison operator. inline bool operator==(const Vector& rhs) const { if(size != rhs.size) return false; T *rhsIt, *thisIt; for(rhsIt = rhs.begin(), thisIt = this->begin(); rhsIt != rhs.end(); ++rhsIt, ++thisIt) { if(*thisIt != *rhsIt) return false; } return true; } /// Comparison operator. inline bool operator!=(const Vector& rhs) const { return !(*this==rhs); } /// Access to the i-th vector element. inline T& operator[](int i) { TEST_EXIT_DBG(i < size && i >= 0)("invalid index\n"); return valArray[i]; } /// Access to the i-th vector element for const vectors. inline const T& operator[] (int i) const { TEST_EXIT_DBG(i < size && i >= 0)("invalid index\n"); return valArray[i]; } /// Returns pointer to the first vector element. inline T *begin() const { return valArray; } /// Returns pointer after the last vector element. inline T *end() const { return valArray + size; } /// Returns \ref size. virtual int getSize() const { return size; } /// Returns \ref valArray as T-array inline T *getValArray() { return valArray; } void print() const { std::cout << this->size << " vector: " << std::endl; for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) { std::cout << this->valArray[i] << " "; } std::cout << std::endl; } void serialize(std::ostream &out) { out.write(reinterpret_cast(&size), sizeof(int)); out.write(reinterpret_cast(valArray), size * sizeof(T)); } void deserialize(std::istream &in) { in.read(reinterpret_cast(&size), sizeof(int)); in.read(reinterpret_cast(valArray), size * sizeof(T)); } std::string getTypeName() const { return "Vector"; } protected: /// Size of the vector. int size; /// Internal storage pointer. T *valArray; }; /// Class for efficient matrix operations of fixed size numerical matrices. template class Matrix : public Vector { public: MEMORY_MANAGED(Matrix); /// Constructor. Matrix(int r, int c) : Vector(r * c), rows(r), cols(c) {} /// Changes the size of the matrix to newRows x newCols. inline void resize(int newRows, int newCols) { if ((newRows != rows) || (newCols != cols)) { Vector::resize(newRows * newCols); rows = newRows; cols = newCols; } } /// Assignement operator. inline const Matrix& operator=(const T& scal) { return static_cast&>(Vector::operator=(scal)); } /// inline bool operator==(const Matrix& rhs) const { if (rows != rhs.getNumRows()) return false; if (cols != rhs.getNumCols()) return false; return Vector::operator == (rhs); } /// Comparison operator. inline bool operator!=(const Matrix& rhs) const { return !(*this == rhs); } /// Acces to i-th matrix row. inline T *operator[](int i) { return this->valArray + cols * i; } /// Acces to i-th matrix row for constant matrices. inline const T *operator[](int i) const { return this->valArray + cols * i; } /// Returns \ref rows. inline int getNumRows() const { return rows; } /// Return \ref cols. inline int getNumCols() const { return cols; } /// Returns \ref rows. inline int getSize() const { return rows; } /// Returns pointer after the last vector element. inline T *end() const { return this->valArray + (cols * rows); } void print() const { std::cout << this->rows << " x " << this->cols << " matrix: " << std::endl; for (int i = 0; i < rows; i++) { for (int j = 0; j < cols; j++) { std::cout << this->valArray[i * cols + j] << " "; } std::cout << std::endl; } } void invert2x2(); protected: /// Number of matrix rows. int rows; /// Number of matrix columns. int cols; }; /// Matrix vector multiplication. template inline const Vector& mv(const Matrix& m, const Vector& v, Vector& result) { TEST_EXIT_DBG(m.getNumCols() == v.getSize())("m and v not compatible\n"); TEST_EXIT_DBG(v.getSize() == result.getSize())("wrong result size\n"); T *resultIt, *mIt, *vIt; for (resultIt = result.begin(), mIt = m.begin(); resultIt != result.end(); ++resultIt) { *resultIt = 0; for (vIt = v.begin(); vIt != v.end(); ++vIt, ++mIt) { *resultIt += *mIt * *vIt; } } return result; }; /** \brief * Computes x(Ay)^T, with x and y vectors, and A a matrix. */ template inline T xAy(const Vector& x, const Matrix& a, const Vector& y) { TEST_EXIT_DBG(a.getNumCols() == x.getSize())("A and x not compatible\n"); TEST_EXIT_DBG(a.getNumCols() == y.getSize())("A and y not compatible\n"); T result = 0; T tmp = 0; T *aIt, *xIt, *yIt; for (aIt = a.begin(), xIt = x.begin(); aIt != a.end(); ++xIt) { tmp = 0; for (yIt = y.begin(); yIt != y.end(); ++yIt, ++aIt) { tmp += *aIt * *yIt; } result += *xIt * tmp; } return result; } /** \brief * Matrix vector multiplication. */ template inline const Vector& operator*=(const Vector& v, const Matrix& m) { return mv(m, v, v); }; /** \brief * Matrix vector multiplication. */ template inline Vector operator*(const Matrix& m, const Vector& v) { Vector result(v.getSize()); return mv(m, v, result); }; /** \brief * Scalar product. */ template inline double operator*(const Vector& v1, const Vector& v2) { double result = 0.0; T *v1It, *v2It; for (v1It = v1.begin(), v2It = v2.begin(); v1It != v1.end(); ++v1It, ++v2It) { result += *v1It * *v2It; } return result; }; /** \brief * Vector addition. */ template inline const Vector& add(const Vector& v1, const Vector& v2, Vector& result) { TEST_EXIT_DBG(v1.getSize() == v2.getSize())("invalid size in test v1 == v2\n"); TEST_EXIT_DBG(v2.getSize() == result.getSize())("invalid size in test v2 == result\n"); T *v1It, *v2It, *resultIt; for (v1It = v1.begin(), v2It = v2.begin(), resultIt = result.begin(); v1It != v1.end(); ++v1It, ++v2It, ++resultIt) { *resultIt = *v1It + *v2It; } return result; }; /** \brief * scalar * vector */ template inline const Vector& mult(const T& scal, const Vector& v, Vector& result) { TEST_EXIT_DBG(v.getSize() == result.getSize())("invalid size\n"); T *vIt, *resultIt; for (vIt = v.begin(), resultIt = result.begin(); vIt != v.end(); ++vIt, ++resultIt) { *resultIt = scal * *vIt; } return result; }; /** \brief * vector + scalar */ template inline const Vector& add(const Vector& v, const T& scal, Vector& result) { TEST_EXIT_DBG(v.getSize() == result.getSize())("invalid size\n"); T *vIt, *resultIt; for (vIt = v.begin(), resultIt = result.begin(); vIt != v.end(); ++vIt, ++resultIt) { *resultIt = *vIt + scal; } return result; }; /** \brief * y = a * x + y. */ template inline const Vector& axpy(const T& a, const Vector &x, Vector &y) { TEST_EXIT_DBG(x.getSize() == y.getSize())("invalid size\n"); T *xIt, *yIt; for (xIt = x.begin(), yIt = y.begin(); xIt != x.end(); ++xIt, ++yIt) { *yIt += a * *xIt; } return y; }; template inline const Vector& operator*=(Vector& v, const T& scal) { return mult(scal, v, v); }; template inline Vector operator*(const Vector& v, const T& scal) { Vector result = v; result *= scal; return result; }; template inline const Vector& operator+(const Vector& v1, const T& scal) { Vector result(v1.getSize()); return add(v1, scal, result); }; template inline const Vector& operator+=(Vector& v1, const Vector& v2) { return add(v1, v2, v1); }; template inline Vector operator+(const Vector& v1, const Vector& v2) { Vector result = v1; result += v2; return result; }; template const Vector& operator-=(Vector& v1, const Vector& v2){ return axpy(-1.0, v2, v1); }; template Vector operator-(const Vector& v1, const Vector& v2){ Vector result = v1; result -= v2; return result; }; template inline double norm(const Vector *v) { T *vIt; double result = 0; for (vIt = v->begin(); vIt != v->end(); ++vIt) { result += *vIt * *vIt; } return sqrt(result); }; template void vectorProduct(const Vector& x, const Vector& y, Vector& z) { FUNCNAME("vectorProduct()"); TEST_EXIT_DBG(Global::getGeo(WORLD) == 3)("DIM_OF_WORLD != 3\n"); z[0] = x[1] * y[2] - x[2] * y[1]; z[1] = x[2] * y[0] - x[0] * y[2]; z[2] = x[0] * y[1] - x[1] * y[0]; }; } #endif // AMDIS_MATRIXVECTOR_H | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Meridian 6
Meridian 6 (Меридиан-6), also known as Meridian No.16L, is a Russian military communications satellite, one of the Meridian series. It is designed to carry military communications traffic and is a replacement for the Molniya satellites. In common with the earlier satellites these craft are in molniya orbits, a highly elliptical orbit named after the earlier satellites and giving good coverage of northern Russia.
Meridian
Meridian satellites are the replacement for older Soviet molniya satellites, and some authors think some functions of the parus satellites. It was constructed by ISS Reshetnev and is believed to be based on the Uragan-M satellite bus, which has also been used for GLONASS navigation satellites. The first Meridian satellite was launched in 2006 and two of the six launched up to end of 2012 have failed - Meridian 2 due a problem with the Fregat upper stage and Meridian 5 due to a problem with the third-stage motor.
The satellites are believed to have a pressurised bus and a three axis control system. They are manufactured by PO Polyot on behalf of ISS Reshetnev. They have the GRAU index 14F112.
Launch
Meridian was launched on 14 November 2012 from Plesetsk Cosmodrome launchpad 43/4 by a Soyuz-2.1a rocket with a Fregat upper stage. It was launched at 11:42 UTC and the satellite and upper stage separated from the rocket at 11:51 UTC. The satellite was then released from the upper stage into a molniya orbit at 14:00 UTC. It was given the international designator 2012-063A and the United States Space Command assigned it the Satellite Catalog Number 38995.
The launch was attended by newly appointed Russian defence minister Sergei Shoigu in his first visit to the troops since being appointed on 6 November 2012. | WIKI |
Page:Debrett's Illustrated Peerage and Titles of Courtesy.djvu/762
INDEX TO ADVERTISERS. (Pages 1 to 22 are in front of Book.) PAGE Adams, Furniture Polish Manufacturer Facing Contents Anderson, Abbott, & Anderson, India Rubber Manufacturers ... ... 5 Atlas Fire and Life Assurance Office ... 14 Baker, John, Military Boot Maker ... 40 Benevolent or Strangers' Friend Society 13 Bennett, John, Watch Manufacturer Facing Preface Berry Brothers & Co., Ale, Stout, &c. 47 Bradford, T., & (Jo, Washing Machine Makers 3 Brand & Co., Specialities for Invalids 32 Britannia Fire Association ... ... 15 Briton Life Association ... ... )5 Carter, James, & Co., Seedsmen ... 44 Carson, W. s & Son, Anti-Corrosion Paint ... ... ... Front Cover Clergy Mutual Assurance Society ... 16 Cooper & Co.'s Syrup of Camphor, &c. 31 Davenport, J. T., Manufacturer of Dr. J. Collis Browne's Chlorodyne ... 42 Day, Son, & Hewitt, Animal and Agricultural Chemists ... ... 50 Dean & Son's Guides, &c. ... ... 49 Debrett's House of Commons ... 48 Dent, M. F., Watch, Clock, and Chro- nometer Maker ... ... Front Cover Dinneford & Co., Fluid Magnesia ... 45 Eagle Insurance Company ... ... 17 Economic Life Assurance Society ... 18 Edgington, Benjamin, Marquee, Tent, Rick Cloth, and Flag Manufacturer 33 Edgington, Frederick, & Co., Rick Cloth Manufacturers ... ... 45 Edgington, John, & Co., Marquee, Tent, and Flag Makers ... ... 2 Ellis, R., & Son, Aerated Waters ... 29 Equitable Life Assurance Society ... 20 Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States 21 Equity an d Law Life Assurance Society 19 Farraday & Son, Gas and Chandelier Manufacturers ... End of Preface Farrow and Jackson, Wine Bin Manu- facturers ... ... ... ... 43 Field & Co., Krine Cosmetic ... ... 38 Field, Parker & Sons, Rifle Makers ... 4 General Reversionary and Investment Company ... ... ... ... 12 Gillott, Joseph, Steel Pen Manufacturer Front Cover PAGE Granville Hotel, and Saline Spa Baths, St. Lawrence-on-Sea, Thanet ... 35 Gresham Life Assurance Society ... 22 Gundry & Sons, Boot and Shoe Makers 41 Houghton, G., & Son, Glass Warehouse- men ... ... ... ... 52 Hulett, D., & Co., Gas Apparatus and Fittings Manufacturers ... ... 39 Ilfracombe Hotel ... ... ... 35 Imperial Fire Insurance Company ... 23 Infant Orphan Asylum ... ... 9 Jay, Messrs., Domestic Mourning ... 7 Lillicrapp, W.P., Fur Seal Cloak Maker 30 Liverpool and London and Globe Insurance Company ... ... 24 Macmillan & Co., Booksellers ... 47 Metropolitan Drinking Fountain and Cattle Trough Association... ... 8 Mitchell, John, Steel Pen Maker ... 44 Morant, Boyd, & Blanford, Painters, Decorators, and Upholsterers ... 36 Morson & Son, Pepsine Makers ... 46 Mappin & Webb, Electro Platers Facing Title Mutual Life Assurance Society ... 23 National Life Assurance Society ... 25 North British and Mercantile Insur- ance Company ... ... ... 26 Orphan Working School ... ... 11 Osier's Chandeliers Facing Occurrences Pain, James, Fireworks Manufacturer 54 Poor Clergy Relief Corporation ... 10 Provident Supply Association ... 55 Prudential Assurance Company ... 27 Queen Insurance Company ... ... 28 Ross, Optician ... ... ... 53 Rowland, A., & Sons, Maccassar Oil, &c. 9 Royal Britannia Hotel, Ilfracombe. . 35 Royal Hotel, Plymouth 46 Scott Bros., English Wine Merchants, &c 51 Scottish Commercial Insurance Co. ... 29 Strode & Co., Patent Sun Burners, &c. Back Cover Tussaud, Madame, & Sons' Waxwork Exhibition Urch& Co., Saddlers 4 Watson, Bontor, & Co., Carpet Manu- facturers ... ... ... ... 43 Weeks, J., & Co., Horticultural Builders ... ... ... ... 37 Whelpton's Vegetable Pills Back Cover | WIKI |
Narrative Life of Frederick Douglass an American Slave The story begins by telling the reader that Frederick Douglass does not know the date of his birth in Tuckahoe, Maryland, but most likely around 1818. His mother died when he was 7 years old. This does not affect Douglass very much because he was separated from his mother when he was very young. His father was believed to be a white man, and most people thought that Douglass was the son of his owner Captain Anthony. Douglass is moved to Baltimore, Maryland.
335pgs Tremain Dwight Twelve Years A Slave is an autobiographical account of the life experienced by Solomon Northup, a black man, as a slave on a cotton plantation in Louisiana. Born a free man in the state of New York in 1808, Solomon Northup was kidnapped in Washington, D.C. in 1841 and sold into slavery. He spent the next 12 years of his life being frequently abused by his masters and living in constant fear of his own demise. Upon regaining his freedom in 1853 Northup published this gripping autobiographical account of his captivity, which paints a detailed and accurate portrait of the life of a slave as well as plantation society during that period
Etienne Reynolds | Freshman Composition 2 Etienne Reynolds | Freshman Composition 2 "Knowledge is the pathway from slavery to freedom." "Knowledge is the pathway from slavery to freedom." Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey The Life of a Gentleman Slave Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey The Life of a Gentleman Slave Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey Social reformer, orator, writer, slave. Most people know the massive wave of reforms generated by the indomitable ship that was Frederick Douglass, but not many know his meager beginnings or just how much change just one man was capable of causing. Life as a Slave Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, later to be known as simply Frederick Douglass, was born a
In addition to Mr. Douglass’ request for Latimar’s freedom a trial ruled that he was still a slave. George thought his life was over but an African-American minister paid $400.00 for Mr. Latimer’s freedom. Lewis’ parents started an new life on October 1842. Three years later ,Lewis Howard Latimer was born in Chelsea Massachesetts on September 4, 1842. He was the youngest child of the family.
The Life of a Slave Taylor Loftin March 22, 2013 http://www.historyguy.com/civilwar/slavery Taylor K. Loftin Mrs. Ighade English 102-002, Essay 4 12 May 2013 Slavery has been around since before the 1400’s, but it was not until 1619 when slaves were brought to North America. The slaves were first brought to Jamestown, Virginia and then to other states throughout the country. These slaves had many jobs from small to large. Most of the slaves work on the plantations picking cotton, taking care of animals, and taking excellent care of the crops. Some slave owners were not nice to their slaves.
Rudd states that the family was required to leave the farm amidst financial difficulty between two to three weeks after the death, though the family of the landowner states that the Rudds didn't have to leave for almost six months. Rudd boarded at Marist College Ashgrove in Brisbane, although these years were not happy due to the indignity of poverty and reliance on charity; he was known to be a "charity case" due to his father's sudden death. He has since described the school as "tough, harsh, unforgiving, institutional Catholicism of the old school". Despite this he gained a batchelor’s degree in Asian studies at the Australian National University in Canberra Mr. Rudd and his wife Therese met at University and were married in 1981. They are the proud parents of Jessica who is married to Albert, Nicholas who is married to Zara, and Marcus.
Mr. Shimerda moved his whole family to Black Hawk in order to give his eldest son Ambrosch, a better life. As all the Shimerda’s started on the road towards their American dreams, Mr. Shimerda’s dream is unsuccessful. As Mr. Shimerda is unable to provide the necessities for his family, he began to borrow many things from Jim’s family. Mr. Shimerda’s depression caused by his lack of ability to provide for his family, foreshadows his ultimate suicide. The American dream of Mr. Shimerda was lost due to his loss of faith in himself.
Analysis of the Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass Chapter 1: Fredric Douglass begins his narrative by placing his birth in Tuckahoe, Talbot county, Maryland. He does not know how old he is because his masters have deliberately kept it from him. Growing up, this made Douglass very unhappy. It is generally acknowledged that his father is a white man, even rumored to be his master, Captain Anthony, who is a harsh man that owns three farms and thirty slaves. Douglass witnesses his first whipping of which Anthony whip's his aunt Hester.
He was obsessed. When he thought he might lose his place in history, he would grow depressed and say that all was lost (Layton 4). John V. Moore and his wife Barbara went to Jonestown six months before the suicides. Three months later Moore assured a journalist, Gordan Lindsey, that “Jim Jones is in touch with the pain and suffering of people…I think that anyone who can lead 1,200 people from their country to settle in a new country has got it together” (Kinsolving 19). In the late 1970s, rumors of abused human rights circulated.
There were many problems African Americans were facing before the New Deal became an instrument in the saving of the United States economy. Because of the Depression, African Americans workers were pushed out of jobs, favoring White workers. Because Blacks were last hired and first fired, it made it easier for them to lose their jobs at faster rates. The near subjugation of the tenant farming system destroyed many work opportunities for blacks to have any work because many black agricultural workers did not have other job skills, they were highly unlikely to get employment elsewhere. Many black farmers could not obtain contracts for their crops. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Helen Schnabel
Helen Schnabel, née Fogel, (July 22, 1911 – September 29, 1974) was an American pianist. She was married to the pianist Karl Ulrich Schnabel.
Biography
Helen Fogel was born in New York City and grew up in the Bronx. She made her debut at Carnegie Hall when she was nine. Over the next few years, she performed on radio and gave recitals in New York. When she was 21 she graduated from the Juilliard School, where her teachers included Manfred Malkin and Alexander Siloti.
Between 1934 and 1938 she studied under Artur Schnabel at Tremezzo, on Lake Como in Italy. There she met the son of Therese Behr-Schnabel and Artur, Karl Ulrich Schnabel, whom she married in 1939; their daughter Ann was born in 1941.
The couple started the four-hands ensemble Piano Duo Schnabel. They performed on radio and gave recitals in Canada and the United States and, after the end of the Second World War, in Europe. They gave five concerts with orchestra at the Holland Festival in 1956, played at the Edinburgh Festival in 1972 and, from 1948, taught master classes at Tremezzo in summer.
Helen Schnabel also performed as a soloist. From 1940, she taught at the Dalcroze School of Music in New York. She died of cancer at Lake Como in 1974.
Piano solo
* Artur Schnabel: Concerto for Piano and Orchestra (Intermezzo and Rondo), F. Charles Adler, conductor, Vienna Orchestra; Seven Piano Pieces; Reverie; Songs, Erika Francoulon, Soprano. Helen Schnabel Plays Artur Schnabel (CD: TownHall Records THCD-65)
* Beethoven: Concerto for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 61a — F. Charles Adler, Conductor, Vienna Orchestra; Weber: Sonata in E minor, Op. 70, No. 4; Malipiero: Poemi Asolani. Helen Schnabel Plays Beethoven, Weber, and Malipiero (CD: TownHall Records THCD-66)
* Bach, C. P. E.: Piano Concerto in D major. Vienna Philharmonia Orchestra. F. Charles Adler, conductor. Trio for Flute, Violin and Piano. Camillo Wanausek, Flute; Walter Schneiderhahn, Violin; Helen Schnabel, Piano. (LP: SPA Records, SPA-37)
* Beethoven: Concerto for Piano and Orchestra D major, Op. 61a. Vienna Orchestra. F. Charles Adler, conductor. (LP: SPA Records, SPA-45)
* Beethoven: Concerto for Piano and Orchestra, Op. 61a. Vienna Orchestra. F. Charles Adler, conductor. (CD: Somerset Recordings, SCD 10001)
* Weber: Sonata in E minor, Op. 70, No. 4. Malipiero: Poemi Asolani. (LP: SPA Records, SPA-15)
* Schnabel, Artur: Seven Piano Pieces; Reverie. Piece in Seven Movemements. Dika Newlin, piano. (LP: SPA Records, SPA-13)
* Schnabel, Artur: Concerto for Piano and Orchestra. Vienna Orchestra, F. Charles Adler, conductor. (LP: SPA Records, SPA-55)
with Karl Ulrich Schnabel, piano
* Helen and Karl Ulrich Schnabel – One Piano, Four Hands; Mozart, Dvorak, Schubert, Weber, Bizet, Mendelssohn, Brahms. (CD: TownHall Records THCD19A-B)
* Helen and Karl Ulrich Schnabel – The Four-Hand Recordings of the 1950s, Vol. 1. Bizet, Debussy, Schubert, Mozart. (CD: TownHall Records THCD76A-B)
* Helen and Karl Ulrich Schnabel – The Four-Hand Recordings of the 1950s, Vol. 2. Mozart, Brahms, Schubert, Mendelssohn, Weber. (CD: TownHall Records THCD77A-B)
* Schubert: Sonata in B-flat major, Op. 30; Four Polonaises, D. 824. (LP: SPA 49)
* Mendelssohn: Allegro brilliant; Andante and Variations. Weber: Five Pieces, Op. 10, No. 5 and Op. 60, Nos. 5, 6, 7 and 8. (LP: SPA 50)
* Mozart: Concerto for Two Pianos in E-flat, K. 365; Concerto for Three Pianos in F, K. 242 (with Ilse von Alpenheim, piano). Vienna Symphony, conducted by Bernhard Paumgartner. (LP: Epic LC 3259)
* Mozart: Sonata in D major, K. 448. Sonata in D major, K. 381. Tema con variazioni in G major, K. 501. (LP: Philips A 00326)
* Schubert: Four Polonaises, D. 824. Debussy: Epigraphes antiques, Nos. 1, 2 and 4. (LP: Philips NBE 11004; Philips 402024 E)
* Schubert: Eight Variations in A-flat, D. 813. Four Variations in B-flat, D. 603. Eight Variations in C, D. 908. (LP: Philips 06046 R)
* Schubert: Fantasy in F minor, D. 940. Brahms: Hungarian Dances Nos. 4, 3, 2, 11, 1, 12, 13 and 17. (LP: Philips N 00255 L, Epic LC 3183)
* Mozart: Sonata in C major, K. 521. Dvorák: Legend Op. 59, No. 4. Schubert: Fantasy in F minor, Op. 103. Weber: Rondo and Adagio. Schubert: Sonata in B-flat major, Op. 30. Mozart: Andante with Variations in G major, K. 501. Bizet: Five Pieces from Jeux d’enfants, Op. 22. Mendelssohn: Andante tranquillo with Variations, Op. 83a. Brahms: Two Hungarian Dances. (LP: Sheffield/Town Hall, Album S-19, ACM158A-B, ACM159A-B)
with Artur Schnabel, Therese Behr-Schnabel, and Karl Ulrich Schnabel
* The Schnabels – A Musical Legacy, Unpublished and Lost Historic Recordings. Mozart, Schumann, Schubert, C. P. E. Bach, J. S. Bach, Mendelssohn, Paradisi. (CD: TownHall Records THCD74A-B) | WIKI |
SDU Tools: Script SQL Logins for SQL Server
In our free SDU Tools for developers and DBAs, we've added a lot of scripting tools. To script out SQL authenticated logins (as opposed to Windows logins), we have ScriptSQLLogins.
You can see how to use it in the main image above. It's a function, that takes a list of the logins to script. You can pass the value ALL or a comma-delimited list.
Importantly, as well as the login and the hashed password, it also scripts other details:
It includes the default database, and policy check status, but importantly, it also scripts the SID (security ID) associated with the login, so if you recreate it on another server, you'll have the same ID, and you won't end up with orphaned users. That's a problem that I see all the time, where users restore a database, recreate the logins, but the logins don't still have the ability to connect to the database. It's because the names are the same, but the SIDs are different. This tool avoids that issue.
One key advantage of having these scripting procedures and functions is that you incorporate them into other applications, and programmatically perform the scripting if you need to.
But if you just want to create a script, that works too.
You can see it in use in the main image above, and you can watch it in action here:
To become an SDU Insider and to get our free tools and eBooks, please just visit here:
http://sdutools.sqldownunder.com
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Your email address will not be published. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
A grounded theory study on the influence of sleep on Parkinson's symptoms
M.M. van Gilst, I.C. Cramer, B.R. Bloem, S. Overeem, M.J. Faber
Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review
2 Citations (Scopus)
97 Downloads (Pure)
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Upon awaking, many Parkinson's patients experience an improved mobility, a phenomenon known as 'sleep benefit'. Despite the potential clinical relevance, no objective correlates of sleep benefit exist. The discrepancy between the patients' subjective experience of improvement in absence of objective changes is striking, and raises questions about the nature of sleep benefit. We aimed to clarify what patients reporting subjective sleep benefit, actually experience when waking up. Furthermore, we searched for factors associated with subjective sleep benefit.
METHODS: Using a standardized topic list, we interviewed 14 Parkinson patients with unambiguous subjective sleep benefit, selected from a larger questionnaire-based cohort. A grounded theory approach was used to analyse the data.
RESULTS: A subset of the participants described a temporary decrease in their Parkinson motor symptoms after sleep. Others did experience beneficial effects which were, however, non-specific for Parkinson's disease (e.g. feeling 'rested'). The last group misinterpreted the selection questionnaire and did not meet the definition of sleep benefit for various reasons. There were no general sleep-related factors that influenced the presence of sleep benefit. Factors mentioned to influence functioning at awakening were mostly stress related.
CONCLUSIONS: The group of participants convincingly reporting sleep benefit in the selection questionnaire appeared to be very heterogeneous, with only a portion of them describing sleep benefit on motor symptoms. The group of participants actually experiencing motor sleep benefit may be much smaller than reported in the literature so far. Future studies should employ careful inclusion criteria, which could be based on our reported data.
