Document stringlengths 87 1.67M | Source stringclasses 5 values |
|---|---|
Page:Tactics (Balck 1915).djvu/324
at first with the reserve, and to employ them later, as necessity requires, even by platoons, to reinforce the defensive line at threatened points, or, by battery (company), to prevent an envelopment, or to participate in offensive movements. This does not preclude the employment of machine guns during the preparatory stage of the engagement, for example, to command important approaches. When a covered withdrawal of the guns is assured, it will also be possible to post machine gun batteries in such a manner in front of, or to a flank of the main defensive position, that they can suddenly sweep with their fire the ground on which the opponent will probably place his artillery. Flanking machine gun fire can sometimes be employed for sweeping dead angles.
The provisions of the Austrian machine gun regulations correspond in the main to those of the German Army. In Austria special stress is laid upon the use of machine guns with cavalry, while in Germany they are in addition a mobile reserve. Machine gun batteries accomplish the principal objects which cavalry expects to attain by the assignment of infantry, viz., relief from fighting on foot, great fire power, and mobility. Even in reconnaissance duty, machine guns will be employed to break down the resistance of the enemy in occupied localities and to augment the resistance of their own force in such places. During an advance, machine guns should go into position at an early moment in order to cover as effectively as possible the approach and the deployment for attack. It is advisable to post the guns of a machine gun battery together, so as not to have numerous lines of fire interfere with the movements of the cavalry; this is especially emphasized by the Austrian regulations. Machine gun batteries, like horse batteries (artillery), remain with the cavalry divisions during a battle.
German machine guns are especially adapted for resisting cavalry, while guns transported upon pack animals are en-* | WIKI |
View more editions
College Algebra with Trigonometry
TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS FOR
College Algebra with Trigonometry 9th Edition
• 2463 step-by-step solutions
• Solved by publishers, professors & experts
• iOS, Android, & web
Over 90% of students who use Chegg Study report better grades.
2013 Chegg Homework Help Survey
PROBLEM
Chapter: Problem:
A conic section is the cross section obtained by intersecting a right circular cone and a plane (Fig. 1). A circle is obtained by cutting the cone by a plane perpendicular to the axis of the cone. Tilt the plane slightly to obtain an ellipse. If the plane is parallel to an edge of the cone, the cross section is a parabola. If the plane is titled more to the vertical, then the cross section cuts both nappes and is a hyperbola with two branches.
Figure 1 Conic sections.
A second way to define the conic sections is in terms of eccentricity. Let F be a fixed point, called the focus, and let d be a fixed line called the directrix (Fig. 2). Let e be a positive real number called the eccentricity. A conic section is the set of all points P in the plane containing F and d such that the distance from P to the focus F is e times the distance from P to the directrix d.
Figure 2 Conic sections.
1. Let F be the pole in a polar coordinate system and let d be the vertical line that is a distance p from F (Fig. 2). Show that the polar equation of a conic section with focus F, directrix d, and eccentrictiy e is given by
(1)
2. Use a graphing calculator to explore the graph of equation (1) if 0 < e < 1 and p is a positive number. Summarize the results of holding e fixed and changing p, and of holding p fixed and changing e. Which conic section is produced?
3. Repeat Problem 2 if e > 1.
4. Repeat Problem 2 if e = 1 (summarize the results of changing p).
SAMPLE SOLUTION
• Step 1 of 1
In the figure, the distance from P to F is r. Since P has rectangular coordinates (r cos θ, r sin θ) and Q has rectangular coordinates (−p, r sin θ), the distance from P to d is r cos θ – (−p) = r cos θ + p.
Then using PF = e∙PD as stated:
r= e(r cos θ + p)
r = er cos θ + ep
r(1 – e cos θ) = ep
r=
Problems 2−4 are left to the student.
If 0<e < 1, the conic section is an ellipse,
If e = 1, the conic section is a parabola.
If e > 1, the conic section is a hyperbola.
Corresponding Textbook
College Algebra with Trigonometry 9th edition 9780073519500 0073519502
College Algebra with Trigonometry | 9th Edition
9780073519500ISBN-13: 0073519502ISBN: Raymond A. BarnettAuthors: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
ASN's Mission
To create a world without kidney diseases, the ASN Alliance for Kidney Health elevates care by educating and informing, driving breakthroughs and innovation, and advocating for policies that create transformative changes in kidney medicine throughout the world.
learn more
Contact ASN
1401 H St, NW, Ste 900, Washington, DC 20005
email@asn-online.org
202-640-4660
The Latest on Twitter
Kidney Week
Abstract: TH-PO432
48-Hour Ambulatory BP (ABPM) Monitoring and the Estimated Risk of Death in the Hemodialysis Population: A Multicenter, International Study
Session Information
Category: Hypertension and CVD
• 1401 Hypertension and CVD: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention
Author
• Mallamaci, Francesca, G.O.M. Bianchi Melacrino Morelli Reggio Calabria, Reggio Calabria, Italy
Group or Team Name
• on behalf of the TACTIC study working group*
Background
ABPM extended to 44h or 48h has been proposed by consensus documents by the ASN and the ESH and the ERA-EDTA (EURECAm) as the ideal metric for estimating the BP-related health burden in ESRD but information on the relationship between this metric and the risk of death is still restricted to a limited number of single center studies.
Methods
We investigated the relationship between 48h ABPM and the probability of death as estimated by the ARO risk score in a cohort of 278 hemodialysis patients in 7 centers in 3 European countries. The ARO risk score is a well-validated instrument based on 14 risk factors for death specific to the hemodialysis population (KI 87, 996–1008, 2015).
Results
Average 48h diastolic BP robustly correlated in an inverse fashion with the estimated risk of death at 1 year (r=-0.350, P<0.001) and at 2 years (r=-0.331, P<0.001) and these associations were confirmed in separate analyses of day-time and night-time average values (P<0.001). Furthermore, 48h pulse pressure was a direct predictor of the estimated death risk at 1 year (r=0.330, P<0.001) and at 2 years (r=0.293, P<0.001) and again this metric predicted the estimated risk of death in separate analyses of day and night time recordings.
Conclusion
In a multicenter study in 3 countries 48h diastolic and Pulse Pressure correlated strongly with the estimated risk of death and this was true for both average day-time and night-time values. Extended ABPM recordings reflect the health burden of BP in the hemodialysis population.
*Torino C, Sarafidis PA, Ekart R, Loutradis C, Karpetas A, Raptis V, Bikos A, Papagianni A, Balafa O, Siamopoulos K, Pisani G, Morosetti M, Del Giudice A, Aucella F, Di Lullo L, Battaglia G, Tripepi R, Tripepi G, London G, Zoccali C. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Importance of Going to a Brake Repair Shop
If you hear a screeching noise when you press on the brakes of your car or truck, you need to immediately get your brakes inspected. That sound happens when one metal area is scrubbing against yet another metal area inducing the screeching sound. If you hear that noise it usually suggests the patches of the brakes are worn down to the metal and you have to get them replaced tandem press brake.
Be encouraged though that some brand new vehicles could have a screeching noise when the brakes are pressed however the noise will most likely stop when the automobile is driven some and the patches are broken in. It is definitely safer to be safe though and contain it tested by way of a professional mechanic.
If you step in your brake pedal and your steering wheel wiggles, then you possibly need your brakes repaired. Whenever your wheel wiggles or vibrates it is really a indication that anything is incorrect with your rotors and they must be inspected and probably replaced.
Rotors will be the round metal disks that the brake patches clamp onto when the pedal is depressed. You may also have rotors produced down to create them last longer by taking the grooves out of them. This process is known as turning the rotors.
The brake program of any car ought to be properly taken attention of. When you use your brakes ensure that you stop in a clean activity and maybe not slam on the brakes to create them last as long as possible. If you use the brakes and the brake pedal thinks soft or moves quickly down completely this might suggest you’ve air in your brake lines and you have to have them bled correct way. It is essential to possess your brake program tested immediately at these times because it can be quite a very dangerous situation.
Having a brake repair performed may be high priced particularly when you get your automobile to an auto attention company center. If you have no knowledge about car fixes the best thing to accomplish would be to talk a specialist about what is incorrect with your car.
But if you’re mechanically inclined and believe you are able to manage correcting the situation on your own you are able to save your self lots of money. Exchanging brake patches, adding brake substance, and bleeding the lines are not that hard to do. But if you’re unsure it is better to possess your automobile set by an expert.
Brakes certainly are a frequent piece on an unsuccessful MOT or company, and it’s crucial to maintain these essential aspects of your automobile – not only can it lengthen the life span of one’s brakes however it can save you income on fixes and replacements.
Entrance brakes often degrade quicker than right back brakes – the reason being most vehicles have a top disc/rear drum setup. Disk brakes use patches to clamp down on the turning disc when the brakes are involved to prevent them. Drum brakes use ‘shoes’ which are installed inside a round drum.
These force outwards against the drum when you press on the pedal. The fat of the automobile shifts forward during braking, therefore leading brakes get the brunt of the force, indicating you’re prone to need to replace leading kinds before a corner ones.
Leave a Comment | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Chicho
Chicho is a Spanish male nickname. It can be a pet name for many different Spanish names, including Francisco and Narciso.
Notable people known by this nickname include:
* Cándido Sibilio
* Chicho Frumboli, also known as Mariano Frúmboli, Argentinian tango dancer
* Chicho Jesurun, Antillian baseball player
* Chicho Ibáñez, Cuban trovador
* Chicho Sánchez Ferlosio, Spanish singer-songwriter
* Chicho Serna, Colombian football player
* Cristian Arango, Colombian football player
* Narcís Pèlach, Spanish football player and coach | WIKI |
Page:Into Mexico with General Scott (1920).djvu/271
hundred and fifty, so we'll furnish the most stormers. You fellows will have enough to do, anyhow."
With a "Good-by and good luck—see you later," Jerry shook hands and hustled back for his company. But the men from the Fourth had already been picked.
Fortunately there was no rain this night. When Jerry, like the others, was aroused by the non-commissioned officers passing from mess to mess, the stars were shining brightly. The First Brigade formed by itself, under Colonel Garland, in the early morning gloom, and presently was marched down the slope by a road, as if straight for the King's Mill. By the slight rumble of artillery wheels a battery (Drum's battery, it was, from the Cadwalader brigade) followed. The other brigades might be heard, also moving, with creak of belts and cartridge boxes, dull tramp of feet, and low lurch and rattle of cannon carriages and caissons. Somewhere on the left cavalry equipment faintly jangled.
Colonel McIntosh, of the Fifth Infantry, was said to be commanding the Second Brigade; Colonel Clarke was ill. Major Wright, of the Eighth Infantry, commanded the storming column of five hundred men picked from all the regiments of the division. General Cadwalader commanded the Third Division regiments. Colonel Harney had supplied six companies of the Second Dragoons and one company of the Third, which with one company of the Mounted Rifles, were under Major Sumner. There were two twenty-four-pounder siege guns, under command of Captain Benjamin Huger, chief of ordnance, and three guns of Colonel Duncan's First Division | WIKI |
Author:Achille Ernest Oscar Joseph Delesse
Works
* "Description and analysis of sismondine (a new mineral)" in Philosophical Magazine, series 3, volume 24, issue 158, pages 238 (1844)
* "Analysis of phosphate of alumina" in Philosophical Magazine, series 3, volume 28, issue 184, pages 68–69 (1846)
* "Analysis of a substance occurring with disthene" in Philosophical Magazine, series 3, volume 28, issue 185, pages 150–152 (1846)
* "Hydrated silicate of magnesia" in Philosophical Magazine, series 3, volume 28, issue 185, pages 152 (1846) | WIKI |
0
votes
3answers
594 views
Better way to get a SPListItem by Field
I want to get a SPListItem from a SPList where a field match a value. I have to ways to do it, CAML and LINQ. My code is: LINQ ... SPList list = Web.Lists["MyList"]; SPListItem item = (from ...
0
votes
3answers
1k views
Is it possible to have CAML Join without Lookup Columns?
I am new to SharePoint. I am developing a web-part in that I am trying to join two list. I have a same web-part in that lists were join using LINQ query. But it takes more time to fetch the data. So ...
0
votes
1answer
1k views
Getting items from rows 4-8 in a Sharepoint list using CAML query?
Here is the code Im using to retrieve the first 4 most upcoming announcements from the OOTB announcements list in sharepoint: How do I modify this to retrieve the next 4 (5,6,7 and 8) most upcoming ...
5
votes
3answers
702 views
sharepoint caml is fast - how?
We all know that Caml is faster than using linq, since linq internally gets translated to caml. But can anyone explain how caml is best to do sharepoint queries or how it is fast or what makes it ...
0
votes
2answers
357 views
How can i access sharepoint using LINQ instead of CAML?
is there any way to access Sharepoint lists via LINQ instead of CaML?
0
votes
1answer
369 views
External CT Related Lists - Examples - CAML - LINQ to SharePoint
I'm trying to return related data via External Content Types. I was wondering which is better to use, CAML queries or LINQ to SharePoint? I'm fine with writing CAML queries besides the relating part ...
5
votes
2answers
428 views
Get CAML from LINQ to SharePoint
Is there an equilivant to GetCommand in LINQ to SharePoint? I know about ctx.Log, but I'm looking for something to retrieve the CAML from a LINQ statement without executing it.
1
vote
1answer
701 views
Using SPMetal to read data from sharepoint 2010
I've just started to look at using spmetal with SP 2010 to read data from document libraries: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ee538255.aspx I'm curious as to how I can ensure that I only ...
1
vote
1answer
1k views
Sharepoint 2010: Full text plus faceted search over an External Content List using Search Services (or possibly FAST)
I have an External List over a products table in our database. I want to be able to build a search form over it via a full text search; in addition to being able to filter down on properties on my ... | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
hacks-guide-minimal-mistake.../.gitignore
iBug ♦ 54001dade7
Add guide on applying Front Matter defaults to jekyll-archives pages (#2466)
* Add guide on applying Front Matter defaults to jekyll-archives pages
Sources:
- https://github.com/mmistakes/minimal-mistakes/issues/2465#issuecomment-604839346
- 8685c1ecd9
* Update CHANGELOG and history
2020-03-30 16:17:45 -04:00
30 lines
328 B
Text
# Vim
*~
*.sw[p_]
# Sublime Text
*.sublime-project
*.sublime-workspace
# Ruby Gem
*.gem
.bundle
Gemfile.lock
**/vendor/bundle
# Node.js and NPM
node_modules
npm-debug.log*
package-lock.json
codekit-config.json
# macOS
.DS_Store
# Jekyll generated files
.jekyll-cache
.jekyll-metadata
.sass-cache
_asset_bundler_cache
_site | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Jordan Walker-Pearlman
Jordan Walker-Pearlman (born June 24, 1967) is an American film director, screenwriter, film producer, and executive.
Early life
Walker-Pearlman was born in New York City, and is the nephew of actor Gene Wilder with whom he lived for a period of time in childhood.
Career
Walker-Pearlman is best known for the 2000 film The Visit, for which he was nominated for two Independent Spirit Awards (One for Directing and one for Writing the Screenplay) and the movie four.
His 2005 film, Constellation, starring Gabrielle Union, Zoe Saldana, and Billy Dee Williams, premiered at the Pan African Film Festival, Roxbury Film Festival, Black Filmmaker Magazine Film Festival, and the Chicago International Film Festival. It also had a special premiere at the Kwa Mashu Film Festival in South Africa with both director and actress Gabrielle Union present for ten days to open the movie theater at the Arts Centre in the Kwa Mashu Township.
Both films won the Audience Award at the Urbanworld Film Festival in their respective years.
Personal life
In 2015, Walker-Pearlman married screenwriter Elizabeth Hunter.
On February 3, 2020, he wrote an op-ed for the Los Angeles Times calling on the Motion Picture Academy to recognize the "cultural violence" of historical racism in American movies in its new Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles and explained his years earlier decision to decline an invitation to membership in the organization. The op-ed was the first of several that year that appeared to influence AMPAS to dedicate several exhibits to this history.
In 2020, Walker-Pearlman purchased his late uncle Gene Wilder's house from Elon Musk and the property will be featured in the upcoming semi-autobiographical film The Requiem Boogie.
He is the co-founder of MoJo Global Arts which he left in June 2021 to become founder of the film production company HarlemHollywood. | WIKI |
Every time you upload information on a web hosting server, it will take a certain amount of space on the hard disk drive depending on its particular size. In the event that you have a script-driven website which stores its data in a database, it will need more disk space, the more people use it. For example, in case you have a message board, the greater number of responses people write, the larger the database will get. E-mail messages, especially ones which have attachments, also need some space in the website hosting account. The disk space quota you will get with each cloud hosting supplier is the amount of data you may have at any given moment, and this features site files, email messages plus databases. Similarly, a home PC has a hard disk and the computer software installed on it along with all documents or music files that you create or download take some storage space, which can't exceed the full capacity of your hard disk.
Disk Space in Cloud Hosting
In order to suit the processing potential behind our cloud website hosting plans, we've considered and implemented the very best solution regarding the disk space - your account is not generated using just one server, but on a cluster platform. As a result, what we have developed is a large collection of servers which is focused on the file storage only, so that you should never be worried about running out of hard drive space and having to migrate to a new server since your current one cannot accommodate more data. Whenever an additional space is required, we simply add extra machines to the cluster, so the hard disk space is practically unlimited. Of course, all our cloud hosting plans are meant to be employed for sites, not for a repository of big files. We have separate machines for the databases as well as the e-mail messages.
Disk Space in Semi-dedicated Servers
Owing to the fact that all of our semi-dedicated server packages are pretty powerful, we have decided by no means to restrict the disk space attribute when we have created them. Our understanding is that when you use a powerful plan, it is very likely that you've got a large amount of web site info, so each and every semi-dedicated server plan comes with limitless hdd space, which will allow you to concentrate on enhancing your web sites and not worrying whether you will fit within a quota. Your website hosting account will be created on a cloud website hosting platform where the files, databases and emails use their own groups of servers, therefore not only will the machines operate more efficiently for the reason that just one type of system processes will operate on them, but also you will never have to worry about the hdd storage because we will install as many servers or hard disks to each cluster as needed.
Disk Space in VPS Servers
Our VPS servers have disk space quotas proportional to the computing power that you will get with each package. Using a higher plan, for example, it is more likely you'll host many different domain names or a big website, that is why the disk space increases as you upgrade your package. If you use the Hepsia hosting Control Panel, all domain names will share the storage, and if you pick DirectAdmin or cPanel, you'll be able to set up separate website hosting accounts and preset a limited amount of the overall VPS space for each individual domain. You can even allot hard disk storage from one domain to another if necessary. If you purchase a particular VPS package and then you need additional space at some point, you can upgrade to a higher-end plan with no more than a few mouse-clicks from your billing section. The additional resources will be added to your current plan without any downtime or content migration.
Disk Space in Dedicated Servers
With all the hdd storage that we supply with all of our Linux dedicated web hosting plans, we guarantee that you can operate any type of site irrespective of its volume. You'll get a minimum of 500 GB storage, that you're able to use the way you see fit - even for private file storage. As standard, you'll be given two separate hard disks, that can be used separately, so as to make use of their overall capacity, or they can be in RAID and one will be a copy the other in real time to warrant that you won't waste crucial data in case of a hardware fail. You're also given the opportunity to put extra hard drives and increase the overall hard disk space for your use even more. This will allow you to make a file or image depository portal without a problem if you would like. Using the cPanel and DirectAdmin hosting Control Panels that we provide, you can make an individual account for each domain that you host on your server and set an allowance for the storage it will use. If you choose the 3rd option, our custom-built Hepsia Control Panel, all of the domains will be operated in one place and they'll share the total server hard disk storage space. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Lady Gaga says she'll be back for American Horror Story's next season
Lady Gaga will return for American Horror Story's sixth season, The Hollywood Reporter reports. In an interview with the New York radio station Z100, Gaga confirmed she'd be heading back to Ryan Murphy's campy horror series, but she wouldn't give any details about what form that appearance would take. Back in January, Lady Gaga picked up a Golden Globe for her role as the blood-thirsty Countess on AHS, so it makes she would return in some way. Still, as FX hasn't made any formal casting announcements for the season, it's unclear if Gaga will have a full role or just a cameo. Each season of American Horror Story reportedly takes place in the same universe, but it's unusual for the same character to appear in more than one season. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Doublesixes
Doublesixes is the name. I alternate between Southern California and Patagonia. Enjoy science, literature, art and most of all music. I play guitars, basses, percussion and some keyboards. I record my original material.
Wikipedia is a very important tool in my life and use it on a daily basis. As such, I would like to be a contributing part in this wonderful global effort. If my collaboration may be of some use to others, then it would be rewarding and time well spent. Thanks for your time! | WIKI |
30th Luna Awards
The 30th Luna Awards were held on August 26, 2012 at the Quezon City Sports Club and they honored the best Filipino films of the year 2011.
The list of nominations were released on August 3, 2012. Thelma received the most nominations with nine. Manila Kingpin: The Asiong Salonga Story followed with eight.
Both Manila Kingpin: The Asiong Salonga Story and Thelma dominated the ceremony. The former garnered six awards, including the Best Picture while the latter won four awards.
Winners and nominees
Note:
Tikoy Aguiluz refused to take directorial credit after the producers re-shot, re-edited and re-scored the film without his knowledge and consent. | WIKI |
Contributing to RLlib
Development Install
You can develop RLlib locally without needing to compile Ray by using the setup-dev.py script. This sets up links between the rllib dir in your git repo and the one bundled with the ray package. However if you have installed ray from source using [these instructions](https://docs.ray.io/en/latest/installation.html) then do not this as these steps should have already created this symlink. When using this script, make sure that your git branch is in sync with the installed Ray binaries (i.e., you are up-to-date on master and have the latest wheel installed.)
API Stability
Objects and methods annotated with @PublicAPI or @DeveloperAPI have the following API compatibility guarantees:
ray.rllib.utils.annotations.PublicAPI(obj)[source]
Annotation for documenting public APIs.
Public APIs are classes and methods exposed to end users of RLlib. You can expect these APIs to remain stable across RLlib releases.
Subclasses that inherit from a @PublicAPI base class can be assumed part of the RLlib public API as well (e.g., all trainer classes are in public API because Trainer is @PublicAPI).
In addition, you can assume all trainer configurations are part of their public API as well.
ray.rllib.utils.annotations.DeveloperAPI(obj)[source]
Annotation for documenting developer APIs.
Developer APIs are classes and methods explicitly exposed to developers for the purposes of building custom algorithms or advanced training strategies on top of RLlib internals. You can generally expect these APIs to be stable sans minor changes (but less stable than public APIs).
Subclasses that inherit from a @DeveloperAPI base class can be assumed part of the RLlib developer API as well (e.g., all policy optimizers are developer API because PolicyOptimizer is @DeveloperAPI).
Features
Feature development, discussion, and upcoming priorities are tracked on the GitHub issues page (note that this may not include all development efforts).
Benchmarks
A number of training run results are available in the rl-experiments repo, and there is also a list of working hyperparameter configurations in tuned_examples. Benchmark results are extremely valuable to the community, so if you happen to have results that may be of interest, consider making a pull request to either repo.
Contributing Algorithms
These are the guidelines for merging new algorithms into RLlib:
• Contributed algorithms (rllib/contrib):
• must subclass Trainer and implement the _train() method
• must include a lightweight test (example) to ensure the algorithm runs
• should include tuned hyperparameter examples and documentation
• should offer functionality not present in existing algorithms
• Fully integrated algorithms (rllib/agents) have the following additional requirements:
• must fully implement the Trainer API
• must offer substantial new functionality not possible to add to other algorithms
• should support custom models and preprocessors
• should use RLlib abstractions and support distributed execution
Both integrated and contributed algorithms ship with the ray PyPI package, and are tested as part of Ray’s automated tests. The main difference between contributed and fully integrated algorithms is that the latter will be maintained by the Ray team to a much greater extent with respect to bugs and integration with RLlib features.
How to add an algorithm to contrib
It takes just two changes to add an algorithm to contrib. A minimal example can be found here. First, subclass Trainer and implement the _init and _train methods:
class RandomAgent(Trainer):
"""Policy that takes random actions and never learns."""
_name = "RandomAgent"
_default_config = with_common_config({
"rollouts_per_iteration": 10,
})
@override(Trainer)
def _init(self, config, env_creator):
self.env = env_creator(config["env_config"])
@override(Trainer)
def _train(self):
rewards = []
steps = 0
for _ in range(self.config["rollouts_per_iteration"]):
obs = self.env.reset()
done = False
reward = 0.0
while not done:
action = self.env.action_space.sample()
obs, r, done, info = self.env.step(action)
reward += r
steps += 1
rewards.append(reward)
return {
"episode_reward_mean": np.mean(rewards),
"timesteps_this_iter": steps,
}
Second, register the trainer with a name in contrib/registry.py.
def _import_random_agent():
from ray.rllib.contrib.random_agent.random_agent import RandomAgent
return RandomAgent
def _import_random_agent_2():
from ray.rllib.contrib.random_agent_2.random_agent_2 import RandomAgent2
return RandomAgent2
CONTRIBUTED_ALGORITHMS = {
"contrib/RandomAgent": _import_random_trainer,
"contrib/RandomAgent2": _import_random_trainer_2,
# ...
}
After registration, you can run and visualize training progress using rllib train:
rllib train --run=contrib/RandomAgent --env=CartPole-v0
tensorboard --logdir=~/ray_results | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Summary & Study Guide - Resurrection Science - Lee Tang - ebook
Opis
Prevention and Reversal of Species Extinction The must-read summary of “Resurrection Science: Conservation, De-Extinction and the Precarious Future of Wild Things,” by M. R. O’Connor. Many species are threatened with extinction because of anthropogenic global warming, degraded habitats, overexploitation, disease, and invasive species. In Resurrection Science, journalist M. R. O’Connor introduces us to renowned scientists who try to use expensive, high-tech, and often controversial efforts to save endangered and even extinct species. Each chapter focuses on a unique species like the northern white rhinoceros, the passenger pigeons, and the Tanzanian rainforest spray toads, incorporating their natural history and evolutionary biology and raising many ethical, environmental, and philosophical issues on this new science. This guide includes: Book Summary—The summary helps you understand the key ideas and recommendations. Online Videos—On-demand replay of public lectures, and seminars on the topics covered in the c, hapter. Value-added of this guide: Save time Understand key concepts Expand your knowledge Read this book to understand the science and ethics of the prevention and reversal of species extinction. tags: de-extinction, dna, endangered species, neanderthal, genome, selective breeding, unextinct species, cloning, stem cells, embryonic cells, genetic engineering, genetic modification, gene editing, CRISPR, synthetic genomes, mass extinctions, anthropocene, reintroduction, climate change, passenger pigeons, biotechnology, american chestnut, Sixth Extinction, frozen zoo, captive breeding, spray toad, puma. panthers, genetic restoration, hybrid, White Sands pupfish, Lost River, Contemporary evolutions, whales, Bay of Fundy, Basques, Hawaiian crow, ʻalalā, rhinos, Ol Pejeta Conservancy, Allee Effect, chimera, Global Seed Vault
Ebooka przeczytasz w aplikacjach Legimi na:
Androidzie
iOS
czytnikach certyfikowanych
przez Legimi
Windows
10
Windows
Phone
Liczba stron: 67
Odsłuch ebooka (TTS) dostepny w abonamencie „ebooki+audiobooki bez limitu” w aplikacjach Legimi na:
Androidzie
iOS
Summary &Study Guide
ResurrectionScience
Conservation, De-Extinction and the Precarious Future of Wild Things
Lee Tang
Title: Summary & Study Guide - Resurrection Science
Subtitle: Conservation, De-Extinction and the Precarious Future of Wild Things
Author: Lee Tang
Publisher: LMT Press (lmtpress.wordpress.com)
Copyright © 2018 by Lee Tang
All rights reserved. Aside from brief quotations for media coverage and reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced or distributed in any form without the author’s permission. Thank you for supporting authors and a diverse, creative culture by purchasing this book and complying with copyright laws.
