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In 1704, Alexander Selkirk was voyaging across the South Pacific when, after arguing with the ship's captain, he was put ashore— alone—on an uninhabited island. Equipped with little more than a musket and his wits, Selkirk not only survived in complete solitude for more than four years, but to came to be quite comfortable and happy. After being rescued by a British privateer in 1709, he took a leading role in several dramatic captures of merchant ships. Although he returned to civilization a rich man, he couldn't find a place in society and always longed to return to the paradise of his island.
Selkirk's well-documented adventures so inspired Daniel Defoe that they became the basis for his perennial classic, Robinson Crusoe. In an account that is every bit as fascinating as Defoe's novel, Robert Kraske provides vivid descriptions of Selkirk's days on the island and aboard ship, including details of the violent, bloody, and legally sanctioned pirating that went on in the early 18th century. Author's note, glossary, bibliography, index. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Harmonic Number is not Integer
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Theorem
Let $H_n$ be the $n$th harmonic number.
Then $H_n$ is not an integer for $n \ge 2$.
That is, the only harmonic numbers that are integers are $H_0$ and $H_1$.
Proof
As $H_0 = 0$ and $H_1 = 1$, they are integers.
The claim is that $H_n$ is not an integer for all $n \ge 2$.
Aiming for a contradiction, suppose otherwise:
$(P): \quad \exists m \in \N: H_m \in \Z$
By the definition of the harmonic numbers:
$\displaystyle H_m = 1 + \frac 1 2 + \frac 1 3 + \ldots + \frac 1 m$
Let $2^t$ denote the highest power of two in the denominators of the summands.
Then:
\(\displaystyle H_m\) \(=\) \(\displaystyle 1 + \frac 1 2 + \frac 1 3 + \ldots + \frac 1 m\)
\((1):\quad\) \(\displaystyle \implies \ \ \) \(\displaystyle H_m - \frac 1 {2^t}\) \(=\) \(\displaystyle 1 + \frac 1 2 + \frac 1 3 + \ldots + \frac 1 {2^t - 1} + \frac 1 {2^t + 1} + \ldots + \frac 1 m\)
\(\displaystyle \implies \ \ \) \(\displaystyle 2^{t-1} H_m - \frac 1 2\) \(=\) \(\displaystyle 2^{t-1} + \frac {2^{t-1} } 2 + \frac {2^{t-1} } 3 + \frac {2^{t-1} } 4 + \frac {2^{t-1} } 5 + \frac {2^{t-1} } 6 + \ldots + \frac {2^{t-1} } m\) multiplying by $2^{t-1}$
\((2):\quad\) \(\displaystyle \) \(=\) \(\displaystyle 2^{t-1} + 2^{t-2} + \frac {2^{t-1} } 3 + 2^{t-3} + \frac {2^{t-1} } 5 + \frac {2^{t-2} } 3 + \ldots + \frac {2^{t-1} } m\) cancelling powers of $2$
Let $S$ be the set of denominators on the right hand side of $(2)$.
Then no element of $S$ can have $2$ as a factor, as follows.
Consider an arbitrary summand:
$\dfrac {2^{t-1}}{2^j \times k}$
for some $k \in \Z$, where $j \ge 0$ is the highest power of $2$ that divides the denominator.
For any $2$ to remain after simplification, we would need $j > t - 1$.
Were this to be so, then $2^j\times k$ would have $2^t$ as a factor, and some denominator would be a multiple of $2^t$.
By Greatest Power of Two not Divisor, the set of denominators of the right hand side of $(1)$:
$\left\{ {1, 2, 3, \ldots, 2^t - 1, 2^t + 1, \ldots, m}\right\}$
contains no multiple of $2^t$.
Therefore there can be no multiple of $2$ in the denominators of the right hand side of $(2)$.
Let:
$\ell = \lcm \left({S}\right)$
be the least common multiple of the elements of $S$.
Because all the elements of $S$ are odd, $\ell$ is likewise odd.
We have:
\(\displaystyle 2^{t-1} H_m - \frac 1 2\) \(=\) \(\displaystyle 2^{t-1} + 2^{t-2} + \frac {2^{t-1} } 3 + 2^{t-3} + \frac {2^{t-1} } 5 + \frac {2^{t-2} } 3 + \ldots + \frac {2^{t-1} } m\) from $(2)$
\(\displaystyle \implies \ \ \) \(\displaystyle \frac {2^t H_m - 1} 2\) \(=\) \(\displaystyle \frac{2^{t-1} \ell + 2^{t-2} \ell + 2^{t-1}\left({\ell/3}\right) + 2^{t-3} \ell + 2^{t-1}\left({\ell/5}\right) + \ldots + 2^{t-1} \left({\ell/m}\right)} \ell\) multiplying top and bottom by $\ell$
\(\displaystyle \implies \ \ \) \(\displaystyle \ell \left({2^t H_m - 1}\right)\) \(=\) \(\displaystyle 2 \left({2^{t-1} \ell + 2^{t-2} \ell + 2^{t-1}\left({\ell/3}\right) + 2^{t-3} \ell + 2^{t-1}\left({\ell/5}\right) + \ldots + 2^{t-1} \left({\ell/m}\right)}\right)\) multiplying both sides by $2 \ell$
But the left hand side of that last equation is odd, while its right hand side is even.
As this is a contradiction, it follows that our assumption $(P)$ that such an $m$ exists is false.
That is, there are no harmonic numbers apart from $0$ and $1$ which are integers.
$\blacksquare$
Sources | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/MyDefrag
The result was soft delete. WP:REFUND applies. The Bushranger One ping only 23:48, 2 November 2017 (UTC)
MyDefrag
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
Not notable and fails Wikipedia's General notability guideline. FockeWulf FW 190 (talk) 17:45, 13 October 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Technology-related deletion discussions. M assiveYR ♠ 17:57, 13 October 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Internet-related deletion discussions. M assiveYR ♠ 17:57, 13 October 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Software-related deletion discussions. M assiveYR ♠ 17:57, 13 October 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Computing-related deletion discussions. Shawn in Montreal (talk) 02:02, 20 October 2017 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 17:22, 20 October 2017 (UTC) Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Comment. This is getting embarrassing. A short time at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Deletion_sorting/Software and this one too?? A DeFrag program, described in the second sentence as "inclusion of a scripting language" is not notable??? You can google about that fact that the word is spelled with 2 R's - EmbaRRass, NOT embarass. Aside from my self-interest in seeing that the work I put into PerfectDisk and Raxco not be deleted, the efforts by others to start DiskTuna/DiskTune, MyDefrag, TouchMail, GyazMail, et al - shows that there's something "wrong with the system." As for the "sock puppet" problem (TouchMail @ 00:51, 26 October 2017), perhaps I can risk saying that there are holes in the shoes. Even defining a scripting language takes some effort. Implementing one takes even more. Someone needs to think about the Cat-for-sale that plays the violin (story) - the potential buyer then says "but not as good as Jascha Heifetz." More time is needed on editing and less time on nominating for deletion etc. etc. The sock puppets and paid editors (yes, I was unaware of this problem until not long ago) will not go away any more than the people who (name whatever is your pet problem). Pi314m (talk) 10:44, 26 October 2017 (UTC)
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, CAPTAIN RAJU (T) 17:21, 27 October 2017 (UTC)
* Delete: No obvious notability. The argument above seems to suggest that since it has a scripting language it should be notable, but that's not what notable means. I understand the frustration of seeing hard work go unappreciated, but that happens some times. Maury Markowitz (talk) 15:15, 31 October 2017 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Of the 500 bodies thought to have been buried beneath the Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit, about 200 were naturally mummified. The rest, like this skull covered in fly remains, decomposed.
Pictures: Centuries After Death, Mummies Still Telling Stories
A crypt in Vilnius, Lithuania, offers insights into 18th- and 19th-century life and health.
After they died, the wealthiest and most prominent residents of 18th-century Vilnius, Lithuania, were interred beneath the Dominican Church of the Holy Spirit, in the center of town. Decades later, they were joined by the bodies of Napoleonic troops who had perished while headed home to France after their defeat in Russia.
The tombs were also employed by the living. When Vilnius was overrun by the Polish army in World War I, and by the Nazis in World War II, when the crypt was used as a bomb shelter. But the dead bodies inside endured—even when the Soviets tried to turn the hidden cellars into a museum celebrating atheism.
“Those people buried there were resting and at the same time were witnesses to the historical events that characterized this city,” says Italian anthropologist Dario Piombino-Mascali, who has been studying the remains for five years.
More than half the bodies in the Lithuanian crypt quickly decomposed, leaving behind nothing but skeletal remains. But for some reason—perhaps the season of their death combined with the consistently dry underground climate—other bodies dried out and naturally turned into mummies. Instead of becoming skeletons, skin survived intact and facial features remained recognizable.
In fact, 23 of the crypt's mummies remain in pristine condition. Piombino-Mascali, a National Geographic grantee, put them in a CT scanner, seeking to learn more about life and health in the 18th and 19th centuries. The mummies are just as important as those from ancient Egypt, he says, because they allow scientists to compare current health issues with those of the not-too-distant past.
Before Piombino-Mascali's findings, clogged arteries were seen largely as a disease of modernity, though hardened arteries had been seen in Egyptian mummies. Indeed, the Vilnius mummies bear the signs of obesity and sedentary lifestyles.
Most of the corpses also showed signs of cavities in their teeth. And several clearly endured tuberculosis. One young girl suffered from a birth defect and a bone-altering vitamin deficiency that might have been born of her family’s shame.
The people of Vilnius used to think the crypts were haunted, believing that many of the corpses were victims of plague, and that the disease could spread to the living. Piombino-Mascali, who has also led research on mummies in Sicily, says his work has given Vilnius's residents a more realistic picture of the crypt and their own history.
Here are some of Piombino-Mascali's creepiest pictures from the project. | FINEWEB-EDU |
User:<IP_ADDRESS>
Florida Air Academy
Please see WP:NN. Each person entered must have an article. Re-entering a nn name may be perceived as vandalism. 22:40, 6 December 2013 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:Thomas Fairfax (Gilling)
Please expand
I can't find very many sources about this person, besides WARGS and John Marwood's History of Gilling. I would appreciate any help. -- La comadreja formerly AFriedman RESEARCH (talk) 04:29, 21 November 2010 (UTC)
Sir Thomas Fairfax (c1475 - 1520)
It is a relief to see the William & Catherine ancestry attributed to the right Fairfax. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Smlark (talk • contribs) 18:53, 28 November 2010 (UTC)
Since Gilling is not part of his name, perhaps Sir Thomas Fairfax (c1475 - 1520) would be the better title, as there are several Sir thomas Fairfaxes.--Wetman (talk) 23:24, 21 November 2010 (UTC)
* OK. Wasn't sure how to distinguish him, in the title, from his father and from the other people with the same name. Feel free to make those page moves. -- La comadreja formerly AFriedman RESEARCH (talk) 00:37, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
* Before you do anything, look up a few other names that are shared by multiple people - for example John Smith. There is very little consistency in how people are distinguished. Martinvl (talk) 12:46, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
Notability
Does this Sir Thomas Fairfax have sufficient notability to be included in Wikipedia. An extract from the section on invalid criteria for notability read "For example, Brooklyn Beckham and Jason Allen Alexander are included in the articles on David Beckham and Britney Spears, respectively, and the links, Brooklyn Beckham and Jason Allen Alexander, are merely redirects to those articles."
If Sir Thomas is not notable, to which article should references to him be redirected? In my view, that there are four candidate articles for redirection is sufficient cause for the article to stand alone, especially if there is additional information that is irrelevant to all four articles. Martinvl (talk) 13:03, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
* Gilling Castle
* William, Prince of Wales
* Kate Middleton
* Marriage of Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton.
* I think this is a notable topic simply because people will be interested in an article on the common ancestor of the two, no matter how terse his mention in the historical record. But of course to be gender correct the mother was presumably also a common ancestor and the article should be phrased in such a way that this is made clear. --PBS (talk) 12:55, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
This is not a geneaology website. If the mention must be made in the article then it should only be stated once. More than that sounds obsessive. Virgosky (talk) 16:22, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
* We have already had this discussion so I have reverted your changes. Martinvl (talk) 16:54, 13 January 2012 (UTC)
* As I have said, this matter has been discussed; moreover anything in the lede should be expanded in the body of the article. Martinvl (talk) 07:38, 22 January 2012 (UTC)
Unreliable sources
I have added the template to unreliable source to two sources:
* Ancestry of Kate Middleton, William Addams Reitweisner Genealogy Services.[unreliable source?]
* "Sir Thomas Fairfax". thePeerage.com. 5 November 2010. http://www.thepeerage.com/p15419.htm#i154183. cites Michael Rhodes, "re: updates," e-mail message to www.thepeerage.com, 8 July 2004. Hereinafter cited as "re: updates."; Richard Glanville-Brown, online , Richard Glanville-Brown (RR 2, Milton, Ontario, Canada), downloaded 17 August 2005.[unreliable source?]
Because AFAICT the first source is not in itself reliable and it does not cite its sources. The second Darryl Lundy of thePeerage.com can usually be made reliable by citing the sources it uses, but in this case they are email messages which are not reliable, therefor the whole citation is not reliable. -- PBS (talk) 12:55, 7 December 2010 (UTC)
* I talked with Darryl Lundy and he said "I have William Fairfax as a son of Nicholas Fairfax, son of Sir Thomas Fairfax and Anne Gascoigne. Which doesn’t quite match William Reitwiesner’s site, who is normally quite reliable. http://www.wargs.com/other/middleton.html So I’m wondering if I should simply delete the connection between William and Nicholas and let the line stop at William. Regards, Darryl". Again, none of this has been proven yet -- many sites are just going off the one site of Reitweisner and then what they have read in the papers. This has become a huge mess -- please refer to Talk:Kate Middleton under ancestry issues. The Glanville-Brown citation is no longer on the peerage site, under the source for what Darryl has it simply has an email from Michael Rhodes. The Marwood source says nothing more than what is posted on the page 'William was Nicholas' twin and settled at Bury St. Edmunds, being buried in Walsingham.' There is no mention of his wife or lineage which on the Reitweisner page says is another William Fairfax but again lists no wife. Also you notice that these pages only came up after the papers started printing this information on Kate, right after the engagement? As a note to those putting up personal webpages as sources, wiki's status on it:
"Anyone can create a personal web page or pay to have a book published, then claim to be an expert in a certain field. For that reason, self-published media, such as books, patents, newsletters, personal websites, open wikis, personal or group blogs, Internet forum postings, and tweets, are largely not acceptable as sources. Self-published expert sources may be considered reliable when produced by an established expert on the topic of the article whose work in the relevant field has previously been published by reliable third-party publications. However, one should take care when using such sources: if the information in question is really worth reporting, someone else is likely to have done so. Self-published sources should never be used as third-party sources about living persons, even if the author is an expert, well-known professional researcher, or writer." -- Lady Meg (talk) 10:31, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
* I have removed the flags that were introduiced a few hours ago. There has been a long discussion about parts of this article at Talk:Wedding of Prince William of Wales and Kate Middleton. Please read these before reinstating any flags and in particular the flags associated with WARGS. Martinvl (talk) 12:16, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
The thing is that none of this has been proven with reasonable sources and that has even been said on that "Wedding" page. If you look at Kate's talk page you will see what we have been talking about and how there is no sources confirming these statements. This page was obviously written to put up Kate Middleton's supposed ancestry that was released in a paper right after the engagement, which has not been proven. The other Thomas Fairfax has the same sentence in the beginning about Prince William and Kate having this same ancestor. It's solely based on a few articles which do not refer to reliable sources. Even in that Reitweisner page there are self-published books trying to confirm this lineage and for the Fairfax lineage there is only one book, a family memoirs book called The Suffolk Bartholomeans : a memoir of the ministerial and domestic history of John Meadows, again I think you need to read the Verifiability page about self published sources which state at the top and bottom of the page 'The following material on the immediate ancestry of Kate Middleton should not be considered either exhaustive or authoritative, but rather as a first draft.' -- Lady Meg (talk) 23:24, 26 January 2011 (UTC) Also if you go in to edit the actual references -- it says in the description A guess but most likely, right there in the middle. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Lady Meg (talk • contribs) 23:32, 26 January 2011 (UTC)
* Where exactly is the text to which you refer. I had a look at the document, but could not find it. I do know that there is one connection which Reiswitter mentions, but which is says must be treated with caution - the connection that would, if it could be proven, make then 12th cousins. If you look at the verifiablity note, we are justified in making the statement because we could quote all the daily newspapers. Martinvl (talk) 06:36, 27 January 2011 (UTC)
"Treated with caution" means that is speculation and uproven. Virgosky (talk) 23:35, 18 May 2011 (UTC)
Reinstatement of 18-May-2011
Thomas Fairfax' notability in the 21st century is his connection with both the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. That is why I reinstated the sentence. Martinvl (talk) 20:57, 18 May 2011 (UTC)
* I am reverting it. Wikipedia is not a geneaology website or an outlet for fans of William and Kate. Thomas Fairfax is an ancestor of many notable royals. Are you planning to list of them, as well? Virgosky (talk) 23:23, 18 May 2011 (UTC)
* I created this artcile in the frist place because many sources, both in Wikipedia and in the press erroneously cited Sir Thomas Fairfax, the Parliamentarian general of a century later as being the common ancestor of the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. If the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge are linked to this article, then a reverse link is also reasonable. If you disagree, please raise as RFC rather than re-edit.
* Which other royals are descended from Sir Thomas Fairfax of Gilling? I only know of Diana, Princess of Wales, but unlike her son, William, Duke of Cambridge, her spouse was not also descended from him. Martinvl (talk) 06:26, 19 May 2011 (UTC)
Prince Harry for one. He is William's brother and therefore a descent of Thomas Fairfax. Sarah Ferguson and her two daughters, and I believe the Countess of Wessex and her children. Unless you are planning to list them too the information does not belong there. Why is it necessary to list William and Kate as descendents? Last time I checked, Wikipedia was not meant to be a geneaology website nor a fansite for the Duke and Duchess. Just because you have the sources does not mean the information belongs in the article. But, I can see you are a fan who wishes to use this site as your own personal shrine to the couple so arguing with you is useless. Virgosky (talk) 12:44, 19 May 2011 (UTC)
Add the other members of the RF in the article then you can list William and Kate, although, I would remind you again this not a geneaology site. Virgosky (talk) 13:57, 31 May 2011 (UTC)
* The reason for Sir Thomas' notability is that he is a common ancestor to both William and Kate who are husband and wife. There is no other instance where he is an ancestor to both husband and wife. Furthermore I wouldn't get too stressed about the spelling of Gascoigne/Gascoyne - it was only in the nineteenth century that spellings became standardised in England - Shakespeare for example signed his name in half a dozen different ways. Martinvl (talk) 17:19, 31 May 2011 (UTC)
Revertion of 2 March 2013
There is sound evidence to demonstrate that the Duchess was descended from somebody called William Fairfax. There is sound evidence that Sir Thomas Fairfax had a son called William. There is circumstancial evidence to suggest that these two records refer to the same person. The changes to the text do not make this clear which is why I reverted. Martinvl (talk) 07:35, 2 March 2013 (UTC)
Inconsistency across pages
There is an inconsistency between this page and the page of the father: Thomas Fairfax (Walton). Father's page states that Thomas was one of 10 children (Including a Margaret) while this page states nine siblings and excludes Margaret. Any clarification would be great. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Cheesmanjc (talk • contribs) 14:32, 9 July 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 30.djvu/1078
1040 FIFTY-FIFTH CONGRESS. Sess. III. Ch. 421. 1899. 1*·¤r•¤¤¤¢S¤¤·¤¤¤¤- BUREAU on STEAM ENGINEERING. · gineerlug. compmm ot ms. STEAM MACHINERY: For completion, repairing, and preservation of °"i“°""·°"°· machinery and boilers of naval vessels, including cost of new boilers; distilling, refrigerating, and auxiliary machinery; preservation of and small repairs to machinery and boilers in vessels in ordinary, receiving and training vessels, repair and care of machinery of yard tugs and mma. _ launches, six hundred and eighty thousand dollars: Provided, That no L*”'“· "°°‘*°"""*’“· part of said sum shall be applied to the engines, boilers, and machinery of wooden ships where the estimated cost of such repair shall exceed ten per centum of the estimated cost of new engines and machinery of the same character and power, nor shall new boilers be constructed for wooden ships. Materials- For purchase, handling, and preservation of all material and stores, purchase, iitting, repair, and preservation of machinery and tools in navy-yards and stations, and muning yard engines, four hundred thousand dollars. Inmuimupmts. For incidental expenses for navy vessels, yards, and the Bureau, such as foreign postage, telegrams, advertising, freight, photographing, books, stationery, and instruments, ten thousand dollars. In all, steam machinery, one million and ninety thousand dollars. cmmgan. CoNT1NGENT, BUREAU or STEAM ENGINEERING: For contingencies, drawing materials, and instruments for the drafting room, one th ou sand dollars. Mwbmm p1•¤¢¤. MAGHINEBY 1>LANr, NAVY·YARD, NORFOLK, VIRGINIA: Additional "'§·’,,]:,'§'u$y,_ tools required to put the yard in condition for building and repairing ' modern marine machinery with economy and dispatch, fifteen thousand dollars. P¤z~¢S•>¤¤<|.W¤h- MACHINERY PLANT, NAVAL STATION, PUGET SOUND, WASHING- ToN: Additional tools required to iit out plant for repairs of engines, boilers, and so forth, of United States naval vessels, twenty-Eve thousand dollars. League mma. ra. MAOHHIEBY PLANT, NAVY-YARD, LEAGUE IsLAND, PENNSYLVANIA: Boiler-making plant, fifteen thousand dollars. Br¤<¤kiy¤.N·Y- MAUIUNERY PLANT, NAVY-vARn, BRooKLrN, NEW YoRx: Additional tools required to put the yard in condition for building and repairing modern marine machinery with economy and dispatch, fifty thousand dollars. own emnmumm. CIVIL ESTABLISHMENT, BUREAU OF STEAM ENGINEERING: Navy- one thousand two hundred dollars; one messenger, at six hundred dollars; in all, one thousand eight hundred dollars; mat, nm. N avy-yard, Boston, Massachusetts: For one clerk to department, one thousand three hundred dollars; nminyn, N. Y. Navy-yard, Brooklyn, New York: For one clerk, at one thousand four hundred dollars; one writer, at one thousand dollars; one messenger, at six hundred dollars; in all, three thousand dollars; L,,,,,,,,,, m,,,,d_ P,_ Navy-yard, League Island, Pennsylvania: For one clerk, at one thousand two hundred dollars; Nt.-:..11., v. Navy-yard, Norfolk, Virginia: For one clerk, at one thousand three hundred dollars; one messenger, at six hundred dollars; in all, one thousand nine hundred dollars; ‘ rumors, ra d Navy-yard, Pensacola, Florida: For one writer, at one thousand ol ars; Mare mana, cn. N avy-yard, Mare Island, California: For one clerk to department, at one thousand four hundred dollars; one messenger, at six hundred dollars; one writer, at one thousand dollars; in all, three thousand dollars; In all, civil establishment, Bureau of Steam Engineering, thirteen thousand two hundred dollars; and no other fund appropriated by this Act shaH be used in payment for such service. Naval Academy. NAVAL ACADEMY. Payhvf pr¤f¤¤¤¤r¤ PAY OF PBOFEss0Rs AND OTHERS, NAVAL ACADEMY: For one pro- ““° °° °"‘ fessor of mathematics, one of chemistry, one of physics, and one of
* `°’°°‘“°“"’·N·H· yard, Portsmouth, New Hampshire: For one clerk to department, at | WIKI |
Other
Is vortex bladeless real?
Is vortex bladeless real?
Vortex Bladeless is a vortex induced vibration resonant wind generator. It harnesses wind energy from a phenomenon of vorticity called Vortex Shedding. Basically, bladeless technology consists of a cylinder fixed vertically with an elastic rod. In other words, it is a wind turbine which is not actually a turbine.
Who owns vortex bladeless?
David Yáñez
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The vast majority of wind turbines are painted white for aesthetic reasons, so as not to become an eyesore or a blot on the landscape. There are more practical reasons too, including safety, longevity, and protection. Surprisingly, white paint can extend the life span of a wind turbine.
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The three-blade design is the best type for a home windmill. It is more durable and efficient. This optimizes the balance and gives the windmill an extended life. The blades can be constructed from a long lasting wood such as cedar or PVC pipe .
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Blade Dynamics develops, manufactures advanced wind turbine blades, soon part of GE. GE Wind recently announced that it purchased U.K. blade manufacturer Blade Dynamics.
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A wind generator is a mechanical device that generates electrical energy from wind power. Wind turbine generators are a little different to other generating units you will find attached to the electricity grid. The reason is that the generator has to work with a power source (the wind turbine rotor)…
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Menstrual disorders Flashcards Preview
Obstetrics and Gynaecology > Menstrual disorders > Flashcards
Flashcards in Menstrual disorders Deck (31):
1
Define menorrhagia
>80ml menstrual loss/period
2
Etiology (3 categories and most common)
1. Systemic
->Thyroid
->Coagulopathies
->PCOS
2. Local
->Fibroids
->PID
->Endometrial Ca
->Endometriosis/adenomyosis
->DUB
->Endometrial polyps, endometritis
->Miscarriage
3. Iatrogenic
->IUCD
->Iron deficiency anaemia
->anticoagulants
Most commonly:
->PCOS
->Fibroids
->Miscarriage
->Endometritis
->PID
->DUB
->Polyp
3
Important history in menorrhagia
Gynaecological history->LMP, menarche, cycle length/regularity, heaviness, pap smear, surgical/procedural
Obstetric history
Frequency, inter-menstrual/post coital
Clots, floodigs, ++double sanitary
protection
Lethargy, breathless
Sexual history
Contraceptive use
Menstural pain
Dysmenorrhea
Premenstural pain (endoM)
Hx PCOS + risk of endoM Ca
Thyroid symptoms, clotting
Missed periods, hot flushes
4
Possible explanation to woman who has had tubal ligation, prior was on OCP and now has heavy periods
OCP reduces menstrual loss so may have been hiding her menorrhagia.
Many women blame tubal ligation for heavy periods
5
Is D&C therapeutic
No, it is a diagnostic procedure
6
Physical examination in menorrhagia
General-> including vitals
Thyroid- obese, dry skin, breathless, edema, goiter,
Anemia,
PCOS,
Stigmata of liver disease/coagulopathy
Abdominal
Vaginal/bimanual/pap smear if overdue
Visual fields
7
Investigations in menorrhagia
FBC
Iron studies
Depending on presentation->
LFTs, coagulation
TSH
Prolactin
Gonorrhea/chlamydia
VWF, Factor 7/8 deficiency->important to exclude in the young patients
Pelvic USS/Hysteroscopy/Biopsy in older and younger w/ risk factors (InterM/post-coital bleeding)
8
Management overview for menorrhagia
1. Correct anemia
2. Treat systemic disorders or focal pathology
3. Attempt control by medical therapy
4. If fails consider->ablation, hysterectomy
9
Medical management of menorrhagia
1. Tranexamic acid (80% reduction, taken on heavy bleeding days) + mefenamic acid (50% reduction, commence 5-7 days before menstruation)
2. COCP, Mirena (most effective, 95% reduction in blood loss), long acting progestogens
3. Danazol
4. GnRH agonist
10
Surgical options for menorrhagia
1. Endometrial ablation-> 50% amenorrheic, 40% reduced, 10% unchanged. For mid-late 40s
2. Hysterectomy
11
Role of GnRH agonists in menorrhagia
produce reversible,
temporary menopausal. Preoperative
state= corrects iron deficiency,
-ve size of fibroids,
-ve surgical blood loss
12
Side effects and mechanism of mirena
5 years
Low dose progestogen
Thins endometrium
94% reduction MBL after 3 month
SE:
PV spotting, weight gain, breast tenderness,
expulsion of devices, increased ovarian cysts
formation
13
Following up patient with menorrhagia
2 weeks->review results
Remind to have routine pap smear
If iron deficient->oral iron supplements until heavy bleeding controlled
Review again in 3 months unless problems
14
Requirements for normal menstruation
Hypothalmic function
Pituitary function
Ovarian function
Endometrial function
Patent cervix and vagina
15
Etiology of dysfunctional uterine bleeding
Anovulatory cycles->
Functional ovarian tumor
PCOS
Obesity
Malnutrition
Systemic illness
Thyroid
Adrenal
Other->
OCP
Post/perimenopausal changes
16
Mechanism of DUB
+estrogen proliferation w/o progesterone countering effect
inadequate luteal phase->low progesterone, early menses
17
Pathophysiology of amenorrhea in hypothyroidism
+TRH--> +prolactin=
inhibition of LH/FSH=
anovulation
also +SHBG,
+Testosterone
-ve clearance of estrogen
18
Is a vaginal examination performed on a virgin
No- an abdominal examination is all that is required
19
Managing menorrhagia in adolescent patient
1. Iron-folate supplementation 2-3 months
2. 50ug ethynyl estradiol COCP->be sure to check BP, ask about migraines with aura, history of VE/family
3. Pill has other roles other than contraception
4. Initial SE of N, headache- will generally resolve with continued use
5. Must take every day, same time, pissed pill will lead to breakthrough bleeding
6. Also helpful with menstrual pain, can add mefenamic acid/NSAIDs
7. Other alternative is tranexamic acid, but OCP is easiest. Takes 2-3 cycles to judge effectiveness
8. Review in 3 months. Can continue on the pill until want to have a baby. When becomes sexual active should return to understand contraceptive effects
20
Define primary and secondary dysmenorrhea
Primary->not associated with pelvic patholgy
Secondary->due to pelvic pathology
21
Presentation of primary dysmenorrhea
6-12 months post menarche
Lower abdominal, cramping, ay radiate to back/inner thigh
8-72 hours
Can be associated with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue and headache
Usually subsides once menses commences
22
Presentation of secondary dysmenorrhea
Years after menstruation, new complaint in 30s and 40s.
Not always with menstruation alone
May worsen as menses progresses
May be accompanied by irregular heavy bleeding, discharge and dysparaneuria
23
Etiology of secondary dysmenorrhea
Endometriosis
Chronic PID
Polyps
Fibroids
IUCD
Congenital uterine abnormalities
Cervical stenosis
Ovarian pathology
24
History in dysmenorrhea
Age of menarche
Onset
Characetristics
Timing/duration
Associated->fatigue, irritability, dizziness, HA, MV
Exacerbating/relieving->secondary more commonly resistant to NSAIDs
Severity, interference with daily activity
Menstrual history
Post-coital, intermenstrual, vaginal discharge
Sexual history
Obstetric history
Medical, family, social
25
Examination in dysmenorrhea
General inspection
Abdominal
Pelvic
Speculum
Bimanual
Not necessary in young when most likely primary
26
Investigations in dysmenorrhea
Primary->nil required
TVUS
Chlamydia/gonorrhea swabs/serology
FBC
Pregnancy test
Laparoscopy->PID, endometriosus, adhesions
Ca-125 if ovarian mass
MRI/CT if USS equivocal
Hysteroscopy
Pipelle biopsy
27
Red flags in dysmenorrhea
PID
Ovarian cyst with hemorrhage
Ovarian torsion
28
Management of primary dysmenorrhea
1. Reduce risk->smoking cessation, reduce alcohol, maintain healthy weight
2. Ensure not to see menstruation in negative light
3. NSAIDs->naproxen, mefenamic acid or ibuprofen: start day before menses, continue for 48-72 hours
4. COCP->ethinylestradiol30ug COCP
5. Heat packs
29
Pathogenesis of primary dysmenorrhea
Prostaglandins released by endometrial cells at the start of menstruation cause vasoconstriction, muscle contraction and compression of the spiral arteries, leading to myometrial ischaemia. The severity of primary dysmenorrhoea is directly related to the prostaglandin concentration in the menstrual fluid.
30
Dosing of NSAID in primary dysmenorrhea
Ibuprofen->200-400mg PO 3-4 times daily. Max 1600g
Mefenamic acid 500mg tds
Naproxen 500mg PO initial, then 250mg every 6-8 hours
31
Risk factors for primary dysmenorrhea
Early menarche
Prolonged menstrual flow
Smoking
Alcohol
Obesity | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:PettyWilliam1899EconomicWritingsVol2.djvu/232
E have by the number of Burials in healthfull years, and by the proportion of the living to those who die yearly, as also by the number of Houses and Families within the 134 Parishes, called London, and the estimate of the Heads in each, pitch'd upon the number of People in that City to be at a Medium 695718. |33|
2. We have, by allowing that at Paris above 80 thousand Families (viz. 81280) do live in 23223 Houses, 32 Palaces, and 38 Colleges, or that there are 81,280 Kitchins within less than 24 thousand Street-dores; as also by allowing 30 Heads for every one that died necessarily there; we have pitch'd upon the number of People there at a Medium to be 488055, nor have we restrained them to 300 thousand, by allowing with Monsr. Auzout 6 Heads for each of Morery's 50 thousand Houses or Families. | WIKI |
Talk:Minister of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions
Arun Shourie - Was he a Minister of State?
, <IP_ADDRESS> made numerous edits to create the table for the list of ministers on Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions page, which you shifted it to this page. So, I am tagging to know ask how, based on this link found at the official site, can we accommodate Arun Shourie in the table, who was the Minister of State (MoS) from 22 November 1999 to 1 September 2001? The issue is that, as per the same PDF, Vasundhara Raje was the MoS from 9 April 1999 to 30 January 2003. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:57, 9 March 2018 (UTC)
* yes, I think we can accommodate Arun Shourie in the table. As the table lists MoSs in chronological order, Shourie would place below Raje, as far as the goes, we can add a note that the couple of them served concurrently as MoS for Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions for ‘x’ period of time. I would get onto this later. Regards, SshibumXZ (Talk) (Contributions). 18:44, 9 March 2018 (UTC)
* ✅. Regards, SshibumXZ (Talk) (Contributions). 13:43, 26 March 2018 (UTC)
A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 19:38, 7 June 2020 (UTC)
* Dr.Jitendra Singh.JPG | WIKI |
Free HTML to XML Parser Code Converter
Have you ever had the experience of writing HTML, only to find that it wasn’t quite doing what you wanted it to? You wanted to convert a list into an ordered list, but it didn’t quite turn out that way. The right code can be elusive. It’s like a puzzle, and you keep trying different combinations until you find the one that works.
I’m sure you’ve encountered HTML documents in your work at some point. You might have seen it in the form of emails, web pages, or text documents. It’s everywhere, and we interact with it on a daily basis. But do you know what it is?
Have you ever wanted to convert a bunch of HTML into a single XML file? Maybe you want to fetch all the data from a website and store it in a database. Or perhaps you want to extract data from a web page to make it easier to process. Well, today we’re going to learn how to do just that.
HTML to XML is a simple application that can be used to convert HTML documents into XML documents. This can be useful if you need to extract data from the HTML source of a web page, but don’t have the ability to access the HTML source itself. The application is designed to take a single HTML page as input, and output the same page in XML format. The application can also be used to extract certain elements from the HTML page, and output them in XML format.
HTML to XML is an API that takes HTML as input and produces XML as output. The API is built on top of OpenCalais, a powerful natural language processing engine. It can be used to extract data from HTML documents, making it a useful tool for data extraction. The API can be used for free, with limitations, or for a fee.
The application can be used to perform simple extractions from HTML documents. It can also be used to perform complex extractions, such as extracting all the text from a blog post. The application can be used on the following blogging platforms: Blogger, Tumblr, WordPress, and Internet Explorer. It can also be used on text documents and PDFs.
If you’re interested in learning how to build your own version of the HTML to XML Parser Code Converter, you can find the code converter that I’ve written for blogger here: HTML to XML Parser Code Converter for blogger
This article will show you how to build a simple HTML to XML parser using OpenCalais. We will build a blogger converter that can be used to extract the text from a blog post and output the text in XML format. This can be useful if you want to extract data from a blog post and output the data in another format. You can use this API to extract text from web pages, text files, or any other type of text.
The application can be used to extract data from HTML documents. It can also be used to convert a bunch of HTML into a single XML file. The application can be used to fetch all the data from a blog and store it in a database. It can also be used to extract data from a web page and make it easier to process.
HTML to XML Parser Code Converter For Blogger is exceptionally valuable whether you’re in the IT business or contributing to a blog. HTML to XML Parser Code Converter For Blogger’s likewise extremely valuable for placing information into HTML boxes. HTML to XML Parser Code Converter is a device that changes over HTML code into parser language, permitting information to be displayed in HTML boxes. The HTML code isn’t noticeable if the html code isn’t parsed before it is gone into the html field.
Advantages of utilizing HTML to XML Parser Code Converter For Blogger:
Below are the some most advantages for using HTML to XML parser code converter in blogger/BlogSpot.
Blogger’s HTML parsing device is very useful for showing HTML code, HTML parser online is utilized by this device.
Blogger has an underlying JavaScript text parser that you might use., parser for html orders on the order line
The capacity to rapidly and effectively acquire AdSense parser endorsement it might likewise be utilized as a HTML parser device on Linux.
Source Code Format Tool For Blogger Site
How XML Parser Code Converter Tool Needs?
With regards to setting Google AdSense notices inside your blogger blog articles (without using a gadget), it isn’t just about as basic as using an AdSense. When you click the “Save Template” button in the wake of gluing Google AdSense, Chitika, AdBrite, Adstera, Infolinks, Media.net, Ad Choices, or some other JavaScript-based promotion code into your xml Blogger layout, you will get an error notice.
The commercials won’t show up regardless of whether the layout wonderfully figures out how to save without showing a blunder notice. My inbox has been immersed with grumblings from bloggers who guarantee that notwithstanding adhering to the right guidelines for adding AdSense to their Blogger format, their promotions don’t show up on their web journals. Then, at that point you’ve committed an error by not parsing your code, and you ought to know about it.
Anyway, what is the answer for this?
Blogger configuration necessitates that you initially parse the AdSense promotion script prior to gluing it. HTML Parser by blog swarm is an extraordinary application that I use consistently. AdSense, Adbrite, Chitika, and some other JavaScript code might be parsed or encoded consequently at the site.
To parse or encode the AdSense code you replicated from your record, you’ll need to place it into the structure on the site. To parse your code, click the Parse button in the wake of sticking your code. Page reloads and parsed code is shown. This parsed code won’t cause any blunders in your Blogger plan, and your commercials will be shown when you peruse your blog.
How HTML To XML Parser Code Converter Works?
Blogger Encode AdSense Coding
Your AdSense, chitika and adbrite codes will be changed over to HTML-viable XML utilizing this online parser instrument.
Blog and blogger html and AdSense code encoding is simple with this strategy!
In the crate, reorder whatever code you like, for example, AdSense, html, or content, and afterward reorder the whole code. It’s free and simple.
Kindly don’t utilize this instrument to take contents and HTML from different online journals. All things considered, make your own., to encode your code, press the catch. You might utilize Ctrl+V to glue html code into blogger, and Ctrl+c” to duplicate it utilizing your console. Also, use AdSense and HTML parser to xml, in addition to other things, to create income.
Why EmeXee HTML to XML Parser Code Converter Online Tool?
Our HTML to XML Parser Code Converter online blogger site tool is one of the easiest ways to convert xml parser code, Our HTML to XML Parser Code Converter is totally free. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
1951 Tangerine Bowl
The 1951 Tangerine Bowl was an American college football bowl game played following the 1950 season, on January 1, 1951, at the Tangerine Bowl stadium in Orlando, Florida. The game featured the Emory and Henry Wasps and the Morris Harvey Golden Eagles (now the Charleston Golden Eagles).
Background
The Wasps were champions of the Smoky Mountain Conference, compiled a regular-season record of 9–1, and won the Burley Bowl over the Appalachian State Mountaineers on Thanksgiving Day (November 23, 1950). The Golden Eagles came into the game having posted a regular-season record of 9–0.
Game summary
The only scoring in the first quarter was a touchdown by Emory and Henry, giving them a 7–0 lead. In the second quarter, Morris Harvey answered with two touchdowns, and had a 14–7 lead at halftime. Each team equaled their first-half scoring during the third quarter, to see Morris Harvey take a 28–14 lead. In the fourth quarter, Morris Harvey added one more touchdown, giving them a 35–14 victory. Morris Harvey quarterback Pete Anania threw four touchdown passes; three of them were caught by end Charles Hubbard. Anania and Hubbard were named the game's outstanding back and lineman, respectively. | WIKI |
rss
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry doi:10.1136/jnnp.2006.109561
A rare symptomatic presentation of ecchordosis physaliphora: Neuroradiological and surgical management
1. M Rotondo (michele.rotondo{at}unina2.it)
1. Department of Neurosurgery Second University of Naples, Italy
1. M Natale (massimo.natale{at}unina2.it)
1. Department of Neurosurgery Second University of Naples, Italy
1. G Mirone (peppemirone{at}fastwebnet.it)
1. Department of Neurosurgery Second University of Naples
1. M Cirillo
1. Department of Neurosurgery Second University of Naples, Italy
1. R Conforti
1. Department of Neurosurgery Second University of Naples, Italy
1. A Scuotto
1. Department of Neurosurgery Second University of Naples, Italy
• Published Online First 8 January 2007
Abstract
The Authors report a case of Ecchordosis physaliphora , an uncommon benign lesion originating from embryonic notochordal remnants , intradurally located in the prepontine cistern, that unusually presented associated with symptoms. The Magnetic Resonance Imaging was of great use in detecting and precisely localizing the small mass. At surgery, a cystic gelatinous nodule was found ventral to the pons, contiguous with the dorsal wall of the clivus via a small pedicle. Histological examination diagnosed the lesion as an Ecchordosis physaliphora. The Authors focus especially on the analysis of the neuroradiological aspects, that play a crucial role from both a diagnostic and a therapeutic standpoint. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Protein phosphatase 2A associates with and regulates atypical PKC and the epithelial tight junction complex
Viyada Nunbhakdi-Craig, Thomas Machleidt, Egon Ogris, Dennis Bellotto, Charles L. White, Estelle Sontag
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
204 Scopus citations
Abstract
Tight junctions (TJs) play a crucial role in the establishment of cell polarity and regulation of paracellular permeability in epithelia. Here, we show that upon calcium-induced junction biogenesis in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, ABαC, a major protein phosphatase (PP)2A holoenzyme, is recruited to the apical membrane where it interacts with the TJ complex. Enhanced PP2A activity induces dephosphorylation of the TJ proteins, ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1, and is associated with increased paracellular permeability. Expression of PP2A catalytic subunit severely prevents TJ assembly. Conversely, inhibition of PP2A by okadaic acid promotes the phosphorylation and recruitment of ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-1 to the TJ during junctional biogenesis. PP2A negatively regulates TJ assembly without appreciably affecting the organization of F-actin and E-cadherin. Significantly, inhibition of atypical PKC (aPKC) blocks the calcium- and serum-independent membrane redistribution of TJ proteins induced by okadaic acid. Indeed, PP2A associates with and critically regulates the activity and distribution of aPKC during TJ formation. Thus, we provide the first evidence for calcium-dependent targeting of PP2A in epithelial cells, we identify PP2A as the first serine/threonine phosphatase associated with the multiprotein TJ complex, and we unveil a novel role for PP2A in the regulation of epithelial aPKC and TJ assembly and function.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)967-978
Number of pages12
JournalJournal of Cell Biology
Volume158
Issue number5
DOIs
StatePublished - Sep 2 2002
Keywords
• APKC
• Claudin
• Occludin
• PP2A
• ZO-1
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Cell Biology
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Health Endpoint Monitoring pattern
Traffic Manager
Monitor
Implement functional checks in an application that external tools can access through exposed endpoints at regular intervals. This can help to verify that applications and services are performing correctly.
Context and problem
It's a good practice, and often a business requirement, to monitor web applications and back-end services, to ensure they're available and performing correctly. However, it's sometimes more difficult to monitor services running in the cloud than it is to monitor on-premises services. For example, you don't have full control of the hosting environment, and the services typically depend on other services provided by platform vendors and others.
There are many factors that affect cloud-hosted applications such as network latency, the performance and availability of the underlying compute and storage systems, and the network bandwidth between them. The service can fail entirely or partially due to any of these factors. Therefore, you must verify at regular intervals that the service is performing correctly to ensure the required level of availability, which might be part of your service level agreement (SLA).
Solution
Implement health monitoring by sending requests to an endpoint on the application. The application should perform the necessary checks, and return an indication of its status.
A health monitoring check typically combines two factors:
• The checks (if any) performed by the application or service in response to the request to the health verification endpoint.
• Analysis of the results by the tool or framework that performs the health verification check.
The response code indicates the status of the application and, optionally, any components or services it uses. The latency or response time check is performed by the monitoring tool or framework. The figure provides an overview of the pattern.
Overview diagram of the pattern.
Other checks that might be carried out by the health monitoring code in the application include:
• Checking cloud storage or a database for availability and response time.
• Checking other resources or services located in the application, or located elsewhere but used by the application.
Services and tools are available that monitor web applications by submitting a request to a configurable set of endpoints, and evaluating the results against a set of configurable rules. It's relatively easy to create a service endpoint whose sole purpose is to perform some functional tests on the system.
Typical checks that can be performed by the monitoring tools include:
• Validating the response code. For example, an HTTP response of 200 (OK) indicates that the application responded without error. The monitoring system might also check for other response codes to give more comprehensive results.