Original languageEnglish
Article number299
Pages (from-to)1-7
JournalAMAS Lecture Notes
Volume9
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 10 Jun 2016
Keywords
• Journal Article
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Page:The Tragic Drama of the Greeks (1896).djvu/36
22 EARLY HISTORY OF GREEK TRAGEDY. [CH. 'tragedy' first came into existence. The terms had not as yet acquired any of their later connotation, but were used to describe the dithyrambs of Arion and his successors. Thus Arion was said to have been the inventor of the 'tragic style,' his choral odes were called 'tragedies,' and he and Epigenes were both classed among the 'tragic poets ' The word 'traged}-' means literally a 'goat-song,' and the origin of the expression, as applied to the dithyramb, is open to doubt. It may have arisen from the fact that the dith3^ramb was per- formed at the sacrifice of the goat, or from the fact that a goat was the prize for the successful poet I But according to the view now most generally adopted, the name was derived from the chorus of satyrs, who were frequently called 'goats' on account of their appearance and licentious character''. This explanation has the advantage of assimilating the etymology of tragedy to -that of comedy. As comedy was the song of the 'comus/ or band of revellers, so tragedy was the song of the ' tragi,' or goat-like satyrs. ^ Suidas (v. 'Apiaiv), Xeyerai Kal TpaytKov TpoTTOv tvpfTTisyeviaOat. Tzetzes ad Lycoph. p. 256 (Miiller) rpayaiSot 8e noir/Tai' 'Apicov, Qeanis, $/>i'i/jxos, Alaxv- os K.T.K. Suidas (v. Qecrms) rpajiKOi iKKaiSfKaros drro rov rrpiiTov ytvo^evov TpaywSiOTToiov 'Eniyh'ovs tov ^ikvoiviov. Herod. 5. 67 (of the dithjTambs at Sicyon in honour of Adrastus) npos to. iraOea avrov rpayiKoTai xopoiai eyepaipov. Suidas (v. ovSlv irpus rdv Aiovvaov), 'Emyivovs tov 'S.iKvaiviov rpayaSiav th TOV Atovvaov TroiTjaavTos. Of course it may be maintained that the words rpayiKoi and TpayaiSia were iii later date than Arion and Epigenes, and were only applied retrospectively to their compositions. Rut the words must have originated while tragedy was still a mere ' goat-song,' and therefore within about sixty years of Arion's death. On the whole it seems most probable that the terms for this new style of choral poetry were as old as Arion, who first brought it into general prominence. ^ The former of these two explanations is given by Miiller, Greek Literature, p. 291. The latter was the one generally preferred by the ancients themselves : cp. Etym. Magn. v. TpaycuUa ; Diomed. Gramm. 3, p. 484; Euseb. Chron. 2, Olymp. 48, &c. It appears that in the dithyrambic contests of the sixth century the first prize was a bull, the second a jar of wine, the third a goat (Schol. Plat. Rep. 394 C. ; Anthol. Pal. 6. 213). At Athens, in the early tragic contests, the prize is said to have been a goat (Marmor Par. ep. 43 ; Anthol. Pal. 7. 410). ^ This is one of the explanations given in Elym. Magn. v. rpaywSia {rj on to. TToWa oi X"po' *'' aaTipaiv awiffTavTo, ovs (KciKovv Tpdyovs aKuinovT(i). For this use of rpdyos cp. Hesych. Tpayor aaTvpos ; and Aesch. frag. 207 (Nauck) Tpdyos yiVHov dpa irevOTjcrtiS av yf. | WIKI |
Snice
Snice is a portmanteau of snow and ice. It refers to a type of frozen water whose physical characteristics make it an intermediate between snow and ice: snow-ice. The use of snice has become normative in modern ice construction, in buildings such as the winter ice hotels constructed annually in certain arctic nations, and the elaborate ice palace constructions, where it forms the bonding between ice blocks, rather as mortar does between the bricks of a traditional brick-built structure. It is referred to as snow-ice because it has a snow-like appearance (white, soft, and melts in the mouth), but ice-like physical characteristics. | WIKI |
Page:Mrs Caudle's curtain lectures.djvu/115
Rh there's occasion; and what in my time I've put up with there isn't anybody in the world that knows.
"Will I hear your story?
"Oh, you may tell it if you please; go on: only mind, I sha'n't believe a word of it. I'm not such a fool as other women are, I can tell you.
"There, now—don't begin to swear—but go on—
"—And that's your story, is it? That's your excuse for the hours you keep! That's your apology for undermining my health and ruining your family! What do you think your children will say of you when they grow up—going and throwing away your money upon good-for-nothing pot-house acquaintance?
"He's not a pot-house acquaintance?
"Who is he, then? Come, you haven't told me that; but I know—it's that Prettyman! Yes, to be sure it is! Upon my life! Well, if I've hardly patience to lie in the bed! I've wanted a silver teapot these five years, and you must go and throw away as much money as—what?
"You haven't thrown it away?
"Haven't you? Then my name's not Margaret, that's all I know!
"A man gets arrested, and because he's taken from his wife and family, and locked up, you must go and trouble your head with it! And you must be mixing yourself up with nasty sheriff's officers—pah! I'm sure you're not fit to enter a decent house—and go running from lawyer to lawyer to get bail, and settle the business, as you call it! A pretty settlement you'll make of it—mark my words! Yes-and to mend the matter, to finish it quite, you must be one of the bail! That any man who isn't a born fool should do such a thing for | WIKI |
In re ALLEGHENY INTERNATIONAL, INC., et aL, Reorganized Debtors. FULBRIGHT & JAWORSKI, Appellant, v. SUNBEAM-OSTER COMPANY, INC., Appellee.
Civ. A. No. 91-1035.
United States District Court, W.D. Pennsylvania.
April 7, 1992.
Lawrence W. Boes, New York City, for appellant.
Douglas Campbell, Pittsburgh, Pa., for Official Committee of Creditors.
Michael Lederman, Dennis Lewis, Pittsburgh, Pa., for appellee.
Cynthia Baker, New York City, for reorganized debtor.
George Cass, Pittsburgh, Pa., for former Hphtnr
MEMORANDUM OPINION
BLOCH, District Judge.
Before this Court is appellant Fulbright and Jaworski’s (F & J) appeal from the bankruptcy court’s calculation of attorney’s fees in connection with F & J’s performance as counsel to the Official Committee of Equity Security Holders of Allegheny International, Inc. (the Equity Committee). For the reasons stated herein, the judgment of the bankruptcy court will be affirmed.
This Court has appellate jurisdiction over these matters pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158(a) and Rule 8001 of the Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure. Bankruptcy Rule 8013 provides:
On appeal the district court ... may affirm, modify, or reverse a bankruptcy judge’s judgment, order, or decree or remand with instructions for further proceedings. Findings of fact, whether based on oral or documentary evidence, shall not be set aside unless clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the bankruptcy court to judge the credibility of the witnesses.
B.R. 8013. Brown v. Pennsylvania State Employees Credit Union, 851 F.2d 81, 84 (3d Cir.1988); In re Morrissey, 717 F.2d 100, 104 (3d Cir.1983). Fee awards are factual determinations of the bankruptcy court and, as such, are subject to an abuse of discretion standard of review by the district court. In re Beverly Manufacturing Corp., 841 F.2d 365, 369 (11th Cir.1988); In re T & D Tool, Inc., 132 B.R. 525 (E.D.Pa.1991). An abuse of discretion can occur only “when the bankruptcy judge fails to apply the proper legal standard or to follow proper procedures in making the determination, or bases an award upon findings of fact that are clearly erroneous.” In re U.S. Golf Corp., 639 F.2d 1197, 1201 (5th Cir.1981); United States & Internal Revenue Service v. Owens, 84 B.R. 361 (E.D.Pa.1988). Questions of law are subject to de novo review. See Brown, 851 F.2d at 84.
As a general matter, the reasonableness of an attorney’s fee is a question of fact. Matter of Lee, 884 F.2d 897, 899 (5th Cir.1989); 2 Collier on Bankruptcy II 329.04 at 329-18 (15th ed. 1992). Under the clearly erroneous standard, “[i]t is the responsibility of an appellate court to accept the ultimate factual determination of the fact-finder unless that determination either is completely devoid of minimum evidentiary support displaying some hue of credibility or bears no rational relationship to the support of evidentiary data.” Hoots v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, 703 F.2d 722, 725 (3d Cir.1983); Krasnov v. Dinan, 465 F.2d 1298, 1302-03 (3d Cir.1972).
F & J argues that the bankruptcy court abused its discretion by (1) failing to award F & J rates customarily charged by New York law firms; and (2) failing to apply the proper legal standard with regard to compensation for services performed in furtherance of the Equity Committee’s participation in the debtor’s annual meeting and election of directors. The Court shall discuss the pertinent facts and applicable law as to each issue separately.
I. Local v. New York rates
A. Facts
In February, 1988, Allegheny International, Inc. (AI) and eleven of its affiliates and subsidiaries (collectively with AI, the debtor) filed petitions for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code, and the eases were administratively consolidated. The debtors continued operating their businesses and managing their properties as debtors-in-possession under §§ 1107 and 1108 of the Bankruptcy Code. On or about April 4, 1988, the United States Trustee appointed the Official Committee of Equity Security Holders of Allegheny International, Inc. (the Equity Committee) pursuant to § 1102(a)(1) of the Code. On April 5, 1988, the Equity Committee selected F & J’s predecessor, Reavis & McGrath, to represent it in these Chapter 11 cases. On or about May 12, 1988, pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1103(a), the bankruptcy court entered an order authorizing the employment and retention of F & J as attorneys for the Equity Committee. F & J petitioned the bankruptcy court for a final award of professional fees on February 22, 1991. The court reviewed the professional fee applications of F & J, evaluated the professional services provided by F & J and awarded fees pursuant to a final fee order dated April 18, 1991 (the final compensation order). The bankruptcy court’s final compensation order awarded to F & J total fees and expenses of $2,024,644.16 plus $38,-226.60 in fees and expenses incurred by F & J for preparing its fee applications resulting in a total fee award of $2,062,-910.76.
In its general discussion of the requested fees submitted by á number of law firms in this case (all of which are Pittsburgh area firms apart from F & J), the bankruptcy court in an opinion dated December 14, 1989 (the 12/14/89 opinion), stated that the hourly rates requested by the firms were too high in that they departed from the cost of comparable services in western Pennsylvania. The court stated:
Although the court is aware that the power to make decisions in this, or any, case ultimately rests with the client, in a Chapter 11, this court holds all bankruptcy professionals to the task of movement toward a confirmed plan of reorganization. Rather than rapidly moving toward confirmation, this reorganization has reinvented the wheel several times. The court suspects that greed and personality clashes by clients and professionals have contributed to the lack of progress in this case. Because the professionals have not achieved reorganization in 22 months, this court concludes that the premium rates of compensation which they have requested are not appropriate.
In determining what is a reasonable hourly rate, bankruptcy courts are generally cognizant of the going rates of the counsel that practice before them. In In re Shaffer-Gordon Associates, Inc., 68 Bankr. 344, 350 (Bankr.E.D.Pa.1986), the bankruptcy court succinctly observed that it had “the experience of reviewing numerous applications seeking various hourly rates in our local bankruptcy court marketplace.... ” This court is equally experienced, and our experience tells us that the market rate in Western Pennsylvania for bankruptcy counsel of high caliber is $150 per hour. We routinely observe quality bankruptcy work billed at that rate in chapter 11 cases by partners, and lessor amounts by associates ....
******
Although this case has frequently required intense efforts for short periods of time, it also has had many routine matters that are typical of all bankruptcy cases. Such matters do not deserve premium rates. For example, every relief from stay motion does not require participation from all of the committees at their top rate.
Our determination of reasonable hourly rates is consistent with the determination of a lodestar, which is “properly calculated by multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation times a reasonable hourly rate.” Student Public Interest Research Group v. AT & T Bell Laboratories, 842 F.2d 1436, 1441 (3d Cir.1988) (quoting Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 888 [104 S.Ct. 1541, 1544, 79 L.Ed.2d 891] (1984)). The degree of success is usually used as a multiplier (either positive or negative) to the lodestar. We thus believe that it is appropriate to reduce the requested hourly rates because of the lack of success. We also think that the lack of risk of payment, since professional fees receive a high priority under the Bankruptcy Code, justifies a reduction in the hourly rate and is not inconsistent with the lodestar approach.
12/14/89 opinion at 4-7 (footnote omitted). The bankruptcy court also noted that petitioners, as of the date of the final compensation order, had already received 50 percent of the fees they had billed. Id. at 7, n. 6.
As to F & J in particular, the bankruptcy court stated as follows:
Because the firm is located in New York City, where legal services (and everything else) are more costly, [F & J] seeks compensation significantly higher than the other petitioners. Those rates may or may not be “usual and customary” in New York City. However, we cannot conclude that the Equity Committee was unable to hire counsel from Pittsburgh or other cities with lower rates, if it chose to do so. For its own reasons, the Equity Committee chose to hire counsel from a very expensive market — New York City, “but it will not be the estate's responsibility to pay the difference between the hourly rate the court deems acceptable and the rate charged.” In re R & B Institutional Sales, Inc., 65 Bankr. 876, 885 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.1986). Although there is no duty to exhaust the pool of local counsel before hiring out-of-town counsel, we conclude that the Equity Committee could have hired less costly, but equally competent, counsel from another city.
We recognize that the chairman of the Equity Committee is located in New York City. On a day-to-day basis, the availability of telephone conferences largely negates the inconvenience of using counsel in another city. Moreover, any saving of costs resulting from the Equity Committee using New York counsel (i.e., the absence of expenses for travelling to meetings of the Equity Committee) would be offset by the higher rates and the expense of travelling to Pittsburgh for court proceedings and meetings with the other constituencies. We further recognize that bankruptcy practice, with respect to large chapter ll’s such as this case, is national in scope. Therefore, we do not believe that the allowable rates of attorney compensation in cases before the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York should be the national standard.
Nevertheless, we will allow a moderately higher rate, $225 per hour, to one attorney, Gary L. Blum, Esq. Other partners and of counsel attorneys are entitled to $175 per hour or the hourly rate stated in the Application for Interim Compensation of [F & J contained in its initial fee petition], whichever is less. Associates are entitled to $125 per hour or the hourly rate stated in the initial [F & J] fee petition, whichever is less.
12/14/89 opinion at 10-11. Thus, whereas the market rate in western Pennsylvania was found to be $150 per hour for high caliber counsel, the bankruptcy court allowed F & J $225 per hour to Attorney Blum, and up to $175 per hour for partners and of counsel attorneys. With the exception of four partners at Buchanan Ingersoll who were found to play massive roles in the case, partners at the other three firms were allowed $125 to $160 per hour. As for associates, the bankruptcy court awarded $125 per hour, in contrast to $90 to $100 per hour for the other three firms involved.
B. Statement of the law
The Bankruptcy Code requires that fees paid to counsel for the debtor, a trustee or an official committee of creditors or equity security holders be subject to review by the bankruptcy court for reasonableness. Section 330 states in relevant part:
(a) After notice to any parties in interest and to the United States trustee and a hearing, and subject to sections 326, 328, and 329 of this title, the court may award to a ... professional person employed under section.. .1103 of this title
(1) reasonable ■ compensation for actual, necessary services rendered by such ... professional person ... based on the nature, the extent, and the value of such services, the time spent on such services, and the cost of comparable services other than in a case under this title; and
(2) reimbursement for actual, necessary expenses.
The legislative history of § 330 and the case law construing it establish that § 330 is intended to replace the notion of “economy of administration” reflected in the former Bankruptcy Act with a more liberal and enlightened standard of compensation. See H.R.Rep. No. 595, 95th Cong., 1st Sess. 329-30, reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Ad.News 5787, 6286; 124 Cong.Rec. H11,089 (1978) (remarks of Rep. Edwards), reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Ad. News 6436, 6442 (stating that notions of economy of the estate in fixing fees are outdated and have no place in a Bankruptcy Code).
However, as evidenced by the plain language of § 330, compensation is not to be automatically granted at the rates requested; the compensation awarded must be reasonable, based on the nature, the extent, and the value of the professional services rendered. 11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(1). Many courts have held that reasonableness encompasses the bankruptcy court’s responsibility “to balance a spirit of economy on the one hand with fees sufficiently close to market rates to attract qualified counsel on the other.” Boston & Maine Corp. v. Sheehan, Phinney, Bass & Green, P.A., 778 F.2d 890, 989 (1st Cir.1985) (citations omitted). The bankruptcy court is within its discretion to “act as ‘client’, ‘objecting’ to excessive fees which it deems to overstep” the parameters of § 330. In re Metro Transportation Co., 107 B.R. 50, 52 (E.D.Pa.1989); see also Unsecured Creditors’ Committee v. Puget Sound Plywood (In re Puget Sound Plywood, Inc.), 924 F.2d 955 (9th Cir.1991). The burden of proof as to the reasonableness of the requested compensation always remains with the applicant. Metro Transportation, 107 B.R. at 53. In addition to ascertaining the nature and extent of the services supplied by the attorney and determining the value of the services according to the customary fee and quality of the legal work, 11 U.S.C. § 330(a)(1), the bankruptcy court should adjust the compensation on the basis of any other significant factors. Leroy v. City of Houston, 831 F.2d 576, 583 n. 11 (5th Cir.1987), cert. denied, 486 U.S. 1008, 108 S.Ct. 1735, 100 L.Ed.2d 199 (1988). See also In re Fine Paper Antitrust Litigation, 751 F.2d 562 (3d Cir.1984). The parties disagree on the issue of whether compensation for professional fees should be limited to the prevailing local rate even though the customary billing rate of the professionals at issue may be higher in their own locale. Under appropriate circumstances, non-local rates are to be used as a reference in fee awards. The Court finds that the bankruptcy court properly considered the fact that New York market rates are higher than those of western Pennsylvania, and adjusted F & J’s fee award according to other significant factors.
In Matter of Baldwin United Corp., 36 B.R. 401 (Bankr.1984), the bankruptcy court determined that a reasonable fee entailed consideration of rates customarily charged by the non-local counsel. In Baldwin United, the Los Angeles firm of O’Melveny & Myers had been appointed as debtors’ bankruptcy counsel in a complex Cincinnati reorganization which was national in scope. Similar to other firms involved in that reorganization, O’Melveny & Myers was nationally prominent in the type of reorganization at issue. In that case, the law firm applied for a preliminary ruling on allowable fees in an amount significantly higher than those customarily charged by Cincinnati law firms. The bankruptcy court held that the starting point for determining fee awards should be the rate charged by the non-local counsel in its own marketplace. Id. at 403. See In re Atlas Automation, 27 B.R. 820, 823 (Bankr.E.D.Mich.1983); see generally Northcross v. Board of Education of Memphis City Schools, 611 F.2d 624, 636 (6th Cir.1979). In considering the fee application, the Baldwin United court stated:
To apply Cincinnati hourly rates for the services these professionals perform might result in an attempt to resign from their positions, and might effectively deprive the debtors-in-possession of their expertise and experience. Such a result would not only be a crippling blow to the debtors and their creditors, but would also violate the spirit of the Bankruptcy Code and governing case law....
To limit fees to the rates charged by Cincinnati bankruptcy lawyers, merely because these cases happened to be filed in Cincinnati, would be a position to capricious and parochial to withstand analysis under § 330.
Baldwin United, 36 B.R. at 412. The court stated that, after considering the non-local rate, the court should consider, inter alia, “the nature and difficulty of the work performed; whether the work could have been performed by someone with less experience at a lower rate; whether the rate is in line with rates charged by comparable professionals with offices in the same locale as the applicant; and most importantly, whether the value of the services rendered to the debtor justify the rate charged.” Id. at 403.
Bankruptcy courts have also held that, in determining a reasonable fee, the court must consider “local sensibilities and the economics of the local bar” as well as the “economics of out-of-state counsel and the customary fee in other jurisdictions.” In re Southern Industrial Banking Corp., 41 B.R. 606, 612 (Bankr.E.D.Tenn.1984) (quoting In re Global Int'l Airways Corp., 38 B.R. 440, 443 (Bankr.W.D.Mo.1984)). The Southern Industrial Banking court recognized, however, that “if a local professional with the required expertise could have been retained, a professional from another jurisdiction may be ‘reasonably compensated’ even though the allowed fee is based on a rate lower than his customary charge.” Southern Industrial Banking, 41 B.R. at 612, citing In re Nova Real Estate Investment Trust, 25 B.R. 252 (Bankr.E.D.Va.1982), modified, 30 B.R. 347 (1983) (premium permitted given result obtained).
Similarly, in In re R & B Institutional Sales, Inc., 65 B.R. 876 (Bankr.W.D.Pa.1986), the bankruptcy court considered the type of case and quality of services rendered by professionals in a Chapter 11 reorganization, and found that New York rates would not be approved for services of a New York firm. That court stated:
We recognize that this is a New York firm, and that these fees might be acceptable as usual and customary for that area; but, this is not the case in Pittsburgh. A multitude of accounting firms having local offices would have been more than competent to proceed for the Committee [of Unsecured Creditors]. This was not a complicated or difficult case. The Committee may have felt it necessary to bring in an accounting firm from another area, but it will not be the estate’s responsibility to pay the difference between the hourly rate the court deems acceptable and the rate charged.... While the Committee chose these accountants, it cannot expect the estate to take responsibility for such excess charges.
R & B Institutional Sales, 65 B.R. at 885. In both Southern Industrial Banking and R & B Institutional Sales, the bankruptcy court awarded fees to non-local firms higher than that of local firms, but lower than that requested.
As noted supra, the bankruptcy court awarded F & J fees significantly in excess of those normally charged by firms in western Pennsylvania. The court awarded these fees in spite of the fact that it found the reorganization had “reinvented the wheel several times” and that reorganization had not been successfully achieved after 22 months. (12/14/89 opinion at 5). Further, the court found that “although this case has frequently required intense efforts for short periods of time, it also has had many routine matters that are typical of bankruptcy cases. Such matters do not deserve premium rates.” Id. at 7. The court also found that the lack of risk of payment and the lack of success justify a reduction in the hourly rate. Id. These factors merited a decrease in hourly rates. This Court does not find the bankruptcy court’s fee award to be clearly erroneous.
This Court finds In re Temple Retirement Community, Inc., 97 B.R. 333 (Bankr.W.D.Tex.1989), to be persuasive. That court stated:
[m]any bankruptcy cases are often more regional or even national than they are local in scope, so that looking solely to the local community’s range of rates would impose an unnecessarily parochial cap on the case. See In re Public Service Co. of New Hampshire, 86 B.R. 7, 11 (Bankr.D.N.H.1988). In addition, bankruptcy is sufficiently specialized that a firm with the skills necessary to meet the needs of a particular debtor might not be available in the local community.
Temple Retirement, 97 B.R. at 342. In that case, a Waco, Texas debtor hired a Dallas firm with a national reputation of bankruptcy experience to assist its reorganization. In deciding whether to grant the fees requested by the Dallas firm, the Temple Retirement court believed that limiting the lodestar amount to that customarily charged in the Waco, Texas area would have effectively deprived the debtor of its choice of counsel; thus, the court awarded higher fees for non-local counsel. Unlike the facts of the instant case, that court stressed that the attorneys “achieved an extraordinarily favorable result for the estate with a minimum of litigation, and did so in a remarkably short period of time.” Id. at 343. However, the same court recognized, as did the bankruptcy court in the instant case, that “[n]ot every case warrants going outside the local community for representation.” Id.
Although the AI case was national in scope and at times involved complex issues, the bankruptcy court found that the services provided by F & J were readily available in the Pittsburgh area, and did not merit the rate they requested. See also 1/30/91 opinion at 6 (indicating the bankruptcy court’s belief that the activities of the Equity Committee, supported by its professionals, unnecessarily complicated the case by engaging in unnecessary litigation, raising “barely colorable” appeals and creating a level of contentiousness which led to a lack of progress and a lengthy reorganization). As held in Washington Manufacturing Co., 101 B.R. 944 (Bankr.M.D.Tenn.1989),
In an appropriate case, the prevailing rates of non-local counsel or the rate prevailing in the case locality should be merely factors, not self-limiting ones, in the court’s determination of the reasonableness of the over-all charges made and sought. Temple Retirement, 97 B.R. at 10; Public Service, 86 B.R. at 10. Ultimately, the allowable rate “is what the court perceives to be the reasonable value of the services in the marketplace [however small or expansive that may be under the circumstances of each case], with due deference to the cost of comparable services.
Washington Manufacturing, 101 B.R. at 952 (quoting In re Gulf Consolidated Services, Inc., 91 B.R. 414 at 420 n. 4 (1991)). Based on the high rate allowed to F & J, in conjunction with the bankruptcy court’s expression of dissatisfaction with the quality of legal work performed by F & J, it is clear that the bankruptcy court did consider the fact of New York City’s higher market rates and then adjusted downward after ascertaining the nature and extent of the services supplied by F & J, considering the value of the services according to the customary fee and quality of the legal work and, finally, adjusting the compensation on the basis of other significant factors.
This Court is further persuaded by the bankruptcy courts which have held that “even if the billing rates themselves are justified, the total bill must itself be reasonable.” Temple Retirement, 97 B.R. at 343, citing Public Service, 86 B.R. at 11 n. 7. As expressed in Public Service,
The regular hourly rates simply do not become ipso facto final fee awards in this court. Retention of attorneys at high hourly rates is based not only upon the assumption that attorneys billing at such rates have the necessary experience and competence to handle complex matters, but also upon the further assumption that attorneys billing at such high rates can normally perform their duties in fewer hours than less experienced attorneys who may bill at a lower rate. If that does not prove true with regard to the providing of particular services in this case, the court will not feel compelled at the time of final fee awards to allow the full hourly rate for any such services. This is not to say that the court intends to employ a liberal dose of “hindsight” at the conclusion of the case, or to “second-guess” actions and decisions undertaken by attorneys in good faith as the situation appeared to them at the time such actions or decisions were necessary. Cf. B & M Railroad Corp. v. Moore, 776 F.2d 2, 8, 10, 54 B.R. [41], [47], [49] (1st Cir.1985).
Public Service, 86 B.R. at 11-12 (footnote omitted).
In F & J’s supplemental brief, it argues that this Court’s decision in In re Allegheny International, Inc., 131 B.R. 24 (W.D.Pa.1991), mandates that New York rates apply. F & J misreads this Court’s opinion. That opinion was limited to the question of whether the bankruptcy court erred in failing to explain its denial of fees to Wells Fargo’s New York legal counsel. This Court found that using western Pennsylvania as the relevant market for a determination of reasonable hourly rates was improper under those facts because the court had already tacitly approved the use of the New York firm. Such was not the case on the instant facts. Further, in the Wells Fargo case, the bankruptcy court applied rates based upon the 12/14/89 opinion which is the subject of the instant appeal. That opinion did not discuss Wells Fargo, nor did it discuss the performance of Wells Fargo’s legal counsel. On the facts of the instant case, the Court finds that the bankruptcy court adequately explained its reasons for not applying New York rates to F & J’s fee requests. Because this Court finds that the bankruptcy court properly considered the fact that the New York market rates are significantly higher than those in western Pennsylvania and awarded fees to F & J in accordance with that higher rate and in conjunction with the bankruptcy court’s perception of the quality of legal services rendered, the bankruptcy court fee award will be affirmed.
II. The proxy battle
F & J’s second argument on appeal is that the bankruptcy court erred in disallowing their fees in connection with the disputed annual meeting of stockholders and the related proxy battle.
A. Facts
The facts of this issue, which largely have been stated by the bankruptcy court in its 12/14/89 opinion, are as follows. On or about April 4, 1988, the United States Trustee appointed the Equity Committee pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1102. On April 5, 1988, the Equity Committee selected F & J’s predecessor, Reavis & McGrath, to represent it in these Chapter 11 cases. On May 12, 1988, the bankruptcy court authorized the employment and retention of F & J as counsel for the Equity Committee pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1103(a).
The debtor scheduled a routine annual meeting for May 20, 1988. Shortly thereafter, Spear, Leeds & Kellogg (Spear, Leeds), chairman of the Equity Committee, filed preliminary proxy materials with the SEC, in which Spear, Leeds stated its intention to solicit proxies in an effort to control the board of directors of the debtor. Bo-mar Holdings, Inc. (Bomar), another member of the Equity Committee, joined Spear, Leeds in their efforts. Thereafter, Spear, Leeds and Bomar conducted their proxy battle under the aegis of the Election Committee of the Equity Security Holders. The United States Trustee did not appoint nor did the bankruptcy court authorize the formation of the Election Committee.
The Creditors’ Committee applied to the bankruptcy court to enjoin the meeting of the shareholders of the debtor. By order dated May 16, 1988, which was followed by a memorandum opinion on May 17, 1988, the bankruptcy court enjoined the debtor from conducting the annual meeting of the shareholders within 90 days of May 20, 1988. Thereafter, the Equity Committee, the Unofficial Shareholders Election Committee of the Equity Committee and Spear, Leeds appealed to this Court, which reversed the bankruptcy court and reinstated the annual meeting. The Creditors’ Committee then filed a writ of mandamus to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit. The Third Circuit reinstated the bankruptcy court’s order pending a review of the petition for writ of mandamus by a panel of the Third Circuit. The Court of Appeals denied the petition. This Court then reset the annual meeting for June 20, 1988, and allowed the proxy solicitation to continue. In the meantime, the Court of Appeals granted an expedited appeal, but denied the Creditors’ Committee’s motion for a stay pending appeal, if both the votes were impounded and the debtor did not promulgate a plan of reorganization until the appeal was to be heard. Because the parties did not agree to those conditions, the Court of Appeals denied the stay and this Court ordered the debtor to conduct the annual meeting on June 20, 1988. Directors sympathetic to the management of the debtor maintained a majority of the directorships. The appeal was then withdrawn.
B. Statement of the law
Under the law, shareholders have a right to hold an annual meeting and participate in the election of a board of directors. See The Official Committee of Unsecured Creditors of Allegheny International, Inc. v. Allegheny International, Inc. (In re Allegheny International, Inc.), No. 88-1101, slip op. at 6-7 (W.D.Pa. May 31, 1988). That issue having already been resolved, the issue for this Court is whether the bankruptcy estate should pay counsel fees resulting from litigation relating to the proxy battle which has been found by the bankruptcy court to inure to the benefit of individual Equity Holders, i.e., Spear, Leeds and Bomar, instead of to the Official Equity Committee.