First Edition: June 2018
Issued in print and electronic formats.
ISBN: 9781988970103 (ebook)
ISBN-13: 9781720361336 (paperback)
ISBN-10: 1720361339 (paperback)
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: The publisher and author make no representations or warranties regarding the accuracy or completeness of these contents and disclaim all warranties such as warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. The website addresses in the book were correct at the time going to print. However, the publisher and author are not responsible for the content of third-party websites, which are subject to change.
To my wife, Lillian, who is the source of energy and love for everything I do, and to Andrew and Amanda: watching you grow up has been a privilege.
BOOKS BY LEE TANG
For a complete list of books by Lee Tang and information about the author, visit Lee Tang’s site.
CONTENTS
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Books by Lee Tang
Synopsis
Introduction
1. An Ark of Toads
2. Tracking Chimeras in the Fakahatchee Strand
3. Exuberant Evolution in a Desert Fish
4. Mysteries of the Whale Called 1334
5. Freezing Crows
6. Metaphysical Rhinos
7. Regenesis of the Passenger Pigeon
8. Nice to Meet You Neanderthal
Coda
Index
About the Author
Plea from the Author
SYNOPSIS
“Resurrection Science: Conservation, De-Extinction and the Precarious Future of Wild Things,” by M. R. O’Connor.
Book Abstract
The book introduces us to renowned scientists who try to use expensive, high-tech, and often controversial efforts to save endangered and even extinct species. Each chapter focuses on a unique species like the northern white rhinoceros, the passenger pigeons, and the Tanzanian rainforest spray toads, incorporating their natural history and evolutionary biology and raising many ethical, environmental, and philosophical issues on this new science.
Author
Maura R. O’Connor is a freelance foreign correspondent and a graduate of Columbia’s Graduate School of Journalism. Her reporting has appeared in Foreign Policy, Slate, The Atlantic, Salon, Nautilus and The New Yorker. She was awarded a Knight Science Journalism Fellow at MIT in 2016.
Important Note About This Guide
This guide is a summary and not a critique/review of the book. The summary may not be organized chapter-wise but summarizes the book’s main ideas, viewpoints, and arguments. It is NOT meant to be a replacement, but a supplement to help you understand the book’s key ideas and recommendations.
INTRODUCTION
There have been five mass extinction events in Earth’s history. In the Fifth Extinction 66 million years ago, 76 percent of all species died. It took millions of years to recover.
In the early 1990s. scientists predicted that we’re on track for a human-caused mass extinction called the Sixth Extinction. They estimated 27,000 species would become extinct every year and 50 percent of all species would become extinct in the twenty-first century.
The good news is that the scientist had overestimated these extinction rates. The actual extinctions have been fewer than expected. But the forces driving extinction remain—anthropogenic global warming, degraded habitats, overexploitation, disease, and invasive species. For those species that can’t adapt fast enough to changing environments, their survival depends on human intervention, from captive breeding and preserving their DNA to frozen zoos to de-extinction. Scientists have not only cloned endangered animals, they are also working to resurrect animals that are already extinct such as mammoths and passenger pigeons.
But the actions we take can affect the evolution of species. The ethical question is whether humans, knowing their evolutionary impact on species, should engineer evolution in the direction they want. This might include imbuing the species with characteristics to help it survive environmental impacts, translocating the species, and creating new, more resilient hybrids.
ONLINE VIDEOS
Sixth Mass Extinction (Full Documentary)
Last Extinction
De-Extinction: Resurrecting the Past
1
AN ARK OF TOADS
Nectophrynoides asperginis
At the back of the reptile house In Bronx Zoo, New York is a room full of terrariums. Each terrarium contains dozens of yellow frogs climbing over green moss. The only people allowed inside this room are the care-taking herpetologists. The frogs inside this biosecure room are rare, one of two populations left in the world. They had come from a waterfall in the Tanzanian rainforest, now the site of a hydroelectric dam. The species is confined to these terrariums, kept hydrated with an artificial misting system and fed specially bred insects.
TANZANIA HAD BEEN underinvested in modern energy. Only 39 percent of people in urban areas and 2 percent in rural areas have electricity. Power outages were frequent, occurring without notice multiple times a week, disrupting business and school activities. The lack of electricity is the root of poverty because reliable power is important for education, productivity, and job creation.
The Kihansi River in the Udzungwa Mountains doesn’t shrink during the dry season. The waterfall inside the gorge is so powerful year-round that the Tanzanian government considered it a site for a hydropower project in 1984.
In 1990, the World Bank planned a development aid package for the Kihansi hydropower project. They had commissioned an environmental impact assessment (EIA) in 1991, but the assessment was determined to be inadequate by a group of European donors. In 1994, they hired a team of biologists to conduct a new EIA. The biologists lived in tents around the gorge, close to the thousands of workers from around the world hired to work on the dam.
In December 1995, the EIA team issued their assessment, reporting no new or endemic species in the forests. But they put in a caveat that they couldn’t reach the spray zone of the waterfalls because of the steep terrain. The team would continue to monitor Kihansi during the dam construction.
In December 1996, the team discovered a new path to get up the waterfall. The spray zone of the waterfall had a sloping grassland meadow and sunshine out in the open. Within minutes, a biologist named Kim Howell pulled out a yellow frog. It was a new species. This species would become extinct because of the hydropower project.
UNTIL RECENTLY, NO one believed species could go extinct, so humans never cared much about whether species disappeared. It wasn’t until the early twentieth century that an environmental ethic emerged, leading to the United States passing the Endangered Species Act in 1973. But the logic of the emerging environmental movement and the species protection legislation was flawed because they believed the value of nature was its usefulness to humans. A philosopher and environmentalist named Richard Sylvan pointed out the flaw in his paper called “Is There a Need for a New, and Environmental, Ethic?” by presenting a thought experiment. Imagine you are the only human on earth, and you destroy every living thing before you die. Would you be acting immorally? If you believe the value of nature is its usefulness to humans, the answer is no. But we feel destroying the world would be wrong. So usefulness to humans is not a satisfactory basis for deciding on what is environmentally desirable. Nature must have its own value that merited our moral concerns. This concept of “intrinsic value” formed the basis of environmental ethics.
Despite the efforts of the environmental pragmatists, many moral puzzles remain unsolved. Should species conservation take priority over the needs of humans? When Kim Howell pull the spray toad from the waterfall, he opened the Pandora’s box.
Credit: (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) ©2013 John P. Clare
HOWELL CALLED THE spray toad Nectophrynoides asperginis | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
1979 Chicago blizzard
The Chicago blizzard of 1979 was a major blizzard that affected northern Illinois and northwest Indiana on January 13–14, 1979. It was one of the largest Chicago snowstorms in history at the time, with 21 in of snowfall in the two-day period. Only 2 in to 4 in of snow was expected but by the end of Sunday, January 14, the depth of snow on the ground peaked at 29 in. The blizzard lasted for a total of 38 hours. At its peak, wind gusts reached speeds of 39 mi per hour. Five people died during the blizzard, with approximately 15 others seriously injured due to conditions created by the storm. One of the five deaths came when a snowplow driver went berserk, hitting 34 cars and ramming a man.
O'Hare Airport was closed and all flights were grounded for 96 hours, from January 13 to 15. The cold weather and snowfall throughout the rest of January and February resulted in frozen tracks throughout the Chicago 'L' system. Consequently, commuters overwhelmed the capacity of CTA buses, causing bus commutes that normally would have taken 30 to 45 minutes to take up to several hours. To avoid huge snowdrifts in the streets, the overcrowded buses were obliged to take numerous detours, adding additional time to the commute.
After the storm
Snow remained on the ground until March 6, a full fifty-one days. Deployment of plows was significantly delayed, and when they finally appeared they struggled to keep up with the snowfall. Much of the snow remained unmoved throughout the next two months, causing ongoing public transit delays and significant problems with trash collection. The city's inadequate response to the blizzard was blamed primarily on mayor Michael Bilandic, who had assumed the post after the 1976 death of Richard J. Daley. Newspaper articles at the time blasted Bilandic. Jane Byrne, Bilandic's main opposition in the Democratic primary, capitalized on this and defeated Bilandic in the February 27 primary, eventually becoming the first female mayor of Chicago. | WIKI |
How to add calendar Gadget to Jira Dashboard
To add the Calendar gadget to your Jira dashboard, follow these steps:
1. Click "Add a new gadget" on your dashboard
2. Search for the gadget named "Calendar"
3. Click "Add Gadget"
4. Select "Calendar" from the list of options
5. Select the desired calendar view
6. Click "Save"
Now you can make a read-only dashboard gadget. The data on it will be available for viewing only.
How to add calendar Gadget to Confluence
You can publish your calendars on important pages in confluence. For example, the schedule of vacations or meetings will always be in front of your eyes.
To get started, follow these steps.
1. Start adding calendar gadget on your Jira dashboard.
2. Copy the xml link to your gadget to use it in Сonfluence:
3. Go to external gadgets settings in your Сonfluence. https://BASEURL/admin/viewgadgetdirectory.action?activeTab=gadgets
Where BASEURL is URL of your Confluence.
4. Past Xml link from point 2 to “Gadget Specification URL" field and create new external gadget.
5. Create a new page in confluence and try inserting your new macro. It will be available in the menu item "Other Macros". | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Deep western boundary current east of Abaco: Mean structure and transport
Harry L. Bryden, William E. Johns, Peter M. Saunders
Research output: Contribution to journalArticle
41 Scopus citations
Abstract
To assess whether the southward deep water flow of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation can be monitored by measuring the deep western boundary current, the structure and transport of the time-averaged deep western boundary current at 26.5N are estimated from long current meter records deployed in a series of 7 mooring deployments over 11 years from March 1986 to June 1997 east of Abaco Island in the Bahamas. Time-averaged meridional velocities for each current meter record are combined into estimates of mean velocity at 3 to 10 depths at 10 mooring locations extending eastward from the continental slope out to an offshore distance of 580 km. The mean deep western boundary current below 1000 m depth exhibits a core of strong southward velocities above 15 cm s-1 at an offshore distance of about 55 km and extends out to an offshore distance of about 160 km with an estimated total southward transport of 34.6 Sv. We estimate the error in this time-averaged transport to be 3.7 Sv due to uncertainties in the mean velocities due to temporal variability and up to 4 Sv due to the choice of methods to integrate spatially the time-averaged velocities across the section. Offshore from 160 km out to at least 580 km, there is broad, slow northward flow that recirculates deep water northward. While the mooring array is not sufficient to accurately measure the northward recirculation, a simple spatial average of the time-averaged currents indicates a northward recirculation of about 13 Sv in this offshore region. Daily estimates of the deep western boundary current from two arrays with reasonably complete coverage of the deep western boundary current suggest that the instantaneous boundary current has a width of about 100 km, naturally narrower than the mean boundary current. Daily southward transports vary between 5 and 75 Sv but the array does not fully resolve the boundary current during offshore meander events that occur about 20% of the time. We conclude that it is problematic to monitor the net southward flow of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation with boundary current measurements at 26.5N because the narrow deep western boundary current transport has substantially larger transport than the net southward flow and the offshore northward recirculation is broad and diffuse so that accurate estimates of the recirculation would require an extensive array of moored instruments.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)35-57
Number of pages23
JournalJournal of Marine Research
Volume63
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 1 2005
Fingerprint
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Oceanography
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
김치
Etymology
In most dialects, Middle Korean was regularly palatalized to, whence modern southern dialectal. However, southern Korean dialects also palatalized to, which the Seoul prestige dialect did not. Seoul speakers hence hypercorrected to to avoid sounding "southern", whence modern Standard.
This word displaced the older term (whence, now only used in compound words and the southwestern Jeolla dialect), probably because regular sound change rendered it monosyllabic and caused it to have a large number of homophones.
Noun
* 1) kimchi, a dish made with fermented, seasoned vegetables
Interjection
* 1) cheese said while being photographed | WIKI |
Боремся с дубликатами с помощью Roslyn API
Мы с вами можем получить неявную ситуацию, когда есть два класса помеченных атрибутом Comand с одинаковым названием команды. В таком случае будет выбираться первый найденный класс, что является не совсем очевидным поведением.
Совершенно очевидно, что может быть всего один атрибут с определённым названием. И учитывая это, нам нужно придумать что-то, что поможет избежать ошибок. Один из вариантов – сделать автоматический анализатор кода, который будет проверять наш проект на наличие команд с одним и тем же именем.
Наш анализатор будет строится на основе Roslyn API. Visual Studio умеет запускать пользовательские анализаторы кода, которые могут проводить те или иные проверки. Анализатор доступен как во время компиляции, так и во время написания кода. Получившаяся у нас утилита подсвечивает классы, которые помечены дублирующимся атрибутом. Делает она это сразу после того, как мы добавляем атрибут. Выглядит это так.
Если навести на ошибку, то мы увидим текст о том, что команда с таким именем уже есть. И это действительно так. Пососедству я сделал класс и пометил его командой с таким же именем.
Начинать разработку своего анализатора нужно с запуска установщика Visual Studio 2017 и доустановки следующих компонентов:
• Разработка расширений VisualStudio:
• SDK-пакет для .Net Compiler Platform;
• Кроссплатформенная разработка .Net Core;
После этого, при создании проекта вам будет доступен шаблон “Analyzer With Code Fix”. При его создании, вы получите исчерпывающий шаблон вместе с Unit тестами.
С помощью предоставленного нами API, мы можем создавать проверки, которые могут содержать исправления кода. Т.е если мы нашли ошибку, то мы можем предложить автоматическое исправление. В нашем случае, я отказался от этого и мы ограничились только сообщением об ошибке.
После того, как анализатор готов, вы можете его скомпилировать и добавить его в разделе “Ссылки” вашего проекта, далее он начнёт работать.
Листинг WendingMachine/Commands/Commands/CommandsAnalyzer.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Collections.Immutable;
using System.Linq;
using System.Threading;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.CSharp.Syntax;
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Diagnostics;
namespace Commands
{
[DiagnosticAnalyzer(LanguageNames.CSharp)]
public class CommandsAnalyzer : DiagnosticAnalyzer
{
public const string DiagnosticId = "CommandDublicate";
private static readonly LocalizableString Title = "Command Dublicate";
private static readonly LocalizableString MessageFormat = "Есть команда с таким же названием";
private static readonly LocalizableString Description = "В проекте есть команда с таким же названием";
private const string Category = "Error";
private static DiagnosticDescriptor Rule = new DiagnosticDescriptor(DiagnosticId, Title, MessageFormat, Category, DiagnosticSeverity.Error, isEnabledByDefault: true, description: Description);
public override ImmutableArray<DiagnosticDescriptor> SupportedDiagnostics { get { return ImmutableArray.Create(Rule); } }
public static readonly string AttributeName = "CommandAttribute";
public override void Initialize(AnalysisContext context)
{
context.RegisterSymbolAction(AnalyzeSymbol, SymbolKind.NamedType);
}
private static void AnalyzeSymbol(SymbolAnalysisContext context)
{
var namedTypeSymbol = (INamedTypeSymbol)context.Symbol;
var commands = new GetAllCommandsVisitor(namedTypeSymbol);
commands.Visit(context.Compilation.GlobalNamespace);
var declaredAttributes = namedTypeSymbol.GetAttributes();
foreach (var attribute in declaredAttributes)
{
if (attribute.AttributeClass.Name == AttributeName)
{
if (commands.Commands.Contains(attribute.ConstructorArguments[0].ToCSharpString()))
{
var diagnostic = Diagnostic.Create(Rule, namedTypeSymbol.Locations[0], namedTypeSymbol.Name);
context.ReportDiagnostic(diagnostic);
}
}
}
}
}
public class GetAllCommandsVisitor : SymbolVisitor
{
public List<string> Commands = new List<string>();
public INamedTypeSymbol Ignored;
public GetAllCommandsVisitor(INamedTypeSymbol ignored)
{
Ignored = ignored;
}
public override void VisitNamespace(INamespaceSymbol symbol)
{
Parallel.ForEach(symbol.GetMembers(), s => s.Accept(this));
}
public override void VisitNamedType(INamedTypeSymbol symbol)
{
if (symbol != Ignored)
{
foreach (var attribute in symbol.GetAttributes())
{
if (attribute.AttributeClass.Name == CommandsAnalyzer.AttributeName)
{
Commands.Add(attribute.ConstructorArguments[0].ToCSharpString());
}
}
}
}
}
}
На первый взгляд, листинг довольно сложный. Но на самом деле это конечно же не так. Мы просто имеем некий код, который выполняется для каждого класса (фактически для каждого именованного типа) и некоторую обвязку, для его выполнения.
В корне у нас лежит этот метод.
Фрагмент 2.45
public override void Initialize(AnalysisContext context)
{
context.RegisterSymbolAction(AnalyzeSymbol, SymbolKind.NamedType);
}
Он сообщает ядру о том, что на каждый тип, определенный в проекте, к которому подключен этот анализатор, нужно выполнить специальный код, который может предоставить диагностическую информацию, а в нашем случае ошибку. С помощью SymbolKind мы можем указать какого вида сущности мы хотим анализировать.
Фрагмент 2.46
private static void AnalyzeSymbol(SymbolAnalysisContext context)
{
var namedTypeSymbol = (INamedTypeSymbol)context.Symbol;
var commands = new GetAllCommandsVisitor(namedTypeSymbol);
commands.Visit(context.Compilation.GlobalNamespace);
var declaredAttributes = namedTypeSymbol.GetAttributes();
foreach (var attribute in declaredAttributes)
{
if (attribute.AttributeClass.Name == AttributeName)
{
if (commands.Commands.Contains(attribute.ConstructorArguments[0].ToCSharpString()))
{
var diagnostic = Diagnostic.Create(Rule, namedTypeSymbol.Locations[0], namedTypeSymbol.Name);
context.ReportDiagnostic(diagnostic);
}
}
}
}
Логика очень проста, с помощью посетителя мы просматриваем рекурсивно всю сборку и ищем типы, у которых есть атрибут с названием “Command” и собираем все названия команд, игнорируя команду типа, который сейчас анализируем.
Далее, просто проверяем, что если на анализируемом типе висит атрибут с названием команды, которая уже есть в другому месте, мы составляем репорт о том, что ошибка в такой-то точке с такими-то подробностями.
Код нашего визитера и вообще схема взаимодействия с деревом сущностей может оказаться вам интересной. Это хороший пример использования паттерна Visitor.
Фрагмент 2.47
public class GetAllCommandsVisitor : SymbolVisitor
{
public List<string> Commands = new List<string>();
public INamedTypeSymbol Ignored;
public GetAllCommandsVisitor(INamedTypeSymbol ignored)
{
Ignored = ignored;
}
public override void VisitNamespace(INamespaceSymbol symbol)
{
Parallel.ForEach(symbol.GetMembers(), s => s.Accept(this));
}
public override void VisitNamedType(INamedTypeSymbol symbol)
{
if (symbol != Ignored)
{
foreach (var attribute in symbol.GetAttributes())
{
if (attribute.AttributeClass.Name == CommandsAnalyzer.AttributeName)
{
Commands.Add(attribute.ConstructorArguments[0].ToCSharpString());
}
}
}
}
}
Roslyn API очень богат и я не берусь описывать его в этом томе. Я надеюсь, что описанное здесь, вас заинтересует и раскроет идею о том, что нужно пытаться бороться с неявными местами и делать всё возможное, чтобы помочь избежать ошибки тем, кто будет работать после вас.
Если вы нашли ошибку, пожалуйста выделите её и нажмите Ctrl+Enter.
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked * | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The top 10 images are those that were seen as “good” pictures, while the bottom 10 were the “bad” pictures.
Pigeons could be art critics yet, according to a new study which shows that like humans, pigeons can be trained to tell the difference between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ paintings. According to Professor Shigeru Watanabe from Keio University in Japan, pigeons use both color and pattern cues to judge the paintings’ beauty as defined by humans, as well as their texture.
The concept of beauty is based on two properties. Firstly, humans derive pleasure from viewing aesthetically pleasing art and experience negative emotions from aesthetically unappealing art. Secondly, we can tell the difference between ‘good’ or beautiful paintings and ‘bad’ or ugly paintings and therefore form a concept of what is aesthetically pleasing. Professor Watanabe’s research looks at pigeons’ ability to distinguish between paintings based on their beauty; in other words, can they form a concept of beauty similar to that of humans, and if so, how do they do it?
A mixture of watercolor and pastel paintings by children from a school in Tokyo were classified by the school’s art teacher and 10 other adults as either ‘good’ or ‘bad’. Paintings were considered ‘good’ when the images were clear and discernable, and viewers could see the specific characteristics of the subjects in the paintings. Pigeons from the Japanese Society for Racing Pigeons were placed in a chamber where they could see a computer monitor displaying the children’s art.
In the first series of experiments, four pigeons were trained to recognize ‘good’ paintings by being rewarded with food if they pecked at the ‘good’ pictures. Pecking at ‘bad’ pictures was not rewarded. They were then presented with a mixture of new and old ‘good’ and ‘bad’ paintings and the researchers noted which paintings they pecked at. Pigeons consistently pecked at the ‘good’ paintings more often than at the ‘bad’ paintings. When the paintings’ sizes were reduced, the birds discriminated just as well between the two types of paintings. However, when they were presented with grayscale paintings, they were no longer able to distinguish between the paintings, indicating that they use color cues for discrimination. When the paintings were processed into mosaics, the pigeons also found it difficult to distinguish between the paintings, showing that they also use pattern cues to make their beauty judgments. Hiding part of the picture did not affect the pigeons’ ability to tell the difference between paintings.
In the second series of experiments, Professor Watanabe looked at whether pigeons could discriminate between watercolor and pastel paintings. Eight new pigeons were trained to recognize the texture of paintings – four were trained to peck at watercolor paintings and four were trained to peck at pastel paintings. As in the previous experiment, when presented with a mixture of new and old paintings, pigeons used both color and shape cues to accurately discriminate between textures.
Taken together, these experiments suggest that humans and pigeons use similar visual cues to identify ‘good’ paintings and painting texture. Although there is a considerable difference in humans’ and pigeons’ brain architectures, they can function in similar ways to make complex visual discriminations.
Professor Watanabe concludes: “Artistic endeavors have been long thought to be limited to humans, but this experiment shows that, with training, pigeons are capable of distinguishing between ‘good’ and ‘bad’ paintings. This research does not deal with advanced artistic judgments, but it shows that pigeons are able to acquire the ability to judge beauty similar to that of humans.”
Via Science Daily | FINEWEB-EDU |
Easy ways to fix the Yahoo weather app not working.
Yahoo weather app is one of the most popular weather forecasting apps that allows users to collect weather information, including 10-day and 24-hour temperature forecasts Interactive radar, satellite, heat, and wind maps. But many users claimed while using the Yahoo weather app they faced Yahoo weather app not working, freezing, black screen, and long loading issues. So, in this guide, we will cover all ways to fix these problems.
Reasons for the Yahoo weather app not working-
• Temporary bugs.
• You don’t have an internet connection.
• Outdated Yahoo weather app.
• Speed might be too slow.
• Corrupted data and cache.
How to fix the Yahoo Weather app not working problem?
Here we mention some of the easiest steps to get rid from Yahoo Weather app not working problem.
Launch again-
Sometimes temporary bugs create problems like the Yahoo Weather app not working, freezing, and black screen. Temporary bugs are not permanently stored on the app, you only have to close the app to remove these bugs.
Therefore, close the app and then launch it again.
Check your internet connection-
1. Check whether your phone has an active internet connection or not.
2. Make sure you are in the range of your Wi-Fi zone.
3. Try any other network.
See also Best ways to fix BBC iPlayer not working problem.
Check your internet speed-
Poor internet speed takes lots of time to load Yahoo weather app content. As a result, it shows a black screen, freezing, stuck and Yahoo Weather app not working problem.
1. Make sure to check your internet speed on the www.fast.com website.
2. You might be out of the range of your Wi-Fi.
3. Clear all the obstacles between your device and router.
Clear cache and data-
There can be unwanted data and cache stored on your Yahoo Weather app that does not allow the app to work perfectly. So, try to clear all these cache and data from your Yahoo Weather app.
Step 1- Go to the Phone settings.
Step 2- Scroll down, and click on the Apps/Apps manager.
Step 3- Go to the manage apps option.
Step 4- Search for the Yahoo Weather app and select it.
Step 5- Select the clear cache option.
Update Yahoo weather app-
As you know, the outdated app version always conflicts with your device. Also, some features may also not be available on your app.
Step 1- Go to the Play Store/ App Store.
Step 2- Hunt for the Yahoo Weather app.
Step 3- Click on the Update option, if available.
Step 4- Once your app gets updated.
Step 5- Launch the Yahoo weather app.
Reinstall the Yahoo weather app-
Even following the above methods, you still encounter the Yahoo weather app not working problem. Then you only have to reinstall the Yahoo Weather app to fix this.
Step 1- First, uninstall the Yahoo Weather app from your phone.