• Checking the content of the response to detect errors, even when a 200 (OK) status code is returned. This can detect errors that affect only a section of the returned web page or service response. For example, checking the title of a page or looking for a specific phrase that indicates the correct page was returned.
• Measuring the response time, which indicates a combination of the network latency and the time that the application took to execute the request. An increasing value can indicate an emerging problem with the application or network.
• Checking resources or services located outside the application, such as a content delivery network used by the application to deliver content from global caches.
• Checking for expiration of SSL certificates.
• Measuring the response time of a DNS lookup for the URL of the application to measure DNS latency and DNS failures.
• Validating the URL returned by the DNS lookup to ensure correct entries. This can help to avoid malicious request redirection through a successful attack on the DNS server.
It's also useful, where possible, to run these checks from different on-premises or hosted locations to measure and compare response times. Ideally you should monitor applications from locations that are close to customers to get an accurate view of the performance from each location. In addition to providing a more robust checking mechanism, the results can help you decide on the deployment location for the application—and whether to deploy it in more than one datacenter.
Tests should also be run against all the service instances that customers use to ensure the application is working correctly for all customers. For example, if customer storage is spread across more than one storage account, the monitoring process should check all of these.
Issues and considerations
Consider the following points when deciding how to implement this pattern:
How to validate the response. For example, is just a single 200 (OK) status code sufficient to verify the application is working correctly? While this provides the most basic measure of application availability, and is the minimum implementation of this pattern, it provides little information about the operations, trends, and possible upcoming issues in the application.
The number of endpoints to expose for an application. One approach is to expose at least one endpoint for the core services that the application uses and another for lower priority services, allowing different levels of importance to be assigned to each monitoring result. Also consider exposing more endpoints, such as one for each core service, for additional monitoring granularity. For example, a health verification check might check the database, storage, and an external geocoding service that an application uses, with each requiring a different level of uptime and response time. The application could still be healthy if the geocoding service, or some other background task, is unavailable for a few minutes.
Whether to use the same endpoint for monitoring as is used for general access, but to a specific path designed for health verification checks, for example, /health on the general access endpoint. This allows some functional tests in the application to be run by the monitoring tools, such as adding a new user registration, signing in, and placing a test order, while also verifying that the general access endpoint is available.
The type of information to collect in the service in response to monitoring requests, and how to return this information. Most existing tools and frameworks look only at the HTTP status code that the endpoint returns. To return and validate additional information, you might have to create a custom monitoring utility or service.
How much information to collect. Performing excessive processing during the check can overload the application and impact other users. The time it takes might exceed the timeout of the monitoring system so it marks the application as unavailable. Most applications include instrumentation such as error handlers and performance counters that log performance and detailed error information, this might be sufficient instead of returning additional information from a health verification check.
Caching the endpoint status. It could be expensive to run the health check too frequently. If the health status is reported through a dashboard, for example, you don't want every request to the dashboard to trigger a health check. Instead, periodically check the system health and cache the status. Expose an endpoint that returns the cached status.
How to configure security for the monitoring endpoints to protect them from public access, which might expose the application to malicious attacks, risk the exposure of sensitive information, or attract denial of service (DoS) attacks. Typically this should be done in the application configuration so that it can be updated easily without restarting the application. Consider using one or more of the following techniques:
• Secure the endpoint by requiring authentication. You can do this by using an authentication security key in the request header or by passing credentials with the request, provided that the monitoring service or tool supports authentication.
• Use an obscure or hidden endpoint. For example, expose the endpoint on a different IP address to that used by the default application URL, configure the endpoint on a nonstandard HTTP port, and/or use a complex path to the test page. You can usually specify additional endpoint addresses and ports in the application configuration, and add entries for these endpoints to the DNS server if required to avoid having to specify the IP address directly.
• Expose a method on an endpoint that accepts a parameter such as a key value or an operation mode value. Depending on the value supplied for this parameter, when a request is received the code can perform a specific test or set of tests, or return a 404 (Not Found) error if the parameter value isn't recognized. The recognized parameter values could be set in the application configuration.
DoS attacks are likely to have less impact on a separate endpoint that performs basic functional tests without compromising the operation of the application. Ideally, avoid using a test that might expose sensitive information. If you must return information that might be useful to an attacker, consider how you'll protect the endpoint and the data from unauthorized access. In this case just relying on obscurity isn't enough. You should also consider using an HTTPS connection and encrypting any sensitive data, although this will increase the load on the server.
• How to access an endpoint that's secured using authentication is a point that needs to be considered when evaluating health check endpoints and those that consume it. As an example, App Service's built-in health check integrates with App Service's authentication and authorization features.
How to ensure that the monitoring agent is performing correctly. One approach is to expose an endpoint that simply returns a value from the application configuration or a random value that can be used to test the agent.
Also ensure that the monitoring system performs checks on itself, such as a self-test and built-in test, to avoid it issuing false positive results.
When to use this pattern
This pattern is useful for:
• Monitoring websites and web applications to verify availability.
• Monitoring websites and web applications to check for correct operation.
• Monitoring middle-tier or shared services to detect and isolate a failure that could disrupt other applications.
• Complementing existing instrumentation in the application, such as performance counters and error handlers. Health verification checking doesn't replace the requirement for logging and auditing in the application. Instrumentation can provide valuable information for an existing framework that monitors counters and error logs to detect failures or other issues. However, it can't provide information if the application is unavailable.
Example
Health Checks for ASP.NET is middleware and a set of libraries for reporting the health of app infrastructure components. It provides a framework for reporting health checks in a consistent method, implementing many of the practices addressed above. This includes external checks like database connectivity and specific concepts like liveness and readiness probes.
GitHub logo A number of example implementations using ASP.NET Health Checks can be found on GitHub.
Monitoring endpoints in Azure hosted applications
Some options for monitoring endpoints in Azure applications are:
• Use the built-in monitoring features of Azure.
• Use a third-party service or a framework such as Microsoft System Center Operations Manager.
• Create a custom utility or a service that runs on your own or on a hosted server.
Even though Azure provides a reasonably comprehensive set of monitoring options, you can use additional services and tools to provide extra information. Application Insights, a feature of Azure Monitor, is aimed at the development team, to help you understand how your app is performing and how it's being used. It monitors request rates, response times, failure rates, dependency rates and failure rates and it can help you to find out whether external services are slowing you down.
The conditions you can monitor vary depending on the hosting mechanism you choose for your application, but all of these include the ability to create an alert rule that uses a web endpoint you specify in the settings for your service. This endpoint should respond in a timely way so that the alert system can detect that the application is operating correctly.
Read more information about creating alert notifications.
In the event of a major outage, client traffic should be routable to an application deployment which remain available across other regions or zones. This is ultimately where cross-premises connectivity and global load balancing should be used, depending on whether the application is internal and/or external facing. Services such as Azure Front Door, Azure Traffic Manager, or CDNs can route traffic across regions based on application health provided via health probes.
Azure Traffic Manager is a routing and load-balancing service that can distribute requests to specific instances of your application based on a range of rules and settings. In addition to routing requests, Traffic Manager pings a URL, port, and relative path that you specify on a regular basis to determine which instances of the application defined in its rules are active and are responding to requests. If it detects a status code 200 (OK), it marks the application as available. Any other status code causes Traffic Manager to mark the application as offline. You can view the status in the Traffic Manager console, and configure the rule to reroute requests to other instances of the application that are responding.
However, Traffic Manager will only wait for a certain amount of time to receive a response from the monitoring URL. Therefore, you should ensure that your health verification code executes in this time, allowing for network latency for the round trip from Traffic Manager to your application and back again.
Next steps
The following guidance can be useful when implementing this pattern:
See the following additional cloud design patterns: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Mhoi 15 mhoi
LIING TESTIMONY
]]From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For the Potter's house church pastored by rev. patricio rasquero nd pstor eric madonna This article or section needs sources or references that appear in reliable, third-party publications. Alone, primary sources and sources affiliated with the subject of this article are not sufficient for an accurate encyclopedia article. Please include more appropriate citations from reliable sources. This article has been tagged since may 16 1996. living testimony Christian Fellowship
Formation 1996 bo.san.isidro tala calooca city Filipino Founder pastricio rasuero liing testimoy Christian Fellowship ( living testimony Christian Church or ltcf) is a fundamentalist Pentecostal church organization founded by reverebt patricio rasquero ,bgong silg caloocn city in 1996.[1] Officially Christian Fellowship Ministries (living testimony christian fellowship[ ltcf church believe they have over 5 churches in philippies and batagas pampanga samar and romblon are in a state of constant growth. [2] It is also noted that the church does not practice membership and has never released any official statistics of numbers attending their churches. The first liing testimoy christian fellowship indepebdent church in the philippines church was established in the city of mnil cloocan city 1996.[3]
Contents [hide] 1 Church activity 2 Church history 3 Church doctrine and practice 3.1 Bible schools 4 Origins of the church name 5 Church conferences and revivals 6 Criticism and controversy 7 Response to criticism 7.1 Response by Wayman Mitchell 8 See also 9 References 10 External links
[edit] Church activity The Potters House Christian Fellowship consists of members who identify themselves as being born again Christians. The church has an evangelistic program involving open air preaching, personal 'witnessing', door to door promotion, rock/rap concerts, Christian movies, skits and dramas. These events are used to evangelize to non-Christians. While the Potter's House welcomes those from other churches, it does not actively participate in proselytizing Christians from other evangelical groups (sometimes called transfer growth), but rather focuses on the conversion of "unbelievers" (those who have not repented of their "sins" and trusted Jesus Christ as their Lord and Savior or are not "born again").
[edit] Church history The ltcf has its roots in the Jesus People Movement, a Christian revival (historically referred to as a spiritual "awakening") that swept through philippines in the early 1996's.rev patricio originally began his churches under the affiliation of the local Church of the ltcf Gospel and continued this affiliation until a disagreement with church leaders on ordination requirements for new ministers. rev. patricio that a new pastor should be trained through 'discipleship' (mentoring) rather than by higher education, such as Bible colleges. By the mid-2000 s pastor eric he train had a following of well over a hundred newly established churches, pastored by men who had been trained under him and sent out to minister without further formal education. In 1999 in batngs calaca, re patricio gave up his ordain pastor eric with the li ving testimony Church Gospel and took up a practice under Christian Fellowship Ministries (l.t.c.f), the church he had established in Prescott.[4] When Mitchell left the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel, most of his newer churches went with him, from that time onwards the name "living testimony christian fellowship " was indepebdent chuch in the philippines
[edit] Church doctrine and practice liing testimony christian Fellowship is a fundamentalist bor again fullgospell chruch. They believe in the inerrancy of the Bible, with a particular focus on training and discipleship (mentoring), along with an emphasis on building relationships in the church. There are specific standards of personal conduct for those serving in ministry and the fellowship believes in teaching by discipleship. Much of the official Potters House doctrine adheres to the book "The Foundations of Pentecostal Theology" written by two Foursquare ministers, and published by door of faith Bible College. As a whole, the fellowship uses the New King James Version of the Bible in its public readings.[citation needed]
The church claims to hold to the following doctrines: a belief in the historicity of the Gospel narratives and an orthodox Christian understanding of Jesus and The Trinity, creation over evolution, that biblical standards of morality and holiness apply to all members regardless of stature or position they have in the church. The church supports the doctrines of Original sin, tithing, speaking in tongues as the evidence of Baptism in the Holy Spirit, a pro-life stance to abortion, and an Evangelical belief in the Great Commission. The fellowship supports an authority structure where it is necessary and enforced to 'submit to headship' whereby headship would be to mean the human authority over each member eg - Pastor or leader. The authority structure seems to be the governing body that extends throughout the fellowship and is hierarchical in nature, this authority originates with Wayman re patricio rasquero (Senior Pastor of the fellowship) as a safe guard to ensure like practice and doctrine to all his churches. However some fellowship churches state the belief in "The Autonomous Government Of The Local Church" [5], which both fit together as part of the overall authority structure.[6] The church also teaches that salvation can be lost because of sin. [7] Doctrinally evangelical, pretribulationist, and sola scriptura. They also believe in Premillennial eschatology. Drinking and tobacco are prohibited amongst its ministers and members.[citation needed] The church also believes in divine healing and some of the lead Pastors have frequently done a healing crusade, as well as praying for the sick in their services.[8][9]
The church is classified as born again christian however the church does not participate in what they call "counterfeit themes", such as the Toronto Blessing or the Pensacola Outpouring. It also doesn't participate in "interdenominational services" (this is where several different denominations periodically have a joint church service together), though individual members are free to do so. The fellowship also is opposed to certain aspects of the Ecumenical Movement such as the attempts to reconcile Protestantism and Roman Catholicism, as it believes that the teachings of the latter are contrary to the Bible.[citation needed]
liing testimony christian fellowbhip House sermons are accessible
[edit] Bible schools The Potters House Fellowship rejects Bible schools as a vehicle for church planting, and gives several reasons for this in its publication, We Can Take the Land (A Study in Church Planting).[10] Reasons include a belief that Bible schools are not Biblical, a belief that Bible schools are unable to complete the job of world evangelism, that Bible schools isolates students from practical experience, that the requirements of attendance at Bible schools are too strict and that Bible schools violate the indigenous principle.
[edit] Origins of the church name The name comes from an Old Testament verse of the Bible:
Jeremiah 18:2 Arise, and go down to the potter's house, and there I will cause thee to hear my words. (King James Version) Because of its biblical origin, the name "ltcf" is often used by other independent church groups besides those affiliated with Christian Fellowship Ministries. Particularly well known is liing testimony christia fellowship, bagong silang caloocan, philippines ,
Some churches affiliated with the ltcf""""
living testimny activites:""" "sports fest every december: 3 WeeK of the month" "chuch anniverssary may 16" " | WIKI |
end0tknr's kipple - 新web写経開発
http://d.hatena.ne.jp/end0tknr/ から移転しました
perlでyahoo電気予報を取得し、メール送信
昨日?、yahoo japanから東京地方?の使用電気量を予想するページが、web apiと共に公開されました。
http://setsuden.yahoo.co.jp/denkiyoho/
企業の場合、「インターネットに手軽に接続できないので、電気予報をメールで送って欲しい」という方も多いと思います。
なので、
yahoo apiからその日の使用電力量を取得し、メール送信(smtp auth)するperl scriptを書いてみました。
メッセージ内容
表示内容は、好みが分かれるので、シンプルにしています
Yahoo 電気予報 at:2011-04-28 12:25
usage capacity
04-28 11H -> 32,420,000 / 40,000,000 kW (81%)
04-28 12H -> 30,280,000 / 40,000,000 kW (75%)
04-28 13H -> 31,750,000 / 40,000,000 kW (79%)
04-28 14H -> 31,810,000 / 40,000,000 kW (79%)
04-28 15H -> 31,640,000 / 40,000,000 kW (79%)
04-28 16H -> 32,010,000 / 40,000,000 kW (80%)
04-28 17H -> 31,830,000 / 40,000,000 kW (79%)
04-28 18H -> 32,960,000 / 40,000,000 kW (82%)
04-28 19H -> 32,550,000 / 40,000,000 kW (81%)
04-28 20H -> 31,390,000 / 40,000,000 kW (78%)
04-28 21H -> 30,080,000 / 40,000,000 kW (75%)
04-28 22H -> 29,060,000 / 40,000,000 kW (72%)
04-28 23H -> 27,210,000 / 40,000,000 kW (68%)
04-29 00H -> 25,320,000 / 40,000,000 kW (63%)
04-29 01H -> 24,330,000 / 35,000,000 kW (69%)
04-29 02H -> 23,860,000 / 35,000,000 kW (68%)
04-29 03H -> 23,520,000 / 35,000,000 kW (67%)
04-29 04H -> 23,200,000 / 35,000,000 kW (66%)
04-29 05H -> 23,060,000 / 35,000,000 kW (65%)
04-29 06H -> 23,880,000 / 35,000,000 kW (68%)
04-29 07H -> 25,270,000 / 35,000,000 kW (72%)
04-29 08H -> 27,280,000 / 35,000,000 kW (77%)
04-29 09H -> 28,660,000 / 35,000,000 kW (81%)
04-29 10H -> 29,100,000 / 35,000,000 kW (83%)
refer to http://setsuden.yahoo.co.jp/denkiyoho/
perl script
#!/usr/local/bin/perl
use strict;
use utf8;
use Encode;
use HTTP::Request::Common;
use JSON qw/decode_json/;
use LWP::UserAgent;
use Authen::SASL;
use MIME::Base64;
use Net::SMTP;
use Data::Dumper;
my $YAHOO_API_URL =
'http://setsuden.yahooapis.jp/v1/Setsuden/electricPowerForecast';
#yahoo apiのアプリケーションIDは次のurlで取得できます(要yahoo login)
# https://e.developer.yahoo.co.jp/dashboard/
my $YAHOO_API_OPT =
{appid =>'ないしょ',
output => 'json',
area=> 'tokyo',
results=> 24,
};
my $YAHOO_PAGE_URL = 'http://setsuden.yahoo.co.jp/denkiyoho/';
my $HTTP_REQEST_COND =
{timeout => 10,
max_retry => 5,
sleep => 60 };
my $MSG_TITLE_HEAD = 'Yahoo 電気予報';
my $MAIL =
{mailfrom => 'xxxx@hogehoge.jp',
mailto => ['yyyy@hogehoge.jp','zzzz@hogehoge.jp'],
smtp_host=> 'hogehoge.jp',
smtp_port=> '587', #smtp auth
smtp_timeout=> 20,
user_id=> 'xxxx', #smtp auth user
user_passwd=> 'ないしょ', #smtp auth user passwd
};
main();
exit(0);
sub main {
my $forcast = get_pow_forecast();
return undef unless $forcast;
my ($title,$msg_body) = conv_forecast2txt($forcast);
send_mail($title,$msg_body);
}
#取得した電気予報(perl object)をテキスト形式に変換
sub conv_forecast2txt {
my ($forcast) = @_;
my $update_str = '';
if ($forcast->{ElectricPowerForecasts}->{UpdateTime} =~
/^(\d+)\D(\d+)\D(\d+)\D(\d+)\D(\d+)/o){
$update_str = "$1-$2-$3 $4:$5";
}
my $title = "$MSG_TITLE_HEAD at:$update_str";
my $msg_body =<<EOF;
$title
usage capacity
EOF
my $forcast_hours =
$forcast->{ElectricPowerForecasts}->{Forecast};
for my $hour_info ( @$forcast_hours ){
$msg_body .= substr($hour_info->{Date},5);
$msg_body .= sprintf(" %02dH -> ",$hour_info->{Hour});
my $usage_str = split_int_num($hour_info->{Usage}->{'$'});
my $capa_str = split_int_num($hour_info->{Capacity}->{'$'});
$msg_body .= "$usage_str / $capa_str $hour_info->{Capacity}->{'@unit'}";
my $ratio =
int($hour_info->{Usage}->{'$'}/$hour_info->{Capacity}->{'$'} *100);
$msg_body .= " ($ratio%)";
$msg_body .= '!!!' if $ratio >= 90;
$msg_body .= "\n";
}
$msg_body .= "\n refer to $YAHOO_PAGE_URL\n";
return $title, $msg_body;
}
#整数を3桁毎に「,」で区切ります
sub split_int_num {
my ($int) = @_;
$int =~ s/([+-]?\d)(?=(\d{3})+(?!\d))/$1,/go;
return $int;
}
#yahoo apiで電気予報を取得
sub get_pow_forecast {
my $ua = LWP::UserAgent->new();
$ua->timeout($HTTP_REQEST_COND->{timeout});
my @api_args;
for my $arg_key ( keys %$YAHOO_API_OPT ){
push(@api_args,"$arg_key=$YAHOO_API_OPT->{$arg_key}");
}
my $req_url = $YAHOO_API_URL .'?'.join('&',@api_args);
my $req = HTTP::Request->new(GET=>$req_url);
my $i = 0;
while( $i++ < $HTTP_REQEST_COND->{max_retry} ){
my $res = $ua->request($req);
return decode_json($res->content) if($res->is_success);
print STDERR $res->status_line;
sleep($HTTP_REQEST_COND->{sleep});
}
return undef;
}
sub send_mail {
my ($subject,$message) = @_;
my $from = $MAIL->{mailfrom};
my $mailto_str = join(',', @{$MAIL->{mailto}});
$subject = encode('iso-2022-jp',$subject);
#メールのヘッダーを構築
my $header = << "MAILHEADER";
From: $from
Subject: $subject
Mime-Version: 1.0
Content-Type: text/plain; charset = "ISO-2022-JP"
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit
MAILHEADER
$message = encode('iso-2022-jp',$message);
my $smtp = Net::SMTP->new($MAIL->{smtp_host},
Hello=>$MAIL->{smtp_host},
Port=> $MAIL->{smtp_port},
Timeout=>$MAIL->{smtp_timeout},
# Debug=>1
);
unless($smtp){
print STDERR "can't connect smtp server:$MAIL->{smtp_host}\n";
return undef;
}
unless ($smtp->auth($MAIL->{user_id},$MAIL->{user_passwd}) ){
print STDERR "can't login smtp server:$MAIL->{smtp_host}\n";
return undef;
}
$smtp->mail($from);
$smtp->to(@{$MAIL->{mailto}});
$smtp->data();
$smtp->datasend("$header\n");
$smtp->datasend("$message\n");
$smtp->dataend();
$smtp->quit;
return 1;
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Harold A. Carter
Untitled
Harold Carter is the preeminent religious leader in his area. He is also a very important African-American teacher and a leading scholar on African-American prayers.John Pack Lambert (talk) 19:36, 3 June 2013 (UTC) | WIKI |
-- Philippine Peso Extends Rebound From Five-Month Low; Bonds Gain
The Philippine peso extended its
rebound from a five-month low even after the central bank
unveiled additional measures to encourage capital outflows.
Government bonds gained. Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas doubled the amount of dollars
residents can freely buy and broadened the range of approved
outward investments. Filipinos can now purchase as much as
$120,000 from banks without documentation, BSP Deputy Governor
Nestor Espenilla said today in Manila. Investments in overseas
property, foreign-currency mutual funds and debt are now allowed
using locally-bought greenback, he said. Fund inflows into the
$225 billion economy jumped 79 percent from a year earlier to
$7.3 billion in the first quarter. “This is meant to signal that they want to increase demand
for U.S. dollars so their intervention in the foreign-exchange
market will be lessened,” said Paul Joseph Garcia, who helps
manage the equivalent of $18.4 billion at BPI Asset Management
in Manila . “But the problem is, you cannot fight the inflows.
We’re one of the hottest emerging markets right now.” The peso strengthened 0.1 percent to 41.205 against the
greenback in Manila, extending yesterday’s 0.4 percent advance,
according to Tullett Prebon Plc. It touched 41.413 on April 16,
the weakest level since Oct. 22. One-month implied volatility, a
measure of expected moves in the exchange rate used to price
options, rose six basis points, or 0.06 percentage point, to
4.79 percent. The Philippines won its first investment-grade ranking from
Fitch Ratings on March 27, which fueled the biggest rally in the
peso in six months that day and drove the benchmark stock index
to a record on April 1. The peso reached 40.55 per dollar on
Jan. 14, the strongest since March 10, 2008. ‘Good Opportunity’ Under the new rules, domestic companies can obtain dollars
locally this year to meet payments on foreign-currency loans
that are not registered with the central bank, a move that may
boost dollar demand by as much as $1 billion, BSP Director
Patria Angeles said. Tourists can now change back as much as
$10,000, double the previous limit, before they leave the
country, according to the central bank. “It’s difficult to say if the new measures will weaken the
peso but it’s a good opportunity for banks to use their foreign-
exchange resources,” said Angeles. The rule adjustments, which will allow easier access to
foreign exchange, are aimed at encouraging fund outflows, BSP
Governor Amando Tetangco told Bloomberg Television on March 28,
when he revealed the April timetable for the changes. Philippine local-currency bonds returned 13.4 percent this
year, the best-performance among Asia ’s 10 biggest debt markets,
according to indexes compiled by HSBC Holdings Plc. The yield on the government’s 4 percent bonds due December
2022 dropped 10 basis points to 3.05 percent, prices from
Tradition Financial Services show. To contact the reporters on this story:
Kyoungwha Kim in Singapore at
kkim19@bloomberg.net ;
Andrea Wong in Taipei at
awong268@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
James Regan at
jregan19@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Nat.actuary.curtin
This webpage of all about my study of my course in Actuarial Science at Curtin University for Year 2/2 | WIKI |
Leonardo FRANQUI, Appellant, v. STATE of Florida, Appellee.
No. SC94269.
Supreme Court of Florida.
Oct. 18, 2001.
Rehearing Denied Jan. 8, 2002.
John H. Lipinski, Special Assistant Public Defender, Miami, FL, for Appellant.
Robert A. Butterworth, Attorney General, and Sandra S. Jaggard, Assistant Attorney General, Miami, FL, for Appellee.
PER CURIAM.
We have on appeal an order of the trial court imposing the death penalty upon Leonardo Franqui following resentencing. We have jurisdiction. See art. V, § 3(b)(1), Fla. Const. For the reasons set forth below, we affirm Franqui’s death sentence.
BACKGROUND
On February 14, 1992, Franqui was charged with committing first-degree murder of a law enforcement officer; armed robbery; aggravated assault; two counts of grand theft; and two counts of burglary in connection with a bank robbery. Fran-qui was tried jointly with codefendants Ricardo Gonzalez and Pablo San Martin. This Court previously summarized the facts in this case as follows:
The defendant, Leonardo Franqui, along with codefendants Pablo San Martin, Ricardo Gonzalez, Fernando Fernandez, and Pablo Abreu were charged with first-degree murder of a law enforcement officer, armed robbery with a firearm, aggravated assault, unlawful possession of a firearm while engaged in a criminal offense, grand theft third degree, and burglary [Note 1], Franqui, Gonzalez, and San Martin were tried together before a jury in May, 1994.
[Note 1] One count of aggravated assault and the unlawful possession of a firearm while engaged in a criminal offense were nol prossed by the State after its opening statement.
The record reflects that the Kislak National Bank in North Miami, Florida, was robbed by four gunmen on January 3, 1992. The perpetrators made then-getaway in two stolen grey Chevrolet Caprice cars after taking a cash box from one of the drive-in tellers. During the robbery, Police Officer Steven Bauer was shot and killed. Shortly after the robbery, the vehicles were found abandoned two blocks west of the bank.
Approximately two weeks later, code-fendant Gonzalez was stopped by police after leaving his residence on January 18, 1992. He subsequently made unrecorded and recorded confessions in which he told police that Franqui had planned the robbery, involved the other participants and himself in the scheme, and chosen the location and date for the crime. He said that Franqui had procured the two stolen Chevys, driven one of the cars, and supplied him with the gun he used during the robbery. He further stated that Franqui was the first shooter and shot at the victim three or four times, while he had shot only once. Gonzalez indicated that he shot low and believed he had only wounded the victim in the leg. Gonzalez consented to a search of his apartment which revealed $1200 of the stolen money in his bedroom closet. He was subsequently rein-terviewed by police and, among other things, described how Franqui had shouted at the victim not to move before shooting him [Note 2],
[Note 2] San Martin also made a confession to police, in which he stated that the robbery was planned by a black friend of the codefendant Fernandez and that the planning occurred at Fernandez’s apartment. San Martin admitted that he had grabbed the money tray during the robbery but could not say who carried guns or did the shooting.
Franqui was also questioned by police on January 18, 1992, in a series of unrecorded and recorded sessions. During his preinterview, Franqui initially denied any involvement in the Kislak Bank robbery, but when confronted with the fact that his accomplices were in custody and had implicated him, he ultimately confessed. Franqui stated that Fernandez had hatched the idea for the robbery after talking to a black male, and he had accompanied the two men to the bank a week before the robbery actually took place. He maintained that the black male friend of Fernandez had suggested the use of the two stolen cars but denied any involvement in the thefts of the vehicles. According to Franqui, San Martin, Fernandez and Abreu had stolen the vehicles. Franqui did admit to police that he and Gonzalez were armed during the episode, but stated that it was Gonzalez — and not himself — who yelled at the victim to “freeze” when they saw him pulling out his gun. Fran-qui denied firing the first shot and maintained that he fired only one shot later.
At trial, over the objection of Franqui, the confessions of codefendants San Martin and Gonzalez were introduced without deletion of their references to Franqui, upon the trial court’s finding that their confessions “interlocked” with Franqui’s own confession. In addition, an eyewitness identified Franqui as the driver of one of the Chevrolets leaving the bank after the robbery, and his fingerprints were found on the outside of one of the vehicles. Ballistics evidence demonstrated that codefendant Ricardo Gonzalez had fired the fatal shot from his .38 revolver, hitting the victim in the neck, and that Franqui had shot the victim in the leg with his .9 mm handgun.
Franqui v. State, 699 So.2d 1332, 1333-34 (Fla.1997). Franqui was convicted on all counts and the jury recommended death by a vote of nine to three. See id. at 1334. The trial court followed the jury’s recommendation and sentenced Franqui to death. See id.
On appeal, we affirmed Franqui’s convictions but vacated his sentence on the basis that the trial court erred in admitting the confession of codefendant Gonzalez against Franqui in their joint trial. See id. at 1335-36. Although we found the admission of Gonzalez’s confession was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt with respect to guilt, we concluded that the confession could have prejudiced Franqui during the penalty phase. See id. at 1336. Accordingly, we vacated Franqui’s death sentence and remanded the case for a new penalty phase proceeding. See id.
During the week of August 24-31, 1998, a jury was empaneled and a new penalty phase was held. At the resentencing, the State presented several witnesses, including the two bank tellers who were with Officer Bauer the morning of his murder; law enforcement officers who arrived at the scene following the shooting to gather evidence and render emergency assistance to the victim; detectives who questioned and obtained a sworn statement from Franqui describing his role in the robbery leading to Officer Bauer’s death; and a medical examiner regarding the cause of death and injuries.
Franqui presented the testimony of several witnesses to substantiate his claims for mitigation. Specifically, Franqui’s uncle testified with respect to his family history and background. Franqui’s cousin testified regarding his self-improvement and faith since being incarcerated. In addition, Franqui’s father-in-law and sister-in-law testified that he was a good husband as well as a loving and caring father to his two children.
The jury recommended the death penalty by a vote of ten to two. The trial court followed the jury’s recommendation and sentenced Franqui to death. In so doing, the trial court found three aggravating circumstances, no statutory mitigating circumstances, and four nonstatutory mitigating circumstances. The trial court concluded that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances and sentenced Franqui to death.
This appeal follows, in which Franqui raises the following six issues: (1) the trial court erred in excusing two potential jurors for cause; (2) the trial court erred in instructing and permitting the jury to be instructed by the State that it was required to recommend a death sentence if the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances; (3) the trial court erred in overruling defense objections to prosecutorial closing argument; (4) the trial court erred in refusing to instruct the jury that it could consider the life sentences given to codefendants San Martin and Abreu as a mitigating factor; (5) the trial court failed to find and weigh all mitigating circumstances; and (6) the death penalty is disproportionate in this case.
ANALYSIS
First, Franqui asserts that the trial court improperly excused jurors Per-eira and Lopez for cause over defense counsel’s objections. Franqui claims that both jurors indicated their ability to follow the law and the court’s instructions and, therefore, should not have been excused. The test for determining juror competency is “whether the juror can lay aside any bias or prejudice and render a verdict solely on the evidence presented and the instructions on the law given by the court.” Kearse v. State, 770 So.2d 1119, 1128 (Fla.2000) (citing Lusk v. State, 446 So.2d 1038, 1041 (Fla.1984)). Under this test, a trial court should excuse a juror for cause if any reasonable doubt exists as to whether the juror possesses an impartial state of mind. See id.; see also Singer v. State, 109 So.2d 7, 23-24 (Fla.1959) (“[I]f there is basis for any reasonable doubt as to any juror’s possessing that state of mind which will enable him to render an impartial verdict based solely on the evidence submitted and the law announced at the trial he should be excused for cause on motion of a party, or by the court on its own motion.”). The trial court has the duty to decide if a challenge for cause is proper, and its ruling will be sustained on appeal absent an abuse of discretion. See Castro v. State, 644 So.2d 987, 989-90 (Fla.1994); see also Singleton v. State, 783 So.2d 970, 973 (Fla.2001).
During voir dire, juror Pereira initially expressed doubts about her support of the death penalty but thought it was necessary given the current state of affairs. When asked by the court if she could recommend death if the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances, Pereira responded, “I think yes.” Upon further questioning by the court, Pereira clarified her previous response by stating that she would recommend death if she really believed that it was necessary. Pereira, however, subsequently indicated that she agreed with another veniremember who responded that she would never impose the death sentence. Based upon her vacillation throughout voir dire, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excusing her for cause. See Hannon v. State, 638 So.2d 39, 41-42 (Fla.1994); Randolph v. State, 562 So.2d 331, 336-37 (Fla.1990).
Similarly, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excusing juror Lopez for cause. Although Lopez initially told the court that she was in favor of the death penalty, she later stated that she could not cast the deciding vote recommending a death sentence. Following an overnight recess, Lopez indicated that she was under a lot of stress because of the trial and the possibility of having to decide about the death penalty. Subsequently, she stated for the second time that she could not cast the deciding vote recommending a death sentence. Upon questioning by defense counsel, however, Lopez indicated that she would be able to recommend the death penalty if voting was done by secret ballot. Given the equivocal responses Lopez provided as to whether she could recommend the death penalty, we find the trial court did not abuse its discretion in excusing her for cause.
Next, Franqui argues that the trial court erred in instructing and permitting the jury to be instructed by the State during voir dire that it was required to recommend a death sentence if the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances. During its opening remarks to the initial venire, the trial court stated, “If you believe that the aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating factors, then the law requires that you recommend a sentence of death.” (Emphasis added.) The State argues that this issue was not preserved for appeal because trial counsel did not raise a contemporaneous objection. We disagree. Although defense counsel did not object until a short time after the trial court’s opening remarks were completed, we find the purpose of the contemporaneous objection rule was satisfied in this case, i.e., to place the trial judge on notice that an error may have occurred and provide him or her with the opportunity to correct the error at an early stage of the proceedings.
In Henyard v. State, 689 So.2d 239 (Fla.1996), we considered whether a prosecutor’s comments during voir dire that jurors must recommend death when aggravating circumstances outweigh mitigating circumstances misstated the law. See id. at 249-50. We held that the prosecutor’s comments were misstatements of law because “a jury is neither compelled nor required to recommend death where aggravating factors outweigh mitigating factors.” Id.; see also Brooks v. State, 762 So.2d 879, 902 (Fla.2000) (stating that prosecutor misstated the law in commenting that jurors must recommend a death sentence unless the aggravating circumstances are outweighed by the mitigating circumstances); cf. Garron v. State, 528 So.2d 353, 359 & n. 7 (Fla.1988) (finding that it was a misstatement of the law to argue that “when the aggravating factors outnumber the mitigating factors, then death is an appropriate penalty”). For the same reasons expressed in Henyard, we agree with Franqui that the trial court’s comment that the law required jurors to recommend a death sentence if the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances misstated the law.
As in Henyard, however, we conclude that Franqui was not prejudiced by this error. Despite Franqui’s contrary assertions, we find that the trial court’s subsequent comments to prospective jurors during voir dire were consistent with the standard jury instructions. More importantly, the trial court did not repeat the misstatement of law when instructing the jury prior to its deliberations. To the contrary, the final jury instructions given in this case were consistent with the standard jury instructions. In addition, the trial court gave defense counsel’s requested instruction apprising the jury that the weighing process was not a mere counting of the aggravating and mitigating circumstances, but rather a reasoned judgment as to what the appropriate sentence should be in light of the nature of the aggravating and mitigating circumstances found to exist. This additional instruction was more in accord with Henyard and our seminal decision in State v. Dixon, 283 So.2d 1, 10 (Fla.1973), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 943, 94 S.Ct. 1950, 40 L.Ed.2d 295 (1974), wherein we stressed:
It must be emphasized that the procedure to be followed by the trial judges and juries is not a mere counting process of X number of aggravating circumstances and Y number of mitigating circumstances, but rather a reasoned judgment as to what factual situations require the imposition of death and which can be satisfied by life imprisonment in light of the totality of'the circumstances present.
Under these circumstances, we find the trial court’s isolated misstatements of the law during voir dire to be harmless. See Henyard, 689 So.2d at 250. Further, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to give the curative instruction requested by defense counsel diming voir dire. See Foster v. State, 614 So.2d 455, 462 (Fla.1992) (finding trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to give instruction on jury’s pardon power); Mendyk v. State, 545 So.2d 846, 850 (Fla.1989) (stating that there is no requirement that the jury be instructed on its pardon power); see also Dougan v. State, 595 So.2d 1, 4 (Fla.1992).
Within this issue, Franqui also argues that the trial court erred in permitting the State to instruct the venire that “if mitigation never outweighs the aggravation in your mind, if aggravation is always more powerful, more weighted, than the mitigation, then you vote to recommend the death penalty.” Defense counsel objected to this comment, and in response the trial court informed the jury concerning the law relating to the weighing of aggravating and mitigating circumstances. More importantly, as noted above, the final jury instructions given in this case were consistent with the standard jury instructions. Thus, even assuming that the objected-to comment misstated the law, we conclude any error resulting from this isolated comment made during an extensive jury selection process was harmless. See Henyard, 689 So.2d at 250.
Franqui also argues that the trial court erred in overruling defense counsel’s objections to arguments made by the State during closing argument. In particular, Franqui alleges that the State improperly made comments outside the scope of the evidence by arguing that he used part of the proceeds from the Kislak Bank robbery to repaint his father-in-law’s car so as to avoid arrest and to purchase a gun which was used in the subsequent robbery of Craig Van Ness. Franqui also asserts that the State improperly commented on the robbery of Van Ness, implying that he would have murdered Van Ness if he had not been arrested.
This Court has held that wide latitude is afforded counsel during argument. See Moore v. State, 701 So.2d 545, 550 (Fla.1997); Breedlove v. State, 413 So.2d 1, 8 (Fla.1982). Logical inferences may be drawn, and counsel is allowed to advance all legitimate arguments. See Thomas v. State, 748 So.2d 970, 984 (Fla.1999). The standard jury instructions contain cautions that while the arguments of counsel are intended to be helpful and persuasive, such arguments are not to be taken as sources of the law or evidence. Further, the control of comments made to the jury is within the trial court’s discretion, and an appellate court will not interfere unless an abuse of discretion is shown. See Occhicone v. State, 570 So.2d 902, 904 (Fla.1990).
As to the comment pertaining to Franqui’s use of part of the proceeds from the bank robbery, we find no error. The record reflects that Franqui was unemployed at the time of the offense and had been so since December 1991. Nonetheless, the car used as the getaway vehicle upon abandoning the two stolen vehicles, which was owned by Franqui’s father-in-law, was repainted shortly after the crime. The record also indicates that the guns used in the bank robbery were discarded following the crime. However, eleven days after the bank robbery, Franqui and two accomplices robbed and kidnapped Van Ness with a different gun. Based on these facts, we find the State’s comment did not constitute an improper attempt to ask the jury to draw a logical inference based upon the evidence. See Mann v. State, 603 So.2d 1141, 1143 (Fla.1992) (holding that merely arguing conclusions which can be drawn from the evidence is “permissible fair comment”). Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in overruling defense counsel’s objection to this comment.
On the other hand, we find the State’s comment pertaining to the subsequent robbery of Van Ness was improper since it implied that Franqui and his accomplices would have murdered Van Ness had the police not stopped the van and arrested the occupants. Nonetheless, this isolated comment, by itself, does not warrant resentencing. This Court has held that prosecutorial misconduct in the penalty phase must be egregious to warrant vacating the sentence and remanding for a new penalty phase proceeding. See Bertolotti v. State, 476 So.2d 130, 133 (Fla.1985). In light of the record in this case, this single erroneous comment within the State’s lengthy closing argument was not so egregious as to taint the validity of the jury’s recommendation and require reversal of the entire resentencing proceeding. See id.
Next, Franqui asserts that the trial court erred in refusing defense counsel’s request that the jury be given a specific instruction that it could consider the life sentences of codefendants San Martin and Abreu as a mitigating circumstance. The trial court refused the requested instruction, concluding that this issue was covered by the standard jury instruction regarding nonstatutory mitigation. Contrary to the State’s assertion, we find this issue was preserved for review. See Toole v. State, 479 So.2d 731, 733 (Fla.1985) (“The contemporaneous objection rule is satisfied when, as here, the record shows that there was a request for an instruction, that the trial court understood the request, and that the trial court denied the specific request.”); see also State v. Heathcoat, 442 So.2d 955, 955-56 (Fla.1983). Nonetheless, we find this issue to be without merit. The trial court gave the standard jury instruction on nonstatutory mitigating circumstances, which explains in part that the jury may consider “any other circumstance of the offense” in mitigation. We have held that this standard jury instruction on nonstatutory mitigating circumstances is sufficient, and there is no need to give separate instructions on each item of non-statutory mitigation. See Gore v. State, 706 So.2d 1328, 1334 (Fla.1997); San Martin v. State, 705 So.2d 1337, 1349 (Fla.1997); James v. State, 695 So.2d 1229, 1236 (Fla.1997). Moreover, the trial court read to the jury a stipulation pertaining to the life sentences given to codefendants San Martin and Abreu prior to closing arguments, and the trial court specifically informed defense counsel that he could argue codefendants’ life sentences as a mitigating circumstance to the jury, which counsel did during closing argument.
Franqui also argues that the trial court failed to find and weigh all of the nonstatutory mitigating evidence presented at resentencing. Specifically, Franqui contends that the trial court should have found and weighed in mitigation his family history and abandonment by his natural parents, his newfound maturity while incarcerated, and the fact that he did not fire the fatal bullet. This Court has stated that a trial court in its written order must evaluate each mitigating circumstance offered by the defendant and decide if it has been established and, in the case of non-statutory factors, if it is of a truly mitigating nature. See Campbell v. State, 571 So.2d 415, 419 (Fla.1990). A trial court “must find as a mitigating circumstance each proposed factor that is mitigating in nature and has been reasonably established by the greater weight of the evidence.” Id. (footnote omitted). However, a trial court may reject a claim that a mitigating circumstance has been proven, provided the record contains competent substantial evidence to support the rejection. See Mansfield v. State, 758 So.2d 636, 646 (Fla.2000); Ferrell v. State, 653 So.2d 367, 371 (Fla.1995).
First, Franqui argues that the trial court failed to find and weigh in mitigation his family history, including his abandonment by his natural parents. We disagree. The sentencing order reveals that the trial court expressly considered in great detail whether Franqui’s family history, including his abandonment by his natural parents, was a mitigating circumstance. Indeed, the trial court made extensive findings and explained its reasoning for rejecting Franqui’s family history as a mitigating circumstance. Based upon our review, we find that competent substantial evidence supports the trial court’s conclusion.
Similarly, Franqui’s contention that the trial court did not find and weigh as a mitigating circumstance his newfound maturity while incarcerated is without merit. Franqui’s cousin testified at resen-tencing that Franqui had requested books on psychology, exercise, fitness, and mental health since his incarceration in order to improve himself. He also testified that Franqui had found religion since being incarcerated. It was this testimony pertaining to Franqui’s self-improvement and faith that served as the basis for his alleged newfound maturity, as exemplified by defense counsel’s argument during closing and at the Spencer hearing. The record reflects that the trial court not only considered this evidence, but found Fran-qui’s self-improvement and faith while in custody was established as a mitigating circumstance and entitled to some weight.
Franqui also contends that the trial court failed to find and weigh as a mitigating circumstance the fact that he did not fire the fatal bullet. Although we have indicated that the fact that a defendant did not fire the fatal shot may be a mitigating factor, whether it actually is depends on the particular facts of the case. Here, it is uncontradicted that Franqui shot at Officer Bauer, striking him in the hip. Although this wound alone was not fatal, the medical examiner testified that his findings were consistent with the conclusion that Officer Bauer was first shot in the hip by a bullet which ricocheted off the pillar he took cover behind, causing him to fall forward and be struck by the fatal bullet fired by Gonzalez. Under the particular facts in this case, we find that the trial court did not err in considering, but ultimately rejecting, the fact that Franqui did not fire the fatal bullet as a mitigating circumstance.
Lastly, Franqui challenges the proportionality of his death sentence. In so doing, Franqui first contends that the trial court failed to include in its sentencing order findings that support the En-mund-Tison culpability requirement. We disagree. In its sentencing order, the trial court expressly found that Franqui was prepared to use lethal force to eliminate any impediment to his robbery plan and did not hesitate to actually use such force during the bank robbery. Indeed, the record demonstrates that Franqui surveyed the bank the day before the crime and observed the bank tellers being escorted to their drive-through booths; he came to the bank armed with a .9 mm handgun; and he fired the gun at Officer Bauer, striking him in the hip. Franqui was a direct, active participant in the bank robbery which resulted in Officer Bauer’s death, and his actions not only exhibit a reckless indifference to life, but demonstrate that he intended lethal force to be used should he and his accomplices face any resistance during the robbery. Thus, we conclude the Enmund-Tison culpability requirement is satisfied. See San Martin v. State, 705 So.2d 1337, 1345-46 (Fla.1997); Van Poyck v. State, 564 So.2d 1066, 1070-71 (Fla.1990); DuBoise v. State, 520 So.2d 260, 265-66 (Fla.1988); Diaz v. State, 513 So.2d 1045, 1048 (Fla.1987).