The powers of an equity security committee are governed by 11 U.S.C. § 1103(c), which states as follows:
A committee appointed under section 1102 of this title may—
(1) consult with the trustee or debtor-in-possession concerning the administration of the case;
(2) investigate the acts, conduct, assets, liabilities, and financial condition of the debtor, the operation of the debtor’s business, and any other matter relevant to the case or to the formulation of a plan;
(3) participate in the formulation of a plan, advise those represented by such committee of such committee’s determinations as to any plan formulated, and collect and file with the court acceptances or rejections of a plan;
(4) request the appointment of a trustee or examiner under section 1104 of this title; and
(5) perform such other services as are in the interest of those represented.
In the 12/14/89 opinion, the bankruptcy court found that Spear, Leeds and Bomar, in conducting the proxy battle, in effect were not serving the interests of those represented, i.e., the Equity Committee and the shareholders. Instead, the court found:
The activities of the Election Committee extended the efforts of Spear, Leeds, which preceded the creation of the Official Equity Committee and have not ben-efitted the estate. Rather, we find that their activities were for the benefit of Spear, Leeds and Bomar. Therefore, the activities by [F & J] in connection with the proxy fight are disallowed in their entirety.
(12/14/89 opinion at 26-27).
In order to be compensable from estate funds, the services rendered by an attorney must have been performed in the interest of those represented, i.e., the Equity Committee and the equity security holders as a group. In re A & A Energy Properties, Ltd., [865 F.2d 256 (table), 1988 WL 135911] No. 87-2197, 1988 U.S.App. LEXIS 17401 (6th Cir.1988). This holding comports with 11 U.S.C. § 1103(c)(5)’s statement that an appointed committee may “perform such other services as are in the interest of those represented.” In this case, the bankruptcy court specifically found as a matter of fact that the proxy battle litigation was for the benefit of Spear, Leeds and Bomar, and not for the benefit of the Equity Committee and the shareholders as a group. In the bankruptcy court’s 1/30/91 opinion, it stated:
it appears to the court that the Equity Committee was dominated by, if in fact it was not the alter ego of, [Spear, Leeds]. The predecessor law firm represented Spear, Leeds prior to being selected as counsel to the Equity Committee. The court questions whether the Committee’s actions have been representative of the interests of all of the equity holders. The court’s suspicion was heightened when the Equity Committee opposed confirmation of the plan, notwithstanding a vote in favor of the plan by two of the three classes of equity holders which it represented.
(1/30/91 opinion at 4-5).
The bankruptcy court’s finding and the consequent denial of fees in connection with the proxy battle are supported by A & A Energy Properties. The A & A Energy Properties court held that attorney’s fees were compensable, but only after finding that there was evidence that the committee represented all of its members at the same time and that there was no evidence showing that the committee acted for any one creditor in conflict with the other members. A & A Energy Properties, [865 F.2d 256 (table), 1988 WL 135911], 1988 U.S.App. LEXIS 17401, at *6-7. In contrast, the bankruptcy court here found that the motivating force behind the proxy battle litigation was not the shareholders as a group, but rather was two specific groups who did not have the best interests of the shareholders in mind.
This Court does not find the factual determination of the bankruptcy court to be clearly erroneous. The bankruptcy court constantly dealt with all parties at issue in this case and was in the best position to evaluate their actions and determine their motives.
The bankruptcy court’s holding that the proxy battle litigation was in fact conducted by and on behalf of Spear, Leeds and Bomar, through their self-appointed Election Committee, also supports denial of fees based on 11 U.S.C. § 1102(a), which reads:
(1) As soon as practicable after the order for relief under Chapter 11 of this title, the United States trustee shall appoint a committee of creditors holding unsecured claims and may appoint additional committees of creditors or of equity security holders as the United States •trustee deems appropriate.
(2) On request of a party in interest, the court may order the appointment of additional committees of creditors or of equity security holders if necessary to assure adequate representation of creditors or of equity security holders. The United States trustee shall appoint any such committee.
The bankruptcy court found that because the Election Committee, which was the force behind the proxy battle, was not formed in accordance with the 11 U.S.C. § 1102, counsel would not be authorized in that connection under 11 U.S.C. § 1103. Accordingly, the fees generated by that proxy battle are not compensable. The court stated:
[t]he United States trustee argued that the Bankruptcy Code does not authorize a separate subcommittee to an official committee. This court is unaware of any authority for the creation of a subcommittee by the Equity Committee to conduct a proxy dispute. Section 1102(a)(2) of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 1102(a)(2), enables a party in interest to request the formation of additional committees. That did not occur. Rather, Spear, Leads and Bomar created the Election Committee, which was ostensibly a subcommittee of the Equity Committee. The court finds that the Election Committee was a de facto additional committee, which had not been properly constituted pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1102(a)(2).
(12/14/89 opinion at 26-27). Because the proxy battle litigation was found in substance, although not in form, to be carried on by an unauthorized subcommittee, the costs incurred in connection with that litigation are not compensable by the estate under the Code. Accordingly, the Court will not disturb the bankruptcy court’s ruling that the costs attendant thereto were not subject to reimbursement under the Bankruptcy Code. Therefore, the order of the bankruptcy court denying fees will be affirmed.
III. Interest on attorney’s fees
F & J raises the issue of recoverability of interest on its attorney’s fee award pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1961. This issue was not raised or referred to in its Statement of the Issues on appeal, nor was it raised until F & J submitted a supplemental brief, five months after its initial brief. Courts generally decline to address issues that have not been passed upon below absent exceptional circumstances. See Equibank, N.A. v. Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Corp., 884 F.2d 80, 86 (3d Cir.1989). F & J has not contended that exceptional circumstances exist for its failure to raise this issue below or to raise it in its Statement of the Issues on appeal. Therefore, the Court in its discretion declines to hear this issue. Id. See also Selected Risks Insurance Co. v. Bruno, 718 F.2d 67 (3d Cir.1983).
An appropriate Order will be issued.
. On January 1, 1989, Reavis & McGrath merged with the law firm of Fulbright & Jawor-ski. While the name Fulbright Jaworski & Reavis & McGrath was retained through December, 1990 in New York, the firm is currently named Fulbright & Jaworski. Throughout this opinion, the predecessor firm will be referred to as F & J.
. Significant factors have been found to include:
(1) the time and labor required; (2) the novelty and difficulty of the questions presented by the case; (3) the skill requisite to perform the legal service properly; (4) the preclusion of other employment by the attorney due to acceptance of the case; (5) the customary fee for similar work in the community; (6) whether the fee is fixed or contingent; (7) time pressures imposed by the client or the circumstances; (8) the amount involved and the results obtained as a result of the attorney’s services; (9) the experience, reputation and ability of the attorney; (10) the "undesirability” of the case; (11) the nature and length of the professional relationship with the client; and (12) awards in similar cases. In re First Colonial Corp. of America, 544 F.2d 1291 (5th Cir.1977), cert. denied, 431 U.S. 904, 97 S.Ct. 1696, 52 L.Ed.2d 388 (1977); Johnson v. Georgia Highway Express, Inc., 488 F.2d 714 (5th Cir.1974).
| CASELAW |
I’ve been working on OpenGL for some time now and one of the things that some people have asked me is how to do that 2d camera with zoom and rotation in a similar way to a post regarding a XNA 2D Camera I wrote some time ago.
Some of them where just subtracting the camera position to all objects drawn, but that’s just ‘ugly’ in my opinion. And the advantage of using a more complicated (at first glance) system as a matrix is that you can easily apply more complicated operations like scaling and rotation.
camera2d
The Camera2D class is simple enough:
class Camera2d
{
public:
Camera2d(void);
virtual ~Camera2d(void);
inline void set_zoom(const float zoom){ _zoom = zoom; }
inline float get_zoom()const{ return _zoom; }
Matrix get_transformation();
protected:
void recreate_tranformation_matrix();
protected:
// Saves Last Property
// This is used for knowing when to update the Matrix
struct Transformation
{
Matrix _matrix;
Vector2f _last_pos;
float _last_zoom;
Vector2f _last_origin;
float _last_rotation;
void update(const Vector2f& p, const Vector2f& origin, const float zoom, const float rotation)
{ _last_pos = p; _last_origin = origin; _last_zoom = zoom; _last_rotation = rotation; }
};
protected:
float _zoom;
Transformation _transform;
public:
Vector2f _pos;
Vector2f _origin;
float _rotation;
};
As the name implies Vector2f and Matrix are the Vector and the Matrix, the full code is included in the project that you can download at the end of the article so I’m just going to mention the most important parts.
In Camera2D class the most important function is the recreate_tranformation_matrix(), get_transformation() just checks if we should recreate it.
void Camera2d::recreate_tranformation_matrix()
{
// Update Variables
_transform.update(_pos,_origin,_zoom,_rotation);
_transform._matrix =
/*
Create our camera matrix,
translation to origin, then rotation, scale and finally translation to the camera position
*/
Matrix::CreateTranslation(-_pos.X,-_pos.Y, 0) *
Matrix::CreateScale(_zoom, _zoom, 1)*
Matrix::CreateRotationZ(_rotation) *
Matrix::CreateTranslation(_origin.X,_origin.Y, 0);
}
As you can see we create our finally Matrix considering several things, first there’s the camera origin or center. This is useful for rotations and scales when you want to keep the camera focusing on a certain element, usually the center. The most common positions will probably be the center of the camera or 0,0.
Next we have a rotation on Z, next Zoom, this is how much the camera will zoom in or out, again the origin will impact where the zoom center is. Finally the camera position itself. The order of these operations is extremely important since mat1*mat2 != mat2*mat1.
So how could you use this?
First the camera setup
// Create our new camera
Camera2d* camera = new Camera2d();
camera->_origin.set(width/2.0f, height/2.0f); // width and height are the screen sizes, so we can focus on the center
camera->pos.set(250.0f,100.0f);
camera->set_zoom(2.0f);
Now to actually draw.
glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);
glPushMatrix();
glLoadIdentity();
// Get our transformation matrix
Matrix mat = camera->get_transformation();
// Convert it to a float 16
float m[16];
mat.to_mat4(m);
/* Send matrix to opengl*/
glMultMatrixf(m);
// Draw anything we want
This code can be optimized in many ways, but the idea here is to be simple enough to understand, that is the most important.
Download: OpenGLCamera2D.rar
This is a VS 2010 project using GLFW for window creation. I usually don’t use GLFW but this kept me for writing a bunch of window handling code. You can use whatever library you want, this was just to keep the project as clean as possible.
Arrow Keys- Camera movement
Page Up/Down – Camera Rotation
Home/End – Camera zoom
As always let me know if you find any problems/bugs with the article. I wrote all this code late last night so that’s usually recipe for doom. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Pivot chart
Useless
This article is devoid of any information. Agree. It would be usefull to include a list of software that have such funcionality other than MS Office (if any).. [OT]bdw, these fundrising ads in wikipedia are a little bit exagerated..[/OT] — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:58, 7 November 2014 (UTC)
Image
This article could use a visual example. QuinnHK 16:00, 27 September 2007 (UTC)
Bad Grammar
The overview paragraph of the article reads as ESL and could be edited for better readability - "PivotChart is best type of graphs for the analysis of data. The most useful feature is the possibility of quickly changing the portion of data displayed, like a PivotTable report. It makes PivotChart ideal for presentation of data in the sales reports." | WIKI |
Asia stocks: Chinese inflation data, The Fed, currencies in focus
Stocks in Asia mostly edged up on Wednesday as investors awaited comments from U.S. Federal Reserve Chairman Jerome Powell for possible clues on the central bank's next move on interest rates. Mainland Chinese stocks slipped on the day, with the Shanghai composite 0.44% lower to 2,915.30, Shenzhen component 0.35% to 9,166.15 and Shenzhen composite 0.465% lower to 1,550.87. Meanwhile, the Hang Seng index in Hong Kong added 0.32%, as of its final hour of trading. MSCI's broadest index of Asia-Pacific shares outside Japan also rose 0.31%. South Korea's Kospi advanced 0.33% to close at 2,058.78 as shares of chipmaker SK Hynix soared 4.44%. Over in Australia, the gained 0.36% to finish its trading day at 6,689.80 as most sectors advanced. In Japan, however, the Nikkei 225 slipped 0.15% to close at 21,533.48 and the Topix fell 0.23% to end its trading day in Tokyo at 1,571.32. The consumer price index in China rose 2.7% year-on-year in June, in line with expectations from a Reuters poll. One strategist said the rise in consumer prices in China may abate in the near future. "The pork price pressure would wane somewhat in the second half, I believe, and other food prices may have a similar trend," Daniel So, strategist at CMB International Securities, told CNBC's "Street Signs" on Wednesday. Others, however, warn that the situation around pork prices may get worse. A decline in pork supply caused by an outbreak of African swine fever has been driving up prices of food in China. In June, food prices in June increased 8.3% year-on-year, higher than the previous month's figure of 7.7%. Darin Friedrichs, senior Asia commodity analyst at INTL FCStone, told CNBC's "Squawk Box" on Wednesday that actual numbers for culled pigs are probably higher than official government statistics of about 20% to 25% of the hog population in China. "Realistically the number's probably closer to 50% or even higher at this point," he said. "The government is estimating perhaps 70% inflation in the second half of the year, but given that they don't seem to have (a) very good handle on it and given that it seems to be widely underreported, obviously we could expect that number to go much higher." Investors will be watching out for clues on whether the Fed will cut rates at its upcoming monetary meeting. Fed Chair Powell is scheduled to testify in front of the House Financial Services Committee on Wednesday. This comes just after a stronger-than-expected jobs report raised questions about the central bank's next move on interest rates. "We expect Powell to reiterate both the Fed's belief that the case for more accommodative monetary policy has strengthened and its commitment to ensuring the US economic expansion does not falter," Joseph Capurso, senior currency strategist at Commonwealth Bank of Australia, wrote in a note. On the U.S.-China trade front, high level trade negotiations occurred between Beijing and Washington earlier this week, according to a U.S. official, who said "both sides will continue these talks as appropriate." The U.S. dollar index, which tracks the greenback against a basket of its peers, was at 97.513 following its rise from levels below 97.2 earlier in the week. The traded at 108.95 against the dollar after seeing levels below 108.5 earlier in the week, while the changed hands at $0.6917 after slipping from levels above $0.695 yesterday. Oil prices gained in the afternoon of Asian trading hours. International benchmark Brent crude futures added 1.25% to $64.96 per barrel, while U.S. crude futures jumped 1.71% to $58.82 per barrel. — CNBC's Fred Imbert contributed to this report. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
It's all about the answers!
Ask a question
Can not make validateRequirements link from Jazz QM to artifact in custom OSLC Adapter
Dmitry A. Lesin (24423687) | asked Aug 08, 11:48 a.m.
edited Aug 08, 11:49 a.m.
Hello guys,
It seems that I can not realize how Jazz RM app (v7.0.2) creates validation requirements links to respective test artifacts in QM app. My main goal is building OSLC adapter (designed based on Lyo v5.0.0) that can make integration between RM and external testing tool used in the company. I will appreciate any remarks and advices on this way.
What do I have? I can:
1. Register RM app and the OSLC Adapter as friends in accordance to OAth v1.0.
2. Make a link between JKE Banking project area and the only OSLC Adaptrer's service provider so I can see my service provider when trying to make a link from some RM requirement to test artifacts in my adapter.
Select Links Dialog
3. But when I try to click OK button, it shows me the error:
ID CRRRW7255E The link from this server to the other server could not be created.
Although it successfully returns RDF document for the selected artifact:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms/"
xmlns:oslc_qm="http://open-services.net/ns/qm#"
xmlns:oslc_rm="http://open-services.net/ns/rm#"
<dcterms:description>A sample TestScript with id:2076</dcterms:description>
<dcterms:identifier>2076</dcterms:identifier>
<oslc_qm:validatesRequirement rdf:resource="http://localhost:8083/adaptor-rm/services/requirements/3"/>
<oslc_qm:validatesRequirement rdf:resource="http://localhost:8083/adaptor-rm/services/requirements/18"/>
<dcterms:title>A sample TestScript with id:2076</dcterms:title>
</oslc_qm:TestScript>
</rdf:RDF>
I see that if I would like to make a standard validatedBy link between Jazz RM requirement and Jazz QM test artifact then it calls additionally to .../rm/link. But im my case, it throws the error right after getting the RDF resourse.
What am I missing? May be some additional service must be provided for custom service provider? Or may be some special attribute in test artifact is missing? I already don't have ideas, at least for now.
Thank you for any help!
Accepted answer
permanent link
Jim Amsden (26837) | answered Aug 08, 12:45 p.m.
When creating links between Requirements and TestCases with ELM products, while it appears you can create the Requirement validatedBy TestCase link from DNG, DNG doesn't actually own or create the link. Rather it does a GET on the TestCase, adds the link there and then does a PUT to ETM. So if you're creating links programmatically, you'd create the link from the QM provider to DNG (i.e., TestCase validatesRequirement Requirement), not the other way around.
Dmitry A. Lesin selected this answer as the correct answer
Comments
David Honey commented Aug 08, 1:06 p.m.
FORUM ADMINISTRATOR / FORUM MODERATOR / JAZZ DEVELOPER
As well as Jim's excellent reply, you should also look at https://jazz.net/wiki/bin/view/Main/CALM2010LinkTypes. It shows that links between a test case and a requirement are owned by, and persisted on, the test case in ETM.
I would also encourage you or colleagues to participate in the OSLC Open Projects working group. We have been discussing the idea of OSLC profiles starting with a Linking Profile to support use cases like this. Sadly, industry participation in OSLC meetings has been weak over the last few years.
Dmitry A. Lesin commented Aug 16, 1:27 p.m.
Hi David,
Sorry, what do you mean under "participate in the OSLC Open Projects working group"? Can you provide a link for taking a look please?
Thank you very much in advance!
Your answer
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Talk:Lutzomyia
Notes for article enhancements
* North America has 14 identified species -source Young & Perkins 1984
* l.anthrophora & l.diabolica suspected leish vectors of cutaneous leish of the l.mexicana strain - source McHugh 2001
* both sources can be found in bibliography here http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04152005-104125/unrestricted/Rosypaldissertation.pdfLisa.Cinciripini (talk) 18:36, 23 June 2008 (UTC)
Major Edit
Hi. My name is Lewis Weobley and I am a final year biology undergraduate with an interest in parasitology and I am planning to edit this page for an educational assignment.
Leweob (talk) 07:17, 22 March 2013 (UTC)
Assessment comment
Substituted at 20:04, 1 May 2016 (UTC)
Wiki12Sept The article is well written and provide an informative overview of Lutzomyia. However, the addition of a Morphology section would allow readers to better understand the physical appearance, and couple well with the biology section to further explain the development of larvae, through instar phases, to adulthood. Added on to this, I think a Social Interaction section would also bolster the interest of readers, especially from a Behavioral studies perspective. I understand that their are a multitude of fly wikipedia pages, but this particular page should be elevated to a Start Class, not only for its medical importance, but also because of its breath of knowledge that the article introduces. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Stanthewu (talk • contribs) 22:11, 17 September 2019 (UTC) | WIKI |
Charles Kingsmill
Admiral Sir Charles Edmund Kingsmill, (7 July 1855 – 15 July 1935) was a Canadian-born naval officer and the first director of the Department of the Naval Service of Canada. After retiring from a career in the Royal Navy, he played a prominent role in the establishment of the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) in 1910. Along with Rear-Admiral Walter Hose, he is considered the father of the Royal Canadian Navy.
Early life an education
Kingsmill was born at Guelph, Canada West (now Ontario) in 1855. He was the son of John Juchereau Kingsmill, Crown Attorney for Wellington County, and Ellen Diana Grange. He was educated at Upper Canada College in Toronto.
Royal Navy career
In 1870, at age 14, Kingsmill joined the Royal Navy as a midshipman. He was promoted sub-lieutenant in 1875, lieutenant in 1877, commander in 1891, and captain in 1898. During his career in the Royal Navy, he commanded HM Ships HMS Goldfinch (1889) (1890–1891), HMS Blenheim (1890) (1895), HMS Archer (1885) (1895–1898), HMS Gibraltar (1892) (1900), HMS Mildura (1900–1903), Resolution, Majestic (1905–1906), and HMS Dominion (1903).
Mildura served on the Australia Station in these years. During Kingsmill's command of the ship, she was part of the naval escort for the visit of the Duke and Duchess of Cornwall and York (later King George V and Queen Mary) to New Zealand aboard the chartered Royal liner HMS Ophir during 1901. The following year, he was with HMS Royal Arthur (1891) (flagship) and HMS Pylades (1884), visiting Norfolk Island in July, Suva, Fiji in August, and Tonga in September.
Kingsmill was given command of the battleship Dominion after her launching in 1905. Dominion ran aground in Chaleur Bay on 16 or 19 August 1906, while on a good-will tour of the Canadian Atlantic coast. In his March 1907 court-martial, Kingsmill was severely reprimanded for "grave neglect of duty" (not being on the bridge at the time) and given command of the older battleship HMS Repulse (1892).
Royal Canadian Navy
In 1908, Kingsmill retired from the Royal Navy and returned to Canada. He was appointed honorary aide-de-camp to His Excellency the Governor-General in 1909. At the behest of then prime minister Wilfrid Laurier, he accepted the post of director of the Marine Service in the Department of Marine and Fisheries under then Minister of Marine and Fisheries Louis-Philippe Brodeur. The appointment predetermined his eventual appointment as rear-admiral RCN and director of the Naval Service of Canada upon the formation of the RCN on 4 May 1910. By 1914, at the beginning of World War I, the new navy's fleet consisted of two old cruisers and a collection of converted civilian and commercial vessels.
Kingsmill was promoted to admiral on the Royal Navy's retired list in 1917. He was made a knight bachelor in 1918. He was awarded for outstanding services as the Director of Naval Services of Canada 1910–1921.
Kingsmill retired on 31 December 1921. He maintained a summer home on Grindstone Island, in Big Rideau Lake, near Portland, Ontario, where he loved to sail. His guests included the Duke of Devonshire, Governor General of Canada from 1916 to 1921; Sir William MacKenzie, railway entrepreneur; and Neville Chamberlain, later Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1937–1940. When he died at Grindstone Island on 15 July 1935, a "huge flotilla of boats brought him in from the island"
Kingsmill is buried in the Anglican cemetery in Portland, where an Ontario Heritage Trust plaque commemorates his contribution to Canadian naval history.
Family
Kingsmill and his wife, Constance, were prominent figures in Ottawa's social life. She was active in various causes, including as a supporter of birth control. They lived in a large stone house which they named "Ballybeg" on Crescent Road in Rockcliffe, which was designed for them during World War I by Montreal architect H. C. Stone. When the house was built, Rockcliffe was outside city limits, and raising chickens and cattle was permitted. Since 1970, the house has been occupied by Tunisia's ambassadors to Canada.
Kingsmill's cousin, Colonel Walter Bernard Kingsmill, the son of Admiral Kingsmill's uncle, Nicol Kingsmill, was head of the 10th Royal Grenadiers and led the 123rd Battalion on the front lines in France during the First World War.
Kingsmill's daughter Diana was an Olympic athlete and journalist, who married historian J. F. C. Wright.
Legacy
Kingsmill House is named for him. The junior officer quarters building at Venture NOTC, the Canadian Naval Officer Training Centre, is named after him. | WIKI |
PRESS DIGEST- British Business - June 23
June 23 - The following are the top stories on the business pages of British newspapers. Reuters has not verified these stories and does not vouch for their accuracy. The Times The total cost of a two-year competition investigation into the British energy market could exceed 80 million pounds ($118.40 million), according to industry officials. The Competition and Markets Authority is set to publish its final 500-page report on Friday, bringing a formal end to a detailed study of the energy market that began in June 2014. (bit.ly/28YELtL) City banks including UBS Group AG, HSBC Holdings Plc, Morgan Stanley and Bank of America Merrill Lynch have written to clients telling them to prepare for disruption tomorrow once the EU referendum result is declared. The Bank of England is on high alert to intervene if markets freeze. (bit.ly/28YEMxX) The Guardian Toymaker Hornby Plc has warned its future is in doubt unless shareholders back an 8 million pounds emergency fundraising plan. (bit.ly/28PYzmd) Bunnings will arrive in UK in October when the Australian DIY chain will convert the first of the Homebase stores it bought for 340 million pounds this year. The company has hired British retail veteran Archie Norman and fellow former Kingfisher executive Matt Tyson to sit on an advisory board for the venture. (bit.ly/28PYC1t) The Telegraph Finance industry lobby group TheCityUK has itemised a list of "demands" for politicians if Britain votes to leave the European Union in Thursday's referendum, according to confidential documents seen by the Daily Telegraph. (bit.ly/28OkFC9) Heathrow's new runway plans are a "rip off", according to airline boss Willie Walsh, and billions could be saved by extending an existing runway instead. (bit.ly/28PZ2Fe) Sky News Banks and money transfer services are warning that a surge in market volatility surrounding Thursday's EU referendum may impact electronic trading platforms. (bit.ly/28PZ8g7) One of BHS's biggest creditors is demanding the appointment of a second administrator to the stricken retailer amid concerns about the complex web of ties connecting the company's former owners. (bit.ly/28PZcfQ) The Independent Britons have been rushing to get foreign currency ahead of the EU referendum, according to the Post Office. Sales of currency at the Post Office have surged 74 percent since the weekend, compared to the same period last year. (ind.pn/28PZhjs) $1 = 0.6757 pounds
Compiled by Ismail Shakil in Bengaluru; Editing by Andrew Hay | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Herringshaw's National Library of American Biography - volume 2.pdf/136
HBRKINGSHAWS LIBRARY OF AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY.
148
in 1809-17 he was a representative from irennsylvania to the eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth and fourteenth congresses. He died in 1823 in Pennsylvania.
and
William,
Crawford,
bom
in Virginia.
lawyer, jurist, was to Alabama in
He moved
number of federal and state receiver of moneys for public a commissioner to settle certain
1810; held a offices;
was
lands; and claims under a treaty with England, France and Spain. He was elected to the state senate; was United States district attorney for Alabama; and was judge of the United States district court for Alabama. He died April 28, 1849, in Mobile, Ala.
Crawford, William Harris, lawyer, jurist. United States senator, cabinet officer, was born Feb. 24, 1772, in Amherst county, Va. In 1799 he was appointed to prepare a digest of the laws of Georgia. He served four years in the state legislature; and during 1807-13 he was United States senator from Georgia. In 1815-17 he was seci'etary of war; and in 1817-25 he was secretary of the treasury. In 182734 he was judge of the northern circuit of Georgia. He died Sept. 15, 1834, in Albert county, Ga.
Crawford, William Henry, educator, clercollege president, was born Oct. 6, 1855, in Wilton Center, 111. He joined the Rock River conference; and was pastor for two years of Ravenswood methodist episcopal church; and later at Fulton street church of Chicago, 111. Since 1894 he has been president of the Allegheny college of Meadville, Pa. He is one of the hundred judges appointed to select for the Hall of
gyman,
Fame. Crawford, William Thomas, merchant, lawyer, congressman, was born June 1, 1856, in Haywood county, N.C. He was elected to the state legislature in 1884 and in 1886: was a democratic elec^HJpf^^, tor in 1888; and was ».' an engrossing clerk of the state house of repif^ '*-. resentatives in 1889. ""^-^ In 1891-95, 1899-1901 ' 1 a,nd 1907-09 he was a I<~ from representative North Carolina to the fifty-second, the fifty-
^gm^^^)^
^K^
E'
-J
J
third, fifty-sixth and sixtieth congresses as was a member of several
a democrat; and important committees. Crawley, Edwin Schofield, educator, civil engineer, mathematician, author, was born July 31, 1862, in Philadelphia, Pa. Since 1899 he has been Thomas A. Scott professor
/l | WIKI |
Morgan Spurlock's New Britannia
Morgan Spurlock's New Britannia is a British satirical entertainment series and talk show hosted by American documentary maker and television presenter Morgan Spurlock. The series takes a comedic look at the differences between British and American culture, focusing on a number of key areas including food, sport, class and fame. Each episode he is joined by a selection of guests from both sides of the Atlantic who offer their input on the subject.
The series debuted on Sky Atlantic and Sky Atlantic HD on 2 April 2012, after Game of Thrones. The first series ran for 10 episodes.
Reception
The show was met with poor reviews. | WIKI |
A Burrowing Owl's Life Cycle
Comstock Images/Comstock/Getty Images
The relatively small burrowing owl stands about 8 inches tall and weighs just slightly more than 5 pounds as an adult. These little owls build their nests underground, as their name suggests, in the abandoned burrows of rodents and reptiles. The burrowing owl's life cycle begins when the birds mate in late winter or early spring, with last year’s hatchlings ready to find sweethearts of their own during this year’s mating season. The burrowing owl's lifespan is about eight years.
Sweethearts
The life cycle of the burrowing owl begins when a male owl and a female owl become a couple. For the most part, burrowing owls are monogamous, though some male owls will have two mates. The male owl coos, nips and does aeronautical stunts in a bid to get a female to pay him some attention. Once she does, the courtship moves quickly, and the owls are soon moving in together.
Nesting
The new couple may build their own burrow, but most often they take up residence in the discarded burrow of a rodent or reptile. They will spruce up the burrow with grass clippings and manure from other animals. Once she lays her eggs, the female owl is busy incubating and brooding. The male owl hunts for food and brings his mate's meals to her. The baby owls will hatch about 30 days after their mother lays her eggs. The clutch size averages about seven eggs, though it can be as large as 12.