See also How To Fix Netflix Error Code UI3012
Step 2- Now go to your Play Store or App Store.
Step 3- Search for the Yahoo Weather app and select it from the search result.
Step 4- On the next page, click on the install option.
Step 5- After installing, launch the Yahoo Weather app.
Leave a Comment | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Abstract
High acceptability of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis but challenges in adherence and use: qualitative insights from a phase I trial of intermittent and daily PrEP in at-risk populations in Kenya
Van der Elst EM, Mbogua J, Operario D, Mutua G, Kuo C, Mugo P, Kanungi J, Singh S, Haberer J, Priddy F, Sanders EJ
AIDS Behav. 2013;17
Permenent descriptor
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-012-0317-8
This paper used qualitative methods to explore experiences of men who have sex with men and female sex workers in Nairobi and Mtwapa, Kenya, who used oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention as part of a four-month trial of safety, acceptability and adherence. Fifty-one of 72 volunteers who took part in a randomized, placebo-controlled, blinded trial that compared daily and intermittent dosage of PrEP underwent qualitative assessments after completing the trial. Analyses identified three themes: (i) acceptability of PrEP was high, i.e. side effects were experienced early in the study but diminished over time, however characteristics of pills could improve comfort and use; (ii) social impacts such as stigma, rumors, and relationship difficulties due to being perceived as HIV positive were prevalent; (iii) adherence was challenged by complexities of daily life, in particular post-coital dosing adherence suffered from alcohol use around time of sex, mobile populations, and transactional sex work. These themes resonated across dosing regimens and gender, and while most participants favored the intermittent dosing schedule, those in the intermittent group noted particular challenges in adhering to the post-coital dose. Culturally appropriate and consistent counseling addressing these issues may be critical for PrEP effectiveness. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Dick Rowland
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified one external link on Dick Rowland. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081026071428/http://blackwallstreet.org/bwshistory/bwstulsa1830-1921.a.htm to http://blackwallstreet.org/bwshistory/bwstulsa1830-1921.a.htm
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 08:10, 10 September 2017 (UTC)
Encounter in the elevator
It is alleged that at some time about or after 4 p.m. on May 30, 1921, 19-year-old Dick Rowland, a Black shoeshiner employed at a Main Street shine parlor, entered the only elevator of the nearby Drexel Building at 319 South Main Street to use the top-floor restroom, which was restricted to Black people. He encountered Sarah Page, the 17-year-old white elevator operator on duty. The two likely knew each other at least by sight, as this building was the only one nearby with a restroom which Rowland had express permission to use, and the elevator operated by Page was the only one in the building. A clerk at Renberg's, a clothing store on the first floor of the Drexel, heard what sounded like a woman's scream and saw a young Black man rushing from the building. The clerk went to the elevator and found Page in what he said was a distraught state. Thinking she had been assaulted, he summoned the authorities.
The 2001 Oklahoma Commission Final Report notes that it was unusual for both Rowland and Page to be working downtown on Memorial Day, when most stores and businesses were closed.
"Whether – and to what extent – Dick Rowland and Sarah Page knew each other has long been a matter of speculation. It seems reasonable that they would have least been able to recognize each other on sight, as Rowland would have regularly ridden in Page's elevator on his way to and from the restroom. Others, however, have speculated that the pair might have been lovers – a dangerous and potentially deadly taboo, but not an impossibility. Whether they knew each other or not, it is clear that both Dick Rowland and Sarah Page were downtown on Monday, May 30, 1921 – although this, too, is cloaked in some mystery. On Memorial Day, most – but not all – stores and businesses in Tulsa were closed. Yet, both Rowland and Page were apparently working that day.
Yet in the days and years that followed, many who knew Dick Rowland agreed on one thing: that he would never have been capable of rape."
An explanation offered is that Rowland had tripped as he got onto the elevator, and as he tried to catch his fall, he grabbed onto the arm of Page, who then screamed.
Brief investigation
Although the police questioned Page, no written account of her statement has been found. However, the police determined that what happened between the two teenagers was something less than an assault. The authorities conducted a low-key investigation rather than launching a man-hunt for her alleged assailant. Page told the police that Rowland had grabbed her arm but nothing more and that she would not press charges.
Regardless of whether assault had occurred, Rowland had reason to be fearful. At the time, such an accusation alone put him at risk for attack by angry mobs of white people. Realizing the gravity of the situation, Rowland fled to his mother's house in the Greenwood neighborhood.
Suspect arrested
On the morning after the incident, Henry Carmichael, a white detective, and Henry C. Pack, a Black patrolman, located Rowland on Greenwood Avenue and detained him. Pack was one of two Black officers on the city's police force, which included about 45 officers. Rowland was initially taken to the Tulsa city jail at the corner of First Street and Main Street. Late that day, Police Commissioner J. M. Adkison said he had received an anonymous telephone call threatening Rowland's life. He ordered Rowland transferred to the more secure jail on the top floor of the Tulsa County Courthouse.
Rowland was well known among attorneys and other legal professionals within the city, many of whom knew Rowland through his work as a shoeshiner. Some witnesses later recounted hearing several attorneys defend Rowland in their conversations with one another. One of the men said, "Why, I know that boy, and have known him a good while. That's not in him."
There's more. But shouldn't this article be the main article about him? Doug Weller talk 19:32, 1 January 2021 (UTC)
1921 race riot
Dick Rowland 2600:8804:5A00:6FF0:C1B:CD44:5A9D:D65D (talk) 20:20, 21 February 2023 (UTC)
Sarah Page aged 21 not 17
Though newspapers reported Sarah Page's age as 17 she was in fact 21.
Ref: https://www.centerforpublicsecrets.org/post/the-notorious-sarah-page <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:33, 8 July 2024 (UTC) | WIKI |
Katni South railway station
Katni South railway station (station code: KTES) is a railway station in Katni and part of the West Central Railway. It is on the Prayagraj–Jabalpur section and connects to Katni–Bilaspur line and Katni–Billibari link. | WIKI |
Add an Emergency Number
To ensure that the extension users can make emergency calls at any time, you need to add emergency numbers on Yeastar K2 IPPBX. You can also set an alert to notify the emergency contacts that an emergency call has been dialed.
About this task
Note: Emergency calls have the highest priority. If the trunk used to make emergency calls is busy, the PBX will terminate the ongoing call, and place the emergency call.
Procedure
1. Go to Settings > PBX > Emergency Number, click Add.
2. In the Emergency Number field, enter the emergency number.
3. In the Trunk field, set the trunk to make emergency calls.
1. In the drop-down list, select a trunk.
2. Optional: If the selected trunk needs a prepended number before the emergency number, enter a prepended number in the Prepend field.
For example, if your trunk needs a prepended number 0 before the emergency number 911, users should dial 0911 to make the emergency call. To comply with the user's dialing habit, you can set the Prepend as 0. In this way, users can dial 911 as they usually do.
3. Optional: Click to add another trunk.
Note: If the first trunk cannot work properly, the PBX will use the second trunk to make calls.
4. In the Notification field, select the notification contact.
If someone makes emergency calls through the PBX, the contacts will receive notification calls on their extensions.
1. In the drop-down list, select a contact.
2. Optional: Click to add another contact.
5. Click Save and Apply. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Rambles in Australia (IA ramblesinaustral00grewiala).pdf/256
diminished by such accessories as hock and salmon sandwiches. Then we gathered a bunch of the lovely unfamiliar flowers and started on our return journey, which was varied by our running along Manly Beach, crowded with Sunday pleasure-seekers even in these early spring days.
Sydney is so split up and scattered over its hills that it takes some time for a stranger to realise its extent. All these Australian towns are so extraordinarily well-to-do; there is never anything like our working-class suburbs. "Where do the poor people live?" we used to ask. The obvious answer being that there are no poor.
For us Sydney will always mean Kirribilli Point, and the old house, whose owner called it by the pretty native name of Wyreepi—"Come and stay"—a name eloquent of the unfailing kindness and hospitality within its portals—an old house shuttered and barred against the depredations of the early lawless convict settlers who had helped to build it. The name evokes a mental picture of its red gables and chocolate-coloured walls, with the gravel paths to match; its hedge of grey, closely clipped salt bush, its sloping lawns and tall trees, its beds of sweet peas and stocks, sweetest of spring flowers, the coral-tree its bare boughs hanging with scarlet flowers; and in front the grass sloping to the | WIKI |
@article {IET_Tabkhi_2014, title = {A Power-efficient Real-time Solution for Adaptive Vision}, journal = {IET Computers \& Digital Techniques}, year = {2014}, abstract = {
This study focuses on embedded realisation of adaptive vision algorithms, and illustrates the challenges using mixture of Gaussian (MoG) background subtraction. MoG is a frequently used adaptive vision kernel, for example, for surveillance applications. It involves massive computation and communication demands, which renders a software approach infeasible considering a 1 W power budget. To address these challenges, the authors employ a systematic system-level design approach and first analyse the demands at high-level, explore opportunities for bandwidth reduction, and derive a customised systemlevel specification. Based on the system-level exploration, this study then proposes a communication-centric architecture template that simplifies implementing embedded adaptive vision algorithms. To achieve high efficiency, they propose to separate steaming and algorithm-intrinsic traffic. This allows customising the traffic handling based on role of the data, as
well as simplifying interconnecting multiple heterogeneous nodes. The authors demonstrate the benefits of traffic separation and the communication-centric architecture template based on MoG. They realise MoG on the Zynq-7000 SoC processing 1080p 30 Hz stream in real-time. The MoG processing kernel consists of 77 pipeline stages operating at 148.5 MHz. The authors {\textquoteright} solution is more than 600 {\texttimes} faster than an ARM Cortex-A9 with 666 MHz. It only consumes 151 mW of on-chip power operating in real-time.
}, doi = {10.1049/iet-cdt.2014.0075}, author = {Hamed Tabkhi and Majid Sabbagh and Gunar Schirner} } @conference {Tabkhi_glsvlsi_16, title = {Guiding Power/Quality Exploration for Communication-Intense Stream Processing}, booktitle = {Great Lakes Symposium on VLSI (GLS-VLSI)}, year = {2016}, month = {05/2016}, address = {Boston (MA), US}, author = {Hamed Tabkhi and Majid Sabbagh and Gunar Schirner} } @conference {IESS_sabbagh_2015, title = {Taming the Memory Demand Complexity of Adaptive Vision Algorithms}, booktitle = {IESS}, year = {2015}, address = {Foz do Iguacu}, abstract = {
With the demand for utilizing Adaptive Vision Algorithms (AVAs) in\ embedded devices, serious challenges have been introduced to vision architects.\ AVAs may produce huge model data traffic while continuously training the internal\ model of the stream. This traffic dwarfs the streaming data traffic (e.g. image\ frames), and consequently dominates bandwidth and power requirements posing
great challenges to a low-power embedded implementation. In result, current\ approaches either ignore targeting AVAs, or are limited to low resolutions due to\ not separating the traffic. This paper proposes a systematic approach to tackle the\ architectural complexity of AVAs. The main focus of this paper is to manage the\ huge model data updating traffic of AVAs by proposing a shift from compressing\ streaming data to compressing the model data. The compression of model data\ results in significant reduction of memory accesses leading to a pronounced gain\ in power and performance. This paper also explores the effect of different class\ of compression algorithms (lossy and lossless) on both bandwidth reduction and\ result quality of AVAs. For the purpose of exploration this paper focuses on\ example of Mixture-of-Gaussians (MoG) background subtraction. The results\ demonstrate that a customized lossless algorithms can maintain the quality while\ reducing the bandwidth demand facilitating efficient embedded realization of\ AVAs. In our experiments we achieved the total bandwidth saving of about 69\%\ by applying the Most Significant Bits Selection and BZIP as the first and second\ level model data compression schemes respectively, with only about 15\% quality\ loss according to the Multi-Scale Structual Similarity (MS-SSIM) metric. The\ bandwidth saving would be increased to 75\% by using a custom compressor.
}, author = {Majid Sabbagh and Hamed Tabkhi and Gunar Schirner} } @conference {ASAP_Tabkhi_2015, title = {An Efficient Architecture Solution for Low-Power Real-Time Background Subtraction}, booktitle = {IEEE International Conference on Application-specific Systems, Architectures and Processors (ASAPs)}, year = {2015}, month = {2015}, address = {Toronto, Canada}, abstract = {
Embedded Vision is a rapidly growing market with a host of challenging algorithms. Among vision algorithms, Mixture of Gaussian (MoG) background subtraction is a frequently used kernel involving massive computation. Providing MoG{\textquoteright}s required high computation performance while observing the power limitation of embedded systems poses tremendous challenges for an embedded deployment of MoG.
This paper proposes a customized architecture solution for power-efficient realization of MoG background subtraction operating at Full-HD frame resolution. Our design process benefits from system-level design principles. An SLDL-captured specification (result of high-level explorations) serves as a specification for architecture realization and hand-crafted RTL design. To optimize the architecture, this paper employs a set of optimization techniques including parallelism extraction, algorithm tuning, operation width sizing and deep pipelining. The final MoG implementation consists of 77 pipeline stages operating at 148.5 MHz implemented on a Zynq-7000 SoC. Furthermore, our background subtraction solution is flexible allowing end users to adjust algorithm parameters according to scene complexity. Our results demonstrate a very high efficiency for both indoor and outdoor scenes with a power consumption of less than 500 mW with more than 600x speedup over software implementation over ARM Cortex A9 core.
}, author = {Hamed Tabkhi and Majid Sabbagh and Gunar Schirner} } @article {FCCM_pPoster_Tabkhi_2014, title = {A Power-efficient FPGA-based Mixture-of-Gaussian (MoG) Background Subtraction for Full-HD Resolution}, year = {2014}, publisher = {FCCM}, author = {Hamed Tabkhi and Majid Sabbagh and Gunar Schirner} } @article {DAC_Poster_Tabkhi_2014, title = {Guiding Power/Quality Exploration for Communication-Intense Stream Processing}, year = {2014}, month = {06/2014}, publisher = {51st ACM/EDAC/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC)}, address = {San Francisco, USA}, author = {Hamed Tabkhi and Majid Sabbagh and Gunar Schirner} } | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How to restart a Linux server?
How to restart a Linux server?
It depends on how jenkins was started.
• as service : sudo service jenkins restart ou sudo /etc/init.d/jenkins restart , etc.
• launched with just java -jar: kill it ( kill -9 ), and start it again.
• launched with java -jar but from the supervisor: supervisorctl restart jenkins.
To shut down the system from a terminal session, log in or “su” to the “root” account. Then type “/sbin/shutdown -r now”. It may take several moments for all processes to complete, then Linux will shut down. The computer will restart on its own.It depends on how jenkins was started.
• as service : sudo service jenkins restart ou sudo /etc/init.d/jenkins restart , etc.
• launched with just java -jar: kill it ( kill -9 ), and start it again.
• launched with java -jar but from the supervisor: supervisorctl restart jenkins.
This command will stop all running Shiny processes, disconnect all open connections, and reboot the server. Note that restart will not re-read the Upstart definition in /etc/init/shiny-server.conf .Check the status of Bamboo:
• As root, create the /etc/init.d/bamboo file (code shown below), which will be responsible for starting Bamboo after a reboot (or when invoked manually).
• Make the init script executable:
• Place symbolic links in runlevel directories to start and stop this script automatically.
How to restart the server?
Cloud Servers
• Log in to your control panel and select Cloud Servers from the Servers menu.
• Click on the name of the server you want to restart.
• Click the Restart button at the top right of the page.
• A pop-up window will appear, confirm that you want to restart your server by clicking the Confirm Restart button.
• How do I download Microsoft Office on Linux?
What is the shutdown command in Linux?
shutdown does its job by signaling the init process, asking it to change the runlevel. Runlevel 0 is used to shut down the system, runlevel 6 is used to restart the system, and runlevel 1 is used to put the system into a state where administrative tasks can be performed (mode single user).
How to restart a Linux service?
Enter the restart command. Type sudo systemctl restart service in Terminal, making sure to replace the service part of the command with the service command name, then press ↵ Enter . For example, to restart Apache on Ubuntu Linux, you would type sudo systemctl restart apache2 in Terminal.
How do I restart Ubuntu from the terminal?
Using Terminal
• mise hors tension sudo.
• Stop -h now.
• This command will shut down the system after 1 minute.
• To cancel this shutdown command, type the command: shutdown -c.
• Another command to shut down the system after a specified delay is: Shutdown +30.
• Stop at a specified time.
• Stop with all settings.
How to restart a server remotely?
Please follow these steps to restart the server from another computer.
• Log on as “administrator” to another computer using remote desktop access.
• Change the administrator password to that of the server you want to restart.
• Open a DOS window and run “Shutdown -m \##.##.##.## /r”. ”
• How to restart a program?
How to restart a crashed Windows program, with Task Manager
• Ctrl + Alt + Del. The first method is to press Ctrl + Alt + Del – Don’t worry, Windows won’t restart, it used to be – and the Windows Welcome screen will appear, but this time with a menu, here select Start the task manager.
• Right-click on the taskbar.
• The Start menu.
How to restart a service?
Restart Windows Service
• Open Services. Windows 8 or 10: Open the Start screen, type services.msc and press Enter. Windows 7 and Vista: Click the Start button, type services.msc in the search field, and press Enter.
• In the Services pop-up window, select the desired application and click the Restart Service button.
• How many processor cores do I have Unix?
How to restart a web service?
Solution
• Open IIS Manager.
• To restart all IIS services on the server: In the left pane, right-click the server node and select All Tasks → Restart IIS.
• To restart an individual Web or FTP site, right-click the site node and select Stop, then repeat and select Start.
How to reset Ubuntu to factory settings from terminal?
HP PCs – Performing a System Recovery (Ubuntu)
• Back up all your personal files.
• Restart the computer by pressing the CTRL+ALT+DEL keys simultaneously or using the Shut Down/Restart menu if Ubuntu still boots correctly.
• To open GRUB recovery mode, press F11, F12, Esc, or Shift while booting.
• How to restart a computer from the command line?
Guide: How to Shut Down Windows 10 PC/Laptop Using Command Line
• Start->Run->CMD;
• Type “shutdown” in the opened command prompt window;
• The list of different choices you can make with the command will be listed;
• Type “shutdown /s” to shut down your computer;
• Type “shutdown /r” to restart your Windows PC;
What does the reboot command do in Linux?
Linux shutdown/restart command. In Linux, like all tasks, shutdown and restart operations can also be performed from the command line. The commands are the shutdown, halt, poweroff, reboot and REISUB keys.
How to reboot via SSH?
Step-by-step guide to reboot a remote server using SSH reboot
• Connect to the server via SSH. You should be able to do this if you are allowed to switch machines ;p.
• Type sudo reboot . This will kick you out of the machine, as it will shut down.
• That’s basically it.
• Are restarting and restarting the same thing?
Some operating systems “reboot” with an ACPI command, which “reboots” the computer. Restart is vague and can mean the same as reboot, or a reload of the current OS (without the bootloader), or even just restarting the user mode part of the OS, leaving kernel mode memory intact.
What is a hard reboot?
A hard reboot is the process of restarting a computer manually, physically, or using any other method in addition to restarting it from operating system commands. This allows a user to restart a computer, which is typically done when the operating system or software functions are unresponsive.
Can you install software in Windows 7 Safe Mode?
What is a Reboot Movie?
In serial fiction, a reboot is a fresh start for an established fictional universe, work, or series that discards all continuity to recreate its characters, plots, and backstory from the beginning. It has been described as a means of “rebranding” or “reviving a universe of entertainment that has already been established”.
How to check when the Linux server was last restarted?
How to display Linux system reboot date and time
• Last order. Use the ‘last reboot’ command, which will display the full date and time of the previous system reboot.
• Who’s ordering. Use the ‘who -b’ command which displays the date and time of the last system reboot.
• Use the perl code snippet.
How to restart in terminal?
The terminal. This command will immediately perform a reboot on your Mac. You can replace the “-r” with a “-h” to shut down (shut down) the system instead of restarting it, and can replace “now” with a number to indicate the seconds until the shutdown or the restart takes place.
How to start a service in Linux?
I remember back then, to start or stop a Linux service, I had to open a terminal window, change to the file /etc/rc.d/ (or /etc/init.d, depending on which distro I used), locate the service and issue the command /etc/rc.d/SERVICE start. Stop.
What is a soft reboot movie?
An article from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Graceful restart can refer to: A warm restart, where a computer system restarts without the need to interrupt power. A reboot (fiction) in which continuity is retained.
How to restart?
To perform a hard reboot or hard reboot, press and hold the computer’s power button. After 5-10 seconds, the computer should shut down. After the computer turns off, wait a few seconds, then turn it back on.
What is a soft restart?
A hard reboot is defined as a reboot that cuts power to the controller (i.e. pressing the Reboot button or unplugging the controller). The only technical difference is that a hard reboot will erase everything stored in RAM, while a soft reboot will not.
Photo in “Flickr” article https://www.flickr.com/photos/xmodulo/10937800943 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Sirsoe methanicola
Untitled
Might be in Sirsoe since 1998. Dysmorodrepanis (talk) 20:52, 24 February 2009 (UTC) | WIKI |
Epichnopterix plumella
Epichnopterix plumella is a moth of the family Psychidae. It is found in Europe. The female has no wings and remains in the caterpillar bag.
The wingspan of the male is about 12 mm. The moth flies in one generation from mid-April to mid-June.
The larvae feed on various grass species. | WIKI |
Cat Eyed Boy
Cat Eyed Boy (猫目小僧) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Kazuo Umezu. The story is narrated by the titular cat-eyed boy, hated by both humans and demons, who gets involved in tales of horror including monsters and children. The manga was initially serialized in 1967 in Shōnen Gahōsha's manga magazine Shōnen Gaho and eventually two other magazines, and has been compiled and published several times in different formats. In 2008, Viz Media licensed and released the manga in North America in two omnibus volumes. The manga has also been adapted into an anime series in 1976 and a live-action film in 2006. The manga has been noted for Umezu's grotesque style of Japanese horror storytelling and art. Response to the design of the Viz edition has also been positive.
Plot
Cat Eyed Boy revolves around the unnamed titular character, a monster born to a in the mountains, only to be abandoned by them for being too similar to a human. After disaster strikes his childhood village despite his attempts to save it, he becomes a wanderer. Each chapter tends to follow a pattern wherein the boy visits a new location and moves into the attic of a human family, only for the family to be plagued by a supernatural threat. Despite often using his own supernatural abilities to oppose the violent monsters he encounters, the boy is invariably blamed by humans for the mysterious happenings.
Stuck between two extremes and unable to fit in with either, the boy's main companions end up being cats, with whom he can communicate. Although he possesses many unusual abilities, such as regeneration and illusions, he is often outmatched by the more bloodthirsty monsters he encounters and forced to escape using trickery. Although he tries to warn and assist humans, he is a morally gray character that takes great pride in his status as a monster, even if other ones despise him, as seen in the Band of One Hundred Monsters arc. He has no qualms about seeing unpleasant and evil people punished, and sometimes even sides with supernatural beings when they target someone he dislikes.
Manga
The manga was first serialized in Shōnen Gahōsha manga magazine Shōnen Gaho from December 1967 to May 1968 for the stories "The Immortal Man" and "The Ugly Demon". Five more stories until "The Thousand-Handed Demon" were serialized in Shōnen Gahōsha's Shōnen King until 1969. The series was continued in Shogakukan's Weekly Shōnen Sunday for four more stories in 1976.
The chapters of the manga were first compiled together by Shōnen Gahōsha into three volumes starting in 1969. After that, Shogakukan published five volumes of the manga in 1976 under its imprint Shonen Sunday Comics. The third publisher, Asahi Sonorama, published five volumes of the manga in 1982 under its Sun Comics imprint as well. Asahi Sonorama then republished three volumes of the manga in 1986 under its Sun Wide Comics imprint. Shogakukan republished the manga in 1991. Because of the release of the 2006 film adaption of the manga, Shogakukan republished the manga as two large volumes on June 16, 2006.
In January 2008, Viz Media listed two volumes of the manga on the online retailer Amazon.com with page counts corresponding to the 2006 Shogakukan two-volume edition. The 2 volumes were subsequently released in June 2008 under its Viz Signature imprint. The design of the manga as well as its size in dimensions and length have been complimented by reviewers. Veronica Casson, the designer for the Viz edition of the manga, noted that unlike many of her previous titles, she was given freedom to design the book without adhering to the original Japanese version. In an interview with Alvin Lu, the Vice President of Viz Media, Lu stated that Viz focused on presenting the content of the book as much as possible which influenced the decision to release omnibus editions as well as the cover design.
During their panel at New York Comic Con 2022, Viz Media announced that they are releasing a deluxe hardcover edition of the manga, with the first volume releasing on August 22, 2023.
Anime
In 1976, the manga was adapted into an anime series called "Ghost Story: Cat Eyed Boy" (妖怪伝 猫目小僧). The anime was produced by Wako Productions and TV Tokyo. The series contained 22 episodes of 15 minutes each.
Live-action film
In 2006, Noboru Iguchi directed a live-action film adaption of the anime. The movie, with gravure idol Miku Ishida, Asami Kumakiri, Hiromasa Taguchi, Naoto Takenaka and Kanji Tsuda, was released theatrically in Japan in June 2006, and on DVD in October of the same year.
Reception
Response to the manga has been positive overall, with critics applauding Umezu's grotesque style of horror, but also recognizing its similarities to low-budget horror of the past. Critics have likened the manga to pulp horror and to the television series Tales from the Crypt, but also acknowledged its divergences such as the focus on the narrator himself. The art has been complimented for creating a dark atmosphere, as well as for Umezu's imaginative monsters. Critics have also noted that the manga will likely be more appealing to audiences interested in manga classics rather than modern horror fans. Opinions on the effectiveness of the short and long stories has been mixed.