Nonetheless, Franqui claims that his death sentence is disproportionate. Due to the uniqueness and finality of death, this Court addresses the propriety of all death sentences in a proportionality review. See Porter v. State, 564 So.2d 1060, 1064 (Fla.1990). In conducting this review, this Court considers the totality of the circumstances in a case as compared to other cases in which the death penalty has been imposed, thereby providing for uniformity in the application of the death penalty. See Urbin v. State, 714 So.2d 411, 416-17 (Fla.1998) (quoting Tillman v. State, 591 So.2d 167, 169 (Fla.1991)). The death penalty is reserved for only the most aggravated and the least mitigated of first-degree murders. See Urbin, 714 So.2d at 416; State v. Dixon, 283 So.2d 1, 7 (Fla.1973).
In this case, the trial court found three aggravating circumstances: (1) the defendant had a prior conviction for a capital or violent felony (great weight); (2) the murder was committed during the course of a robbery and for pecuniary gain, merged (great weight); and (3) the murder was committed to avoid arrest and hinder law enforcement and the victim was a law enforcement officer, merged (great weight). The trial court found no statutory mitigating circumstances, but did find the following four nonstatutory mitigating circumstances: (1) Franqui’s relationship with his children (little weight); (2) his cooperation with authorities (little weight); (3) the life sentences imposed on codefend-ants San Martin and Abreu (little weight); and (4) Franqui’s self-improvement and faith while in custody (some weight).
To support his claim that his death sentence is disproportionate, Franqui primarily relies on Curtis v. State, 685 So.2d 1234 (Fla.1996). We find such reliance to be misplaced. In Curtis, we found death to be a disproportionate penalty given the substantial mitigation established in the case, including defendant’s age of seventeen years and the fact that the co-perpetrator who fired the fatal shot was sentenced to life. See id. at 1237. By contrast, in this case there is minimal mitigation when weighed against the aggravating circumstances. More importantly, in contrast to Curtis, Franqui was not a minor at the time of the offense and his codefendant who fired the fatal shot was sentenced to death. See Gonzalez v. State, 786 So.2d 559 (Fla.2001).
We find the circumstances in this case are similar to other cases in which the death penalty has been imposed. For instance, in Armstrong v. State, 642 So.2d 730 (Fla.1994), the defendant shot a police officer after the officer responded to a robbery in progress at a restaurant. The same three aggravating circumstances that exist in this case were found in Armstrong. The defendant in Armstrong also presented evidence of several nonstatutory miti-gators. On appeal, this Court affirmed the death sentence. See id. at 740; see also Burns v. State, 699 So.2d 646 (Fla.1997) (affirming death sentence for the murder of a law enforcement officer where avoid arrest and hinder law enforcement aggravating circumstances were found and merged, there was one statutory mitigating circumstance of no significant criminal history, and insignificant nonstatutory mitigation); Reaves v. State, 639 So.2d 1 (Fla.1994) (affirming death sentence for the murder of a deputy sheriff, where the record supported the existence of two aggravating circumstances of prior violent felony and avoid arrest, no statutory mitigators, and three nonstatutory mitigators). Accordingly, we find death is a proportionate penalty in this case.
For the reasons stated above, we affirm Franqui’s sentence.
It is so ordered.
HARDING and LEWIS, JJ., concur.
WELLS, C.J., concurs in result only with an opinion.
SHAW, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion, in which ANSTEAD and PARIENTE, JJ., concur.
ANSTEAD, J., concurs in part and dissents in part with an opinion, in which SHAW and PARIENTE, JJ., concur.
QUINCE, J., concurs in result only.
WELLS, C.J.,
concurring in result only.
I concur in result only. I specifically do not agree with the majority’s footnote 5. I believe the majority confuses federal and Florida law by its reference to the Eleventh Federal Circuit’s pattern jury instructions. Under Florida law it is not proper for a trial judge to “admonish” a jury as does this federal instruction. Under Florida law the trial judge is required to be much more neutral than in the federal instruction.
Nor do I believe that the Court’s statement in Henyard, v. State, 689 So.2d 239, 249-250 (Fla.1997), was intended to be a jury instruction. Section 921.141, Florida Statutes, sets out the jury’s role, and we should follow the statute. That statute states:
(2) ADVISORY SENTENCE BY THE JURY. — After hearing all the evidence, the jury shall deliberate and render an advisory sentence to the court, based upon the following matters:
(a) Whether sufficient aggravating circumstances exist as enumerated in subsection (5);
(b) Whether sufficient mitigating circumstances exist which outweigh the aggravating circumstances found to exist; and
(c) Based on these considerations, whether the defendant should be sentenced to life imprisonment or death.
This is what the jury should be instructed to do, and it is covered by the Standard Jury Instructions.
SHAW, J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I dissent from the majority’s application of a harmless error analysis to the trial court’s opening remarks to the initial veni-re wherein the trial judge stated:
If you believe that the aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating factors, then the law requires that you recommend a death sentence.
This was a serious misstatement of the law and guaranteed a death sentence if in the jury’s opinion the aggravators outweighed the mitigators and the jurors, in obedience to their oath, followed the judge’s advice.
The majority’s reliance in Henyard v. State, 689 So.2d 239 (Fla.1996), and Brooks v. State, 762 So.2d 879 (Fla.2000), ignores a critical distinction. In Henyard and Brooks the originator of the erroneous misstatement of the law was an advocate, i.e., the prosecutor, not the trial judge as in this instance. Undoubtedly, a jury would and should accord greater weight to guidance given by the judge than to an advocate’s arguments relative to their duty as jurors. The majority’s harmless error analysis ignores this reality or does not give proper weight to the source of the misstatements. In Almeida v. State, 748 So.2d 922 (Fla.1999), we implicitly recognized this distinction in finding a prosecutor’s improper argument on the law governing a defendant’s sanity harmless error by noting, inter alia, that “[t]he misstatement was presented to the jury in the context of closing argument by an advocate, not in the context of an instruction by the court.” Id. at 927.
Moreover, unlike Brooks where the trial court immediately responded to the defense’s objection to the prosecutor’s improper argument by appropriately instructing the jury on the law relating to the weighing of aggravating and mitigating circumstances, the misstatement of law in the instant case was never cogently addressed or straightforwardly corrected despite the fact that the error was brought to the judge’s attention in time “to place [him] on notice that an error may have occurred and provide him ... with the opportunity to correct the error at an early stage in the proceedings.” Majority op. at 1192.
The majority assumes in its harmless error analysis that the trial court’s reading of the standard jury instructions, which included a correct statement of the law, diffused the effect of the earlier misstatement. I feel that this misses the mark. When one considers the litany of instructions the jury is exposed to before retiring to deliberate, it is purely speculative to assume that a serious misstatement of the law given during the voir dire can be overcome by a mechanical reading of a catalog of standard jury instructions, one of which correctly states the law which was misstated at the beginning of the trial. This kind of speculation is not the kind of “principled analysis” which should be the hallmark of a harmless error inquiry. See State v. DiGuilio, 491 So.2d 1129, 1135 (Fla.1986). Accordingly, I dissent.
ANSTEAD and PARIENTE, JJ„ concur.
ANSTEAD, J.,
concurring in part and dissenting in part.
I concur in Justice Shaw’s opinion and write separately to emphasize the critical importance of jury instructions in capital cases, especially as they may impact the fairness and constitutionality of a death penalty scheme.
In the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent decision in Penry v. Johnson, 532 U.S. 782, 121 S.Ct. 1910, 150 L.Ed.2d 9 (2001), the Court reiterated that “it is only when the jury is given a ‘vehicle for expressing its “reasoned moral response” to that [mitigating] evidence in rendering its sentencing decision,’ that we can be sure that the jury ‘has treated the defendant as a “uniquely individual human bein[g]” and has made a reliable determination that death is the appropriate sentence.’ ” Penry, 532 U.S. at -, 121 S.Ct. at 1920 (citations omitted).
The Supreme Court’s admonition in Perny is similar to one contained in this Court’s seminal decision in State v. Dixon, 283 So.2d 1 (Fla.1973), cert. denied, 416 U.S. 943, 94 S.Ct. 1950, 40 L.Ed.2d 295 (1974), where in evaluating the constitutionality of Florida’s death penalty scheme, we declared:
It must be emphasized that the procedure to be followed by the trial judges and juries is not a mere counting process of X number of aggravating circumstances and Y number of mitigating circumstances, but rather a reasoned judgment as to what factual situations require the imposition of death and which can be satisfied by life imprisonment in light of the totality of the circumstances present.
Id at 10; see also Beasley v. State, 774 So.2d 649, 673-74 (Fla.2000) (quoting Dixon). More recently, this Court has cautioned that “a jury is neither compelled nor required to recommend death where aggravating factors outweigh mitigating factors.” Henyard v. State, 689 So.2d 239, 249-50 (Fla.1996). In addition, of course, we have long ago established that a jury’s recommendation of life will be sustained so long as the record contains any rational basis for the jury’s grant of mercy. See Tedder v. State, 322 So.2d 908, 910 (Fla.1975).
OTHER JURISDICTIONS
The statutory schemes in many other states are similar to Florida’s in providing for consideration of aggravating and mitigating circumstances in order for the jury or court to determine an appropriate penalty of life or death. Many states also provide guidance to capital juries similar to that contained in our decisions in Dixon and Henyard.
For example, New Hampshire’s statute provides in part:
If an aggravating factor set forth in subparagraph VII(a) and one or more of the aggravating factors set forth in sub-paragraph VII(b)-(j) are found to exist, the jury shall then consider whether the aggravating factors found to exist sufficiently outweigh any mitigating factor or factors found to exist, or in the absence of mitigating factors, whether the aggravating factors are themselves sufficient to justify a sentence of death. Based upon this consideration, if the jury concludes that the aggravating factors outweigh the mitigating factors or that the aggravating factors, in the absence of any mitigating factors, are themselves sufficient to justify a death sentence, the jury, by unanimous vote only, may recommend that a sentence of death be imposed rather than a sentence of life imprisonment without possibility of parole. The jury, regardless of its findings with respect to aggravating and mitigating factors, is never required to impose a death sentence and the jury shall be so instructed.
N.H.Rev.Stat. Ann. § 630:5(IV) (1996) (emphasis added). Of course, the New Hampshire statutory scheme requires the unanimous vote of the jury for a death recommendation, a safeguard not present in Florida where a death recommendation can be made by a bare majority vote. Obviously, the need for caution is even greater when a bare majority vote carries such significant consequences.
California’s statutory scheme for finding and weighing aggravation is also similar to Florida’s scheme. See Cal.Penal Code § 190.3 (West 1999). However, in California, the pattern jury instructions for the penalty phase of a death penalty case are much more explicit as to the jury’s responsibility:
It is now your duty to determine which of the two penalties, death or imprisonment in the state prison for life without possibility of parole, shall be imposed on [the] [each] defendant.
After having heard all of the evidence, and after having heard and considered the arguments of counsel, you shall consider, take into account and be guided by the applicable factors of aggravating and mitigating circumstances upon which you have been instructed.
An aggravating factor is any fact, condition or event attending the commission of a crime which increases its guilt or enormity, or adds to its injurious consequences which is above and beyond the elements of the crime itself. A mitigating circumstance is any fact, condition or event which does not constitute a justification or excuse for the crime in question, but may be considered as an extenuating circumstance in determining the appropriateness of the death penalty.
The weighing of aggravating and mitigating circumstances does not mean a mere mechanical counting of factors on each side of an imaginary scale, or the arbitrary assignment of weights to any of them. You are free to assign whatever moral or sympathetic value you deem appropriate to each and all of the various factors you are permitted to consider. In weighing the various circumstances you determine under the relevant evidence which penalty is justified and appropriate by considering the totality of the aggravating circumstances with the totality of the mitigating circumstances. To return a judgment of death, each of you must be persuaded that the aggravating circumstances are so substantial in comparison with the mitigating circumstances that it warrants death instead of life without parole.
1 Cal. Jury Instr.—Crim. 8.88 (6th ed. Supp.2001) (emphasis added).
Not surprisingly, cases have arisen in California where the defendant alleges that the jury was misled as to its sentencing function when the court instructed the jury that it shall impose a sentence of death if the aggravating circumstances outweigh the mitigating circumstances. In People v. Brown, 40 Cal.3d 512, 230 Cal.Rptr. 834, 726 P.2d 516 (1985), rev’d on other grounds, 479 U.S. 538, 107 S.Ct. 837, 93 L.Ed.2d 934 (1987), the California Supreme Court, much like this Court in Dixon, explained that the jury’s discretion was not limited:
Similarly, the reference to “weighing” and the use of the word “shall” in the 1978 law need not be interpreted to limit impermissibly the scope of the jury’s ultimate discretion. In this context, the word “weighing” is a metaphor for a process which by nature is incapable of precise description. The word connotes a mental balancing process, but certainly not one which calls for a mere mechanical counting of factors on each side of the imaginary “scale,” or the arbitrary assignment of “weights” to any of them. Each juror is free to assign whatever moral or sympathetic value he deems appropriate to each and all of the various factors he is permitted to consider, including factor “k” as we have interpreted it. By directing that the jury “shall” impose the death penalty if it finds that aggravating factors “outweigh” mitigating, the statute should not be understood to require any juror to vote for the death penalty unless, upon completion of the “weighing” process, he decides that death is the appropriate penalty under all the circumstances. Thus the jury, by weighing the various factors, simply determines under the relevant evidence which penalty is appropriate in the particular case.
Id. at 854, 726 P.2d at 532 (footnote omitted). The court recognized that, under some circumstances, the instruction might confuse a penalty jury regarding the fundamental character of the capital sentencing process. Thus, the court noted that any case in which the mandatory language was used “must be examined on its own merits to determine whether, in context, the sentencer may have been misled to defendant’s prejudice about the scope of its sentencing discretion under the 1978 law.” 230 Cal.Rptr. at 856 n. 17, 726 P.2d at 534 n. 17.
In Geary v. State, 114 Nev. 100, 952 P.2d 431 (1998) (on rehearing), the Nevada Supreme Court addressed the potentially confusing nature of a final jury instruction given in capital cases which provided:
The defendant in the case has been found guilty of murder in the first degree.
Under the law of this State, you must now determine the sentence to be imposed upon the defendant. First degree murder is punishable by death only if the jury finds one or more aggravating circumstances have been proved beyond a reasonable doubt and the jury further finds that any mitigating circumstances do not outweigh the aggravating circumstances.
Otherwise, murder in the first degree is punishable by imprisonment in the state prison for life with or without the possibility of parole.
Id. at 432. In a prior decision, the court had concluded that this same instruction may have misled the jury into believing that it was required to automatically impose the death sentence if it found that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances. See id. (referring to Geary v. State, 112 Nev. 1434, 930 P.2d 719 (1996)). Thereafter, the state filed a motion for rehearing noting that the same jury had also been instructed that imposing the death sentence was not mandatory even after a finding that the aggravating circumstances outweighed the mitigating circumstances. On rehearing, the court agreed, finding it had overlooked the existence of the other instruction, which it found sufficiently informed the jury that a death sentence is never mandatory. See id. Nevertheless, to prevent future uncertainty, the court set forth the following additional instruction for district courts to give in the sentencing phase of all capital cases:
The jury must find the existence of each aggravating circumstance, if any, unanimously and beyond a reasonable doubt.
The jurors need not find mitigating circumstances unanimously. In determining the appropriate sentence, each juror must consider and weigh any mitigating circumstance or circumstances which that juror finds.
The jury may impose a sentence of death only if:
1) The jurors find unanimously and beyond a reasonable doubt that at least one aggravating circumstance exists;
2) Each and every juror determines that the mitigating circumstance or circumstances, if any, which he or she has found do not outweigh the aggravating circumstance or circumstances; and
3) The jurors unanimously determine that in their discretion a sentence of death is appropriate.
Id. at 433 (emphasis added). Subsequent cases in Nevada have consistently reiterated the principle that the jury always retains the discretion to decide whether it considers death the appropriate penalty. See Hollaway v. State, 6 P.3d 987, 996 (Nev.2000); Middleton v. State, 114 Nev. 1089, 968 P.2d 296, 315 (1998).
In New York, Criminal Procedure Law section 400.27 sets forth the procedure for determining a defendant’s sentence upon conviction for first-degree murder. In particular, section 400.27 provides:
11. (a) The jury may not direct imposition of a sentence of death unless it unanimously finds beyond a reasonable doubt thai, the aggravating factor or factors substantially outweigh the mitigating factor or factors established, if any, and unanimously determines that the penalty of death should be imposed. Any member or members of the jury who find a mitigating factor to have been proven by the defendant by a preponderance of the evidence may consider such factor established regardless of the number of jurors who concur that the factor has been established.
(b) If the jury directs imposition of either a sentence of death or life imprisonment without parole, it shall specify on the record those mitigating and aggravating factors considered and those mitigating factors established by the defendant, if any.
N.Y.Crim. Proc. Law § 400.27(11) (McKinney Supp.2001) (emphasis added). In accordance with section 400.27, the New York standard jury instructions provide in part:
Members of the jury, I will now explain how you are to consider the aggravating and mitigating factors in making your sentencing determination in this case.
Our law does not suggest or imply that a sentence of death is expected or appropriate for a defendant found guilty of murder in the first degree.
Our law provides that a jury may not direct the imposition of a sentence of death unless, after due deliberation, the jury unanimously finds, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the aggravating factor substantially outweighs any and all mitigating factors established by the defendant, and unanimously determines that the penalty of death should be imposed.
In other words, you as a jury may not direct the imposition of a sentence of death unless each of you, individually, makes the following two determinations:
First, that, beyond a reasonable doubt, the aggravating factor in the case substantially outweighs any and all mitigating factors that you personally find to have been established, and second, that the penalty of death should be imposed.
The process of determining whether, beyond a reasonable doubt, the aggravating factor substantially outweighs the mitigating factors is not subject to a mathematical formula. Rather, it requires an analysis and evaluation of the aggravating and mitigating factors.
In order to conduct that analysis and evaluation, you must consider three questions:
First, to what extent, if any, does the aggravating factor support a sentence of death for this defendant in this case?
Second, to what extent, if any, do the mitigating factors, individually or collectively, support a sentence other than death for this defendant in this case? And, third, does the extent to which the aggravating factor supports a sentence of death substantially outweigh beyond a reasonable doubt the extent to which the mitigating factors support a sentence other than death?
If each one of you concludes beyond a reasonable doubt that the aggravating factor substantially outweighs any and all mitigating factors, then you must go on to consider whether, under all the facts and circumstances of this case, you as a jury unanimously determine that a sentence of death should be imposed. In other words, you must consider whether, under all the facts and circumstances of this case, you as a jury unanimously determine that death is the fitting and appropriate punishment that should be imposed upon the defendant.
If each one of you concludes that, beyond a reasonable doubt, the aggravating factor substantially outweighs any and all mitigating factors that you individually find to exist, and that a sentence of death should be imposed, then and only then may you as a jury direct the imposition of a sentence of death. On the other hand, if any one of you has a reasonable doubt as to whether the aggravating factor substantially outweighs the mitigating factors established in the case, or, if any one of you does not agree that a sentence of death should be imposed, then you as a jury may not direct the imposition of a sentence of death.
Capital Sentencing Proceeding Basic Final Instructions section 440.27 available at http://www.courts.state.ny.us/cji/capsntfi.htm (emphasis added). Hence, while New York requires a unanimous jury vote for a death recommendation, its standard jury instructions contain numerous cautions to the jury as to the exercise of its discretion in determining an appropriate penalty.
Missouri also has pattern jury instructions in death cases, one of which explicitly informs the jury that it is never required to recommend a death sentence. For example, in State v. Petary, 790 S.W.2d 243 (Mo.1990), the following jury instruction was cited:
You are not compelled to fix death as the punishment even if you do not find the existence of one or more mitigating circumstances sufficient to outweigh the aggravating circumstance or circumstances which you find to exist. You must consider all the circumstances in deciding whether to assess and declare the punishment at death. Whether that is to be your final decision rests with you.
Id. at 244-45. The above instruction is referred to as the “life option” instruction. See State v. Storey, 40 S.W.3d 898, 912 (Mo.2001).
CONCLUSION
Most of the sample pattern jury instructions set forth above have aspects which arguably should be included in Florida’s standard jury instructions for penalty phase proceedings in capital cases. Most notably, and, consistent with this Court’s decisions in Dixon and Henyard, these pattern jury instructions explicitly inform the jury that the “weighing” process is not a mere numerical or mathematical calculation, but rather involves a reasoned judgment and analysis of the circumstances and ultimately a choice left to the discretion of the jury based upon all of the circumstances presented.
While we have been diligent in reminding trial court judges of the qualitative process they must follow in determining an appropriate sentence in each individual case, we must not overlook the importance of such instructions for Florida juries. Although the Dixon and Henyard holdings are consistently repeated in our case law, including such guidance in the standard jury instructions would obviously aid the jury in understanding its role and responsibility during deliberations by further clarifying the “weighing” process.
SHAW and PARIENTE, JJ., concur.
. Although Franqui developed a marital relationship with his girlfriend and they had two children together, the record reflects that they never officially married.
. The trial court found the following three aggravating circumstances: (1) Franqui had a prior conviction for a capital or violent felony (great weight); (2) the murder was committed during the course of a robbery and for pecuniary gain, merged (great weight); and (3) the murder was committed to avoid arrest and hinder law enforcement and the victim was a law enforcement officer, merged (great weight).
. The trial court considered and rejected Franqui’s age as a mitigating circumstance based on his maturity at the time of the murder. In addition, the trial court concluded no evidence presented reasonably established any of the other statutory mitigating circumstances.
.The trial court found the following four nonstatutory mitigating circumstances: (1) Franqui’s relationship with his children (little weight); (2) cooperation with authorities (little weight); (3) life sentences imposed on codefendants San Martin and Abreu (little weight); and (4) self-improvement and faith while in custody (some weight). The trial court rejected Franqui’s family history and the fact that he did not fire the fatal bullet as nonstatutory mitigating circumstances.
.We also ask that the Committee on Standard Jury Instructions in Criminal Cases review the standard instructions to be certain our opinions in Henyard, Brooks and Garrón have been properly considered, and to consider whether additional instructions such as those given by the trial court here should be included in the standard instructions. See note 7, infra. We note, for example, that the Eleventh Circuit's pattern jury instructions for death penalty cases provide in part:
If, after weighing the aggravating and mitigating factors, you determine that the aggravating factors found to exist sufficiently outweigh the mitigating factors; or, in the absence of mitigating factors, if you find that the aggravating factors alone are sufficient, you may exercise your option to recommend that a sentence of death be imposed rather than some lesser sentence. Regardless of your findings with respect to aggravating and mitigating factors, however, you are never required to recommend a sentence of death.
The process of weighing aggravating and mitigating factors to determine the proper punishment is not a mechanical process. The law contemplates that different factors may be given different weights or values by different jurors. In your decision making process, you, and you alone, are to decide what weight is to be given to a particular factor.
Your only interest is to seek the truth from the evidence and to determine in the light of that evidence and the Court’s instructions Whether to recommend a sentence of death. If you do not recommend a sentence of death, the Court is required by law to impose a sentence other than death, which sentence is to be determined by the Court alone. Let me admonish you again, while you may recommend a sentence of death, you are not required to do so.
Pattern Jury Instructions (Criminal Cases), Offense Instruction 76.4 (Eleventh Circuit District Judges Ass'n 1997) (emphasis added).
. We do note, however, that the trial court did repeat its prior statement that the law requires the jury to recommend a death sentence if the aggravating circumstances outweigh the mitigating circumstances during individual voir dire of juror Hernandez, who was subsequently removed for cause.
. In particular, the trial court instructed the jury:
It must be emphasized that the weighing process is not a mere counting of the number of aggravating circumstances and the number of mitigating circumstances. But rather, a reasoned judgment as to what the appropriate sentence in this case in light of the nature and aggravating factors that you find-excuse me, aggravating and mitigating factors that you find.
The record reveals that the latter part of the trial court's written instructions read: "[B]ut rather a reasoned judgement as to what the appropriate sentence is in this case in light of the nature of the aggravators and mitigators you find.”
. At oral argument, Franqui’s appellate counsel also argued that the State misstated the law during closing argument in commenting, "[I]f the aggravation is always stronger, always more powerful in your hearts and in your minds, the Judge is going to tell you it’s your obligation that you should vote to recommend for the death penalty.” No objection was made to this comment at trial, nor was this issue raised in Franqui’s brief. Nevertheless, we take this opportunity to caution prosecutors to avoid using language instructing the jury that it has a duty or obligation to recommend death. See Urbin v. State, 714 So.2d at 411, 421 (Fla.1998); Garron, 528 So.2d at 359.
. In particular, the State argued:
January 14, a very wonderful thing happens to the people of Dade County. This defendant gets arrested. He’s in custody. Or perhaps, you thought, like perhaps the defendant thought, this would never end. But it did end. Maybe by luck, maybe by accident, a uniformed officer sees somebody, looks a little hinky [sic] inside a van, guy starts to flee from him, follows him and catches him and look what happens. He catches somebody on what was a traffic offense, only to find out he’s got a man held at gunpoint whose been kidnaped here and it’s the same gang that’s involved in this crime and this crime and this crime.
And if there wasn't that police officer there, who just happened to have seen what took place on January 14, I don’t want to guess about—
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Objection.
[THE COURT]: All right. This is argument. Overruled.
[STATE]: I don't want to guess about how that day would have ended. But it’s nice to know that Craig Van Nest [sic] was able to walk into a courtroom some time later, tell a jury what had taken place and this defendant was convicted of those crimes as well.
. Spencer v. State, 615 So.2d 688 (Fla.1993).
. See, e.g., Curtis v. State, 685 So.2d 1234, 1237 (Fla.1996) (noting as a mitigating circumstance the fact that defendant did not kill the victim and his bullet merely struck victim in the foot after co-perpetrator had fired the fatal shot); cf. Taylor v. State, 294 So.2d 648, 652 (Fla.1974) (noting that downward trajectory of the fatal bullet at least raised the possibility that the defendant had not fired the shot).
. In Enmund v. Florida, 458 U.S. 782, 102 S.Ct. 3368, 73 L.Ed.2d 1140 (1982), the United States Supreme Court held that imposition of the death penalty in a felony murder case in which the defendant did not kill, attempt to kill, or intend that a killing take place or that lethal force be employed violates the Eighth Amendment prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment as applied to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment of the United States Constitution. In Tison v. Arizona, 481 U.S. 137, 107 S.Ct. 1676, 95 L.Ed.2d 127 (1987), the Court held that a finding of major participation in the felony committed, combined with reckless indifference to human life, is sufficient to satisfy the Enmund culpability requirement for consistency with the Eighth Amendment.
. Although Franqui does not challenge the trial court’s finding as to any of the aggravating circumstances, we find that the record reveals competent substantial evidence to support the three aggravating circumstances.
. The three other codefendants involved in this crime were sentenced to life. See Fernandez v. State, 730 So.2d 277 (Fla.1999) (imposing life sentence); San Martin v. State, 717 So.2d 462 (Fla.1998) (reversing jury override and imposing life sentence). Codefendant Abreu received a life sentence as a result of a plea negotiation.
. In People v. Bonin, 47 Cal.3d 808, 254 Cal.Rptr. 298, 765 P.2d 460 (1989), the court commented on Brown as follows:
Although in Brown we upheld the constitutionality of section 190.3, we nevertheless recognized that when delivered in an instruction the provision’s mandatory sentencing language might mislead jurors as to the scope of their sentencing discretion and responsibility. Specifically, a juror might reasonably understand that language to define the penalty determination as "simply a finding of facts” or "a mere mechanical counting of factors on each side of the imaginary 'scale.' ” A juror might also reasonably understand the language to require him to vote for death if he finds that the evidence in aggravation outweighs the evidence in mitigation — even if he determines that death is not the appropriate penalty under all the circumstances.
Id. at 327, 765 P.2d at 489 (citations omitted).
. Following the court's opinion in Brown, the pattern jury instruction was changed to conform almost verbatim to a proposed jury instruction the court mentioned in footnote 19 of its opinion. See Brown, 230 Cal.Rptr. 834, 726 P.2d at 535 n. 19; see also 1 Cal. Jury Instr. Crim. 8.88 (6th ed. Supp.2001) (set forth above in opinion and including language that the weighing process is not a mere mechanical weighing of factors).
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Please don't use tags in the article, this is not html. The flow of the article should be controled by the section headers, not using . Thanks Gohiking 17:27, 25 March 2007 (UTC) | WIKI |
Thambi (2019 film)
Thambi is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language action thriller film directed by Jeethu Joseph. Co-written by Rensil D'Silva, Sameer Arora, Jeethu Joseph and K. Manikandan, it was jointly produced by Viacom 18 Motion Pictures and Parallel Mind Productions. The film stars Karthi, Jyothika, Nikhila Vimal and Sathyaraj. The music and background score was composed by Govind Vasantha.
Thambi was released on 20 December 2019 and received positive reviews from critics, where it became a commercial success.
Plot
A fight erupts between teenagers Saravanan and Manimaran, where Saravanan is hit on the head by Manimaran and faints. Manimaran is forced to escape, leaving the fainted Saravanan on top of a lorry.
15 years later: Gnanamoorthy is a politician in Mettupalayam, Coimbatore District, who lives with his wife Padma, daughter Parvathy, and his mother who uses a wheelchair. Parvathy spends her days in sorrow, hoping that her aggressive younger brother Saravanan, who had left home 15 years ago, will return. Her family believes that the miracle of his coming back may happen. One day, Moorthy receives a call from Jeevanand, who tells him that his long-lost son is found. In reality, Saravanan is Vicky, a trickster and tourist guide in Goa. Moorthy brings Vicky to his house, where Padma is overjoyed at seeing her son. However, Parvathy keeps shunning Vicky. Saravanan's childhood friend and lover, Sanjana, is also elated to reunite with "him". Jeeva and Vicky had secretly planned for Vicky to pose as Saravanan for a while before stealing money from the house and escaping, after which they would share the bounty. Saravanan's friend Karan, who is a cop, doubts whether Vicky is actually Saravanan, which grows stronger when he asks Vicky about their childhood and he flounders.
However, Parvathy stops Karan from trying to disprove Vicky/Saravanan since the joy in her family has come back upon his arrival anyway. It is revealed that Moorthy had in fact arranged for Jeeva to make Vicky pose as Saravanan. When Jeeva blackmails Moorthy for inr 20000000, Moorthy kills him and pins the murder on Manimaaran, who is now a local politician who wants to build a resort in the nearby village. Karan suspects Vicky is involved in the murder since he shows up at Jeeva's house trying to remove evidence that he is a fraud. However, Karan doesn't find any proof tying Moorthy or Vicky to Jeeva's death and arrests Manimaaran. Moorthy had already entered the house once more and removed all the evidence. While Vicky is driving, he is hit by a truck and narrowly escapes death. Another attack in the house confirms his suspicions that someone is trying to kill Saravanan and sets out to find out what really happened to him. After tracing Saravanan's steps that night, he finds the truck that hit him, and on interrogating the driver, learns that the perpetrator is Moorthy's right-hand man Sudhakar, who was angry that Saravanan had come back as he would lose the position of MLA to him.
Finally, with a clue from Sanjana, Vicky deduces that Saravanan had returned home the night of his disappearance - he was a drug addict who had fought with his family and was the reason for his grandmother's paralysis. He believes that out of anger over Saravanan hurting his grandmother, Moorthy killed his son accidentally and used sympathy to earn votes. On confronting him, Moorthy offers Vicky money to keep the matter quiet, but Vicky tells Padma, who is already aware of it. Suddenly, Parvathy holds Vicky at gunpoint and reveals what happened that night.
15 years back: After Saravanan had fought with Padma and Parvathy, he pushed his grandmother down the stairs, causing her to be hospitalized. Saravanan managed to escape after his fight with Manimaran and returned home on his bike. Moorthy and Parvathy came back to the house and found Saravanan getting high. In a fit of rage, Moorthy beat his son, but when Saravanan hit him back in a drug-fueled rage, Moorthy broke down. Parvathy tried to console her father and threw away her brother's drugs. Saravanan began choking her and in desperation, Parvathy grabbed a nearby showpiece and accidentally slit his throat. In order to save his family's reputation, Moorthy fabricated a story where Saravanan had run away. Saravanan's body was interred in the forest area where the resort is now proposed to be built.
Present: Shocked at the revelation, Vicky decides to leave. At the train station, Parvathy admits that she had come to accept Vicky as her brother. Later, Vicky/Saravanan and Parvathy drive back to their home.
Cast
* Karthi as Saravanan (Fake) / Vicky
* Jyothika as Parvathy
* Ammu Abhirami as Young Parvathy
* Sathyaraj as P. Gnanamoorthy
* Nikhila Vimal as Sanjana
* Yukta as Young Sanjana
* Seetha as Padma
* Anson Paul as Karan
* Sowcar Janaki as Parvathy's and Saravanan's Grandmother
* Bala as MLA Manimaaran
* Ilavarasu as T. G. Jeevanand
* Hareesh Peradi as Sudhakar
* Navneeth Madhav as Saravanan
* Ramesh Thilak as Vicky's friend
* Ashwanth Ashokkumar as Kutta
* Semmalar Annam as Gunavathi, Kutta's mother
* Mathew Varghese as CEO
* Hello Kandasamy as Villager
* Aroul D. Shankar as Neurologist
Production
In February 2019, it was announced that Karthi and Jyothika would be sharing screen space together for the first time under the direction of Jeethu Joseph. Later, Govind Vasantha and R. D. Rajasekhar were confirmed to be the film's music director and cinematographer respectively.
Principal photography began in mid April 2019. The film was completed in a single schedule. It was shot extensively in Palakkad, Goa, Coimbatore, and Ooty. The film's title revealed to be Thambi on 15 November 2019.
Music
The soundtrack is composed by Govind Vasantha, and the audio rights of the film were acquired by Lahari Music. The audio launch of this film was held at Sathyam Cinemas, Chennai on 30 November 2019, in the presence of Jyothika, Karthi and Suriya, who attended the event as the chief guest, along with the film's cast and crew. The album features four tracks with an instrumental theme music, and the lyrics for the songs were written by Vivek and Karthik Netha.
The Times of India, reviewed it as "the album is a treat to ears, with each song having a refreshing musical touch."
Release
Thambi was released on 20 December 2019. The theatrical rights of the film were acquired by Sakthi Film Factory. while Ravuri V. Srinivas, acquired the Andhra Pradesh and Telangana distribution rights under their Harshitha Movies banner. The film was also dubbed and released in Hindi as My Brother Vicky on YouTube by Goldmines Telefilms on 29 November 2020.
Critical reception
Sify rated 3.5 out of 5 stars stating, "Thambi is an engaging watch for the solid performances of the lead actors and very unlike most thrillers you’ve seen recently." The Times of India rated 3 out of 5 stars stating "The movie manages to entertain with ample suspense and family moments, which keep us guessing till the end – there’s an interesting twist towards the end of the first half and another appealing one in the climax, too. But the slow screenplay should have had more moments to make it a proper edge-of-the-seat film. Though the entire plot revolves around sister-brother bonding, we get only a few emotional moments between Karthi and Jyotika. A tighter screenplay with more emotional connect would have done wonders."
Firstpost rated 3 out of 5 stars stating, "An impressive performance by Karthi powers Jeetu Joseph's engaging thriller." The Indian Express rated 2.5 out of 5 stars stating "This Karthi and Jyotika starrer could have been so much more but settles for much less." India Today rated 3 out of 5 stars stating "Thambi’s runtime seems to be a little longer and a taut screenplay would have made wonders to the overall film. Yet, the film has brilliant twists that will have you engrossed in it."
Behindwoods rated 2.5 out of 5 stars stating, "The twists, an engaging second half and powerful lead performances make Thambi a watchable suspense thriller." Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion South wrote "It’s easy — actually, not so easy, but at least, it’s the lesser of the evils — to ignore the badly shot songs, the badly staged action scenes, the badly executed tone shifts, or even the all-round badness of the performances. The director encourages everyone to mug madly — every reaction shot from Karthi is like a wink to the audience. But what else can the poor man do, when given impossible scenes like the ones that have him talking to his conscience in various mirrors?"
Box office
In 10 days, the film grossed around ₹19 crore in Tamil Nadu. | WIKI |
Xu, Fu Miao, Heng-Feng Huang, Zhen-Xing Ren, Hong-Yan Zhao, Ming-Xing Ruan, Wen-Quan Performance and dynamic characteristics of microbial communities in an internal circulation reactor for treating brewery wastewater <div><p>A laboratory-scale internal circulation (IC) anaerobic reactor fed with brewery wastewater was operated at 35°C±1°C. The influent was pumped into the bottom of the IC reactor by a pulse pump, whereas the effluent was drawn from the upper outlet and allowed to flow into the effluent tank. The biogas volume was recorded using a gas container connected to a biogas metre. The results indicated that the maximum organic loading rate (OLR) of the IC reactor was 19.5 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD)/m <sup>3</sup>/day; at which point, the dominant archaeal populations found in the sludge using the polymerase chain reaction with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis were <i>Methanosaeta</i> species. The COD removal efficiencies of the reactor exceeded 85%, with a maximum specific methane production rate of 210 mL CH<sub>4</sub>/g volatile suspended solids (VSS)/day and a coenzyme F<sub>420</sub> content of 0.16 μmol/g VSS, respectively. The main archaeal species in the sludge samples at different OLRs varied greatly, as compared with the organisms in the inoculated sludge. The dominant archaeal species in the treated sludge at low OLRs were <i>Methanosarcina</i> species, whereas those at high OLRs were <i>Methanosaeta</i> species.</p></div> microbial;communities;circulation;reactor;treating;brewery;Wastewater 2013-11-18
https://tandf.figshare.com/articles/Performance_and_dynamic_characteristics_of_microbial_communities_in_an_internal_circulation_reactor_for_treating_brewery_wastewater/825395
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Handling a Has Many, Through: Relationship in the Front and Backend
When I started the software engineering program at Flatiron School, I knew just about nothing in regards to programming. I may have heard “JavaScript” tossed around occasionally, but Ruby? React? Those terms were nowhere to be found within my vocabulary. Through my time at Flatiron, though, I was able to learn foundational programming in both JavaScript and Ruby, and with that knowledge, I’ve built a few small and light web applications with React and Rails frameworks to help cement it. Now that the program is coming to a close, I have all the fundamentals I need to aid in my pursuit of a full-stack developing career.
In each module of our program, we’re asked to complete a small project put together with capabilities learned thus far. Being that this is the last module, I was tasked with creating a small web app with a React frontend and Rails backend. Now, I could talk you through my entire project process, but that would be, well, boring. And quite a long read. Instead, something more helpful I could talk about would be what I believed to be the most challenging aspects of this build.
To be specific, the small app I built is a very light version of an itinerary/trip planner. For this, in my backend, I have a User model so a user can login and view their saved trips, a Trip model, and another model I called Category, which would allow a user to create their own trips under an umbrella category. For example, a user can create a trip under the category “Europe” or “European” but they may be going to just Spain and France for one specific trip, and maybe in the future they’ll take another trip to Europe but only go to Italy. I am of course still very much a beginner programmer, so this was my first time building a backend where the database included a joins table (the trips). This just means my user model can have many categories through their trips and vice versa, and trips will belong to a user and also a category. Rails and Active Record make creating these associations so simple (one line of code in the respective model that says something like “has_many :users, through: :trips”). Going in, even though it seems straightforward, I did not immediately realize that a user could not be associated with a category without a trip to go with it. My trouble with this was first in the frontend trying to elegantly let a user see the entire list of all categories and then giving them to a trip they create, thus granting a user with their own separate list of categories. Then, handling all that data in backend and making sure everything gets associated correctly while still authorizing and validating the data.
Listen, maybe this doesn’t seem too complicated, especially written out straightforward like this — but like I said, I’m a beginner and this was tough! By far this was the most challenging aspect of the entire project, so let’s go through how I solved this issue.
First, after all my models were fleshed out with associations and small validations, I had to think about what this should look like. I knew I wanted a form to create a new trip, so the natural conclusion here is to add a feature where a user can first create/select a category, and that way I would be able to associate that data with a new trip. In the frontend, this category form would need two inputs, but only one of which would be necessary. The first one would be a simple text input where, if a user wished to create an entirely new category, they could type that in. The other component would be a select/drop down menu, where a user could look through all of the categories in the database and select one, should their desired category already exist. To aid in this capability I would need to do some work in the backend, namely creating a new route to map to a method in my categories controller, where, when a request was sent, it would simply return every category. Then, when that data is returned after a get request, I could map through every instance and create an option tag for each category to go into the select form. Easier said than done, it ends up looking something like this in my aptly named “Trip Form” container:
After a user enters or selects a category, I need to again send a request to my backend, this time a post request where I can hit my create method in my categories controller. There, I can create or find a category. Easy enough. Like I said earlier, I wanted this entire creation process to be at least somewhat elegant/seamless, so after a category is chosen I immediately had a new form toggled where I had the first category form disappear and a new one for a trip would take its place, with the category already named. Having this selected category’s data allowed me to then behind the scenes give the new trip it’s ID to be my trip object’s category_id. Viola! Now they’re associated and I can with that entirety of data create new trip for my user, and only associate certain categories for them to view and edit. Hopefully this isn’t confusing, and here are some more snippets to help visualize:
My post request, ended with a reroute back to the user’s category view page after a submit.
My create methods in my categories and trips controller, respectively.
All in all, I would say this looks pretty simple, and maybe it is. Before I came to this conclusion, there were a couple different iterations that were either way too sloppy or, to a user, would make zero sense. Finally, after creating a Frankenstein’s monster of an app, I had to take a large step back and reorient myself to what exactly I wanted this to be. That step back was greatly beneficial. I was able to create a firm vision for how I wanted this app to look, and logically find the solution to any problem I encountered using that vision. In this case, ‘simple’ is a huge compliment, because that’s all it needed to be.
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Trifacta SaaS
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Contents:
This section provides an overview of sharing connections with other users for collaboration.
You can share connections with other users to use the same connection through the Connections page. For more information, see Connections Page.
For more information on sharing, see Overview of Sharing.
NOTE: Access to the Connections page in the application and privileges on connections is governed by roles in your workspace. For more information, please contact your workspace administrator.
Share a Connection
Steps:
1. From the Connections page, locate the connection to share.
2. From the context menu, select Share.
3. In the Share dialog, enter the name or email address of the user with whom you would like to share the connection.
4. Specify the privilege level of the user to whom you are sharing. For more information on sharing privileges, see Overview of Sharing.
5. As the owner of a connection, you can specify whether to share your credentials with other users who have access to the connection:
1. Share credentials: (default) The credentials specified in the connection definition are shared to each user of the connection.
2. Do not share credentials: The connection credentials are not shared. Each user who is shared the connection must specify their own credentials.
3. For more information on the implications of sharing credentials, see Share Connection Dialog.
6. Click Share.
7. The selected users can now see the connections in the Shared with Me tab of the Connections page and can use the connection.
Make a Connection Public
Only an administrator can make a connection public. For more information, see Share Connection Dialog.
Remove Sharing From a Connection
You can remove the sharing from a connection by performing the following steps:
1. From the Share dialog for connections, select the user to remove sharing.
2. From the drop-down next to the user, Select Remove.
3. The sharing for the connection is removed.
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ADT SECURITY SERVICES, INC., et al., Plaintiffs, v. LISLE-WOODRIDGE FIRE PROTECTION DISTRICT, et al., Defendants.
Case No. 10 C 4382.
United States District Court, N.D. Illinois, Eastern Division.
Signed Feb. 17, 2015.
A. Christopher Young, Robert L. Hickok, Pepper Hamilton LLP, Philadelphia, PA, Bruce Lee Goldsmith, Dykema Gos-sett Rooks Pitts PLLC, Lisle, IL, Jason Lawrence Pyrz, John A. Leja, Polsinelli Shughart PC, Kara Bledsoe Murphy, Dykema Gossett, Chicago, IL, for Plaintiffs.
Martin K. LaPointe, Susan Marie Troes-ter, LaPointe Law, P.C., Northbrook, IL, Christopher W. Carmichael, Christopher James Murdoch, Martin G. Durkin, Peter Michael Friedman, Simon B. Auerbach, Holland and Knight, LLP, Chicago, IL, for Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
MILTON I. SHADUR, Senior District Judge.
Before this Court are memoranda and supplemental memoranda from plaintiffs Alarm Detection Systems, Inc. and other alarm companies (collectively “Alarm Companies”) and defendants Lisle-Woodridge Fire District (“District”) and Chicago Metropolitan Fire Prevention Company (“Chicago Metro”), addressing the only issue left to be resolved in this long-running litigation: Alarm Companies’ entitlement to attorney’s fees and expenses under the Civil Rights Attorney’s Fees Award Act of 1976 (42 U.S.C. § 1988) and the Clayton Act (15 U.S.C. §§ 15, 26). For the reasons set out below, Alarm Companies are held to be entitled to such attorney’s fees and expenses, albeit at an amount somewhat lower than they have demanded.
Factual and Procedural Background
Although it would be tedious to relate at length the facts that gave rise to this litigation, not to mention the tortuous history of the proceedings before this Court and the Court of Appeals, a brief review of both is necessary to give some context to this final (it is devoutly wished) opinion. What follows is a factual summary condensed from one prior published opinion by this Court (799 F.Supp.2d 880 (N.D.Ill.2011)) and two opinions by our Court of Appeals (672 F.3d 492 (7th Cir.2012) (“ADTI”) and 724 F.3d 854 (7th Cir.2013) (“ADT II”)).