New Arrivals
Once the babies hatch, mom stays with them while dad hunts for food for the family. The little owls will come out of the burrow two weeks to a month after hatching, but will go no further than the burrow's entrance for the time being. Now, both mom and dad will forage for food. The burrowing owl's diet consists of small rodents and reptiles, and insects.
Growing Up
By mid-summer, the spring's hatchlings are starting to fledge, meaning they are beginning to fly. This happens when the owlets are about 44 days old. In the beginning, they will only fly short distances from the burrow and their parents will continue to feed them. As they get to be stronger in their flight, they will begin to forage for food with their parents.
Fly Away
By early autumn, the spring hatchlings will get their adult plumage and will soon be ready to leave the nest for good. Burrowing owls in the southern United States will find their own burrows in which to spend the winter months. Northern burrowing owls will begin migrating. By February, the courtship routine will begin again, and the seasons will unfold with the cycle repeating itself.
Photo Credits
• Comstock Images/Comstock/Getty Images
Author
Animal Rescue, Animal Rights, Vegan/Vegetarian issues, Journalism, Politics, Current Events, Literature, Pets, Nature, Environment. Avid reader of books, magazines, newspapers. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How Metabolic Damage Can Make You Fat
How Metabolic Damage Can Make You Fat
Have you stopped losing fat despite eating clean and working out hard? Or maybe you’ve started to gain weight although your diet is in check? If so, then you might have a damaged metabolism. It’s like a brick wall standing in your way. Metabolic damage symptoms can ruin your progress, making it difficult to maintain weight loss. Nothing seems to work for you anymore no matter how hard you try.
This condition was brought to the public attention by Layne Norton and Lyle McDonald. It’s actually one of the most controversial topics in the fitness community. Some claim that metabolic damage is a myth, while others swear that this problem as is real as it gets. So, what’s the truth about metabolic damage symptoms? What is metabolic damage anyway?
Is Metabolic Damage Real?
Metabolic damage is a side effect of extreme or prolonged dieting and over-exercising. For this reason, it typically affects athletes, bodybuilders, and other individuals who followed strict diets for a long time. Many fitness models and trainers, especially women, stick to low calorie diets (in the 700-1000 kcal range) and do hours of cardio every day. Over time, their metabolism slows down. When this happens, they either hit a plateau or start gaining weight.
Extreme dieting, overtraining, and mental stress raise cortisol levels. Cortisol is the stress hormone. Some personality types are prone to stress than others, which makes things worse. When weight loss stops, stress levels go through the roof. This increases cortisol levels even more. High cortisol levels are linked with abdominal fat, increased appetite, high blood sugar, high cholesterol, hormonal imbalances, circulation problems, and reduced insulin sensitivity. When you’re stressed out, your body stores fat at a higher rate.
Another factor that influences your metabolism is leptin. This compound "metabolic damage symptoms"signals to the brain about energy stores in your body, triggering the so-called “metabolic damage.” When you’re on a low calorie diet, leptin levels increase. As a result, you get hungry and lethargic. Your testosterone levels will go down and your metabolic rate slows. Cortisol contributes to this problem by inducing leptin resistance in your brain. All these factors combined lead to weight gain. Metabolic damage is as real as it can be.
These side effects are all due to metabolic adaptation. Your body reacts this way in order to survive. Once it senses a loss of body fat, it starts diminishing nervous system output, raises cortisol levels, and lowers thyroid levels to stop weight loss. These changes are essential for survival. Remember that dieting also causes muscle loss, which contributes to metabolic damage. Furthermore, weighing less means that your body requires less energy to survive and perform everyday activities. As a result, your metabolic rate decreases.
So, if your mantra is “Eat less and exercise more,” you’re on your way to metabolic damage.
Is Your Metabolism Broken?
Struggling with fat loss, low libido, lack of motivation, and hormonal imbalances? These symptoms are quite common among those with a broken metabolism. These are functional disturbances that stand in your way to a healthy body. Metabolic damage symptoms can ruin your life, causing weight gain and other problems.
Fit doesn’t equal healthy. You can be fit and have a host of problems ranging from anemia and depression to high cholesterol, low energy, adrenal insufficiency, poor sleep, and digestive issues. These symptoms often indicate metabolic damage. The list can go on with:
• Low testosterone
• Low thyroid levels
• Adrenal fatigue
• Immune system overdrive
• Leptin resistance
• Unexpected weight gain
• Inability to lose weight
• High cortisol levels
• Increased sensitivity to light
• Lack of focus
• Feeling tired and sluggish
Most times, metabolic damage occurs in chronic dieters and fitness buffs, but it may also indicate an underlying disease such as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis. This problem will persist for a long time after your diet is over.
Fixing Metabolic Damage
If your metabolism damage is not due to an underlying disease, there are ways to fix it. Reverse dieting seems to work in most cases. This means that you’ll have to increase your daily calorie intake and do less cardio for a few months. Eat clean and focus on building muscle. You will gain weight, which is perfectly normal. However, losing the extra pounds will be much easier once your metabolism returns to normal.
Metabolic damage is a real concern and should be taken seriously. If you already have this problem, then a reverse diet is the best way to help get you back on track. Fixing a broken metabolism takes time and patience, so don’t expect results overnight.
Sources:
http://www.bodyrecomposition.com/fat-loss/another-look-at-metabolic-damage.html/
http://www.tcmetabolism.com/metabolic-damage-and-resistant-weight-loss-what-you-need-to-know/
http://www.muscleandstrength.com/articles/prevent-slowing-metabolism
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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 123.djvu/417
123STA T . 3 97PUBLIC LA W 111 –5—FE B. 17 , 2 0 09 ‘ ‘ (I I )theav e r a g ea n n u a ls ales o r p ro d u c t i on f or the article or service during the 36-m onth period pre- ceding that 12 -month period , and ’ ’ .SEC.1863 . BA S I S FORD E T ER M I N ATIONS. S ection 2 5 1 of the T rade A ctof1 974 (19 U .S. C . 2341), as amended, is further amended by adding at the end the follo w ing ‘‘(e) BASI S FOR S EC RE T AR Y ’S D ETER M I N ATIONS. —F or purposes of subsection (c)(1)(C), the Secretary may determine that there are increased imports of li k e or directly competitive articles or services, if customers accounting for a significant percentage of the decrease in the sales or production of the firm certify to the Secretary that such customers have increased their imports of such articles or services from a foreign country, either absolutely or relative to their ac q uisition of such articles or services from sup- pliers located in the United States. ‘‘(f) N OTIFICATION TO FIRMS OF A V AI L A B ILITY OF BENEFITS.— Upon receiving notice from the Secretary of L abor under section 225 of the identity of a firm that is covered by a certification issued under section 223, the Secretary of Commerce shall notify the firm of the availability of ad j ustment assistance under this chapter.’’. SEC. 186 4 . O V ERSI GH T AND ADMINISTRATION A U THORI Z ATION OF A P PROPRIATIONS. (a) IN G ENERAL.—Chapter 3 of title II of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2341 et seq.) is amended— (1) by striking sections 254, 255, 256, and 257 (2) by redesignating sections 25 8, 259, 26 0 , 261, 262, 264, and 265, as sections 256, 257, 258, 259, 260, 261, and 262, respectively; and (3) by inserting after section 253 the following: ‘ ‘SEC. 25 4. OVERSIGHT AND ADMINISTRATION. ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall, to such e x tent and in such amounts as are provided in appropriations Acts, provide grants to intermediary organi z ations (referred to in section 253(b)(1)) throughout the United States pursuant to agreements with such intermediary organizations. E ach such agreement shall require the intermediary organization to provide benefits to firms certified under section 251. The Secretary shall, to the maximum extent practicable, provide by O ctober 1, 2010, that contracts entered into with intermediary organizations be for a 12-month period and that all such contracts have the same beginning date and the same ending date. ‘‘(b) DISTRIB U TION OF FUN D S.— ‘‘(1) IN G ENERAL.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the Secretary shall develop a methodology for the distribution of funds among the inter- mediary organizations described in subsection (a). ‘‘(2) P ROM P T INITIAL DISTRIBUTION.—The methodology described in paragraph (1) shall ensure the prompt initial dis- tribution of funds and establish additional criteria governing the apportionment and distribution of the remainder of such funds among the intermediary organizations. ‘‘(3) CRITERIA.—The methodology described in paragraph (1) shall include criteria based on the data in the annual report on the trade adjustment assistance for firms program Crite ri a.D ea dl i n e. M et ho dolo gy . Deadline. Contra c t s . G rants. 19US C 234 4. 19 USC 234 8– 23 5 2, 2354, 2355. 19 USC 2344–234 7 . Certi f ication. | WIKI |
Page:Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Volume 20.djvu/551
Since the abstract of my paper was printed in the Proceedings of the Society, the second volume of the Memoirs of the Geological Survey of Great Britain has appeared, which contains an article entitled Remarks on the Structure and Affinities of some Lepidostrobi. The principal object of Dr. Hooker, the author of this valuable essay, is from a careful examination of a number of specimens, all more or less incomplete, or in various degrees of decomposition and consequent displacement or absolute abstraction of parts, to ascertain the complete structure or common type of the genus Lepidostrobus; but the type so deduced is in every essential point manifestly exhibited, and in a much more satisfactory manner, by the single specimen of Triplosporite. This does not lessen the value of Dr. Hooker's discovery and investigation, but it gives rise to the question whether Triplosporite, which he has not at all referred to, and therefore probably considered as not belonging to Lepidostrobus, be really distinct from that genus; and although there are still several points of difference remaining, namely, the form of the strobilus in Triplosporite, confirmed by a second specimen presently to be noticed, and in Lepidostrobus the more limited insertion of sporangium, and the very remarkable difference in the form of the unripe spores, hardly reconcilable with a similar origin to that described in Triplosporite, I am upon the whole inclined to reduce my fossil to Lepidostrobus until we are, from still more complete specimens of that genus, better able to judge of the value of these differences. The name Triplosporites, however, is already adopted, and a correct generic character given, in the second edition of Professor Unger's 'Genera et Species Plantarum Fossilium,' p. 270, published in 1850, who at the date of his preface in 1849 was not aware of Dr. Hooker's essay on Lepidostrobus, the character of which he has adopted entirely from M. Brongniart's account.
In October 1849 M. Brongniart showed me a fossil so closely resembling the Lepidostrobus both in form and size, that at first sight I concluded it was the lower half of the same strobilus. On examination, however, it proved to be of somewhat greater diameter. It was nearly in the same mineral state, except that the crystallizations consequent on loss of substance were rather less numerous; it differed also in the central part of the axis being still more complete; in the bracteæ being more distant and of a slightly | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 100 Part 3.djvu/945
PUBLIC LAW 99-514—OCT. 22, 1986
100 STAT. 2753
"(iii) meets the requirements of section 504(b)(1)(B) of title 5, United States Code (as in effect on the date of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 and applied by taking into account the commencement of the proceeding described in subsection (a) in lieu of the initiation of the adjudication referred to in such section)." (e)
POSITION
OF
UNITED
STATES
INCLUDES
ADMINISTRATIVE
ACTION.—Section 7430(c) (relating to definitions) is amended by adding at the end thereof the following new paragraph: "(4) POSITION OF UNITED STATES.—The term 'position of the United States' includes— "(A) the position taken by the United States in the civil proceeding, and "(B) any administrative action or inaction by the District Counsel of the Internal Revenue Service (and all subsequent administrative action or inaction) upon which such proceeding is based." (0 TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—Subsection (a) of section 7430 is amended by inserting "(payable in the case of the Tax Court in the same manner as such an award by a district court)" after "a judgment". (g) PROVISIONS MADE PERMANENT.—Section 7430 is amended by striking out subsection (f). (h) EFFECTIVE DATES.—
(1) GENERAL RULE.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section shall apply to amounts paid after September 30, 1986, in civil actions or proceedings, commenced after December 31, 1985. (2) SUBSECTION (f).—The amendment made by subsection (f) shall take effect as if included in the amendments made by section 292 of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982. (3) APPLICABILITY OF AMENDMENTS TO CERTAIN PRIOR CASES.—
The amendments made by this section shall apply to any case commenced after December 31, 1985, and finally disposed of before the date of the enactment of this Act, except that in any such case, the 30-day period referred to in section 2412(d)(1)(B) of title 28, United States Code, or Rule 231 of the Tax Court, as the case may be, shall be deemed to commence on the date of the enactment of this Act. SEC. 1552. FAILURE TO PURSUE ADMINISTRATIVE REMEDIES.
(a) GENERAL RULE.—Section 6673 (relating to damages assessable for instituting proceedings before the Tax Court primarily for delay, etc.) is amended by striking out "or that the taxpayer's position in such proceedings is frivolous or groundless" and inserting in lieu thereof ", that the taxpayer's position in such proceeding is frivolous or groundless, or that the taxpayer unreasonably failed to pursue available administrative remedies". O> EFFECTIVE DATE.—The amendment made by subsection (a) t) shall apply to proceedings commenced after the date of the enactment of this Act. (c) REPORT.—The Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate and the Tax Court shall each prepare a report for 1987 and for each 2calendar year period thereafter on the inventory of cases in the Tax Court and the measures to close cases more efficiently. Such reports
� | WIKI |
Add built-in function omit keys from an object
add a built-in function called Omit. What it does is return the object back BUT removes specified keys,
So if you have:
Get(
Match(
Index("userByEmail"),
"user@email.com"
)
)
Which returned:
{
// ... other meta values
data: {
email: "user@email.com",
name: "Juan Dela Cruz",
hashedPassword: "asdasd12312radgadgvadfasfr12esa" // pretend it's a hashed string :)
}
}
Applying the omit function like so:
Omit(
["hashedPassword"],
Select(
["data"],
Get(
Match(
Index("userByEmail"),
"user@email.com"
)
)
)
);
Should return
{
email: "user@email.com",
name: "Juan Dela Cruz"
}
furthermore, the first argument can accept a 2d array, like so:
Omit(
[
["data", "hashedPassword"] // remove the data.hashedPassword from the object
],
Get(
Match(
Index("userByEmail"),
"user@email.com"
)
)
);
Resulting to the following:
{
// ... other meta values
data: {
email: "user@email.com",
name: "Juan Dela Cruz"
}
}
So to summarize, the function would be:
Omit(paths, fromObject)
• Paths: Array of paths to the keys to be omitted.
• fromObject: Target object to derive the result from.
Omit must be a pure function, that is, it doesn’t mutate the fromObject parameter, so you can do:
Let(
{
result: Select(
["data"],
Get(
Match(
Index("userByEmail"),
"user@email.com"
)
)
),
removedResult: Omit(
[
["data", "hashedPassword"] // remove the data.hashedPassword from the object
],
Var("result")
)
},
// rest of the code
)
and Var("result") should still be the original object prior to Omit call.
Current work around that I found:
Unsure if there’s a better approach than this
Let(
{
result: Get(Match(Index("userByEmail"), "user@email.com")),
filteredData: Merge(
Select(["data"], Var("result")),
{
hashedPassword: null // this removes the hashedPassword from the result
}
)
},
Merge(
Var("result"),
{
data: Var("filteredData")
}
)
)
which will return the same result as:
Omit(
[
["data", "hashedPassword"]
],
Get(Match(Index("userByEmail"), "user@email.com"))
)
Which will be this (from the example given above):
{
// ... other meta values
data: {
email: "user@email.com",
name: "Juan Dela Cruz"
}
}
Hi @aprilmintacpineda,
You can also try this way.
If you have a document which looks like this:
Create(Collection('test'),{data:{val1:1,val2:2,val3:3,val4:4,val5:5,val6:6,val7:7,val8:8,val9:9,val10:10}})
{ ref: Ref(Collection("test"), "283968229559239173"),
ts: 1607072057266000,
data:
{ val1: 1,
val2: 2,
val3: 3,
val4: 4,
val5: 5,
val6: 6,
val7: 7,
val8: 8,
val9: 9,
val10: 10 } }
and you want to omit some fields, you can do this way:
Let(
{
fieldsToOmit: ["val4","val5","val6","val9"],
doc: Select(['data'],Get(Ref(Collection("test"), "283968229559239173"))),
cleanedDoc: Reduce(Lambda(['acc','value'],Merge(Var('acc'),ToObject([[Var('value'),null]]))), Var('doc'),Var('fieldsToOmit'))
},
Var('cleanedDoc')
)
of course, you can replace the doc value with something more generic or even write a function and reuse the code.
In the meantime, I will file an FR for that function.
Luigi
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administratiuncula
Etymology
with sound change from ō to u.
Noun
* 1) minor or humble office, duty | WIKI |
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• Carol Michaels
Lymphedema
A cancer diagnosis can be extremely difficult to deal with physically and mentally. New medical advances are enabling more people to fight this disease successfully. But there are still side effects of the surgery and treatments even though there has been much advancement. One of the side effects from cancer can be lymphedema.
The circulatory system is made up of arteries and veins and the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system relies on movement of muscles to circulate the lymph fluid throughout the body. Our blood-circulatory system uses the heart to move fluid around. You can think of the lymphatic system as a road system. When one or more roads are blocked due to lymph node removal, the system does not flow smoothly. The “traffic congestion” can cause swelling. This protein rich fluid collects when the lymphatic system can not pump it back to the heart.
Lymphedema is swelling (edema) of a body part and is a disorder of the lymphatic system. Too much lymph fluid can accumulate in an area of the body that has been damaged. When lymph nodes are removed or radiated there can be damage to the lymphatic system. Lymph movement or drainage can change causing swelling. Fibrosis of the axilla due to surgery or radiation can cause lymphatic obstruction. Symptoms include a feeling of tightness, leathery skin texture, and heaviness.
The more lymph nodes removed the greater the chance of developing lymphedema. Even if you have had a few lymph nodes removed, you should still understand the lymphedema precautions. For example, if you had a sentinel node biopsy your risk is 5 -7%. It is important to monitor for lymphedema since it is always easier to treat it when caught early. It can happen right after surgery or years afterwards.
One of the most important things that you can do to decrease your risk of lymphedema is to keep your weight at a good level. The individuals whom I have worked with who had lymphedema, typically see a marked reduction of swelling in conjunction with weight loss. Proper nutritional is important and decrease salt.
Exercise is very important for lymphedema control. It is important to perform range of motion stretches and techniques to improve venous drainage. Start by elevating the affected area above heart level. Strength training is not only safe- it might help. You must proceed slowly under the guidance of a physical therapist or cancer exercise specialist. It is important to learn the right exercises for your particular situation, and how to do them properly and with good form.
Dr. Schmitz, as a follow up from her 2009 study, stresses the importance of starting slowly and using proper form with a well trained certified professional. Her study demonstrates the importance of exercise after cancer and doing it safely with slow progressive improvement in order to decrease risk of lymphedema. Begin resistance exercise as soon as you receive medical clearance. More information on exercise and lymphedema can be found in the next installment.
A compression garment or sleeve, which supports the muscle and helps bring the lymphatic fluid to the heart, can be worn while exercising and at other times. Get advice from a lymphedema specialist as to when you need to wear a sleeve.
There are things that one should do to decrease the chance of developing lymphedema. Try to avoid extreme temperatures, avoiding sunburns. Also there should be nothing on your body that is too tight, which can restrict lymph circulation. Examples of this would be taking blood pressure on the affected arm, carrying a heavy bag on your arm, or wearing tight clothing and jewelry.
Check regularly for infections and call your doctor immediately if this occurs. Insect stings, scratches, skin punctures, and bites can cause infections. Wash the affected area frequently and avoid cracks in the skin through moisturizing. Your lymphedema specialist can recommend more precautions.
A goal of understanding lymphedema is to prevent it from developing into a bigger problem. There are 3 classifications. In stage 1 there is pitting which may be reduced with arm elevation. In stage 2 it does not reverse and fibrosis occurs and Stage 3 is elephantiasis in very extreme cases. Your lymphedema specialist will teach you Complex Decongestive Therapy consisting of skin care, manual lymph drainage, and exercise. If you meet with your lymphedema specialist at the first signs of swelling, pitting, redness, heaviness, etc. lymphedema can be kept under control.
#lymphedema #cancer #survivorship
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Motivation to Exercise
Overall Health Benefit An exercise program will improve your overall health. Just think of all the benefits of exercise. It can improve the chance of being there for your children and grandchildren.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:The history of Mr. Polly.djvu/278
Next morning about half-past ten Mr. Polly found himself seated under a clump of fir trees by the roadside and about three miles and a half from the Potwell Inn. He was by no means sure whether he was taking a walk to clear his mind or leaving that threat-marred Paradise for good and all. His reason pointed a lean, unhesitating finger along the latter course.
For after all, the thing was not his quarrel.
That agreeable plump woman, agreeable, motherly, comfortable as she might be, wasn’t his affair; that child with the mop of black hair who combined so magically the charm of mouse and butterfly and flitting bird, who was daintier than a flower and softer than a peach, was no concern of his. Good heavens! what were they to him? Nothing!
Uncle Jim, of course, had a claim, a sort of claim.
If it came to duty and chucking up this attractive, indolent, observant, humorous, tramping life, there were those who had a right to him, a legitimate right, a prior claim on his protection and chivalry.
Why not listen to the call of duty and go back to Miriam now?
He had had a very agreeable holiday
And while Mr. Polly sat thinking these things as well as he could, he knew that if only he dared to look up the heavens had opened and the clear judgment on his case was written across the sky. | WIKI |
Jet World Order
Jet World Order is an album by rapper Curren$y and his Jet Life crew. It was released on November 29, 2011. The bonus track edition of the album includes a guest appearance from Big K.R.I.T. A bonus loud pack edition of the album was released on the same day and features guest appearances from Cory Gunz, Bun B, Dom Kennedy, Schoolboy Q, Kendrick Lamar, A$AP Rocky and Terri Walker.
Singles
The first single from Jet World Order is "1st Place", produced by Show Off. It was released on November 2, 2011 to iTunes. It features labelmates Curren$y, Trademark Da Skydiver, Young Roddy and Mikey Rocks. The music video for the song was released on December 20.
Critical response
Jet World Order scored a 6.7 from Pitchfork Media, a 3/5 from HipHopDX, and a 7/10 from AllHipHop.
Commercial performance
The album debuted at #148 on the Billboard 200, selling 4,200 copies. It also debuted at #3, #17, and #26 on the Heatseekers Albums, Rap Albums, and Independent Albums charts, respectively.
Samples
* "The Business" contains a sample of "Completeness" by Jean Carne
* "1st Place" contains a sample of "I Am Too Waiting" by Syreeta
* "Lop Sided" contains a sample of "Time Is Passing" by Sun
* "Money Piles" contains a sample of "You Are What I'm All About" by The New Birth
* "Paper Habits" contains a sample of "Liquid Sunshine" by John Cameron | WIKI |
On this day, July 18, 1940, a “Voice” from the Chicago Sewers propels FDR to his unprecedented third term. By Daniel Sheridan
FDR came into office in 1932 amidst a depression. His first 100 days in office saw the implementation of his New Deal. FDR was re-elected in 1936. The economy was still struggling in 1939, however, despite New Deal policies. The mid-terms of 1938 were a disaster for the Democrats and the new Congress wasn’t interested in FDR’s reforms any longer.
Should FDR run for a third term? There were many things to consider.
A storm was brewing in Europe. Hitler was exercising full power in Germany. He was persecuting Jews and supporting a fascist uprising in Spain. In 1936 Hitler reclaimed the Rhineland from France then annexed Austria in 1938. Elsewhere Mussolini was attacking Ethiopia and Japan was on the warpath in China.
Americans believed foreign affairs were none of their business. They had no stomach for war having recently lost over 100,000 men in the Great War. But FDR realized we lived in a new world where isolationism wasn’t an option.
The Founders counseled that Americans shouldn’t become involved in entangling alliances with foreign nations. However, it can be argued that when they wrote that the only way America could be attacked was by row boat over a vast ocean. That was no longer the case. The world became a much smaller place because of modern war ships and planes. Another argument for involvement is the good neighbor argument. Do you help your neighbor when he’s in trouble? Now apply that on a national level. America’s neighbors were in trouble and they needed our help. FDR believed, as his hero Teddy Roosevelt did, that the U.S. needs to be involved on the International Stage.
FDR spoke out against fascism and the anti-war law-makers accused him of war-mongering. The American people didn’t seem to care because those problems were on the other side of the ocean.
Then in November of 1938 Jews throughout Germany were assaulted by Hitler’s soldiers. Homes and synagogues were burnt and many died. To add insult to injury the German Jews were required to pay an “atonement fine” (mockery) for the damages caused by the soldiers! Jewish persecution wasn’t limited to Germany.
FDR was horrified. He ordered that German and Austrian visas be extended so that people wouldn’t be forced to return to Nazi rule. This move was extremely unpopular with Americans. A Gallup poll in 1939 said that about 85-percent of both Catholics and Protestants opposed offering sanctuary to European refugees. What’s shocking is that 25-percent of American Jews were against offering asylum!
Eleanor Roosevelt was horrified at the indifference of the common American at the time. She said,
“What has happened to us in this country? If we study our own history we find that we have always been ready to receive the unfortunate from other countries. And though this may seem a generous gesture on our part, we have profited a-thousand-fold by what they have brought us.”
FDR debated about running for an unprecedented third term. Even though the Constitution says nothing about term limits, Presidents traditionally followed George Washington’s example of stepping down after two terms. There was no term-limit law in place; it was a practice in keeping with the American tradition of limited government. The world only knew about bloody monarchs who would kill to stay in power. But Americans had been showing the world something new; their Presidents weren’t monarchs. The mantle of power in America is peacefully and willingly relinquished.
So what should FDR do? The state of things at home and abroad convinced him to run. The world needed a leader in such perilous times. Then, on this day, July 18, 1940, FDR was nominated for a third term at the Democratic Party National Convention in Chicago.
The circumstances surrounding the nomination were surrounded with some exciting theatrics. FDR hadn’t publicly declared he was interested in re-nomination; he threw his hat into the ring subtly. FDR dictated a message by phone to a Senator which was read at the Convention. The message said FDR wasn’t really interested in running for a third term and delegates should vote for any candidate they wished. It was as if FDR was saying, tongue in cheek, “Maybe I’ll run. I’m not sure. I really don’t want to run. Well, it’s up to you guys, do what you want.”
To help pull off this subtle approach FDR’s supporters had a plan. After FDR’s message was read on the floor people sat in shocked silence. That silence was broken when a booming voice was heard over the sound system chanting, “We want Roosevelt!”
That voice came from Thomas Garry the Superintendent of Chicago’s Department of Sanitation who was acting under the orders of Chicago Mayor Ed Kelly. Other city workers were strategically placed around the hall to join in the chant. Soon everyone joined in. Thomas Garry’s chant came to be known as “The Voice from the Sewers” since he was the guy in charge of Chicago’s sewers.
Roosevelt was overwhelmingly nominated and eventually won a third, and then a fourth term.
As Paul Harvey would say, “Now you know the rest of the story.” | FINEWEB-EDU |
Sunday, January 29, 2012
Are Cell Phones Cancer Causing?
With the use of cell phones and other wireless devices on the rise, concerns have been raised about possible associated health risks, especially cancer (if you’ve been keeping up with our articles about wireless health risks, skip to the next paragraph). Over the years, numerous studies have been conducted to assess relative risk of thermal health effects like cancer and non-thermal health effects like immune system response; however, diverse results have prevented across-the-board conclusions about whether standards governing wireless emissions should be revised in order to protect public health. Many experts advocate the practice of precautionary cell phone use, and almost all agree, “more research is necessary.”
Recently, though, two studies have been published that give researchers more tangible information to sink their teeth into about the immediate physiological effects of cell phone use, specifically how it affects heart and brain function. In 2010, Havas, et al. demonstrated that talking on a cordless phone (which operates at the same radio frequency, or "RF," as WiFi) can directly impact heart function; forty percent of Havas' study participants experienced changes in heart rhythm, heart rate, or heart rate variability after exposure to cordless phone emissions during three-minute intervals. This year, Nora Volkow, M.D. and her research group published data showing that 50 minutes of cell phone use causes the region of the brain closest to the phone antenna to utilize more glucose for fuel. Although the clinical significance of increased glucose metabolism remains to be determined, this finding proves that cell phone use impacts how our brains function.
The Volkow Study: Cell Phone Use Linked to Changes in Brain Function
Throughout 2009, Volkow’s group conducted a randomized crossover studywith 47 healthy participants, testing the effects of 50 minutes of cell phone use on the subjects' brain activity. The researchers conducted two separate experiments on each study participant, both of which involved placing cell phones on each of the participant’s ears, then measuring how his or her brain metabolized glucose using positron emission tomography (PET scans) with injections of (18F)fluorodeoxyglucose. The study participants were “blinded” as to whether both of the cell phones were turned off, or the one on the right was turned on and receiving a prerecorded text (with the sound muted). Overall, Volkow’s group found that exposure to cell phone radiation caused brain cells closest to the antenna to metabolize more sugar than they would when not exposed to the RF radiation.
Do the Results Indicate that Cell Phone Use is Harmful?