Carlo Santos of Anime News Network criticized the similarities of the stories to B-horror movies as well as the weakness of the shorter monster-based stories, but commended Umezu's ability to "create a chilling portrait of the human soul". Shaenon K. Garrity of Anime News Network enjoyed the range of monsters Umezu created and commended the longer stories. Otaku USA's Joseph Luster highly recommended it while calling it an "impeccable classic" based on Umezu's thoughtful storytelling and the horror elements. Greg McElhatton of Comic Book Resources liked how the manga broke from its horror anthology mold by involving the protagonist and deviating from the traditional sense of justice for the good. Connie C. of Comic Book Resources praised Umezu's ability to set a horror mood as well as his art, but felt mixed about his bizarre ideas which she thought were better suited to his shorter stories. Ain't It Cool News categorized the manga as an example of Japanese horror and called it "a chilling concoction of dark vignettes with the macabre, the grotesque and the absurd", despite Umezu's weaker storytelling at the beginning. Manga Bookshelf interpreted Umezu's goal with the manga as wanting to create a hallucinatory atmosphere devoid of logic and enjoyed the origin story of the cat eyed boy, while criticizing the story "The Band of One Hundred Monsters". IGN remarked that the humor in the manga set it apart from Umezu's more serious works such as The Drifting Classroom and that the longer stories were harder to read through. Comics Village also categorized the manga as Japanese horror and noted that the Viz release will appeal more to collectors. It also acknowledged the dated style of the artwork, but said that the story has "timeless qualities". Describing the type of horror in Cat Eyed Boy, Graphic Novel Reporter called it strange and creepy "...in the sense that the pictures are more likely to momentarily unsettle your stomach than keep you up at night." It also complimented Umezu's imagery. ComicBooksBin enjoyed Umezu's approach to horror where he eschews logic, contrasting it with American horror. It also described his works as "...a gathering of grotesqueries and absurdities that almost defy imagination."
The Viz release of the manga was nominated for the 2009 Eisner Award in the category "Best U.S. Edition of International Material—Japan". In a 2008 reader poll of seinen manga by About.com, Cat Eyed Boy won 8th place. | WIKI |
Тойота ярис версо инструкция
тойота ярис версо инструкция
Suddenly, It’s 1998 If ever a transmission made the case to Save the Manuals, this is it, and to illustrate the advantage of shifting for yourself with this car, we took identical top-of-the-line Yaris SE models, an automatic and a manual, to the test track. Begin by pressing the ‘Menu/Select’ knob, select ‘SETUP’, then select ‘GENERAL’, and select ‘Clock’ from the onscreen menu. On the following screen you can cycle through the hours and minutes, set minutes to 00, and also amend the 12- of 24-hour time format. The Verso is now a quiet, lean, comfortable and altogether likeable people carrier.
After setting the minutes, wait another 5 seconds to confirm the time. For all its durability, many will consider the dashboard to be a touch too dominated by the staid plastic-looking fascia. It is not in keeping with the level of engineering quality found elsewhere on the car. Not Just a Prettier Face Major powertrain upgrades are expensive, of course, so they rarely occur at a midcycle freshening. Remember that if you’ve any query as to the operation of your Toyota, feel free to pop in at your local dealer for help from their trained technicians or contact us on social media and we’ll try to help! Other technologies that produce automatic transmissions are the conventional automatic transmission and continuously variable transmission. Chassis improvements include additional spot welds to enhance body-shell rigidity.
Operation under E mode[edit] The E mode functions as the D gear in a full automatic car. Adjusting the time using in-car menus On models like the Avensis and Verso, the clock is part of the instrument cluster’s multi-information display. To adjust these clocks, you need to use the steering wheel buttons to access the correct settings menu. This is achieved via partially engaging and slipping the clutch. The hours will be highlighted, and each press of the ‘DISP’ button will advance the clock by one hour. This overrides the computer setting and E changes to E1/E2/E3/E4/E5/E6. To stop the manual override under E mode, pull and hold the + flap on the steering wheel, until the E1/E2/E3/E4/E5/E6 changes back to E. Alternatively, wait for the next computer activated gear change.
Похожие записи: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
1 (800) 555-0666
Ice Machine Checklist
Ice Machine Checklist
Here is a helpful checklist to assist you in making a hassle-free purchase.
1. A water supply should be close to where you plan to install the commercial ice machine. A small to medium unit with up to 1,300 production capacity requires a 3/8 water supply line. Commercial ice machines with higher capacity will need a 1/2 inch supply line.
2. Make sure the electrical connection in your facility matches the voltage and amperage requirements of the unit as stated by the manufacturer (information available on the specification sheet and product page). Keep in mind that your commercial ice machine will require its own dedicated electrical circuit. Special voltages can be ordered. For reference, here are the most popular voltages with smaller machines having 110V as standard:
• 110V: 20 amps
• 220V: 20-30 amps with a 4-wire system
1. A floor drain should be located within a few feet of the unit to allow the machine to dump excess water during its "purge cycle, which takes place after each batch of ice is produced. The floor drain must be large enough to accommodate drainage from all drains. If you have a wall drain, make sure that it is low enough to allow for gravity drainage or make sure that your unit comes with a drain pump.
2. Do you have adequate space for the unit? Depending on the manufacturer, an commercial ice machine can require clearance from all sides to be able to "breathe". Air-cooled Commercial ice machines will typically have larger clearance requirements than water-cooled units. Consult the specification sheet for information.
3. Commercial ice machines work best when situated in ambient temperature below 72º. If you are placing it a warm kitchen where the temperature is 75º+, you should consider: A) purchasing a unit with a remote compressor, B) Upsizing your machine (because it will produce less ice the normal) C) Going with a water-cooled unit (but this type of unit will cost more to operate because it can go through 200 gls. a day). D) A great option is to purchase a System IV cooling unit that helps cool the water and boost ice production.
4. Please confirm that the unit will fit through all doors and hallways. If an elevator is needed to move the unit to higher floors, check the maximum capacity to ensure transport.
5. Use a high-quality water filtration system to ensure clean and pure water supply for optimal taste and quality.
Remember: To avoid inconvenience, open the package when it arrives and inspect for damage. Never sign for a shipment that looks like it was damaged either inside or outside of the packaging. If damaged, take photos that show the damage. Refuse shipment if damage is not something you are willing to accept.
Have any other questions or concerns? Please contact our sales consultants and we will be more than happy to assist you!
Popular Tags | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Skip to main content
Drying river networks – Understanding and mitigating drought impacts on river ecosystem functioning and biodiversity (MetaDryNet)
Project description
How drought affects river network carbon dynamics
Climate change is responsible for hydrological droughts that can cause river drying, which in turn modifies biodiversity and organic matter (OM) decomposition. The OM, which includes carbon-based compounds, is transported by the flow of water and through the dispersal of the organisms that consume it. Drying alters OM transport and dispersal and as a result changes carbon cycling and CO2 emissions. However, the understanding of climate change effects on the entire river network is limited. The EU-funded MetaDryNet project will examine the effects of drying on OM transport, organism dispersal and CO2 emissions in intermittent river networks by combining meta-analysis, network-scale field experiments and modelling. The project will increase our knowledge of how resources and biodiversity are bound with drying river networks.
Coordinator
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE POUR L'AGRICULTURE, L'ALIMENTATION ET L'ENVIRONNEMENT
Net EU contribution
€ 184 707,84
Address
147 Rue De L'universite
75007 Paris Cedex 07
France
See on map
Region
Ile-de-France Ile-de-France Paris
Activity type
Research Organisations
Non-EU contribution
€ 0,00 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wyoming Highway 22
Wyoming Highway 22 (WYO 22) is a 17.53 mi state highway in the U.S. State of Wyoming known as the Teton Pass Highway in Teton County Wyoming. WYO 22 spans 17.53 mi from Idaho State Highway 33 at the Idaho-Wyoming state line to the concurrency of U.S. Routes 26, 89, 189, and 191 in Jackson.
Route description
At the state line, Idaho State Highway 33 continues as WYO 22 and climbs to Teton Pass at 8431 ft above sea level. It then descends and passes through the community of Wilson, a census-designated place (CDP) west of Jackson. On the eastern border of Wilson, at 13.51 mi, WYO 22 intersects the southern terminus of Wyoming Highway 390 (Moose-Wilson Road) before crossing the Snake River. WYO 22 then continues east to Jackson where it ends at U.S. Highway 26/89/189/191 (Broadway).
History
WYO 22 used to connect to former Alternate US 20, which began at U.S. Highway 20 in Sugar City, Idaho, following Idaho 33 until the state line, then connected with WYO 22. Alternate US 20 used to end at the state line, where it was redesignated as WYO 22, as Wyoming did not extend the route into the state. If that route had been extended, it would have taken over the entire route of WYO 22, to then overlap U.S. Highway 26 until it reached U.S. Highway 20 in Shoshoni.
On June 8, 2024, WYO 22 suffered a “catastrophic” failure when a portion of the road collapsed in a landslide at milepost 12.8 (43.5035°N, -110.9756°W), less than 5 mi by air from the Idaho border. A 600-ft detour, constructed by a contractor of the Wyoming Department of Transportation, was opened to traffic on June 28, 2024. The detour has a sharper curvature and a grade of 11.2 percent (the original road built in the 1960s had a 10 percent grade), with a reduced speed limit of 20 mph, but the former 60,000 lbs gross vehicle weight restriction remains. | WIKI |
I Wanted to Be Dominated. But Not Quite Like That.
Modern Love Stung by romantic rejection, a woman finds acceptance and catharsis in a man who leaves her with bite marks and bruises. “Are you left- or right-handed?” Dan asked, walking me down the subway steps. “Right-handed,” I said. “Why?” When we stopped at the bottom, he put his arms around me and hugged tightly, nuzzling his lips into my neck. Suddenly, my vision blurred in a flash of blinding pain as I felt his teeth sink into my right shoulder. I had experienced my share of pain over the years — a broken arm, a split chin — but not like this. Never intentionally. As we had wrapped our third date earlier that night, he had asked if he could mark my foray into B.D.S.M. by biting me, and I’d said yes. I didn’t think he’d actually do it. After unclenching his jaw, he kissed me on the cheek and said good night. Then he was gone. I walked through the turnstile in a daze, only faintly aware of the people around me. My skin pulsed. I arrived at the subway platform drunk on endorphins, running my fingers under my coat to feel the tiny grooves in my shoulder his bite had left. Only later would I realize he had asked if I was right-handed so he could bite where my handbag would rest — the pain reminding me of him. Man, that had hurt. What the hell was I getting myself into? “You O.K.?” Dan texted, minutes later. I stared at the blinking cursor. If I wanted to back out, now was the time. “See you in two weeks,” I replied. I hadn’t been looking to date. I was still recovering from the demise of my previous relationship with a journalist who broke up with me after I told him about my struggles with alcohol and family issues. The journalist and I had met on OkCupid while I was touring the Southeast with my band. Every day we would text each other a single photo from our oddball work lives: a Nascar race in Charlotte; a tricycle factory in Queens. Meanwhile, I hid what I preferred he didn’t see: Me relapsing on cheap merlot in Raleigh. Crying at a truck stop in Duluth. It was a tough time. My father was hospitalized and dying. But I wanted to be “fun,” so why burden him with unnecessary details? We went through the motions of building a relationship: cooking dinner and watching movies. But when he asked why I didn’t drink, I made excuses about early morning meetings. Concealing the messy parts of myself came naturally. I had done it my whole life. As a child, I had learned to hide who I was to avoid upsetting my father, an Egyptian immigrant. In my teens I was chronically depressed, but he didn’t talk about feelings, so I started sneaking shots of the Tanqueray he kept in the freezer. I became a touring musician, and on my short visits home we maintained an unspoken agreement: I wouldn’t bother my father with who I really was, and he wouldn’t ask. I told all of this to the journalist the night before I boarded a plane to Texas. It was too much for him. Then my father died, and I sank into despair. When it came to dating, I felt hopeless. I thought: Why even bother? As soon as a guy finds out about my baggage, he bolts. I may as well walk around with a “Danger: High Maintenance” sign strapped to my chest. Around this time I received an OkCupid notification that someone had “liked” my profile. I logged on, saw a black-and-white photo of a man’s jawline and clicked. “About me,” it read. “I’m a feminist. I respect women while simultaneously enjoy dominating them.” Great. One of those “Fifty Shades” opportunists. I was appalled, of course, so I kept reading. “Favorite things: Sending you to work with marks, the fragrance of your hair lingering on my hands, photography and Dan Savage.” I slammed shut my laptop. I was, well, turned on. But I couldn’t message him. Kink was something people did on HBO. I had scoffed at the “Fifty Shades of Grey” craze. I could not message him. Or could I? I was an adult. Just because I wasn’t dating didn’t mean I couldn’t reply. I opened up a message box and typed: “Big fan of Dan Savage. I’m intrigued.” I hit send and then ran out of the room, screaming. One week and dozens of emails later, Dan and I agreed to meet at Prospect Park. He was handsome, mid-30s, dark brown eyes and hair. Very fit. He told me he’d been a “dominant” for years and lived with his girlfriend in an open relationship. They had rules: no unprotected sex, no sleepovers, no kissing. I had never met a man who communicated his needs so confidently. “Where would we meet?” I asked. “Your place, before work. 6 a.m.” I gulped. I was not a morning person, nor did I love the idea of being seen naked in the light of day. But Dan felt safe and in control. I liked being near him. “You need to tell me everything,” he said. “All of your baggage. Any triggers. I want you to keep a journal and send it to me, too. I have to know what might come up.” Later, after that third date, we agreed on a set of rules and boundaries. I shared everything I was usually too afraid to tell a new partner. “My dad died three months ago,” I said, “so maybe we avoid the ‘daddy’ stuff?” “Got it. What else?” “I’m not a blackout drunk, but if I drink I get really depressed. I’d prefer you didn’t drink around me.” “Great,” he said. “I’d like you to be fully aware anyway.” For the next two months, Dan texted me constantly. His aura of calm control was a revelation for me. Rather than fleeing from my emotional baggage, he welcomed it without fear or judgment. The nights before his visits I would stay up until 4 a.m. cleaning, eager to please him. He would ring my doorbell as the garbage trucks blared down the street, and it was exhilarating — until it was exhausting. Though Dan wouldn’t admit it, he was a sadist. He would leave me with bite marks and bruises that lasted for weeks. And I was not a masochist. I hated the pain but found catharsis in how undeterred Dan was by my outbursts. I would cry when his leather belt stung my thighs, but he never tried to curb or deny my feelings. I could sob from the physical pain and then about everything else I had been too afraid to talk about: the relationship I would never have with my father, my impulse to deaden everything with a drink. None of it fazed him. Then Dan would leave and I would sit alone in my bedroom, his sweat still fresh on my skin, wanting so badly to be held. I wasn’t the only woman he visited. He would tell me stories of other women he was sleeping with, and I’d repress any feelings of jealousy. I thought he was more evolved than I, as if attachment were some sort of moral failing on my part. Then an old fling of mine came to town and asked me out to dinner. “Uh-oh, he might want to come home with me!” I texted Dan, playfully. “Careful,” he replied. “I don’t like to share.” I stared at my phone, startled. Since we weren’t romantic, I had assumed he wouldn’t care. “Dates are fine, but I don’t want you sleeping with other men,” he wrote. “If that’s a problem, we may need to reassess.” I told Dan I needed time to think about it, and then I went on the date. My friend and I stayed out until 2 a.m., laughing and making out, and I saw how much I missed being kissed and the warmth of another body. Dan had a partner to go home to, and I was on my own. Was this really what I wanted? In the end I kept coming to the same conclusion: This would never be enough. If I had worked up the courage to be forthright with him at the beginning, then I could walk away, too. A few days later, I texted: “I’m sorry, I just need more.” “If you change your mind,” he replied, “you know where to find me.” I had found a strange liberation in submitting to Dan, but it was only a first step. I wanted the domination, but I needed lazy Sundays and walks in the park, too. I wasn’t sure what that kind of relationship would look like. I just knew I couldn’t continue hiding — from myself or others. So I went back on OkCupid and created a new profile. “I’m looking for a monogamous long-term partner whose natural dominant qualities complement my submissive,” I wrote. “That kind of trust takes time to build, but I’m in no hurry.” Aly Tadros is a musician and writer in Brooklyn. Modern Love can be reached at modernlove@nytimes.com. To hear Modern Love: The Podcast, subscribe on iTunes or Google Play Music. To read past Modern Love columns, click here. Continue following our fashion and lifestyle coverage on Facebook (Styles and Modern Love), Twitter (Styles, Fashion and Weddings) and Instagram. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:lada dzień
idiomaticity
* Isn't this just a collocation of ? There's lada dzień, but also lada chwila, lada moment, lada miesiąc, lada godzina and so on. Hythonia (talk) 11:20, 3 March 2023 (UTC)
* Yes, it's definitely a collocation. My bad! KamiruPL (talk) 10:53, 4 March 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:Jacob Underwood
A member of a defunct boy-band? Aren't we all... (non-notable, in my humble opinion)--Wetman 2 July 2005 20:25 (UTC) | WIKI |
Bernard Naylor
Bernard Naylor (November 22, 1907 – May 19, 1986) was an English and Canadian composer, conductor and organist.
Early life
Bernard James Naylor was born in Cambridge, England, on November 22, 1907. His father, Edward Naylor, was an English composer.
Music career
In 1930, he received a Bachelor of Music from the University of Oxford. In the 1920s, he visited Canada and met and studied with the now famous composers Gustav Holst, John Ireland and Vaughan Williams in The Royal Conservatory of Music. He became an organ scholar at Exeter College during the late 1920s and early 1930s. In the 1930s, he moved to Winnipeg and became a conductor of a few choirs and orchestras in Winnipeg, as well as being the organist-choirmaster at Holy Trinity Anglican Church. During the late 1930s, he traveled back to England as an organist and musical director at Queens' College, but returned to Canada shortly after in 1940, where he married Dorothy Crerar. There in Canada, he founded Little Symphony of Montreal in 1942 and composed there for five years. In the 1950s, he also returned to England once more where he was gradually becoming more involved with the arts community. After being part of the Winnipeg Philharmonic Choir, He taught in both Oxford University and University of Reading. In 1959, he stayed the rest of his life with his wife in Canada and continued to compose, first in Winnipeg and Victoria in 1968, despite retiring on 1964. In 1980, he received honorary Doctorate of laws from both the University of Winnipeg and the University of Manitoba. He, along with his wife, donated art to the Winnipeg Art Gallery.
Death
On May 19, 1986, Naylor died in his sleep in Bassenthwaite, Cumbria, England while visiting friends.
His documents were later retrieved by the University of Victoria. His status as an associate composer is maintained by the Canadian Music Centre. | WIKI |
Alphabet Heavy ETFs in Focus After Upbeat Q2 Earnings
Alphabet GOOGL came up with better-than-expected second-quarter earnings on Jul 25 after market close. Earnings of $1.44 per share, surpassed the Zacks Consensus Estimate of $1.32. This marks an improvement from earnings of $1.21 per share recorded in the same period last year. It's worth noting that these figures have been adjusted to account for non-recurring items. Shares surged 6.1% in after hours.
Snapshot of Q2 Earnings
Alphabet, which belongs to the Zacks Internet - Services industry, posted revenues of $62.07 billion for the quarter ended June 2023, surpassing the Zacks Consensus Estimate by 3.03%. This compares to year-ago revenues of $57.47 billion.
Alphabet shares have added about 37.7% since the beginning of the year versus the S&P 500's gain of 18.6%.
Results Fueled by Cloud Expansion and Ad Revenues
According to Reuters, Alphabet's performance was bolstered by a consistent surge in demand for its cloud services, coupled with a resurgence in advertising activities. Advertisers, comprising a significant portion of Alphabet's revenues, have become cautious in allocating their funds to unproven platforms. As a result, they have redirected their spending back to Alphabet's offerings.
Per CNBC, Google's cloud division, encompassing infrastructure and productivity applications, witnessed a remarkable 28% surge in revenue. The division achieved a significant milestone by turning profitable on an operating basis during the first quarter, and in the second quarter, it reported an impressive operating income of $395 million. This marks a substantial turnaround compared to a loss of $590 million recorded in the same period the previous year.
ETFs in Focus
The earnings results might have a huge impact on ETFs heavily invested in this Internet giant. Here we have highlighted four ETFs with double digit exposure to Alphabet.
Vanguard Communication Services ETF (VOX)
Vanguard Communication Services ETF seeks to track the performance of the MSCI US Investable Market Communication Services 25/50 Index with a basket of 119 securities. The fund has amassed an asset base of $3.28 billion and charges an annual fee of 0.10%.
Vanguard Communication Services ETF has an exposure of 12.12% in GOOGL and a Zacks ETF Rank #3 (Hold), along with a Medium risk outlook. The fund has gained 31.59% year to date and 12.83% over the past year (as of Jul 25).
Communication Services Select Sector SPDR Fund (XLC)
Communication Services Select Sector SPDR Fund tracks the performance of the Communication Services Select Sector Index. The fund has gathered an asset base of $13.82 billion and has a basket of 23 securities. XLC charges an annual fee of 0.10%.
Communication Services Select Sector SPDR Fund has an exposure of 11.82% to GOOGL and a Zacks ETF Rank #2 (Buy). The fund has earned 37.46% year to date and 18.36% over the past year (as of Jul 25).
iShares Global Comm Services ETF (IXP)
iShares Global Comm Services ETF seeks to track the performance of the S&P Global 1200Communication Services 4.5/22.5/45 Capped Index with a basket of 68 securities. The fund has command over an asset base of $285.06 million and charges an annual fee of 0.40%.
iShares Global Comm Services ETF has an exposure of 11.62% in GOOGL. The fund has a Zacks ETF Rank #3 with a Medium risk outlook. IXP has earned 27.58% year to date and 13.58% over the past year (as of Jul 25).
Fidelity MSCI Communication Services Index ETF (FCOM)
Fidelity MSCI Communication Services Index ETF closely tracks the performance of the MSCI USA IMI Communication Services 25/50 Index with a basket of 111 securities. The fund has an asset base of $755.91 million and charges an annual fee of 0.08%.
Fidelity MSCI Communication Services Index ETF has an exposure of 11.39% in GOOGL and a Zacks ETF Rank #2 along with a Medium risk outlook. The fund has gained 31.71% year to date and 12.57% over the past year (as of Jul 25).
Want key ETF info delivered straight to your inbox?
Zacks’ free Fund Newsletter will brief you on top news and analysis, as well as top-performing ETFs, each week.
Get it free >>
Want the latest recommendations from Zacks Investment Research? Today, you can download 7 Best Stocks for the Next 30 Days. Click to get this free report
Alphabet Inc. (GOOGL) : Free Stock Analysis Report
Vanguard Communication Services ETF (VOX): ETF Research Reports
Fidelity MSCI Communication Services Index ETF (FCOM): ETF Research Reports
iShares Global Comm Services ETF (IXP): ETF Research Reports
Communication Services Select Sector SPDR ETF (XLC): ETF Research Reports
To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
-- U.S. Tells BP to Prepare for Reopening Oil Well After Seep Found
Thad Allen, the U.S. official in
charge of the response to the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, ordered
BP Plc to prepare for reopening the company’s Macondo well after
a “seep” was detected.
Allen said a “seep” was found “a distance” from the
well and anomalies had been observed at the well head, in a
letter sent today to BP Chief Managing Director Bob Dudley that
was posted on a government website about the spill.
“I direct you to provide me a written procedure for
opening the choke valve as quickly as possible without damaging
the well should hydrocarbon seepage near the well head be
confirmed,” Allen wrote.
Three days of tests on the capped well showed no signs that
would prompt BP to reopen the well, Doug Suttles, chief
operating officer for exploration and production for BP, said
earlier today in a conference call from Houston.
Admiral Thad Allen, National Incident Commander, briefs the media on the progess of tests on the Oil Spill Containment Cap on July 15. Photographer: Sean Gardner/Getty Images
Oil sheen is seen with vessels assisting near the source of the BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Photographer: Mario Tama/Getty Images
//<![CDATA[
$(document).ready(function () {
$(".view_story #story_content .attachments img.small_img").each(function(){
var self = $(this);
if (self.width() != 190){
self.width(190);
}
});
});
//]]> | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
JJ Johnson’s Journeys Bring Him Home
The restaurant preview At FieldTrip, the former Cecil chef nods to his travels and one of his grandmother’s specialties. Rice was one of the chef Joseph Johnson’s first loves and first heartbreaks. His earliest remembered taste of it was in his grandmother’s asopao, a Puerto Rican dish that is not quite stew, not quite soup. It’s made of rice simmered in chicken broth and white wine, with collapsed tomatoes, sofrito and olives leaching their brine. This is food that warms you, changes you from within. Mr. Johnson, known as JJ, called it simply soupy rice, and drank it by the cup. But after his grandmother died, the only rice that appeared on the table was “this Uncle Ben’s nonsense,” he said — bland and mushy. “It was never right.” He held a grudge all through culinary school, failing at pilaf and doing his best to avoid the grain. The turning point came on a trip to Ghana with the restaurateur Alexander Smalls, an owner of the Cecil in Harlem, where Mr. Johnson was the executive chef until last summer. In Ghana, the men were served jollof rice, hot and smoky. “I’m sweating, but it’s really good,” Mr. Johnson said. He wanted to know: “Why is their rice better than ours?” He reached out to Glenn Roberts, the founder of Anson Mills and a scholar and champion of heirloom and native grains, to find out more about the West African rice, an indigenous crop called Oryza glaberrima. Out of Mr. Johnson’s studies came FieldTrip, a fast-casual restaurant that he plans to open in Harlem in November, after a preview in September at the U.S. Open. The menu, with dishes cooked to order, is built around five pedigreed strains of rice. They include Nostrale, first planted in Italy in the 15th century, delicately earthy; Mountain Violet, a purple-husked, glutinous variety from the largely inaccessible Cordillera mountains in northern Luzon, the Philippines; and sweet Carolina Gold, grown in the South Carolina Lowcountry since before the American Revolution. Carolina Gold might be paired with a gently fried chicken thigh and a swath of tamarind barbecue sauce. Mountain Violet might arrive half gooey, half crispy from a quick press against the flattop. One certainty: There will be soupy rice. The name FieldTrip is a playful nod to Mr. Johnson’s travels. He will still be traveling come fall, from FieldTrip’s storefront under construction uptown to the Henry, the lobby-level restaurant at the Life Hotel north of the Flatiron Building, whose kitchen he took over this month. There, he has returned to the elevated African-diaspora cooking that was his signature at the Cecil, this time with a few smoke-drum backyard favorites thrown in. “When my mom came to the Cecil, she said, ‘There’s nothing for me,’ ” he recalled. “I said: ‘Mom, there’s poussin. I put a lot of effort into this stuff.” Now a roasted half-chicken, rubbed with jerk, appears alongside the likes of lamb suya with kimchi and piri-piri clams in a bath of fennel and Asian pear. He still hopes that Oryza glaberrima will one day anchor the FieldTrip menu. He’s got a lead on a farmer in Brazil who might be growing it, and another in upstate New York. The search continues. FieldTrip 109 Lenox Avenue (Malcolm X Boulevard), November. Follow NYT Food on Twitter and NYT Cooking on Instagram, Facebook and Pinterest. Get regular updates from NYT Cooking, with recipe suggestions, cooking tips and shopping advice. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Sanzvpaul/sandbox
Sanjeev Paul born in 8 April 1985 is a composer, singer, music arranger, musician and multi-instrumentalist. Having set up his own in-house studio called Paul Music Inn at Pokhara, Sanjeev's music career began in the early 2003 as a professional guitar player. Working in Nepal's 5 star hotels. In a notable career spanning one decade,Sanjeev has garnered particular acclaim for redefining contemporary Nepalese Fusion music and thus contributing to the success of several Projects.