District is a municipal corporation organized under the Illinois Fire Protection District Act (“Illinois Act,” 70 ILCS 705/1 to 705/24), with power to regulate fire safety within its bounds. Alarm Companies provide fire alarm monitoring services to private businesses and residences within the bounds of the District. In September 2009 District passed an ill-starred ordinance requiring all businesses and residences within its jurisdiction to obtain fire alarm monitoring services solely from District-while at the same time District purchased certain alarm equipment solely from Chicago Metro. That ordinance, along with a letter sent to businesses declaring their contracts with Alarm Companies “null and void,” were part of a scheme to increase District’s revenue and set up an alarm-monitoring monopoly. After passage of the ordinance, the fire alarm monitoring regime operating within the Lisle-Woodridge District boundaries was less safe and less effective than the one that had previously prevailed. That drop in safety resulted in no small part from the fact that District had to abandon nationally-recognized fire safety standards in order to oust Alarm Companies from the local market and install itself (and Chicago Metro) in their place. And, roughly speaking, it was District’s abandonment of those standards that violated the Illinois Act.
Alarm Companies filed this action against District and Chicago Metro, alleging violations of the Constitution (specifically, the Contracts Clause and the Fourteenth Amendment), the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Illinois Act. This Court granted partial summary judgment to Alarm Companies on the question whether District exceeded its authority under the Illinois Act and, finding that it did, issued a preliminary injunction against District barring it from enforcing its ordinance (see this Court’s opinion at 799 F.Supp.2d 880). District appealed, and in ADT I the Court of Appeals affirmed in major part, reversed in lesser part and remanded the matter to this Court. After an evidentiary hearing this Court made findings of fact and issued the Modified Permanent Injunction (see its August 7, 2012 opinion at 2012 WL 3241562 and the Injunction itself at Dkt. 391), which the Court of Appeals upheld with some minor modifications in ADT II.
Alarm Companies, District and Chicago Metro then proceeded with discovery regarding the still-unresolved damages claims under the Clayton Act and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Section 1983”). Somewhere along the line ADT Security Systems, Inc., which up to that point had participated fully as a plaintiff in the litigation, then entered into a consent decree with both defendants that settled its damages claims and its outstanding demands for injunctive relief as to Chicago Metro and that presumably contained some sort of fee award (Dkt. 550). But the remaining Alarm Companies — which have filed the fee petition with which this opinion treats — continued to litigate the damages claims until District and Chicago Metro tendered the modest maximum amount to which Alarm Companies would be entitled had they prevailed. Because that mooted the controversy (Alarm Companies’ demand for equitable relief already having been satisfied by the entry of a permanent injunction), this Court dismissed the case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction (Dkt. 563).
That brought the parties to the fees stage of litigation. Negotiations over fees proved fruitless: Alarm Companies blamed District and Chicago Metro for clinging to a narrow view of what it means to “prevail” in litigation (see Sep. 17, 2014 Status Hrg. Tr. 4:20-5:3, 7:6-9:4 (Dkt. 566)), which made it impossible to negotiate productively, while defendants argued that Alarm Companies were not negotiating in accordance with the guidelines set out by this District Court’s LR 54.3 (A. Mem. Ex. A at 2). Apparently fed up after months of wrangling, Alarm Companies filed a motion for attorney’s fees. Defendants responded in opposition, and this Court ordered supplementary briefing on the question whether (and to what extent), in the course of making a fee award, it could consider a prevailing party’s motivation for continuing to litigate a lawsuit. With those supplemental memoranda having been filed, the fee issue is at last ripe for decision.
Legal Principles Underlying the Award of Attorney’s Fees
In the absence of a contrary statutory command, the default rule in the United States is that each party to a lawsuit bears its own costs, including attorney’s fees (see Hardt v. Reliance Standard Life Ins. Co., 560 U.S. 242, 252-53, 130 S.Ct. 2149, 176 L.Ed.2d 998 (2010)). In this case there are three statutory provisions that provide a possible basis for the award of attorney’s fees to Alarm Companies: Section 1988, the Clayton Act’s provision for private suits for damages (Section 15) and the Clayton Act’s sister provision for private suits for equitable relief (Section 26). This opinion needs to address defendants’ potential liability for fees under each of those statutes because both equitable relief and damages were at issue during the litigation, because non-formal-state-actor Chicago Metro’s liability for fees under Section 1988 is in some doubt and because District cannot be held liable for fees under Section 15 as a result of the Local Government Antitrust Act (15 U.S.C. § 35). Hence a quick review of each potential statutory basis for fee-shifting in this case is in order.
Section 1988(b) creates an entitlement to attorney’s fees for the prevailing party in any action to enforce certain enumerated civil rights statutes, including Section 1983:
In any action or proceeding to enforce a provision of sections 1981, 1981a, 1982, 1983, 1985, and 1986 of this title ... the court, in its discretion, may allow the prevailing party, other than the United States, a reasonable attorney’s fee as part of the costs.
Buckhannon Bd. & Care Home, Inc. v. W. Va. Dep’t of Health & Human Resources, 532 U.S. 598, 603, 121 S.Ct. 1835, 149 L.Ed.2d 855 (2001) held that “a ‘prevailing party’ is one who has been awarded some relief by the court.” That distinguishes prevailing parties from those who obtain relief via a voluntary settlement or a unilateral tender of complete relief by the defendant (id. at 605, 121 S.Ct. 1835, emphasis in original):
A defendant’s voluntary change in conduct, although perhaps accomplishing what the plaintiff sought to achieve by •the lawsuit, lacks the necessary judicial imprimatur on the change. Our precedents thus counsel against holding that the term “prevailing party” authorizes an award of attorney’s fees without a corresponding alteration in the legal relationship of the parties.
Thus it is a judicially sanctioned “alteration in the legal relationship of the parties” that triggers a plaintiffs eligibility for an award of fees under Section 1988 (see Nat’l Rifle Ass’n of Am., Inc. v. City of Chicago, 646 F.3d 992, 994 (7th Cir.2011)).
As to the two provisions of the Clayton Act at issue in this case, each provides for attorney’s fees. But because they do so in different language, separate analysis is called for.
First is Section 15, which allows a private party to sue for damages under the antitrust laws:
[A]ny person who shall be injured in his business or property by reason of anything forbidden in the antitrust laws may sue therefor in any district court of the United States ... and shall recover threefold the damages by him sustained, and the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney’s fee.
Under that provision, the prerequisite for an award of attorney’s fees is a showing of injury (see, e.g., Gulfstream III Assocs., Inc. v. Gulfstream Aerospace Corp., 995 F.2d 414, 418-19 (3d Cir.1993)). Unlike Section 1988, Section 15 does not include a “prevailing party” requirement (id. at 418 n. 5, 995 F.2d 414). Also in contrast to Section 1988, Section 15 makes a fee award mandatory rather than discretionary (see State of III. v. Sangamo Constr. Co., 657 F.2d 855, 858 (7th Cir.1981)).
As for Section 26, it mandates an award of attorney’s fees to any plaintiff who “substantially prevails” in an action for injunc-tive relief:
Any person, firm, corporation, or association shall be entitled to sue for and have injunctive relief, in any court of the United States having jurisdiction over the parties, against threatened loss or damage by a violation of the antitrust laws ... In any action under this section in which the plaintiff substantially prevails, the court shall award the cost of suit, including a reasonable attorney’s fee, to such plaintiff.
It is not entirely clear to what extent Buckhannon-’s definition of “prevailing party” applies to Section 26’s “substantially prevails.” Our own Court of Appeals has never ruled on the effect, if any, of that decision on the award of fees under the injunctive provisions of the Clayton Act. More on that subject later.
Alarm Companies Are Entitled to an Award of Attorney’s Fees
Alarm Companies won a permanent injunction against defendants and thus are obviously prevailing parties. In fact defendants so admit (see D. Resp. Mem. 6) but nonetheless contend that Alarm Companies are not entitled to any award of attorney’s fees. As defendants would have it, because this Court entered the permanent injunction on the basis of the Illinois Act and not a federal fee-shifting statute, Alarm Companies did not “prevail” in respect to any fee-shifting statute and hence are not entitled to fees. In other words, under defendants’ view of fee-shifting statutes fees can be awarded when a plaintiff has received not just a judicial determination of entitlement on the merits, but also an adjudication that particular theories of relief the plaintiff has put forward (i.e., those tied to fee-shifting statutes) are meritorious.
Neither the statutes at issue in this case nor the relevant case law supports such a cramped' view. In fact both the statutes and the caselaw explicitly take the opposite position.
To begin with the statutory language, as already explained Section 1988 allows courts to award fees to parties who prevail in “any action or proceeding” (emphasis added) to enforce the Reconstruction-era civil rights laws. Similarly, Section 26 positively mandates that fees be- awarded to a party who substantially prevails in “any action under this section” (emphasis added). In common legal parlance, “actions” are simply lawsuits (see Black’s Law Dictionary 31 (8th ed.2004)), and that meaning and its legal significance are not affected by the fact that federal plaintiffs regularly put forward numerous theories of relief in a single action even though they are not required to do so (NAACP v. Am. Family Mut. Ins. Co., 978 F.2d 287, 292 (7th Cir.1992)).
So the straightforward meaning of two out of the three fee-shifting provisions at issue in this action immediately sinks defendants’ argument — the proper inquiry is whether Alarm Companies have prevailed as to the action as a whole, not as to any particular theory or theories of relief. And as for the third and final provision, Section 15 is if anything the broadest of all — recall that it literally requires only a finding of injury.
It might have been expected that defendants’ advancement of their narrower view of fee awards, which they have' tendered here, would have been predicated on their having found some caselaw that contravened the plain meaning of those statutes. But that is not at all the situation — in fact the relevant cases unambiguously support the reading just set out in this opinion:
As for Section 1988, Maher v. Gagne, 448 U.S. 122, 132 n. 15, 100 S.Ct. 2570, 65 L.Ed.2d 653 (1980) specifically addressed actions such as the one in this case:
The legislative history makes it clear that Congress intended fees to be awarded where a pendent constitutional claim is involved, even if the statutory claim on which the plaintiff prevailed is one for which fees cannot be awarded under [Section 1988].
Wisconsin Hosp. Ass’n v. Reivitz, 820 F.2d 863, 869 (7th Cir.1987) (internal citation omitted) summarized that rule in slightly different words, but with no change in substance:
Moreover, if the plaintiff has a substantial constitutional ground, but prevails on an alternative nonconstitutional ground, he can still be awarded attorney’s fees under, section 1988, provided the grounds are closely related factually.
And in that respect Smith v. Robinson, 468 U.S. 992, 1005, 104 S.Ct. 3457, 82 L.Ed.2d 746 (1984) made it clear fully three decades ago that the standard for determining whether a constitutional ground is “closely related” to the noncon-stitutional ground to support a fee award is the “common nucleus of operative fact” standard governing claims enunciated in United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966). In this case one set of facts gave rise to all of Alarm Companies’ asserted grounds for relief, and defendants nowhere challenge the substantiality of Alarm Companies’ constitutional theories of relief (nor could they credibly do so), so that Alarm Companies are plainly eligible for a fee award under the reasoning of Maher.
Defendants have put forward the suggestion that Buckhannon limited or even abrogated the rule that both Maher and Reivitz applied, but Buckhannon really does not speak to the issue. Buckhannon, 532 U.S. at 605, 121 S.Ct. 1835 simply makes it clear that the prerequisite to prevailing party status is an “alteration in the legal relationship of the parties.” It nowhere requires a judicial decision as to the merit of particular legal theories that, as here, are simply different grounds for demanding the same' type of relief as a result of the same set of facts. And indeed the Courts of Appeals have continue to apply the rule in Maher after Buckhan-non was decided (see, e.g., Sw. Bell Tel. Co. v. City of El Paso, 346 F.3d 541, 551 (5th Cir.2003) and Gerling Global Reins. Corp. of Am. v. Garamendi, 400 F.3d 803, 808 (9th Cir.2005), unrelated section of opinion amended at 410 F.3d 531 (9th Cir.2005)). So there is no merit in defendants’ assertion that Buckhannon somehow abrogated Maher’s teaching about undecided constitutional grounds for relief.
Undaunted (and despite admitting earlier in their brief that Alarm Companies prevailed in the action), defendants also contend that their tender of damages somehow undid Alarm Companies’ status as prevailing parties. It is true that Buck-hannon teaches that a plaintiff cannot become a prevailing party simply by dint of a defendant’s voluntary change in behavior. But defendants adduce no cases, and this Court could find none, in which Buckhan-non is read to empower a defendant to erase a plaintiffs status as prevailing party — at least not when, as here, that status has become irrevocable due to the permanent nature of relief awarded earlier in the litigation. As Young v. City of Chicago, 202 F.3d 1000, 1000-01 (7th Cir.2000) (per curiam) put it:
A defendant cannot defeat a plaintiffs right to attorneys’ fees by taking steps to moot the case after the plaintiff has obtained the relief he sought, for in such a case mootness does not alter the plaintiffs status as a prevailing party.
Hence there is no merit to defendants’ contention.
In sum, then, neither the fact that Alarm Companies’ constitutional and antitrust theories of relief went unadjudicated nor the fact that defendants tendered damages to Alarm Companies after Alarm Companies had already obtained final in-junctive relief affects Alarm Companies’ express entitlement to fees under Section 1988. With that question resolved, this opinion moves on to fee liability under the Clayton Act.
First as to its Section 26: While there is no case as directly on point as Maher was in regard to Section 1988, there is also no reason to construe Section 26 more narrowly than Section 1988. As already noted, both statutes refer to “actions,” not to theories or grounds for relief, and both permit fee awards to prevailing parties. Section 26 does insert the modifier “substantially” before “prevails,” and that word can mean one of two things, as Pierce v. Underwood, 487 U.S. 552, 564, 108 S.Ct. 2541, 101 L.Ed.2d 490 (1988) (internal citation and punctuation omitted) pointed out:
[T]he word “substantial” can have two quite different — indeed, almost contrary — connotations. On the one hand, it can mean “[cjonsiderable in amount, value, or the like; large” — as, for example, in the statement, “He won the election by a substantial majority.” On the other hand, it can mean “that is such in substance or in the main,” — as, for example, in the statement, “What he said was substantially true.”
Thus the Clayton Act’s “substantially prevails” might mean either “prevails to a high degree” or “prevails for the most part or in the main.” But here Alarm Companies clearly prevailed in this action under either standard: They prevailed to a high degree by obtaining a permanent injunction that broke up defendants’ monopolization of the fire alarm monitoring business, and they prevailed in the main because they obtained most (though not all) of the injunctive relief they sought. So Alarm Companies are also entitled to an award of fees under Section 26.
Second and finally as to Section 15, it is unnecessary to determine whether a Maher-style analysis would apply to fee awards under that statute because District is immune from fee liability under that provision (see 15 U.S.C. § 35) and because this Court has made no finding that Chicago Metro caused Alarm Companies an economic injury under the antitrust laws. As explained earlier, such injury is the prerequisite to any award of fees under Section 15. Alarm Companies assert that Chicago Metro’s tender of damages was an admission of liability on that score, but a defendant’s voluntary change in behavior — even when it follows partial judgment as a matter of law — -does not amount an admission of wrongdoing (cf. Zessar v. Keith, 536 F.3d 788, 798 (7th Cir.2008)).
It is thus beyond meaningful dispute that Alarm Companies are entitled to an award of fees. That in turn calls for the resolution of two fundamental questions: (1) exactly what amount Alarm Companies are entitled to and (2) District’s and Chicago Metro’s respective liabilities for that amount. This opinion is then free to turn to the calculation of fees before addressing defendants’ respective liabilities for those fees.
Before that is done,“however, something should be said about the contrast between what this opinion has resolved up to this point and what is to come. This opinion has up to now dealt with the issue of Alarm Companies’ entitlement to a fee award in the conventional way, identifying and applying the legal principles that control that subject. But what remains — the quantification of that award and the extent of its imposition against the two defendants — -is by its very nature dependent on the exercise of judicial discretion, where there are no set formulas or immutable legal principles that drive the outcome,
It must be recognized up front, then, that those issues necessarily involve subjective as well as objective evaluations. For those purposes this Court perforce draws on its having lived intimately with this case over its entire five-year lifetime, as well as drawing on its experience of more than three decades in the practice of law and then an even longer tenure on the bench. With that said, the issues of quantification of the award and its allocation to the two defendants can proceed.
Factors Affecting Calculation of the Fee Award
As the seminal opinion in Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433, 103 S.Ct, 1933, 76 L.Ed.2d 40 (1983) has explained, the first step in the calculation of a fee award is the computation of a lodestar:
The most useful starting point for determining the amount of a reasonable fee is the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate.
Defendants do not challenge the reasonableness of Alarm Companies’ attorneys’ proposed hourly rates (D. Resp. Mem. 12 n. 6) and fail to raise any substantive objection to the validity of their hourly records. They do, however, challenge on a number of grounds the total fees and expenses that Alarm Companies have .claimed.
First, defendants again betray their fundamental' misunderstanding of fee awards under “prevailing party” statutes such as Section 1988 and Section 26. Defendants argue that Alarm Companies are entitled to recover attorney’s fees only for the time they spent pursuing “successful” theories (by which defendants essentially mean those based on the Illinois Act) and not for time that they spent pursuing “unsuccessful” theories (by which defendants mean the antitrust and constitutional theories that ultimately received no' final adjudication one way or another because of defendants’ own actions taken to moot those subjects). That position totally ignores— or, perhaps more accurately, flouts — the teaching of Hensley, 461 U.S. at 435, 103 S.Ct. 1933 (internal citation omitted), which is so directly on point that it is worth quoting at length:
Where a plaintiff has obtained excellent results, his attorney should recover a fully compensatory fee. Normally this will encompass all hours reasonably expended on the litigation, and indeed jn some cases of exceptional supcess an enhanced award may.be justified. In these circumstances the fee award should not be reduced simply because the plaintiff failed to prevail on every contention raised in the lawsuit. Litigants in good faith may raise alternative legal grounds for a desired outcome, and the court’s rejection of or failure to reach certain grounds is not a sufficient reason for reducing a fee. The result is what matters.
Here Alarm Companies surely “obtained excellent results”: They won a sweeping injunction and then successfully defended it, not once but twice, before the Court of Appeals. That injunction gave them essentially all of the equitable relief they demanded against District, and thereafter defendants tendered all the damages that Alarm Companies had demanded.' That “result is what matters,” and because of it Alarm Companies are presumptively entitled to recover a “fully compensatory fee,” that is, 100% of their fee demand — including the time they have spent litigating the issue of fees.
In that last respect defendants also challenge Alarm Companies’ entitlement to “fees on fees” (fees for the present battle over fees). Defendants contend that Alarm Companies did not abide by the process outlined in LR 54.3 and therefore should not be awarded fees for litigating their entitlement to fees. Alarm Companies counter that it was defendants who dragged things out by delaying their own disclosure of attorney’s fees (see LR 54.3(d)(5)).
In truth, although Alarm Companies provided many hundreds of pages of time records to defendants, they refused to clarify or categorize those records in response to defendants’ questions, causing defendants to cry “foul.” But equally in truth, defendants have no one to blame but themselves for that refusal. Rather than putting forward reasoned grounds for requesting clarification of Alarm Companies’ records, defendants repeatedly overplayed their hand during the LR 54.3 process by insisting — against the unambiguous holding of Hensley and this Court’s own oral admonitions (see the Sept. 17, 2014 Status Hrg. Tr. 9:6-10:19 (Dkt. 566)) — that Alarm Companies could not recover fees for time spent litigating constitutional and antitrust theories of relief.
This Court can scarcely fault Alarm Companies for refusing to expend further time playing defendants’ game. Defense counsel had ample opportunity to make reasonable requests of Alarm Companies and reasonable challenges to their hours totals. They wasted that opportunity in a misguided attempt to avoid the greater part of their obvious and inevitable liability for Alarm Companies’ attorney’s fees. Alarm Companies may not be entitled to the full amount they demand for litigation fees, but any limitation must be based on this Court’s own determination of reasonableness, not on defendants’ transparent attempt to call the kettle black.
That brings the final issue, reasonableness, to the fore. Both Section 1988 and the Clayton Act’s Section 26 authorize an award of “reasonable” fees, and as Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433, 103 S.Ct. 1933 pointed out, “It remains for the district court to determine what fee is ‘reasonable’ ” (see also Ohio-Sealy Mattress Mfg. Co. v. Sealy Inc., 776 F.2d 646, 650 (7th Cir.1985), entrusting the reasonableness inquiry to the district courts’ discretion in the context of the Clayton Act). In making that determination courts may take a number of factors into account, the most prominent being “the amount of time involved and the results obtained” (Hensley, 461 U.S. at 430 n. 3, 103 S.Ct. 1933). As with any other area of the law wheré reasonableness comes into play, the court’s determination is not an exact science, as Fox v. Vice, 563 U.S. 826, 131 S.Ct. 2205, 2216, 180 L.Ed.2d 45 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted) has said succinctly:
So, naturalists observe, a flea
Hath smaller fleas that on him prey;
And these have smaller still to bite 'em;
And so proceed ad infinitum.
The essential goal in shifting fees (to either party) is to do rough justice, not to achieve auditing perfection. So trial courts may take into account their overall sense of a suit, and may use estimates in calculating and allocating an attorney’s time. And appellate courts must give substantial deference to these determinations, in light of the district court’s superior understanding of the litigation.
While as already described Alarm Companies obtained “excellent results” and thus are presumptively entitled to a full fee award (see Montanez v. Simon, 755 F.3d 547, 556 (7th Cir.2014)), this Court has repeatedly expressed its concern that Alarm Companies were excessively focused on seeking to use the post-ADT II phase of the litigation either to impact other litigation in other courts that have dealt with or are likely to deal with substantially similar issues and litigants or, alternatively, to influence other governmental bodies in their interaction with alarm companies (e.g., the Mar. 17, 2014 Status Hrg. Tr. 10:6-10:15 (Dkt. 539)). This Court even went so far as to order supplemental briefing on whether Alarm Companies’ motivation to use the present litigation for such purposes might affect their entitlement to a fee award. Those memoranda produced somewhat more heat than light on both sides. Neither party was able to come forward with cases specifically addressing the situation here, so that the application of more general principles is in order.
To set one thing straight, any such motivation is not a proper ground for denying Alarm Companies fees outright. That is clear enough as to Section 1988, under which fees are to be awarded to a prevailing plaintiff “unless special circumstances would render such an award unjust” (Lefemine v. Wideman, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 9, 11, 184 L.Ed.2d 313 (2012) (per curiam), quoting Hensley, 461 U.S. at 429, 103 S.Ct. 1933) — and such circumstances are described narrowly indeed. It is doubly clear as to Section 26, which makes fee-shifting mandatory. Having already found Alarm Companies to be prevailing parties under the Clayton Act, this Court simply has no discretion to deny an award of fees entirely (see Sangamo Constr. Co., 657 F.2d at 858).
Still, based on this Court’s own yearlong observations of counsels’ behavior on both sides of the “v.” sign, it is clear that Alarm Companies’ interest in such collateral goals resulted in same overly contentious behavior that unnecessarily prolonged the proceedings before this Court. So while defendants certainly bear the lion’s share of the blame for the breakdowns in cooperation that have marked this case, Alarm Companies’ unyielding stance unjustifiably expanded this litigation as well. District courts are free to reduce fee awards in such circumstances (see Luciano v. Olsten Corp., 109 F.3d 111, 116-17 (2d Cir.1997)). And an across-the-board reduction in fees is appropriate where, as here, the records submitted by the prevailing party do not permit a line by line accounting (see Richardson v. City of Chicago, 740 F.3d 1099, 1103 (7th Cir.2014)). Given that the great bulk of this case involved Alarm Companies’ claims for injunctive relief, however — and given that Alarm Companies were resoundingly successful in obtaining that relief — the reduction in fees that this Court will order to reflect the time that Alarm Companies expended for such purposes will be a modest one.
Fee Award Calculation
Now comes the final calculation of a fee award-a. mathematical operation in which (as forecast earlier) Sottoriva v. Claps, 617 F.3d 971, 976 (7th Cir.2010) has said “[precision is impossible” and Richardson, 740 F.3d at 1103 has more recently voiced the same view in different language: “estimation is inevitable. No algorithm is available.” Despite all that, this Court must of course “avoid[ ] arbitrary decision-making” Montanez, 755 F.3d at 555. That means that even when cutting fees (and later on, assigning liability) according to the unavoidably inexact method of picking percentages, this Court must give reasons for the percentages it does pick (see Sottoriva, 617 F.3d at 976).
Alarm Companies have demanded $2,329,874.10 in fees and expenses before the current litigation over that subject (A. Supp. Mem. Ex. A at 4), and defendants effectively failed to challenge the legitimacy of that calculation in lodestar terms. That amount is ordered to be reduced, however, by 10% to reflect the just-mentioned consideration that Alarm Companies contributed to some extent .to the overly contentious manner in which some aspects of this case were litigated, thus upping the ante. Aside from being a round number, the particular figure of 10% reflects this Court’s best judgment — having lived with the case for five-odd years and having reviewed the docket — as to how much extra work Alarm Companies’ counsel created unnecessarily by their occasional intransigence in the post-ADT II phase of the litigation. So Alarm Companies are entitled to collect $2,096,886.69 for fees incurred up to the time this Court dismissed the case for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.
Alarm Companies are also entitled to fees for litigating the issue of fees (see Bond v. Stanton, 630 F.2d 1231, 1235 (7th Cir.1980)). It was obviously necessary for them to do so given defendants’ tendentious assertion of baseless legal grounds for limiting Alarm Companies’ fee award, as well as defendants’ tardy settlement offer, which totaled only about a third of what defendants themselves expended in legal fees (see Dkt. 569; A. Supp. Mem. 13).
But on one aspect of the fees dispute, Alarm Companies submit that they incurred fees and expenses in the amount of $57,778.80 after August 28, 2014 (A. Supp. Mem. Attach. 2 at 2), on services that had to relate solely to drafting their initial motion for fees and the supplemental memorandum ordered by this Court (recall that Alarm Companies’ counsel had already compiled their fees for disclosure to defendants). Based on those lawyers’ submitted hourly rates (A. Supp. Mem. Ex. B) (and allowing a reasonable estimate for the expenses component), the fees component of that figure amounts to something in the range of 200 senior associate hours or 160 “member” (i.e., senior partner) hours. Either is plainly an excessive amount of time for experienced attorneys to spend preparing two motions. Half that amount would be reasonable, and accordingly Alarm Companies’ award of fees on fees will be reduced by 50% to $28,889.40.
Alarm Companies’ demand for statutory costs — $4,444.86—was reduced substantially in response to defendants’ objections, and it reflects a modest amount for some five years of litigation. It is granted in its entirety.
Tallying up the three amounts, Alarm Companies are entitled to collect $2,130,220.95 in attorney’s fees and costs. Only one question remains, and that is how to apportion liability for that total between defendants.
Defendants’ Respective Liabilities for Fees
District courts have broad discretion to apportion liability for attorney’s fees among defendants or instead to impose joint and several liability (see Herbst v. Ryan, 90 F.3d 1300, 1304 & nn. 8-9 (7th Cir.1996)). Molnar v. Booth, 229 F.3d 593, 605 (7th Cir.2000), reciting the established standard, noted:
A number of factors govern the decision whether to apportion or to use joint and several liability: the relative active or passive role each defendant played, fairness,- and the goal of reimbursing private attorneys general.
While joint and several liability will often be appropriate in cases such as this one, where multiple defendants all participated in a single wrong but in ways that would be hard to disentangle, Herbst, 90 F.3d at 1305 sounded a note of caution:
When this approach [of joint and several liability] is adopted, the court must be careful, however, to do so consistently with the preexisting background of substantive liability rules.
That is consistent with the teaching of Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165, 105 S.Ct. 3099, 87 L.Ed.2d 114 (1985) that “liability on the merits and responsibility for fees go hand in hand.”
Yet at the same time, Section 1988 (and indeed Section 26 as well) are primarily concerned with establishing eligibility parameters rather than liability parameters for fee awards. Charles, 846 F.2d at 1064 (7th Cir.1988) (emphasis in original), a ease finding that losing intervenors-defendants in a Section 1983 action were liable for fees without their ever having been found liable on the merits, makes that plain:
We therefore agree with the plaintiffs that because -section 1988’s paramount concern was to fashion the parameters of eligibility for fee awards, rather than to fix with precision the bounds of liability for such awards, the critical distinction for purposes of fixing fee liability in the somewhat atypical circumstances presented in this case is between prevailing and non-prevailing plaintiffs; it is not, as the intervenors argue, the distinction between intervening defendants found liable for substantive relief on the merits and intervening defendants not held liable for such relief.
At the possible risk of undue repetition, once again it has been made abundantly clear that Alarm Companies are the prevailing plaintiffs in this action. District was of course plainly liable on the merits, and indeed most of the litigation took up the question whether District exceeded its authority under the Illinois Act (it did). While Chicago ' Metro’s liability on the merits was somewhat more doubtful than District’s, Chicago Metro was still, like the intervenors in Charles, clearly a losing party in the litigation. Although the Modified Permanent Injunction did not name Chicago Metro, it bound Chicago Metro equally under Rule 65(d)(2) and effectively broke up Chicago Metro’s monopolistic arrangement with District. Indeed, Chicago Metro thought its interests sufficiently prejudiced by that injunction that it too appealed to our Court of Appeals (see Dkt. 403), which upheld the injunction in’ all essential respects (ADT II, 724 F.3d at 876).
In sum, Chicago Metro litigated this case vigorously against Alarm Companies, final injunctive relief was awarded against Chicago Metro, and Alarm Companies prevailed. That is more than enough to establish Chicago Metro’s liability for fees. And as indicated earlier, the Hensley-announced principle that negates any slice- and-dice parsing of fee awards under circumstances such as those presented here also operates in the determination of fee allocation among defendants based on one defendant (District) being clearly liable under both Section 1988 and Section 26 while the other defendant (Chicago Metro) is squarely liable under Section 26, though its potential liability under Section 1988 would require an added analytical step.
To put the matter in a somewhat different way, Alarm Companies undoubtedly achieved a much higher degree of success against District than against Chicago Metro. In that respect this Court made no specific findings that Chicago Metro had engaged in illegal acts. And in contrast to the situation with District, this Court’s findings of fact did not inevitably implicate Chicago Metro in liability for damages. In other words, Alarm Companies won a resounding victory against District but a more limited one against Chicago Metro. That then calls for an apportionment of fee liability among the defendants rather than the imposition of joint and several liability (see Herbst, 90 F.3d at 1304 n. 9). Given the different levels of success that Alarm Companies obtained as against each defendant, an allocation of 80% of the fee liability against District and 20% of the fee liability against Chicago Metro is just.
Conclusion
Accordingly, under Section 1988 and Section 26, Alarm Companies are entitled to recover attorney’s fees and statutory costs in the aggregate amount of $2,130,220.95. Exercising its discretion to apportion fees, this Court allocates liability severally between the two defendants: District is adjudicated liable for $1,704,176.76, which represents 80% of the total award, while Chicago Metro is adjudicated liable for $426,044.19, which represents 20% of the total award.
Appendix
Some explanation of this Court’s treatment of defendants’ absence of appropriate objections to either element of the lodestar — rate and hours — is in order. Defendants submitted an “Initial Response to Plaintiffs Motion for an Award of Attorney Fees and Costs” (Dkt. 569, Sept. 30, 2014) in which they requested that Alarm Companies’ fees motion “be denied without prejudice in order to give the parties an opportunity to address some of the Defendants’ concerns” about that motion (id. at 1). Defendants’ submission recounted the history of their fees negotiations with Alarm Companies, and in that context informed the Court that they had raised a few objections with Alarm Companies already: Only two of Alarm Companies’ attorneys’ assertedly had antitrust experience, some time entries were vague, and at least a few entries as to costs apparently did not relate to this action at all (id. at 2). That seemed to presage a more particularized challenge to the hours element of Alarm Companies’ proposed lodestar calculation.
At a status hearing the next day, this Court inquired of defendants’ counsel as to whether they expected to challenge Alarm Companies’ demand for fees by objecting to either or both lodestar elements, or whether instead defendants intended to level a more fundamental challenge to Alarm Companies’ entitlement to fees at all (Oct. 1, 2014 Status Hrg. Tr. 5:19-6:23 (Dkt. 572)). Counsel for Chicago Metro responded that defendants expected to raise both challenges (id. at 7:1 — 7:9), although he later noted that he did not actually know whether defendants would object to Alarm Companies’ hours total— he needed to consult with Chicago Metro’s insurer first (id. at 12:2-12:11). In any case, this Court then requested that defendants focus their next submission first on the subject of the lodestar calculation and then on the question of how the extent of Alarm Companies’ success might affect the compensability of their fees more generally (id. at 7:10-7:24). This Court consequently entered and continued Alarm Companies’ motion for fees, granted Alarm Companies leave to supplement their motion and ordered defendants to file a more amplified response (Dkt. 570).
But surprisingly, neither that response nor the supplemental response on the question of Alarm Companies’ motivation raised any challenge at all to Alarm Companies’ attorneys’ hourly rates or to the specific time entries that Alarm Companies had provided to defendants. In other word’s, rather than challenge the lodestar calculation, defendants chose to put all their eggs in one basket by arguing that Alarm Companies were not entitled to any fees at all, or in the alternative that their fee recovery should be reduced to reflect the fact that many of Alarm Companies’ theories • of relief went unadjudicated. That was in marked contrast to the thoroughgoing, item-by-item challenge that defendants made to Alarm Companies’ proposed costs, which resulted in Alarm Companies withdrawing (or properly reca-tegorizing as expenses) the Major bulk of its demands for costs. Although they never explicitly abandoned their challenge to Alarm Companies’ hours, defendants thus left this Court with no argument or accounting by which it could reasonably reduce the hours element of the lodestar.
This Court has taken the trouble to recount this curious history in exact detail to allay any doubt that might arise as to why this opinion treats the defendants as having posed no effective challenge to the lodestar figure that Alarm Companies have put forward. After having adverted to a handful of specific objections to Alarm Companies’ lodestar calculation in their “Initial Response,” defendants never returned to the issue. That necessitated this Court’s reliance on the lodestar that Alarm Companies put forward — a treatment that accords with the caselaws’ teaching as to the most reliable basis for calculating fees: the amount that Alarm Companies have agreed to pay their attorneys. As Assessment Techs, of WI, LLC v. WIREdata, Inc., 361 F.3d 434, 438 (7th Cir.2004) put it in a now-classic formulation of our Court of Appeals’ choice from among the three approaches that its appellate counterparts have taken to determining the appropriate judicial effect to be given to lawyer-client fee arrangements:
This court has not opined on the issue, but we think the Third Circuit has it right. The best evidence of the value of the lawyer’s services is what the client agreed to pay him.
Here the evidence was not just that that Alarm Companies had agreed to pay the amounts set out in the fees motion and supplemental motion, but that Alarm Companies had in fact been paying those amounts all along (see A. Supp. Mem. Attach. 1 ¶¶ 9-10, noting Alarm Companies’ “history of prompt payment” of bills submitted by their counsel in this case).
. This opinion identifies Alarm Companies’ and defendants' respective submissions as "A." and "D.” followed by appropriate designations: memoranda as "Mem. — ” and “Resp. Mem. — ” and supplemental memoran-da ordered by this Court as "Supp. Mem. — .”
. All further references to 42 U.S.C. § 1988 take the form "Section 1988.” All further references to 15 U.S.C. §§ 15 and 26 will employ the Title 15 numbering — "Section 15” and "Section 26” — rather than the Clayton Act’s internal numbering.
. Note that both the cited opinion of this Court and ADT I included some provisional statements of fact that were later found to be untrue once this Court held an evidentiary hearing and made findings of fact, as recounted in ADT II, 724 F.3d at 861. Obviously none of those provisional “facts” are included in the following recitation.
. Fee liability under Section 1988 in this action is premised on Section 1983, which in turn imputes liability only to "state actors.” At first glance that might seem to free Chicago Metro (a private entity) from any potential fee liability under Section 1988. But there are two reasons to doubt such a conclusion. First, as this Court explained in its August 28, 2012 opinion denying Chicago Metro’s motion for summary judgment (2012 WL 3775974, *1), under the facts of this case "a factfinder, instructed as to the relevant criteria under Burton v. Wilmington Parking Auth., 365 U.S. 715, 81 S.Ct. 856, 6 L.Ed.2d 45 (1961) and its progeny, could reasonably find Chicago Metro to be a 'state actor' so as to bring constitutional principles and 42 U.S.C. § 1983 into play.” Thus, until defendants mooted the controversy, the issue of Chicago Metro's liability under Section 1983 was very much alive. Second, Section 1988 does not itself contain a state action limitation — instead it refers only to a prevailing party’s entitlement to fees, not to a losing party’s liability for the same. That has led our Court of Appeals, at least in one instance, to award fees under Section 1988 against an interve-nor-defendant as to whom no substantive liability under Section 1988 had ever been alleged, much less found (see Charles v. Daley, 846 F.2d 1057, 1064 (7th Cir.1988)).
. That statute does not exempt local units of government such as District from liability for fees under Section 26, however.
. Although the Modified Permanent Injunction mentions only District by name, it binds Chicago Metro equally under Fed.R.Civ.P. ("Rule”) 65(d)(2). Hence the entry of the Modified Permanent Injunction suffices to make Alarm Companies prevailing parties as to both District and Chicago Metro. But as will be seen, the Modified Permanent Injunction reflected greater success against District than against Chicago Metro.
. There is even less probity in defendants' assertion that Smith applies to limit Maher here. Smith took issue with the award of fees under Section 1988 when the presence of a non-fee-shifting federal statute reveals a Congressional intent not to allow fee awards. Here of course the only other statutes implicated by Alarm Companies’ action are the Clayton Act (which does provide for fee shifting) and the Illinois Act (which is a state enactment). Clearly the Supremacy Clause if nothing else would prevent a state legislature's non-fee-shifting enactments from stripping federal courts of their Congressionally-granted discretion to award fees (cf. Brinn v. Tidewater Transp. Dist. Comm’n, 242 F.3d 227, 232-33 (4th Cir.2001)). Perhaps sensing that the distinction between federal and state law is fatal to their argument, defendants’ counsel inexcusably misstate the facts, and thus the holding, of Smith. They assert that the Smith plaintiffs “obtained relief under the Education of the Handicapped Act (EHA), a state law non-fee shifting claim, while the federal fee shifting claims were not decided” (D. Resp. Mem. 6, emphasis added). That Act was of course a federal non-fee-shifting statute. Zealous advocacy is one thing, but defendants should know better than to misrepresent the posture of a case to any court that they know reads all of the parties’ cited authorities, especially when defendants have wrongly asserted that the case on which they attempt to rely is controlling.
. See the Appendix.
.Defendants repeatedly characterize their tender of damages as voluntary, but that is not true in real-world terms. At least one of this Court's findings of fact included in the Modified Permanent Injunction — to the effect that many of Alarm Companies’ commercial accounts terminated their contracts with Alarm Companies solely because of the unauthorized actions of District (see Mod. Perm. Inj. ¶ 32 (Dkt. 391)) — made it inevitable that District would be liable for at least Some amount of damages (see Gen. Motors Corp. v. Romein, 503 U.S. 181, 186, 112 S.Ct. 1105, 117 L.Ed.2d 328 (1992), which recites the standard of liability for violations of the Contracts Clause; see also Nat'l Rifle Ass’n, 646 F.3d at 994, which holds that a defendant's "voluntary” change of behavior does not defeat fees liability when liability on the underlying substantive issue has become inevitable). Permanent injunctions are final judgments on the merits (Plummer v. Am. Inst. of Certified Pub. Accountants, 97 F.3d 220, 229 (7th Cir.1996)), so that this Court’s findings of fact, all of which were necessary to the judgment, are binding on the parties.
. This Court has often characterized that aspect of fee disputes as an example of these lines in Jonathan Swift’s On Poetry, A Rhapsody:
. As reflected in the preceding analysis, Section 15 has dropped out of the picture as such, but that does not mean that the work done by Alarm Companies in the area covered by that section is not compensable — quite the opposite is true.
. It does not constitute a "special circumstance” rendering an award unjust, for example, when plaintiffs litigate their claims to the bitter end despite the ongoing availability of political solutions to the issues they have brought before the court (see Hastert v. Ill. State Bd. of Election Comm’rs, 28 F.3d 1430, 1443-44 (7th Cir.1993)). Nor does it constitute a "special circumstance” when a plaintiff chooses to litigate a claim rather than pursue settlement proposals advanced informally by opposing parties or the court (see Raishevich v. Foster, 247 F.3d 337, 346-47 (2d Cir.2001)). Even in cases where a prevailing plaintiff was denied fees for needlessly prolonging the litigation, courts have focused not on the party’s subjective motivation but on any objective indicia of bad faith: the submission of misleading time records, settlement demands that far exceeded the recoverable amount of damages and so on (see, e.g., Voccea v. Playboy Hotel of Chicago, Inc., 686 F.2d 605, 607-08 (7th Cir.1982) (per curiam)).
. Again, such an across-the-board reduction by application of a percentage is necessary here because Alarm Companies' itemization of their fees and expenses in their presentation to defendants, which defense counsel objected to in part before dropping the issue (see Appendix), was not presented to this Court — instead defendants chose to frame their opposition in global terms challenging the total claim for fees and expenses.
. In the interest of simplicity, all future references in this opinion will speak only of “fees,” even though the gross amounts also listed include the related recoverable expenses.
. Such an estimate is called for because the gross amount has not been broken down in the submission to this Court. Precision is not required, however, for what is said in this sentence of the text.
. Under the circumstances, this Court need not further lengthen this opinion by taking that extra analytical step. Instead it will consider the defendants' comparative responsibility on the key issue and the result in this action (it will be recalled that the damages issue ultimately proved to pale in importance as compared with the vital injunctive relief).
. On that score Alarm Companies Supplemental Memorandum at 13 reports that after their having complained about defendants' noncompliance with the LR 54.3(d) requirement that an adversary challenging a fee request must provide its opponent with the corresponding information as to its own fees, defendants ultimately acknowledged having expended over $2.2 million on their defense. That information substantially buttresses the result reached in this opinion.
| CASELAW |
Örebro Municipality
Örebro Municipality (Örebro kommun) is a municipality in Örebro County in central Sweden. Its seat is located in the city of Örebro.
The municipality was created from the City of Örebro and surrounding rural municipalities in 1971 and with some areas added in 1974 it had an area of 1,840 km2. In 1995 the municipality was split in two when Lekeberg Municipality was recreated in its boundaries from 1967.
Localities
Towns and localities with more than 800 inhabitants:
* Örebro 126,604 (seat)
* Hovsta 2,700
* Odensbacken 1,400
* Vintrosa 1,300
* Mosås 900
* Stora Mellösa 800
Others:
* Latorp 500
2022 population by district
This is a demographic table based on Örebro Municipality's electoral districts in the 2022 Swedish general election sourced from SVT's election platform, in turn taken from SCB official statistics.
In total there were 117,940 Swedish citizen adults eligible to vote. The political demographics were 52.1% for the left coalition and 46.1% for the right coalition. Indicators are in percentage points except population totals and income.
Elections
From the 1994 election onwards there was a boundary change due to the split with Lekeberg Municipality. The exact results of Sweden Democrats were not listed at a municipal level by SCB from 1988 to 1998 due to the party's small size at the time. "Turnout" denotes the percentage of eligible people casting any ballots, whereas "Votes" denotes the number of valid votes only.