Not surprisingly, Volkow’s group concluded that “more research is necessary” to determine if increased glucose metabolism in response to RF exposure actually increases risk of health problems. The basic results of this study are monumental, though. Because altered cell physiology must be shown in order to prove the possibility of related health effects, demonstrating a link between altered brain activity in the human model and cell phone use proves that cell phone radiation may cause non-thermal health effects in the human brain.
Interestingly enough, Volkow’s group determined that increased glucose metabolism in brain cells was a secondary effect. In other words, exposure to RF emissions caused some other primary effect(s) which led to brain cells using more sugar than they normally would. The researchers hypothesized that enhanced excitability of brain tissue, neurotransmitter release, increased cell membrane permeability, calcium efflux, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier could all be primary effects.
In an editorial related to the study (and published in the same issue of JAMA) Professor Henri Lai, expert on non-thermal effects associated with non-ionizing radiation, and Professor Lennart Hardell, expert on environmental toxins and cancer development, noted several important findings in the 2011 Volkow et al.study. One of which was, that the increased glucose metabolism effect is probably not caused by heating of tissues. Rather, since the brain regions affected were closer to the antenna, rather than the phone itself, the changes were due to RF energy emitted from the antenna when connecting to a base station signal, not the heating of the phone itself (skin temperature can increase up to 2 degrees Celsius after 10 minutes of contact with an operative phone). Hardell and Lai also suggested that more research be done to address whether regular use of cell phones and other wireless technologies could cause chronicincrease in brain glucose metabolism, and, if so, how such increase would impact health.
Increased Brain Glucose Metabolism and EHS?
Numerous individuals, deemed as having “electrohypersensitivity” (“EHS”) by authorities, have reported symptoms including headaches, cognitive difficulties, dizziness, heart palpitations and arrhythmias when exposed to electromagnetic fields (EMFs). By demonstrating that acute exposure to RF emissions can cause heart beat irregularities in human subjects, the Havas group recently created a tangible nexus between exposure to RF emissions and arrhythmia, which had been a frequently reported, yet "unproved," EHS symptom. If a connection can be made between increased brain glucose metabolism and neurological EHS symptoms, then the Volkow study may prove to be another valuable piece of the puzzle surrounding mechanisms of possible non-thermal health effects associated with RF exposure.
Glucose on the Brain: Food for Thought...
• Glucose, a simple sugar, is a primary food source for the body, especially for the brain. Our digestive systems break down carbohydrates into glucose molecules which are then carried through the blood to be escorted into cells by insulin. The amount of glucose in the blood affects the amount of insulin released by the pancreas, and ultimately affects overall hormonal balance in the body. Could a chronic increase in the metabolism of glucose in the brain eventually place a person at greater risk of insulin related health issues?
• When we are “stressed,” our sympathetic nervous systems are activated and setting off physiological “fight or flight” responses, more glucose becomes available in the blood as a quick source of energy for the body. Increased glucose metabolism in the brain may indicate that cells respond to RF emissions as “stressors,” and that cellular stress response is the primary mechanism behind non-thermal effects.
• Cancer cells thrive on sugar. They rely on anaerobic (i.e. without oxygen) respiration to break down glucose molecules into fuel. Could increased glucose metabolism in brain cells be linked to the development of brain cancer?
As the Volkow group concluded, more research is necessary to establish whether actual health risks are associated with increased brain glucose metabolism due to cell phone use. Given what we've just learned from this study, practicing precautionary cell phone (as well as cordless phone and WiFi) use seems the smartest option until we learn more about long-term effects. Use text messaging instead of calling, whenever possible, utilize the speakerphone function when making or receiving calls, and limit children's use to emergencies.
References and Resources:
• Volkow ND, Tomasi D, et al. Effects of Cell Phone Radiofrequency Signal Exposure on Brain Glucose Metabolism. JAMA. 2011;305(8):808-813. [Abstract]
• Lai H, Hardell L. Cell Phone Radiofrequency Radiation Exposure and Brain Glucose Metabolism. JAMA. 2011;305(8):828-829. [Extract]
• EMF Studies showing links between RF emissions and possible non-thermal health effects
© 2011 Heart MD Institute, PA
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Theme (PRIM_THM)
Styles to be used as a base for the application appearance
Ancestors - Object (PRIM_OBJT)
Details
A Theme is a collection of DrawStyles used to configure the appearance and behavior of controls and features of an application. It is akin to a typical CSS file defined for a web page, providing a central point in which to define the vast majority, if not all, of the styles required in an application.
A range of predefined System Themes is shipped with the product providing a base set of colors based on the Google Material Design guidelines. The default theme for Web Pages is 2015Gray. These themes may be entirely adequate for many applications and can be applied with little more than a click or two in the IDE by selecting the required theme from the ribbon.
Default themes can be extended by creating a user Themes. A different BaseTheme can be adopted as required, and the default DrawStyles can be modified to implement whatever color scheme is required. In addition, DrawStyles can be created to suit whatever formatting option is desired.
Themes are tightly integrated with the IDE. When a Theme is applied to a Web Page for example, the controls and features of the application will immediately respond appearing as they would at runtime. Controls subsequently added to the page will also appear correctly. While a Web Page has the Theme specified, individual reusable parts are designed in isolation with no knowledge of the Theme to be used at run time. To simplify the design process and to bring it in to line with designing a page, the IDE supports a Design Theme. By specifying a design Theme, the IDE is given a context, allowing reusable parts to appear correctly.
The Color Palette of a Theme can be modified, but with the exception of the Text, Border and Line colors, it is recommended that new DrawStyles be created.
Properties
Name Description
BaseTheme LANSA supplied theme to be used as a base set of styles and colors
ComponentClassName ComponentClassName is the name of the component's class. Inherited from Object (PRIM_OBJT)
ComponentMembers ComponentMembers provides access to all the member components of this component Inherited from Object (PRIM_OBJT)
ComponentPatternName ComponentPatternName is used to qualify the class of the component. Inherited from Object (PRIM_OBJT)
ComponentTag Generic space allowing a value to be stored for the instance Inherited from Object (PRIM_OBJT)
ComponentType ComponentType gives you access to the type information about the component Inherited from Object (PRIM_OBJT)
ComponentTypeName ComponentTypeName is the fully qualified name of the component's class. Inherited from Object (PRIM_OBJT)
Name Name identifies the component Inherited from Object (PRIM_OBJT)
Owner Owner owns this component Inherited from Object (PRIM_OBJT)
Parent The component instance to which this instance is attached. The visual container for a control or the collector of a set of child instances Inherited from Object (PRIM_OBJT)
Style Reference to a Style used to define theme defaults
Styles Theme default property allowing programmatic access to individual styles
Theme100Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme colors
Theme200Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme colors
Theme300Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme colors
Theme400Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme colors
Theme500Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme colors
Theme50Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme colors
Theme600Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme colors
Theme700Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme colors
Theme800Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme colors
Theme900Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme colors
ThemeA100Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme accent colors
ThemeA200Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme accent colors
ThemeA400Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme accent colors
ThemeA700Color One of a set of complementary predefined base theme accent colors
ThemeAccentDarkColor One of a set of complementary predefined base theme accent colors
ThemeAccentLightColor One of a set of complementary predefined base theme accent colors
ThemeAccentMediumColor One of a set of complementary predefined base theme accent colors
ThemeBorderColor Base theme border color
ThemeDisabledColor Base theme disabled color
ThemeErrorDarkColor One of a set of complementary predefined base theme error colors
ThemeErrorLightColor One of a set of complementary predefined base theme error colors
ThemeErrorMediumColor One of a set of complementary predefined base theme error colors
ThemeInactiveColor Base theme inactive color
ThemeLineColor Base theme line color
ThemeSuccessDarkColor One of a set of complementary predefined base theme success colors
ThemeSuccessLightColor One of a set of complementary predefined base theme success colors
ThemeSuccessMediumColor One of a set of complementary predefined base theme success colors
ThemeTextColor Base theme text color
ThemeTextLightColor Base theme light text color
Events
Name Description
CreateInstance CreateInstance is signalled when an instance of a component is created Inherited from Theme (PRIM_THM)
DestroyInstance DestroyInstance is signalled when an instance of a component is about to be destroyed Inherited from Theme (PRIM_THM)
See also
All Component Classes
Technical Reference
LANSA Version 15, April 2020 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Amerika
Etymology 1
From, in imitation of the German-speaking Nazis.
Proper noun
* 1) America;
Etymology
From.
Etymology
From.
Etymology
.
Etymology
From, named after cartographer Amerigo Vespucci.
The hamlet first appears in the written record in 1909 as Nieuw Amerika. It is named after the continent.
Proper noun
* 1) . In this sense has a plural: Amerika's.
Usage notes
* The plural Amerika refers to North America (German: Nordamerika) and South America (German: Südamerika).
Etymology
From, named after cartographer Amerigo Vespucci.
Etymology
From, Latinized form of the forename of Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci (1451-1512).
Etymology
. The Limburgish village is named as such for its remote location.
Etymology
.
Etymology
, from, ultimately derived from the first name of Italian explorer.
Etymology
, from. | WIKI |
Nicholas Pedley
Sir Nicholas Pedley (17 September 1615 – 6 July 1685) was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons variously between 1656 and 1679.
Pedley was the son of the Reverend Nicholas Pedley of Huntingdonshire and his wife Susan Brathwayte. His grandfather had only a small estate, but his uncle James acquired considerable wealth, which Nicholas inherited. He made an advantageous marriage into the Bernard family, and became accepted as one of the landed gentry of Huntingtonshire. He matriculated from Queens' College, Cambridge at Easter 1633 and was awarded BA in 1637. He was admitted at Lincoln's Inn on 23 April 1638 and was called to the Bar in 1646. He became Recorder of Huntingdon.
In 1656, Pedley was elected Member of Parliament for Huntingdonshire in the Second Protectorate Parliament and was re-elected MP for Huntingdonshire in 1659 for the Third Protectorate Parliament. He was regarded by his colleagues as a legal expert, and was active on those committees which dealt with legal and financial issues, although he rarely spoke in the House.
In 1660, Pedley was elected MP for Huntingdon in the Convention Parliament. He was awarded MA in 1671 and was knighted on 29 February 1672 at a dinner at Sir Francis Goodricke's at Lincoln's Inn. He was elected MP for Huntingdonshire in 1673 and sat until 1679. In 1675 he became Serjeant-at-law.
As a lawyer, he was noted for integrity and impartiality. Although he was no friend to Thomas Osborne, 1st Earl of Danby, Chief Minister from 1673 to 1679, during Danby's impeachment in 1678 he urged Parliament to act strictly according to the letter of the law. He expressed doubts as to whether any of the charges against Danby amounted to treason, and recommended moderation and clemency: "where it concerns a person's blood we ought to be tender".
Pedley lived at Abbotsley, Huntingdonshire. He died at the age of 69. He had married firstly Lucy Bernard, daughter of Sir Robert Bernard, 1st Baronet and his first wife Elizabeth Tallakerne, by whom he had eight children, and secondly Anne Dorrington, daughter of Richard Dorrington and widow of Lawrence Torkington, but had no issue by his second marriage. | WIKI |
Renfrew–Collingwood
Renfrew–Collingwood is a large neighbourhood that lies on the eastern side of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, on its boundary with Burnaby and encompassing an area that was one of the earlier developed regions of the city. It is a diverse area that includes a substantial business community in several areas, as well as some of the fastest-growing residential sectors of Vancouver. In 2011, the neighbourhood had a population of 50,500, 38.4% of whom claim Chinese as their first language.
Geography
Renfrew–Collingwood is a large city neighbourhood, with an area of 8.2 km², that is bordered by Broadway to the north, East 41st Avenue to the south, Nanaimo Street to the west, and Boundary Road to the east. Kingsway runs through the southern part of the neighbourhood. Grandview Highway runs through the middle of Renfrew–Collingwood, carrying much of the traffic entering Vancouver from the Trans-Canada Highway during morning and evening rush hour. While much of the natural features of the area have been changed by recent development, portions of Still Creek continue to run through the area, which is built on rolling hills. The southeast corner of Renfrew–Collingwood near the intersection of Boundary Road is adjacent to Swangard Stadium and the northwest corner of Central Park.
* Collingwood – The streets of Collingwood (bordered by Clarendon on the west, Tyne on the east, Kingsway to the south, and 29th to the north) do not run North, South, East, and West. In Collingwood, the Streets run northeast/southwest and Avenues run northwest/southeast. Plans from the City of Vancouver hopes to expand the Norquay Village into Vancouver's second town centre.
History
In 1861, Colonel Richard Moody made the first modern attempt to break through the thick forests that covered the areas now known as Renfrew–Collingwood, building a military trail on the route of an ancient First Nations trail that led from New Westminster to English Bay. He then claimed 1.14 km² of land in the heart of the area, where the Collingwood commercial area now exists. The first settler in the area was George Wales, who moved to the area in 1878 and settled on an area bordered by Wales Street, Kingsway and East 45th Avenue.
By 1891, the interurban railway tram running along Vanness Avenue had opened the area to new residents, and a thriving community started near the junction of Vanness and Joyce Street. The name Collingwood was likely selected by some former residents of Collingwood, Ontario. However, another possibility is that the Collingwood name derives from Royal Navy Admiral Cuthbert Collingwood, for whom Collingwood Channel in Howe Sound is named. In 1913, a small town was growing quickly along Joyce Street. To the north, the Renfrew district—formerly the southern part of an area known as the Hastings townsite—began to see population arrive in the 1920s.
Over the years, the two areas have grown together, with extensive commercial development along Kingsway, Grandview Highway and Boundary Road and growing numbers of condominiums and multi-family residential developments sprouting up around the area. Construction of the two SkyTrain rapid transit lines through the area (the original Expo Line in 1986 and the more recent Millennium Line to the north) has brought even more interest in development.
The area had its beginnings and owes its name to a station on the now-defunct Central Park Line of the British Columbia Electric Railway, the route of which is now paralleled by the Skytrain line, the Joyce station of which is located on Joyce Street a few blocks north of Kingsway.
Features
The wooded area around Still Creek has been preserved as Renfrew Ravine Park, and features walking trails, footbridges, and a meditation labyrinth. The neighbourhood features two public library branches (Collingwood and Renfrew), as well as a community centre and public pool at the Renfrew site. In addition, Collingwood Neighbourhood House, located at the Joyce Skytrain Station, offers programs for children and families. Norquay Park, Slocan Park and Renfrew Community Park all feature playgrounds and sports fields, and in recent years the Renfrew Ravine Moon Festival – a lantern festival – has taken place in Slocan and Renfrew Ravine parks in September. Graham Bruce, Grenfell, Carleton, Norquay, Nootka, and Renfrew are the public elementary schools in Renfrew–Collingwood; Windermere, and Vancouver Technical are its public high schools. Renfrew–Collingwood also features a private high school in the form of the Vancouver Formosa Academy, a school designed to meet the specific needs of students new to Canada. Finally, Renfrew–Collingwood features certain specialty stores which attract shoppers from across the Lower Mainland: at the corner of Kingsway and Earles, for example, the Purdy's Chocolate Factory sits across from Harvey's Appliances, and the site of the former Avalon Dairy is also nearby, just outside the Renfrew–Collingwood boundary at 43rd Avenue and Wales Street, where the original farmhouse still stands, bearing a heritage plaque.
Renfrew–Collingwood has seen a large amount of development in the past two decades, much of it coming thanks to the construction of the SkyTrain and its related stations. Three stations – Nanaimo, 29th Avenue and Joyce-Collingwood – were constructed on the 1986 Expo Line, while the Millennium Line brought the Renfrew and Rupert stations to the area. Joyce-Collingwood Station has turned into the centre of a booming residential area with condominium developments still being built around it; this area has encompassed the former Collingwood town centre, which continues to be a popular shopping area. To the north, Grandview Highway has drawn some large "big-box" stores and turned into an economic engine for that portion of the community. Also in that area is the busy Vancouver Film Studios operation.
Much of the heritage of both Renfrew and Collingwood has been pushed aside by progress and redevelopment, but certain heritage sites still remain – for now. The Carleton Elementary School, at the southwest corner of Kingsway and Joyce, is one example of those early days of development. The 1896 building is still standing, along with several other school buildings from the development of the area. Renfrew–Collingwood is also the home of Vancouver's only remaining craftsman style firehall, Firehall 15, at the corner of Nootka and 22nd avenues. Currently, the City of Vancouver is researching the feasibility of preserving this building, as well the historically significant 2400 motel on Kingsway, though the future of both sites is very much in doubt.
In 2007, the City of Vancouver announced the Norquay Village Neighbourhood Centre Program, one of several neighbourhood centre programs it plans to implement as part of its Eco-Density initiative. If the program goes ahead, much of Renfrew–Collingwood will be re-zoned from single-family homes to duplexes, with areas along some of the busier streets zoned for rowhouses. The idea is to increase density and encourage the development of shopping centres along Earles and Rupert streets. The plan is controversial: the city claims that density is better for the Earth's environment, but many residents do not want their neighbourhood to lose its single-family home character.
The commercial area is anchored by a Safeway supermarket adjoining which is the Eldorado Motor Hotel, and features a wide array of businesses, including a variety of ethnic-owned and ethnic-themed businesses. The area includes Kensington Gardens, the new master-planned community comprising three residential towers, a supermarket, retail shops, Asian-inspired restaurant, parks and greenspace. It was created by Vancouver-based developer Westbank. Civic services in the area include a branch of the Vancouver Public Library and recreation centre, as well as an official city neighbourhood office. | WIKI |
Page:The Rebellion in the Cevennes (Volume 1).djvu/175
Rh retreat. Difficult enough it was to retire from the mountains, the greater part of our men remain lying there; arriving on the plain, there we beheld the military also beaten and taking flight."
"Defeated! screamed the Marshal.
"They are most likely following us," replied the priest.
"The volunteers," said the Intendant, "have apparently not been properly supported, as it has often happened already, and how shall the citizen bear up if the soldier takes flight?"
The Marshal, his face crimsoned, would have retorted angrily, when some officers, covered in dust and bewildered, entered hastily. "The rebels, Lord Marshal," said a young captain, "are seen before the gates of Nismes; Cavalier has played us a fine trick this time; our informers enticed us among the vineyards, the volunteers did not unite with us as had heen agreed upon and we are entirely routed. Cavalier knows how to dispose of his men like an old soldier." | WIKI |
Page:Through a Glass Lightly (1897, Greg).djvu/26
of all them that love their Burton and their Lamb. And, there is ’63; and thereby hangs a tale: for a reserve cuvée of him lay long unknown in the Reform Club cellars; and it had been there unto this day, had not a misguided Committee invited the Devonshire to sojourn for a while. There was a second Exodus of the Chosen People, as erst of their fathers under Pharaoh. And centuries of persecution were avenged in six weeks; and the face of ’63 has vanished from the R.C. list.
Of ’65,’70,’75, and ’78 you shall easily judge for yourselves. Last, but not least, is the Port of Victoria’s first Jubilee. That our Sovereign should rule an Empire over which the sun sets not is a trifle, an astronomical juggle, a common jingo yawp. The true secret of her strength lies here: that at | WIKI |
IPv6 - can I disble it?
R
Rojo Habe
When I logged on this evening an event balloon popped up telling me some
service had failed to start and that Limited Users would not be able to log
on. It vanished before I could make a note of it so I tried looking for it
in the Event Viewer. I haven't found that message but I've noticed some
things that concern me slightly:
At 3AM this morning my computer awoke from Sleep mode for two hours. I
hadn't even known this was possible without my intervention unless I had
Wake on LAN enabled (or Wake on Ring/USB/ etc. The only wake event I'm
aware of having configured is Wake on Keyboard). During this time, Windows
Update ran and the system time was updated so maybe this is normal.
What concerns me more is that over the last two days I've had numerous
occurrences of the following:
Windows Firewall did not apply the following rule:
Rule Information:
ID: CoreNet-Teredo-In
Name: Core Networking - Teredo (UDP-In)
Error Information:
Reason: Local Port resolved to an empty set.
and
Windows Firewall was unable to notify the user that it blocked an
application from accepting incoming connections on the network.
Error Code: 2
The actual firewall rule varies but the Error Information is always the
same. They all seem to relate to IPv6 packets, something my NAT router
offers me no protection against.
Two questions then. Firstly, given that these events have only appeared
over the last couple of days, is it possible I've picked up something nasty?
I'm running full system scans in both AVG and Ad-Aware at the moment but so
far they've found nothing beyond the usual tracking cookies.
Secondly, I'm not aware of owning any applications that even USE IPv6. Do I
really need it and is it possible to disable it?
OK, three things. I've always assumed that Windows Firewall/Defender
coupled with a NAT router would be adequate. If the Windows firewall is not
blocking these events, should I buy a better firewall? Specific
recommendations are always welcome! I got rid of Norton Internet Security a
long time ago (when I still had XP, which AFIK is not IPv6-aware) because it
caused insurmountable problems trying to network my laptop with my desktop
machine. Maybe it's time to bring it back and try a little harder...
....Or am I worrying unduly about nothing, and should I keep my nose out of
the Event Viewer in future?
M
Mick Murphy
TCP/IPv6 is to increase the number of availale IP addresses in the world.
TCP/IPv4 is only 32bit and has about 2.4 billion addresses
TCP/IPv6 is 128bit and multiplies the number of available address as cars
refrigerators,, iPods, etc all have their own IP addresses.
If you were having internet connection probs, one of the things to try is
unbinding TCP/IPv6.(which is going into network connection>right
clcik>properties>untick it.
But you are not having any probs with it.
Windows Update is set by default to get updates at 3.00AM as a scheduled task
R
Rojo Habe
Thanks for confirming the 3 AM thing. that's what I suspected and I should
have guessed that one of the differences between Sleep and Hibernate is that
Windows CAN wake itself from Sleep.
I know what IPv6 is about. I'm also aware that if your router isn't
v6-aware it can tunnel straight through (that's what Teredo does). My main
concern was that the Windows Firewall was failing to execute its own rules
and then failing to inform me. This still concerns me but since they're all
IPv6-related and I now know how to disable it (thanks for that too - feeling
a bit stupid that I didn't look there) I'll do that in the absence of any
advice to the contrary. My virus and malware scans all came up clean so
I'll try not to worry about it.
Since you've not mentioned anything to the contrary, may I infer that a NAT
router and Windows Firewall are indeed up to the job?
M
Mick Murphy
We are all just users here; not paid microsoft experts!!
Re TCP/IPv6, a few ISPs in my country, Australia, tell their customers to
turn IPv6 OFF when they ring up complaining that they can't get an internet
connection!
That says it all!
I use a NetGear Router, Vista Firewall(as it knows what to allow and what
not to)
Avast Anti-virus(there is a Free 4 Home version which is great), Spybot
Search & Destroy for spyware remover.
I disabled Defender; it caused a lot of slow down probs when customers used
to put it on their XP computers. Nothing has changed with it!
Good luck!
R
Rojo Habe
Mick Murphy said:
We are all just users here; not paid microsoft experts!!
I wasn't suggesting otherwise.
I've just re-read my second post in an attempt to find something that would
elicit such a response, and I'm at a loss to find anything. I'm sorry if
anything I said caused offence: none was intended. People post here hoping
for for advice from people with more experience and knowledge than
themselves. That's all I was doing.
In the absence of any indications to the contrary, I'm going to assume
there's nothing wrong, even though Windows Update is now repeatedly failing
to update my Windows Mail spam filter. Coupled with the aforemenioned
issues I'm getting a little suspicious, despite AVG and Ad-Aware giving me a
clean bill of health.
R
Rojo Habe
Thanks. I used to have Spybot under XP, but never got round to installing
it in Vista (somebody on another forum once warned against it). I'll give
it another go.
I'm looking on microsoft.public.windowsupdate about the spam filter failing
to update, but so far no joy. It even fails if I download it and run it
manually.
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Extend the Life of Your Gas Springs
Gas springs are pneumatic cylinders of heavy-gauge steel that hold pressurized nitrogen gas. A nitrite- or chrome-coated steel shaft with a seal on one end extends out from the cylinder. If you push on the shaft, it will collapse in on itself, and then the strength of the pressurized air on the inside will push back. If you pull on the shaft, it will extend outward, then pull back in as the vacuum created by your pull fights against the force of your hands. Depending on the cylinder and shaft diameters, the sealed kind of gas springs generally come with initial internal pressures between 5 lbs and 450 lbs.
Some variations (which use natural atmosphere rather than nitrogen) have a small hole on the far end of the cylinder that allows air to flow slowly into or out of the cylinder — thus creating a mechanism by which pressure on the gas spring is first fought by the pressure created inside the cylinder, then slowly released as the pressure inside equalizes with the pressure outside through the small hole.
If you want your gas springs to keep functioning for as long as possible, you want to minimize stroke (the distance the shaft has to travel) and maximize gas volume (the pressure inside the cylinder). You also want the end connectors — generally ball-and-socket joints to protect the gas springs from experiencing torque-induced load — to be strong enough to withstand both tensile and compressive loading. (The cheaper flat connector with a hole that creates a hinge joint is awful for your gas springs’ life as it has no ability to relieve stress from out-of-plane movements.)
The best placement for the gas spring has the shaft pointing down (and correspondingly the cylinder pointed up.) This is because the spring passes through a thin layer of oil at the end of it’s complete stroke to keep it lubricated, and the shaft-down orientation ensures the oil is gathered in one place to present maximum effectiveness at lubricating the spring.
Finally, keep the gas springs within the temperature limits recommended by the manufacturer. Over-hot springs allow gas to escape by increasing the pressure of the gas inside the spring (and remember that we’ve already chosen to maximize the internal pressure in order to improve spring life, so increasing it even more will cause problems), and over-cold springs allow gas to escape by causing shrinkage of the seal that holds the gas in.
Stick with these guidelines, and your gas springs will last for decades.
Pneumatic Fittings In Everyday Life
Most often when we think about a factory that fabricates products like our cars, coffee grinders, and computer boards, we envision a robotic environment where dozens of computerized arms whirr on electric motors, bustling efficiently about creating product. Truth be told, that vision is often wrong in a few way. For one thing, ‘arms’ aren’t nearly as prevalent as you might think. For another, most of the power in fabrication labs these days comes from pneumatics, not from electric motors. The sound in a plant is much less ‘whirr, whirr’ and much more ‘psshh, hiss’.
But it’s not just in the fabrication plant that we come across pneumatics. A surprising amount of everyday objects use pneumatics to get their jobs done. Most jackhammers must be attached to an external air compressor via a pneumatic fitting, for example. Many larger trucks and buses have pneumatic brakes. But what about in your daily life?
How about:
• Tire pressure gauges
• Vacuum cleaners
• Some nail guns
• Bicycle/ball pumps
• The device that slows your screen door down so it doesn’t slam shut when you let go of it
• The handicapped-access button that opens door for you
• Some car’s shocks
• Those capsules you use to give and receive money from the farther-away of the two bank teller drive-ups
The list is long and sometimes surprising. There are far and away more industrial applications than household ones for pneumatics, of course: pneumatics see use in almost every kind of factory, whether they’re fabricating DVDs or deburring cast metal tools before they’re ready for sale. The most common difference between industrial and home-use pneumatics is the likelihood that a given tool will be self-powered or be required to hook to a central pneumatic compressor that provides power to a variety of different units.
Thus, while pneumatics might be common in everyday life, you rarely see pneumatic fittings outside of industrial applications. Unless you happen to have or use a sandblaster, air compressor, or vacuum pump for craft projects or as a part of the work you do from home, chances are much greater that you’ll come across a hydraulic fitting at home than a pneumatic one. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
5 Common Mouth Problems…and Solutions
0
10
5 Common Mouth Problems...and Solutions
To be certain the overall health of your gums and enable you sustain a star-high quality smile, we’ve tracked down answers to 5 of your most typical oral-treatment questions.
Q I wore braces as a teenager, but now I have created gaps concerning my major enamel. Why–and is there a no-braces remedy?
A It really is typical for everyone’s teeth to change in the course of existence–so yours is a prevalent difficulty, especially among the ladies in their 30s who wore braces at one particular level.
The very good information is that you never need to have an Unpleasant Betty-fashion mouth of metallic to suitable your smile. A cosmetic dentist can bond slim, lengthy-long lasting porcelain veneers on top of enamel to deal with gaps and even overlapping. If you are on a budget or don’t require your teeth set right away, Invisalign braces are the way to go. You can expect to wear a series of clear, customized-molded plastic trays that snap about your tooth and manual them into location. As opposed to braces and retainers of old, even so, no a single will be able to convey to you have received them on. You swap to a new set of aligners just about every number of weeks as your tooth change into posture. Your smile will appear fewer crooked in the to start with two weeks, but the method can take up to two yrs to totally straighten your tooth. The value is equivalent to classic braces: $3,500 to $5,000, dependent on the severity of your scenario.
Q My entrance teeth are pretty yellow. What is the greatest way to brighten them quickly?
A Whitening toothpastes are offered more than the counter–and they are fairly cheap, simple to use, and a very good to start with stage as they can brighten and lighten the coloration of enamel by about one shade. If you require additional than that, powerful at-residence or professional tooth-whitening therapies can support. They take out stains on the tooth surface as properly as deeper discoloration (and can brighten tooth a few to 12 shades) for the reason that they have significant concentrations of bleaching substances like hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide.