Early life
Sanjeev Paul was born in Pokhara, Kaski, Gandaki, Nepal to a musically affluent Bengali family. His father Dr. Protul Kumar Paul, is a professional doctor as well as a tabla player. Sanjeev's sisters also very well known classical singer. Sanjeev used to assist his sister during musical program and play guitar for the classical ragas. Sanjeev served as a Guitar player and Lead vocalist in bands such as "The Sansaar", with childhood friend. He mastered various music instruments like Guitar, Keyboard, Synthesizer, Harmonium and Acoustic Drum. His curiosity in Synthesizer in particular, increased because, he says, it was the "ideal combination of music and technology". He began early training in music under Firoz Shyangden in Doremi Music Achademy, Kathmandu. Later he joined Perfect Musicology for Music Arrangement Course and Kaleidoscope Music Academy for Learning Keyboard. At the age of 14, he started playing guitar. Soon he started working with other musical band and Musicians.
Career
Sanjeev's Musiccareer began in 2005, He initially composed for his own projects. In 1998 he composed for his first song Ghayal Chhu Ma. Then he got opportunity for playing guitar in Nepal's one of the finest hotel Hotel Fulbari Resort and SPA. In 2008 he joined Hotel De L' Annapurna as a Ghazal Guitarist. Finally in 2010 he got chance to arrange music for a Bhajan He Mata Dayamayi. It was his first recorded song. Then he never stops and gives several hit fusion, Pop, Jazz numbers. His several popular soundtracks areGhayal Chhu Ma, Kahile Kahi, Yesto Swaarthi, '''Timi Aayeu, Paribhasha Harayeko, Laali Adharle''' etc.
Personal life
Sanjeev Paul was born in Intercast family. His father is Bangali and Mother is Nepalese. He has two brothers and two sisters. Sanjeev's grand parents was belongs to Kolkata, India. But because of his father's profession his father came to Nepal before his born. Sanjeev has post graduate degree in Management from Tribhuvan University, Nepal. He is also professional accountant and worked as Chief accountant officer in Mahaluxmi Textile Mills, Kolkata. Because of his interest in music he leaved that job and returned back to Nepal and started his own home recording studio.
Discography
He Mata Dayamayi (bhajan)
Bholenath (bhajan)
Shri Krishna (bhajan)
Ghayal Chhu Ma (Pop)
Timi Aayeu (Jazz and Blues)
Kahile Kahi (Fusion)
Yesto Swarthi (Fusion)
Paribhasha (Fusion)
Sunasan Chhin (Fusion)
Lali Adharle (Techno) & etc. | WIKI |
Effects of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) on Sleep and Insomnia
How might obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) affect sleep? One of the anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder may significantly interfere with daily activities. Does it also disturb sleep by leading to difficulty sleeping and insomnia? What are the most common symptoms of the psychiatric condition? Can obsessive-compulsive disorder also disrupt your ability to sleep at night? Discover the facts, symptoms, and effective treatments for the problem.
Pharmacist pulling open drawer of medication
Agnieszka Wozniak / Caiaimage / Getty Images
Symptoms and Signs of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessive-compulsive disorder is one of the anxiety disorders that may develop early in life. It may affect children, more often boys who also have a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). It is also diagnosed through adolescence and into early adulthood. Among adults, it affects men and women equally. It occurs in 0.5-1% of people in a given year. OCD is characterized by two features: obsessions and compulsions.
Obsessions are persistent thoughts, images, or impulses that seem intrusive or inappropriate. These ideas are associated with anxiety or distress. One common obsession relates to cleanliness and a belief that objects are contaminated with germs. Some people with OCD may have a concern that a task was not completed or done inappropriately. As an example, there may be anxiety about turning off the stove or locking the door, even though these were in fact safely secured. These obsessions are often ignored or suppressed by engaging in some other thought or action, which is called a compulsion.
Compulsions are defined as repetitive and deliberate actions that are done as a response to a specific obsession. By performing these compulsive acts, the obsessive thoughts can be temporarily suppressed. Compulsions are performed in a very predictable and ritualized fashion. Many have compulsions have a superstitious quality. In order to relieve anxiety about a fear of germs, cleaning may occur. To verify that the door is in fact locked, it may be checked three times. Common compulsions include:
• Hand washing
• Checking
• Ordering
• Counting
• Praying
• Repeating words
• Tapping
These compulsions may provide transient relief, but soon the anxiety starts to rise again and the compulsive act must be repeated. When these actions occupy more than 1 hour per day and interfere with the normal routine of life, OCD is diagnosed.
How Does OCD Affect Sleep and Cause Insomnia?
You might conclude that the thoughts and behaviors associated with OCD could become disruptive to sleep. If you try to fall asleep at night but are constantly thinking about the things you need to check, you may have resulting insomnia. In fact, checking behaviors may be disruptive if they involve leaving your sleep environment to reassure yourself.
Surprisingly, there is little evidence that the condition results in abnormalities that can be identified with a sleep study called a polysomnogram. Some research suggests that there may be less total sleep or more sleep disruption, but this has not been consistently demonstrated. It may not solely be due to the OCD but instead could relate to depression, which often coexists with it.
More research is needed into the possible relationship between OCD and sleep disturbances.
Medications Used in the Treatment of OCD
For those people who suffer from OCD, there are a variety of treatment options. These may be especially important if the condition is affecting daily life in a negative way.
Medications such as tricyclic antidepressants (including clomipramine) and selective serotonin receptor inhibitors (SSRIs) are often used. Some of the more commonly used SSRIs are:
• Fluoxetine
• Fluvoxamine
• Paroxetine
• Sertraline
In addition to the use of medications, working with a psychologist who is trained in desensitization and cognitive behavioral therapy can be helpful. In very rare cases, surgery with the implantation of a deep brain stimulator may be used to alleviate the symptoms.
A Word From Verywell
If you believe that you may be suffering from OCD, you can start by speaking with your primary care physician who may suggest a referral to a psychiatrist to help you feel better. When sleep becomes disturbed, mood, thinking, and function may quickly unravel. By correcting the condition, you may finally get the rest you need to optimize your health and well-being.
Was this page helpful?
Article Sources
Verywell Health uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
1. Brem S, Grünblatt E, Drechsler R, Riederer P, Walitza S. The neurobiological link between OCD and ADHD. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2014;6(3):175-202. doi: 10.1007/s12402-014-0146-x
2. Richter PMA, Ramos RT. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2018;24(3, BEHAVIORAL NEUROLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY):828-844. doi: 10.1212/CON.0000000000000603
3. Janardhan reddy YC, Sundar AS, Narayanaswamy JC, Math SB. Clinical practice guidelines for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Indian J Psychiatry. 2017;59(Suppl 1):S74-S90. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.196976
4. Timpano KR, Carbonella JY, Bernert RA, Schmidt NB. Obsessive compulsive symptoms and sleep difficulties: exploring the unique relationship between insomnia and obsessions. J Psychiatr Res. 2014;57:101-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.06.021
Additional Reading
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), American Psychiatric Press, 4th edition, 1994.
• Kryger, MH et al. "Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine." Elsevier, 5th edition, pp. 1480-1481. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Pindar and Anacreon.djvu/77
Rh
Full oft has Iolaus' shrine
Upon Eleusis' sea-girt strand
Witnessed the splendid acts which shine
To crown the efforts of his hand.
In his own path each labours well,
As nature grants him to excel.
While many with laborious aim
Toil up the rugged steep of fame,
If the kind god forbear to bless
Their vain endeavour with success,
Let silence hide th' unfinish'd tale
Within oblivion's dusky veil.
Far different are the ways which tend
To glory as their common end.
Not all mankind are prone to feel
In the same care an equal zeal.
But arduous paths must they explore
Who to the heights of wisdom soar.
While I this lay triumphant bring,
With voice sonorous let me sing
The hero's praise whose spirit bold
Join'd to a frame of hardy mould,
Urged him upon th' Oilean plain
The palm of glory to obtain.
Then round the Æantean shrine
In festal pomp the wreath entwine. | WIKI |
Dark energy from mass varying neutrinos
Rob Fardon, Ann E. Nelson, Neal Weiner
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Abstract
We show that mass varying neutrinos (MaVaNs) can behave as a negative pressure fluid which could be the origin of the cosmic acceleration. We derive a model independent relation between the neutrino mass and the equation of state parameter of the neutrino dark energy, which is applicable for general theories of mass varying particles. The neutrino mass depends on the local neutrino density and the observed neutrino mass can exceed the cosmological bound on a constant neutrino mass. We discuss microscopic realizations of the MaVaN acceleration scenario, which involve a sterile neutrino. We consider naturalness constraints for mass varying particles, and find that both eV cutoffs and eV mass particles are needed to avoid fine-tuning. In microscopic realizations of this scenario with a sterile neutrino, these considerations give the sterile neutrino a maximum mass today of order an eV, which could be detectable at MiniBooNE. Because the sterile neutrino was much heavier at earlier times, constraints from big bang nucleosynthesis on additional states are not problematic. We consider regions of high neutrino density and find that the most likely place today to find neutrino masses which are significantly different from the neutrino masses in our solar system is in a supernova. The possibility of different neutrino mass in different regions of the galaxy and the local group could be significant for Z-burst models of ultra-high energy cosmic rays. We also consider the cosmology of and the constraints on the 'acceleron', the scalar field which is responsible for the varying neutrino mass, and briefly discuss neutrino density dependent variations in other constants, such as the fine structure constant.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)75-100
Number of pages26
JournalJournal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics
Issue number10
DOIs
StatePublished - Oct 2004
Keywords
• Cosmological neutrinos
• Dark energy theory
• Neutrino properties
• Supernova neutrinos
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Astronomy and Astrophysics
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Dark energy from mass varying neutrinos'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Muggles' Guide to Harry Potter/Magic/Peskipiksi Pesternomi
Overview
Peskipiksi Pesternomi is not a real spell.
Extended Description
This spell appears to be Gilderoy Lockhart's attempt at a spell to disperse the Cornish Pixies he released in one of his Defence Against the Dark Arts classes, but it didn't work, and it might even have further irritated the pixies in question. The immediate result seems to have been that one of the pixies grabbed Lockhart's wand and threw it out the window.
Analysis
The spell incantation seems to be based on the English phrase "Pesky pixie, pester no me". As most real spells seem to have incantations that derive from Latin words, the fact that this one is based on an English phrase makes it immediately suspect.
Given the nature of his actual magical expertise, which we discover late in the books, it is uncertain whether Lockhart had ever really tried to use this spell. Equally, it is uncertain whether he created this spell himself, or was given it by someone who didn't completely trust him. We see throughout the book that the teachers at Hogwarts seem to have a very low opinion of Lockhart's magical skill.
The purpose of this spell seems to be purely to point up Lockhart's incompetence.
Questions
* 1) What is the effect of this spell? | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 92 Part 3.djvu/1178
92 STAT. 3810
PRIVATE LAW 9 5 - 4 5 — A U G. 3, 1978
Private Law 9 5 - 4 5 95th Congress Aug. 3, 1978 [H.R. 3995]
An Act
For the relief of Habib Haddad.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Habib Haddad. United States of America in Congress assembled, That H a b i b H a d d a d shall be held and considered to have satisfied the requirements of 8 USC 1427. section 316 of the Immigration and Nationality Act relating to required periods of residence and physical presence within the United States and, notwithstanding the provisions of section 310(d) of the 8 USC 1421. Act, he may be naturalized at any time after the date of enactment of this Act if he is otherwise eligible for naturalization under the FCS.8 USC 1101 note. Immigration and Nationality Act. Approved August 3, 1978. (t'lM 'V.? 'r'>fc.
Private Law 9 5 - 4 6 95th Congress An Act Aug. 3, 1978 [H.R. 4607] William Mok. 8 USC 1101 note. 8 USC 1101 note. 8 USC 1154.
For the relief of William Mok. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That, in the administration of the Immigration and Nationality Act, William Mok may be classified as a child within the meaning of section 101(b)(1)(F) of the Act, upon approval of a petition filed in his behalf by Drs. Y i n g B. Mok and L y n n C. Mok, citizens of the United States, pursuant to section 204 of the Act: Provided, That the n a t u r a l parents or brothers or sisters of the beneficiary shall not, by virtue of such relationship, be accorded any right, privilege, or status under the Immigration and Nationality Act. Approved August 3, 1978. r n M ifi •%•,)}'}
Private Law 95-47 95th Congress Aug. 3, 1978 [H.R. 59281 Miss eoralia Raposo.
8 USC 1153, 1154.
An Act
For the relief of Miss Coralia Raposo.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That, for the purpose of sections 203(a)(1) and 204 of the Immigration and Nationality Act, Coralia Maria Pimentel Raposo shall be held and considered to be the n a t u r a l born alien daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Richard G. Carnright, citizens of the United States: Provided, That the n a t u r a l parents or brothers or sisters of the beneficiary of t h i s Act shall not,
� | WIKI |
Wikipedia:WikiCup/History/2019/Submissions/Matt294069
GAR: 4 points
* 1) Talk:2018 Pakistan Super League/GA1
* 2) Talk:43rd Chess Olympiad/GA2
* 3) Talk:MLS Cup 2007/GA1
* 4) Talk:2018 ICC Women's World Twenty20 Final/GA1 | WIKI |
Page:Elizabeth Jordan--Tales of the city room.djvu/48
merely changed his theories regarding the ideal of feminine beauty, reconstructing them on the lines of the perfect realization daily resented to him. Thus, his sister, a "sales lady" in a Sixth Avenue shop, was surprised by an urgent request from her brother to wear her hair "parted down the middle and slicked on the sides," this being Chesterfield's description of Miss Neville's severely simple coiffure. His mother, a stout and matronly laundress of middle age, was startled by her precocious son's feverish desire to have her wear tailor-made gowns henceforth. He even brought her an assortment of collars and cuffs and a ready-made tie as a step in this direction, and was mildly surprised when the result was not an accurate copy of the graceful and elegant figure in "The Searchlight" office. A few rude jests at his expense checked Chesterfield's home missionary work, but in the office his eyes lingered more fondly than ever on the unconscious object of his soul's content. He attended to Miss Neville's few needs with a celerity that would have been startling in any other than Chesterfield. He listened with greedy ears to the praises of | WIKI |
Foods that Satisfy: Eat Right, Stay Full and Curb Cravings
Foods that Satisfy: Eat Right, Stay Full and Curb Cravings
Sometimes we eat a good meal but don’t get up from the table feeling satisfied. We’ve eaten enough, but our bodies keep telling us to eat again, eat more, and overindulge. This message can be difficult to resist and most likely, sooner or later, we will find ourselves rooting through the refrigerator for that “perfect” food item to calm those cravings. This can lead to weight gain, digestive problems, metabolic imbalances and other issues.
So why does this happen? “Satiety” — the feeling we’ve had enough to eat — is as much a function of brain chemistry as it is the stomach. If the brain isn’t getting the appropriate signals, regardless of how much was eaten, we feel unsatisfied. It’s not even hunger really; it’s just the desire to eat more.
This can be especially troubling for any weight loss program. We have a plan, we’ve mapped out meals and activities, everything should be in order. Except we need that extra something.
That’s the downside, but there’s also an upside. While certain foods may fail to satisfy us for very long, others can help us feel more satisfied for hours. So by choosing wisely, we can cancel those cravings and even eat less.
Hormones Talking
Like so many biological functions, satiety is governed in part by hormones. One of these hormones is leptin, which is part of a complex system of biochemical signaling that influences our feelings of hunger and food satisfaction. People who have a leptin imbalance are almost never satisfied. Diminished hormone levels tell their bodies that they’re in the middle of a famine, so they need to eat more.
The other important satiety hormone is ghrelin. While leptin signals us to feel satisfied, grehlin has the opposite effect, telling us that we’re hungry. Ideally, after a meal, grehlin levels will drop, while leptin will increase. However, it doesn’t always work that way, as these hormone signals can become imbalanced and their receptors can become desensitized. These effects can happen for a number of reasons, such as increased body fat, consumption of certain foods, other hormone imbalances, etc. For example, fructose appears to induce leptin resistance, which causes us to feel hungry all the time. These relationships are complex and appear to differ between men and women, people of different weight, and other factors that researchers are just beginning to sort out.
However, studies have shown that lifestyle, supplements and specific foods can help balance our hunger signals and feelings of satisfaction. Lack of sleep, for example, is associated with more ghrelin and less leptin, causing us to feel hungrier. Yet another reason to maintain healthy sleep habits.
Eating for Energy
Though it may seem counter-intuitive, one of the best ways to increase satiety is to limit calorie-dense foods like fatty meats, cheeses, fried foods, etc. While these items deliver a lot of calories, they don’t leave us feeling satisfied for long. Cravings return shortly.
On the other hand, by eating a higher volume of low-calorie foods, we fill up on fiber-rich and water-filled foods that help us stay full and energized for longer. This way, we gain an edge on satiety.
In this approach, fruits and vegetables are ideal foods, which is good news, since they’re also nutrient-rich. Sprouted grains, beans and lean protein are also high on the list. On the upper end of the caloric-density spectrum: Fatty meats, cheese, snack foods, nuts or butter are more likely to leave us unsatisfied after a short while.
To make things simpler, there’s a satiety index. Created by Australian research Susan Holt, the index is a handy guideline to help us choose the foods that may provide the most satisfaction. This scale is different from the glycemic index, which measures foods by how quickly they raise and lower blood sugar. Sugary and simple carb foods (like white bread and pasta) are high on the glycemic index, meaning they trigger blood sugar levels to spike and crash shortly after eating, causing hunger to return quickly. The satiety index doesn’t measure glucose spikes and crashes, but it does help determine how long you can feel satisfied after eating certain foods. So by emphasizing foods that are high on the satiety index and low on the glycemic index, we can balance eating habits and blood sugar to get the most energy and benefit from our diet.
Supplements
A number of nutrients and botanicals can also contribute to satiety and help stave off hunger. For example, chromium picolinate has been used for years by weight lifters to build muscle. However, this nutrient may also affect satiety. A study out of the Pennington Biomedical Research Center in Louisiana showed that chromium may have a direct effect on the brain’s perception of satiety.
Another supplement that may improve food satisfaction is fenugreek, a fibrous plant commonly found in Indian food and drinks. Researchers in Minnesota found that fenugreek fiber significantly increases satiety.
Alginates, which are extracted from brown seaweed, showed similar results in another study. They can also be effective when combined with pectin. A study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found a beverage with this combination increased satiety. And we need only look in our cupboards to find a box of green tea. Researchers in Sweden found that the beverage also increased satiety.
For additional support, ecoNugenics recommends ecoMetabolic™. This advanced metabolic health formula promotes glucose and cholesterol balance, supports fat and sugar metabolism and can help control cravings and increase satiety.*
Eating Habits
Another way to increase satisfaction from meals is to cook and eat mindfully. A colorful presentation of diverse whole foods appeals to our senses and signifies nutritional value and hence, greater satisfaction. Chewing food slowly and thoroughly allows enough time for the hormonal signals from the digestive tract to reach the brain, telling us we’ve had enough to eat. Also, chewing food longer increases our nutrient absorption in the gut, so we get more nutritional value and as a result, feelings of satisfaction.
These and other findings highlight our complex relationships with food. It’s not just how much we consume, but also what, when and how we eat. By gaining the upper hand on satiety with the right foods, habits and supplements, we can increase our nutritional intake and our satisfaction with food in general, which will ripple out to other areas of health in the process.
Print Friendly, PDF & Email | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Bus Driver Appreciation Day: A fitting tribute to one of the most stressful jobs in the world.
Also see a Magnum Photos gallery of bus drivers. Last month, in a grossly egregious case of backseat driving, a woman was arrested after she attacked a New York City bus driver for, as she claimed, driving too slow. It's hardly the first time a passenger has taken out their frustration with Gotham's traffic on the driver; indeed, a December 2008 MTA study found nearly 60 physical assaults that year, not to mention dozens of cases of being spat onand heaps of verbal abuse. It's not just New York: Research in the United Kingdom has found that bus drivers report fear of physical assault as their job's biggest stressor. With good reason: In 1993, for example, more than 1,500 assaults were reported. A 2000 survey found that British transport workers had the highest fear of assault of any occupation, with an actual risk more than four times that of any other job. That's hardly the end of bus drivers' concerns. Spending hours driving in congested traffic, subject to time pressures (and passenger complaints) made worse by that same traffic, is a potent stress cocktail. Drivers face many external pressures but often have relatively little control over their environment, a combination that makes bus driving, as The Journal of Occupational Health Psychologywrites, a classic example of a high-stress occupation. One Dutch psychologist, noting the competing demands for staying on schedule, driving safely, and accommodating passengers (for whom the ideal bus journey has been wonderfully classified as pleasurable without being ecstatic), has described a kind of Sartrean dilemma: Make the schedule by driving more recklessly, or drive safely and irritate the passengers. Whichever alternative the driver adopts, he or she will constantly have a conscious or subconscious feeling of inadequacy. This mental toll, combined with the physical rigors of driving itself, leaves bus drivers suffering from elevated levels of blood pressure, adrenaline and salivary cortisol (as do most people with an unpredictable commute), and hypertension. As Cornell University's Gary Evans, who has conducted many studies on the occupational health of bus drivers, notes, over twenty epidemiological studies of city bus drivers reveal excess rates of mortality and morbidity for heart disease and gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal disorders. Add to that any injuries sustained in crashesroughly half of which, research has found, involve the bus being struck from behind (by confused or impatient drivers). Perhaps understandably, bus drivers take more sick leave than people in other occupations (and two to three times the population average, by one finding). Given this litany of challenges and poor outcomes, I was curious to talk with an actual driver and find out: Is it really all that bad? I was also curious to see how bus driversfor whom the road is a workplaceview the wider world of traffic. That's when fate waded into my Twitter stream, in the form of Matt Leber, otherwise known as Velobusdriver, who describes himself as a former techie turned Metro bus driver, bike commuter, and renewable energy enthusiast. Leber, who spent a decade working for Microsoft, among other things, is a part-time driver for King County Metro Transit (serving Seattle and environs). As his Twitter handle indicates, he's also a cycling enthusiast. I figured the rather unusual cyclist/bus driver/car driver combo would give him special insight into intra-modal relations. Leber, a bus commuter when he worked at Microsoft, says a longtime curiosity about bus driving, as well as knowing a Metro driver at his church, led him to respond in 2005 to an ad for part-time drivers. I've enjoyed bus driving, he says, because it offers a lot of variety of work assignments, areas to drive in, and people to interact with. He currently works afternoonsthree-and-a-half hours a day. This, plus the fact that he works in Seattle, a region known for its friendly drivers, might not make him Everydriverhis job may be less stressful than that of a full-time New York City driver. But his stories reflect in certain ways the research that's been done on bus drivers in other cities and illuminate small truths that have not been studied. On time and traffic pressure, for example, Leber says that while Metro is constantly urging us to be safe and not rush for time, and that his employer applies absolutely no pressure for drivers to meet schedules, there are nonetheless pressures to stay punctual. Passengers can be grumpy, or you may arrive late to a layoverthat pause between the driver reaching the end of line and restarting the routeputting buses out of sequence, he says. I've had to circle the block when another bus was in my layover spot. And there are physical ailments brought on by extended driving. (Conversations with fellow drivers, he says, reveal a litany of knee replacements and back troubles.) Leber notes, however, that things are looking up on this front; Metro provides physical therapy in its health benefits (yoga classes were cut for budgetary reasons), and newer buses are more ergonomically forgiving. I hear stories from drivers who have been around 20 or 30 years about driving the old buses and what they would do to your body. There are more minor hassles. People edge past the yellow line before the bus has stopped, blocking Leber's view of the mirrors. Or take collecting fares. I'll admit to being frustrated, he says, when I show up to a stop with a large number of passengers only to have the first person in line pull out their wallet and start fishing around for cash or worse, change. Reminding people that having fares ready keeps the bus on time can be tricky, he says, a source for less-than-positive customer interaction. (A new ORCA cardnot to be confused with London's Oysteris helping matters.) Then there's the passengers who view him as an omniscient guide to the entire bus system, and query him about the finer points of distant routes or the arrival time for another bus. Most of us try to be helpful when we can, but we are not customer service with a map and schedules for the entire system, he says. In short, we have no information about other buses available to usother than what passengers do. In fact, if they have a cell phone, they have more information than us. These queries take on a new weight when the bus is in motion. Passengers may think drivers are somehow equipped to multitask, perhaps through experience. But research suggests the opposite: Bus driving is a high workload activity, even more so than conventional driving, and when combined with secondary duties, bus drivers may be subject to even greater distraction risk. Or, as Leber says, 'I've had people thrust a transfer into my face, while I'm driving, and ask, 'Is this still valid?' As for the actual driving, Leber says he prefers driving the bus to his Prius. The visibility down the sides of the bus are far better. But buses have quirks. Greater mass plus the slight delay of air brakes means, he says, means bus drivers have to keep four to six seconds following distancewhich drivers of cars routinely eat up, often with negative consequences. Add to that the greater turning radii, and special challenges like the overhead wires found on trolley buses. (On those, failure to activate signals while going through special work, or places where wires cross, can tear down the structure.) Then there are the hazards of traffic. Leber compares his driving style to the moment in the film Clear and Present Danger when Jack Ryan has exited the plane in Colombia. As he describes, his security detail exit in front of him with their eyes moving in all directions, looking for danger. When approaching intersections with a car stopped on a side street, he says, even though the bus may have the right of way, we typically pull our foot off the gas and 'hover' in case the car suddenly pulls out in frontit happens more often than you'd think. Leber measures the severity of sudden stops or other tense situations by passengers' reaching for hand-holds. You can hear rings hitting the poles. Buses are also loaded with blind spots, and he says drivers rock 'n' roll to see past mirrors, the fare box, and window posts. Pedestrians are particularly hard to see, especially when coming from unexpected places. His advice is simple: It basically all boils down to only approaching the bus from the curb. Don't run next to the bus, and don't reach out to touch the bus to get the driver's attention. While driving a bus has provided a unique window onto the landscape of traffic, Leber says it's changed his behavior in other modes. He says he drives the speed limit, or just below it, which he says dramatically reduces stress (though, he suggests, it may raise that of his wife). On foot, he no longer runs for buses. And as a cyclist with more with 30 years of experience, he says bus driving awakened him to just how invisible we cyclists are on the road. (He's since shifted to wearing lights during the day, in addition to night.) He sees parallels in the way a minority of rushed drivers act around buses and cyclists. They will make risky passes around corners, against oncoming traffic, or through crosswalks and crowded pedestrian areas, simply because they don't want to be stuck behind a bus, he says, while some drivers kind of freak out when they see a cyclist, passing too closely or honking even when there's plenty of room. One SeattliteI'm not sure whether he's been on Leber's bushas praised that city's drivers for being not only skilled, but generally friendly and thoughtful and has recommended that March 18, the anniversary of the date Pascal founded the world's first urban bus service, the Carosses Cinq Sous, be declared that city's official Bus Driver Appreciation Day. I think it's a fine idea. Indeed let's make it a national affair. I only ask that you express your appreciation when the bus isn't in motion. Like Slate on Facebook. Follow us on Twitter. Tom Vanderbilt is author of Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do. Follow him on Twitter. Tom Vanderbilt is author of Traffic: Why We Drive the Way We Do. Follow him on Twitter. Slate is published by The Slate Group, a Graham Holdings Company. All contents 2017 The Slate Group LLC. All rights reserved. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
SINGAPORE DAYBOOK: Engro Corp., Popular Holdings, Sunright
Engro Corp., a building materials
supplier, said it and partner Jinan Iron and Steel Group doubled
the capacity of their ground granulated blast furnace slag in China to 1.2 million tons a year. MARKETS: *The MSCI Asia Pacific Index fell 0.8 percent at Friday’s close.