Twin towns
Örebro's seven twin towns with the year of its establishing:
* 1) (1946) Kolding Municipality, Denmark 🇩🇰
* 2) (1946) Drammen, Norway 🇳🇴
* 3) (1947) Lappeenranta (Villmanstrand), Finland 🇫🇮
* 4) (1979) Stykkishólmur, Iceland 🇮🇸
* 5) (2001) Łódź, Poland 🇵🇱
* 6) (2002) Yantai, China 🇨🇳
* 7) (2003) Terrassa, Spain 🇪🇸 | WIKI |
It is becoming increasingly clear that immunoactivation which evolved as a system of host defense against pathogens can become dysregulated and promote the pathogenesis of diverse diseases with both known and unknown etiologies (e. foreign antigens. This state is associated with elevated levels of some cytokines but not others and with activation of some but not other cell populations; it has been designated “low-grade inflammation” “para-inflammation”1 or “immunoactivation” the term I will use here. Immunoactivation and HIV disease Unlike many other pathological SU-5402 conditions human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease has a clear etiologic agent (HIV-1). The very name of the virus indicates the nature of the disease: immunodeficiency. The damage caused by HIV-1 extends beyond the death of a subset from the contaminated cells to add loss of life of uninfected cells or of abortively contaminated cells2 accompanied by the damage of lymph node cells3. The traveling force of the progressive immunodeficiency is immunoactivation4 Paradoxically. HIV-1 infects and replicates in SU-5402 turned on Compact disc4+ T cells predominantly. The disease fighting capability responds to disease by activating additional lymphocytes including uninfected Compact disc4+T cells therefore creating new focuses on for the disease. This vicious routine can be facilitated by co-infections with additional pathogens such as for example cytomegalovirus and additional herpesviruses that are triggered in HIV-1-contaminated individuals aswell by translocation of bacterias through the broken gut mucosa5 additional activating the disease fighting capability. Struggling to eliminate HIV the disease fighting capability turns into activated additional facilitating HIV disease chronically. Some microbes that may reduce immune system activation e Interestingly.g. human being pegivirus (GB-virus C) improve success of HIV-infected individuals6. Immunoactivation during HIV disease is apparent from diverse disease fighting capability guidelines including activation phenotypes of cells upregulation of chosen cytokines7 and of C reactive proteins activation of matrix metalloproteinase and deposition of collagen which destroys lymph node cytoarchitecture8. It really is immune activation instead of HIV-1 load that is clearly a dependable predictor of disease development9. HIV-triggered immunoactivation can continue for a long time actually after replication from the disease is suppressed resulting in various illnesses and premature ageing. Immunoactivation and atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis the procedure leading to development of atherosclerotic plaques SU-5402 may be the major reason behind various cardiovascular illnesses. Evidence gathered over a lot more than 150 years helps the idea that activation from the immune system takes on a major part in atherosclerosis (evaluated in10-12). Defense cells specifically T lymphocytes and macrophages but also B lymphocytes dendritic cells and mast cells are located in large amounts in atherosclerotic plaques. In plaques both T cells and macrophages are triggered and make pro-inflammatory cytokines such as for example interferon gamma and tumor necrosis element aswell as different extra-cellular vesicles13 that can also donate to cell activation and facilitate cytokine launch. Although plaque T cells are blood-borne in plaques they may be much more triggered than in bloodstream14 indicating the current presence of regional antigens as can be evident through the clonal development in the SU-5402 first lesions of apolipoprotein E -KO mice15. The type of potential antigens in plaques continues to be debated for many years and their list contains oxidized low-density lipoproteins heat shock proteins and debris of decomposed cells as well as various infectious agents16. Not only local but also systemic immunoactivation constitutes a strong pro-atherosclerotic factor: for example in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus17 or in end-stage renal disease18. In conclusion although immunoactivation does not seem Rabbit Polyclonal to RFA2 (phospho-Thr21). to be a cause of atherogenesis it constitutes an important driver of disease progression from its initiation to thrombotic complications. Immunoactivation and cancer It was generally accepted until about two decades ago that the immune system is anti-tumorigenic rapidly recognizing and eliminating continually evolving cancer cells (immuno-surveillance). Fortunately the immune system only rarely fails to recognize and destroy the tumor. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Hjbarber/sandbox
They Came Running is a rock band from the Chattanooga area in Southeast Tennessee. They formed in 2007 as a local worship band but have since expanded their horizons, released several EPs, one full-length album, and are expecting their sophomore release in Spring of 2013. They have shared the stage with bands such as: GRITS, Spoken (band), Nevertheless (band), Our_Heart%27s_Hero, Casting Crowns, and have played and toured extensively throughout the Eastern United States. Their sound caters to a young and progressive audience and their message to Christian and secular audiences, alike.
Formation and History
They Came Running was formed in 2007 in Cleveland, Tennessee as a worship band. They were met with rapid local success and began leading worship in area churches and writing original songs. They eventually garnered the attention of representatives of the AMA Label Group, signed a development deal, and promptly put out an EP with the single "The Cure." They continued studio work and on April 5, 2010 put out a second EP with two songs from their upcoming debut album, "Stargazing" and "Break The Silence" and the single "Some Call It Apathy".
On September 14, 2011, they released their debut full-length album under the direction of AMA Label Group's United Republic Records entitled "The Way You Shine" after they had joined up with the East Coast leg of the Extreme Tour, where they toured extensively on the East Coast.
They Came Running suffered lineup struggles throughout their foundational years, but solidified the current lineup in October of 2011, just in time to begin writing a new album, putting together a Christmas tour (Called "They Came Running's Ugly Christmas Sweater Extravaganza" ), and being recruited to lead worship at Lifeway's Mission Fuge camp in Nashville, TN from May to July in 2012. . They released the first single off of their Sophomore album, "Dry and Brittle," for free on their bandcamp, along with a free Christmas EP entitled "Christmas From The Ranch."
The full-length sophomore record Sound on the Radio was released the following summer, on July 2, 2013.
In June of 2014, they released their third full-length album, The Battle Project. Though it was a bit of a departure from the edgy Sound on the Radio as a worship project, it still retained the driving rock sound they'd developed up until then. With its release, they continued working for Fuge camps, though as a contract band, rather than staff band. They were invited to play with Building 429, Love & the Outcome, and Mandisa. | WIKI |
Page:Cyclopedia of Painting-Armstrong, George D (1908).djvu/420
412 whiting to be had, and have ready some clean warm water and a piece of flannel, which dip into the water and squeeze nearly dry, then take as much whiting, as will adhere to it, apply it to the painted surface, when a little rubbing will instantly remove any dirt or grease. After which wash the part well with clean water, rubbing it dry with a soft chamois leather. Paint thus cleaned looks as well as when first laid on, without injury to the most delicate colors. It is far better than using soap, and does not require more than half the time and labor.
Durable Colors. One of the necessary qualifications of (he painter is the knowledge of the colors that will stand the sun and weather. The manufactured chemical colors are generally not very durable, and are therefore not very suitable for outside work. The chrome yellows, chrome greens, and Prussian blues are fugitive, whether used alone or mixed. A combination of two colors of durable nature is often subject to change of tone. Of the more durable colors for external use, the ochres, Indian and Venetian reds, burnt and raw umbers, and burnt and raw siennas may be mentioned. Zinc white, though of less body than white lead, is more delicate and durable, and should always be used in place of white lead at the seashore, where it is especially durable. The action of the salt air injures the lead. The most durable blacks are lamp-black and vegetable black, the most durable yellows are yellow ochre and Naples yellow, both of which have a good body. Chrome yellow is fugitive, and, like other lead salts, it becomes dark in bad air. Of the reds, those to be depended on are the Venetian red, Indian red, light red, and madder lake; carmine lake, vermilion, and chrome red are best avoided on the exterior. The only blue that will stand is ultramarine, though it is expensive. Prussian blue, cobalt. Antwerp blue, and indigo will fade either singly or in combination. The umbers and siennas, burnt and raw, burnt ochres and Vandyke brown, are permanent colors. Raw umber is very | WIKI |
Nishtha Nishtha - 11 months ago 79
Ruby Question
Undefined method send_data
I am getting undefined method
send_data
when creating multiple tabs in spreadsheet. I am not able to understand what data should be sent using this
send_Data
method.
Here is my error:
NoMethodError (undefined method `send_data' for #<Class:0x007f911933cc58>):
book = Spreadsheet::Workbook.new
sheet1 = book.create_worksheet :name => 'Sheet1'
sheet2 = book.create_worksheet :name => 'Sheet2'
sheet1.row(0).push "some content in Column1"
spreadsheet = StringIO.new
book.write spreadsheet
file = "#{Rails.root}/public/brand_store/Excelsheet"
send_data spreadsheet.string, :filename => "#{file}", :type => "application/vnd.ms-excel"
Answer
send_data is used to render binary data format to browser, it is not accesible in rails model Here is the official documentation for the send_data method.
In your case, I guess you wrote your Excel file genration code in model, So just return the Spreadsheet object and write code in controller for render your excel file or you can save it into temp file and render it from controller by providing that file path in send_data method.
Hope this will help. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Sabah Sanhouri
Sabah Sanhouri (صباح سنهوري, born 18 December 1990 in Khartoum, Sudan), also known as Sabah Babiker Ibraheem Sanhouri, is a Sudanese fiction writer, known for her short stories, poetry and the novel Paradise. She writes in Arabic, and several of her stories have been translated into French, English and German.
Life and work
Sabah Babiker Ibraheem Sanhouri was born on 18 December 1990, in Khartoum, Sudan.
Literary work
In 2009, her story Isolation won the Tayeb Salih Creative Writing Award for young writers and was published both in Arabic, as well as in a French and English translation. In his article on the topic of estrangement in modern Sudanese literature, translator and editor of The Book of Khartoum, Max Shmookler characterizes the story's "descriptions of the lone narrator and the desolate, dystopian town in which he finds himself" as "written in a tight, clipped prose, stripped of the poetic devices of meter, assonance, alliteration, and lexical coupling that give Arabic its particular aural appeal."
A film adaptation of her prize-winning short story Isolation was produced in Jordan by the film director Burhan Saadah in 2013. In 2015, Mirrors, her first collection of short stories, was published in Egypt, and in 2019, she published her first novel, entitled Paradise, in Khartoum. In a review in Arabic, the cultural Internet magazine Geel gadeed characterized this novel like this: "Reading Sabah Sanhouri’s works; for me, is a risky journey, like entering an abandoned children's park in a city where a nuclear reactor has exploded. You might get cancer from radiation-contaminated minerals, and a hungry snake might pounce on your leg. And the journey of reading becomes even more dangerous, since the author belongs to your generation."
In 2022, her novel Paradise was published in German in an edition curated by Rafik Schami, one of Germany's most widely read writers. Centered around the fictitious suicide agency ›Paradise‹, an author called Salam tries to do justice to her job by writing suicide scenarios tailored to the agency's customers. The story's almost endless string of suicides has been interpreted as the search for the meaning of life, and fellow Sudanese writer Abdelaziz Baraka Sakin wrote about it: “I couldn't tear myself away from the strange world of Paradise, with its characters standing on the brink of death as they slide of their own free will into a dark abyss, into a hell that their minds imagine to be heaven, sold to them by an agency as an illusion of eternal salvation."
Sanhouri writes in Arabic, and several of her stories have been translated into French, English, German, and Italian. She is also a freelance journalist and a member of the Geneva Writers Group.
Other work
Apart from her work as writer of essays, poetry and fiction, Sanhouri has been active as a mentor for young Sudanese writers, by conducting several workshops called #OneDayFiction in various cities of Sudan. The participants' age ranged from 18 to 28 years, and included young people with disabilities and youth in prisons. Among others, these workshops were sponsored by the cultural section of the Embassy of Italy in Sudan as well as by the German cultural centre Goethe-Institut in Khartoum. In 2014, she was invited to the University of Iowa's International Writing Program. She is a member of the Sudanese Writers Union, a jury member of the University of Khartoum Short Story Contest, and gave a TEDx Talk about her approach to writing in 2018.
In September 2016, she participated in the International Festival of Literature in Berlin and in 2020 in the Festival of African Literature Crossing Borders in Cologne, Germany. For September 11, 2022, the International Literature Festival Berlin announced her participation again, this time together with the writer Stella Gaitano from South Sudan.
Selected works
* Isolation (2009). Short story in Arabic and English, published on online magazine Words without Borders and in the French anthology Nouvelles du Soudan
* Mirrors. Collection of short stories (2015). Merit Publishing House, Cairo, Egypt
* Paradise. Novel (2019). Almosawarat Publishing, Khartoum German edition: Paradise. Schiler & Mücke Publishers, Berlin. ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER>404 | WIKI |
Cost of college increased by more than 25% in the last 10 years
During the 1978 - 1979 school year, it cost the modern equivalent of $17,680 per year to attend a private college and $8,250 per year to attend a public college. By the 2008 - 2009 school year those costs had grown to $38,720 at private colleges and $16,460 at public colleges. Today, those costs are closer to $48,510 and $21,370, respectively. That means costs increased by roughly 25.3% at private colleges and about 29.8% at public colleges. Still, earning a college degree remains a strong investment. In 2018, college graduates earned weekly wages that were 80% higher than those of high school graduates. The Bureau of Labor Statistics reports that Americans with a bachelor's degree have median weekly earnings of $1,173, compared to just $712 a week for those who have a high school diploma. But as the cost of college has increased and student debt has become a national concern, Americans have begun to question if college is worth the cost. CNBC Make It analyzed data from The College Board to determine how much college costs — including tuition, fees, room and board — increased this decade. Here's how much college costs have increased over the last decade, in 2018 dollars, according to most recent data from The College Board: College costs have risen at both public and private institutions over the past decade — here's why. Lackluster state funding is a major reason for rising college costs. From 2008 to 2018, the average tuition at four-year public colleges increased in all 50 states. On average, tuition at these schools has increased by 37%, and net costs (including factors like scholarships and grants) have increased by 24%, according to a 2019 report from the Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. The CBPP report analyzes state funding for higher education and published in-state public college costs from the 2008 school year to the 2018 school year. Researchers Michael Mitchell, Michael Leachman and Matt Saenz found that funding for higher education has not rebounded to pre-recession levels in most states, and that college costs are rising as a result. From the 2008 school year to the 2018 school year, 41 states spent less per student, after adjusting for inflation. During that time period, states spent an average of 13% less per student — about $1,220. "It really does start to beg the question of what constitutes public higher education," Michael Mitchell, lead author of the report and senior director and counselor of Equity and Inclusion at the CBPP told CNBC Make It. "Nearly every state has shifted the responsibility of funding higher education from the state to students over the last 25 years, with the most drastic shift occurring in the past decade." Several of the states with the biggest drops in per-student spending have seen significant tuition increases. In Louisiana, for instance, published tuition at public four-year colleges and universities has doubled since the 2008 school year. In Alabama and Arizona, tuition at public colleges and universities is up by more than 60%. Per-student funding for higher education has increased in nine states since the Great Recession — New York, Montana, California, Alaska, Wisconsin, Hawaii, Wyoming, North Dakota and Illinois — but average tuition at public universities has still increased in all 50 states. Mitchell said college costs can rise even in states that increase funding because there are other factors that influence college finances, including cost of living. ″[State funding] is a factor — a relatively sizable factor — but other things also play a role," said Mitchell. "Health-care cost, retirement costs for faculty and staff, infrastructure, things like that. While state spending is one variable, it exists in a broader range of calculations." One of those variables is cost of living. In the United States, cost of living has steadily increased over the past several years. College students are not immune to the impact of this increase, since many American students choose to move away from home and live on campus or near campus. Increased cost of living also impacts how much colleges spend on employees. For instance, health-care costs increased significantly this decade, including those costs paid by employers. A typical trope is that colleges today spend exorbitantly on frivolous luxuries such as climbing walls, hot tubs and lazy rivers for students. This kind of spending is rare. "Lazy rivers are only a tiny piece of the costs," David Feldman, professor of economics at the College of William & Mary and co-author of "Why Does College Cost So Much?" told Inside Higher Ed. "These lazy rivers are not the reason why student debt is soaring seemingly out of control. The big problem that higher education faces today, at the public side, is cuts in state spending." According to a report titled "Pulling Up the Higher-Ed Ladder: Myth and Reality in the Crisis of College Affordability" from public policy think tank Demos, higher education funding cuts are responsible for 79% of tuition increases. The report estimates that just 6% of tuition increases were caused by spending on construction, and 5% were caused by increased administrative costs associated with hiring part-time and full-time staff in areas such as admissions. Since schools must sort through record-breaking numbers of applications, some increase in spending in these areas is to be expected. Regardless of the cause for the increase in college costs, the issue remains that students today are being put in a nearly impossible position. "In today's competitive economy, nothing is more important than getting a college education," reads the Demos report. "Yet college tuition costs in the U.S. have been increasing at a breakneck pace, making college unaffordable for millions of Americans." | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:The Journal of English and Germanic Philology Volume 18.djvu/423
The Origin of the German Carnival Comedy 419 The water trip is regarded by K. Th. Preuss 129 as a journey to the underworld and was intended to symbolize the swallowing up of the young sun by Mother Earth. When the dead fertility god was later misconceived to be an evil spirit, the belief may have gained ground that the ship carried the evil spirits out upon the unfruitful ocean. 130 Evils are expelled on rafts or in a ship in modern folk-survivals and in savage customs. 131 As a result of this misinterpretation of Death we have as a part of the annual Carnival ceremonies an expulsion of demons and witches, death and disease, plague and pain, fire and famine. 132 This custom was commonly observed among the heathen of Europe, 133 and was not unknown among the ancient Germans. 134 The demons at their expulsion were either embod- ied in effigies, 136 or spersonified by men, 136 while witches were always burned in effigy. Torches were used in the expulsion of demons and witches. 137 A variant of this ceremony is the custom of burning of effigies in bon-fires. The giants of wicker-work burned in bon-fires at Carnival and other popular festivals 138 are believed by Mannhardt to have been originally representa- tives of vegetation spirits and later degraded into demons. 139 The great season for fire-festivals in Europe is the summer solstice, Midsummer Eve or Midsummer Day. 140 Midsummer fires are found all over Europe and especially in German lands. 141 The custom of burning effigies in Midsummer fires is still observed in some parts of Europe. 142 The Yule log, the Mid- 129 "Der damonische Ursprung d. griechischen Dramas," Neue Jahrbilcher f. klass. Altertum, Geschichte u. deutsche Literatur u.f. Padagogik xvii. (1906) 172. 130 Cf. Mannhardt, W.u.F.K., i. 393. 131 Cf. Frazer, op. cit., ix. 199sqq. 132 Ibid., ix. 250. 133 Ibid., ix. 155. 134 /^.,ix. 157-66,214^5. 135 Ibid., ix. 172sq. Ibid., ix. 170-3, 213sqq. t 235. 137 Ibid., ix. 156sqq. t 163, 1655?. Ibid., xi. 35, 40. Ibid., xi. 21, 33, 41-4. 140 76^., x. 160. 141 Ibid., I72sqq. 142 Ibid., x. 195. | WIKI |
How do you check WiFi on Windows 8?
Go to the Start Menu and select Control Panel. Click the Network and Internet category and then select Networking and Sharing Center. From the options on the left-hand side, select Change adapter settings. Right-click on the icon for Wireless Connection and click enable.
How do I find my Wi-Fi network on Windows 8?
Open PC Settings and go to Network . In the Connections section, look for Wi-Fi and the “Manage known networks” link. Click or tap on it. Windows 8.1 displays a list with the wireless networks for which its stores connection details.
How do I manually connect to a wireless network on Windows 8?
Wireless Network Configuration → Windows 8
1. Go to the Control Panel. …
2. Open “Network and Sharing Center”. …
3. When the dialog opens select “Manually connect to a wireless network” and click Next.
4. The “Manually connect to a wireless network” dialog box appears. …
5. Click Next.
How do I fix Wi-Fi on Windows 8?
Below we discuss a few simple ways through which you can fix all your WiFi connectivity issues on a Windows 8.1 operating system:
1. Check that WiFi is enabled. …
2. Restart the Wireless Router. …
3. Clear the DNS Cache. …
4. TCP/ICP Stack Settings. …
5. Disable WiFi Powersave feature. …
6. Update Network Adapter Drivers.
Why is my Windows 8 not connecting to Wi-Fi?
From your description, you are unable to connect to the Wi-Fi network from the Windows 8 computer. You might be facing the issue due to several reasons like network adapter issues, driver issues, hardware or software issues.
How can I know my LAN WiFi password?
FIND WIFI PASSWORD ON CONNECTED LAN CABLE
1. Open a Command Prompt with cmd.exe.
2. Type these commands and press Enter after each: mode con lines=60. netsh wlan show profile name=”February” key=clear. (assuming that February is the SSID of your WLAN)
3. Carefully record the details on paper.
How do I show my WiFi password?
How to Check WiFi Password on Android Mobile Phones
1. Go to the Settings app and head towards Wi-Fi.
2. You will see all the saved WiFi networks. …
3. There you will see an option of QR Code or Tap to Share Password.
4. You can take a screenshot of the QR Code. …
5. Open the QR scanner app and scan the generated QR Code.
How do I connect to the Internet with Windows 8?
Connect Wirelessly to the Internet with Windows 8
1. Summon the Charms bar and click or tap the Settings icon. …
2. Click or tap the wireless network icon. …
3. Click or tap the Available icon if it’s present. …
4. Choose to connect to the desired network by clicking its name and clicking the Connect button. …
5. Enter a password if needed.
How do you fix this computer is set to manually connect to Windows 8?
Fix “Windows Can’t Connect To This Network” Error
1. Forget The Network & Reconnect To It.
2. Toggle The Airplane Mode On & Off.
3. Uninstall The Drivers For Your Network Adapter.
4. Run Commands In CMD To Fix The Issue.
5. Reset Your Network Settings.
6. Disable IPv6 On Your PC.
7. Use The Network Troubleshooter.
How do I enable the WiFi adapter in Windows 8?
Go to the Start Menu and select Control Panel. Click the Network and Internet category and then select Networking and Sharing Center. From the options on the left-hand side, select Change adapter settings. Right-click on the icon for Wireless Connection and click enable.
How do I connect my Windows 8 phone to the Internet?
Connecting Windows 8 to a Wireless Network
1. If you are using a PC, move the mouse to the bottom or top right corner of the screen and select the cog icon labelled Settings. …
2. Select the wireless icon.
3. Select your wireless network from the list – in this example we’ve called the network Zen Wifi.
4. Select Connect.
Like this post? Please share to your friends:
OS Today | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Blue Beach
Blue Beach is a 2 km stretch of cliff-bordered coastline at Avonport, Nova Scotia near the mouth of the along the Avon River in the southern bight of Minas Basin, Kings County, Nova Scotia, Canada. It is best known as a globally significant fossil location for Lagerstätte of the Tournaisian Stage (Lower Carboniferous) period.
Geographic setting
Blue Beach is informally named. The name relates to the bluish-black colour of the cliffs. It stretches from a small creek to Avonport Station. The tidal range in this part of Minas Basin may be as high as 16 m. The nearest town is Hantsport, approximately 5 km to the south. The beach is accessible on foot from the end of the Blue Beach Road or from Avonport Station. There is a small private museum near the parking lot before the trail to the beach. It contains numerous excellent and important examples of fossils from the beach.
The tides make for dangerous conditions because visitors can find themselves trapped. Visitors should familiarize themselves with the Hantsport tide table (see external references). In addition to the tides, the cliffs are quite fragile with rocks regularly giving way. Care should be taken when approaching the cliffs due to the potential of rockfall and earth flows.
Geologic setting
The section is exposed in rocks of the Carboniferous Maritimes Basin. The Maritimes Basin opened and filled between ca. 360 Ma and 325 Ma.
The Blue Beach cliffs consist of soft shales and sandstones of the Horton Group. They erode rapidly because of the high tides in combination with winter freeze-thaw and ice shaving conditions, thus continuously creating opportunities for new discoveries. Closer to the trail and lower in the sequence is the Blue Beach Member and further along is the Hurd Creek Member.
Blue Beach is the type locality for the apparent gap in the tetrapod fossil record known as Romer's gap. Sir William Logan, the first Director of the Geological Survey of Canada, found footprints from a tetrapod in 1841. It remains one of very few such outcrops in the world; the others are in Scotland. In recent decades, numerous tetrapod fossils dating from the earliest Carboniferous have been found.
Flora
Flora include Lepidodendron, Calamites, Aneimites, Diplotnema, Carpolithus, Genselina. In addition, countless spores can be found.
Fauna
Fauna includes tetrapods, fish, arthropods (horseshoe crabs, trilobites and ostracods ) and shells. Fish material is quite common, but articulated bones are very rare. Most common are scales, small ribs and teeth. Uncommon are larger bones including fin spines, jaws, cranial material, clavicles, limb bones and pelvic bones.
Arthropods include Paleolimulus woodae, an extinct horseshoe crab. Contrary to some erroneous reports in the popular press, it is not the world's oldest horseshoe crab (Order Xiphosurida), but is scientifically instead the oldest paleolimulid (Family Paleolimulidae). It is known from two examples found by visitors - including a Grade 4 student. The species name honors Sonja Wood who runs the Blue Beach Museum and has studied the fossils for many years along with her husband Chris Mansky. Trilobites are also rarely found. This is interesting because trilobites are marine, whereas the majority of the Blue Beach location is seen as a lacustrine deposit. The trilobites found thus far are restricted to a 20 cm thick layer.
Fish fossils include Elonichthys, Rhadinichthys, Canobius, Letognathus, ?Ctenodus, Gyracanthides, Gyracanthus, Acanthodidae, and Bothriolepis. Letognathus was originally assigned to Rhizodus in the mid 1800s and later to Strepsodus. This includes the species Rhizodus (now Letognathus) hardingi of Dawson, named after a Dr. Harding of Windsor, Nova Scotia. Similarly, Dawson's Acrolepis is now attributed to Elonichthys and his Palaeoniscus is attributed to Canobis.
Tetrapod fossils include acanthostegids, ichthyostegids, tulerpetontids, whatcheeriids, and embolomeres.
Trace fossils
Trace fossils are common. Examples include tetrapod footprints, fish fin trails, arthropod trackways, wave ripples, mud cracks, rain drops, and bromolites - including coprolites, fossilized dung.
The tetrapod footprints and trackways are particularly important due to their age. They are reasonably common at Blue Beach, with over 2000 specimens known. Prints of tetrapods from this era can exhibit polydactyly, or more than five digits per limb., however the specimens from Blue Beach are all pentadactyl (five digits) or are at least functionally pentadactyl. Six morphotypes have been identified so far.
Several types of arthropod trace fossils are found including trackways of Diplichnites and Diplopodichnus (possibly millipedes), Rusophycus (possibly trilobites), Paleohelcura (scorpions), and Arborichnus.
Museum
From 2000 onward, a small museum formed in a barn near Blue Beach has displayed fossils from it, as founded by Chris Mansky and Sonja Wood. The museum plans to expand to a larger facility. | WIKI |
Iterating through results
I’m having trouble iterating through results in an active record object. Can someone provide a code example please.
$data = MyTable::model()->with('MyOtherTable')->find(...);
$eg = $data->myColumnFromMyTable;
$data->iterator->next();
$eg = $data->myColumnFromMyTable; // value still the same as before
Further more I need to do this across a table join, but haven’t worked out how to do it on a single table yet.
find only returns a single result.
I needed findAll which returns an array of active records which can be iterated using foreach.
simply do:
$data = MyTable::model()->with('MyOtherTable')->findAll(...);
foreach ($data as $item)
{
[...]
}
I didn’t get if your post is a self-aswer or not… hope it helps!
Hi zaccaria
Yes, I worked it out. I always answer my own posts if I work it out. Hopefully it will help someone else (maybe even me in a few a months time!). But thanks anyway. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Prusias II of Bithynia
Prusias II Cynegus (Greek: Προυσίας ὁ Κυνηγός; "the Hunter", c. 220 BC – 149 BC, reigned c. 182 BC – 149 BC) was the Greek king of Bithynia. He was the son and successor of Prusias I and Apama III.
Life
Prusias was born to Prusias I and Apama III in 220 BC. His father died in 189 BC, at which point he became the king of Bithynia. Prusias II joined with the king of Pergamon, Eumenes II in a war against King Pharnaces I of Pontus (181–179 BC). He later invaded the territories of Pergamon (156–154 BC), only to be defeated, with Pergamon insisting on heavy reparations, including 500 talents and "twenty decked ships".
Prusias II married his maternal cousin Apame IV, a sister of Perseus of Macedon and a princess from the Antigonid dynasty, by whom he had a son, Nicomedes II, and a daughter, Apama, who would marry Dyegilos, son of Cotys IV, King of Thrace, and his wife, Semestra.
Prusias II was honoured by the Aetolian League with a stele at Delphi on account of his behavior and benefactions towards them.
Towards the end of his life, Prusias II had children by a later wife, and wanted to make them his heirs in place of Nicomedes. He sent Nicomedes to Rome to ask its help in reducing the amount of these reparations, and directed the co-ambassador, Menas, to kill Nicomedes if the mission was unsuccessful. Despite the failure of the mission, Nicomedes persuaded Menas to betray Prusias, and Nicomedes declared himself king. Prusias had to renounce the kingship in favour of his son and was himself murdered in 149 BC. | WIKI |
Talk:List of Rock Band Network songs
Template include limit exceeded
( - interested? )This could probably be fixed by changing the dates on the sub-pages from to YYYY-MM-DD format. All the best, Rich Farmbrough, 22:31, 9 April 2014 (UTC).
* Just noticing this now, for whatever reason I don't recall ever seeing your April ping.
* At 02:51, 2 January 2013 Lightsup55 created this by combining List of Rock Band Network 1.0 songs and List of Rock Band Network 2.0 songs. Seems it was exceeding the limits from the get-go. Right, I see that these make heavy use of but there doesn't seem to be any intention of making a sortable table. That template doesn't seem to change the format of the date parameters supplied to it, they are just displayed as-is, so it would just be a matter of removing the template wrapper around each date. I guess maybe a couple of semi-automated edits might be just the ticket... I just supply AWB with a regex for removing the templates but leaving the dates? Wbm1058 (talk) 22:26, 24 July 2014 (UTC)
* Well, I spent some time futzing with it before I figured out the regex to use, but AutoWikiBrowser/Regular expression helped me get it. That did the trick. FYI:
* Find: \{\{\s*?[Dd]ts\s*?\|(.*?)\}\}
* Replace: $1
* Thanks for the tip. It's a shame they don't let you make this kind of edit anymore. Wbm1058 (talk) 23:55, 24 July 2014 (UTC)
* Yes, I shall have to ask "them" to reconsider. Nice job fixing it. All the best: Rich Farmbrough, 01:39, 25 July 2014 (UTC).
Requested move 13 February 2016
The result of the move request was: Move (non-admin closure) . © Tb hotch ™ (en-2.5). 22:54, 20 February 2016 (UTC)
Complete list of Rock Band Network songs → List of Rock Band Network songs – Odd phrasing to use "Complete". Saying it is a "complete" list goes against WP:General disclaimer. Also, WP:CONSISTENCY, other lists do not claim to be complete either. Soetermans. T / C 14:59, 13 February 2016 (UTC)
* Support - It should be assumed the list is complete. No other page names use the term "complete". Meatsgains (talk) 18:38, 13 February 2016 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 3 external links on List of Rock Band Network songs. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100307020741/http://www.rockband.com/news/rbn-music-store-goes-live to http://www.rockband.com/news/rbn-music-store-goes-live
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110816084641/http://www.rockband.com/blog/new-to-rbn93 to http://www.rockband.com/blog/new-to-rbn93
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100317182446/http://gdc.gamespot.com/story/6253579/harmonix-reviews-rock-band-networks-opening-act to http://gdc.gamespot.com/story/6253579/harmonix-reviews-rock-band-networks-opening-act
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 06:51, 19 May 2017 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 4 external links on List of Rock Band Network songs. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111117113605/http://www.rockband.com/blog/new-to-rbn-6911 to http://www.rockband.com/blog/new-to-rbn-6911
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110113120555/http://www.rockband.com/blog/new-to-rbn-123010-1711 to http://www.rockband.com/blog/new-to-rbn-123010-1711
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110116012710/http://www.rockband.com/blog/new-to-rbn-11411 to http://www.rockband.com/blog/new-to-rbn-11411
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100311192644/http://www.rockband.com/music/dlc/rbn to http://www.rockband.com/music/dlc/rbn
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 03:59, 27 December 2017 (UTC)
"Complete list of Rock Band Network songs" listed at Redirects for discussion
A discussion is taking place to address the redirect Complete list of Rock Band Network songs. The discussion will occur at Redirects for discussion/Log/2021 January 24 until a consensus is reached, and readers of this page are welcome to contribute to the discussion. Elliot321 (talk | contribs) 12:05, 24 January 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
sim.writeCustomTableData
Adds or removes custom table data to be stored and saved together with an object, or the scene. If the tag name ends with the string "@tmp", then the data is not saved during a scene or model save operation. The data can also be saved globally for the application (for the current CoppeliaSim session). If the data is attached to an object, then the sysCall_data callback function is called asynchronously for the simulation- or customization script attached to that object
Synopsis
sim.writeCustomTableData(int objectHandle, string tagName, dict/list tableData) sim.writeCustomTableData(int objectHandle, string tagName, table tableData)
Arguments
• objectHandle: handle of the object where the data has to be stored, or sim.handle_scene if you wish to store the data with the scene, or sim.handle_app if you wish to store the data with the application's current session.
• tagName: string that identifies the data. An empty string will remove all custom data
• tableData: data to store. An empty array effectively removes the custom data from the object
See also: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Native Tribes of South-East Australia.djvu/191
IV children of two brothers; 13, 14, 15, and 16 are also brothers and sisters, being the children of two sisters. These groups are Kami to each other. Similar groups of Kami occur in the succeeding levels, the last being 43 and 44, who are Kami to 45 and 46.
These Kami, it may be mentioned, are, among the Dieri, prohibited from intermarriage, although among the Urabunna certain of them are Nupa to each other, a man being "only Nupa to the female children of the elder brothers of his mother," or, what is exactly the same thing, to those of the elder sisters of his father.
Noa is a reciprocal relation which may be explained by the term "potential spouse." For instance, when a child is born, say No. 9 in the table, it is thereby a member of a certain group, as the case may be, of males or females, each of whom is Noa to each individual of another analogous group of the opposite sex. The man 9 on his birth became Noa to each female in a group whose brothers were Noa to his sisters. Thus there is on either side a group of women who are own or tribal sisters, and who are Noa to a group of men, on the other side, who are own or tribal brothers. It is the children of the Kami who are born into the Noa condition.
In the Table 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 6, 7, 8 are Noa; similarly 9, 10, 11, 12 and 17, 18, 19, 20 are Noa. But these are in the Kami relation to 13, 14, 15, 16 and 21, 22, 23, 24.
In the succeeding level there are some who are Noa and some who are Kami to each other. Of the former are 27 and 31, who are Noa to 36 and 40; also 28 and 32, who are Noa to 35 and 39.
Imari means husband's brother or male-speaking wife's sister. Those shown in Table are 1-6, 2-5, 3-8, 4-7, 9-19, 10-20, 11-17, 12-18, 13-23, 14-24, 15-21. and 16-22.
Kadi is wife's brother. In this relation are 1 and 2 to 7 and 8; 9 and 11 to 18 and 20; 13 and 15 to 22 and 24; 27 and 31 to 35 and 39. Under the Kanini | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Dox records
The result was delete. North America1000 02:17, 27 July 2016 (UTC)
Dox records
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
My searches are simply not finding anything actually substantially convincing, there's nothing to suggest there's the noticeable independent notability. SwisterTwister talk 06:31, 12 July 2016 (UTC) Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, — Music1201 talk 14:53, 19 July 2016 (UTC)
* Delete - Subject lacks notability and coverage in reliable sources. Page also has zero references. Meatsgains (talk) 15:56, 19 July 2016 (UTC)
* Delete - Doesn't seem to make a convincing claim to notability, includes zero sources, and the use of the term "Dox Family" as a section heading which occupies half of the page does not suggest disinterest (and indeed, the username of the SPA who created the article happens to also be the name of someone listed as an employee of Dox). — Rhododendrites talk \\ 21:27, 19 July 2016 (UTC)
* Delete Company doesn't appear to satisfy WP:GNG. A quick Google search shows only non-indepedent sources, like the company's own website. Omni Flames ( talk ) 06:31, 20 July 2016 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 107 Part 1.djvu/644
107 STAT. 618 PUBLIC LAW 103-66 —AUG. 10, 1993 "(3) EFFECT ON STATE MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE COST LIMITA- TIONS.— This section shall not supersede or affect provisions in effect prior to January 1, 1991, or after December 31, 1994, relating to any maximum allowable cost limitation established by a State for payment by the State for covered outpatient drugs, and rebates shall be made under this section without regard to whether or not payment by the State for such drugs is subject to such a limitation or the amount of such a limitation.". (2) CONFORMING AMENDMENTS. —Section 1927 (42 U.S.C. 1396r-fi) is amended as follows: (A) In subsection (b)— (i) in paragraph (I)(A)— (I) by striking "each calendar quarter (or periodically in accordance with a schedide specified by the Secretary)" and inserting "for a rebate period", and (II) by striking "dispensed under the plan during the quarter (or other period as the Secretary may specify)" and inserting "dispensed after December 31, 1990, for which payment was made under the State plan for such period"; (ii) in paragraph (2)(A)— (I) by striking "calendar quarter" and "the quarter" and inserting "rebate period" and "the period", respectively, (II) by striking "dosage units" and inserting "units of each dosage form and strength and package size", and (III) by inserting "after December 31, 1990, for which payment was made" after "dispensed"; and (iii) in paragraph (3)(A)(i), by striking "quarter" each place it appears and inserting "rebate period under the agreement". (B) In subsection (k>— (i) in paragraph (1)— (I) by striking "calendar quarter^ and inserting "rebate period", and (II) by inserting before the period at the end the following: ", after deducting customary prompt pay discounte"; (ii) in paragraph (3)— (I) in subparagraph (E), by striking ****** emergency room visits", (II) in subparagraph (F), by striking "services" and inserting "services and services provided by an intermediate care facility for the mentally retarded", and (III) in the matter following subparagraph (H)— (aa) by striking "which is used" and inserting "for which a National Drug Code number is not required by the Food and Drug Administration or a drug or biological used"; and
� | WIKI |
Page:Catholic Encyclopedia, volume 12.djvu/871
REQUIEM
781
REQUIEM
to the Office for the Dead in which the antiphons are doubled; and therefore, whenever, at the request of the faithful, a solemn Office is celebrated for one or more deceased persons, especially if there is a con- course of the people, the corresponding Mass must be celebrated with the Double Rite, as the Rubric of the Missal expressly prescribes (V, 3): "Unica tantum oratio dicenda est in missis omnibus . . . quan- documque pro defunctis missa solemniter celeb ratur" (In any Mass solemnly celebrated for the dead, only one prayer is to be said). This Mass, however, may be celebrated only on days of the Semi-Double or the Simple Rite, exclusive of those days named above on which it is forbidden to celebrate the anniversary Requiem Mass. This Mass, like that of the anniver- sary late sumptum, is of the Lesser Double Rite; while the Mass of the third, seventh, and thirtieth days, as also that of the anniversary stride sumptum, is of the Greater Double Rite, since it may be celebrated on the doubles that are not of the first or of the second class.
X. Miss.B Cantata. — These (sung, but not high, Masses) are the Masses that are called quotidianw in the Missal. They are of the Semi-Double Rite, be- cause they have three prayers, and correspond to the office that is recited without duplication of the anti- phons. It is forbidden to celebrate these Masses on any of the days mentioned above, upon which the anniversary Masses may not be celebrated, or on the days upon which there is a feast of the Double Rite, even the Lesser, and therefore they are allowed only on semi-double, non-privileged days. To this class of Requiem missm cantatce belongs the one which the Rubrics of the Missal (V, 1) provide shall be cele- brated in the cathedrals and collegiate churches de prcecepto (S. C. R., deer. 2928): " Prima die cujusque mensis (extra Adventum, Quadragesimam et Tempus Paschale) non impedita officio duplici vel semi- du])Iici". This Mass is truly conventual, should be celeljrated after Prime, as the Rubrics of the Missal l)rescribe (XV, 3), and should be a sung Mass (decrees 19 and 2424). The first 'of the month is understood to mean the first day of the month that is free of any double or semi-double, even transferred, Office (decree 2380); and if there be no such free day in the whole month, the obligation ceases; which frequently hap- pens, especially now, when the votive Offices have been admitted. In this Mass of Requiem, as in all other sung Masses hitherto mentioned, the Sequence should never be admitted, as the reformed Rubric of the Missal and the general decree of 30 June, 1896 (No. 3920), provide. The three Prayers of the fourth formulary should be used (decree 2928), for they are adapted to the end which the Church has in view in prescribing the monthly celebration of this Mass, which is "generaliter pro defunctis sacerdotibus, benefactoribus et aliis", as the above-cited rubric shows.
XI. Low Masses. — According to the ancient canon law, a low Requiem Mass could be celebrated only on days of semi-double, non-festive and non-privileged rite; so that, even prasente cadavere, if the rite of the day were double, although it were lesser, the Mass of the day had to be celebrated. The liturgical law, however, has been very much changed in relation to low Masses; anfl, as there are among them some that are more privileged than others, we will divide them according to the privileges that they enjoy.
A. Low Execpdcd Mass said in place of the High Mass. — As has been seen above, the Church desires that no one of its children be laid in the grave without a mass prcesenle corpore. And as, on the other hand, poverty often prevents the relatives of the deceased from having the obsequies celebrated with solemnity, the Church, alway.s a loving and indulgent inothiu-, permits the high Mass to be replaced by a low one. At first, some limitations were placed to this opportune
concession (cf. Decree of 22 May, 1843, in Mechlinen., ad 6) ; now, however, by the general Decree of 9 May, 1899 (No. 4024), this exequial low Mass, which takes the place of a high Mass, is celebrated with all the privileges of the latter. In our opinion, the low exequial Mass said in the place of the high Mass enjoys the privileges of the latter, when, through special circumstances, the high Mass may not be celebrated, even in the case of the wealthy; as, for example, if the persons invited to the funeral could not remain long at the church, and the relatives of the deceased should on that account ask that the Mass be a low one. This is actually the practice in some places, and we believe that it may not be condemned, seeing that it is in accordance with the spirit of the Church, which, in recent times, has considerably modified its regulations in this connexion.
B. Low Mass on the Day of Obsequies and in the Same Church. — According to the ancient liturgical law, formulated in the Rubrics of the Missal of St. Pius V, low Requiem Mass, although the body were present, could not be celebrated on days of the Double — even Lesser Double — Rite. This law was justified by the great reverence in which the Double Rite was held and by the fact that, at the time of St. Pius V, there were very few feasts of this rite in the universal calendar. But as the number of these feasts had been greatly augmented, especially in the calendars of some of the religious orders and in those of some dioceses, there was no longer any reason for the rule: first, because the Double Rite, having come to be so abundantly granted, was no longer held in the high esteem that it had formerly enjoyed; secondly, because the great number of new doubles made it impossible to celebrate the low Requiem Mass on the day of the burial. These considerations were submitted to the Congregation of Rites in February, 1896. On 19 May following, there was published the general Decree No. 3903, which begins: "Aucto postremis hisce tcmporibus, maxime in calendariis partcularibus, Officiorum du- plicium numero, quum pauci supersint per annum dies, qui Missas privatas de Requie fieri permittant. . . ." Thanks to this opportune decree, the low Mass, as well as the solemn one, may be celebrated at the obsequies of one deceased, even on a double. There are, however, certain conditions for the celebration of these low Masses. (1) They are allowed only on the day of the ob.sequies and in the church where the obsequies are celebrated, with or without presence of the corpse, as has been said under V (S. C. R., deer. 3944, ad 3) ; (2) they must be offered for the deceased whose obsequies are being celebrated, and for no other intention (ibid., ad 4); (3) they may not be celebrated on a Sunday, or other holy day of obliga- tion, even though the latter may have been sup- pressed; (4) they may not be celebrated on a Double of the First Class, even secondary, or on a day of which the rite prevents these Doubles of the First Glass — that is, on Ash Wednesday and during Holy Week, the vigils of Christmas and of Pentecost, during the octaves of Easter and Pentecost, and on the octave day of the Epiphany (ibid., ad 5). Such were hitherto the rules for low Masses on the day of obsequies and in the same church, but by a recent Decree of the Sacred Congregation of Rites these low Masses are now forbidden also on all Doubles of the Second Class. These Masses, of course, are of the Double Rite; they have but one prayer, and the Sequence is as in the solemn high Mass.
C. Lm) Mass in the Private Chapel, before the Burial. — This Mass of Requiem, also, is a recent con- cession of the Holy See in behalf of the deceased. By this concession, all the Masses allowed by the Brief by which the privilege of a private oratory was granted, may be celebrated :i8 Requiems, on all the days on which the body remains in the house, on condition that they are offered only for the deceased | WIKI |
Physics equations/03-Two-Dimensional Kinematics/Q:2Dmotion
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A
{A ball is kicked horizontally from a height of 2.3 m, at a speed of 7.8m/s. How far does it travel before landing? -a) 3.09 m. -b) 3.71 m. -c) 4.45 m. +d) 5.34 m. -e) 6.41 m.
* type="" }
{A particle is initially at the origin and moving in the x direction at a speed of 3.7 m/s. It has an constant acceleration of 2.3 m/s2 in the y direction, as well as an acceleration of 0.5 in the x direction. What angle does the velocity make with the x axis at time t = 2.8 s? +a) 51.62 degrees. -b) 59.37 degrees. -c) 68.27 degrees. -d) 78.51 degrees. -e) 90.29 degrees.
* type="" }
{At time, t=0, two particles are on the x axis. Particle A is (initially) at the origin and moves at a constant speed of 7.29 m/s at an angle of θ above the x-axis. Particle B is initially situated at x= 2.75 m, and moves at a constant speed of 2.98 m/s in the +y direction. At what time do they meet? -a) 0.24 s. -b) 0.29 s. -c) 0.34 s. +d) 0.41 s. -e) 0.5 s.
* type="" }
{At time, t=0, two particles are on the x axis. Particle A is (initially) at the origin and moves at a constant speed of 7.17 m/s at an angle of θ above the x-axis. Particle B is initially situated at x= 2.04 m, and moves at a constant speed of 2.52 m/s in the +y direction. What is the value of θ (in radians)? -a) 0.27 radians. -b) 0.31 radians. +c) 0.36 radians. -d) 0.41 radians. -e) 0.47 radians.
* type="" }
B
{A ball is kicked horizontally from a height of 2.7 m, at a speed of 7.5m/s. How far does it travel before landing? -a) 3.22 m. -b) 3.87 m. -c) 4.64 m. +d) 5.57 m. -e) 6.68 m.
* type="" }
{A particle is initially at the origin and moving in the x direction at a speed of 4.3 m/s. It has an constant acceleration of 2.2 m/s2 in the y direction, as well as an acceleration of 0.3 in the x direction. What angle does the velocity make with the x axis at time t = 2.8 s? -a) 37.93 degrees. -b) 43.62 degrees. +c) 50.16 degrees. -d) 57.68 degrees. -e) 66.33 degrees.