An in-workplace electricity-bleaching treatment is also an option This approach makes use of lasers or other resources of vivid mild and warmth to activate a very concentrated peroxide gel that whitens tooth considerably in just an hour. The only draw back (apart from the price, which operates about $450) is that the course of action can result in delicate to average tooth sensitivity for quite a few times–and, in some circumstances, even a momentary burning feeling of the gums.
If you want a brighter smile in even fewer time, inquire your dentist about the LumaWhite system, which employs an LED mild to whiten teeth in eight minutes flat. With this method, not only are you spending much less time in the dental chair, you are also cutting down your threat for tooth sensitivity due to the fact, as opposed to other professional brightening strategies, this 1 does not use heat to activate the tooth whiteners.
Q Why do my gums bleed when I brush?
A Pink, tender, puffy, bleeding gums are the very first signals of gingivitis, an inflammation of the gums. The mildest and most typical variety of gum ailment, gingivitis takes place owing to an overgrowth of plaque, the sticky, colorless film of germs that’s often forming on enamel. When plaque is not eradicated thoroughly, germs can irritate the gums, causing irritation.
Luckily for us, Gingivitis can be reversed in almost all instances simply just by getting rid of the plaque and trying to keep it off with superior oral cleanliness. Get started by scheduling an appointment for an in-place of work tooth cleansing. Even though new investigation revealed in the Journal of Periodontology found that brushing and flossing on a regular basis for just two weeks decreases signs of gingivitis by practically 40 %, it’s still necessary to have the hardened plaque (tartar) eliminated by a professiona. At the time the tartar is scraped absent, gingivitis really should disappear inside of a week or two.
Q I have lousy breath. How can I make it fresher?
A Undesirable breath (halitosis) is almost normally caused by an overabundance of sulfuric gas (like the vapor generated by rotten eggs) which is created by bacteria on the back again of the tongue. To improve your breath, you will need to eliminate the layer of mucus that blankets the again of the tongue this will expose the micro organism to oxygen, killing and removing several of them right away.
Use a tongue scraper, not a toothbrush, to dislodge this coating of micro organism. The wide, flat surface of a tongue-cleaning unit is 30 p.c additional successful than a toothbrush at minimizing the sulfur-leading to compounds, in accordance to study at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. An additional choice: Talk to your dentist about mouthwashes made up of zinc compounds that neutralize microorganisms. If you are brushing, flossing, and scraping religiously, but nonetheless have to have to chain-pop breath mints, see a doctor. In up to 20 per cent of cases, poor breath may be connected to a gastrointestinal or sinus dilemma.
Q Why do I get a capturing agony in my tooth when I eat or consume one thing very hot or chilly?
A By much the most popular lead to of tooth sensitivity is exposed dentin. This hardened tissue, which lies just beneath the tooth’s protecting coating of enamel, consists of thousands of tiny channels that transmit hot and cold sensations to the pulp, the nerve center of the tooth. (Sweet, bitter, and remarkably acidic foodstuff and beverages can also cause these twinges.)
About time, brushing also challenging or making use of a hard-bristled toothbrush can don down enamel–so commence easing up on the force and switch to a softer toothbrush. Also check out desensitizing toothpastes they are formulated with potassium nitrate, which cuts down soreness by shielding the nerves beneath the gum line. In addition to brushing with it, rub a slim layer of the toothpaste on any impacted enamel each night time. Your pain need to lessen within 24 to 48 several hours. If ache persists or the jolting feeling lasts additional than a minute, see your dentist. You could have a deep cavity, a dying nerve, or a broken tooth. Or you may call for an in-business office cure, like a fluoride varnish or a dentin sealer, which can be utilized to the uncovered root floor to enable ease sensitivity.
To assure the wellbeing of your gums and support you retain a star-quality smile, we’ve tracked down responses to five of your most typical oral-care thoughts.
Q I wore braces as a teen, but now I’ve designed gaps amongst my prime teeth. Why–and is there a no-braces option?
A It really is usual for everyone’s enamel to shift in the course of existence–so yours is a common difficulty, especially among girls in their 30s who wore braces at just one level.
The fantastic news is that you will not have to have an Unattractive Betty-model mouth of metallic to appropriate your smile. A beauty dentist can bond thin, long-lasting porcelain veneers on best of tooth to address gaps and even overlapping. If you might be on a funds or you should not need your teeth fixed right away, Invisalign braces are the way to go. You can expect to use a collection of very clear, custom made-molded plastic trays that snap in excess of your enamel and guidebook them into spot. Compared with braces and retainers of old, however, no a person will be ready to inform you have acquired them on. You swap to a new established of aligners just about every few weeks as your tooth shift into position. Your smile will search fewer crooked within the initial two months, but the method can acquire up to two years to entirely straighten your tooth. The price is comparable to traditional braces: $3,500 to $5,000, depending on the severity of your scenario.
Q My front enamel are pretty yellow. What is actually the most effective way to brighten them fast?
A Whitening toothpastes are out there around the counter–and they are reasonably economical, straightforward to use, and a very good to start with move as they can brighten and lighten the color of teeth by about a person shade. If you have to have much more than that, powerful at-dwelling or experienced tooth-whitening therapies can assist. They take away stains on the tooth area as very well as deeper discoloration (and can brighten tooth 3 to 12 shades) due to the fact they contain large concentrations of bleaching substances like hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide.
An in-place of work electricity-bleaching procedure is also an possibility This method takes advantage of lasers or other resources of dazzling mild and heat to activate a really concentrated peroxide gel that whitens enamel radically in just an hour. The only downside (besides the charge, which operates about $450) is that the system can lead to mild to reasonable tooth sensitivity for a number of days–and, in some instances, even a short-term burning sensation of the gums.
If you want a brighter smile in even a lot less time, inquire your dentist about the LumaWhite process, which takes advantage of an LED light-weight to whiten tooth in eight minutes flat. With this approach, not only are you paying out less time in the dental chair, you’re also cutting down your chance for tooth sensitivity due to the fact, not like other experienced brightening procedures, this a single would not use heat to activate the tooth whiteners.
Q Why do my gums bleed when I brush?
A Red, tender, puffy, bleeding gums are the first symptoms of gingivitis, an inflammation of the gums. The mildest and most prevalent kind of gum ailment, gingivitis happens thanks to an overgrowth of plaque, the sticky, colorless movie of micro organism which is always forming on tooth. When plaque is not eradicated adequately, germs can irritate the gums, triggering irritation.
The good thing is, Gingivitis can be reversed in almost all cases only by eliminating the plaque and holding it off with greater oral hygiene. Start by scheduling an appointment for an in-workplace tooth cleaning. Nevertheless new exploration revealed in the Journal of Periodontology discovered that brushing and flossing on a regular basis for just two weeks decreases symptoms of gingivitis by nearly 40 percent, it really is continue to essential to have the hardened plaque (tartar) taken off by a professiona. After the tartar is scraped absent, gingivitis really should disappear in just a week or two.
Q I have negative breath. How can I make it fresher?
A Bad breath (halitosis) is pretty much normally brought about by an overabundance of sulfuric fuel (like the vapor produced by rotten eggs) that is made by microbes on the back again of the tongue. To increase your breath, you will need to clear away the layer of mucus that blankets the back again of the tongue this will expose the bacteria to oxygen, killing and eradicating a lot of of them promptly.
Use a tongue scraper, not a toothbrush, to dislodge this coating of microorganisms. The broad, flat surface area of a tongue-cleansing unit is 30 p.c a lot more productive than a toothbrush at lowering the sulfur-causing compounds, according to analysis at the University of Sao Paulo, Brazil. One more option: Inquire your dentist about mouthwashes made up of zinc compounds that neutralize bacteria. If you happen to be brushing, flossing, and scraping religiously, but even now have to have to chain-pop breath mints, see a doctor. In up to 20 % of circumstances, negative breath may be joined to a gastrointestinal or sinus trouble.
Q Why do I get a capturing suffering in my tooth when I try to eat or consume some thing scorching or cold?
A By significantly the most common lead to of tooth sensitivity is uncovered dentin. This hardened tissue, which lies just beneath the tooth’s protecting coating of enamel, is made up of thousands of small channels that transmit scorching and cold sensations to the pulp, the nerve middle of the tooth. (Sweet, bitter, and highly acidic meals and beverages can also set off these twinges.)
More than time, brushing too hard or employing a tough-bristled toothbrush can wear down enamel–so start easing up on the tension and switch to a softer toothbrush. Also test desensitizing toothpastes they are formulated with potassium nitrate, which lessens agony by shielding the nerves below the gum line. In addition to brushing with it, rub a skinny layer of the toothpaste on any affected enamel each individual night. Your soreness ought to lessen in just 24 to 48 hours. If suffering persists or the jolting sensation lasts extra than a minute, see your dentist. You could have a deep cavity, a dying nerve, or a damaged tooth. Or you may perhaps require an in-place of work procedure, like a fluoride varnish or a dentin sealer, which can be used to the exposed root floor to assist alleviate sensitivity.
Source link | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Baker's Half-Dozen
"Baker's Half-Dozen" is a British comic war story published in the weekly anthology Speed from 23 February to 16 August 1980, published by IPC Magazines. The story is set in the North African campaign of World War II, and features six British Commonwealth stragglers formed into a unit by the mysterious 'Sarge' Baker.
Creation
While the rest of the contents of Speed had a sporting bent to fit in with the title, as a war story "Baker's Half-Dozen" was an incongruous inclusion despite attempts to play up the title unit's fast-moving tactics. Speed editor Barrie Tomlinson was unable to recall how the story had ended up in the magazine, referring to its placement as "a strange one". For some years he thought it was a reprint as he created all of the other stories in Speed himself. Tomlinson has speculated that the story was rejected from another IPC title, suggesting war comic Battle as the most likely source, and was possibly included to replace a strip vetoed by IPC management. As such the writer of the story is currently unknown; in a 2019 article on Speed for Judge Dredd Megazine, Stephen Jewell speculated that it was "most probably" written by Angus Allan. The artist however has been firmly identified as veteran Mike Western.
Publishing history
The story ran in black-and-white three-page instalments in Speed from 23 February to 16 August 1980. However, while the magazine initially sold respectably, reader research indicated that "Baker's Half-Dozen" was one of the less popular series, and it was replaced from the 23 August 1980 edition of Speed, replaced by another World War II story - aerial combat serial "Hit and Run". A text story featuring the characters was included in the 1981 Speed Annual.
In 2014, small Irish publisher Hibernia Books licensed the serial from Egmont Publishing. Hibernia publisher Dave McDonald considered the story a "great, self-contained action strip, which was like a cross between The Sarge and Darkie's Mob". The limited-edition 70 page paperback collection was issued in November 2014 and featured both a foreword and a pin-up illustration by 2000 AD artist Rufus Dayglo and a cover by Richard Pearce. The contents of Speed were among the post-1970 IPC Magazines/Fleetway Publications properties purchased by Rebellion Developments in 2016.
Plot summary
As the British Eighth Army is routed by an Afrika Korps counter-attack in January 1942, Pete Carey and pretty boy Joe Peach are the only survivors of a column of Stuart tanks ambushed by Panzers. They escape to a nearby village only to find it has also been overrun, and discover just four survivors in hiding - Second Australian infantryman Hardisty, Army Catering Corps Corporal Rudge, 'Taff' Moody of the Royal Welch Fusiliers and Perot Singh from the 3rd Indian Motor Brigade. Demoralised and far behind the retreating British lines, the group are about to surrender to a German half-track when a crazed man with sergeant stripes tattooed on his arm, handcuffs hanging from one wrist and a Bren gun kills the would be-captors. He introduces himself as Sarge Baker, and tells the group that under his command they will fight their way back to friendly lines - whether they like it or not.
The group finds a wrecked motorpool, and Carey is able to refashion wrecked motorbikes into a pair of three-man vehicles he christens 'Sand-Jockeys'. The unit head out into open desert, evading German troops and Junkers Ju 87 dive-bombers. While most of the soldiers respond well to Baker's all-action style of command, Rudge gradually develops a dislike of the enigmatic sergeant. They destroy a German detachment at a watering hole, finding they were escorting a Waffen-SS colonel carrying important dispatches revealing the location of a secret communications centre at El Homra. Baker decides the group will attack it themselves, leading Rudge to talk Moody into escaping in the night with the team's food and water. The pair blunder into a German patrol but are rescued by Baker, who disciplines the pair. He then leads them to a successful attack on El Homra; the Germans send out an expert sniper known only as the Limping Vulture - an old enemy of Baker's - to pick off the squad in response, wounding Carey and Hardisty. Baker is able to capture him, and beats the Vulture unconscious when he tries to tell the men about the reason for his handcuffs. During a firefight, Rudge and Moody try to get to the Vulture and find out more but the man is shot before he can tell them anything.
A friendly fire incident sees Baker shoot down an RAF Bristol Blenheim; the unit tries to rescue the surviving crew before roving Tuareg nomads kill them. The tribesmen take Baker hostage; Rudge and Moody lobby to leave him behind, until Carey points out that Baker has all their maps, and the radio in the Blenheim has been wrecked in the crash. They rescue him and soon run into a Long Range Desert Group who take them to British lines. The LRDG's base is under the command of Major John Braggat, whom Baker is eager to confront. Baker and Braggat had been on a patrol six months earlier when they had been caught by the Vulture, and the Major had bought his freedom by giving their captors vital British intelligence. The Germans had planned to execute Baker by leaving him in the desert handcuffed to a wooden post; he chewed through the post to get free. Moody and Rudge make one final attempt to kill Baker, but are overwhelmed by Singh and Peach. The remaining unit prepares to hand the three traitors over - but first Baker orders Peach to fetch a saw and cut the handcuffs off his wrist.
Reception
Lew Stringer praised the production values of the Hibernia collection, while also feeling Western's "powerful, tough artwork" made the story memorable. David McDonald would reaffirm his belief that "Baker's Half-Dozen" was among Western's best work in a blog article for Rebellion Developments' Treasury of British Comics website. | WIKI |
short ribs
Short-Rib Thoracic Dysplasia 9
Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features:
A pigmentary retinopathy resembling retinitis pigmentosa is present in the majority of individuals. Reduced acuity is likely responsible for the associated nystagmus and occasional strabismus. Night blindness is a feature although the age of onset is unknown. Visual acuity is decreased in the first decade but at least one patient at age 40 years still had vision of 20/40-20/50. The ERG shows decreased scotopic and photopic responses as early as 12 years of age. The retinopathy has been described as an atypical nonpigmented retinal degeneration in the peripheral retina. However, bone-spicule pigmentary deposits have been noted. The retinal disease is progressive.
Systemic Features:
The LFT140 mutation has widespread effects, impacting the kidney, liver and skeletal systems. The thorax is shortened, while the ribs are abnormally short and may result in respiratory difficulties, recurrent infections, and an early demise. The middle phalanges of the hands and feet often have cone-shaped epiphyses, especially notable in childhood and leading to brachydactyly. The long bones are often shortened as well. The femoral neck can be short while the femoral epiphyses are often flattened. Microcephaly has been reported in several individuals.
The liver may be enlarged and become fibrotic. The kidneys often are cystic and histologically may have sclerosing glomerulonephropathy. Kidney disease has an onset in the first decade and its progression often defines the survival prognosis. Renal transplantation can be lifesaving when nephronophthisis develops. Psychomotor delays have been reported but are uncommon.
Genetics
Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in the LFT140 gene (16p13.3) have been identified. However, there is some genetic heterogeneity since several patients having the typical phenotype have been reported with only heterozygous mutations.
Pedigree:
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options:
There is no treatment for the general disease. Renal and pulmonary function needs to be monitored with intervention as needed. Some patients have benefitted from renal transplantation.
References
Article Title:
Combined NGS approaches identify mutations in the intraflagellar transport gene IFT140 in skeletal ciliopathies with early progressive kidney Disease
Schmidts M, Frank V, Eisenberger T, Al Turki S, Bizet AA, Antony D, Rix S, Decker C, Bachmann N, Bald M, Vinke T, Toenshoff B, Di Donato N, Neuhann T, Hartley JL, Maher ER, Bogdanovic R, Peco-Antic A, Mache C, Hurles ME, Joksic I, Guc-Scekic M, Dobricic J, Brankovic-Magic M, Bolz HJ, Pazour GJ, Beales PL, Scambler PJ, Saunier S, Mitchison HM, Bergmann C. Combined NGS approaches identify mutations in the intraflagellar transport gene IFT140 in skeletal ciliopathies with early progressive kidney Disease. Hum Mutat. 2013 May;34(5):714-24.
PubMed ID:
23418020
Mainzer-Saldino syndrome is a ciliopathy caused by IFT140 mutations
Perrault I, Saunier S, Hanein S, Filhol E, Bizet AA, Collins F, Salih MA, Gerber S, Delphin N, Bigot K, Orssaud C, Silva E, Baudouin V, Oud MM, Shannon N, Le Merrer M, Roche O, Pietrement C, Goumid J, Baumann C, Bole-Feysot C, Nitschke P, Zahrate M, Beales P, Arts HH, Munnich A, Kaplan J, Antignac C, Cormier-Daire V, Rozet JM. Mainzer-Saldino syndrome is a ciliopathy caused by IFT140 mutations. Am J Hum Genet. 2012 May 4;90(5):864-70.
PubMed ID:
22503633
Majewski Syndrome
Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features:
No clinical information is available on the ocular features in this disorder. The fundi have been described as normal in one patient but postmortem histopathology at 8 weeks revealed optic nerve edema with segmental axonal dropout and loss of myelin. The nerve fiber layer of the retina was prominent with some proliferation of glial tissue. Early nuclear sclerosis was also present.
Systemic Features:
This disorder results from a dysgenesis of the cilia and is one of a group of short rib-polydactyly disorders. Congenital anomalies are found in multiple organs including heart, lungs, skeleton, intestines, genitalia, pancreas, liver, and kidneys. The diagnostic characteristic of SRPS type II is extreme shortening of the tibia in addition to short ribs in this type of short-limbed dwarfism.
Midline facial clefting, especially cleft lip, is common. The epiglottis and lungs are often hypoplastic and the kidneys are polycystic. Polydactyly and polysyndactyly of both pre- and postaxial types are usually present. Most neonates with SRPS type II do not live beyond infancy.
Genetics
This is an autosomal recessive condition resulting from homozygous mutations in the NEK1 gene (4q33), or, rarely, from digenic biallelic mutations in NEK1 and DYNC2H1 (11q22.3).
Another condition with some of the same features leading to respiratory distress is asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia 1 (208500), or Jeune syndrome.
Pedigree:
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options:
No effective treatment is available for this condition but surgical treatment could be considered for specific anomalies.
References
Article Title:
NEK1 mutations cause short-rib polydactyly syndrome type majewski
Thiel C, Kessler K, Giessl A, Dimmler A, Shalev SA, von der Haar S, Zenker M, Zahnleiter D, Stoss H, Beinder E, Abou Jamra R, Ekici AB, Schroder-Kress N, Aigner T, Kirchner T, Reis A, Brandst?SStter JH, Rauch A. NEK1 mutations cause short-rib polydactyly syndrome type majewski. Am J Hum Genet. 2011 Jan 7;88(1):106-14.
PubMed ID:
21211617
Asphyxiating Thoracic Dysplasia 1
Clinical Characteristics
Ocular Features:
This is a genetically and clinically heterogeneous condition for which the nosology remains to be worked out. Not all patients have ocular disease but those who survive infancy may have a pigmentary retinopathy resembling retinitis pigmentosa. In fact, a 5 year old presented with symptoms of visual loss and night blindness only. The severeity of the systemic malformations has so far precluded a full description of the ocular phenotype.
Systemic Features:
The most life-threatening and characteristic systemic feature of ATD is short-ribbed thoracic constriction with respiratory insufficiency. The chest is small and narrow and sometimes described as bell-shaped. This deformity can lead to death by asphyxiation, and is a serious risk during infancy. Other individuals live to adulthood and may have only minimal respiratory difficulties. Patients who survive childhood can develop cystic renal and hepatic disease. Pancreatic fibrosis has also been reported. Brachydactyly and postaxial polydactyly are sometimes present and involve the feet more commonly than the hands. Short stature secondary to short limbs is frequently noted.
Genetics
Jeune syndrome, or at least some forms of it, is an autosomal recessive condition. Consanguinity is often present. A locus (15q13) containing homozygous mutations in ATD has been proposed as one candidate site. There is considerable genetic heterogeneity with at least 5 types described, all with mutations in different genes.
Another disorder with some similar features causing respiratory distress is Majewski syndrome (263520).
Pedigree:
Autosomal recessive
Treatment
Treatment Options:
Assisted ventilation can be lifesaving in milder cases. Thoracic reconstruction has also been helpful in a few individuals. However, careful patient selection is necessary since some patients have severe pulmonary hypoplasia with underdeveloped alveoli. Ursodeoxycholic acid may slow the progression of the liver disease.
References
Article Title:
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William E. Beard
William Ewing Beard (July 12, 1873 – December 21, 1950) was a college football player, soldier, journalist, war correspondent, naval historian, and long-time officer of the Tennessee Historical Commission and member of the Tennessee Historical Society. He wrote several books on Nashville and dubbed Vanderbilt University the Commodores.
Early years
Beard was born on July 12, 1873, in Estill Springs, Tennessee, to Richard Beard, a Confederate captain, and Marie Dromgoole, of Estill Springs, Tennessee. He attended Vanderbilt from 1890 to 1893. In 1892 Beard was the first Vanderbilt quarterback to play Tennessee.
Writer
Beard joined the staff of the Nashville American in 1896. In 1897 he was the first to dub Vanderbilt the Commodores. While at the American, Beard employed former Vandy player Bob Blake.
Beard became the state news editor of the Banner in 1910, promoted to associated editor in 1933. | WIKI |
Alfred Stratford
Alfred Hugh Stratford (5 September 1853 – 2 May 1914) was an English sportsman who played first-class cricket for Middlesex and represented the England national football team.
Stratford was at Middlesex from 1877 to 1880, during which time he also played first-class cricket with the Marylebone Cricket Club. A Malvern College graduate, he was a slow right-arm bowler and capable lower order batsman. His best performance came in 1878 when he took 12 wickets for Middlesex against Surrey at Kennington Oval. He collected 6 for 41 in the first innings and 6 for 113 in the second, dismissing England Test opener Harry Jupp in both.
At football, as a defender, Stratford appeared in his only international in a 2–1 loss to Scotland in 1874. He was a member of three FA Cup winning teams, all with the Wanderers and in successive years from 1876 to 1878.
After moving to America, Stratford continued playing cricket, with Winnipeg, Pittsburgh, New York and Newark.
In 1884, four years since his last first-class appearance, Stratford played beside his brother Frederick in a first-class match for the United States of America against the Gentlemen of Philadelphia. | WIKI |
Local Route 37 (South Korea)
Local Route 37 Namwon–Geochang Line is a local route of South Korea that connecting Namwon, South Jeolla Province to Geochang County, South Gyeongsang Province.
History
This route was established on 25 August 2001.
Stopovers
* South Jeolla Province
* Namwon
* South Gyeongsang Province
* Hamyang County - Geochang County
Major intersections
IS: Intersection, IC: Interchange
* ( ■ ): Motorway | WIKI |
Android Networking: How to Mock the Internet
Android networking doesn’t sound very radical nowadays. Actually, it’s hard to find apps that don’t have some sort of network dependency. Some of them won’t even start without a stable network. Others may just degrade gracefully to a limited set of features.
Even though networking is such a fundamental part of an app it’s not the easiest part to write. I would even dare to claim it’s one of the trickiest features. Not only due to implementation details, but rather how it affects several other activities around your app development.
Android networking during early developent
Every now and then you’ll come up with the coolest idea ever. Naturally it just needs that backend API support that doesn’t exist yet. You can, of course, start writing backend support for it but you’re then occupied by another great undertaking. You’re not working on your mind-blowing Android app, and most likely won’t be for quite some time.
Android networking while testing
There are even more tricky scenarios to Android networking. Testing can easily get tricky in itself, even more so when adding networking to it. Suppose you already have a solid code base. The app does what it’s designed for but it’s lacking proper testing on some areas.
You can test the network layer by setting up a dedicated test server. This is quite complicated and adds a certain amount of “noise” to your test reports, caused by timeouts and server downtime. You can alternatively start mocking your code. There are several mocking frameworks aiding you in this, but then you’ll also introduce an observer effect and can’t be sure you’re delivering what you’re testing.
Mock the Internet without refactoring your app
Some time ago I started to play with the idea of mocking the Internet instead of the app. How cool wouldn’t that be? I talked to a colleague of mine and he made a quick spike. The technical implementation involved a minimal web server (NanoHTTPD) running in the app context. The minimal web server then hijacked all network requests made by the app and responded with “mocked Internet” content.
All this without changing a single line of actual app code.
In the simplest possible example code it would translate to a custom Android Application object doing something like:
public class CustomApplication extends Application {
private static final HashMap<String, String> CONTENT = new HashMap<>();
private NanoHTTPD localServer;
@Override
public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
// ... a lot of mapping, populating the CONTENT hash map
// even more
// and then some more...
localServer = new NanoHTTPD("localhost", 8080) {
@Override
public Response serve(IHTTPSession session) {
String body = CONTENT.get(session.getUri());
return body != null ?
newFixedLengthResponse(Status.OK, "text/plain", body) :
super.serve(session);
}
};
}
}
The idea is ridiculously simple, as is the implementation. It saves me tons of time I no longer have to spend on hacking my app. Time I instead can spend on writing awesome features. As a bonus I kind of know what I’m testing and that I’m shipping what I’m testing.
Productified
As the idea evolved, some learnings quickly came to mind. One was realizing that organizing the mocked responses (the CONTENT hash map in the example above) could be somewhat challenging. If not careful, the saved time could easily be re-invested in setting up the request/response map instead.
One idea to counter fight this new time consuming task was to reuse the exported JSON requests from Postman. This way one could very quickly produce the mocked Internet while testing the backend anyway.
This and many more features are collected in an open source project: Atlantis. In summary, it addresses the less obvious challenges of Android networking. It will also save you even more time (compared to the above example), as it requires even less code to be written. In practice you only need to add a dependency in your Gradle file and start using it:
The gradle stuff:
...
dependencies {
compile 'com.echsylon.atlantis:atlantis:1.3.0'
}
…and the corresponding Java stuff:
public class CustomApplication extends Application {
private Atlantis localServer;
@Override
public void onCreate() {
super.onCreate();
localServer = Atlantis.start(this, "postman-output.json", null, null);
}
}
It’s cool and there is much more to it. Check it out!
This Post Has 8 Comments
1. Zalan Blenessy
Cool, too bad Atlantis cannot be used with non-Android apps ;).
1. László Urszuly
Yes, but you know, secondary platforms are not prioritized at the moment ;-)
1. László Urszuly
This is great! I didn’t know about it. Thanks for the tip!
2. Robin Philip
What do you think of using a remote mock server? No need to write any code – just plug in a url
I am using https://www.amock.io/
1. László Urszuly
Yes, a remote mock server would definitely work too, at least in the early development use case. I haven’t used the particular service you suggest, but at a quick glance it seems to offer a decent subset of what Atlantis offers.
When it comes to automated testing, though, I would discourage using remote (mock) servers as that is exactly what we want to get away from. In automated testing the predictability of the content (knowing exactly *what* is returned) is only half the victory. You still have no guarantees that the content will ever even show up when served from a remote machine.
For testing purposes I would suggest using something that’s running on the same device or emulator you’re performing your tests on. MockWebServer from the Square team (mentioned in a comment above) or Atlantis both serve this purpose better in my opinion.
3. Igor Ganapolsky
Suppose I don’t want to create an ApplicationContext just for the purpose of NanoHttpd? Can I start/stop nanohttpd in my unit tests – @Before and @After methods?
1. László Urszuly
Yes, you could start/stop NanoHTTPD in your unit tests as you describe. Keep in mind though that @Before and @After methods will be run before and after *each* test method.
Atlantis has since this post was written moved away from NanoHTTPD though, and is now relying on its own custom server implementation. The new implementation is heavily inspired by MockWebServer, mentioned by Einar in a previous comment. If Atlantis isn’t what one’s looking for I would still recommend to at least have a look at MockWebServer too before deciding to go with any option. I think it’s more suitable for the Android platform than NanoHTTPD and offers way more test related features too.
Leave a Reply | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Political science
, occasionally called politology, is a social science which deals with systems of governance, and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts, associated constitutions and political behavior.
Quotes
* Majorities are of two sorts: (1) Communal majority and (2) political majority. A political majority is changeable in its class composition. A political majority grows. A communal majority is born. The admission to a political majority is open. The door in a communal majority is closed. The politics of political majority are free to all to make and unmake. The politics of community majority are made by its own members born in it.
* Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar in:
* A young man is not an appropriate hearer of lectures on political science; for he is inexperienced in the actions that occur in life.