*Singapore’s Straits Times Index retreated 1 percent at Friday’s
close.
*The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 0.5 percent at Friday’s
close.
*The Stoxx Europe 600 Index declined 0.9 percent at Friday’s
close. EQUITY MOVERS: *Engro Corp. (EGCL SP): The Singapore-based building materials
supplier said it and partner Jinan Iron and Steel Group agreed
to double the annual capacity of their ground granulated blast
furnace slag, a raw material used in cement-making, in China’s
Shandong Province to 1.2 million tons.
*Global Logistic Properties Ltd. (GLP SP): The logistics company
that counts Japan as its biggest market reduced the estimated
damage to its total portfolio of properties in the country by 18
percent, from $47.5 million to $38.8 million. The company’s
earlier estimate of likely loss of rental income remains at
$10.8 million, it said.
*Mapletree Logistics Trust (MLT SP): The Singapore-based
industrial landlord said 13 of its 14 properties received either
no damage or minimal damage after Japan ’s March 11 earthquake.
One property in Sendai was affected by the subsequent tsunami
and is intact based on a preliminary report, it said. The
company said it can’t provide an estimate for repairs because
there’s no access to the area.
*Popular Holdings Ltd. (POP SP): The bookstore chain said third-
quarter net income climbed 47 percent to S$11.5 million ($9
million) from a year ago.
*Saizen Real Estate Investment Trust (SZREIT SP): The owner of
residential apartments in Japan said it had viewed six
properties, all of which have sustained minor damage based on
preliminary reports. Property managers haven’t been able to
assess all properties because of restrictions to some areas.
*Sunright Ltd. (SUNR SP): The provider of semiconductor testing
services said first-half net income increased 84 percent to
S$3.3 million from the year before.
*Tan Chong International Ltd. (TCI SP): The distributor of
Nissan cars in Singapore said full-year net income increased to
HK$639.3 million ($82 million) from HK$523.5 million in the
previous year. BTV Guests: 7:10 a.m.: CPPCC Delegate Selina Chow
7:40 a.m.: AMP Capital Senior Investment Strategist Nader Naeimi
8:10 a.m.: TFP Farrells Principal Gavin Erasmus
8:40 a.m.: JPMorgan Head of Equity Research Jesper Koll
9:10 a.m.: IMF Senior Resident Representative Il Houng Lee
9:20 a.m.: Macquarie Chief Asia Economist Richard Jerram
9:40 a.m.: Societe Generale Asia Equity Strategist Todd Martin
10:10 a.m.: CMC Markets Chief Market Strategist Michael McCarthy
11:10 a.m.: Fujitsu Research Institute Martin Schultz
11:40 a.m.: Former UN Ambassador Wu Jianmin To contact the reporter on this story:
Jan Dahinten at jdahinten@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Jan Dahinten at jdahinten@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Notes and Queries - Series 10 - Volume 11.djvu/527
10 S. XL MAY 29, 1909.] NOTES AND QUERIES.
435
wears a greave and shoe on his left leg and foot, which are thrust forward, the right foot being uncovered. His opponent, while wearing greaves on both legs, has his right shoe or boot cut away so as to give the toes free play. There must surely be modern instances. EDWARD BENSLY.
Ab erystwyth.
BLIND INSTITUTIONS IN ENGLAND (10 S. xi. 348). Liverpool has the lead of Bristol by a few years, and indeed her annalists claim that this is one of the frequent instances in which she pointed out the way to the whole of England. Accounts will be found in Aikin's ' Thirty Miles around Manchester,' 1795, pp. 34850 ; Troughton's History of Liverpool,' 1810, pp. 155-7 ; and Picton's ' Liverpool,' 2nd ed., 1875, pp. 191-4. The last named is the fullest account. The public project was mooted in 1790, and was in action in 1791. But Troughton (I.e.) quotes an essayist of Liverpool of July, 1775, pleading for public funds for the assistance of the blind, and therein is this remarkable sentence :
" It is astonishing that the voluntary subscriptions of the benevolent should never yet have been extended to the assistance and support of the blind ! The Rev. Mr. Hetherington's nobfe charity must be excepted ; which is the first, and only plan, that "has been pursued for the benefit of poor blind persons."
I am unable to give any information as to the Rev. Mr. Hetherington. No person of that name appears in the Liverpool directories in the eighteenth century.
J. H. K. Liverpool.
The Quaker asylum in Bristol is not the oldest institution in England for the blind. The benevolent Rev. W. Hetherington's Charity to the aged blind in connexion with Christ's Hospital was founded in 1774 for the payment of annuities of 10Z. each to fifty persons, natives of England, aged sixty-one or upwards, and totally blind for three years, who have never received parish relief, and have no regular income to the amount of 201. a year. Probably older charities, as distinct from institutions, exist in association with the City Companies. The Goldsmiths have several charities for the blind ; and the Painters' Company have the trusts of charities to the blind under the wills of John Stock and others. But the dates of these are not stated.
J. HOLDEN MACMlCHAEL.
[MR. A. H. ARKLE also refers to the Liverpool institution.]
BISHOPS OF ST. ASAPH (10 S. xi 147). I regret having caused unnecessary trouble with regard to Bishop Barlow, for which no valid reason can be given.
With respect to the questions raised by MB. COLES, my investigation shows that Godwin places the bishops in this order : Edmund Birkhead, consecrated 29 May, 1513, died April, 1518; Henry Standish, consecrated 11 July, 1519, sat about fifteen years ; William Barlow, consecrated 22 Feb., 1535. Dr. Heylyn's 'Help to English History' (London, 1773) follows the same order, numbering them as 34th, 35th, and 36th Bishops of St. Asaph. The history of the Church of Great Britain ('Historia Vitse nostrse Magistra,' Bodin) follows the same order, but the numbering is different.
Bishop Rugge or Repps appears in Godwin under Norwich as having been consecrated in June, 1536 ; he sat fourteen years, and died 1550. This agrees with the two other authorities above named.
Respecting Parfew or Wharton, Godwin has " Robert Parfew, alias Warbnigton, or rather Warton." Heylyn writes " Robertus Warton, vel Parfew abbas de Bermondsey, translat. ad Heref. Definit Whartoni Cata- logus." The history before named haa simply Robert Warton.
ALFRED CHS. JONAS.
Thornton Heath.
Prof. T. F. Tout in ' D.N.B.,' iii. 230, says that William Barlow, while on an embassy to Scotland,
'' was elected Bishop of St. Asaph (16 Jan., 1535/6). But before he left Scotland he was translated to St. David's, certainly without having exercised any episcopal functions,^ and probably without having been consecrated.'
For Robert Warton (d. 1557), Bishop of St. Asaph and Hereford respectively, see 'D.N.B.' lix. 431. He is known either as Parfew, Purefoy, and Parfey ; or as Warton, Wharton, and Warblington. He was con- secrated to St. Asaph's as Wartton, but used the arms of the Parfews or Purefoys ; whence Archdeacon Thomas concludes that the family name was Parfey or Parfew, and that the local name of Warton in various forms was adopted. A. R. BAYLEY.
JONATHAN WILD BIBLIOGRAPHY (10 S. xi. 347). A ' Criminal Bibliography,' embracing a hundred of the most famous malefactors of the Georgian era the golden age of the gallows would prove a most useful hand- book to students of the eighteenth century. A few years since I had thoughts of compiling one myself, but was deterred, as doubtless | WIKI |
Lambda Theta Alpha
Lambda Theta Alpha Latin Sorority, Inc. (ΛΘΑ) is the first and largest Latina-based sorority, established in 1975 at Kean University by seventeen women of Latin, Caribbean, and European descent as a support system for women in higher education. According to their website, Lambda Theta Alpha states that its focus would be to "actively integrate itself into the social, political and community service arena that other students had been involved with."
The sorority was a member of the National Association of Latino Fraternal Organizations, and won recognition as Sorority of the Year from 2000–2001, 2002–2003, 2003–2004, 2009–2010, 2011–2012, 2012–2013 and 2013– 2014.
History
Seventeen women came together to form the sorority and are recognized as the 17 Founding Mothers. According to the Sorority's website, Lambda Theta Alpha is recognized as the first Latina sorority in the United States. Lambda Theta Alpha partakes in traditions such as having hand signs and calls, as well as saluting and strolling; but not stepping, out of respect to the "Divine Nine" or the National Pan-Hellenic Council. Symbolically, saluting demonstrates unity and respect, while strolling demonstrates unity and pride.
St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital
Lambda Theta Alpha members serve thousands of hours each year to a variety of philanthropic causes and needs. In the effort to create a more united and bigger impact nationally, Lambda Theta Alpha selected a national philanthropy. In January 2010, LTA became an official collegiate partner to St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, becoming the first individual Latino Greek organization to commit fully to the hospital's efforts. LTA has pledged to bring awareness to childhood cancer, life-threatening diseases and St. Jude within the Latino community and to fundraise for the hospital through a variety of events and programs. In 2014, the sorority expanded its partnership with St. Jude by becoming an official partner of the annual St. Jude Walk/Run to End Childhood Cancer, which brings communities together across the nation during Childhood Cancer Awareness Month to raise funds for the hospital. The sorority has repeatedly exceeded its sponsorship commitments and looks forward to this event every year.
Lambda Theta Alpha Foundation
The Lambda Theta Alpha Foundation, Inc. was founded in 2015, based on the desires and needs identified by the National Board and Founding Mothers of Lambda Theta Alpha Latin Sorority, Inc. They identified the need to create a foundation where members and the community could contribute and benefit from its support. The mission is to promote the enrichment of our communities by providing funding for educational programming, collegiate scholarships, and spearheading humanitarian relief efforts.
Carolina Sodre and Beatriz Barragan came together and on November 24, 2015, the Lambda Theta Alpha Foundation, Inc. (“the Foundation”) became a recognized corporation of the State of Oklahoma and was officially recognized as a 501c3 public charity by the IRS on July 14, 2016. Once established, the Foundation took time to develop its strategic planning and active board members. In 2017, Hurricane Harvey occurred, which ignited the need for support from the Foundation to support its community through its humanitarian relief pillar.
Since then, the Foundation has been upholding the mission of advancing the community through education, humanitarian relief and scholarship.
Chapter Philanthropies
Most chapters of the organization have a chapter philanthropy in addition to the national philanthropy. Completing a set number of community service hours at any organization for a good cause are required to join.
Chapters
Chapters and their founding years. The Alpha Alpha and Alpha Alpha Alpha series chapter names are designated for alumnae clubs. Where known, the year when a chapter went dormant is noted. Active chapters noted in bold, inactive chapters noted in italics.
Omega chapter (Ω)
Omega chapter is dedicated to members of the sorority who are deceased. Historically, the sorority has honored these members with the title "Lambda Angels". During each national banquet a moment of silence is taken, and information about each member is incorporated into the program that reflects on each Lambda Angel’s accomplishments and the great loss that the Sisterhood has experienced, in their passing. In recent years a ceremony has been conducted at the national annual convention. | WIKI |
What Do Waist Trainers Do?
Country Girl
There are innumerable ways of getting into shape. New diets, workouts, and fads are cropping up almost on a daily basis. People who are working towards their dream physique are willing to put in all the hard work and try every technique to achieve their goal.
The primary goal of a waist trainer is to aid in slimming the waist at a faster speed. It is usually used by fitness enthusiasts, both women and men, to speed-up the process of achieving their desired waistline.
Country Girl
One goal that many people dream to achieve is to have an hourglass body shape. This is, however, not a new ideal that people are chasing.
For centuries, techniques have been designed to attain a smaller waist. Try recalling all those portraits of Victorian women with their waists cinched tightly in their long and flowing gowns. This trend has yet again made a comeback. This is what waist training is all about.
Let's take a look at some more information to know what waist training is capable of.
Helps in Weight Reduction
You must be wondering how can just wearing a really tight piece of fabric make your waist slimmer instantly? Here’s some physics for you.
Practicing Yoga
One, the compression caused by the waist trainer also moves the floating ribs to create an hourglass-looking shape. No actual weight loss, but wait till the next point. Two, the compression also causes reduced space in the abdomen, so the user is likely to not eat in large amounts. Finally, the waist trainer’s heat-stimulating properties make the user sweat more.
People who use waist training as a supplement to their regular workouts will feel the impact even more. Kim Kardashian has made the trend popular by posting photos of herself wearing a waist trainer while working out. You can trace the waist training craze of many Hollywood celebs on social media.
Corrects Posture
When a person thinks of using a waist trainer, shaping the waist is usually the only goal in mind. However, many users have been pleasantly surprised by how their waist training has put them in a habit of maintaining the correct posture.
The compression created by the waist training also keeps their back in place. It becomes difficult to be at ease, in a sense that you cannot slouch while wearing a waist trainer. You'll also be working your core muscles and abdominal muscles.
You’ll see once you wear a waist trainer that automatically you will sit or stand with your back and shoulders upright. This kind of posture will work wonders if in case you have any back troubles.
Enhances Workouts
It has become a fitness trend among both women and men to wear waist trainers while working out. The heat produced due to wearing during waist training adds to the perspiration caused during the workout. This results in a lot more sweating, leaving the person feeling even more charged and pumped.
It is advisable to wear waist trainers, especially during core workouts. The compression also focuses on the area of the workout and gives maximum benefits. So, to sum it up directly, wearing a waist trainer during workouts helps you burn fat more easily.
Helps with Postpartum Waist Tightening
In today’s times, a vast majority is focused on staying fit and in great shape. The same goes for women who have newly become mothers. These days, women start working out soon after they deliver the baby, to restore their body back into shape.
Mother and Baby
A waist trainer is a fantastic option for mothers of newborns, who are quick to get back to their fitness regimen. It helps enhance their workout, easing their journey back to their pre-pregnancy hourglass figure. Not only that, but it also becomes a good way for these new mommies to cover and tighten their post-delivery belly.
A good idea is always to consult with your doctor before starting a new fitness regimen and adopting any new techniques like waist training, right after the baby’s delivery. It is also advised to start with a more comfortable waist trainer and then build your way up to a firmer compression.
Serves as a Fitness Reminder and Makes You Feel Positive
What’s better than having a sense of achievement! Remember the time you were close to quitting on going to the gym but you forced yourself to do it. Or the time when you summoned enough willpower to say no to that chocolate cake because you decided to eat clean? Doesn’t that make you feel great?
Well, wearing a waist trainer can serve as a constant, physically present reminder for you to make healthier life choices that will help you lose weight. You know you are putting so much effort into achieving your goals, and they should not go to waste because of one moment of weakness. It is when you conquer such obstacles that you feel proud, energetic, and even more driven to attain your goals.
Watching the Sky
Tips to Get the Best Results
Patience and Perseverance: Well, if you are thinking that you can have it all by simply strapping the waist trainer onto your torso for a while, you are wrong! It is called ‘training’ for the very reason that it takes time to get yourself used to the process and your body to respond to it.
The Perfect Fit: It is of utmost importance to find yourself the perfect fit. The ideal fit will be three to four inches less than your waist size. Remember, an ill-fitting waist trainer can do more harm than good. Apart from not showing any results in terms of waist sizing, bad fits can also lead to backaches.
Time It Right: When you are starting out, let your body get used to the compression in a slow and steady manner. Start by wearing your waist trainer for an hour or two. Once you start getting more comfortable and more confident, you can gradually increase the duration to up to eight hours a day. And in the long term you'll start to feel as comfy as usual while wearing a waist trainer. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Antarctica is unique amongst the continents and major landmasses on earth in that it was genuinely discovered in historical times. Who exactly discovered it is not as clear as you might think.
The Discovery of Antarctica
First Sightings and First Landings
Unlike most places that were "discovered" by other civilizations but had endemic peoples already living there for thousands of years previously, Antarctica has never had a native human population.
The idea of Antarctica was first mooted by ancient Greek philosophers. They knew about the Arctic, that they called Arktos, The Bear, after the constellation of the Great Bear, from sailing voyages records, descriptions and stories. They had proven that the world was a sphere and so postulated that there should be something at the pole opposite to the Arctic to balance the world out. They called this undiscovered land mass Ant-Arktos, meaning "opposite the bear". The continent of Antarctica thus appeared on world maps for hundreds of years prior to anyone ever approaching anywhere near it.
A French produced world map from approx. 1530, northern hemisphere on the left and southern on the right.
A large Antarctic continent labeled "Terra Australis" is shown even though there was no evidence at the time for its existence. Also note the absence of Australia which would not be visited by Europeans until the first years of the 1600's.
Whaling and sealing voyages in particular, in the later 1700's and early 1800's would venture ever further south when rounding Cape Horn at the tip of South America. It was known that going further south often meant stronger winds and so greater speed, though at grave risk of hitting floating ice of all sizes and of winds and seas that could prove fatal to the ship and all the crew.
Captain James Cook with the ships HMS Resolution and HMS Adventure was the first to cross the Antarctic Circle on the 17th of January 1773 in the Ross Sea region and reached 71° 10'S a year later, while he didn't sight land he came to within 80km (50 miles) and saw deposits of rock held in icebergs indicating that a more southerly land existed.
The first sighting of Antarctica is now widely acknowledged to have taken place on the 28th (maybe the 27th) of January 1820 during the voyage of two Russian ships, the Vostok and Mirnyi under the command of Captain Fabien (Thaddeus) Gottleib von Bellingshausen during a two year exploratory expedition around the world to discover new lands for the Russian Empire. Bellingshausen's ships were the first to have crossed the Antarctic Circle since Cook nearly 50 years earlier, they did so on the 26th of January 1820.
For many years it was thought that Irishman Edward Bransfield on a British expedition was the first person to sight the Antarctic continent (rather than offshore islands) on the 30th of January 1820 with the ship Williams. The previous year Bransfield had discovered the South Shetland Islands while on a commercial voyage in the same ship. When he reported what he had found on returning to Valparaiso, Chile, Captain Shirreff of the British Royal Navy chartered the ship and appointed Bransfield as captain to return south the following season and investigate the area further.
Captain Von Bellingshausen
Bransfield's ship, the brig Williams
Bransfield saw the Trinity Peninsula, at the northernmost tip of the Antarctic Peninsula and described "high mountains, covered with snow", one of which was later named Mount Bransfield by French explorer Dumont D'Urville, the sea passage between the peninsula and South Shetland Islands was also later named the Bransfield Strait.
While Bransfield was aware of what he saw at the time, it seems that Bellingshausen might not have been, unsure if it was land or an iceberg that he had seen. In any case, Bellingshausen's claim was hidden for many years due to a lack of interest on his return to Russia, an incorrect translation of his journal and some confusion over the specific date of his observations. In more recent years closer analysis and better understanding of the records show that Bellingshausen saw the continent earlier than anyone else, descriptions of what he saw tie in with the lie of the land, mountain peaks, ice cap etc.
Some national pride has led to variously the British, the Irish and Russians claiming their man was first with the Americans also having a shout, though their man, Nathaniel Palmer was rather late not turning up until November 1820. Bellingshausen's primacy of claim is sometimes therefore described as "technically the first" or some similar description by those who would rather promote one of the alternatives.
The first claimed landing on continental Antarctica was by British-American sealing Capt. John Davis in the ship Cecilia at Hughes Bay on the Antarctic Peninsula on the 7th of February 1821. Some of the crew went ashore for less than an hour to look for seals, this claim cannot be confirmed.
The first undisputed landing on Antarctica didn't happen until much later on January the 24th 1895 at Cape Adare during the whaling voyage of the ship Antarctic led by Henryk Bull. A small boat with six (possibly seven) men on board rowed ashore during calm conditions.
It is not clear exactly who was the very first of this group to set foot on Antarctica, they all did so within a few moments of each other. Norwegian Carsten Borchgrevinck who would later return to this beach with an expedition on the Southern Cross made perhaps the most noise about being the first, while New Zealander Alexander von Tunzelmann and captain Leonard Kristensen also claim to have been the first.
Tunzelmann's claim comes from him being the first out of the boat to steady it while the others disembarked, so perhaps he was the first out of the boat, though not the first to set foot on dry land as he would have been standing in some inches of water. The others disembarked immediately, it seems it mattered to some what order they were in but not so much to others.
"Oi Borchgrevinck! We talked about this and agreed, when we got here we'd all get out together!"
A sketch drawn by Borchgrevinck himself of the landing at Cape Adare showing himself as the first to set foot on Antarctica.
Note that he doesn't portray Tunzelmann as holding the boat as he has been described. You'd think he'd have made himself look a bit more explorer-like rather than sneakily jumping out first before anyone else realised what was happening.
While this 1895 landing is the fully that is fully authenticated and accepted by all historians, it seems unlikely that it was actually the first landing on the continent of Antarctica. John Davis had certainly come very close to landing 1821 if he indeed didn't and with much sealing and whaling activity in the intervening 74 years it seems all but impossible that someone wouldn't have gone ashore during this time.
Part of the difficulty in specifying when and where it happened is that at the Antarctic coast, islands are often temporarily or permanently attached to the mainland by ice of various forms and so it can be difficult to tell at the time if you are standing on an island, the mainland or simply some form of ice platform over the sea.
Also, sealers and whalers were notoriously secretive about their hunting grounds and either wouldn't be interested in the kudos of becoming the first to set foot on a "New" continent or wouldn't want to give away to their rivals exactly where they had been to hunt for their prey. A sealing ship or group of them could quickly wipe out all of the seals on a secluded beach leaving nothing for the ship that had travelled a great distance hoping to take the harvest for themselves. Publically announcing where you had set foot on Antarctica would be to tell your rivals where your sealing grounds were. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Benjamin Büchel
Benjamin Büchel (born 4 July 1989) is a Liechtensteiner professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Swiss Challenge League club Vaduz, which he captains, and the Liechtenstein national team.
Club career
Born in Ruggell, Büchel spent his early career in Liechtenstein with FC Ruggell and USV Eschen/Mauren, as well as Swiss club FC Widnau.
He signed a six-month contract with English club Bournemouth in August 2012. In doing so he became the second player from Liechtenstein to play in England (after Franz Burgmeier, who played for Darlington in the 2008–09 season), and only the fourth Liechtensteiner to play outside the country.
He signed a one-month loan deal with Dorchester Town in February 2013, making three league appearances for the club.
In December 2013 he joined Southern Football League side Poole Town on loan until 18 January 2014, making 6 league appearances for them.
In February 2014 he moved on loan to Havant & Waterlooville, where he made 18 league appearances.
In October 2014 he moved on loan to Welling United.
He was released by Bournemouth at the end of the 2014–15 season, and joined Oxford United in September 2015. On 6 October 2015, he made his debut for Oxford United in a 2–0 win against close rivals Swindon Town in the Football League Trophy. He shared first-choice goalkeeping duties with Sam Slocombe for the 2015–16 season, both keepers making 23 League appearances, but the appointment of Simon Eastwood meant he failed to make any appearances in the first half of the following season and he was told he was free to leave during the January transfer window.
Büchel joined Barnet on an emergency loan in March 2017 and was released by Oxford in May 2017, after the end of the 2016–17 season.
International career
He made his international debut for Liechtenstein in 2008, as a substitute in a friendly against Slovakia.
In 2022, he was named Liechtenstein Footballer of the Year.
Honours
USV Eschen/Mauren Oxford United FC Vaduz
* Liechtenstein Cup winner: 2011–12
* Football League Trophy runner-up: 2015–16
* Liechtenstein Cup winner: 2021–22, 2022–23 , 2023–24 | WIKI |
Murray County School District
The Murray County School District is a public school district in Murray County, Georgia, United States, based in Chatsworth. It serves the communities of Chatsworth and Eton.
Schools
The Murray County School District has six elementary schools, two middle schools, and two high schools.