* type="" }
{At time, t=0, two particles are on the x axis. Particle A is (initially) at the origin and moves at a constant speed of 5.42 m/s at an angle of θ above the x-axis. Particle B is initially situated at x= 2.89 m, and moves at a constant speed of 2.26 m/s in the +y direction. At what time do they meet? -a) 0.49 s. +b) 0.59 s. -c) 0.7 s. -d) 0.84 s. -e) 1.01 s.
* type="" }
{At time, t=0, two particles are on the x axis. Particle A is (initially) at the origin and moves at a constant speed of 5.15 m/s at an angle of θ above the x-axis. Particle B is initially situated at x= 2.05 m, and moves at a constant speed of 2.94 m/s in the +y direction. What is the value of θ (in radians)? -a) 0.46 radians. -b) 0.53 radians. +c) 0.61 radians. -d) 0.7 radians. -e) 0.8 radians.
* type="" } | WIKI |
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Rudiments of materials science pillai s o pillai sivakami. Rudiments Of Physics 2019-03-12
Rudiments of materials science pillai s o pillai sivakami Rating: 5,4/10 302 reviews
Rudiments Of Physics
rudiments of materials science pillai s o pillai sivakami
Qualitatively this principle states that the order of magnitude of the product of the uncertainties in the knowledge of two variables must be at least Plancks constant h. When an ionic solid is dissolved easily in water, the electrostatic forces are considerably weakened by 80 times due to high permittivity of water. Any real specimen of a metalcannot be perfectly pure and will contain some impurities. If S is the maximum diameter of a ring and if R is the radial distance from specimen to the film, then the Bragg angle in S , as can be seen from Fig. It is a way of arranging equidimensional objects in space such that the available space is filled very efficiently.
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Rudiments of Materials
rudiments of materials science pillai s o pillai sivakami
The other plus point of this theory is that it provides a basis for the understanding of the effects of the uncertainty and exclusion principles in metals. When two atoms come closer and unite to form molecules, their electrons rearrange themselves in such a way so as to form a stable state. Which of the following classes is most likely to produce a semiconductor? Therefore, 14 types of space lattices possible. Thelength of each bond is 0. To get the sketch of the second zone, we must use the next set of integers above those used for the first zone.
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Rudiments of materials science : for B. Sc., B.E., B. Tech. and AMIE courses (eBook, 2007) [automatictrade.net]
rudiments of materials science pillai s o pillai sivakami
The first author reviewed the accumulated teaching materials prepared for his lecture classes overa period of 35 years. Identifying and documenting the conditions of Russian serfs has proven difficult because the Russian state discouraged literacy among the serfs and censored public expressions of dissent. Inclusion of short questions with answers, review questions and problems and solutions at the end of each unit are some of the special features of this book with a view to make the learning process much easier. Answer: The Zn2+ and half the Fe3+ ions are on octahedral sites with spins aligned antiparallel. The high electrical and thermal conductivitiesof metals follow from the ability of the free electrons to migrate through their crystal lattices while all ofthe electrons in ionic and covalent crystals are bound to particular atoms. Let an x-ray beam of wavelength strike the surface. This would require a fair amount of work.
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Rudiments Of Physics
rudiments of materials science pillai s o pillai sivakami
Find the Miller indices of the faces whose intercepts are: 0. It is obvious from the figure that the environment about any two points is the same; hence it represents a space lattice. It is because moleculesof water strongly interact with the crystal ions to destroy the forces of attraction between the ions. In the vicinity of c , the variation of 1 is non-linear. Thismeans that rotation of a cube about this perpendicular axis through 90o brings it into self-coincidence orcongruent position.
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Solid State Physics
rudiments of materials science pillai s o pillai sivakami
Hexagonal close packed structure hcp Hexagonal close packed structure is a closest packing one and its packing fraction is almost as that of fcc space lattice. However, close to it, there is always a net charge at any time as seen by a neighbouring atom. The transitiontemperature of an element differs for different isotopes. At ordinary field strengths and normal temperatures, the value of x is very small, say 0. Let this process be repeated a large number of times. A wealth of practical application examples and exercise problems complement the exhaustive coverage of kinetics for all material classes. Show that in the stable configuration, the energy of attraction is 8 times the energy of repulsion.
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Rudiments Of Material Science
rudiments of materials science pillai s o pillai sivakami
When two isolated H atoms, each with its electron in the ground state 1s orbital approach each other, the 1s clouds begin to overlap. This volume is floated after going though the syllabi and topics prescribed by the appointed agencies of the respective regions. Answer This indicates that paramagnetism is quite small as compared to ferromagnetism. The covalent bonding is also known as homopolar or electron-pair bonding and it is common both in organic molecules and in many inorganic molecules. This eminently readable and student-friendly text not only provides a masterly analysis of all the relevant topics, but also makes them comprehensible to the students through the skillful use of well-drawn diagrams, illustrative tables, worked-out examples, and in many other ways.
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Books automatictrade.net: Books of Engineering Mechanics ( Applied Mechanics) And Material
rudiments of materials science pillai s o pillai sivakami
The spacing of planes in this family as determined by x-ray diffraction was 0. The book can be consulted as a good reference source for important properties of a wide variety of engineering materials, which benefits a wide spectrum of future engineers and scientists. The electrostatic interaction between the positive ions and the electron gas holds the metal together. Highly regular crystals may be bilaterally symmetrical about several planes cutting them in different directions. Menon Formerly i Director of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research ii Science-Advisor to the Prime Minister of India iii Minister for Science and Technology iv Recipient of Padma Shri in 1961 and Padma Bhushan in 1968. This fact suggested that electrons too could not be regarded simplyas corpuscles, but that periodicity must be assigned to them.
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Rudiments of Materials
rudiments of materials science pillai s o pillai sivakami
A Quick Going Through These Topics May Help The Readers The Power Of Understanding The Main Topics Of The Subject Science Of Condensed Materials With Trifle Effects. The equilibrium energy U0 is also called the lattice energy. These accounts offer readers a glimpse, from the point of view of the serfs themselves, into the realities of one of the largest systems of unfree labor in history. Get the reciprocals of these numbers. Thus the diamond lattice is composed of two interleaved fcc sublattices, one of which is shifted relative to the other by one-fourth of a body diagonal.
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S O Pillai
rudiments of materials science pillai s o pillai sivakami
Thus the velocity of the matter waves is greater than the velocity of light in vacuum which concludes that the phase velocity of matter waves is not physically meaningful quantity. A unit cell containing only one lattice is called a primitive cell. What is the physical significance of the wave function? This sixth edition has been improved qualitatively and quantitatively to include many new features. Thus, there is net negative charge on the p-side of the junction and net positive chargeon the n-side. If now a field is applied, these ions will themselves carry the charge in the solution electrolysis. However, after the discovery of x-rays in 1895, a systematic study of crystal structure wasstartedscience of crystallography was born. In the formation of this bond between two atoms, each atom contributeselectrons in equal number and the contributed electrons are shared by both the atoms.
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Some research suggests that a person is at increased risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease if a relative has the disorder.
Alzheimer’s disease is a chronic, progressive condition that impairs memory, thinking, and movement.
The causes of the condition are unclear. Current research suggests that multiple factors may contribute to the development of Alzheimer’s, including genetics.
This article assesses the potential links between genetics and Alzheimer’s disease.
Is Alzheimer’s hereditary?
A father and son outside, the son is at the foreground and shadowedShare on Pinterest
Julia Forsman/Stocksy
Scientists describe genetic risks for Alzheimer’s in terms of two factors: risk genes and deterministic genes.
When a person has risk genes, it means they have an increased chance of developing a disease. Deterministic genes may directly cause a disease to develop.
Scientists have found several risk and deterministic genes for Alzheimer’s.
Risk genes
Several genes present a risk for Alzheimer’s. The gene with the most significant connection to Alzheimer’s risk is the apolipoprotein E-E4 gene (APOE-e4).
According to the Alzheimer’s Association, an estimated 15–25% of people with this gene may go on to have Alzheimer’s disease. A person who inherits the APOE-e4 gene from both parents also has a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease than someone who inherits the gene from only one.
Having the gene may also mean that a person displays symptoms at an earlier age and receives a diagnosis earlier.
While every person inherits an APOE gene of some form, the APOE-e3 and APOE-e2 genes have no association with Alzheimer’s disease. APOE-e2 might even provide protective effects on the brain against the disease.
The trisomy 21 gene can also significantly increase a person’s risk of Alzheimer’s.
Deterministic genes
Researchers have identified three specific deterministic genes that may cause Alzheimer’s disease:
• amyloid precursor protein (APP)
• presenilin-1 (PS-1)
• presenilin-2 (PS-2)
These genes are responsible for an excessive buildup of amyloid-beta peptides. This is a toxic protein that clumps together in the brain. This buildup causes nerve cell damage and death, characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease. These genes are known as “dominant genes,” which means that if either parent has the condition, they can pass on the gene to their children, and they will develop the disease.
These gene mutations account for 60–70% of all familial early onset Alzheimer’s disorder cases and 5–10% of early onset dementia overall. Alzheimer’s caused by deterministic genes typically occurs before the age of 65 years. It can sometimes develop in people who are in their 40s and 50s.
However, not all people with early onset Alzheimer’s have these genes.
Effect of genes in other types of dementia
Some types of dementia have links to other genetic malformations.
Huntington’s disease, for example, alters chromosome 4, which can lead to progressive dementia. Huntington’s disease is a dominant genetic condition.
Dementia with Lewy bodies or Parkinson’s dementia may also have a genetic component. For example, Parkinson’s has known associations with several genes, including SNCA, PARK7, and PRKN. However, as with all forms of dementia, the cause of these conditions is typically multifactorial.
Risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease
Researchers have identified several risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease.
These include:
• Age: The most significant risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease is age.
• Family history: Having a close relative with Alzheimer’s disease increases the risk of developing it.
• Head trauma: People with previous instances of severe head trauma may be at higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease.
• Heart health: Health issues in the heart or blood vessels may increase the chance of developing Alzheimer’s disease. Examples include high blood pressure, stroke, and diabetes.
Alzheimer’s symptoms and outlook
Alzheimer’s disease usually involves a gradual loss of memory and brain function.
Early symptoms may include periods of forgetfulness or memory loss. Over time, a person may experience confusion or disorientation in familiar settings, including at home. As a result, they may need more assistance with daily living, such as brushing their teeth, getting dressed, and cutting food.
They may also experience agitation, restlessness, personality withdrawals, and speech issues.
The survival rate for a person with Alzheimer’s disease is usually 8–10 years after the first appearance of symptoms.
Learn more about the stages of Alzheimer’s disease and their outlook.
When to contact a doctor
Seeking medical assistance for a person who demonstrates these symptoms is vital, even though the discussion might be difficult. A doctor can rule out other diseases that might cause Alzheimer’s disease.
Before an appointment, family members should make a list of any medications the person with symptoms is currently taking. The doctor can review the list and ensure symptoms are not side effects of current medications.
Keep a journal of noticeable symptoms as they develop over time to help a doctor establish potential patterns.
Sometimes, a doctor may recommend genetic testing when people show early Alzheimer’s symptoms, which may dictate possible treatments and assist in future family planning.
However, the results of genetic testing can negatively affect a person’s emotional well-being should it provide an unwanted outcome. Working with a doctor or counselor during and after the genetic testing process can help people better understand the results and implications.
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease has links to several genes. Some, such as the APOE-e4 gene, increase the risk of developing the disease but do not always lead to an Alzheimer’s diagnosis.
Others, such as the APP gene, directly cause the disease to develop. However, this is a rare type known as familial Alzheimer’s that occurs in 5–10% of people with early onset Alzheimer’s disease. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:KD8HNF
KD8HNF
Ham Radio is alive and well!
Grand Rapids Amateur Radio Association
Lowell Amateur Radio Club | WIKI |
Leonid Karev
Leonid Karev is a composer, organist and pianist, born in Moscow in 1969. He has lived in France since 1992, and is a professor of organ and piano accompaniment at the Conservatories of Paris and Yerres (France) and organist at the Notre-Dame-de-l’Assomption church in Paris and the Bertrand Cattiaux's organ in the Saint-Médard church in Brunoy (France).
He studied at the Moscow Tchaikovsky Conservatory and at Conservatoire de Paris both as composer and organist. His professors included Michel Chapuis, André Isoir, Jean Guillou, Alain Banquart, Michel Merlet, and Guillaume Connesson. He graduated from the École Normale de Musique de Paris as a composer. His symphony Dulce Memoriae was awarded the Sacem prize and a prize at the Gino Contilli competition in Italy and his piece for choir Ave Maria was awarded at the Guido d’Arezzo competition in Italy. He is also the First Prize winner of Marcel Dupré organ Competition in Chartres (1998), and the First Prize of honor winner of the UFAM in Paris (1996).
In his music Karev has continued the Russian tradition, adapting it to contemporary compositional ideas. He has given many organ concerts in Russia, France, Italy, USA and other countries. His compositions have been performed at Moscow Autumn Festival (2001, 2004, 2006), Saint-Eustache organ festivals in Paris (1994, 2003, 2007), Russian Contemporary Music Festival in Iowa (2000) and many other music events. | WIKI |
Kejimkujik National Park and National Historic Site of Canada
Barrens and Bogs
A lone hiker on the boardwalk Coastal barrens
© Parks Canada
Barrens
As you approach the ocean, leaving the shelter of the forest behind, the coastal barrens stretch out before you. This is a zone of vegetation generally about the height of an adult human. Cold and salty winds from the ocean clip the growth of plants, causing them to be stunted and twisted.
Barrens form along Nova Scotia’s coast where the rigours of the climate combine with soil conditions. The thin, poor soil left after glaciation also forms an impervious iron-rich hardpan that plant roots find difficult to penetrate. The effects of fire may have removed much of the soil humus. Attempts to farm and graze sheep on this land have also had a major influence.
Cinnamon fern Cinnamon fern
© Parks Canada
Despite the name, the barrens are a diverse and fascinating habitat. This landscape is actually a miniature Acadian forest. Stunted White pine and Red maple are present. Black spruce, Balsam fir, and Wire birch grow not much taller than the multitude of shrubs such as blueberry, Sheep laurel, Bearberry, Canada holly, and huckleberry. Many of these shrubs are prolific berry producers later in the summer. Birds and sometimes Black bears can be seen feasting on the rich bounty. Beneath the twisted, impenetrable, and dwarfed trunks of tree and shrub, there is a forest floor. A lush growth of Cinnamon ferns, Wintergreen, Bunchberry, and mosses are found here. This is also a haven for many small animals like Snowshoe hare, Red squirrel, and other small rodents who seek the shelter offered by the thick vegetation. Birds like the Common yellow-throat warbler, the Savannah sparrow, and the Palm warbler flit in and out of the branches. These small creatures move easily in the tangle of shrubs and dwarfed trees typical of the barrens.
Nearer the ocean, the barrens become more stunted. The shrubs give way to Crowberry, Reindeer moss, and Ground juniper that grow right up to the beach’s edge.
The very low barren can harbour toads, snakes, voles, and shrews. The moist conditions also favour the Eastern red-backed salamander. In the past, moose and caribou found ideal living conditions in these low barrens. Mainland moose are now considered an endangered species and the last Woodland caribou disappeared from Nova Scotia around 1905.
Seaside bog Seaside bog
© Parks Canada/R. Farrell
Bogs
In some bogs the woody shrubs all but disappear and the vegetation does not pass knee height. Typically damp and mossy places, bogs look quite uniform from a distance. But up close, there is a diverse mixture of plants, colours, and textures. Sphagnum moss dominates the bog and gives it its peaty character, including water saturation and high acidity. Plants that also grow here include Bog laurel, Bog huckleberry, Three-leaved false Solomon’s seal, White-fringed orchids, Rhodora, and Sweet gale. All of these plants thrive in the bog conditions which prevent many other plants from growing.
At the Seaside, the bogs are pierced with large boulders. These boulders are called glacial erratics and remind us of the relatively short span of time that has passed since the last Ice Age swept over Nova Scotia. Many of the seaside bogs began as small ponds that formed when the last of the glaciers melted along the coast about 13 000 years ago. Cool and damp, this landscape encouraged the growth of sphagnum. The moss gradually filled in all of the ponds to form bogs.
Pitcher plant Pitcher plant
© Parks Canada
Arethusa Arethusa
© Parks Canada/M. Burzynski
Unusual plants populate the bog. Pitcher plants, Horned bladderwort, and Sundew augment their meagre rations taken from the sterile peaty soil with insects. During June and July, orchids like Rose pogonia, Calopogon, and Arethusa display splendid flowers. Tufted seed heads of Bog cotton float like clouds above the surface of Sphagnum moss. Certain trees do seem to be able to endure: Wire birch, Black spruce, Balsam fir, and sometimes even White pine adapt to the conditions. Bare, branchless trunks face into the predominant winds, while most of the growth is directed downwind on low, lateral branches. Due to the extremely slow rate of growth, trunks of a few centimetres in diameter may contain up to one hundred very fine growth rings.
Few animals live in the bog but many inhabit the perimeter and make use of it. Song sparrows and Swamp sparrows are common. White-tailed deer criss-cross the bog with trails, seeking food during calm days, but when North Atlantic storms hit land, they will leave for more dependable shelter in the surrounding forest or in islands of spruce trees.
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Information About Ball Bearing Motor
An electrical device, a ball bearing motor works on thermal energy, spinning in response to being kick-started with high currents. This is a commercially useless motor that only has value from the viewpoint of understanding scientific principles. It's a very simple motor that consists of a flywheel and two ball bearing assemblies mounted on a conductive shaft. The ball bearing motor is connected to a source of electrical power, which can either be alternating or direct current. It is capable of spinning in either direction depending on how it started initially and can spin very fast if given enough power. This motor can be very easily constructed with parts salvaged from junked mechanical devices like copy machines and printers. All that's required are two ball bearing races and a shaft that fits closely inside them. The outer rings of the races are connected to a high current source having a low voltage. Power sources like mains transformers, car batteries, and 12-volt jump starter packs are ideal. The power source should have a peak power rating of a couple of hundred amperes and should be able to supply that power for a reasonable amount of time. The shaft in the ball bearing motor should have enough leeway to turn freely, and it should ideally spin for a minimum of three revolutions if turned lightly by hand. In order to act as a flywheel, the ball races must fit inside a metal tube, which is mounted on a nonconductive shaft. If the shaft doesn't fit well enough inside the ball race, then it can be jammed using a little aluminum foil. A good, tight fit ensures that the electrical contact remains stable, and care should be taken that the mechanism is free from grease so that it turns freely. When power is supplied to the ball bearing motor, it flows through the outer ring of one ball race and through the ball bearings into the inner race. The power then flows down the conductive shaft and flows into the inner race of the second ball bearing. It passes through these ball bearings and the outer ball race and returns to the power source. The ball bearing motor only begins to rotate in a particular direction when it is given an initial spin in that direction. It rotates because heat is generated locally that causes the ball to expand and slightly elongate. The ball pushes against the inner and outer rings, and because the bearing is rotating from the spin given to it, the ball is pushed around in the direction of motion. All the balls that are in contact with both rings sustain the rotation, and the motor begins spinning faster. If the power supplied is high and resistance of the setup is low, the motion of the ball bearing motor begins to accelerate very rapidly. It can reach very high speeds, of around 1000 rpm, and both wires and motor can get extremely hot. Safety precautions should be taken to protect against any potential hazards, and wearing eye and face protective devices is recommended.
20th Jan 2015 Information About Ball Bearing Motor
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User:BrucePL
Since 2010 I have been retired from the University of California, Santa Barbara where I was Professor of Marine Geophysics.
* Show all my user sub-pages
My research areas included deep ocean basins, Southern California geology, and Antarctic geology. I have multiple seasons experience in Marie Byrd Land and Ross Sea exploration. I have taught a college course on Antarctica. I created most of the content for Marie Byrd Land: Exploration.
Mount Luyendyk in the Fosdick Mountains, Ford Ranges, Marie Byrd Land is named for me.
I am a colleague of Kenneth C. Macdonald. I created a BLP page for him.
I am a colleague of Susannah M. Porter. I created a BLP page for her.
I edited my own BLP page, which was created by Joe Decker and Christine S. Siddoway.
I am a colleague of Denise Montell. I made edits on her page.
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The next types are breakwaters
There are a variety of techniques and efforts used to stabilize shorelines throughout the world and some are temporary and some are permanent. Structures built to protect a coast from erosion or to prevent the movement of sand along a beach are known as hard stabilization (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2008).
There are three common types of hard stabilization which are considered to be permanent techniques. The first types of hard stabilization are called groins. A groin is a barrier built at a right angle to the beach to trap sand that is moving parallel to the shore.
The next types are breakwaters, which are structures designed to protect watercraft from the force of large breaking waves by creating a quiet water zone near the shore. The third type is a seawall. Seawalls are just that; walls built parallel to the shore to protect the coast and property from the force of breaking waves.
Hard stabilization is usually very effective and a lot of the time too effective. Groins tend to sand-starve the longshore, breakwaters may allow sand to accumulate behind the structure due to reduced wave activity and seawalls causes the beach seaward side to experience significant erosion.
Alternatives to hard stabilization are beach nourishment and relocation. Beach nourishment is replacing sand on beaches, however the downside to this is that is does not last and is expensive. Relocation is relocating storm damaged buildings and buildings at high risk, thus allowing nature to reclaim the beach. The downside to this is that people do not want to give up their ocean front property. (Lutgens and Tarbuck, 2008)
I do not believe that urbanization and development of coastal area always contribute to shoreline erosion because people want to protect their property from erosion therefore doing what they can to prevent erosion. However, I also believe that sometimes people end up doing more harm than good with their methods used to prevent shoreline erosion from happening.
References:
Lutgens, F. and Tarbuck, E. (2008). Foundations of Earth Science: Fifth Edition. Pearson Prentice Hall.
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Page:Dictionary of National Biography, Second Supplement, volume 1.djvu/118
BARLOW, WILLIAM HENRY (1812–1902), civil engineer, born at Woolwich on 10 May 1812, was younger son of Peter Barlow [q. v.] and brother of Peter William Barlow [q. v. Suppl. I]. After education at home by his father he received three years' practical training, at first in the machinery department of Woolwich dockyard, and then at the London Docks under Henry Robinson Palmer, the engineer-in-chief. At twenty he was sent by Messrs. Maudslay and Field to Constantinople, where he spent six years on the erection of machinery and buildings for the manufacture of ordnance for the Turkish government. For the Porte he also reported on the lighthouses at the mouth of the Bosporus in the Black Sea, and the work suggested a paper, which he communicated to the Royal Society, on the adaptation of different modes of illuminating lighthouses (Phil. Trans. 1837, p. 211). For his services in Turkey he was decorated with the order of the Nischan-el-Iftikar. On returning to England in 1838 he became assistant engineer on the construction of the Manchester and Birmingham railway, in 1842 resident engineer on the Midland Counties railway, and in 1844 resident engineer to the North Midland and the other lines which were amalgamated during that year to form the Midland railway. Of the Midland railway he became principal engineer-in-charge, and in 1857 he removed as the company's consulting engineer from Derby to London. The saddleback form of rail which bears his name was invented by him during this period (of. his patent No. 12438 of 1849); and between 1844 and 1886 he took out, either alone or in conjunction with others, several other patents relating to permanent way. In 1862-9 Barlow, who carried out many improvements of the Midland railway, laid out and constructed the southern portion of the London and Bedford line, including St. Pancras Station with its fine roof (opened 1 Oct. 1868; cf. Proc. Inst. Civ. Eng. xxx a 78). Meanwhile in 1860 he designed, with Sir John Hawkshaw [q. v. Suppl. I], the completion of the Clifton suspension bridge (cf. ib. xxvi. 243).
Concurrently with his constructional work Barlow carried on many scientific researches. In 1847 he observed certain spontaneous diurnal deflections of the needles of railway telegraph-instruments, as well as spasmodic movements corresponding with magnetic storms. These he attributed to electric currents on the earth's surface (cf. his paper in Phil. Trans. 1849, p. 61). Another communication to the Royal Society in 1874 (Proc. xxii. 277) describes the 'logograph,' an instrument which he devised for recording graphically the sound waves caused by the human voice, and which was a forerunner of the telephone and phonograph. But his chief scientific inquiries concerned the theory of structures. In 1846 he presented to the Institution of Civil Engineers (Proc. v. 162) a paper 'On the Existence (practically) of the Line of Equal Horizontal Thrust in Arches, and the Mode of determining it by Geometrical Construction.' Later he investigated practically the strength of beams (cf. three papers in Phil. Trans. 1855, p. 225; ib. 1857, p. 463; and Proc. E.S. xviii. 345). In 1859 he made experiments on continuous beams, which indicated the advantages of increasing the depth of such beams over the points of support (cf. his patent No. 908 of 1859).
Barlow was often consulted on engineering principles, as well as on large structural designs. He was a member of a committee of engineers formed in 1868 to investigate the applicability of steel to structures, and after he had urged the advantages of steel in his address to the mechanical science section of the British Association in 1873, the board of trade appointed a committee of inquiry (on which he served) which recommended (1877) the 6½ tons limit of working-stress for steel. Barlow was a member of the court of inquiry into the Tay bridge disaster (1879) which counselled a precise calculation of the stresses due to wind-pressure, and he served on the board of trade committee which defined an allowance of 56 lbs. per square foot for such pressure.
Consulted by the directors of the North British railway in regard to reconstruction of the Tay bridge, he recommended an independent viaduct, which was commenced in 1882 and opened for traffic 20 June 1887 (for a description by Barlow's son, Crawford, see Proc. Inst. Civil Eng. 1888, xciv. 87).
Barlow was one of three consulting engineers to whom the railway companies concerned referred the question of bridging the Forth after the collapse of the Tay bridge [cf. art. , Suppl. I], and he submitted two designs (suspension bridges with braced chains); but the type of bridge proposed by (Sir) Benjamin Baker [q. v. Suppl. II] was adopted, with certain modifications in the piers to meet objections taken by Barlow.
Barlow attained a chief place in his | WIKI |
diskussionsforum
Etymology
From.
Noun
* 1) discussion forum; a forum for general discussion
Usage notes
,, and , as well as their genitive forms; , , and , are all nonstandard but common forms used by Danish speakers. | WIKI |
Talk:Undercut (hairstyle)
Wording
Perhaps it would be better to title the page as "Undercut (hair style)".
Maybe, although undercut can also refer to the bowl cut and longer curtained hair. Besides Undercut and Hitler Youth, this haircut is also sometimes known as a Macklemore.
* While a "Hitler Youth" cut includes an undercut, obviously not all undercuts are Hitler Youths. The article should be called "Undercut" with the Hitler Youth as a subsection. Neither of the example pictures on the page of Skrillex and Beckham are Hitler Jugend cuts. Since Hitler Jugend is a popular haircut nowadays, perhaps set up a redirect from that to this page. I confess I've no idea how to do a redirect or rename an article, some kind undercutted soul doing it for me would be appreciated. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:01, 16 September 2015 (UTC)
* ✅ per WP:NPOVNAME JoshuaWalker | Talk 03:09, 11 October 2015 (UTC)
The Name is a bit...
If the hair cut predates Hitler and is Now Disassociated with Hitler is it raelly fair to call it the "Hitler Youth Haircut" — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:30, 16 September 2015 (UTC)
* It's still a popular name, and it's "official" name as far as there's an authority on haircut names. It was made popular by the HJ, many photographs exist, it's the most well-known example of the cut. Of course it implies no modern-day connection with Hitler's politics. Generally modern-day fascist youth shave their heads completely. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:03, 16 September 2015 (UTC)
Harry Styles' hairstyles.
I've removed the reference to Mr Styles sporting this hairstyle in a film twice now, so: I do not believe this article is an appropriate place for this information, and even if it were, the Controversies section would not be where one would put it. Yes, Mr Styles sports the hairstyle, but the concept of the hairstyle is not informed in any reasonable manner by Mr Styles sporting it. At best, "tabloid reports that Harry Styles sports haircut in film" could perhaps go into some section or other of the article about the film. --Ae Daily (talk) 16:57, 13 October 2016 (UTC)
Altright emphasis on article about haircut
added the categories and templates Alt-Right in this article. User:Osama57 is also alleging that the haircut is commonly associated with Altright, even though it has also been associated with many other things (from Rihanna to Beckham). Is that strong association of a relatively common haircut with a fringe and extremist subculture warranted? Should the article contain the Altright templates and categories, and should it say that it is commonly asssociated with alright? See the recent edits by User Osama57 in this article. --Dekacarandaebonelm (talk) 18:32, 25 June 2017 (UTC)
If you read the news, Alt right groups in both Britain and America are aware of this haircut's links to the 1930s, and it has become very common among the followers of Tommy Robinson and Richard Spencer. They seem to want a more respectable, corporate image rather than the shaved heads normally associated with the far right. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Osama57 (talk • contribs)
* Almost all references are just tabloids like DailyMail or Esquire. The only mainstream article (Washington Post) notes that the haircut has also become the choice of fashionable young liberal men, gay and straight.
And this sentence seems wrong:
* During the mid 2010s, some British schools have banned the so-called Hitler Youth cut as an extreme hairstyle.
* The references don't say anything about "Hitler", even the words Undercut or Altright/Rightwing are not mentioned. The article is probably just about too short hair. --Dekacarandaebonelm (talk) 16:08, 28 June 2017 (UTC)
* I have removed the "alt-right" category until this RfC is closed. The page most certainly should not be included in the "alt-right" category. I would also support removing the entire Controversies section but would like to hea:r feedback from others first before I remove it. Meatsgains (talk) 01:34, 29 June 2017 (UTC)
* I'm also removing the Altright template for the same reasons.--Dekacarandaebonelm (talk) 13:33, 29 June 2017 (UTC)
The controversies sections should be kept, but feel free to change the wording to explain that the undercut was given these associations by the tabloid press. Three or four years ago undercuts were the choice of fashionable young liberal men and non-political soccer fans, but now the haircut is associated with the alt right in America. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Osama57 (talk • contribs)
* . I would support reducing the "controversies" section to one sentence in the Revival section.
* The image that was added in the gallery about Wehrmacht soldiers with an undercut seems like Original Research. I would support the removal of it.--Dekacarandaebonelm (talk) 10:16, 8 July 2017 (UTC)
* If everyone agrees with the current version, we can close this discussion.--Dekacarandaebonelm (talk) 12:11, 9 July 2017 (UTC)
Requested move 23 November 2019
The result of the move request was: Consensus to not move. There is consensus that the hairstyle does not outstrip the economic practice in terms of PRIMARYTOPIC. (closed by non-admin page mover) SITH (talk) 15:48, 30 November 2019 (UTC)
– Primary topic by pageviews. Looking at the disambiguation page, the price slash is called "undercutting", not "undercut". The boxing punch is far more widely known as an "uppercut". The manufacturing terms get far less views, and the film/book are extremely minor. ZXCVBNM (TALK) 07:53, 23 November 2019 (UTC)
* Undercut (hairstyle) → Undercut
* Undercut → Undercut (disambiguation)
* Oppose. I had not heard of the hairstyle before I read the article. The fashion for the hairstyle has come and gone, and has come again, and it will likely go away again. The disambig page lists 9 meanings. In England, "undercut" can also mean the part of a hindquarter of beef that also becomes the fillet steak. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 09:05, 23 November 2019 (UTC)
* Oppose. No clear primary topic. -- Necrothesp (talk) 15:01, 27 November 2019 (UTC)
* Oppose per WP:RECENTISM. Something isn't a primary topic because it's popular for a blip on the pop-culture timeline, but when it has long-term, sustained pageviews in the strong majority (or dominance in paper reliable sources) and lasting encyclopedic significance, which one of a zillion random hairstyles does not. The nom's rationale is faulty in other ways, like failing to recognize that "undercut" (in the price-slash sense) is the original verb form of the derived noun "undercutting". This is the second case in a few minutes now where I've seen Zxcvbnm giving linguistically ignorant move rationales, so I again have to suggest that Zxcvbnm stick to something the editor has a better understanding of, since dealing with this firehose of mostly ill-conceived RMs (I've had to oppose about 85% of the editor's recent long string of them, all of them cases where most or all other respondents are also opposing) is a time drain on other editors. — SMcCandlish ☏ ¢ 😼 18:23, 29 November 2019 (UTC)
| WIKI |
How Long You can Wait for STD Testing after Unprotected Sex
Unfortunately, this is not an easy question. There are a lot of factors to consider before even attempting to answer the question. The first thing to consider is that STI testing is not also perfect.
Even if you have waited long enough for a test to work, you can still get a false negative or false positive. Also, all STD tests do not work in the same way — some tests are just after the presence of a pathogen while others look at the response of your immune system to the infection.
Theoretically, tests that look for the presence of pathogens should be faster because pathogens are always at the onset of every disease. However, these tests depend on samples from an infection location to be effective, and this is not always easy to come by.
For instance, the herpes swabs are extremely sensitive to timing - they only work during a very short window of active infection, and that’s why the ease and accuracy of these tests are highly dependent on the disease.
However, there has been the development of new tools to help doctors use urine samples for gonorrhoea and chlamydia. Other infections are more difficult to detect without seeing symptoms such as lesion or sore. These include herpes and HPV.
If you notice any of those symptoms, visit a private STD clinic in London for testing and treatment.
Tests that require blood samples look for antibodies, and they don’t need a doctor to know where to sample. What these tests need is time to turn positive, and this happens when your immune system first reacts to the infection and then produces high levels of antibodies that are detected.
There are different types of antibodies peak during various stages of the infection, and this can be used to determine how long the infection has been in your body.
Waiting Times And The Accuracy Of Test Results
You have to consider a lot of factors before you can answer how long it would take for someone to test positive or negative on an STD test after a risky sexual activity. Some of these factors are what STDs the person was exposed to and what tests were carried out to detect the infection.
Due to the reasons above, it is quite difficult to give someone a definitive answer on how long they should wait to get a test. Even from a research standpoint, it is difficult. Due to this, there is little or no solid data on how long people should wait and get tested after being exposed to STD.
The common practice on ground is for people to get tested after 2 or 3 weeks of exposure to bacterial STDs. They can and should even go sooner than that if they have started developing symptoms. However, there is still a need for a second test, and this should be done three to six months after to be certain about the result. After a month, some tests for gonorrhoea and chlamydia would be certain and reasonably accurate, but other tests for HIV and herpes need a longer time before they can be confirmed.
If you had a very-high risk encounter, six months is a good conclusive follow-up time for most STDs. You might choose to get tested sooner, but you will have to go back for a standard screening schedule.
Getting Results
Once your test has been carried out, you will have to wait for the result. Some rapid STD tests are available and they can produce results in an hour or less, but every clinic stock rapid tests and they are also not available for every STD.
If you are interested in the rapid tests, visit an STD clinic in London — you can also call us on 020 71830649 and find out what rapid testing is available. If you don’t want rapid testing, other STD test results will be ready between 48 hours and 2 weeks.
STD Testing is Not Everything
A common question most people often ask is “should I tell my current or future partners that I have been exposed to an STD?” Others ask “what if we only have oral sex?” or “what if the sex was brief?” The answers to these questions are all the same.
People are supposed to discuss before having sex — most people don’t enter sexual relationships completely inexperienced, and so it is highly relevant to talk about safe sex and testing.
Still, it is difficult for some people to have this discussion, that’s why it is highly important everyone practice safe sex. This is safer until you are very sure of your test result and even if it comes out negative, continue protecting yourself.
Condoms are not so perfect, but it is better you use them than having sex without protection. People who have been unfaithful to a current partner might find it difficult and complicated to disclose their STD results.
They should still tell despite this because more people would be willing to forgive infidelity that didn’t expose them to STD unknowingly than the one that did. When someone confesses to cheating, they give their partners an opportunity to minimise their physical and emotional risks.
Some people have used STD transmission to manipulate their partners, but this is not the best way to make a partner stay with you or convince them to forgive or overlook your infidelity.
However, most people who get over the stigma and initial shock of an STD diagnosis discover that fear is not love. Beware of whom you enter into a relationship with; there are a lot of manipulative people out there who will intentionally infect a partner with STD just to keep them around.
We know dating with an STD is not easy, but it is better than staying in a relationship with a partner who is physically and emotionally abusive.
We run same day std testing in London - this means you can get your result on the same day if the rapid test is available for the test you want to run. Contact us or book an appointment by calling 02071830649. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:I Wanna Be in Love
Page Being Deleted?
I honestly don't think, the song should be deleted as it was officially released as a single, and has many references proving that. If the song has charted on the official australian airplay chart can that stop it from deletion, as a few weeks it charted on that chart?.User:Billy4kate, (talk) | WIKI |
Big in Business
Barra kicked off the Detroit Auto Show by pushing back against Trump's criticism of GM importing its Chevy Cruz model from Mexico. The Wall Street Journal quotes Barra as arguing that these sorts of decisions are carefully made over long time horizons and can't be abandoned on a dime. Chrysler Fiat, meanwhile, made a show of a planned $1 billion invest in its U.S. production capacity. Expect job growth to rise above a monthly pace of 200,000, argues Ian Shepherdson of Pantheon Macroeconomics in a research note. That's enough to force the Federal Reserve to raise interest rate at their next meeting in March, in an effort to head off subsequent higher inflation. British Prime Minister Theresa May told Sky News this weekend that closing its borders to EU immigrants means losing access to the coveted European single market. The pound fell to the lowest level since October on the news, as traders expect British companies to suffer. Markets are convinced recent Fed minutes have suggested a cautious approach to further interest rate hikes. Bond traders will be keeping a close eye at 9 a.m. on the minutes released by Fed Governor Eric Rosengren. He has favored low rates in the past. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Melmohor
Philosophy: English summary.(by El Mohor Mehdi)
Chapter 1 : foreword and interview
1.1 . What is the truth?
The truth corresponds to the reality at a given moment. It evolve with time.
1.2. Our truth.
Until now, it is the scientific truth that is the more successful but each of us has got his own convictions. By example, faith in god. Lots of people are sure of god’s existence while others don’t think so. We can say that education has a very big influence on our truth. Our truth would be the one of our parents. However, several persons find very innovative answers to their questions. So they can give a better version of the truth. It isn’t the result of education any longer but it becomes a kind of freedom, thus one of the realities. Actually, the truth is bond to the personality of each of us.
1.3 . True truth.
There is no true truth. There is just one true truth bond to space and time in which we are. We can decide that one thing is true for us. For example: if I say “I love my husband”, it is a truth for me. There is not only the will, there is also the feelings, and I must take a personal decision so that it will become a truth which is mine. This truth is totally separated from the scientific truth which is really more concrete and objective. So a true truth is always bond to someone. But, we can say that every woman loves her husband. Then, this truth can be generalised.
1.4 . THE truth.
Several true truths can exist and a well-determined person must choose his. There is also different truths but then for different people.
1.5 . “The truth is true” if and only if the truth is true.
It is the “if and only if” that says the truth can’t be true. It is only true for a given space-time. One of the goals of man is to reach the truth but it’s impossible, he can only approach it.
Chapter 2: introduction Man needs knowledge. The scientific look for the origin of human instead of worrying about his future. The philosophers who we will analyse try to explain the origins and the conceptions of the reality and the truth.
In the texts we read, we find two kinds of beliefs: those who are for the correspondent reality (Tarski and the Circle of Vienna): a “subject” world would be bond to an “object” world. And those against this correspondent reality (Rorty and Putnam). According to them, we must try to approach, by different visions of the truth, an objective reality which escapes from all kinds of prejudices,… Lots of people are looking for an absolute truth? Does it exist? It’s difficult to answer this question, some people say “yes”, the others say “no”. It’s like the question of god, does he exist? To offer the truth, we must prepare people to receive it. The information that earth is spherical took a long time to spread. We also must spread the concepts of truth progressively.
In this analyse, we will try to show that man is just human and that he has imagined everything he thinks. We will speak about the concept of truth and its origin. To conclude, we will propose you the notion of truth that, according to us, seems to be the most plausible.
Chapter 3: all our concepts are human.
Truth was born with man and evolved with him. In each human mind, the truth would be the same for all of us. The problem is to define what are the criteria to say that something is true or false. After that, it’s possible to give a definition of the truth. These criteria depend of our values. Indeed, “the real world depends on our values” wrote Putnam. Then we can say that facts and values are bond. Every person has got his own valour, so the truth is different for each of us. Another reason to say that, is our perception by senses. The absolute truth is unreachable because we try to find it by our senses, which are distorting. Rorty is against the correspondent-truth and we agree with him. According to him, the postulate of truth is inside each man and is his own one.
Chapter 4: why was the truth born? Which false ideas have we got about it?
All the things that make the concept of man were only born of what we felt of the world that surrounded us. Actually all our concepts come from or imagination and we represented them into our mind because we needed to at a moment in the history of mankind. What do the truth represent exactly for man and what did he do with it? His notion of truth became bigger each time he found an answer to his questions. When man wanted to share his knowledge, he created the language. However, the different peoples didn’t have the same explanation for one phenomenon, so they couldn’t be all true. To explain the world, several people invented gods, and the others invented an absolute energy. Their beliefs were their truth. According to Platon, we shouldn’t explain the world but find it. He said that the search after the truth was to find the supreme cause. After that, we would be able to explain everything.
Chapter 5: “p is true” if and only if.
The theory of metalanguage allows us to understand our problematic. This theory maintains that, if a proposition isn’t true in the language, it is in the metalanguage. Now we can have an idea on the truth by correspondence: it supposes a dualism, a subject and an object. The object is human because we must think it to refer to it, and thought is bond to subject. Then we can’t separate subject and object. Another problematic is that every thing we call truth is only an appearance. We do agree with the materialists, the concept of truth was born of human will and is not the shadow of another world. Here is why we chose this point of view: -the theory saying that the notion of truth would be born of human will, is really more plausible that the one saying that the truth forced itself upon us -we are against those who believe too much in the existence of an absolute. -only someone who tackle this problem with materialists eyes is able to find a solution -science can exist and be useful only if we establish criteria to say that one thing is true or not. However, we must be careful and distinguish the problem of knowing what is true and the problem of truth itself. What can be qualified of true? According to Rorty, knowing which affirmations are true is not a question of usefulness in what we maintain. The society considers two truths: science and all the things which are bond to ethics. Now, we can't hope to find a metaphysic truth, an absolutely true truth. So we must create a new concept based on a usefulness criterion. But Rorty omitted to define what was useful for scientific truth. The circle of Vienna approach science with an empiric point of view. According to them, a proposition is only accepted if it can be justified rationally. We think that we must tackle the question of «what is true» like the pragmatics (Rorty and Putnam),But it is very theoretic. At a practical point of view, we must do like the circle of Vienna and consider their methods like a set of values, which represent something very useful for the need of our society.
Chapter 6: what is the relation between this report and the profession of the engineer?
The main gaol of the engineer is to develop high technologies for the society. He must satisfy the request of his customers and use technological tools to create a practical product that could be directly used by them. We can say that the truth of the engineer is the set of his technological tools. It is with a practical product that the engineer answers to a practical request. Then, which aspects of the truth interest the engineer but the practice? What we wrote in this report can help the engineer to see how he must consider and manage his knowledge.
Chapter 7: conclusion
To answer the question : “Is the truth true if and only if the truth is true ?”, we had to define the notion of truth. So we tried to approach it by the best way. We looked for ideas near several philosophers and to be honest, all their versions seemed to us to be incoherent. It proves that it is impossible to find an absolute truth. But, how must we prove that the truth is true if and only if the truth is true? We just can’t, so our answer is : “no”. Then, we decided to use the ideas of Putnam, Rorty and also of the circle of Vienna to find a human truth, relative but not absolute. According to us, human truth is a variable notion. It depends on the society. The truth is a practical issue.
El Mohor Mehdi | WIKI |
User:Flobble
Flobble- adj. Insanely awesome. Woah man, that is tottaly flobble! -adj very fun time; have fun Man that concert is gonna be flobble, i know it! | WIKI |
Durarara!! season 1
Durarara!! is a 2010 anime series directed by Takahiro Omori and produced by Brain's Base. The episodes are adapted from the light novels of the same name, written by Ryōgo Narita and illustrated by Suzuhito Yasuda. The series follows several people in Ikebukuro: Celty Sturluson, a dullahan working as an underground courier while looking for her lost head; an internet-based anonymous gang called the Dollars; and the chaos that unfolds around the most dangerous people in the city. The anime began airing in Japan on January 8, 2010. The series was aired by the MBS television network, followed by the TBS, CBC, and Bandai Channel networks. Crunchyroll simulcasts the anime within 24 hours of its Japanese premiere to its members, becoming a free-for-all a week later. The series was simulcast in French Speaking Europe by Dybex, starting January 14, 2010.
Aniplex released the first limited edition DVD, containing two episodes, on February 24, 2010, and as of March 24, 2010, two additional DVDs have been released. The seventh DVD, which was released on August 25, 2010, includes a direct-to-DVD episode.
The anime series is licensed in North America by Aniplex of America, while Beez Entertainment holds the license in UK and Germany. Dybex holds the rights in France and Benelux. Aniplex USA released Durarara!! in three digipak, two-disc sets. Part one was released on January 25, 2011, part two was released on March 29, 2011, and part three was released on May 31, 2011. They are sold at RightStuf.com and at Bandai Entertainment's The Store.