* Aristotle, in Jonathan Lear Aristotle: The Desire to Understand, Cambridge University Press, 11 February 1988159 p. 159
* The market (the peaceful competition for the acquisition of goods) requires the prior existence of the social contract (the agreement to abide by contracts and the establishment of a judge to arbitrate and enforce contracts) without which men are in a state of war. The market presupposes the existence of law and the absence of war. War was the condition of man prior to the existence of civil society, and the return to it is always possible. The force and fraud required to end war have nothing to do with the market and are illegitimate within it. The rational behavior of men at peace, in which economics specializes, is not the same as the rational behavior of men at war, as was so tellingly pointed out by Machiavelli. Political science is more comprehensive than economics because it studies both peace and war and their relations. The market cannot be the sole concern of the polity, for the market depends on the polity, and the establishment and preservation of the polity continuously requires reasonings and deeds which are “uneconomic” or “inefficient.” Political action must have primacy over economic action, no matter what the effect on the market. … Economics deals only with the bourgeois. … The warlike man is not within its ken. Political science remains the only social science discipline which looks war in the face.
* Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: 1988), p. 364-365
* It is difficult to see why the most advantageous political system, for the present, would not be a democratic state with an artistocratic government, provided only the artistocracy be that of real merit, and not of artificial qualities. If this be not the real principle of the republican form of government then I must confess that I do not know what its principle is.
* John Burgess (1933). The Foundations of Political Science. (reprinted 1994) As cited in Ido Oren, "The Subjectivity of the 'Democratic' Peace," International Security, Vol. 20, No. 2.
* After the first International Days of Protest in October, 1965, Senator Mansfield criticized the "sense of utter irresponsibility" shown by the demonstrators. He had nothing to say then, nor has he since, about the "sense of utter irresponsibility" shown by Senator Mansfield and others who stand by quietly and vote appropriations as the cities and villages of North Vietnam are demolished, as millions of refugees in the South are driven from their homes by American bombardment. He has nothing to say about the moral standards or the respect for international law of those who have permitted this tragedy. I speak of Senator Mansfield precisely because he is not a breast-beating superpatriot who wants America to rule the world, but is rather an American intellectual in the best sense, a scholarly and reasonable man -- the kind of man who is the terror of our age. Perhaps this is merely a personal reaction, but when I look at what is happening to our country, what I find most terrifying is not Curtis LeMay, with his cheerful suggestion that we bomb everybody back into the stone age, but rather the calm disquisitions of the political scientists on just how much force will be necessary to achieve our ends, or just what form of government will be acceptable to us in Vietnam. What I find terrifying is the detachment and equanimity with which we view and discuss an unbearable tragedy. We all know that if Russia or China were guilty of what we have done in Vietnam, we would be exploding with moral indignation at these monstrous crimes.
* Noam Chomsky, "On Resistance", The New York Review of Books, December 7, 1967.
* The political scientist, in so far as he wishes to remain a scientist, is limited to the study of techniques. A good deal of what is called political science, I must confess, seems, to me a device, invented by academic persons, avoiding that dangerous subject politics, without achieving science.
* Alfred A.Cobban, in Dennis Pilon Wrestling with Democracy: Voting Systems as Politics in the 20th Century West, University of Toronto Press, 17 June 2013, p. 218
* Today political science is often said to be ‘descriptive’ or ‘empirical,’ concerned with facts; political philosophy is called ‘normative’ because it expresses values. But these terms merely repeat in more abstract form the difference between political science, which seeks agreement, and political philosophy, which seeks the best.
* Harvey Mansfield, A Student’s Guide to Political Philosophy (2001), p. 6
* Political science, by which I mean nothing more abstruse or academic than consideration of a foreign country as a country in its own right, seems to have been almost completely supplanted by a preoccupation with international relations. What is thought irrelevant to that side of things (often wrongly) is considered beneath notice. This can be seen by the reflexiveness with which journalists now contact I.R. professors or nuclear specialists for comment...
* Brian Reynolds Myers, "And Then What?" (6 June 2018), Sthele Press
* Political science is governed by five myths: (1) that it studies politics; (2) that it is scientific; (3) that it is possible to study politics separated off from economics, sociology, psychology and history; (4) that the state in our democratic capitalist society is politically neutral, i.e. available as a set of institutions and mechanisms to whatever group wins the election; and (5) that political science, as a discipline, advances the cause of democracy.
* Bertell Ollman, "What Is Political Science? What Should It Be?", New York University (NYU)
* The revelation that systems organize on their own sat poorly with the apostles of social sciences—especially political scientists who base their theories on imposing external controls to achieve selected political goals. They are accustomed to thinking about government-produced certainties, not ambiguous probabilities. In their linear calculations, humanity must be physically forced to follow the guiding light of political leaders or flavor-of-the-month ideologies. The economy and human actions must march in step with legislative or dictated law, no matter what the outcome. Yet natural systems do not operate this way.
* L. K. Samuels, In Defense of Chaos: The Chaology of Politics, Economics and Human Action (2013) pp. 10-11.
* Apart from economics and geography, it is hard to find a social science that has given less attention to religion than political science.
* Kenneth D. Wald, Clyde Wilcox, Islam, Secularism, and Liberal Democracy: Toward a Democratic Theory, Oxford University Press, 11 March 2009, p. 268
* The method of political science is the interpretation of life; its instrument is insight, a nice understanding of subtle, unformulated conditions.
* Woodrow Wilson, in Dennis J. Mahoney Politics and Progress: The Emergence of American Political Science, Lexington Books, 1 January 2004, p. 123 | WIKI |
bp_nouveau_get_edit_activity_data()
Get the Activity edit data.
Description
Return
(string) The Activity edit data.
Source
File: bp-templates/bp-nouveau/includes/activity/template-tags.php
function bp_nouveau_get_edit_activity_data() {
global $activities_template;
$can_edit_privacy = true;
$album_id = 0;
$folder_id = 0;
$group_id = 0;
if ( bp_activity_user_can_edit() ) {
$privacy = bp_get_activity_privacy();
$media_activity = ( 'media' === $privacy || ( isset( $_REQUEST['action'] ) && 'media_get_activity' === $_REQUEST['action'] ) );
$document_activity = ( 'document' === $privacy || ( isset( $_REQUEST['action'] ) && 'document_get_activity' === $_REQUEST['action'] ) );
$parent_activity_id = false;
$parent_activity_permalink = false;
$album_url = '';
$folder_url = '';
// Get media privacy to show.
if ( bp_is_active( 'media' ) ) {
if ( $media_activity ) {
$media_id = BP_Media::get_activity_media_id( bp_get_activity_id() );
$media = new BP_Media( $media_id );
if ( ! empty( $media ) ) {
$album_id = $media->album_id;
$group_id = $media->group_id;
if ( ! empty( $album_id ) ) {
$album = new BP_Media_Album( $album_id );
$album_url = trailingslashit( bp_core_get_user_domain( $album->user_id ) . bp_get_media_slug() . '/albums/' . $album_id );
} else {
$parent_activity_id = get_post_meta( $media->attachment_id, 'bp_media_parent_activity_id', true );
$parent_activity_permalink = bp_activity_get_permalink( $parent_activity_id );
}
}
}
if ( $document_activity ) {
$document_id = BP_Document::get_activity_document_id( bp_get_activity_id() );
$document = new BP_Document( $document_id );
if ( ! empty( $document ) ) {
$folder_id = $document->folder_id;
$group_id = $document->group_id;
if ( ! empty( $folder_id ) ) {
$folder = new BP_Document_Folder( $folder_id );
$folder_id_url = bp_document_get_root_parent_id( $folder_id );
$folder_url = trailingslashit( bp_core_get_user_domain( $folder->user_id ) . bp_get_document_slug() . '/folders/' . $folder_id_url );
} else {
$parent_activity_id = get_post_meta( $document->attachment_id, 'bp_document_parent_activity_id', true );
$parent_activity_permalink = bp_activity_get_permalink( $parent_activity_id );
}
}
}
$activity_album_id = bp_activity_get_meta( bp_get_activity_id(), 'bp_media_album_activity', true );
if ( ! empty( $activity_album_id ) ) {
$album_id = $activity_album_id;
$album = new BP_Media_Album( $album_id );
$album_url = trailingslashit( bp_core_get_user_domain( $album->user_id ) . bp_get_media_slug() . '/albums/' . $album_id );
$media_activity = true;
}
$activity_folder_id = bp_activity_get_meta( bp_get_activity_id(), 'bp_document_folder_activity', true );
if ( ! empty( $activity_folder_id ) ) {
$folder_id = $activity_folder_id;
$folder_id_url = bp_document_get_root_parent_id( $folder_id );
$folder = new BP_Document_Folder( $folder_id );
$folder_url = trailingslashit( bp_core_get_user_domain( $folder->user_id ) . bp_get_document_slug() . '/folders/' . $folder_id_url );
$document_activity = true;
}
}
if ( $media_activity && empty( $group_id ) && $parent_activity_id ) {
$parent_activity = new BP_Activity_Activity( $parent_activity_id );
if ( ! empty( $parent_activity->id ) ) {
$group_id = $parent_activity->item_id;
}
}
if ( $document_activity && empty( $group_id ) && $parent_activity_id ) {
$parent_activity = new BP_Activity_Activity( $parent_activity_id );
if ( ! empty( $parent_activity->id ) ) {
$group_id = $parent_activity->item_id;
}
}
if ( $media_activity && ( ( $parent_activity_id && $parent_activity_permalink ) || ( $album_id && ! empty( $album_url ) ) ) ) {
$can_edit_privacy = false;
} elseif ( $document_activity && ( ( $parent_activity_id && $parent_activity_permalink ) || ( $folder_id && ! empty( $folder_url ) ) ) ) {
$can_edit_privacy = false;
}
}
$activity = apply_filters(
'bp_nouveau_get_edit_activity_data',
array(
'id' => bp_get_activity_id(),
'can_edit_privacy' => $can_edit_privacy,
'album_id' => $album_id,
'group_id' => $group_id,
'folder_id' => $folder_id,
'content' => stripslashes( $activities_template->activity->content ),
'item_id' => bp_get_activity_item_id(),
'object' => bp_get_activity_object_name(),
'privacy' => bp_get_activity_privacy(),
) );
/**
* Filter here to edit the activity edit data.
*
* @since BuddyBoss 1.5.0
*
* @param json $activity The Activity edit data.
*/
return htmlentities( wp_json_encode( $activity ) );
}
Changelog
Changelog
Version Description
BuddyBoss 1.5.0 Introduced.
Questions?
We're always happy to help with code or other questions you might have! Search our developer docs, contact support, or connect with our sales team. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
BHP Billiton Declares Force Majeure at Bowen Basin Due to Strike, Heavy Rain
BHP Billiton ( BHP ), the world's biggest miner, has declared on Monday a force majeure at its Bowen Basin coal mines in Australia due to the strikes and heavy rain.
The move could cause a sharp rise in prices of metallurgical coal since BHP, which operates seven coal mines in Bowen Basin, supplies about one fifth of the world supply of coking coal used in steel production.
The Bowen Basin mines, a joint venture between BHP and Mitsubishi Development, produces about 58 million tonnes of coking coal a year.
Analysts estimate that the work stoppages and heavy rains have caused the loss of 2 to 3 million tonnes of coal this year.
Rolling strikes had been held by about 3,500 BHP workers who belong to the Construction, Forestry, Mining and Energy Union (CFMEU), the Australian Manufacturing Workers Union and the CVommunications, Electrical and Plumbing Union since the middle of 2011 while Queensland, where the mines are located, have been battered by heavy floods in 2011 and heavy rains in 2012.
CFMEU District President Stephen Smythe described the strike as one of the biggest industrial disputes in the coal industry for 20 years.
Analysts were not surprised by the BHP move since negotiations between BHP and the employees' union had been ongoing for the past 16 months, but the situation has worsened with the union announcing that it has stepped up industrial action.
Unionised workers at all BMA mines have been on strike since March 27 until April 2, while employees at the Crinum, Gregory and Blackwater mines will walk off their jobs on April 3 and 4.
The union has rejected twice BHP's proposed contracts over work hours and scheduling, but BHP said it still plans to hold a ballot on another proposed contract at the end of April. However, a union spokesman said the new contract would likely be thumbed down by members.
Even if there is in strike, the rains have caused the mines to be filled with water at its Goonyella Riverside, Peak Downs, Saraji, Norwich Park, Gregory Crinum and Blackwater mines.
BHP said it has informed its customers across Europe, Japan, India, Latin America, Korea, Taiwan and China of its inability to meet their orders for coal as 15 coal ships wait to be filled with the commodity off Hay Point.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Ashley Y/Userbox/Jain
__NOINDEX__
The result of the discussion was speedily closed. Nomination made in good faith, but the userbox only did so because of this vandalism. – xeno talk 23:51, 15 July 2010 (UTC)
User:Ashley Y/Userbox/Jain
Equates Jainism with Nazism. Provocative, offensive, and clearly inappropriate. UserVOBO (talk) 23:47, 15 July 2010 (UTC)
| WIKI |
User:JoeFT
Okay So i am going to talk to you about how to be a dj.
first what you need to learn to be able to be a dj? okay so the fist thing you need to learn is..
- how to use the dj`s mixers right? Yes That's Right! - Need to learn about Music < Music - then need to learn how to pick what kind of music.™ - Need To Learn How To talk on the Microphone! - need to make people happy by the way you talk right? yes of course
alright guys that`s all for Now! Need More Advice Just Message Me At WeeWorld.Com - Usarname: JoeFTW <--- On WeeWorld. Or Ninja.game321.com - Usarname: RSolanoX But The Thing About PokieNinja Is That You Need To Peak a Server You Should Peak Server "Thundering Steps" Server 9 So You Can Be Able To Add Me And Ask Me Question`s.™ -- Ready R For Every One. -- ______________________
DJ Mafiu. < (.)|(.) BooBs | WIKI |
Tuesday, 22 November 2011
Survival Of The Species ( Plants )
1. Different plants have their own ways to ensure the survival of their species.
2. Plants needs to disperse their seeds or fruits to ensure the survival of their species.
3. Plant that disperse seeds and fruits by water.
Coconut
Lotus
Pong-pong
The seeds or fruits of the plants that grow at river side or sea side have air space and are light.
4. Plants that disperse seeds and fruits by wind.
Angsana
Lalang
The seeds or fruits of the plants that are disperse by wind have wing-like structure, dry, have fine
hairs and are small.
Papaya
5. Plants that disperse seeds and fruits by animals.
Rambutans
Durian
The fruits of the plants are fleshy, brightly coloured and edible.
The seeds are hard and cannot be eaten.
So the animals throw the seeds to another places.
Grass
Love Grass
Mimosas
The seeds or fruits of the plants have hooks, to stick on animals legs and bodies and dispersed to
other places.
6. Plants that disperse seeds and fruits by explosive mechanism.
Balsam
Rubber tree
Pea
When the fruits of these plants ripe, their skin will dry and become hard. Then the fruits explode and
disperse their seeds.
Monday, 7 November 2011
PHASES OF THE MOON
1. Only the part of the moon that faces the Sun can be seen.
2. When the Moon revolves around Earth, the part of the Moon's surface that receives sunlight will
change.
3. That is why the shape of the Moon that we can see always changes.
4. The different shapes of the Moon are known as phases of the Moon.
5. The phases of the Moon consists of:
(a) New moon
• The surface of the Moon that is not illuminated is facing Earth.
• The Moon cannot be seen from earth.
New Moon
(b) Crescent
Crescent
(c) Half moon ( First quarter )
• The surface of the Moon that is illuminated and facing Earth increases.
• The Moon looks bigger and rounder.
Half moon (First quarter)
(d) Gibbous
• The surface of the Moon that is illuminated and facing Earth increases.
• The Moon looks bigger and rounder.
Gibbous
(e) full moon
• The whole surface of the Moon that receives sunlight faces Earth.
• The Moon looks big and round.
Full moon
(f) Gibbous
Gibbous
(g) Half Moon ( Last quarter )
• The surface of the Moon that is illuminated and facing Earth decreases.
• The Moon looks smaller.
Half Moon (Last quarter)
(h) Crescent
Crescent
6. The Moon takes about 29.5 days to return to the same phase.
7. The Lunar Calendar is a calendar created based on the revolution of the Moon around Earth,
following the phases of the Moon.
8. According at the Lunar Calendar, the Moon experiences full moon on the 15th of every month.
Saturday, 5 November 2011
Measuring the temperature of the water
Question: What are the changes in the temperature of water when heat is gained and lost?
Aim: To study changes in temperature of water when heat is gained and lost.
Apparatus: Retort stand, matches, beaker, tripod stand, thermometer, bunsen burner, wire guaze and
water.
Procedure:
1. Pour water into the beaker, measure the temperature of the water.
2. Heating the water three minutes, record the temperature of the water every one minute.
3. After three minutes, turn off the bunsen burner, record the temperature of the water until the sixth
minute.
4. Record the observation in Table 1.
Observation:
Stage
Before heating
During heating
After heating
Time (minutes)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Temperature
25
32
38
60
42
38
30
Table 1
Discussion: What to keep the same in the experiment?
Volume of water used.
Conclusion: Temperature of water increases when heating the water, while temperature of water
decreases when stop heating the water. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Portal:Spaceflight/Selected article/Week 45 2008
Launch Complex 39 (LC-39) is a rocket launch site at the Kennedy Space Center on Merritt Island, Florida, on the east coast of the United States. The site and its collection of facilities were originally built for the Apollo program, and later modified to support Space Shuttle operations. In 2007 NASA began modifying LC-39 to accommodate Project Constellation. (more...) | WIKI |
User:Unnecessary Insignificance
Currently reading up on Wikipedia policies so as not to seem like a n00b. Also, userboxes!
More to come. | WIKI |
PubAg
Main content area
Hydrophobicity, Solubility, and Emulsifying Properties of Enzyme-Modified Rice Endosperm Protein
Author:
Paraman, I., Hettiarachchy, N.S., Schaefer, C., Beck, M.I.
Source:
Cereal chemistry 2007 v.84 no.4 pp. 343-349
ISSN:
0009-0352
Subject:
rice, endosperm, rice protein, hydrophobicity, solubility, emulsifying properties, enzymatic hydrolysis, protein hydrolysates, proteinases, enzyme activity, sulfhydryl groups, chemical interactions, enzyme inactivation, protein aggregates, protein-protein interactions
Abstract:
Rice endosperm protein was modified to enhance solubility and emulsifying properties by controlled enzymatic hydrolysis. The optimum degree of hydrolysis (DH) was determined for acid, neutral, and alkaline type proteases. Solubility and emulsifying properties of the hydrolysates were compared and correlated with DH and surface hydrophobicity. DH was positively associated with solubility of resulting protein hydrolysate regardless of the hydrolyzing enzyme, but enzyme specificity and DH interactively determined the emulsifying properties of the protein hydrolysate. The optimum DH was 6-10% for good emulsifying properties of rice protein, depending on enzyme specificity. High hydrophobic and sulfhydryl disulfide (SH-SS) interactions contributed to protein insolubility even at high DH. The exposure of buried hydrophobic regions of protein that accompanied high-temperature enzyme inactivation promoted aggregation and cross-linking of partially hydrolyzed proteins, thus decreasing the solubility and emulsifying properties of the resulting hydrolysate. Due to the highly insoluble nature of rice protein, surface hydrophobicity was not a reliable indicator for predicting protein solubility and emulsifying properties. Solubility and molecular flexibility are the essential factors in achieving good emulsifying properties of rice endosperm protein isolates.
Agid:
1469696 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
World Federation for Medical Education
World Federation for Medical Education (WFME) is a non-governmental organisation concerned with education and training of medical doctors worldwide. WFME's main objective is to "enhance the quality of medical education worldwide, with promotion of the highest scientific and ethical standards in medical education". The organisation develops standards for medical education and promotes accreditation of medical schools. It also co-manages the World Directory of Medical Schools.
WFME works in partnership with its six Regional Associations for Medical Education and other international organisations including the World Health Organization and the World Medical Association, with WFME's associate members, and with medical schools worldwide.
History
WFME was founded on the 30 September 1972 in Copenhagen. The founding organisations included the World Health Organization (WHO) and World Medical Association (WMA).
In 1988 the Edinburgh declaration was approved at the World Conference on Medical Education, calling for greater co-operation between the health system and the education system, reflecting national needs in medical education and continuing lifelong education of medical staff to achieve quality in practice. The Declaration was adopted by the World Health Assembly in 1989.
The aspect of medical education responding to the national needs was also stressed at the World Summit on Medical Education 1993.
WFME participated in the Global Consensus Project for Social Accountability of Medical Schools initiated in 2010, which further focused on the co-operation and link between medical education and the society, highlighting the necessity to meet the health care needs of patients and societies.
In the years 2008-2014 WFME maintained the Avicenna directory, a public database of worldwide medical schools, schools of pharmacy, schools of public health and educational institutions of other academic health professions, which was later merged with IMED to create the World Directory of Medical Schools.
WFME previously had offices in Bethesda, Maryland (USA) and Edinburgh (UK), and most recently in Copenhagen (Denmark) and Ferney-Voltaire (France). The organisation is currently registered in the UK and France.
Mission
The three major projects WFME currently prioritises are the creation of global standards for quality improvement of medical education, managing the World Directory of Medical Schools and the Recognition of Accreditation.
In developing Global Standards, the WFME appointed three International Task Forces, one for each of the three phases of medical education: Building on the standards, WFME provides guidance on establishing medical schools in the context of global standards but also with respect to the national need.
* basic (undergraduate) Medical Education (BME)
* postgraduate medical education (PME)
* continuing medical education (CME)/professional development of medical doctors (CPD)
Together with FAIMER, WFME co-manages the World Directory of Medical School, a public database of medical schools worldwide.
WFME Recognition Programme aims to ensure that accreditation of medical schools in the world, is at an internationally accepted standard. WFME awards Recognition Status to the accrediting agencies that apply and are assessed to be up to the agreed standard.
ECFMG published a press release stating that students applying for ECFMG Certification after 2023 will be required to have graduated from a medical school that has been "appropriately accredited by an agency that uses criteria comparable to those established for U.S. medical schools by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education (LCME) or that uses other globally accepted criteria, such as WFME's".
WFME also develops a project on the Role of the Doctor in the modern society, reflecting the changing position of the medical professions in the world.
Governance
WFME strategy is developed and agreed at the yearly Executive Council meeting. The Executive Council includes the directors of the six regional organisations, representatives of the founding organisations (WHO, WMA) and collaborating organisations (ECFMG, IFMSA) The Junior Doctors Network of WMA also attends by invitation.
Regional offices
AMEE: The Association for Medical Education in Europe
AMEEMR: Association for Medical Education in the Eastern Mediterranean
AMEWPR: Association for Medical Education in Western Pacific Region
AMSA: Association of Medical Schools in Africa
PAFAMS: The Panamerican Federation of Associations of Medical Schools
SEARAME: South-East Asian Regional Association for Medical Education
Affiliated organisations
WFME has been in official relationship with WHO since 1974 aiming to improve medical education worldwide. In 2004 the two organisations formed a strategic partnership and established the international Task Force on Accreditation in Medical Education. The role of WFME in this partnership is to "update global standards, review regional and national standards, collect and disseminate information, encourage institutional self-evaluation and establish an adviser function".
WFME has a formal relationship with the World Medical Association (WMA), and since 1997 with the International Federation of Medical Students´ Associations (IFMSA).
The Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG) became a coopted member in 2007. | WIKI |
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Test
General
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Rsv): Types, Diagnosis And Results
The doctor advises the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Test in susceptible cases of RSV infection. There are various methods for RSV testing. The testing of RSV infection is done through the RSV Rapid test. RSV infection affects the respiratory tract.
What Is The Respiratory Syncytial Virus Test?
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Test is performed to determine the presence of a virus that is responsible for RSV infection. The RSV infection generally affects the respiratory tract including the throat, nose, and lungs. According to the CDC report, almost all children have suffered from this infection by the time they turned 2-years. Fortunately, only a few of them develop severe symptoms that require comprehensive medical attention.
Why Is The Rsv Test Done?
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Test is usually done during the period of RSV infection outbreak. The test is especially advised in groups particularly vulnerable to this infection. These include babies, the elderly, and people with a compromised immune system. Care should be taken for patients who have recently undergone an organ transplant.
What Are The Various Types Of Rsv Tests?
Following are some of the types of RSV tests;
1. Viral Culture
In this method, the microbiologists grow the sample obtained from the patient in the culture media. This method identifies the presence of RSV causing viruses along with various respiratory viruses. This method is costly and time-consuming.
2. Rapid RSV Antigen Testing
RSV rapid test is one of the most common methods for detecting the presence of RSV causing virus. The test provides the results in approximately one hour.
3. RSV RT-PCR
This test involves the identification of the virus at the genetic level. Because of its detection to the genetic level, this test has more sensitivity as compared to the RSV RT-PCR test.
Symptoms Of Respiratory Syncytial Virus
The patient suffering from RSV infection may experience the following symptoms;
• Throat swelling resulting in difficulty in breathing
• Lung inflammation
• Fever
• Wheezing
• Severe coughing
• The faster rate of breathing
• Bluish color of skin
Causes Of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection
Respiratory Syncytial Virus infection is highly contagious. The virus enters the body through multiple routes including the eyes, mouth, or nose. The person may develop an infection when he meets the infected person, and the infected person coughs or sneezes. The virus tends to hold on solid surfaces for a considerable period. Risk increases in premature infants, elderly, compromised immune system, people undergoing chemotherapy and organ transplantation, and children in child care settings.
How Is The RSV Test Done?
During the Respiratory Syncytial Virus Test, the sample is taken from the patient. The technician tests the sample for the presence of a virus. The sample is obtained through the following methods;
1. Blood Test
In this method, the expert takes the blood from the vein of the arm. The blood is then tested for viral infection.
2. Swab Test
As the virus generally affects the respiratory tract, the swab is collected from the nose or throat.
3. Nasal Aspirate
The sample is removed from the nasal cavity after injecting the saline solution.
RSV Test Results
The RSV test results may be positive or negative. The positive RSV tests indicate the presence of RSV infection. The positive results also indicate that the virus is present in the community. Negative results may indicate that the symptoms are due to some other causes. However, the negative test may also indicate that there was not much viral load in the sample that may be due to multiple reasons.
What Is An Rsv Antibody Test?
Whenever a virus, bacteria, or fungus invades the body, the body forms antibodies against these organisms. The antibodies formed are specific. When there is an RSV infection in the body, the immune system synthesizes antibodies against the virus. These antibodies are identified through a blood test. It is known as the RSV antibody test.
What Happens If RSV Antibody Test Results Are Abnormal?
If the RSV antibody test is positive, the treatment should be provided. It depends upon the severity of the disease. In mild symptoms and fever, paracetamol is administered. In severe cases, hospitalization is required, along with intravenous fluids and ventilators. RSV infection may lead to complications such as pneumonia, asthma, and recurrent infections. RSV rapid test is generally used for testing RSV infection. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Orange and Lemons
Orange and Lemons (usually typeset as Orange & Lemons and abbreviated as "O&L" or "ONL") is a Filipino pop rock band founded and formed in 1999 by lead vocalist and guitarist Clem Castro and former member Mcoy Fundales. Brothers Ace and JM del Mundo were later recruited to complete the mainstream lineup. Fundales served as the lead vocalist and guitarist since its formation until its initial breakup in 2007.
The group's musical genre's been a mix of alternative rock, indie pop and experimental music and heavily influenced by several well-respected bands in different generations like The Smiths, The Beatles and the Eraserheads. The band had released three several albums and gained commercial success with their sophomore album Strike Whilst the Iron is Hot released in 2005.
The group parted ways in 2007 due to musical differences. Following the band's breakup, several members formed their own groups. Mcoy Fundales formed Kenyo alongside JM and Ace del Mundo. While, Clem formed his own indie group The Camerawalls with the band's original member, Law Santiago.
In 2017, after 10 years on hiatus, the band announced that they would reunite as a trio, and later as a quartet when keyboardist Jared Nerona joined.
History
The band name "Oranges and Lemons" was initially recommended by a former member of the group. Apparently the band was not aware at the time that the name was actually derived from a British nursery rhyme and a title of an album by the British band XTC.
Clem Castro and Mcoy Fundales met in high school in the mid-1990s. The duo formed a group with friends (with Law Santiago and Michael Salvador) from their province of Bulacan and went through several names such before eventually settling on Orange and Lemons. Brothers Ace and JM del Mundo were in a band called Colossal Youth when they met Castro and Fundales in a local bar in Bulacan in 1999. Castro and Fundales with two other friends were handled by Roldan "Bong" Baluyot of No Seat Affair (a local management, booking and production outfit) when they recorded a two-track demo ("She's Leaving Home", "Isang Gabi") in 1999 as Orange and Lemons. The song "She's Leaving Home" soon found its way to radio station NU107.5 FM's playlist.
The band went on hiatus in 2000, but was reformed in 2003 with the del Mundos in the line-up permanently.They started arranging and rehearsing original songs that would eventually end up in their debut album, Love in the Land of Rubber Shoes and Dirty Ice Cream. which was released on December 3, 2003 With a style of retro music combined with alternative rock, the band's main musical influences ranged from The Beatles and The Smiths, to The Cure and Eraserheads.
Castro and Fundales contacted Bong Baluyot to once again handle the band and ten songs were recorded in three days due to a limited financial budget. After the songs were recorded, Baluyot once again started scouting around for a label that would take the group in.