Elementary schools
* Chatsworth Elementary School
* Coker Elementary School
* Eton Elementary School
* Northwest Elementary School
* Spring Place Elementary School
* Woodlawn Elementary School
Middle school
* Gladden Middle School
* New Bagley Middle School
High schools
* Murray County High School
* North Murray High School
Academy
Pleasant Valley Innovative | WIKI |
MIC
Mic or MIC may refer to:
* Microphone, an acoustic transducer
Places
* Federated States of Micronesia, UNDP country code
* Miami Intermodal Center, a mega-transportation hub in Miami, Florida
People
* Mic (name), numerous people
Arts, entertainment, and media
* M.I.C. (band), a Chinese band formed by Taihe Rye Music
* Mic (media company), a media company focused on news for millennials
* Mic, an abbreviation for referencing the Book of Micah
* Made in Chelsea, a television series
Business
* Metal Improvement Company, a company specializing in metal surface treatments
* Merida Industry Co., Ltd., a bicycle manufacturing company in Taiwan
* Military Industries Corporation (Saudi Arabia), the main armament industry for the Saudi military
* Military Industry Corporation, the main armament industry for the Sudanese military
* Myanmar Investment Commission, a government-appointed body
* Mortgage investment corporation, a Canadian investment and lending company
* Motorcycle Industry Council, an American non-profit trade association
* MIC (organization), a Russian construction organization
Government and politics
* Malaysian Indian Congress, a Malaysian political party
* Military–industrial complex, the relationship between a nation's military forces, its arms industry, and government
* Military Intelligence Corps (Sri Lanka), a Sri Lankan military corp that is responsible for gathering, analyzing, and distributing military intelligence
* Military Intelligence Corps (United States Army), the intelligence branch of the United States Army, responsible for gathering, analyzing, and distributing military intelligence
* Ministry of Information and Communication (South Korea), a government agency
* Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, a Japanese government agency
Other organizations
* Marians of the Immaculate Conception, a Roman Catholic clerical congregation
* Mary Immaculate College, a college in Limerick, Ireland
* Metropolitan Interscholastic Conference, a high school athletic conference in Indiana, United States
* Midwest Independent Conference, United States, NCAA women's gymnastics conference
* Multan Institute of Cardiology, Pakistan
Science and medicine
* Major immunogene complex, gene complex coding immune response
* Maximal information coefficient, a statistical measure of association between variables
* Medical image computing, an interdisciplinary field
* Metal-induced crystallization, a method for turning amorphous silicon into polycrystalline silicon
* Metastable intermolecular composite, a type of reactive material in explosives research
* Methyl isocyanate, a chemical compound used in pesticides
* Microbial corrosion, or microbially-induced corrosion, corrosion caused or promoted by microorganisms
* Microscopium (constellation), abbreviation Mic
* Minimum inhibitory concentration, in microbiology, the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that will inhibit growth of a microorganism
* Morbus ischaemicus cordis, Latin for coronary artery disease
* Medically induced coma
Technology
* Machine Identification Code, a watermark generated by some printers
* Mandatory Integrity Control, a new security feature in Microsoft Windows Vista
* Intel MIC, Intel's Many Integrated Core processor architecture
* Media Interface Connector, for fiber optics
* Message Integrity Code, a cryptographic checksum used in wireless communications
* Micrometer (device), a measuring tool
* Microscope, an instrument for optical magnification
* Microsoft Innovation Center, Microsoft partners
* Microwave integrated circuit, a type of integrated circuit
Other uses
* Market Identifier Code, or ISO 10383, a unique identification code, which serves as a standard to identify securities trading exchanges, regulated and non-regulated trading markets
* Mi'kmaq language, by ISO 639 alpha-2 language code
* Middle income country, a developing country
* Crystal Airport (Minnesota), by IATA code | WIKI |
First Time Deploying with React Native
If you are like me, and have excitingly got your hands on a contract to build a React Native app, or are building a React Native app for the first time, I think we can all agree bundling and deploying your app is not straight forward and well documented at this moment. So in an effort to save others the hours I spent getting my app to work (and as reference for myself next time), I’ll go through my journey to deployment.
Note: This is for bundling and deploying an iOS app to the App Store.
1. Using the Offline Bundle
Cool! You’ve completed the app for version 1.0. Things are looking good, and so the best place to head next is to have a look at the React Native docs for “Running On Device”. Follow the steps under Using Offline Bundle. It’s pretty straight forward, open up AppDelegate.m, comment the line that points to the dev server and instead uncomment the local location for the bundle.
Example AppDelegate.m file
If you confused by step 3 in the docs, below demonstrates how you can get to the scheme settings.
Accessing the Scheme menu in Xcode
Sweet! The app now knows to load the local bundled js file. However, this mysterious main.jsbundle file that we told the app to use doesn’t exist. So I’m still left with one main question.
How do I create an offline bundle?
2. Creating an Offline Bundle
The answer is the local cli that lies within the react-native npm package. To generate the main.jsbundle file, run the following:
node node_modules/react-native/local-cli/cli.js bundle --entry-file='index.ios.js' --bundle-output='./ios/YourApp/main.jsbundle' --dev=false --platform='ios' --assets-dest='./ios'
There is a lot happening in this command, so make sure to checkout this great reference in the react-native cli source code https://github.com/facebook/react-native/blob/master/local-cli/bundle/bundleCommandLineArgs.js, which describes each option below.
— entry-file=’<path to your index.(ios|android).js file>
— bundle-output=’<path of where main.bundlejs will be created>’
— dev=false (bunch of perf optimisations are made when false)
— platform=’ios’
— assets-dest=(there is more detail a few paragraphs below)
No one wants to write that super tedious command every time, so chuck it into a npm script instead!
Now you can do npm run build:ios. The packager should start up, bundle your js code and output a file called “main.jsbundle” at ./ios/<YourApp>/. The final step is to add this file to the <YourApp> folder within the Xcode project.
“main.jsbundle” needs to be located in the same folder as main.m
3. Dealing with Assets
This is what stumped me for a little bit. How to get images to work with the offline bundle as they previously where without a hitch when the app pointed to the js bundle from the dev server (before we un/commented those lines in the AppDelegate.m). First let’s look at how React Native handles images. If you read the docs for images, the first line reads as:
As of 0.14, React Native provides a unified way of managing images in your iOS and Android apps.
Awesome, cross platform images for the win! If you’ve been using require(‘../img/some-img.png’) in your app, you understand that it simply treats your images just as if they were js modules. The key to all this working with the an offline bundle is the — assets-dest option in the react-native bundle command.
--assets-dest='./ios/'
This option tells the bundler the location of where you want to copy over all the assets (in this case just images). The path I used is ./ios, which mean this handy folder called “assets” was generated for me inside the ios folder.
The only thing left to do is to add this “assets” folder to the Xcode project. This can be done by right clicking on the project in the left side bar, and selecting “Add Files to <Your App>”.
Note, in order to get the images to work correctly, I needed to select the “Create folder references” option instead of “Create groups” when adding the assets folder. This can also apply when adding “main.jsbundle” to the project.
Dialogue that appears when clicking “Add Files…”
If you cannot can’t see these options, you need to click the “Options” button first in the bottom left of the popup menu. For a more in depth look at the differences between Folder References and Create Groups, checkout this article http://www.thomashanning.com/xcode-groups-folder-references/
And That’s It!
As long as you’ve got your cert and provisioning profiles set up correctly, if you don’t Ionic has some really easy docs to follow, you can now run the app on a device and archive the build ready to be uploaded to iTunes Connect!
Like what you read? Give Cameron Bourke a round of applause.
From a quick cheer to a standing ovation, clap to show how much you enjoyed this story. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Divisibility rule
major revision
I've noticed there was more or less the only one person still editing on that article within the last 9 months and before that a larger discussion of how to improve it (without being implemented).
I'm considering a major rewrite of the article and actually splitting it up in probably 3 different ones
* basic ideas, few rules, generalizations of the ideas/concepts
* a somewhat comprehensive list of divisibilitiy rules
* proofs & techniques
* Proofs & techniques —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:35, 8 April 2009 (UTC)
The latter 2 are basically new articles and don't concern the original articles, however i'd like to use the occasion to completely rewrite (in particular shorten) the original article as well. That means most of its content would be deleted or moved to the other articles. However I don't want to do such extensive modifications without the original contributors being ok with it. So let me know if there any objection or if you have any suggestions for the rewrite.--Kmhkmh 16:53, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* I would definitely support such a movement and help where I could. As long as you cite what you replace, I have no problem with my work being redone... I'll ask Cryptic C62 to make a statement also, as he did quite a bit here a while back. -- Rmrfstar 22:24, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* Bah, a statement? Do what you will. All I ever did was crank out original researchy home-made rules. --Cryptic C62 · Talk 23:06, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
Split from Divisor topic
OK, I moved the material, although I'd still like to talk about a name change for the "new" topic. --Jay (Histrion) 20:23, 6 August 2005 (UTC)
* how about "Divisibility test"? -- Yannick Gingras 15:30, August 7, 2005 (UTC)
* I changed the visible part of the pipe over at Divisor to "properties". If that sticks there then maybe that is another potential name. Walt 00:06, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
Proofs
I agree that the proofs should be moved to another page but it is not clear yet if this should be a regular page or a subpage. User:Linas made a request for the subpages, maybe we should wait for the decision. -- Yannick Gingras 15:26, August 7, 2005 (UTC)
* I don't think it's appropriate for the proofs to be here. The proofs are not too hard to work out and most mathematics pages on Wikipedia do without. — ciphergoth 22:24, August 7, 2005 (UTC)
* I don't think that those are that easy to work out for someone who first learn about divisibility test. I find that knowing why it works helps a lot to remember them. Maybe some explanation with prose would be better but I fear that it might become too long. Most articles don't include the proofs but on WikiProject_Mathematics/Proofs it is said that including proofs can be helpfull if they are put aside from the main article. Act how you think will yield the greatest good for everyone, I won't start a revert war. -- Yannick Gingras 02:44, August 9, 2005 (UTC)
* I've cut the proofs down to a representative sample and tidied them up a bit. Some were deleted because they would need to be fixed in order to stay: eg where it says "6 = 2 x 3" that's not nearly sufficient justification; as a counterexample to the explicit rule, 4|12 and 6|12 but (4 x 6) does not divide 12. — ciphergoth 07:57, August 9, 2005 (UTC)
* I agree with shortening the proofs. About making proofs subpages (se e the very top comment in this section), I think the use of subpages is very discouraged on Wikipedia. Basically, proofs should be in the same text as the theorem, but proofs should be avoided or made sketches unless they add significant value in understanding the article. That's my 2c. Oleg Alexandrov 15:40, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
* So do you think there's merit to my contention that we would probably be wisest to remove them altogether? — ciphergoth 22:09, August 9, 2005 (UTC)
Fine to me either way. Now the proofs are in a separate section, and that section is at the very bottom of the article, so there is not much harm done to keep then in. So I am not sure if I would strongly support removing them.
The situation was of course very different before the article was split off. Then the proofs took a lot of real estate in the middle of the article obscuring more important stuff.
So, I think keeping the proofs they way they are now is not too bad. But I would not object to them being removed or even more shortened either. Oleg Alexandrov 22:14, 9 August 2005 (UTC)
53
I think 50 is enough. After that, it becomes useless information and Wikipedia is not the place for that. -- Rmrfstar 00:59, 25 March 2006 (UTC)
* I agree, 50 is a good place to stop. There might even be a case for stopping much earlier. — ciphergoth 22:23, 26 March 2006 (UTC)
* I somewhat strongly disagree to that, wikipedia can (and mayb even should) a large list of divisibility rules.Keep in mind the math portal is used as reference by mathematicians and for specific math facts as well.From my point of view it is more a question of properly organizing the material in either long article with sensible chapters (which could be skipped by a reader not interested in them) or perhaps even better
split it in serveral separate articles - for instance: --Kmhkmh 12:11, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
* basics including a few rules
* comprehensive list of rules
* proofs
* I'm fine with that: if there's a dedicated list, I won't mind any extra rules because they won't interfere with the content. -- Rmrfstar 22:26, 17 April 2007 (UTC)
—The preceding unsigned comment was added by Kmhkmh (talk • contribs) 12:10, 17 April 2007 (UTC).
* There might... -- Rmrfstar 00:05, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
* The general form of a divisibility test is this. If x is not a prime power, then it's a product of prime powers a_1^{p_1} a_2^{p_2} ... and y is divisible by x if it is divisible by a_1^{p_1} and by a_2^{p_2} and so on. If x = 2^n or x = 5^n, then y is divisible by x if the last n digits of y are divisible by x. Otherwise, 10a + b is divisible by x if a + kb is divisible by x, where k is a number such that 10k -1 is divisible by x (ie the multiplicative inverse). k can be negative, which is often more convenient for keeping k small, and this works not just for prime powers but for any x not divisible by 2 or 5. Perhaps we should stop at 20 and then explain the general form in more detail? — ciphergoth 08:23, 27 March 2006 (UTC)
* I support stopping at 20, except for notable or easy ones, like 25, 27, 32, and 37 (add 36, 49, 33). The rest can be an exercise for the reader :-) By the way, I'm hoping to make an easier to understand explanation soon. You can do it with algebra without using modular arithmetic. Walt 00:10, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
Well 50 is a good area for now, but for biggners it should be 20 — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:12, 29 July 2015 (UTC)
Text from Divisor
I'm storing the following here for integration with this article. It seems that if Divisibility Rule is a separate article, then this should not be there.
If an integer n is written in base b, and d is an integer with b ≡ 1 (mod d), then n is divisible by d if and only if the sum of its digits is divisible by d. The rules for d=3 and d=9 given above are special cases of this result (b=10).
We can generalize this method even further to find how to check divisibility of any integer in any base by any other (smaller integer). Let us say that we want to determine if d | a in base b. Then we first find a pair of integers (n, k) that solves the congruence bn ≡ k (mod d). Now rather than summing the digits, we take a (which has m digits) and multiply the first m-n digits by k and add the product to the last (or more precisely, smallest) k digits and repeat if necessary. If the result is a multiple of d then the original number is divisible by d.
A few examples will help demonstrate this. Since 103 ≡ 1 (mod 37) then the number<PHONE_NUMBER> gives 1+523+836+638 = 1998 which gives 1×1 + 998 = 999. We know that 999 is divisible by 37 because of the above congruence. Again, 102 ≡ 2 (mod 7) so 43106 gives 431×2 + 06 = 868 which gives 8×2+68 = 84 which is easily noted as being a multiple of 7.
Note that there is no unique triple (n, k, d) since for example 10 ≡ 3 (mod 7) so we could also have done 4310×3 + 6 = 12936 and 1293×3 + 6 = 3885 and 388×3 + 5 = 1169 and 116×3 + 9 = 357 and 35×3 + 7 = 112 and 11×3 + 2 = 35 and 3×3 + 5 = 14 and 1×3 + 4 = 7. Clearly this is not always efficient but note that each number in this series, 43106, 12936, 3885, 1169, 357, 112, 35, 14, 7 is a multiple of 7 and many series could contain trivially identifiable multiples. This method is not necessarily useful for some numbers (for example 104 ≡ 4 (mod 17) is the first n where k < 10) but lends itself to fast calculations in other cases where n and k are relatively small.
Walt 00:18, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
* The above was changed by another editor. Per WP:TPO, we need to leave each other's comments alone and instead respond to them, so I undid the change and instead am describing the change here. In the "We can generalize" paragraph, next-to-last sentence, the following alteration was made ( removed / added ):
* Now rather than summing the digits, we take a (which has m digits) and multiply the first m-n digits by k and add the product to the last (or more precisely, smallest) k n digits and repeat if necessary.
* — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:45, 11 November 2014 (UTC)
* DMacks (talk) 08:58, 11 November 2014 (UTC)
Revamping the page
I'm trying to make the page easier for someone who doesn't know a lot of math, and is looking for the rules to actually use them. The rest of us I'm sure can cope by looking at the proofs. I've removed a few rules and added some I think are easier, while also cleaning up (IMHO) the entries.
I hope anyone who doesn't like these changes will discuss it here first so we can satisfy everyone.
Walt 23:57, 29 May 2006 (UTC)
* I love 'em. -- Rmrfstar 23:51, 14 June 2006 (UTC)
* Thanks. Always nice to get some feedback (esp. positive) -- Walt 12:58, 15 June 2006 (UTC)
Cut text - trial divisors
I cut the following: the point of this page is that you can determine divisibility without determining the quotient. This may belong on a page of how to do mental math instead.
Proof using trial divisors For 21:
* Choose a number n such that n>0. (2n)*10+n=21n, 21n/21=n
* For example, 53: 53*2=106*10=1060+53=1113. 1113/21=53
* You can also do this logically, noting that 20n+n=21n. That is to say, if 8 is multiplied by 20, the result is 160. If 8 is added to that product, the result is 168, which is divisible by 21, obviously. This stems from the known fact that multiplication is a simplified form of addition.
This rule for 21 will also apply for all numbers 10n+1 where n is an integer. That is to say, for instance, in order to test to 31, multiply the number by 3, then by 10, and add the number to itself. Thus, if a number can be broken up into two numbers and 1/3 of the first number is equal to the second number, then it is divisible by 31. E.g., 713 = 690 + 23. 69/3 = 23, thus 713 is divisible by 31.
Walt 01:46, 2 June 2006 (UTC)
overall form
I feel as if this article can not be made to fit the format of a traditional article... perhaps it should be made into an official list? -- Rmrfstar 03:51, 4 January 2007 (UTC)
Confusing Divisibility Rule for 17
<IP_ADDRESS> 20:46, 20 February 2007 (UTC) From: Dann <IP_ADDRESS> 20:46, 20 February 2007 (UTC) In the section entitled "2 through 20"... a chart lists various divisibility rules (for these 19 whole-numbers-- from 2 through 20)... I have been able to understand (& gratefully utilize) all of these rules... all, EXCEPT FOR ONE-- that one being: the second rule listed for the number 17. The description of the "Divisibility Condition"... does NOT seem to match the given "Example". The named "Divisibility Condition" is described (with ambiguous wording) as follows: "Alternatively subtract and add blocks of two digits from the end, doubling the last block and halving the result of the operation, rounding any decimal end result as necessary." Does this mean "doubling the last block" of those 2-digit blocks-of-digits which a person (in reverse order) does "[a]lternatively subtract and add"... or does this mean "doubling the last block" of the original number? Oddly, in the given "Example", though, every "block of two digits" EXCEPT FOR "the last block" of the original number... are ones which the article's readers can witness the said "Example" to be "doubling". Perhaps, the contributor had intended to say "doubling each 2-digit block-of-digits OTHER THAN the last block". The reader is left to guess. Another wording leaves uncertainty, as well. Specifically, when does "halving the result of the operation" occur? To do so, immediately after doubling any 2-digit block-of-digits... would leave the same 2-digit block-of-digits which had existed prior to the original doubling (making that doubling-- be a pointless waste-of-time). If, instead, the doubling should occur AFTER a doubled 2-digit block-of-digits has been subtracted from, or added to, another 2-digit block-of-digits... then, should that "halving" occur after EACH subtraction, or addition, of a (possibly, doubled) 2-digit block-of-digits... ONLY after the FIRST subtraction of a (possibly, doubled) 2-digit block-of-digits... or ONLY after ALL of the (possibly, doubled) 2-digit blocks-of-digits have been subtracted, or added? Looking (for insight into these matters) to the provided "Example"... provides no clear answers... and, instead, only creates more questions. The "Example" (for 209,865-- which commas divide... into each, said block of 2 digits-- as "20,98,65"), however, does not double the last block (i.e., of 65); but rather, that said "Example" doubles both the middle block (of 98... which becomes "(98x2)")... as well as the first block (i.e., of 20... becoming "40"). Plus, the "Example" does NOT remove the resulting decimal... by "rounding" (but rather, through multiplication by 10). The said "Example" (which appears as: "20,98,65: (65 - (98x2)) : 2 + 40 = - 25.5 = 255 = 15x17")... CAN work, however, when expressed as follows: "209,865: ( [65 - (98•2) ] / 2) + (2•20) = [ (65 - 196) / 2] + 40 = (-131 / 2) + 40 = -65.5 + 40 = -25.5"... and "-25.5•10 = -255 = -15•17". Despite my best efforts, though, NONE of my attempts to apply this divisibility rule to larger multiples of 17 (ones with more digits than the given "Example") have ever been successful. Please, either help me to understand this Divisibility Rule... or send this note to the contributor (of the said Divisibility Rule)... so that I'll learn how to apply the Divisibility Condition to this sizable multiple of 17: 9,349,990,820,016,829,983 (a whole-number which is the product of the following prime factors: 3 • 3 • 3 • 3 • 7 • 11 • 13 • 13 • 13 • 17 • 37 • 43 • 557 • 45,293). Thanking you, in advance, for your prompt reply, Danny
* Hello Danny. I read a book, Vedic Mathematics that gives a general method for divisibility called osculation. It follows the vedic ideal of one-line notation. It requires no division, just multiplication and addition. Larry R. Holmgren March 4, 2007.
Example one: Is 209,865 divisible by 17? First convert the divisor 17 to the nines family. 17x7=119. Add one, drop the zero. The 12 is the Ekādhika, the multiplier. Start on the right, one digit at-a-time, moving to the left. If you finish with 17 (or a multiple of 17) or zero, then the number is divisible by 17, otherwise it is not divisible by 17. Ten multiples of 17: 17, 34, 51, 68, 85, 102, 119, 136, 153, 170.
The process: Multiply the first digit on the right by 12. Add the product to the next digit to the left. Write the result below that next digit. Multiply its units digit of the result by 12 and add that product to the other digits in the result and add to the next digit to the left. Set down this result below that digit. Repeat the process to the end on the left. Mental math: 5x12=60. 60+6=66. 6x12=72. 72+6+8=86. 6x12=72. 72+8+9=89. 9x12=108. 108+8+0=116. 6x12=72. 72+11+2=85. 2 0 9 8 6 5 85 116 89 86 66 YES.
Example two: Is 9,349,990,820,016,829,983 divisible by 17? As above for a divisor of 17 the Ekādhika (multiplier) is 12. 18 steps of mental math: 3x12+8=44. 4x12+4+9=61. 1x12+6+9=27. 7x12+2+2=88. 8x12+8+8=112. 2x12+11+6=41. 1x12+4+1=17. 7x12+1+0=85. 5x12+8+0=68. 8x12+6+2=104. 4x12+10+8=66. 6x12+6+0=78. 8x12+7+9=112. 2x12+11+9=44. 4x12+4+9=61. 1x12+6+4=24. 4x12+2+3=53. 3x12+5+9=50.
9 3 4 9 9 9 0 8 2 0 0 1 6 8 2 9 9 8 3 119 29 22 61 44 112 78 66 104 68 85 17 41 112 88 27 61 44 YES. Larry R. Holmgren 11:23, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
* Danny Please check the prime factorization of that 19-digit number again. 9,349,990,820,016,829,983 =? 3 • 3 • 3 • 3 • 7 • 11 • 13 • 13 • 13 • 17 • 37 • 43 • 557 • 45,293 ? I checked 9 by casting out nines. OK
Larry R. Holmgren 18:36, 3 March 2007 (UTC) ********************************************************************************************** Hello, Larry. Thank you for posting your reply. Although I do appreciate the fact that you did provide a response to my inquiry... I am afraid that your analysis has something amiss about it. Using long-division, I have been able to verify my factoring. To start with, 9,349,990,820,016,829,983 (in fact) IS evenly divisible by 17. The quotient that results is 549,999,460,000,989,999. When 549,999,460,000,989,999 becomes the dividend... with a divisor of 45,293... the next quotient (again, using long-division) is 12,143,144,856,843. Then, next, when 12,143,144,856,843 is divided by 204,709,197 (i.e., the product of... 3 • 7 • 11 • 37 • 43 • 557)... the next quotient (again, using long-division) is 59,319. Finally, when a person divides 59,319 by 4,563 (i.e., the product of... 3 • 3 • 3 • 13 • 13)... the next quotient (again, via long-division) is 13. Although, initially, I did have some difficulty in grasping the mechanics of these fascinating principles of Vedic Mathematics... eventually, I did comprehend them. You have taught me an invaluable lesson... for which I am very grateful; however, I do believe that I have identified the reason for you reaching the mistaken conclusion of the number not being evenly divisible by 17 (when, in fact, it is). Near the end of the process, you stated (perhaps, from a typographical error)... that (1 • 12) + 6 + 4 = 24. In fact, however, (1 • 12) + 6 + 4 = 22 (instead of 24). This tiny little glitch... led to two subsequent mistakes. Had this minor slip not happened... no doubt, you would have followed the result of 22... with the next two statements: (2 • 12) + 2 + 3 = 29 and (9 • 12) + 2 + 9 = 119... thereby, verifying the divisibility. Even though I am glad to have learned this new technique (at least, that is, new to me)... the divisibility test (or rule)-- which I had referenced in my original inquiry... still, remains a mystery to me. Anyone, at all... please, post information about how to apply (to 9,349,990,820,016,829,983)... the divisibility rule (for 17) which says to: "Alternatively subtract and add blocks of two digits from the end, doubling the last block and halving the result of the operation, rounding any decimal end result as necessary." Thanking you, in advance, for your prompt reply, Danny
More on General Divisibility Rules
Interesting work there... though I warn you that yellow on white is barely legible. I certainly can't read it.
--Changed the fonts and presentation to make it readable. 2007.06.08
I think another component to general divisibility rules deserves some discussion. In particular, alternate bases than '10'. E.g. if a number is represented in binary or hexadecimal. For young programmers working on big-number representations and optimizations of associated functions (like 'isprime?') that would be quite a boon. Not that it hasn't been solved in the open-source world already... but a decent explanation would be nice.
Thank a lot for your contribution, really I don't know nothing about isprime, if you know about this we can collaborate in this, I am murad aldamen, who made this rule...
no problem for the font Donquimico 01:55, 9 June 2007 (UTC)
Danny, perhaps the algorithm for divisibility by 17 is the negative osculation algorithm, Vedic Mathematics. I can look it up later. Divisor, D=17. 17x7=119. Hence, the positive osculator, P = 12. One nine means use one digit at-a-time. Next, generate a double nine ending. 17x47=799. Hence, P=8, taking 2-digits at-a-time. And the negative osculator (multiplier) is 4? but alternating + and - signs, osculating right to left. If we let the negative osculator = Q, then P+Q=D. There is both positive and negative osculation as well as digit-wise, whole number, complex, and multiplex osculation.Larry R. Holmgren 17:36, 22 June 2007 (UTC)
I am the man 2859 03:22, 24 October 2007 (UTC) i still don't get how you do divisibility rule 11!
it is easily, see general divisibility test,... for examples: 121=120+1--> 12-1=11; another example, 143,...140+3=>14-3=11;...etc Donquimico —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:44, 2 March 2008 (UTC)
General rule
Thanks for working on this topic! I'd like to add a suggestion about adding some wording regarding a general rule, especially if you plan to cap the divisors at 50. I see that you've noted on the table for 7 that 'Double the number with the last two digits removed and add the last two digits' works. Let's extend that a little, assuming 'b' equals the last two digits and 'a' everything else.