The anime was also broadcast in the United States on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim programming block from June 26 to December 18, 2011.
The anime uses four pieces of theme music. For the first twelve episodes, "Uragiri no Yūyake" (裏切りの夕焼け) by Theatre Brook is the opening theme, while "Trust Me" by Yuya Matsushita is the series' ending theme. "Trust Me" and "Uragiri no Yūyake" were released as singles on February 17, 2010, and February 24, 2010, respectively. From episode thirteen onwards, the opening theme became "Complication" (コンプリケイション) by ROOKiEZ is PUNK'D, and the ending theme became "Butterfly" by On/Off. | WIKI |
Page:Alumni Oxoniensis (1715-1886) volume 1.djvu/422
Dyer, Louis, 2s. Charles Volney, of Chicago, U.S.A., D.Med. , matric. 20 Oct., 1874, aged 23; B.A. 1878. Dyer, Nicholas, s. James, of East Loe, Cornwall, cler. , matric. 14 July, 1780, aged 17. Dyer, Richard, s. Thomas, of Westminster, cler. , matric. 18 May, 1776, aged 18. Dyer, Robert, s. John, of Taunton, Somerset, pleb. , matric. 16 Dec, 1773, aged 17; B.A. 1777. Dyer, Robert, 1s. Robert, of St. James's, Bristol, gent. , matric. 11 March, 1826, aged 35; B.A. 1829, M.A. 1832, curate of Sopworth, Wilts, and Oldbury-on-the-Hill, co. Gloucester, D.Med. Aberdeen, died 8 Sep., 1878. [5]
Dyer, Thomas, s. Robert, of St. Peter's, Carmarthen, gent. , matric. 18 June, 1723, aged 18; B.A. 1727, M.A. 1730. See Alumni West., 281. Dyer, Thomas, s. William Charles, of Roding Abbess, Essex, cler. , matric. 13 May, 1800, aged 17; B.A. 1804, M.A. 1809, fellow until 1814, rector of Abbess Roding, 1828, until his death, 23 Oct., 1852. Dyer, Thomas Firminger Thiselton, 2s. William Thistleton, of London, 'M.D.', matric. 16 Oct., 1866, aged 18; B.A. 1869, M.A. 1873, rector of Bayfield, Norfolk, 1884. <section end="Dyer, Thomas Firminger Thiselton" /> <section begin="Dyer, William (1)" />Dyer, William, s. — D., of St. James's, Westminster, gent. , matric. 6 March, 1765, aged 19; B.C.L. 1776 (? rector of Newton, co. Mon. 1776). <section end="Dyer, William (1)" /> <section begin="Dyer, William (2)" />Dyer, William, 5s. John, of Greenwich, Kent, arm. , matric. 19 Nov., 1825, aged 20; B.A. 1829, M.A. 1838, P.C. Imber, Wilts, 1841-65. <section end="Dyer, William (2)" /> [10]
<section begin="Dyer, William (Charles)" />Dyer, William (Charles), s. Thomas, of 'Mary-Bon,' Middlesex, cler. , matric. 23 Feb., 1761, aged 19; Michell scholar 1764, fellow 1767, B.A. 1765, M.A. 1767, rector of Abbess Roding and Leaden Roding 1776, minster [sic] of Welbeck Chapel 1777, until his death, 17 March, 1828. <section end="Dyer, William (Charles)" /> <section begin="Dyer, William Russel" />Dyer, William Russel, s. William, of Bristol, gent. , matric. 14 July, 1760, aged 19. <section end="Dyer, William Russel" /> <section begin="Dyer, William Turner Thiselton" />Dyer, William Turner Thiselton,, 1s. William George, of St. James's, Westminster, Middlesex, doctor. , matric. 12 Dec., 1863, aged 20; a junior student 1863-7, B.A. 1867, M.A. 1873, director royal gardens, Kew, 1885, assistant- director 1875-85, F.R.S., C.M.G. 24 May, 1882. <section end="Dyer, William Turner Thiselton" /> <section begin="Dyke, Edward" />Dyke, Edward. , 1800. See. <section end="Dyke, Edward" /> <section begin="Dyke, Henry" />Dyke, Henry, 4s. Thomas, of Aldersgate, London, arm. , matric. 25 March, 1825, aged 18; B.A. 1829, rector of Greatworth, Northants, 1848, until his death 4 Oct., 1873. <section end="Dyke, Henry" /> [15]
<section begin="Dyke, Henry Grey" />Dyke, Henry Grey, s. Jerome, of Burbage, co. Leic, cler. , matric. 17 June, 1818, aged 19;, B.A. 1822, M.A. 1825. <section end="Dyke, Henry Grey" /> <section begin="Dyke, Henry Thomas" />Dyke, Henry Thomas, 1s. George Hart, of St. James's, Westminster, arm. , matric. 30 May, 1822, aged 18; B.A. 1826, M.A. 1831, vicar of Pelynt, Cornwall, 1829 (and J.P.), until his death, 10 May, 1841. See Foster's Baronetage. <section end="Dyke, Henry Thomas" /> <section begin="Dyke, Jerome" />Dyke, Jerome, s. William, of Chesulden, Wilts, arm. , matric. 19 March, 1790, aged 18; B.A. 1793, M.A. 1796, J.P. co. Leic, 1806, rector of Aston Flamville with Burbach, co. Leic, 1797, until his death, 17 June, 1837, father of Henry Grey Dyke named above. <section end="Dyke, Jerome" /> <section begin="Dyke, John" />Dyke, John, s. Thomas, of Bishop's Lyddiard, Somerset, gent. , matric. 4 April, 1723, aged 18. <section end="Dyke, John" /> <section begin="Dyke, (Sir) John (Dixon, Bart.)" />Dyke, (Sir) John (Dixon, Bart.), s. Thomas, of St. George's, London, baronet. , matric. 6 March, 1749-50, aged 16; 3rd baronet, died 6 Sep., 1810. See Foster's Baronetage. <section end="Dyke, (Sir) John (Dixon, Bart.)" /> [20]
<section begin="Dyke, John Dixon" />Dyke, John Dixon, 1s. John (Dixon), of Wilmington, Kent, arm. , matric. 31 May, 1855. aged 18; B.A. 1859, M.A. 1862, of Glover's House, Kent, vicar of St. James's, Camberwell, 1870. See Foster's Baronetage. <section end="Dyke, John Dixon" /> <section begin="Dyke, (Sir) Percival Hart (Bart.)" />Dyke, (Sir) Percival Hart (Bart.), s. John, of Westminster, baronet. , matric. 15 July, 1784, aged 17; B.A. 1789, 5th baronet, unsuccessfully claimed the barony of Braye in 1836, died 4 Aug., 1846. <section end="Dyke, (Sir) Percival Hart (Bart.)" /> <section begin="Dyke, (Sir) Percyvall Hart (Bart.)" />Dyke, (Sir) Percyvall Hart (Bart.), 1s. Percyvall Hart. of Chislehurst, Kent, arm. , matric. 21 April, 1819, aged 19; after of, 6th baronet, died 12 Nov., 1875. See Alumni West., 478. <section end="Dyke, (Sir) Percyvall Hart (Bart.)" /> <section begin="Dyke, Percivall Hart" />Dyke, Percivall Hart, 2s. Thomas Hart, of Long Newton, co. Durham, cler. , matric. 31 May, 1855, aged 19; B.A. 1861, M.A. 1862, rector of Compton Abbas, Shaftesbury, 1871. See Foster's Baronetage. <section end="Dyke, Percivall Hart" /> <section begin="Dyke, Richard Still" />Dyke, Richard Still, s. Thomas. of Burwash, Sussex, arm. , matric. 14 July, 1753, aged 17. <section end="Dyke, Richard Still" /> [25]
<section begin="Dyke, (Sir) Thomas (Bart.)" />Dyke, (Sir) Thomas (Bart.), s. Thomas, of St. Giles's- in-the-Fields, Middlesex, baronet. , matric. 2 Nov., 1715, aged 15; created M.A. 7 Nov., 1718, and D.C.L. 11 July, 1733, 2nd baronet, of Lullingstone Castle, Kent, buried there 25 Aug., 1756. <section end="Dyke, (Sir) Thomas (Bart.)" /> <section begin="Dyke, Thomas (1)" />Dyke, Thomas, s. Thomas, of Wellcombe, Somerset, arm. , matric. 17 Dec., 1715. aged 18. <section end="Dyke, Thomas (1)" /> <section begin="Dyke, Thomas (2)" />Dyke, Thomas, 1s. Thomas Hart, of St. Mary Cray, Kent, cler. , matric. 19 May, 1853, aged 19; B.A. 1857, a civil engineer. See Foster's Baronetage. <section end="Dyke, Thomas (2)" /> <section begin="Dyke, Thomas Hart" />Dyke, Thomas Hart, 2s. Perceval, of Orpington, Kent, arm. , matric. 11 Dec., 1820, aged 19; student 1821-9, B.A. 1824, M.A. 1827, rector of Lullingstone, Kent, 1828, and Long Newton, Durham, 1832, until his death 25 June, 1866, father of the last named. <section end="Dyke, Thomas Hart" /> <section begin="Dyke, Thomas Webb" />Dyke, Thomas Webb, s. William, of Chesulden, Wilts, arm. , matric. 30 June, 1802, aged 29; bar.-at-law, Lincoln's Inn, 1807. <section end="Dyke, Thomas Webb" /> [30]
<section begin="Dyke, William" />Dyke, William, 2s. Thomas, of Monmouth, co. Monmouth, gent. , matric. 27 Jan., 1831, aged 17; fellow 1835-61, B.A. 1835, M.A. 1837, B.D. 1845, vice-principal and catech. lecturer 1844, tutor 1845-61, junior bursar 1845-9, senior bursar 1849-61, rector of Bagendon, co. Gloucester, 1861, until his death 9 Dec, 1880. <section end="Dyke, William" /> <section begin="Dyke, Sir William Hart, Bart." />Dyke, Sir William Hart, Bart., 1s. Perceval Hart, of Orpington, Kent, baronet. , matric. 15 Oct., 1856, aged 19; B.A. 1861, M.A. 1863, M.P. West Kent 1865-8, Mid Kent 1868-85, North-west Kent (Dartford division) since Nov., 1885, patronage secretary to the Treasury (or whip) 1874-80, chief secretary Ireland 1885-6, vice-president of the Council Jan., 1887, P. C. 1880. See Foster's Baronetage. <section end="Dyke, Sir William Hart, Bart." /> <section begin="Dykes, Fretcheville Lawson Ballantine" />Dykes, Fretcheville Lawson Ballantine, 1s. Joseph Dykes Ballantine, of Bridekirk, Cumberland, arm. , matric. 4 Feb., 1819, aged 18; B.A. 1822, M.A. 1829, of Dovenby Hall, Cumberland, etc., M.P. Cockermouth 1832 to Feb., 1836, died 26 Nov., 1866. See Eton School Lists. <section end="Dykes, Fretcheville Lawson Ballantine" /> <section begin="Dykes, Joseph Ballantine" />Dykes, Joseph Ballantine, s. Joseph, of Dovenby Hall, Cumberland, arm. , matric. 10 Oct., 1818, aged 15; B.A. 1822, M.A. 1826, fellow 1830-48, rector of Headley, Hants, 1848, until his death 28 March, 1872. <section end="Dykes, Joseph Ballantine" /> <section begin="Dykes, Lamplugh Frescheville Ballantine" />Dykes, Lamplugh Frescheville Ballantine, 1s. Frescheville Lawson Ballantine, of Hensingham, Cumberland, arm. , matric. 31 May, 1873, aged 18. <section end="Dykes, Lamplugh Frescheville Ballantine" /> [35]
<section begin="Dykes, Lawson Peter"/>Dykes, Lawson Peter, 4s. Joseph Dykes Ballantine, of Bridekirk, Cumberland, arm. , matric. 26 Jan., 1829, aged 18; B.A. 1833, M.A. 1837, fellow 1846-75, curate of Keyworth, Notts, resigned 1859, died 1 Sep., 1875.<section end="Dykes, Lawson Peter"/>
<section begin="Dykes, Leonard"/>Dykes, Leonard, s. Fretchvile, of Warthall, Cumberland, arm. , matric. 20 March, 1717-8, aged 18; of Warthall aforesaid, father of Fretchevile Dykes.<section end="Dykes, Leonard"/> [ 400 ] | WIKI |
Page:The Green Bag (1889–1914), Volume 18.pdf/9
SUBJECT DIGEST ({References in Bold-face are to Leading Article!; in Plain Type to Current Leading Articles . and in Italics to Notes of Recent Cases PAGE
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW. Act of State. Post-office Fraud Order. State and Official Liability.
fAGB
BIOGRAPHY. Asher. Bacon.
355 245 230
ADMIRALTY. See also Shipping.
Liens of Shipping. Partition of vessel.
23'
Seamen — Personal Injuries State Statutes. Torts — Master and Servant. Wrongful Death — Measure of Damages.
300 3a 299 246
413
Blacklisting. Estoppel. Nature of Agent's Authority.
Ratification. Special Police. Torts of Agents.
355 355 9S 300 iS7 42 95
BANKRUPTCY. Decisions under Act of 1898. Duty of Receivers. Insolvency— Right of State to Preferment. Life I nsurance Policies. National Act. Receivers — Power to Act Outside of Dis trict. Trustees Election.
470, s1*
Benton.
585
Brewer. Brown.
470 321
Calvo. Cockburn. Iowa Judges and Lawyers.
377 684 412 35S
437, 684 95, 232, 301, 684 684
Loreburn, Lord.
121
Mansfield, Lord. Martin.
518 261
Massachusetts Bench and Bar.
518
Moran.
412
Peckham.
57
Porter. Robinson.
301 i
Stanley. Stevens. Stevenson. Woolworth.
301 451 623 485
481 CAPITAL PUNISHMENT. See Criminal Law.
ATTORNEY AND CLIENT. 623 Authority of Solicitor Champerty 474 Compensation of Attorney — Contingent 627 Fee. AUTOMOBILES. Law in England and United States. Law of
412
Bentham.
Langdell. Lincoln. Lindsay.
ARBITRATION. See International Law. ASSOCIATIONS. Religious Societies — Membership.
Benjamin.
JaX-
AGENCY. Contracts.
95 503
CARRIERS.
Bajijjage. Freight •— Conversion.
770 366
Independent Business, Limitations on Pub lic Service Company in. 290 568 33 6*3 355 172 169 !57 169 32
Liability.
233
Loss of Shipment — Evidence as to Damage. Monopolies — Express Companies — Exclu sive Contracts. Passenger Elevators. Passengers. 157, 246, Passengers — Injuries — Proximate Cause. Passengers — Misconduct of Servant. Refusal to Ship Goods in Regular Course. Rules — Reasonableness. Street Cars' — Wrong Transfer — Ejection of Passenger.
621 428 709 '628 627 309 695 474 $6$
BIBLIOGRAPHY. 237 Digest — U. S. Reports. 360 Law Books — Case Law Reporting 232 Law Books — Method of Writing. Library of Foreign Law — The Gary Col 146 lection. 684 Library of Gray's Inn.
CELEBRATED CASES. Gilhoolev Case — Trades — Unions. Olivio. the Case of. Orange Routing Case. Phillipine Courts. „ Romance of the Courts, A. Sevmour Will Case. Trials. The World's Most Celebrated.
453 26 667 557 91 616 153
BILLS AND NOTES. Negligence. Uniform Negotiable Instruments Law.
CHATTEL MORTGAGES. Oral Mortgage of Stock in Trade.
695
?f>9 5-8
iv | WIKI |
User:Alwayh/Evaluate an Article
Which article are you evaluating?
Tail chasing
Why you have chosen this article to evaluate?
I selected the article on tail chasing as it is a well known behavior exhibited by dogs. I have worked with Dr. Carolyn Walsh in the MUN CRU and am interested primarily in dog behavior. When thinking of dog behaviors I could evaluate articles on, tail chasing came to mind quickly.
Evaluate the article
I have formatted my evaluation based on the peer review example linked in the widget above.
* Good lead that covers all relevant information concisely. “Furthermore” at the start of the final sentence could be removed, since a new topic (treatment) is being introduced.
* Under the Causes subsection: “but can also be seen in other breeds, like Dobermann Pinchers[6] and Shiba Inus.[7]” This should say it is exhibited in all breeds. The current wording implies that some breeds do not tail chase. As well, Doberman pinscher is misspelled.
* “A canine chromosome 7 locus confers compulsive disorder susceptibility” (citation 6) specifically looked at Doberman pinschers who exhibited blanket sucking or flank sucking, two other compulsions seen in dogs with CCD. The findings regarding CDH2 expression in CCD therefore may not be generalizable to other breeds or other compulsions. The connection with CDH2 is challenged in “Environmental Effects on Compulsive Tail Chasing in Dogs” (citation 2).
* A subsection specifically on Tail Chasing in Bull Terriers may be a good idea. There are studies specifically looking at tail chasing Bull Terriers, and they appear to manifest this behaviour in a way that differs from other breeds.
* Nicholas Dodman, a prominent figure in the literature on CCD and Bull Terrier Tail Chasing, gave a lecture at the 2015 Tufts' Canine and Feline Breeding and Genetics Conference. During which he discusses findings regarding tail chasing in Bull Terriers, including that he and Dr. Hannes Lohi (Finland) had both found no involvement of CDH2 in Bull Terriers who tail chase. ( https://www.vin.com/apputil/content/defaultadv1.aspxpId=12513&meta=generic&catId=51024&id=6976364&ind=15&objTypeID=17 )
* In the talk, Dodman agrees with literature pointing towards tail chasing being a symptom of a canine form of ASD.
* “Elevated serum neurotensin and CRH levels in children with autistic spectrum disorders and tail-chasing Bull Terriers with a phenotype similar to autism” (not included in article, doi:10.1038/tp.2014.106) draws strong connection between TC in Bull Terriers and autism in humans, tail chasing in BT is often accompanied by multiple other traits akin to autism.
* Bored Cesar (citation 12) seems like an unnecessary source. It does not bring anything to the article and the source itself lacks reputability. No credentials or authors are listed anywhere on the site.
* “Behavioural treatment for tail chasing mainly involves physically inhibiting the dog from completing the behaviour (e.g. with a muzzle) by preventive measures or interrupting the behaviour.” (e.g. with a muzzle) should be moved to after “preventative measures”.
* Overall a well rounded article. The abovementioned literature on tail chasing in Bull Terriers appears to be the only thing missing from the article.
* Source section is almost entirely journals. Printed sources, such as educational Veterinary medicine textbooks, may have more to offer on the subject. | WIKI |
Kaka (singer)
Rajabu Willer (born 19 February 1991 in Allerød), better known as ; stylized KAKA), is a Danish reggae, dancehall and hip hop artist of Tanzanian descent. At various times, he was known as Little Kaka, Lil' Kaka and Bigg Kaka before dropping the adjectives.
In 2007, Kaka had his debut appearing on stage with Natasja Saad on her last shows in Copenhagen before she died in Jamaica. Kaka later collaborated with Lyrical D'Mirical and his sound system Splif Click also being part of the Danish reggae underground scene with Youngblood Sound. In 2009, he allied himself with the producers Pharfar and Fresh-I and their sound system Donkey Sound. In 2011, he was featured in Wafande's debut single "Gi' mig et smil" (meaning Give Me a Smile). Kaka had his own first release in collaboration with Donkey Sound in the track "Mere Energi". However, his biggest success came with "Bang Bang (Reggaejam)" on the newly formed label Donkey Recs (founded by Donkey Sound, producer duo Pharfar and Fresh-I and Musicall Management). The song charted in the Tracklisten, official Danish Singles Chart in 2012. He followed that up with the single "En sidste sang" in 2013, also a Top 20 hit in Denmark.
Singles
* Others / Videos
* 2011: "Mere Energi"
* 2011: "Hurtigere end dem"
* 2012: "Dansk Dancehall"
* 2013: "Ingen knive når vi fester"
* 2013: "En sidste sang"
* 2014: "Småproblemer"
* Featured in
* 2011: "Gi' mig et smil" (Wafande feat. Kaka)
* 2012: "Ganja baby" (Cornstick & Kaka)
* 2012: "P6 BAS Dancehall Anthem" (Sukkerlyn, Raske Penge, Kaka, Pato, TopGunn, Klumben) (free single) | WIKI |
2006 Western Michigan Broncos football team
The 2006 Western Michigan Broncos football team represented Western Michigan University (WMU) in the 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season. They finished the season with an 8–5 overall record and a 6–2 record in the Mid-American Conference (MAC). The Broncos' 6–2 record gave them a second place in the MAC West Division. The team was invited to play in the 2007 International Bowl in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and lost to the Cincinnati Bearcats 27–24. The bowl game was WMU's first bowl game since the 1988 California Bowl.
The team was coached by Bill Cubit and played their homes game in Waldo Stadium in Kalamazoo, Michigan. | WIKI |
Single-Leg Squat Exercise: Master the Move!
A single-leg squat, or squat movement, can be performed only on one leg.
This adds balance and stability to the traditional squat.
These are also known as pistol squats.
This type of squat can be used for intermediate to advanced exercises.
After mastering the movement of the squat on both legs, you should only go on to single-leg squats.
If you’re new to the move, you can modify it using a chair.
How To Do A Single-Leg Squat
How To Do A Single-Leg Squat
To perform single-leg squats, you don’t need any special equipment.
If you want to be more challenging, you can either hold a dumbbell with one hand or a medicine ball with both.
• Stand on your right foot.
• Your left leg should be lifted out in front of you.
• To start, you could bend your left knee and raise your left leg.
• For balance, your arms could be at your side or in front.
• Throughout the movement, keep your core engaged and keep your torso elevated.
• As you lower into a squat, push your hips back.
• Your hips should be parallel to the ground.
• To stand up, squeeze your glutes and push into the right foot.
• Between reps, keep your left leg straight.
• Do 5-10 reps on each side before moving to the left.
Do 3 sets.
Common Mistakes
Common mistakes of Single Leg Squat
These mistakes can be avoided to get the most from this exercise.
Too Far Forward
Your knee should not extend past your toes.
Think of your hips moving back and your knees forward when you squat.
Your knee should align with your toes, not shift inwardly or outwardly.
Round Shoulders And Back
Your shoulders should be lowered, and your chest should be open.
Throughout the squat, your back should be straight.
Your head and neck should remain neutral (aligned to your spine).
Beginners: Single-Leg Squat With Chair
A chair is an excellent option for beginners or those who have difficulty balancing.
Start by sitting in a chair with your torso raised and your core engaged.
Lie down and extend your left leg straight in front of the other.
Your weight will be in the heel of the other leg, which will remain on the ground.
You can use your arms to propel yourself to stand to balance your leg and weight in your heel.
Keep the same leg elevated and slowly lower your body back to get in the chair.
Do 5-10 reps.
You can do up to three sets
Advanced Version: Pistol Squat
This is an advanced variation and requires some equipment.
You will need two dumbbells or a kettlebell to perform this move.
For an added challenge, you could add a Bosu Ball.
This move can be performed by following the above steps for a single leg squat and adding in dumbbells or kettlebells.
When using a kettlebell, place it in your hands and hold it up to your chest.
When using dumbbells, keep one dumbbell in each of your hands by your sides.
To add an upper-body move, raise your arms in front of yourself while you squat.
After mastering this variation, you will be able to hold the weight over your head.
You can do the squats using a Bosu ball to test your balance.
What Are The Benefits?
Benefits of Single-Leg Squat
These muscles are activated by the single-leg squat:
• Glutes
• Cavaliers
• Shins
• Thighs
• Abdominals
Additional benefits are listed below.
Less Impact On Your Spine
The single-leg squat has slightly different benefits from the traditional squat move.
A 2018 study trusted source showed that single-leg squats are more effective for those with low back pain or recovering from a sports injury.
Researchers discovered that single-leg squats allowed participants to exert the same muscle activity in the hip, calf, and hamstring muscles as the double-leg squat, but less on the spine.
Before starting a new exercise program, consult your doctor if you have a back injury.
Your injury may require them to recommend modifications or different movements.
Your balance is up for the challenge.
Single-leg squats are effective in challenging balance and can help to strengthen core muscles.
A Bosu ball will help you to focus on building your balance skills.
How To Add Single-Leg, Single-Leg Squats Into Your Routine
Single-leg squats should be done two to three times per week as part of strength training.
Your body should rest for at least one day to allow your muscles to recover and rebuild.
To create a strength program, combine single-leg squats and the following exercises:
• Step up
• Walking lunges
• Romanian deadlift
• Side planks
Each leg or side should do 5-10 reps. Repeat the exercise three times.
Safety Concerns
Single-leg squats are intermediate to advanced moves.
Single-leg squats can be challenging to master.
This move can be learned by starting with the double leg squat.
This will help you learn the correct form.
When doing the single-leg squat, poor form can cause injury to the hip, knee, and leg.
A certified personal trainer can help you learn how to make this move correctly the first time you try it.
They will be able to spot mistakes and make any necessary adjustments.
If you are injured or in pain, you should not do single-leg squats.
Squat Is Not Key: Single-Leg Variants
Single-Leg Variants
Bulgarian Split Squat
Benefits
Balance, hypertrophy, corrections strength imbalances; single-leg strength.
The split squat was first popularized in America by the head coach for the Bulgarian Olympic weightlifting squad, who visited the country to discuss the team’s achievements in the 1980s.
It’s not surprising that this unilateral squat variation is so popular.
Unilateral training is an excellent option for anyone who lifts, from novices to elite athletes.
To isolate the muscles of one leg, you need to have balance, flexibility, mobility, strength, and a lot of strength.
Unilateral training allows the lifter not to gain a lot of weight.
This can reduce back pain and improve joint health.
This does not mean that you should keep your weight low.
You can lift heavy weights using a Bulgarian split squat with a bit of practice.
The variety of loan options available to the Bulgarian split squat is one of its most fascinating features.
For serious weight, you can load up a barbell on your front or back or hold one or two dumbbells.
These variations can alter the load characteristics of your body and give you new obstacles to overcome.
Cues
Once your choice has been made about how to load the movement, place one leg behind you on a bench.
Your toes or laces should rest on the bench.
Keep your core braced and your torso straight.
Lower your body so that your back touches the ground.
Continue to drive up the forward leg until your back touches the ground.
You should switch sides as you do with unilateral movements.
You may feel some stretch in your hips and hip flexors on the back leg.
This feeling will fade over time, and it is actually a benefit of this movement.
You will feel more flexible in your hips as time goes by.
Cossack Squat, Or Side Lunge
Benefits
Balance, mobility, single-leg strength.
The single-leg Cossack Squat is often used to warm up or mobility drills.
However, it can also be a powerful strength-building tool for those willing to practice.
The Cossack squat is named after the Cossack people of Russia and Ukraine.
It mimics the Ukrainian Shumka dance move and has been used for strength-building exercises for many years.
One of the most appealing aspects of the Cossack Squat is its multi-planar motion.
Your body will need to move in more than one plane.
This will result in greater strength, flexibility, mobility, and coordination.
This move is ideal for those who have difficulty squatting at full depth.
The movement requires the full range of motion to be effective.
This movement is very versatile in terms of how it can be loaded.
You can use a barbell or a dumbbell on your shoulder or in your hand for even loading.
Cues
With your feet slightly wider than your shoulders, place your lead foot in front of your trailing one.
As you shift your weight onto the lead leg, push your hips back and down as if you were doing a standard squat.
Your trailing foot should be flat on the ground and pointed forward.
If your hips reach your knee level, you can reverse the movement and drive through your lead leg to bring yourself back up to a standing place.
One-Legged Squat Or Pistol Squat
Benefits
Balance, mobility, single-leg strength.
The pistol squat is the ultimate test of strength, balance, and unilateral bodyweight.
Pistol Squats require you to control your body weight, flexibility, mobility, strength, and ability through a full range.
The single-leg pistol sit is loved by many but challenging to master, just like the one-arm pushup or one-arm pullup.
CrossFit has made pistol squats very popular in recent years.
However, I caution against doing them in the high volume typical of CrossFit.
This is not a movement that the average person can just read about and then go out and do.
You will need to learn a few stepping stones to achieve this fantastic feat of body weight manipulation.
This is a long-term endeavor and cannot be done in a day.
Keep going, and don’t let your discouragement stop you from achieving your goals.
I promise that you will reap the rewards.
Cues
With your weight on one leg, raise your other leg up, so your foot is above the ground.
Slowly move your hips forward and lower until your hip crease is below your knee.
This position is challenging to attain, so it’s worth trying to place objects of different heights behind your back, such as a standard or high chair.
You will be aiming at them with each rep.
Last Words
How to Single-Leg Squat
You may consider adding the single-leg or squat to your squat routine if you regularly do squats.
This can be a challenge to your muscles and help you balance.
You might start with the traditional squats if you are new to exercising.
Single-leg squats can cause pain or make it difficult for you.
If you’re ready to try something more challenging, you should stick with double-leg exercises until you feel comfortable.
Before you start a new exercise routine, make sure to consult your doctor.
Author
• Timothy P. Carnes
Timothy P. Carnes is a certified personal trainer with a Bachelor's degree in Exercise Science from the University of Florida. With over 8 years of experience in the fitness industry, Timothy is an expert in strength and conditioning, body composition, and overall health and wellness. He also holds certifications in strength and conditioning through the National Strength and Conditioning Association (NSCA) and corrective exercise through the National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM). As an author at FitGAG, he shares his knowledge and expertise on a variety of topics, including strength training, body composition, and overall health and wellness tips. Timothy believes that consistency and discipline are the keys to achieving fitness goals, and he strives to inspire his readers to prioritize their fitness and wellness journey. Through his articles, Timothy aims to empower his readers to take control of their health, enhance their performance, and live their best lives.
Leave a comment | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Looking Back (Nat King Cole song)
"Looking Back" is a song written by Brook Benton, Belford Hendricks, and Clyde Otis and performed by Nat King Cole. It reached number 2 on the U.S. R&B chart and number 5 on the U.S. pop chart in 1958.
The single's B-side, "Do I Like It?" reached number 67 on the U.S. pop chart in 1958.
The song was ranked number 31 on Billboard's Year-End Hot 100 singles of 1958.
Other charting versions
* Cole re-released a version of the song in 1965 which reached number 27 on the adult contemporary chart and number 123 on the U.S. pop chart.
* Joe Simon released a version of the song as a single in 1969 which reached number 42 on the U.S. R&B chart and number 70 on the U.S. pop chart. | WIKI |
Page:Yachting wrinkles; a practical and historical handbook of valuable information for the racing and cruising yachtsman (IA yachtingwrinkles00keneiala).pdf/133
and repairs as he may deem requisite, but examples of such fatuousness have been known and have afforded much profit to lawyers and much unhappiness to clients on both sides. A shipwright may have views of his own about a racing yacht, and it is inadvisable to give carte blanche to any builder of ships, or even of houses.
In these days of progress in yacht naval architecture, to the man of sentiment there will always be one source of regret. The owner of a successful yacht that has gallantly won scores of well-contested races and has proudly flaunted a superb string of racing flags at the close of her second season, cannot help having an affection for his vessel, especially if she was designed and built to his order. To think that after a few short seasons she has become outclassed—a regular back number—naturally awakens many sad reflections.
Old-timers remember that racing craft, when their cup-winning days were over, were converted into comfortable cruising craft, fishing boats, or pilot cutters. Nowadays such a transition is impossible. In many cases an expensive fin-keel is outclassed in a single season, and I have yet to learn what use she can be put to when her career after cups comes to an inglorious finish. Her lead, metal bolts, spars, sails and rigging may fetch a fraction of their first cost in a junk-shop; but few yachtsmen | WIKI |
Verdello (grape)
Verdello is a white Italian wine grape variety that is grown mostly in the Umbria region of central Italy where it plays a minor role as a blending grape in several Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC) wines, including Orvieto. Despite similarities in their names, the Italian Verdello grape has no close genetic relationship with the Portuguese wine grape Verdelho that is grown on the islands of Madeira and Azores. However, like the Portuguese grape, Verdello's name likely comes from the dark green color of its berries before veraison.
History
Ampelographers believe that Verdello is indigenous to the Umbria region where it has been recorded growing in the Orvieto region since at least 1894. The grape's name is likely derived from the green color of the hard, immature berries throughout the growing season before the period of veraison.
Despite the similarities in their names, Verdello has no known relationship with the Portuguese wine grape Verdelho. In Spain, the grape called Verdello is in fact the Portuguese Verdelho.
Viticulture
Verdello is a late-ripening grape variety that tends to maintain very high acidity levels throughout harvest. The grape tends to have moderate resistance to the viticultural hazard of downy mildew but is much more sensitive to infection from botrytis bunch rot and powdery mildew.
Wine regions
In 2000, there were 678 ha of Verdello planted in Italy which was nearly a 50% drop from planting totals in 1970. The vast majority of these plantings are found in the Umbria region though there are some isolated plantings in Tuscany where the grape is a permitted variety in the Bianco di Pitigliano DOC where it is blended with Trebbiano. In Umbria, the grape is also often blended with Trebbiano and is used as a minor blending variety, contributing acidity, to the Colli Amerini DOC and the Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT) wines of the region. It is also sometimes used as part of the pass for traditional method sparkling wine.
In the Orvieto DOC, the grape is a minor blending component (up to a maximum of 20-30% depending on the rest of the blend) in the white wine of the region that is based mostly on Trebbiano and Grechetto.
Synonyms
Over the years, Verdello has also been known under the synonym Verdetto. | WIKI |
How Do You Heal a Ruptured Disc?
How Do You Heal a Ruptured Disc?
How Do You Heal a Ruptured Disc?
A ruptured or herniated disc often heals on its own, and patients can treat it at home with rest, exercise, medications, and heat or ice, according to WebMD. Doctors may prescribe physical therapy if home treatment doesn't work, and surgery serves as a last resort when other treatments fail.
Although resting the back is important when attempting to heal a ruptured disc, too much rest can be a bad thing, so WebMD advises people not to rest for too long, explains WebMD. Exercise, such as a short walk every two to three hours, is also a way to deal with a ruptured disc. It is important to walk on a level surface and only for as long as it is comfortable to do so.
Pain medication can also help to heal a ruptured disc, and patients should take it on a regular schedule for the best results, claims WebMD. Some people also find relief with ice and heat applications, but this is not the case for all. Others may find relief with either ice or heat but not both. If using heat, a heating pad, hot shower or single-use heat wraps can bring relief. If choosing ice, patients should use an ice pack or bag of frozen vegetables for 10 to 15 minutes every two to three hours. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Pearl McGonigal
Pearl Kathryne McGonigal (born June 10, 1929) is a retired Manitoba politician and office-holder. She was a prominent Winnipeg-area municipal politician from 1969 to 1981, and served as the province's 19th Lieutenant Governor from October 23, 1981 to December 11, 1986. She was the first woman to serve as Lieutenant Governor of Manitoba and only the second woman to serve as a viceroy in Canadian history, after Pauline McGibbon of Ontario.
McGonigal was born in Melville, Saskatchewan. Before entering politics, she spent nine years in the banking sector and seven as a merchandising representative.
McGonigal was elected to the city council of St. James-Assiniboia in 1969, two years before its amalgamation with Winnipeg. Following amalgamation, she served on the Greater City Council from 1971 to 1981, and was the city's Deputy Mayor from 1979 to 1981. Throughout her time on council, she was a member of the Independent Citizens' Election Committee, an unofficial alliance of right-wing and pro-development interest groups in the city (McGonigal's husband was a prominent Winnipeg-area developer).
McGonigal was appointed Lt. Governor of Manitoba by Governor General Edward Schreyer, on the advice of Pierre Trudeau, in 1981. The office was essentially a ceremonial post by this time, and McGonigal had little if any practical influence over the government of Howard Pawley during her time in office. She was notable, however, as the first woman in Manitoba (and only the second in Canada) to hold such a position.
McGonigal has also worked as the Manitoba chair of the Council for Canadian Unity. She was appointed to the Order of Canada in 1994 and the Order of Manitoba in 2000. In 2003, she received the President's Award from the Winnipeg Press Club. She is a gourmet cook that has written regular columns on the subject in Winnipeg's daily and community newspapers.
Also during the early 2000s, McGonigal served as Chairman of the Canadian Forces Liaison Council in Manitoba, which regularly lobbies public bodies and private businesses to grant time off to military reservists for training purposes. | WIKI |
Know Cancer
or
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Persistence of Epstein-Barr Virus in Vivo
N/A
18 Years
N/A
Not Enrolling
Both
Epstein Barr Virus Infection, Healthy
Thank you
Trial Information
Persistence of Epstein-Barr Virus in Vivo
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the cause of heterophile-positive infectious mononucleosis.
After primary EBV infection, the virus persists in resting memory B lymphocytes and can be
detected in oropharyngeal secretions. Short term (1 month) treatment with oral acyclovir,
which inhibits EBV replication, results in loss of virus shedding from the oropharynx, but
the virus persists in B cells. The goal of this study is to determine if EBV will no longer
persist in B cells in patients treated with long term (20 month) oral valaciclovir (which is
metabolized to acyclovir). Blood samples and throat washings will be obtained every three
months from individuals who are receiving valaciclovir for treatment of genital herpes
simplex virus infection. These samples will be analyzed for EBV DNA to determine if the
level of EBV DNA declines or becomes negative with long term antiviral therapy. If the
level of EBV DNA becomes undetectable in EBV-seropositive persons during the study, we will
ask the patients to return twice a year for five years or if they develop symptoms of
mononucleosis, so that EBV DNA in their blood and throat washings can be studied. Knowledge
gained from this study should provide important insights into the mechanism of persistence
of EBV infection.
Inclusion Criteria
- INCLUSION CRITERIA:
1. 18 years of age or older and deemed healthy by current medical status and
laboratory tests.
2. Willing to be seen every three months for one year.
3. Have symptomatic recurrent genital herpes disease confirmed by their private
medical doctor.
4. Eligible for suppressive antiviral therapy for genital herpes disease: history
of genital herpes AND either a positive culture for HSV from the genital area or
a positive serology for HSV-2 from the patient's private physician. If the
subject does not have a positive HSV genital culture or HSV-2 serology, we will
confirm the diagnosis by an HSV-2 Western Blot.
5. Recurrence rate between 3 and 9 recurrences a year.
6. Have never taken or have been off HSV suppressive therapy for three months prior
to entering study.
7. In opinion of investigator, subjects must be able to comply with protocol
requirements.
EXCLUSION CRITERIA:
1. Subjects who are known or suspected to be immunocompromised. This includes subjects
receiving immunosuppressive therapy, subjects with malignancy or subjects who
acknowledge being seropositive for HIV.
2. Subjects with a history of 10 or more HSV recurrences per year.
3. Impaired real function as defined by serum creatine greater than 1.5 mg/dl (133uM).
4. Impaired hepatic function as defined by an alanine transaminase (ALT) level greater
than 3 times the normal upper limit.
5. Known hypersensitivity to acyclovir, valaciclovir, famciclovir, or ganciclovir.
6. Malabsorption syndrome or other gastro-intestinal dysfunction that might impair drug
dynamics.
7. Women contemplating pregnancy within the year's duration of receiving valaciclovir
from us.
8. Women of child bearing potential not using an effective method of contraception.
Effective contraception is use of birth control pills or use of a barrier method
(e.g. condom) with a spermicide.
9. Positive pregnancy test (or pregnant females or nursing mothers).
10. Swallowing disorders which would make gargling difficult.
Type of Study:
Observational
Study Design:
N/A
Authority:
United States: Federal Government
Study ID:
000163
NCT ID:
NCT00005924
Start Date:
June 2000
Completion Date:
February 2010
Related Keywords:
• Epstein Barr Virus Infection
• Healthy
• B Cell
• Epstein-Barr Virus
• Virus Diseases
• Epstein-Barr Virus Infections
Name
Location
National Institutes of Health Clinical Center, 9000 Rockville Pike Bethesda, Maryland 20892 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
on ne m'y reprendra plus
Phrase
!
* 1) you won't catch me doing that again, you won't see me doing that again, I won't make the same mistake twice | WIKI |
Reunion spurs Saint-Andr pursuit of grand prize | Sport | The Guardian
Mike Averis Friday 10 October 2008 19.01 EDTFirst published on Friday 10 October 2008 19.01 EDT In other circumstances it could have been a pleasant long weekend. Philippe Saint-Andr back in Clermont-Ferrand where he was the town's hero for nine years, many of them as captain of France - certainly Sale's director of rugby has not wanted for invitations. This week he has had calls from former team-mates such as the giant former lock Olivier Merle and the bruising front-row Philippe Marocco. Jean-Marc Lhermet, the former France flanker who still works at the Parc des Sports Marcel Michelin, also phoned with plans for a few drinks after today's game, along with news that tickets were selling fast. They were gone in a couple of hours, says a thrilled Saint-Andr. It seems Sale are more famous in Clermont-Ferrand than we are in Manchester. More likely it was the Saint-Andr factor kicking in. In a rugby-mad town where they cherish their heroes past and present, there has been a buzz ever since the fixture was announced. Saint-Andr may not have been back for six years but they still remember him as the player who scored 141 tries for the team then known - and Saint-Andr still lapses when in full flow - as Montferrand, the player who won 68 caps, 34 times as captain of his country, and was France's player of the year in 1994, the year his team toured New Zealand and beat the All Blacks twice. He was loved. He was a great player and a great man, the club spokesman said yesterday. Saint-Andr is equally passionate about the club he joined in 1988 as a 20-year-old from Roman-sur-Isre, his home town near Grenoble where he still owns a bar: I sell everything, but not the bar. In Clermont-Ferrand they live rugby, they eat rugby, they drink rugby, there is nothing more important in life. It's a great town, a fantastic club. People love rugby and the fans are fanatics. Quite a difference from Manchester where, in Saint-Andr's words, you have to be more humble with United and City around. However, if that makes the town high on the Massif Central sound like rugby heaven, it is not. Over the years Montferrand and then Clermont-Auvergne have had massive backing from the tyre manufacturer Michelin, but they are still the biggest team in France not to have won a national title. Like Gloucester, the team Saint-Andr coached when he first left France, they find it a lot easier to be top of the table in the regular season than winning on finals day and so far this grand obsession has also harmed their performance in Europe. Last season they looked like potential Heineken Cup winners after beating the then holders, Wasps, in France but then their coach, the Kiwi Vern Cotter, looked at the domestic programme ahead, saw that Toulouse were next at the Marcel Michelin and fielded a weak side in Limerick against the eventual champions, Munster. For a side of such riches - the South African World Cup-winning captain, John Smit, spent most of last season on the bench - it seemed a suicidal waste, but it is a predicament Saint Andr knows well. At Bourgoin, the club he coached after Gloucester and before Sale, he wanted to build a proper European campaign on top of domestic success, fell out with the owner who was happy to lead the Top 14, and was sacked after a bitter dressing-room argument in the wake of defeat by Gloucester. Sure, sure, says Saint-Andr. The club has lost nine finals and is the only club not to have won the championship, but for the last two years Montferrand have been one of the two best clubs in France. They have a fantastic squad, a lot of depth, and under the new coach, Vern Cotter, they play quite an exciting game and it will be a fantastic challenge for us. Last year his policy was to try to be French champions, but this season he will not make the same mistake again of picking a weak team in the Heineken Cup. Yesterday's team announcement only suggested Saint-Andr was at least half correct, but Clermont have struggled away from home this season - they are currently fourth in the league - and when push comes to shove closer to Christmas, with the back-to-back games against Munster, who knows which way Cotter will bend? As for Sale the problems are here and now, hence the decision to keep reunions to a few drinks tonight before catching an early plane back to Manchester tomorrow. For us the next two weeks are a fantastic challenge, says Saint-Andr. The next two weeks we play Montferrand in Clermont-Ferrand and Munster at home. We want to be compared with the best sides in Europe and in the next two weeks we have the chance to do it. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Rust Thread Spawning With Code Examples
Rust Thread Spawning With Code Examples
Hello everyone, in this post we will look at how to solve Rust Thread Spawning in Rust programming.
{
Threads are the primary mechanism that operating systems provide for enabling concurrent execution. Modern operating systems ensure that each thread has fair access to the CPU. Understanding how to create threads (often referred to as spawning treads) and understanding their impact are fundamental skills for programmers wanting to make use of multi-core CPUs.
}
{
threads “don’t scale.” What does that mean?
Every thread requires its own memory, and by implication, we’ll eventually exhaust our system’s memory. Before that terminal point, though, thread creation begins to trigger slowdowns in other areas. As the number of threads to schedule increases, the OS scheduler’s work increases. When there are many threads to schedule, deciding which thread to schedule next takes more time.
Spawning threads is not free. It demands memory and CPU time. Switching between threads also invalidates caches.
}
{
if you’re thinking that sleeping is not a representative workload, It asks each thread to enter a spin loop. spin loop sterategy is better(performance) than sleep strategy.
}
{
It’s also possible to use both: sleep for the bulk of the time and a spin loop towards the end.
Second, CPU-intensive multithreading doesn’t scale well past the number of physical cores.