The band had their first gig stint in a club in Makati City called Where Else? It was in one of those gigs that ONL met Toti Dalmacion, formerly of Groove Nation, a local music store famous for rare and hard-to-find vinyl records. Dalmacion was already toying with the idea of establishing an independent label that he would call Terno Recordings. The label would showcase unsigned and talented Filipino artists with a unique sound and style that could (hopefully) pass international standards. He proposed that ONL be the flagship artist for the label. A one-album deal was signed.
ONL's 10-track debut album, Love in the Land of Rubber Shoes and Dirty Ice Cream was independently released and launched in December 2003. The album's single "(Just Like) A Splendid Love Song" got radio airplay on NU107.5 FM and reached the station's number 1 spot in their weekly countdown. Orange and Lemons was declared Best New Artist for 2004 in NU107's yearly Rock Awards event.
ONL signed a contract with Universal Records in October 2004. The band proceeded to record a new album; their second and first under a major label. Strike Whilst The Iron Is Hot was completed and released in April 28, 2005, with singles including "Hanggang Kailan (Umuwi Ka Na Baby)" release in April 1, 2005, "Heaven Knows (This Angel Has Flown)" released on September 16, 2005, and "Lihim". One of the band's biggest breaks came with an offer from Philippine media giant ABS-CBN for ONL to do the jingle/soundtrack for a new series Pinoy Big Brother, the Philippine franchised version of the reality TV show Big Brother. ONL came up with a song called "Pinoy Ako" released on September 2, 2005.
Other projects of the band included "Abot Kamay" (a song for a shampoo advertisement) and "Blue Moon" (their version of the classic track for a movie theme song).
In June 2005, Orange and Lemons was featured on MTV Philippines in its Rising Star segment, and in March 2006 they were featured in the "Lokal Artist of the Month" segment. Orange and Lemons were named "Artist of the Year" at the NU107's Rock Awards for 2005.
The release of the tribute album of the Apo Hiking Society, Kami nAPO Muna in 2006, where the band contributed one track, gave Orange and Lemons the spotlight again. Orange and Lemons once again did their take on yet another Apo song "Tuloy na Tuloy Pa Rin Ang Pasko" by December 2006. The song was used by ABS-CBN for their Christmas station ID. As a follow-up to "Abot Kamay", the band completed a song from Unilever Philippines called "Let Me" and was used for another shampoo advertisement. Universal Records released their third and last album on June 8, 2007 called Moonlane Gardens. Their first single in that album was "Ang Katulad Mong Walang Katulad" and their last single before they disbanded was "Fade".
"Pinoy Ako" plagiarism allegations
Allegations have been made that the melody and musical arrangement of the band's breakout single "Pinoy Ako", which was the theme song for the reality show Pinoy Big Brother, was stolen from an obscure single, "Chandeliers" by the 1980s English new wave band Care. In a 2021 interview, Castro admitted that he did "subconsciously" apply the chord patterns to "Pinoy Ako" as they also covered songs from The Cure at the time, though he also maintained that the progression used for the song is widely used across genres such as blues and reggae.
Break-up
It was reported on October 10, 2007 by the Inquirer.net that Orange and Lemons had disbanded. The reason stated was primarily due to differences between band members and their managers. Clem Castro, the then lead guitarist of the band, then started his own band, 3-piece indie pop group The Camerawalls signed under his own label, Lilystars Records. He formed the band with original Orange and Lemons bassist Law. The three remaining band members formed a new band called Kenyo.
Reunion
In July 2017, after ten years on hiatus, the band announced on its official Facebook page that they were going to reform as a trio, involving Clem Castro on vocals and lead guitars, JM del Mundo on bass guitar, and Ace del Mundo on drums. In August 2018, the band headlined Moonlane Festival, a concert that it also produced.
On February 10, 2021, the band's label Lilystars Records announced via Twitter that the band would be recording and releasing a new album in 2021, their first release in fourteen years.
Band members
Current members
* Clementine "Clem" Castro – lead vocals, lead guitar, chief songwriter (1999–2007, 2017–present)
* JM del Mundo – bass guitar (2001–2007, 2017–present); backing vocals (2017–present)
* Ace del Mundo – drums (2001–2007, 2017–present); backing vocals (2017–present)
* Jared Nerona – keyboards (2018–present)
Early members
* Mcoy Fundales – co-lead vocals, rhythm and acoustic guitar (1999–2007)
* Law Santiago – bass guitar (1999–2001)
* Michael Salvador – drums (1999–2001)
Albums
* Love in the Land of Rubber Shoes and Dirty Ice Cream (Terno Recordings, 2003)
* Strike Whilst the Iron Is Hot (Universal Records, 2005) (repackaged edition release in October 25, 2005)
* Moonlane Gardens (Universal Records, 2007)
* Love in the Land of Rubber Shoes and Dirty Ice Cream - 15th Anniversary Edition (Lilystars Records, 2018)
* La Bulaqueña (Lilystars Records, 2022)
Singles
* "Hanggang Kailan" (Universal Records, 2005)
* "Pinoy Ako" (Universal Records, 2005) (covered by Rico Blanco for Pinoy Big Brother: Kumunity Season 10)
* "Lovers Go, Lovers Come" (Lilystars Records, 2017)
* "Pag-Ibig sa Tabing Dagat" (Lilystars Records, 2019)
* "Ikaw ang Aking Tahanan" (Lilystars Records, 2019)
* "Yakapin Natin ang Gabi" (Lilystars Records, 2021)
Tribute album appearances
* Ultraelectromagneticjam! - a tribute to Eraserheads ("Huwag Kang Matakot") (2005)
* Kami nAPO Muna - a tribute to APO Hiking Society ("Yakap sa Dilim") (2006)
Christmas album appearances
* Not Another Christmas Album - JAM 88.3 ("Christmas Daydreams") (2004)
* OPM Gold Christmas Album ("Tuloy na Tuloy Pa Rin ang Pasko") (2006)
* Close Up Season of Smiles ("God Rest Ye Merry Gentlemen") (2006)
Other appearances
* NU 107 Super Size Rock (Warner Music Philippines, 2004)
* Jack Lives Here (2004)
* Pinoy Ako (Star Music, 2005)
* Super! The Biggest Opm Hits of the Year (2006)
* Musika sa Bahay ni Kuya: The Best of Pinoy Big Brother Hits (Star Music, 2008)
* i-Star 15: The Best of Inspirational Songs (Star Music, 2010)
* Super Astig Hits (Universal Records, 2016) | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bishop Kevin Vann
The result of the debate was redirect. I deleted it first to expunge the copyvio. Chick Bowen 02:08, 8 May 2006 (UTC)
Bishop Kevin Vann
* Over to you guys. Originally tagged as speedy-delete (criterion A7). — Timwi 17:13, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
* Here's the official website:. Catholic Bishops certainly can qualify for articles, but I reserve comment on whether all bishops deserve their own article. --M @ r ē ino 17:27, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
* Redirect to Roman Catholic Diocese of Fort Worth, which has more information about him than this article, which is basically a stub and a prayer. The prayer (presumably from his investiture) is hardly encyclopedic and has no value from what I can see. Generally, I've only seen individual articles on cardinals and notable archbishops, or bishops who have been involved in major news stories. Fan1967 17:32, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
* This article was tagged for deletion while it was in the process of be built.
* He is the servant for the people of this diocese, therefore I belive that yes he does deserve his own article (as does anyone in a substancial authoritave role).
* More information will be posted as I recieve it.
* Diocese Page should list the bishops but leave the details to individual articles
* Nexxuz 19:00, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
* Redirect per Fan1967. --TM 19:31, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
* Keep and expand, or redirect to list or diocese if not expanded. Bishops in major churches are notable enough in my view, more notable than the average professional baseball player. u p p l a n d 20:44, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
* Contains personal info For some reason, this article contains a mailing address. I suggest that the article be deleted (there's not really much else to it to salvage), but see no reason against re-creation of a real article. Andrew Lenahan - St ar bli nd 21:35, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
* Comment If you remove the prayer (copyvio) and the address (against policy) there's nothing left but a stub with less information than we already had at the Diocese article. Fan1967 21:52, 1 May 2006 (UTC)
* Redirect per Fan1967. As a second choice, if the article is kept, move to Kevin Vann per Naming conventions (people). --Metropolitan90 03:29, 2 May 2006 (UTC)
* Delete to remove copyvio and personal info, then Redirect per Fan1967—WAvegetarian• CONTRIBUTIONS TALK • EMAIL • 03:53, 2 May 2006 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi: "Culture work is never done"
Fresh off the release of a string of headlines about its workplace, Uber CEO Dara Khosrowshahi said at Fortune's Brainstorm Tech conference Monday that culture "can can change but it cannot change in the matter of months," adding that "culture work is never done." Why it matters: Much of Khosrowshahi's tenure since taking over the company nearly a year ago has been about cleaning up the company's problems, which led to his predecessor's resignation in June 2017. More from Khosrowshahi's onstage interview: Uber's culture: "As a company, I can say that we are now acting in a way that is true to one of the norms which is 'we do the right thing, period,'” he said, adding that the company won't be perfect. He also said he doesn't see his job as simply fixing the company — he's here to build a great company going forward. On COO Barney Harford's conduct: He declined to say whether Harford's job is safe, following a report last week of instances of insensitive comments, but said that "the process will be run the right way" to handle these issues and that it's too soon to know. "We take very seriously anything to do with anyone but especially our senior officers.” Working with taxis (again): "It’s A-to-B product," he said of Uber's plans to work with cabs in Japan. "If there is an entity or unit… [that wants] to have access to the incremental demand that we bring, we’re game for that.” Uber's CFO search: "We’re running a process that’s taking longer than I’d like," he said, adding that Uber is looking broadly for candidates. "And I’m being picky here.” Becoming profitable: "The most important thing for me is cash flow and cash generation,” he said. "I don’t want to be dependent on private, public or any market to fund our business. I look at cash before profits. But over periods of time, it’s absolutely important for the business to be profitable." Self-driving cars: "We’re a networks business," he said of Uber's willingness to work with other companies developing self-driving cars. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Report On The Investigation Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election.pdf/392
These considerations distinguish the Supreme Court's holding in Nixon v. Fitzgerald that, in part because inquiries into the President's motives would be "highly intrusive," the President is absolutely immune from private civil damages actions based on his official conduct. 457 U.S. at 756-757. As Fitzgerald recognized, "there is a lesser public interest in actions for civil damages than, for example, in criminal prosecutions." Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. at 754 n.37; see Cheney, 542 U.S. at 384. And private actions are not subject to the institutional protections of an action under the supervision of the Attorney General and subject to a presumption of regularity. Armstrong, 517 US. at 464.
c. In the rare cases in which a substantial and credible basis justifies conducting an investigation of the President, the process of examining his motivations to determine whether he acted for a corrupt purpose need not have a chilling effect. Ascertaining the President's motivations would turn on any explanation he provided to justify his actions, the advice he received, the circumstances surrounding the actions, and the regularity or irregularity of the process he employed to make decisions. But grand juries and courts would not have automatic access to confidential presidential communications on those matters; rather, they could be presented in official proceedings only on a showing of sufficient need. Nixon, 418 U.S. at 712; In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d 729, 754, 756-757 (D.C. Cir. 1997); see also Administrator of General Services, 433 U.S. at 448-449 (former President can invoke presidential communications privilege, although successor's failure to support the claim "detracts from [its] weight").
In any event, probing the President's intent in a criminal matter is unquestionably constitutional in at least one context: the offense of bribery turns on the corrupt intent to receive a thing of value in return for being influenced in official action. 18 U.S.C. § 201(b)(2). There can be no serious argument against the President's potential criminal liability for bribery offenses, notwithstanding the need to ascertain his purpose and intent. See, § 4; see also Application of 28 U.S.C. § 458 to Presidential Appointments of Federal Judges, 19 Op. O.L.C. at 357 n.11 ("Application of § 201[to the President] raises no separation of powers issue, let alone a serious one.").
d. Finally, history provides no reason to believe that any asserted chilling effect justifies exempting the President from the obstruction laws. As a historical matter, Presidents have very seldom been the subjects of grand jury investigations. And it is rarer still for circumstances to raise even the possibility of a corrupt personal motive for arguably obstructive action through the President's use of official power. Accordingly, the President's conduct of office should not be chilled based on hypothetical concerns about the possible application of a corrupt-motive standard in this context.
In sum, contrary to the position taken by the President's counsel, we concluded that, in light of the Supreme Court precedent governing separation-of-powers issues, we had a valid basis for investigating the conduct at issue in this report. In our view, the application of the obstruction statutes would not impermissibly burden the President's performance of his Article II function to supervise prosecutorial conduct or to remove inferior law-enforcement officers. And the protection of the criminal justice system from corrupt acts by any person—including the President—accords with the fundamental principle of our government that "[n]o [person] in this | WIKI |
Sunday, November 16, 2008
Hacks: Replace yum's downloader with Axel
/!\ This is an ugly hack, use it at your own risk,
I am not responsible for any breakage
P/S, your sysadmin might not gonna like this
Disclaimer aside, I really love Python.
So, I'm behind such a bad network which keep timing out, and downloading stuff using yum in this network is a real PITA. And so, I had enough of it and decided to hack around.
Axel is a CLI download accelerator thats lightweight and pretty fast. I've been using it quite frequently to get a bit more speed for my downloads. I think, why not just replace this urllib2 grabber with axel, so, I did. (I am such an evil guy)
After a few hours looking through yum code to find what to modify, I ended up with this
# file: /usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/urlgrabber/customgrabber.py
import grabber
import os
class AxelGrabber(grabber.URLGrabber):
def urlgrab(self, url, filename=None, **kwargs):
"""grab the file at and make a local copy at
If filename is none, the basename of the url is used.
urlgrab returns the filename of the local file, which may be
different from the passed-in filename if copy_local == 0.
"""
opts = self.opts.derive(**kwargs)
(url,parts) = opts.urlparser.parse(url, opts)
(scheme, host, path, parm, query, frag) = parts
def retryfunc(opts, url, filename):
if os.environ.has_key('http_proxy'):
os.environ['HTTP_PROXY'] = os.environ['http_proxy']
os.system('/usr/bin/axel -a -o %s %s' % (filename,url))
return filename
return self._retry(opts, retryfunc, url, filename)
Make sure you put the file above at its path unless you are sure what you are doing. To make it usable with yum, some modification is needed in one of yum's source file.
Edit
/usr/lib/python2.5/site-packages/yum/yumRepo.py
change
from urlgrabber.grabber import URLGrabber
to
from urlgrabber.customgrabber import AxelGrabber as URLGrabber
and you are good to go. Do it at YOUR own risk remember.
Post a Comment
Locations of visitors to this page | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:HtownCat/sandbox9
Dork Diaries: Tales from a Not-So-Glam TV Star is the seventh book in the Dork Diaries series, written by Rachel Renee Russell. The book chronicles the life of main character Nikki Maxwell. This book was released in June 2014.
Plot
A reality TV crew is following Nikki and her friends as they record their hit song together. Nikki finds out that being on television isn't what she expected.
Awards
Book 7 landed at No. 5 on the USA Today Best-selling Books list. | WIKI |
Asthma
A serious lung disease that can cause permanent lung damage. Not curable, but can be controlled. One in 9 NH residents has asthma.
What is asthma?
Asthma is a chronic disease that affects your lungs. It causes repeated episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and nighttime or early morning coughing. There is no cure for asthma yet, but it can be controlled by taking medicine and avoiding the triggers that can cause an acute episode, sometimes called an "asthma attack."
What causes asthma?
We do not know the exact causes of asthma, but we know asthma runs in families. Being exposed to secondhand smoke and infections early in life can increase the risk of developing asthma. Although asthma affects people of all ages, it often starts in childhood. It can begin at any age and can change over time. Asthma attacks occur when your airways react to triggers or things that make your asthma symptoms worse.
What are the signs and symptoms?
Asthma triggers and symptoms can be different for every person, but can include:
• Coughing, especially at night, in the morning, or after activity
• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness (one of the first signs that your asthma is getting worse)
• Wheezing (a high-pitched whistling sound when you breathe out)
How is asthma treated?
People with asthma should experience slight or no symptoms when their condition is managed correctly. To be in control of asthma, it is important to take your asthma medicines as directed. To successfully manage asthma, work with your doctor to make an Asthma Action Plan. The plan will outline the steps to take each day to manage the disease and what to do if your asthma gets worse. The plan should be updated regularly and shared with family members, healthcare providers, and school nurses in the case of children living with asthma.
How do you manage symptoms?
You can follow these steps to help control your asthma:
• Complete an Asthma Action Plan with your doctor and follow it.
• Know your symptoms and take your medication.
• Know your asthma triggers and avoid them.
• Get a flu shot.
• Avoid all tobacco smoke.
Uncontrolled asthma can lead to permanent lung damage. Over time, the constant swelling of the airways can cause scarring. These changes in the airways can cause your lungs to not work as well. Asthma cannot be cured, but all asthma can be managed. Good asthma control allows you to lead a healthy, active lifestyle and have few or no symptoms.
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10
As an example:
List="A B C D"
for I in $List
do
OUT=$OUT" -$I"
done
When I run this the result is:
" -A -B -C -D"
but want it to be:
"-A -B -C -D"
How do I concatenate without the leading space?
This btw is an argument list to a script.
2 Answers 2
15
Use conditional parameter expansion:
List="A B C D"
for I in $List
do
OUT=${OUT:+$OUT }-$I
done
The expression ${OUT:+$OUT } expands to nothing if OUT is not set or empty; if it is set to a nonempty value, then it expands to that value followed by a space.
However, this sort of operation - treating a whitespace-separated string as a list - is fraught with possible problems: quoting, values that unexpectedly contain spaces themselves, etc. You would be better off using an array:
List=(A B C D)
for I in "${List[@]}"
do
OUT=${OUT:+$OUT }-$I
done
Depending on what you're doing with $OUT, it might make sense to make it an array as well:
List=(A B C D)
OUT=()
for I in "${List[@]}"; do
OUT+=("-$I")
done
Then you would use "${OUT[@]}" to pass on the elements of the array to another command as separate arguments.
To go back to your original version, in this specific case you could also just use sed and skip the bash loop entirely:
OUT=$(sed -E 's/^| /&-/g' <<<"$List")
The regex ^| matches either the beginning of the string or a space; the replacement &- means "whatever the regex matched" (the empty string at the start, or a space) followed by a minus sign.
1
You can remove the leading space using a command after the for-loop, such as
OUT=${OUT# }
Leading to
List="A B C D"
for I in $List
do
OUT=$OUT" -$I"
done
OUT=${OUT# }
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Marine Aircraft Group 93
Marine Aircraft Group 93 (MAG-93) was a United States Marine Corps aviation group established during World War II. MAG-93, a dive bombing training group, was commissioned on 1 April 1944 and was initially headquartered at Marine Corps Auxiliary Airfield Bogue, North Carolina. Their mission was to train pilots to fly the Curtiss SB2C Helldiver. The group was decommissioned in October 1945 as part of the post-war drawdown of forces and has been inactive since.
Subordinate units
* Marine Service Squadron-93 (SMS-93)
* VMSB-333
* VMSB-334
* VMSB-342
* VMO-351 – joined group on 10 May 1944
* VMSB-932 – commissioned on 15 May 1944
World War II
Marine Aircraft Group 93 was commissioned on 1 April 1944 at Marine Corps Auxiliary Airfield Bogue, North Carolina. In July 1944, the group's mission changed to that of organizing and training replacement personnel for combat. A month later, in August 1944, the group moved to Marine Corps Air Station Eagle Mountain Lake, Texas and took control of the squadrons that formally belonged to Marine Aircraft Group 33 as it departed for duty in the Pacific Theater. The group remained in this role for the remainder of the war. Following the surrender of Japan, the group was deactivated in October 1945. | WIKI |
Page:E Nesbit - Man and Maid (1906).djvu/216
“Mary has just a hundred a year,” she said, her voice low-toned as she looked across the room to where, demure in braided locks and grey camlet, her companion sat knitting.
“I daresay,” Michael answered indifferently, following her eyes’ flight and her tone’s low pitch; “but she’s young. I shall advertise for an elderly housekeeper. And qui vivra verra.”
The words, lightly cast on the thin soil of a foolish word-play with a pretty woman, bore fruit.
A week later Michael Wood stood aghast before a tray heaped with letters, answers to his advertisement:
“Housekeeper wanted. Must be middle-aged. The older the better. Salary, £500 a year.”
Not much, he had thought, £500 a year—if, by paying it, he might win a wife who would entitle him to an annual £15,000, whose declining years he might kindly cheer, and whose death would set him free to marry a wife whom he could love. His fancy drifted pleasantly towards Sylvia.
Michael was a lazy man, who bristled with business instincts. He telephoned to the nearest “typewriters’ association” for a | WIKI |
Rachael Thomas
Rachael Thomas (née Harder) (born 1986) is a Canadian politician who was elected to represent the riding of Lethbridge in the House of Commons of Canada in the 2015 federal election. A member of the Conservative Party, she was reelected in the 2019 and 2021 federal elections, and has been the Shadow Minister for Canadian Heritage since October 2022. Previously, Thomas has also served as the Official Opposition critic for Youth and Persons with Disabilities, the Status of Women, and Digital Government.
Early life and education
Harder was born in Calgary, Alberta and grew up on a small horse farm in Kathyrn, Alberta, where she was the third of five children. When she was nine years old, she planned a dog kennel business with her parents. Harder engaged in humanitarian work in Mexican orphanages and African health clinics and schools. She graduated from Briercrest College and Seminary in Saskatchewan, and was named its young alumnus of the year in 2012. Harder then moved back to Alberta to attend the University of Lethbridge, where she graduated with a Bachelor of Education and Bachelor of Social Science.
Harder worked as a youth and young adult consultant and published a paper on emerging trends for young Canadians. The report, Hemorrhaging faith: Why and when Canadian young adults are leaving, staying and returning to church was commissioned by the Evangelical Fellowship of Canada and was published in 2012 by Harder and her four co-authors. Using 72 interviews and almost 3,000 survey responses, it studied how and why younger Canadians aged 18-34 were increasingly leaving the church. A review of the report by Kelvin F. Mutter, an associate professor at McMaster Divinity College, praised it as "a sound piece of research" and "a vital resource for anyone interested in ministering with youth and young adults". Mutter also gave minor criticisms of the report for being largely limited to description and analysis instead of solutions, and not devoting more time to early childhood and family spiritual practices because of its scope being limited to young adults.
2015 election and 42nd Parliament
Harder won the nomination race to become the Conservative Party candidate for the riding of Lethbridge for the 2015 federal election. The former MP for the riding, Jim Hillyer, chose to run in the adjacent riding of Medicine Hat—Cardston—Warner, which was created after the 2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution. During Harder's campaign, Harder filled out a survey from the anti-abortion Campaign Life Coalition indicating that she would work to pass laws banning abortion if elected. Later, the Lethbridge Herald reported that she said that all women deserve access to abortion at a campaign town hall. The Campaign Life Coalition then contacted Harder's campaign to verify their "pro-life" rating of her on the organization's website, and restored the profile, claiming that Harder's campaign manager told them that the Herald had misquoted her.
Harder was elected, becoming the first woman MP to represent the traditionally Conservative riding. In November 2015, she was chosen by interim Conservative leader Rona Ambrose to serve as official opposition critic for Youth and Persons with Disabilities. In April 2016, she also became the assistant critic for Health. In Summer 2016, Harder gave nearly $12,000 of the Canada Summer Jobs Grant funds allocated to her as an MP to two Lethbridge pregnancy care centres that do not perform abortions or refer patients to abortion clinics.
During the 2017 Conservative Party leadership election, Harder endorsed Erin O'Toole, who failed to win the leadership. In August 2017, Andrew Scheer, the new Conservative leader, named Harder to his shadow cabinet as critic for the Status of Women. Anti-abortion group RightNow praised Scheer for choosing Harder for the Status of Women critic portfolio. Shortly after taking on the position, in response to media questions about her position on abortion, Harder issued a statement that she would follow the Conservative Party's official position on not re-opening the abortion issue in Canada.
On September 1, 2017, Harder, along with fellow Conservative MP Tony Clement, were banned from entering Azerbaijan because they visited the disputed region of Nagorno-Karabakh, which is occupied by Armenia as part an ongoing conflict. The trip to the region was paid for by One Free World International, a Toronto non-profit group. The executive director of the Armenian National Committee of Canada, Sevag Belian, accompanied Harder and Clement and arranged for them to meet senior government officials on their trip.
In late September 2017, Harder was nominated by fellow Conservative MPs to be the Chair of the House Status of Women Committee, which by convention is chaired by an MP from an opposition party. However, Liberal and NDP members of the committee walked out of the meeting to deny quorum during which the vote to fill the Chair position would have been held, in protest of Harder's anti-abortion voting record and her previous endorsement by the Campaign Life Coalition. The following week, on October 3, the Liberals used their majority on the committee, and also with the support of the committee's only NDP MP, Sheila Malcolmson, to instead nominate and confirm Conservative pro-choice MP Karen Vecchio as Chair over her objections. Afterwards, Vecchio, the Conservative critic for families, children and social development, and Harder issued a joint statement accusing the Liberals of politicizing the Chair selection process and of bullying Harder as a distraction from their recent tax changes.
In October 2018, Harder introduced Bill C-419, the Credit Card Fairness Act. The bill sought to implement measures to end misleading banking practices in the credit card industry and help consumers make informed choices about the use of credit cards. Bill C-419 was defeated at the second reading.
From February 2019 to August 2020, Harder was the Chair of the House Standing Committee for Access to Information, Privacy and Ethics, as well as its subcommittee on agenda and procedure. In March 2019, Harder spearheaded the creation of a inter-parliamentary friendship group between Canada and the Republic of Artsakh, and held its inaugural meeting in association with the Armenian National Committee of Canada. For her role, Harder received a letter of thanks from Ashot Ghulyan, the President of the National Assembly of Artsakh. From April 2019 to February 2020, Harder was a member of the executive of the Canada-Europe Parliamentary Association.
2019 election and 43rd Parliament
In October 2019, Harder was reelected with 65.8% of the popular vote. Harder's Conservative platform for the 2019 federal election included a focus on the expansion of the energy sector, and the completion of pipelines. Her environmental positions included ending carbon pricing in Canada, and prohibiting the dumping of sewage in waterways such as the West Coast and the St. Lawrence River. Harder also cited crime and the opioid crisis as a major issue to be tackled, as well as an advance of aid to local peace officers.
In November 2019, Conservative leader Andrew Scheer removed Harder from her shadow cabinet critic portfolio in a post-election shuffle. In November 2020, Harder received public criticism for sharing on Facebook a Toronto Sun column which highlighted official Alberta Health statistics which showed that up to that point only 10 people who died of COVID-19 in Alberta during the pandemic had no comorbidities. After almost a thousand comments, mostly criticizing her perceived insensitivity to the hundreds dead who had comorbidities, Harder edited her original post to add that it was important to protect the most vulnerable during a pandemic.
After Erin O'Toole, whom Harder had backed for leadership in 2017, won the 2020 Conservative leadership election to succeed Scheer as party leader, Harder returned to the shadow cabinet in the February 2021 shuffle as the critic for Digital Government.
In July 2021, Harder was one of 62 Conservative MPs to vote against a bill banning conversion therapy in Canada.
2021 election and 44th Parliament
In September 2021, Harder was reelected with approximately 55% of the popular vote. In November 2021, she legally changed her name to last name to "Thomas" after her marriage earlier in the year, and began using it for her parliamentary work. During Erin O'Toole's post-election reshuffling of the shadow cabinet, Thomas was not granted a Shadow Cabinet position, it has been speculated that this is due to her stance on vaccination during the COVID-19 pandemic in Canada.
In December 2021, Thomas posted a Facebook Live video, in which she asked for respect and appreciation for unvaccinated Canadians and falsely suggested that the vaccinated were more likely to be hospitalized for COVID-19 than the unvaccinated. Thomas also suggested that being unvaccinated and taking rapid tests was safer than vaccination. At the time of the video being posted, two-thirds of those hospitalized in Alberta for COVID-19 were unvaccinated, despite only making up one-fifth of the population. According to Timothy Caulfield, the Canada Research Chair in Health Law and Policy at the University of Alberta, Thomas's video incorrectly portrayed science as supporting her claims and was harmful misinformation that could lead to vaccine hesitancy.
In March 2022, Thomas made a statement in the House of Commons defining a dictator as "a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force" and said that many Canadians agree that such a definition applied to Prime Minister Justin Trudeau. She then said that whether Trudeau is a dictator would be determined in the next federal election. The statement was criticized by Mark Gerretsen, Parliamentary Secretary to the Government House Leader, fellow Conservative MP Michelle Rempel Garner, and United Conservative premier of Alberta Jason Kenney, among others, for inaccurately equating Trudeau to actual dictators.
In October 2022, new Conservative leader Pierre Poilievre named Thomas Shadow Minister for Canadian Heritage.
Personal life
In June 2021, Harder married Victor Thomas at the Banff Springs Hotel. Harder is a Christian. | WIKI |
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