}
By investigating a variety of use scenarios, we were able to demonstrate how to solve the Rust Thread Spawning problem that was present in the rust code. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:The Church, by John Huss.pdf/163
many priests abandon the imitation of Christ, the high priest, and boast of the power committed to the church, without doing works that correspond, therefore up to this time we have been speaking of the power of this kind. For they extract out of Matt. 18:16, "Whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth shall be bound in heaven," that whatsoever they do, every man ought altogether to approve. And from the words of Matt. 23:2, "The scribes and Pharisees sit on Moses' seat, therefore all things whatsoever they bid you, these do," they extract that every inferior is to obey them in all things. And so these priests clamorously apply to themselves at their own pleasure whatsoever appeals to them out of Christ's Gospel, and without any ministry of love on their part to correspond. But what plainly calls for toil and worldly self-abnegation and the imitation of Christ, that they spurn away as something inapplicable to themselves, or make believe they hold it when they do not.
Hence, because Jesus said to Peter, "I will give unto thee the keys of the kingdom of heaven and whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth, etc.," this they lay hold of with great complacency for the exaltation of their own power. But what the Lord said to Peter, John 21:17, "Follow me and feed my sheep," this they flee from as poison. Likewise, what he said to his disciples, Matt. 18:18, "What things soever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in heaven," they gratefully seize upon and glory in. But what he says, Matt. | WIKI |
Counseling for drug and alcohol addiction
Counseling is an important part of many rehab and addiction programs and is seen as an essential component and aspect of treatment for drugs or alcohol addiction. There are many ways in which counsels can approach their work. They see addiction as an illness and approach it in a similar manner. It has to be treated with a combination of techniques and strategies. Counseling is a residential program and they work within a specified framework. This helps a therapist to adapt to the individual needs. A drug addiction rehab may employ counselors from different frameworks in an effort to broaden the skill set of its team.
Education in rehab is a learning process they learn to identify and correct any problematic behaviors. Relapse covers several cognitive-behavioral strategies well as provide help for people who experience a relapse. They are taught to explore negative and positive consequences of continued use of drugs, to monitor situations which lead to drug cravings, and to create and develop strategies to cope and avoid such risky situations. Counseling helps them to see these situations and teaches them skills to effectively cope with it.
The therapist and counselor work as a teacher and a coach so that they can foster a positive relationship with the patient and encourage positive behavior. Their relationship is non-confrontational. They promote the patients’ self-esteem, self-worth, and dignity.
Treatment in addiction programs includes family therapy, group therapy, drug education, and self-help. Therapy is divided into two parts: a supportive technique where the patient feels comfortable talking about personal life and an expressive technique where they identify and work on the interpersonal relationship. They also address issues related to employment, illegal activities, medical, psychological, and social relationship. They present them with short-term goals which the patients can achieve and abstain from drugs.
The therapist’s main aim is to equip the patient to take control of their lives and avoid situations which push them to take drugs. They help them recognize when an urge occurs and change the thoughts and feelings. They are also encouraged to involve the family and friends to help them avoid situations where they are alone and will be pushed to take drugs.
Recent Posts | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Jai718x
PERSONAL INFORMATION
Born September 18, 1991, Jai Llamas - full name Jairus Ferdinand Manalad Llamas is a Filipino high school student at the Bulacan State University Laboratory High School. He is now 16 years old and currently in 3rd year hs. Jai(nickname) is the son of Mr. Fernando and Mrs. Ma Teresa Llamas. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2018 December 28
= December 28 =
USA goverment shutdown
Many people ask to work with no pay. In the USA law they can go strike or sue the goverment for pay? --Curious Cat On Her Last Life (talk) 01:04, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
* Many hourly wage workers employed by the federal government, and some others, are represented by unions such as the American Federation of Government Employees. Strikes are unlikely after the infamous 1981 PATCO fiasco, but lawsuits are certainly not out of the question, if they don't end up getting paid what they're owed... AnonMoos (talk) 04:34, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
* For those unfamiliar with PATCO referred to above, see Reagan fires 11,000 striking air traffic controllers, Aug. 5, 1981. Alansplodge (talk) 16:23, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
* They do end up getting paid what they're owed. The paycheck is delayed, but eventually they get it. And if they bank with United Services Automobile Association, Navy Federal Credit Union, Pentagon Navy Federal Credit Union, or First Command Financial Services, and have direct deposit, they are eligible for 0% interest payday loan until they start getting paid again. --Guy Macon (talk) 18:41, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
* Federal employees are prohibited by law from striking. Those who are required to work must be paid after the lapse. Furloughed employees theoretically don't have to be paid, but in practice, Congress has enacted a law which pays for their furlough time after every shutdown, out of a basic sense that rank-and-file civil servants shouldn't be penalized for political grandstanding. NorthBySouthBaranof (talk) 18:54, 28 December 2018 (UTC)
* This issue was discussed at great length on PBS News Hour on January 2, 2018, in which the AFGE union president J. David Cox discussed an ongoing lawsuit and other legal proceedings unique to these unusual circumstances for many employees of the federal government.
* Nimur (talk) 00:46, 4 January 2019 (UTC) | WIKI |
how do you calculate the surface area of a pipe elbow
90 Degree Elbow Weight Calculation Formula and Chart
Apr 11, 2019 · Butt Weld Elbow, Threaded Pipe Elbow and Socket Weld Elbow. Radius; Long Radius Elbow and Short Radius Elbow. What are the Methods ? Get the weight of 90 degree elbow by chart. Calculate the weight by formula. Weigh them one by one. When you have the outside diameter and wall thickness schedule, you can get the weight in the chart easily.
CSP Elbow Calculator - Pacific Corrugated Pipe Company
· Web viewREQUIRED PIPE SIZE = unknown Diameter (in) = discharge (cfs) n1 What SRP size is needed for discharge of Q= 150 cfs Solve for D (in) EQUIVALENT PIPE SIZE D2 = unknown Diameter (in or ft) n2 D1 (in or ft) What equivalent SRP do you need if you have 60" CSP n=0.024? Given:Manning's n = 0.011 Solve for D2 Enter Pipe Diameter in (in) Enter Manning How much does 2 x 2 square pipe weight? - AnswersDec 11, 2010 · How do you calculate the surface area a pipe? 2*pi*radius*length measured in square units. How do you calculate 45 degree steel elbow weight-- need a formula? The easiest way is to find the centerline length and multiply that by the linear weight of the pipe size being used. Alternatively, this formula should give the weight of an elbow in
How to Figure Pipe Area in Square Feet Hunker
Calculating pipe area in square feet will help you find the volume of a particular pipe. All pipe volumes are designated in cubic feet. One cubic foot is equal to 7.48 gallons of liquid measure. Finding the overall volume of pipes can be an easy task once you understand the formula involved. How to calculate duct area in meters for bent,offset,round Oct 06, 2015 · the exact area in educational field is OK to calculate but in professional it is not like this. Normally it is given by some factor added in the duct length. Anyhow if you very keen to do so you can make a model in auto CAD and fine area of different sizes by area command. Hope this will work
Online Conversion - Surface Area of a Pipe
Area=2rL. Enter 2 values to get the third. Radius (r) Length (L) Surface area. For help with using this calculator, see the object surface area helppage. Return to the Object Surface Area section. BookMark Us. It may come in handy. Pipe Fitting Calculation Surface Area Calculationhow do you calculate the surface area of a pipe elbow. area calculation attention square round round tube square. how do you calculate the surface area of a bend in a pipe. surface area calculator dacro. pipe volume calculator math engineering amp personal. calculus the
Pipe Formulas - Engineering ToolBox
External Pipe Surface External pipe or tube surface per ft of length can be eed as Ao = do / 12 (4) Steel Pipe Elbow (45 and 90 degree) Types & Specifications Socket weld elbow is also welded to the pipe and fittings end. Unlike the butt weld elbow, the socket weld elbow has a trapezoidal area at the end. We can insert pipe end into this area (the diameter of SW elbow is matched with the outer diameter of pipe), then do welding work to connect them together.
Tables and Calculators PSS Companies
Pipe Coating Requirements; 3M Scotchkote 323 Coverage Calculator (interactive) Denso Protal Liquid Coating Coverage Chart; Pipe Wrap Coverage Calculator for Field Joints; Pipe Wrap Coverage Calculator (per 100 feet of pipe) Pipe Wrap Coverage Calculator (per 1000 feet or mile) Powercrete Application Guide; Powercrete R95 Gel, Re-Coat and Curing The volume of a pipe elbow - Math CentralThe elbow of the pipe is something like a piece of a donut. The shape of a donut is called a "torus". I think you are describing a part of a torus whose pipe diameter is 4 inches (so the radius "r" of the pipe is 2 inches). It is interesting that the volume of a full torus is equal to the cross-sectional area (
Ultra Tech By Conforms Customer Support Calculators
The Standard Material Chart provides the list of the most readily available material offerings stocked by Ultra Tech. NPS (A) OD. Wall Thickness. Wt/Ft. 2.5 NPS. 2.875. 0.276. 7.66. Volume of a torus Calculator - High accuracy calculationCalculates the volume and surface area of a torus given the inner and outer radii. Welcome, Guest; User registration Calculate gland fill ratio of a troublesome o-ring joint. [2] 2020/10/27 20:41 Male / Under 20 years old / High-school/ University/ Grad student / A little / Calculating the accurate water volume of a pipe
Weld Neck Flange Surface Area - Pipelines, Piping and
Jul 31, 2013 · Weld Neck Flange Surface Area Weld Neck Flange Surface Area Papusarkari (Materials) (OP) 31 Jul 13 07:00. Hi, I am trying find a right formula to find Weld Neck Flange Surface area? Can anybody please advice thanks. RE:Weld Neck Flange Surface Area What is a takeoff in pipefitting?Similarly, you may ask, how do you calculate pipe takeoff? Take your pipe size and divide that number in half 3 times.Take the second and 4th number and add them together. That is your take off.. Also Know, what is the take out on a 6 inch 90? typically, the takeout is one and a half times the nominal pipe size. so a 6 inch long radius elbow takes out 9 inches.
What is the take off for a 6 inch 45? - FindAnyAnswer
Apr 08, 2020 · How do you calculate the bend radius of a pipe? Fortunately, for those needing to measure the radius of a pipe that has already been bent, the process is much simpler. Multiply the circumference measurement from Step 1 above by 2. The surface area of a elbow is equal to one-fourth the area of an equivalent torus. See the figure below. how much 4" elbow and 4 pipe in nepal Puhui HDPE Pipe The formula pi/4 x d square is used to calculate pipe elbow surface area. Where pi=3. 14 and d is the diameter of the pipe. How do you calculate volume of pipe in meters?
pipe bend surface area calculation in autocad - CAD Forum
Feb 25, 2011 · Points:321. Posted:25.Feb.2011 at 01:14. Assuming consistent circular cross-section, the surface area is the pipe circumference times the centerline length. If bent on curve of radius R, the centerline length is R x Bend angle (in radians). A pipe of outer radius r, at a 45 degree bend would have length R x 45 x (Pi/180), and a surface area Pipe Elbow Center Calculation » The Piping Engineering WorldCalculate elbow center to end dimension for 2 inch nominal pipe diameter elbow at 30 degree angle, cut from 45 degree LR elbow. From ASME B16.9, center to elbow dimension for 2 inch 45 degree elbow is 35 mm. Radius of elbow = 35/Tan(22.5) Radius of elbow = 35/0.4142 = 84.5 mm. Length = 0.26795 X 84.5. Length = 22.64 i.e. 23 mm Approx. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Sherawiki
I wanted to know your views about when a child becomes an responsible person .When he completes his or her graduation,or when nobody is there in the family? who can take over the family and handle the responsibility?Don't u think that this world had got an different policy that can suffer the young age of the child?I mean he or her completely get out of childhood and is not able to enjoy.Let it b about the boys ,we will keep it aside and talk about the girls.Wht they are going to do? where they are going to go? | WIKI |
The first apps I install on a new Mac
When you get a new mac or do a fresh install there are some applications which you install almost immediately. These might not be my most used or in favourite applications but they are part of my initial set up.
1. NTFS Support (for writing to USB’s that are shared with Windows
Paragon NTFS for Mac or Tuxera NTFS for Mac
2. Little Snitch
3. Chrome
4. Dropbox
5. KeePass
6. Divvy
7. iStat Menus
8. Transmission or uTorrent
9. UnRarX
10. Toast Titanium
Any application that I should have up there instead? Do you have a better alternative to something I use?
How to get a linebreak in Microsoft Excel (Mac & PC)
I’ve only recently come across a keyboard short cut to get a linebreak within a cell using Microsoft Excel which proved to be fairly useful.
A linebreak being carriage return, new line, break, ‘enter’ type of character (now I’m sure someone will correct me and say that they are all different things… but within excel… is it really?) or whatever you want to call it isn’t that hard to do. You can open up notepad/textpad and simply ‘Copy’ and ‘Paste’ the carriage return in excel and it will work, it just isn’t the easiest solution.
So how do you do it? Well depending on if you are using Windows or an Apple machine it is slightly different so find some simple instructions below.
PC \ Windows:
Press ‘Alt‘ + ‘Enter/Return
Mac \ Apple:
Press ‘Control‘ + ‘Option/Alt‘ + ‘Enter/Return
Secure Empty Trash on Mac OS X Lion
Perhaps a little known fact but you can ‘securely’ empty the trash on Mac OS X Lion. You can do this from the finder menu.
Finder > Secure Empty Trash
Now while this is a simple tip for documents you are more concerned it about it does take a performance hit in the overall amount of time to do it. In fact if you had a few GB of trash you wanted to ‘securely’ remove I personally wouldn’t use the built in feature as it would take to long for my patients.
Now if you were inclined to always use this feature by default you can make this change to your preferences.
Final thought – I would of expected this to be found under security settings somewhere but it is not.
If you wish to permanently or by default make the trash automatically ‘Secure Empty Trash’ than you can find this through the finder preferences window.
Finder > Preferences > Tick the ‘Empty Trash securely’ box.
Done!
When this feature is enabled you can not delete the normal way, you will need to go back to the ‘Finger Preferences’ and un tick the box if you want to revert.
So perhaps if you want the best of both worlds, simply leave it un ticked and use finder to securely remove the trash when you desire it. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:GCfan95
=Camila Cubillos= Some of you might wonder who Camila Cubillos is. She is the most intelligent person you could find. She can be your bestfriend and your worst enemy. She has an older brother that all he does is be in the computer and talks to his friends. He has not been the best brother in the world but not the worst. And Camila really loves him even if she gets on his nevers. She loves all of her family members. Even her annoying older cousin Andrea Morales. | WIKI |
Don't make any mistake while using jumper cable positive and negative
As a car owner, one should have jumper cables with him while driving otherwise, he can face an unexpected occurrence. Think, you have a meeting in the early period at the office. You start from home at the exact time you regularly do. Entering into the car, you turn the key, but the car does not work. You found that the car battery is dead. Now, you need to recharge the battery to make it work again. In this situation, the jumper cables come in handy. They help to recharge the battery to make it alive. But, it is essential to know the use o jumper cable positive and negative. If not, there is a chance of an accident. Today, I am going to tell everything in detail.
What are jumper cables?
The jumper cables are electric cables. Most of them are thicker. They are used to jump-start a dead car battery. They have a clip at each end. They are used to connect a dead battery with a charged battery. If you connect them with the batteries, the cables will deliver power from the charged battery to the dead battery. The efficiency of the jumper cables depends on the number of its gauge. The lower the number, the thicker the copper wire. The thicker cables do the job better than others because they can transfer electricity quite well.
The colors of jumper cables
It is the most essential thing to know because it will help you to avoid an accident while charging your car battery. You will get copper clamps at each end of two colors. One is red and the other is black. These two colors indicate positive "+" and negative "-" respectively. They are assigned to either the positive pole and the negative pole on the battery.
Connecting them to the wrong pole can be dangerous
If you do that, a rapid spike in the electrical power from the donor battery will damage the dead battery and the vehicle's electrical systems. You will have to connect the positive pole with the other positive one and the negative to the same. If you accidentally connect a positive one to the negative pole, the fuse should take the brunt of the power surge and burnout. Another thing is that at the time of attaching the poles to the batteries, you can't let the clamps touch each other once they are attached to the donor batteries. If it happens, there is a chance of producing a spark that can burn your hands, or ignite flammable liquids in the car engine.
The steps to jump-start the car
• It is essential to confirm that both the batteries consist of the same voltage and the same polarity. If you want to know the voltage and the polarity, check the owner's manual in the glove box.
• If you want to take power from another car battery, try to pull them close enough. It will help you to connect them with ease. But you should be very aware not to let them in touch. This could cause a short. So, when you buy jumper cables, try to buy one with a large cable.
• One of the most essential things to notice is that both cars are shut off. If not, shut off the ignition switch, lights, and accessories before jump-starting the car. Another thing is that you need to ensure both the vehicles are in the park or neutral and that the parking brake is set. My recommendation for you to carry a safety glass along with the jumper cables. Wear it before starting your work to save yourself.
• If you have a habit of smoke, then forget it for a while. Doing it near the battery can cause an explosion. Another thing to avoid explosion is not to jump the dead battery if it is frozen. If you do not have any idea whether it is frozen or not, look through the inspection cap to see if the water is frozen. One or more sides of the battery case will bulge of a frozen battery.
• I have told earlier that you should have a complete idea about the positive and negative poles about the jumper cables. You should also know about these terminals of both batteries. Ensure that there is enough room to clamp to the cable terminals. The positive terminal is most likely connected to the car's starting or charging with a red cable that has a "+" sign and the negative is connected to the engine of the vehicle and usually has a "-" sign.
• Now clamp the positive cable to the positive terminals of both battery and negative cable to the negative terminals of the good battery to a clean metal part of the engine in the car with the weak battery. Make sure that they do not touch any part of the car's engine, body, moving parts, and the fuel system. Otherwise, there is a chance of a dangerous spark. (Note: Do not attach the negative cable to the negative terminal of the weak battery when you want to jump-start the dead battery. It could ignite hydrogen gas directly over the battery and there is a chance of serious explosions. Even if you have gotten away with it before, you can use a metallic engine part instead at the time of jumping to start the car).
These were all about jump-starting a car when a car battery is dead. I hope this post will be very helpful for you. Finally, I want to remind you one thing again that you should be very much aware of doing this job otherwise it can be very harmful for you and your family.
Thanks for reading this post. If you have any opinion don't hesitate to comment here. Also please subscribe our newsletter to get more updates. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Kids Off the Block
Kids Off the Block (KOB) was a memorial of stones of young people killed by gun violence. The memorial was located in Chicago's West Pullman neighborhood, with the mission "to provide at-risk low income youth positive alternatives to gangs, drugs, truancy, violence and the juvenile justice system."
KOB was founded in 2003 by Diane Latiker, a mother of eight, who opened her home to youth in her community to help steer them away from the negative influences of the streets. KOB works with youth, teens, and young adults ages 12–24 years old. Latiker developed KOB's programming after talking with Roseland youth about their issues and concerns. "I found out that the kids don't even dream about tomorrow anymore", Latiker said in a 2006 Chicago Tribune article. "You ask, 'What do you want to be when you grow up?' They say, 'What?' "
As a result, KOB offers homework help, mentoring, music, drama, sports, community service and a "safe place" to hang out. Starting out with ten children from the neighborhood, more than a decade later, KOB has serviced more than 2,000 participants since its inception.
To shock people into action, Latiker set up a stone memorial at 11627 South Michigan Avenue in memory of all the young people who have lost their life to gun violence since 2007. There are more than 600 stones lining the memorial, each representing a victim.
Through her efforts, Latiker has become a voice for local youth. "Our young people need help", she told CNN in 2011. "All of them are not gangbangers. All of them are not dropouts. But the ones that are, they need our help."
Programs
KOB provides structured programs and events for youth including Tutoring/Mentoring, Drama, Music, Sports, Community Service, Local/Out of Town Travel, Job Readiness, GED Preparation, Health/Fitness and Nutrition, Cultural Arts.
The following organizations have partnered with Kids Off the Block:
* Roseland Safety Networks
* CAPs (Community Assistance Programs)
* St. John Missionary Baptist Church
* Nehemiah Restoration Coalition
* Illinois Healthcare Consortium
* Phalanx Family Services
* Worldvision
* Greater Roseland Chamber of Commerce
The organization maintains a memorial to children killed by violence in Chicago (pictured).
History
Kids Off the Block was started by Diane Latiker (called 'Ms. Diane' by KOB teens) in 2003. As of 2012, more than 2,000 kids have been assisted by the organization.
Diane Latiker was named one of the top 10 CNN Heroes of the Year in 2011. | WIKI |
Ricardo Blázquez
Ricardo Blázquez Pérez (born 13 April 1942) is a Spanish prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He was Archbishop of Valladolid from 2010 to 2022. He had been a bishop since 1988 and was made a cardinal in 2015, when he was described as "a theological moderate and perennial counterweight to Spain's more doctrinally conservative and socially combative prelates".
Biography
Ricardo Blázquez Pérez was born in Villanueva del Campillo (Ávila) on 13 April 1942. He studied in the seminaries of Ávila from 1955 to 1967. He was ordained a priest on 18 February 1967. He then studied at the Pontifical Gregorian University, earning his doctorate in 1972. He also studied in Germany.
From 1972 to 1974 he served as secretary of the Theological Institute of Ávila. From 1974 to 1988 he was a professor and then from 1978 to 1981 the dean of the Faculty of Theology of the Pontifical University of Salamanca. He was Grand Chancellor there from 2000 to 2004.
He was named an auxiliary bishop of Santiago de Compostela and assigned the titular see of Germa di Galazia on 8 April 1988. He received his episcopal consecration on 29 May 1988 from Cardinal Antonio María Rouco Varela.
On 26 May 1992 Pope John Paul II named him Bishop of Palencia, and on 8 September 1995 Bishop of Bilbao. His appointment to Bilbao was protested by Basque nationalists.
In 2009, he was one of five bishops charged with conducting an investigation of the Legionaries of Christ, with responsibility for the order's branches in Spain, France, Germany, Switzerland, Ireland, Holland, Poland, Austria and Hungary. In September 2010, he was named to conduct an apostolic visitation of that order's lay apostolate, Regnum Christi, as well.
On 13 March 2010, Pope Benedict XVI appointed him Archbishop of Valladolid. He was installed there on 17 April.
He has served on various commissions within the Bishops’ Conference of Spain including the Doctrine of the Faith, the Liturgical Commission and the Commission for Interconfessional Relations.
He was elected three times to a three-year term as president of the Spanish Episcopal Conference in 2005, 2014, and 2017. He was vice-president from 2008 to 2014. He was elected by that Conference to participate in the Synod of Bishops on the family in October 2014 and 2015. On 29 March 2014, Pope Francis made him a member of the Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life. and he renewed this appointment for another five-year term on 8 July 2019.
On 4 January 2015, Pope Francis announced that he would make him a cardinal on 14 February. At that ceremony, he was assigned the titular church of Santa Maria in Vallicella. He was the first ordinary of Valladolid to become a cardinal since 1919, only the third in its 400-year history.
On 13 April 2015 Pope Francis appointed him a member of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith and the Pontifical Council for Culture, and on 27 June 2015 of the Congregation for Oriental Churches. On 8 January 2016, Pope Francis named him a member of the Administration of the Patrimony of the Apostolic See. He was appointed a member of the Congregation for Divine Worship and the Discipline of the Sacraments on 28 October 2016.
In November 2015, the Spanish Episcopal Conference elected him grand chancellor of the Pontifical University of Salamanca, a post he had held once before.
He was one of three prelates the Spanish Episcopal Conference elected to participate in the Synod of Bishops on Youth in October 2018.
Pope Francis accepted his resignation as archbishop of Valladolid on 17 June 2022. | WIKI |
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August 27, 2009
Groovy Goodness: Working with Files
When we write code in Java to work with files we must write a lot of boilerplate code to make sure all streams are opened and closed correctly and provide exception handling. The Commons IO package already helps, but Groovy makes working with files so easy. Groovy adds a lot of useful methods to the java.io.File class. We can use simple properties to write and read text, methods to traverse the file system and methods to filter contents.
Here is a Groovy script with different samples of working with files:
// Normal way of creating file objects.
def file1 = new File('groovy1.txt')
def file2 = new File('groovy2.txt')
def file3 = new File('groovy3.txt')
// Writing to the files with the write method:
file1.write 'Working with files the Groovy way is easy.\n'
// Using the leftShift operator:
file1 << 'See how easy it is to add text to a file.\n'
// Using the text property:
file2.text = '''We can even use the text property of
a file to set a complete block of text at once.'''
// Or a writer object:
file3.withWriter('UTF-8') { writer ->
writer.write('We can also use writers to add contents.')
}
// Reading contents of files to an array:
def lines = file1.readLines()
assert 2 == lines.size()
assert 'Working with files the Groovy way is easy.' == lines[0]
// Or we read with the text property:
assert 'We can also use writers to add contents.' == file3.text
// Or with a reader:
count = 0
file2.withReader { reader ->
while (line = reader.readLine()) {
switch (count) {
case 0:
assert 'We can even use the text property of' == line
break
case 1:
assert 'a file to set a complete block of text at once.' == line
break
}
count++
}
}
// We can also read contents with a filter:
sw = new StringWriter()
file1.filterLine(sw) { it =~ /Groovy/ }
assert 'Working with files the Groovy way is easy.\r\n' == sw.toString()
// We can look for files in the directory with different methods.
// See for a complete list the File GDK documentation.
files = []
new File('.').eachFileMatch(~/^groovy.*\.txt$/) { files << it.name }
assert ['groovy1.txt', 'groovy2.txt', 'groovy3.txt'] == files
// Delete all files:
files.each { new File(it).delete() } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Radio review: Elisabeth Mahoney | Television & radio | The Guardian
Elisabeth Mahoney Wednesday 17 October 2007 02.21 EDTFirst published on Wednesday 17 October 2007 02.21 EDT Frankie's House (Radio 4) was full of marvellous understatement. June Whitfield presented this evocative tour around Frankie Howerd's Somerset home and, though she knew the place well, still sounded agog at it. It's fair to say, he was a bit of a hoarder, Whitfield noted. Chris Byrne, who now looks after the house and opens it to visitors to raise money for charity, gave some idea of what this meant as he peeked into a random box. His hairpiece, his false teeth, his X-rays - it's all Frankie's, he said. The house also includes a gift from the local government of Pompeii, thanking Howerd for increasing tourist numbers in the region. It was an endearing portrait of the house and its considerable affect on lives lived in it. I especially liked the sound of the comedian on his country walks, feeding the animals. He always had to carry carrots and apples, recalled Byrne. Howerd, you imagine, would have enjoyed a moment of glorious, unfortunate juxtaposition on the Today programme (Radio 4) yesterday. A report on hazardous drinking in middle-class enclaves was swiftly followed by a business story featuring an interview with the editor of a new book: The Good Pub Guide 2008. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Eli Goldston
Eli Goldston (March 8, 1920 - January 21, 1974) was an American business leader and a leading spokesman for corporate social responsibility. He was President and CEO of Eastern Gas and Fuel Associates of Boston, Massachusetts, from 1961 until 1974.
Early life and education
Eli Goldston was born on March 8, 1920, in Warren, Ohio. He was educated at Harvard University (A.B. 1942), Harvard Business School (M.B.A. 1946), and Harvard Law School (LL.B. 1949.).
Career
As chief executive of Eastern Gas and Fuel, Goldston ran diversified energy corporation with 19 subsidiaries in the bituminous coal, coke, gas utility and river-ocean marine industries.
He was best known, however, for his belief that liberal politics and corporate success could go hand in hand. He is quoted as having said: "I don't believe that business, alone, can solve our social problems. Neither do I believe it, alone, has caused them. But they'll not get solved unless innovative businessmen, who sense a changing world and feel challenged, react in a fashion likely to produce profit as well as imaginative response to social need."
Goldston's most visible legacy is the Rainbow Swash, a giant 1971 artwork by Corita Kent that Goldston commissioned on a 140 ft tall liquefied natural gas tank facing Boston's Southeast Expressway. The artwork was added to another gas tank on the Dorchester waterfront in 1992 when the original LNG tank was torn down. The Rainbow Swash is reportedly the largest copyrighted work of art in the world. The mural drew controversy when critics believed they saw the face of Vietnamese leader Ho Chi Minh's face in its blue stripe, which Goldston and Kent both denied.
Death and legacy
Goldston died on January 21, 1974.
Two professorships at Harvard University, one in the law school and one in the business school, were established in his memory, "join their skills and commitments in teaching, research and course development … to improve social conditions through men and women trained and motivated in management and legal fields." Goldston also established two funds at Harvard Law School, the Issachar J. Goldston Memorial Scholarship and the Gertrude R. Goldston Scholarship. His son is physicist Robert J. Goldston. | WIKI |
Talk:PERMATApintar National Gifted Center
A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 23:36, 7 September 2018 (UTC)
* PERMATApintar Logo.jpg
Recent Name Change of PERMATApintar to GENIUS@pintar
It is a bit sad to hear but as of mid-2020 the center has had its name changed from the former to the latter. I was thinking of editing the article to reflect this change, as well as add a lot more paragraphs to the page. I am a first-hand student here, so I think my contribution would benefit this page. Dear wikipedia admins, is it ok? Alif Hilmi Bin Nazri (talk) 14:47, 3 August 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
#!/bin/sh # # Original author: Matthew Farrellee < mafarrel cs indiana edu > # Date: Monday January 28, 2002 # # Modified: # Tuesday January 29, 2002: Made errors more readable. # # Modified by Darren Spruell < sancho sancho2k net >: # Friday January 10, 2003: Removed the stuff regarding the # user's domain, etc. My mail host serves a single domain. # Made some minor editions to the script. # # Modified by Daniel Tams < dantams sdf-eu org >: # Friday July 04, 2003: Changed binary variables to values that # conform to a standard installation of courier-imap on OpenBSD. # Changed password type to hmac-md5 for CRAM-MD5 secure # authentification. ################################################################## # .: START CONFIGURABLE OPTIONS SECTION :. ################################################################## # The following paths need to be set to reflect the location of # the following commands, in order: # maildirmake, makeuserdb, userdbpw, userdb MAILDIRMAKE=/var/qmail/bin/maildirmake MAKEUSERDB=/usr/local/sbin/makeuserdb USERDBPW=/usr/local/sbin/userdbpw USERDB=/usr/local/sbin/userdb # These variables should reflect: # VUSER -The name of your virtual user account # VUSER_UID -The UID of your virtual user account # VUSER_GID -The GID of your virtual user account (should be same as UID) # VUSER_HOME -This account's home directory VUSER=vmail VUSER_UID=`id -u $VUSER` VUSER_GID=`id -g $VUSER` VUSER_HOME=~vmail # Set this to qmail's home (usually /var/qmail): QMAIL_HOME=/var/qmail ################################################################## # .: END CONFIGURABLE OPTIONS SECTION :. ################################################################## NEW_USER=$1 # Make sure the username argument was given. if [ -z "$NEW_USER" ] then echo "Usage:" `basename $0` "" echo "Ex: `basename $0` bob" exit 1 fi # Make sure the user does not already exist. if [ -d $VUSER_HOME/Maildir-$NEW_USER ] then echo "Error: Account" $NEW_USER "already exists." exit 1 fi # Create the user's home and mail directory. echo "Creating a Maildir for" $NEW_USER $MAILDIRMAKE $VUSER_HOME/Maildir-$NEW_USER if [ $? != 0 ]; then echo "Error creating Maildir..." exit fi chown -R $VUSER.$VUSER $VUSER_HOME/Maildir-$NEW_USER # Add the user to the proper userdb and set the user's password. echo "Adding" $NEW_USER "to" /etc/userdb echo "Enter the password for" $NEW_USER $USERDBPW -hmac-md5 | $USERDB -f /etc/userdb $NEW_USER set uid=$VUSER_UID gid=$VUSER_GID home=$VUSER_HOME mail=$VUSER_HOME/Maildir-$NEW_USER hmac-md5pw # Make sure the new user is noticed. $MAKEUSERDB # Create .qmail files for delivery to Maildir. echo "vmail-$NEW_USER" > $QMAIL_HOME/alias/.qmail-$NEW_USER echo "./Maildir-$NEW_USER/" > $VUSER_HOME/.qmail-$NEW_USER echo "Created .qmail files for Maildir delivery to $NEW_USER." # Finalize for user. echo echo " Done!!! $NEW_USER has been added to Courier-IMAP." echo exit 0 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Identification of pitfalls in PVT gas condensate modeling using modified black-oil formulations
Pichit Vardcharragosad, Abraham Duplaa, Luis F. Ayala H
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
2 Scopus citations
Abstract
A black-oil (BO) PVT model is a fluid characterization formulation that represents multi-component reservoir hydrocarbons as a binary mixture (i.e., two pseudo-components: “surface gas” and “stock tank oil”). The BO PVT model is widely used in the petroleum industry because it is relatively simple compared to fully compositional modeling in which all or most components are independently accounted for. Since computational complexity increases nearly exponentially with number of components used in the characterization, there always remains a strong incentive to embracing the simplified black oil (binary) characterization as long as the fluid phase behavior allows it. When representing a complex system with this simplified model, a number of limitations arising from its simplicity may exist. In this study, these limitations are highlighted by performing phase behavior simulations for a gas condensate fluid. Rigorous calculations of standard (BO) PVT properties (Bo, Bg, Rs, and Rv) of a the gas condensate reservoir of choice are performed through a series of flash calculations at the prescribed reservoir fluid depletion path. The study demonstrates that the BO PVT model violates the species material balance principle as reservoir pressure depletes while conserving overall mass. This violation can lead to significant errors when coupling the BO PVT model with tank material balance-based techniques. The simulation test case indicates that these models will significantly and consistently underestimate oil formation volume factor (Bo) and solution gas oil ratio (Rs) due to the shortcomings of the BO PVT model.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)457-469
Number of pages13
JournalJournal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology
Volume4
Issue number4
DOIs
StatePublished - Nov 13 2014
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
• Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology
• Energy(all)
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Identification of pitfalls in PVT gas condensate modeling using modified black-oil formulations'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Herbie Nichols Trio
Removed review box
Review for other releaseTlonicChronic (talk) 19:41, 8 January 2024 (UTC) | WIKI |
Explanation of a Front End Engineer's role, focusing on designing and developing user interfaces for websites and applications
What Is a Front End Engineer
A Front End Engineer builds the part of a website or app that users see and interact with. They create the design, layout, and functionality of web pages. Their work involves using languages like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to make websites look good and work smoothly. They also ensure that the site is responsive, meaning it works well on different devices like phones and computers.
Front End Engineers are crucial for web development because they make sure users have a pleasant experience. Users may leave the site if the front end is poorly designed or doesn’t work well. Their role bridges the gap between design and technology, turning designs into interactive web pages.
What Does a Front End Engineer Do?
A Front End Engineer focuses on creating the parts of a website or application that users see and interact with. They handle the design, layout, and functionality of web pages to ensure everything looks appealing and operates smoothly. This involves using languages such as HTML for structure, CSS for styling, and JavaScript for interactive features. They turn visual designs into functional web elements, making sure that buttons, forms, and other components work correctly.
Front End Engineers also ensure that websites are responsive. This means their designs must adapt to different screen sizes and devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and desktop computers. They use various tools and techniques to make sure the site functions well on any device, providing a consistent user experience across all platforms.
Their work is crucial because it directly impacts how users experience a website or app. A well-designed front end makes a site easy to navigate, visually appealing, and user-friendly. If the front end is poorly designed or difficult to use, users may become frustrated and leave the site.
Responsibilities of a Front End Engineer
Designing User Interfaces
Front End Engineers are responsible for creating the layout and visual design of web pages. They translate design mockups into interactive elements, such as navigation bars, forms, and buttons. They use tools like Adobe XD or Figma to collaborate with designers and ensure that the final product matches the intended look and feel. Their goal is to make the interface intuitive and engaging for users.
Implementing Responsive Design
They ensure that websites are accessible and functional across various devices and screen sizes. This involves using responsive design techniques like flexible grid layouts, media queries, and scalable images. They test the site on different devices and browsers to ensure a consistent experience, adapting the design to fit mobile phones, tablets, and desktops seamlessly.
Optimizing Performance
Front End Engineers focus on enhancing website performance by optimizing load times and overall speed. This includes minimizing file sizes, using efficient code, and leveraging caching techniques. They work to reduce the website’s loading time by optimizing images, compressing files, and managing scripts to ensure that users have a fast and smooth browsing experience.
Debugging and Testing
They regularly test and debug the website to identify and fix issues that could affect functionality or user experience. This involves using tools to check for errors, inconsistencies, and compatibility issues. They work to resolve bugs and make improvements based on user feedback and testing results, ensuring that the site operates correctly and reliably.
Essential Skills for a Front End Engineer
Front End Engineers need a mix of technical and soft skills to succeed in their role.
• Proficiency in HTML, CSS, and JavaScript: These are the core technologies used to build web pages. HTML provides the structure, CSS handles the design and layout, and JavaScript adds interactivity and dynamic features. Mastery of these languages is crucial for creating functional and attractive web interfaces.
• Front End Frameworks: Familiarity with popular frameworks and libraries like React, Angular, or Vue.js is important. These tools help streamline development by providing reusable components and simplifying complex tasks. Knowing how to use these frameworks can greatly enhance productivity and efficiency.
• Knowledge of Version Control Systems: Front End Engineers should be comfortable using version control systems like Git. This allows them to manage changes to the codebase, collaborate with other developers, and track the history of their work. Version control is essential for maintaining organized and error-free code.
• Familiarity with Design Tools: Experience with design tools such as Adobe XD, Sketch, or Figma is valuable. These tools help Front End Engineers work closely with designers to translate visual concepts into functional web elements. Understanding design principles and being able to use these tools helps ensure the final product matches the intended design.
Tools and Technologies Used by Front End Engineers
Libraries and Frameworks
Front End Engineers frequently use libraries and frameworks to simplify and expedite development. React, developed by Facebook, is a widely used library that allows engineers to build complex user interfaces with reusable components. This helps manage the state of applications more efficiently.
Angular, created by Google, provides a comprehensive framework for building dynamic single-page applications, with built-in features like data binding and dependency injection. Vue.js is another popular framework known for its simplicity and flexibility. It is designed to be incrementally adoptable, meaning it can be used to enhance existing projects or as the foundation for new applications.
Development Environments and Build Tools
Effective development environments and build tools are crucial for Front End Engineers. Code editors such as Visual Studio Code, Sublime Text, and Atom are commonly used to write and edit code, offering features like syntax highlighting, code completion, and debugging capabilities. npm (Node Package Manager).
Yarn are package managers that help manage project dependencies and libraries, allowing engineers to install, update, and maintain various packages easily. Build tools like Webpack, Parcel, and Gulp to automate tasks such as bundling code, optimizing assets, and managing dependencies, thus streamlining the development workflow and improving performance.
Design and Prototyping Tools
Design and prototyping tools are essential for translating design concepts into functional web elements. Adobe XD, Sketch, and Figma are popular tools used by Front End Engineers to collaborate with designers. These tools allow for the creation of detailed visual designs and prototypes, which can be used to ensure that the final web interface aligns with the intended design. They facilitate communication between designers and developers by providing a clear representation of the layout, functionality, and user interactions.
Version Control Systems
Version control systems are vital for managing changes and collaborating on code. Git is the standard system used by Front End Engineers to track modifications to the codebase, collaborate with other developers, and maintain a history of changes. Platforms such as GitHub, GitLab, and Bitbucket offer additional features for hosting repositories, code reviews, and team collaboration. These tools help keep the development process organized and ensure that all team members can work together effectively.
Browser Developer Tools
Browser developer tools are indispensable for debugging and optimizing web applications. Chrome DevTools and Firefox Developer Tools are built-in tools that allow engineers to inspect and modify HTML and CSS, test JavaScript code, and analyze performance metrics. These tools provide real-time insights into how a website functions, helping engineers identify and fix issues, optimize performance, and ensure a smooth and responsive user experience.
FAQs
1. What educational background is needed to become a Front End Engineer?
A degree in computer science or a related field is helpful but not always required. Many Front End Engineers also gain skills through coding bootcamps or self-study. Practical experience and a strong portfolio are important.
2. How does a Front End Engineer work with other team members?
They collaborate closely with designers to implement visual elements and with back end engineers to ensure data is properly displayed. Good communication is key to making sure everything works well together.
3. What are some common challenges Front End Engineers face?
They often deal with browser compatibility issues, making sure a website works well on all devices and browsers. They also face challenges with performance optimization and maintaining code quality.
They follow industry blogs, participate in online communities, and attend conferences or webinars. Keeping up with new technologies and best practices is crucial in this rapidly changing field.
5. What are some common career paths for Front End Engineers?
They can advance to roles like Senior Front End Engineer, Lead Developer, or Technical Architect. Some may also transition into related fields such as User Experience (UX) design or Full Stack Development.
Conclusion
A Front End Engineer plays a crucial role in web development by building the parts of websites and applications that users interact with. They use languages like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript to create and style web pages, making sure they look good and function well. Their job involves designing user interfaces, implementing responsive designs, optimizing performance, and debugging issues.
In summary, Front End Engineers are essential for delivering a positive user experience. They ensure that websites are visually appealing, easy to use, and compatible with different devices and browsers.
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September 4, 2024
Ayesha Khan is a highly skilled technical content writer based in Pakistan, known for her ability to simplify complex technical concepts into easily understandable content. With a strong foundation in computer science and years of experience in writing for diverse industries, Ayesha delivers content that not only educates but also engages readers.
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sample code to get MAC and IP address no Mac OS X
This sample shows how to get the MAC and IP address of all network
interfaces without having to use IOKit. I don't think this is portable
to Linux due to some BSD specific things. I got some of the code from
here:
http://koders.com/c/fidE434A12145571115B48BF3CF7A450F6AF93FC109.aspx?s=SIOCGIFCONF
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <arpa/inet.h>
#include <netinet/in.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <sys/socket.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/errno.h>
#include <net/if.h>
#include <net/if_dl.h>
#include <net/ethernet.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/sysctl.h>
using namespace std;
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
char * buf = NULL;
struct ifconf ifc;
int socketID = 0;
// we need a socket to call ioctl on
socketID = socket(AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM, 0);
if (socketID == -1)
{
printf("error calling socket\n");
return -1;
}
// keep calling ioctl until we provide it a big enough buffer
{
int numreqs = 100;
buf = (char*) malloc(sizeof(struct ifreq) * numreqs);
for (;;)
{
ifc.ifc_len = sizeof(struct ifreq) * numreqs;
ifc.ifc_buf = buf;
if (ioctl(socketID, SIOCGIFCONF, &ifc) < 0)
{
printf("error calling ioctl: %s\n", strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
if (ifc.ifc_len / sizeof(struct ifreq) == numreqs)
{
// there's more to read
numreqs *= 2;
buf = (char*) realloc(buf, sizeof(struct ifreq) * numreqs);
}
else
{
// we're read as much as we can
break;
}
}
}
// iterate through each interface
for (int n = 0; n < ifc.ifc_len; )
{
struct ifreq * ifr = (struct ifreq*) (((char*) ifc.ifc_req ) +
n);
n += sizeof(ifr->ifr_name) +
(ifr->ifr_addr.sa_len > sizeof(struct sockaddr)
? ifr->ifr_addr.sa_len : sizeof(struct sockaddr));
if (ifr->ifr_addr.sa_family != AF_INET)
continue;
// make sure the interface is UP
{
if (ioctl(socketID, SIOCGIFFLAGS, ifr) < 0)
{
printf("error calling ioctl: %s\n", strerror(errno));
continue;
}
if (!(ifr->ifr_flags & IFF_UP))
continue;
}
// the IP address
{
struct in_addr *ia;
ia = (struct in_addr *) ((ifr->ifr_ifru.ifru_addr.sa_data)+2);
printf("%6s %-15s\n", ifr->ifr_name, inet_ntoa(*ia));
}
// mac address
{
int mib[6], len;
mib[0] = CTL_NET;
mib[1] = AF_ROUTE;
mib[2] = 0;
mib[3] = AF_LINK;
mib[4] = NET_RT_IFLIST;
mib[5] = if_nametoindex(ifr->ifr_name);
if (mib[5] == 0)
{
printf("error calling if_nametoindex\n");
continue;
}
if (sysctl(mib, 6, NULL, (size_t*)&len, NULL, 0) < 0)
{
printf("sysctl 1 error\n");
continue;
}
char * macbuf = (char*) malloc(len);
if (sysctl(mib, 6, macbuf, (size_t*)&len, NULL, 0) < 0)
{
printf("sysctl 2 error");
continue;
}
struct if_msghdr * ifm = (struct if_msghdr *)macbuf;
struct sockaddr_dl * sdl = (struct sockaddr_dl *)(ifm + 1);
unsigned char * ptr = (unsigned char *)LLADDR(sdl);
printf("MacAddress: %02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x:%02x\n", *ptr,
*(ptr+1), *(ptr+2),
*(ptr+3), *(ptr+4), *(ptr+5));
free(macbuf);
}
}
// clean up
free(buf);
close(socketID);
return 0;
}
0
Sailesh
8/25/2005 7:01:37 AM
comp.sys.mac.programmer.help 4653 articles. 2 followers. Post Follow
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> int numreqs = 100;
> buf = (char*) malloc(sizeof(struct ifreq) * numreqs);
oops, that should be numreqs = 16, or some low number. I was doing 100
just for testing.
0
Sailesh
8/25/2005 8:31:52 AM
On BSD systems that have it, the getifaddrs(3) function provides a
much simpler interface to getting this information, and I would
recommend that you use it instead of ioctl().
In your code you skip interfaces that are not AF_INET, but in doing so
you miss AF_LINK interfaces, from which you can obtain the MAC address
directly instead of calling sysctl().
0
rhsu
9/5/2005 4:04:27 AM
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