If x is a coefficient equal to 100 - (the greatest multiple of the divisor less than 100), then divisor d is evenly divisible if xa+b is. For 7 that is obviously the 2a+b that you mention. For 19 it would be 5a+b, etc. For some numbers like 17, it's more trouble than it's worth (see below), but there are clearly some numbers where this is handy. If b is extended to three digits, then x = 1000 - (greatest multiple <1000), etc and the same formula works.
Or, you can subtract using the test xa-b, where x is a coefficient equal to (the smallest multiple of the divisor greater than 100) - 100. So for 17 the formula 2a-b is preferable to 15a+b.
Hope this is helpful. I've been looking around the web to see if anyone has a 'unified theory' that laypeople like myself would understand, and perhaps it's out there. Since I'm not planning to publish my childhood musings, here it is if you can use it.
Best of luck, George Wunder —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:55, 28 May 2008 (UTC)
Quote:
"14
It is divisible by 2 and by 7.
224: it is divisible by 2 and by 7.
Add the last two digits to twice the rest. The answer must be divisible by 7.
364: (3 × 2) + 64 = 70."
Well, I think there is a mistake. Obviously 371 is not divisible by 14 but (3×2)+71=77.
Where it is written "The answer must be divisible by 7" it should be written "The answer must be divisible by 14".
I corrected it, so I think you shouldn't undo the change.
Divisibility by 13
It is like 7, but instead of subtracting double the last digit, you add 4 times the last digit. Eg. 13286: 1328 + 4(6)=1352 => 135 + 2(4) = 143 = 13 * 11. They prove this rule as part of Ring Theory in university. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:56, 25 May 2016 (UTC)
A Better Algorithm for "Divisible by 3" Rule
I would like to put forward another more efficient algorithm for the "divisible by 3" rule, to add to (ie. not replace) the current "large numbers" algorithm.
Now, since all multiples of 3 can be composed of "the sum of multiples of 3" (eg. 9=6+3), it is more efficient to keep track of each digits variation from a multiple of 3, than it is to actually complete the full sum of digits to get a resulting number (which may or may-not be divisible by 3). This is better explained by this series of examples:
* Is<PHONE_NUMBER> divisible by 3? Now 3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3+3 = 3×10, ∴ the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.
* Is<PHONE_NUMBER> divisible by 3? Now 6+9+6+9+6+9+6+9+6+9 = 6×5 + 9×5 = 3×(2×5) + 3×(3×5) = 3×(2×5 + 3×5), ∴ the sum of the digits is divisible by 3.
* Is 123456 divisible by 3? Now 1+2+3+4+5+6 = (0+1)+(3-1)+3+(3+1)+(6-1)+6 = (0+3+3+3+6+6) + (1-1+1-1) = (0+3+3+3+6+6) + (0) = 3×(0+1+1+1+2+2+0), ∴ the sum of the digits is divisible by 3. This example introduces the "variations from a multiple of 3", which was previously mentioned.
Now 2+3+5+4+1+8+9+8+3+2+0+7+8+9+3 = (3-1)+3+(6-1)+(3+1)+(0+1)+(9-1)+9+(9-1)+3+(3-1)+0+(6+1)+(9-1)+9+3 = (3+3+6+3+0+9+9+9+3+3+0+6+9+9+3) + (-1-1+1+1-1-1-1+1-1) = (3+3+6+3+0+9+9+9+3+3+0+6+9+9+3) + (-3) = 3×(1+1+2+1+0+3+3+3+1+1+0+2+3+3+1-1), ∴ the sum of the digits is divisible by 3. It is important to note from this example that as long as these "ones" sum to a multiple of 3 (or a negative multiple), the sum of the digits will be a multiple of 3.
* And now for the random-number example; is<PHONE_NUMBER>07893 divisible by 3?
The Algorithm
To summarise what I am basically doing in the last example: if you count the quantity of the digits 2, 5 and 8 in the whole number; subtract this from the quantity of the digits 1, 4 and 7 in the whole number; the result will be a (positive or negative) multiple of 3, if and only if, the original number is divisible by 3.
- Ricketts <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:34, 30 April 2010 (UTC)
Massive cleanup needed on Aisle 7459634...
Okay, seriously, this article is a mess...
* For one, what is the table of divisibility rules for 2-20 doing ABOVE the table of contents? It should be below it...
* And the table of rules for numbers beyond 20 is missing a ton of numbers, specifically prime numbers: 53, 67, 73, 89, 97...and so many more between 91 and 989 that I can't even pin down...
* There are text boxes all over the place that look more like website hacks than information boxes...such things belong on an encyclopedia site such as this like bologna belongs in a birthday cake...
I've fixed the first problem (and cleaned up a lot of smaller issues), but the last two are beyond me... -Black Yoshi (talk) 21:27, 25 May 2010 (UTC)
16
My version:
* Add four times the first (hundreds) digit to the number formed from the last two digits.
The incorrect version:
* Add four times the first digit to the rest.
Perhaps something needs to be done to correct my version in case the number has more than 3 digits, but the previous line adjusts the number formed by the last 3 digits according to the value in the thousands place. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 08:27, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
* I wasn't in advanced math courses throughout middle and high school for nothing, Arthur; my version (your "incorrect version") is in fact mathematically correct -- just confusingly stated. I'll admit, I was just trying to follow the pattern set up by other numbers -- say, 7: "Subtract twice the last digit from the rest," it says, and nothing more. My version probably should have said, "Add four times the first digit to the number formed by the rest," but then you would have to fix all of the other numbers to match it, since it would stick out like a sore thumb. Perhaps a little reminder above/below the table would clear that up... —Preceding unsigned comment added by Black Yoshi (talk • contribs) 13:43, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
* Your expression is wrong unless the number has exactly 3 digits. Mine is correct if the number has at most 3 digits. However, I'm willing to adjust it to cover at least 3 digits, if you insist. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 14:56, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
* Oh my God, I can't believe I've been so darned wrong about that...in fact, you have to multiply the number formed by all except the last two digits by 4, then add that to the number formed by the last two digits...oh God, I'm so sorry about that...about everything I've done to this article in the past twenty-four hours...note to self: CHECK MATH FIRST -- don't just assume something is true...Black Yoshi (talk) 16:49, 27 May 2010 (UTC)
* The similar wording on the rule for 8 confused me as well. I thought it meant to double every digit aside from the last. An example for a three-or-more-digit number (as opposed to the existing two-digit example) in the table would have made this much clearer. Travis Evans (talk) 18:54, 29 September 2022 (UTC)
Why there is a bias in editing this page and the murad divisibility rule has been deleted!!! —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:08, 17 July 2010 (UTC)
Code boxes all over the place...
Okay, what is with all these code boxes in the Divisibility by 7 section? Do they even have a purpose, aside from to make the article appear as though it's been hacked? I've tried to remove them (as that's probably why the cleanup tag has been added) but I haven't been able to; if someone else can either explain their intended purpose and/or clear them up, that would be great. Black Yoshi (talk) 03:17, 8 January 2011 (UTC)
* It makes the article easier to read by ensuring that there is a fixed width font so text lines up properly. Also single line breaks are not ignored the way they are in normal text on MediaWiki. It can be done without the code boxes, yes (just use BR tags after every line) but I find this way easier both to write and to read. — Soap — 14:29, 25 April 2011 (UTC)
Divisibility Rules in Lotsa Various Bases
These are for bases in addition to ten. They are grouped according to ease of use (subjective of course).
Base 10:
* 2: final digit is {0, 2, 4, 6, 8}.
* 5: final digit is {0, 5}.
* 4: penultimate digit is odd (2n+1), final digit is {2, 6}; or penultimate digit is even (2n), final digit is {0, 4, 8}.
* 3: sum of all digits is a multiple of 3.
* 9: sum of all digits is a multiple of 9.
* 6: an even number that passes the divisibility test for 3.
* 11: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 11.
* 8: third last digit is odd (2n+1), last two digits are divisible by 4 but not 8 (8n+4); third last digit is even (2n), last two digits are divisible by 8 (8n).
* 7: successive subtraction of final three digits from all the other digits yields a multiple of 7.
* 13: successive subtraction of final three digits from all the other digits yields a multiple of 13.
Base 12:
* 2: final digit is {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, X}.
* 3: final digit is {0, 3, 6, 9}.
* 4: final digit is {0, 4, 8}.
* 6: final digit is {0, 6}.
* 8: penultimate digit is odd (2n+1), final digit is 4; or penultimate digit is even (2n), final digit is {0, 8}.
* 9: penultimate digit is 3n+1, final digit is 6; or penultimate digit is 3n−1, final digit is 3; or penultimate digit is 3n, final digit is {0, 9}.
* E: sum of all the digits is a multiple of E.
* 11: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 11.
* 16: final two digits are {00, 16, 30, 46, 60, 76, 90, X6}.
* 14: final two digits are {00, 14, 28, 40, 54, 68, 80, 94, X8}.
* 5: successive subtraction of final two digits from all the other digits yields a multiple of 5.
* X: an even number that passes the divisibility test for 5.
* 7: successive subtraction of final three digits from all the other digits yields a multiple of 7.
Base 14:
* 2: final digit is {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, A, C}.
* 7: final digit is {0, 7}.
* 4: penultimate digit is odd (2n+1), final digit is {2, 6, A}; or penultimate digit is even (2n), final digit is {0, 4, 8, C}.
* D: sum of all the digits is a multiple of D.
* 3: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 3.
* 5: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 5.
* 11: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 11.
* 6: an even number that passes the divisibility test for 3.
* A: an even number that passes the divisibility test for 5.
* 8: third last digit is odd (2n+1), last two digits are divisible by 4 but not 8 (8n+4); third last digit is even (2n), last two digits are divisible by 8 (8n).
* 9: successive subtraction of final three digits from all the other digits yields a multiple of 9.
Base 16:
* 2: final digit is {0, 2, 4, 6, 8, A, C, E}.
* 4: final digit is {0, 4, 8, C}.
* 8: final digit is {0, 8}.
* 3: sum of all digits is a multiple of 3.
* 5: sum of all digits is a multiple of 5.
* F: sum of all digits is a multiple of F.
* 6: an even number that passes the divisibility test for 3.
* A: an even number that passes the divisibility test for 5.
* 11: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 11.
* 7: sum of all blocks of three digits is a multiple of 7.
* 9: sum of all blocks of three digits is a multiple of 9.
* D: sum of all blocks of three digits is a multiple of D.
* E: an even number that passes the divisibility test for 7.
Base 6:
* 2: final digit is {0, 2, 4}.
* 3: final digit is {0, 3}.
* 4: penultimate digit is odd (2n+1), final digit is {2}; or penultimate digit is even (2n), final digit is {0, 4}.
* 13: last two digits are {00, 13, 30, 43}.
* 5: sum of all digits is a multiple of 5.
* 14: an even number that passes the divisibility test for 5.
* 11: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 11.
* 12: third last digit is odd (2n+1), last two digits are {04, 20, 32, 44}; or third last digit is even (2n), last two digits are {00, 12, 24, 40, 52}.
Base 8:
* 2: final digit is {0, 2, 4, 6}.
* 4: final digit is {0, 4}.
* 3: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 3.
* 11: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 11.
* 6: an even number that passes the divisibility test for 3.
* 7: sum of all the digits is a multiple of 7.
* 5: successive subtraction of final two digits from all the other digits yields a multiple of 5.
* 12: an even number that passes the divisibility test for 5.
Base 11 (a prime base, for comparison):
* 2: sum of all the digits is a multiple of 2. (Alternating-digits rule can also be applied.)
* 5: sum of all the digits is a multiple of 5.
* X: sum of all the digits is a multiple of X.
* 3: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 3.
* 4: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 4.
* 11: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 11.
* 6: a number that passes the divisibility tests for both 2 and 3.
* 7: sum of all blocks of three digits is a multiple of 7.
* 9: successive subtraction of final three digits from all the other digits yields a multiple of 9.
Base 15 (odd but not prime):
* 3: final digit is {0, 3, 6, 9, C}.
* 5: final digit is {0, 5, A}.
* 9: penultimate digit is 3n+1, final digit is {3, C}; or penultimate digit is 3n−1, final digit is 6; or penultimate digit is 3n, final digit is {0, 9}.
* 2: sum of all the digits is a multiple of 2. (Alternating-digits rule can also be applied.)
* 7: sum of all the digits is a multiple of 7.
* E: sum of all the digits is a multiple of E.
* 6: a number that passes the divisibility tests for both 3 and 2.
* A: a number that passes the divisibility tests for both 5 and 2.
* 4: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 4.
* 8: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 8.
* 11: sum of digits in even places and sum of digits in odd places differ by a multiple of 11. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:26, 7 May 2012 (UTC)
Divisibility testing via modulo division
Hello fans of divisibility tests and modular math!
I propose adding some text and examples of divisibility testing using modulo division. (And I did add it already once but it was reverted by Arthur Rubin on the grounds that modulo calculation is not a divisibility test.) But, technically, it is a divisibility test, and its easier to perform both manually and mentally than some of the methods currently in the article, and I honesty believe that modulo division is thoroughly in line with the spirit and techniques of the methods discussed in this article. Acknowledging that there may be a legitimate difference of opinion, I'll try proposing it here to see if others agree and want to include it.
The simple and easy-to-do form of modulo division is where you replace the first two digits of your dividend with their remainder, modulo your 1-digit divisor. The proof is constructed similarly to all other divisibility tests. Note the similarity to the divisibility test for 7 where you subtract twice the last digit from the number formed by all but the last digit. By repeatedly applying a 1-digit reduction to the dividend, you can transform the dividend into a 2 or 1 digit number that is easier to test for divisibility. Modulo division is doing exactly the same thing, the only difference is that the reduction operation is a small modulo as opposed to a multiply-and-subtract. (And of course if you think about it, those operations are very nearly equivalent.)
The proof is straightforward. Using the notation in the modular arithmetic article, where $$\overline{x}_n$$ signifies $$x \pmod n$$, it is easy to show that when calculating a remainder, you can reduce a dividend by replacing any number of left side digits of the dividend with those digits modulo the divisor.
Suppose we want to find a number $$\overline{LR}_n$$, where two juxtaposed numbers $$L$$ and $$R = b * L + R$$, and where $$b$$ is your base raised to a power equal to the number of digits in $$R$$.
The benefits of this particular method of divisibility testing are, in my opinion, numerous. For one, this single rule works for all divisors, though it is most convenient and mainly amenable to mental calculation for divisors 3-11, and I suggest only including examples for divisors <= 11. It also works in all bases, as the construction above demonstrates.
The fact that the modulo division reduction works left to right, ignores the quotient digits, and only requires remembering one single digit at a time is what makes this technique simpler than performing a complete long division. Although it can be argued that a series of small modulo operations looks identical to performing long division, and that the quotient digits are being explicitly calculated and then discarded thus saving no work, in practice it is possible and quite easy to avoid thinking of the quotient digits at all, but rather to mentally calculate 1 digit remainders from 2 digit dividends by thinking of the nearest multiple of the dividend. I am assuming that the 1-digit multiplication table is memorized.
Here are the examples I added originally. Note they can be written in a single line. Some of the divisibility tests are difficult to write in a single line, for example the $$\overline{LR}_7 \equiv L - 2*R$$ test for divisibility by 7 generally requires multiple lines and ends up looking like backwards long division on paper. I believe that a modulo division test for divisibility by 7 is easier to perform by hand than the other tests, but don't take my word for it-- TRY IT!
* 16,499,205,854,376 (mod 3): 1 6 14 29 29 22 10 15 08 25 14 23 27 06→0 The remainder is zero; 16,499,205,854,376 is divisible by 3.
* 1,458 (mod 6): 1 4 25 18→0 The remainder is zero, so 1,458 is divisible by 6.
* 379,587,768 (mod 7): 3 7 29 15 18 47 57 16 28→0 The remainder is zero; 379,587,768 is divisible by 7.
* 34152 (mod 8): 1 5 72→0 The remainder is zero.
* 298,247,532 (mod 11): 2 9 78 12 14 37 45 13 22→0 The remainder is zero, so 298,247,532 is divisible by 11.
DavidAugustus (talk) 19:11, 1 January 2013 (UTC)
* It's indistinguishable from short division, except that it takes less space as you fail to write down the quotient, and I can find no literature using the word "modulo division", as I noted in regard his addition to the short division article. I agree that that (short division) is simpler than some of the tests in the article — Arthur Rubin (talk) 04:45, 2 January 2013 (UTC)
* I'm probably the wrong person to add the modulo discussion to this article, I tried to stub in what I thought was more well known, hoping it could be sourced by someone else. I hope it'll happen eventually. I think it would be worth mentioning short division in this article in the mean time.
* For the sake of discussion, I'll just add a couple of thoughts. If modulo division and short division are indistinguishable, that implies a remainder can't be calculated without dividing (which I covered above), and it implies that the only factor in determining how easy a calculation is to do is the number of sub-operations involved. For a mental calculation, the number of operations is a factor, but potentially more important is storage; the number of digits you have to keep in memory at any given time.
* To do a division in your head of an N-digit dividend with a 1 digit divisor, you have to remember N digits. Most people would balk at the suggestion that they try a 30-digit short division in their head and recite the quotient, and not because its hard to do the steps required, but because its hard to remember a 29 digit quotient. If you don't need a quotient because you're only calculating a remainder, then anyone can do divisibility tests with modulo division for 30 digit numbers in their head, because you only ever have to remember 1 digit at a time. Not having to devote any space or thought to the quotient at all is what makes modulo division easy. If the number of operations were all that mattered, there would be no benefit to short division over long division, but many people consider failing to write down the intermediate multiplication and subtraction operations a valuable time and space saving technique.
* It is also the space needed to write a calculation, or the memory needed to remember digits during a mental calculation, and not the number of sub-operations involved, that make divisibility tests that use left-side reductions easier to do than right-side reductions. This is why, with large dividends, short division is easier for mod 7 than subtracting twice the last digit repeatedly, and why modulo division is even easier than summing digits in a 3, 9, or 11 test.
* DavidAugustus (talk) 06:44, 5 January 2013 (UTC)
In modulo division, you may not need any space for the quotient, but you do need the same thought. For example, for 7, there's very little difference between having to remember
and
especially if you expect to get it right.
I may not be the best choice for determinging what's "easy" in mental arithmetic, either, but (modified) summing digits seems easier than formal modulo division for 3, 9, or 11. For the example for 9 in the article
* 2880 → 2+8+8+0 = 18 → 1+8 = 9
could be replaced by
* 2880 → (2+8)80 = (10)80 → 180 → (1+8)0 = 90 → (9+0) = 9, which produces the same set of digits as your "modulo division", without requiring memorization of the 9 × table.
In other words, in your notation,
* 2 8 10 1 8 9 0 9 → 0,
without having to remember multiples of 9. Similarly, for 11,
* 9 1 8 8 16 5 0 5 8 13 2 2 0
with x representing −x, again without having to subtract multiples of 11 (although remembering them isn't a problem). — Arthur Rubin (talk) 07:58, 5 January 2013 (UTC)
I agree its hard not to think of quotient digits, if you write them down and cross them out, which is why I don't write it that way. I can only tell you I personally find it easy to avoid thinking of quotients at all, I can't otherwise prove it, though I did already demonstrate its not necessary. You are right that its usually trivially easy to recover the quotient and that the difference is very small, but that doesn't matter; there is a difference, and for purely mental calculations, in my opinion, the difference matters. It matters because the ease of the calculation isn't dominated by the ease of the sub-operations, its more about how many things you have to remember, and how many things you have to mentally juggle. I find that allowing the quotient digits to cross my mind slows me down considerably. A little bit of practice might help you see this, if you're willing to try it.
One can also use methods other than division to produce remainders, and the divisibility tests are proof of that fact, quotient digits are not necessarily a byproduct of the sub-operations involved. That's not normally how I calculate remainders, but it does open the possibility of using right-side reductions as sub-operations in a left-side reduction modulo calculation, in order to avoid having to remember the dividend or any intermediate results. That is, at least for any right-side reductions that actually produce valid non-zero remainders- and I'm not sure which ones do if any, but the 7's test doesn't. This is another small reason to prefer modulo division over a divisibility test- if the number being tested isn't divisible, but you need the nearest number that is, calculating the correct remainder helps.
I qualified my statement that modulo division is easier than other tests when the dividend is large. I'm talking about cases where you have to repeat the digit summing process multiple times, which requires remembering the intermediate steps. Modulo division shines for tests on larger dividends because you're always done in one pass, with only 1 digit of temporary storage during the entire process. I don't think modulo division is easier for small dividends like 2880, but I don't think its harder either. The advantage for small dividends is that there's only one method needed, not a weird rule for each divisor, and the result is always a correct remainder.
Here's how I'm really thinking about this, and the way that I first learned how easy calculating modulos really can be. You can make a state machine for divisibility that operates on 1 digit of dividend at a time, read from left to right. Below is the table for divisibility by 3. This collapses 3 or 4 arithmetic operations into a single state transition that involves no calculation, because they're baked into the table. You could memorize this table, and that's probably the easiest divisibility test there is, even easier than summing digits. I don't think that's very practical, but the closer you can approximate this mentally, the easier testing divisibility becomes.
DavidAugustus (talk) 17:42, 5 January 2013 (UTC)
Vedic math forum
A recently added link:
* Osculation Method Simplified Osculation Technique - Vedic Maths to check Divisibility by 7, 13 and 17.
is not a "simplified osculation technique", but I can't figure out what it actually may be. It's not a reliable, or even a credible, source; that's not required for external links, but some relationship to reality is required, and that is not evident. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 15:02, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
It seems also to be the creation of the editor (board name = raajesh; editor name = ) — Arthur Rubin (talk) 15:09, 20 August 2013 (UTC)
The link explains how the Osculation process adopted in Vedic Maths to check divisibility of a number can be further simplified. In the case of 17 to check divisibility of 9,349,990,820,016,829,983 for example, we can reduce 9,349,990,820,016,829,983 using a 17-point circle and do the divisibility. Let us take a smaller example to understand this.
To check divisibility of 91 by 7, if we use Osculation, we Osculate 91 by 5.
The steps are;
9 1
14
14 => 5 * 1 + 9
In the modified approach, we can reduce 91 using a 7-point circle like the one shown below:
91 -> 21
21 is divisible by 7 and so 91 is.
Another example;
11459
By Osculation;
1 1 4 5 9
35 46 9 50
As 35 is divisible by 7, we say 11459 is also divisible by 7.Instead, we can reduce 11459 first. We get
=> 10003 | 14 is replaced by 00, 59 by 03
=> 03003 | 10 is replaced by 03
=> 0203 | 30 is replaced by 2
=> 63 | 20 is replaced by 6
63 is divisible by 7 and the number 11459 also.
The reduction simplifies the divisibility check. 9,349,990,820,016,829,983 can be reduced to 011000(3),1000000(1)0012 [bracket indicate bar digits] or further before osculating for a check by 17. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Raajesh23 (talk • contribs) 05:36, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
* We still need a reliable source for the method, and that it has anything to do with Vedic math or "Osculation". A forum is not a reliable source, except insofar as the poster is a published expert. I have doubts about the "Vedic" section of "divisibility by 7", but, at least, it purports to be from a book, which I cannot prove is flaky at this time. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 05:51, 21 August 2013 (UTC)
* Here is a published white paper on the concept:
http://vedicmaths.org/images/PDFs/VM_Journal/A%20Different%20Osculation%20Approach%20to%20Test%20Divisibility%20of%20Numbers-1.pdf — Preceding unsigned comment added by Raajesh23 (talk • contribs) 04:51, 12 September 2013 (UTC)
* I don't see direct evidence that the paper is published, and I would need to see evidence of reliability of the source. I would like to add that some examples of "Vedic mathematics" fall under Category:Pseudomathematics; I don't know whether this topic of "Vedic mathematics" fits in that area, but we need to be careful about what sources are real-world reliable and what are only reliable in context. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 14:40, 18 October 2013 (UTC)
* This isn't really resolved. I would still be in favor of deleting the "vedic math" section for 7, as it is more complicated than the third method of the table, add 5 times the last digit to the rest of the number. At best, it's a folding of that method, so it should be reported as a sentence (possibly plus tabular example; the primary example here is misaligned.)
* It would be cleaner to write:
Is 438,722,025 divisible by seven? Multiplier = 5. 4 3 8 7 2 2 0 2 5 42 37 46 37 6 40 37 27
* In any case, the steps need to be explained, something like:
* If they cannot be explained from a reliable source, then it's too confusing to include.
* The second method is modified long-division (throwing away 7s in other ways during the process). — Arthur Rubin (talk) 20:26, 19 April 2015 (UTC)
high powers of two
I don't see how the tests for 32, 64, 128, 256, and 512 given are in any way practical... Double sharp (talk) 12:43, 18 October 2013 (UTC)
Examples
I don't see the point of the examples added by in January 2014. I think those raw examples, without any indication of calculation (and, in some cases, having incorrect calculations) should be removed. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 13:32, 24 February 2014 (UTC)
* I tried removing them myself when they were first added, but was reverted twice and didn't feel like starting an edit war, so I wikified them a bit and left it. If you want to remove them go ahead. Black Yoshi (Yoshi! | Yoshi's Eggs) 16:04, 24 February 2014 (UTC)
Examples (April)
I request a reason for changes to the examples. There have been many editors making arbitrary changes. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 05:15, 19 April 2015 (UTC)
Calculations
The examples have different styles of calculations; for example
* 16b: 1168: 11 × 4 + 68 = 112.
* 21: 168: 16 − (8×2) = 0
but
* 29: 261: 1×3 = 3; 3 + 26 = 29
I think we should agree on a single style for all the expressions. For these, I would suggest:
* 16b: 1168: 11×4 + 68 = 112.
* 21: 168: 16 − 8×2 = 0
* 29: 261: 26 + 1×3 = 29
* No parenthesis (unless needed for other reasons, as in some of the expressions for 7)
* Unspaced "×"
* Spaced additive operators ("+", "−")
Also, all the math formulas use \cdot or juxtaposition for multiplication; I think we should change them all to \times.
I don't want to make cosmetic changes without justification. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 19:44, 19 April 2015 (UTC)
Divisibility condition
There is no need to change the examples. Would the divisibility conditions be left as is or changed — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 17:44, January 2, 2016
WP:BEBOLD does not mean to add boldface
Returning to this article after a long absence, I found a lot of unnecessary bolding. While I fixed that, I
* 1) adjusted commas so that number of 4 or less digits do not have commas, and numbers of 5 or more digits have commas every 3 digits:
* 2) adjusted some of the formulas to leave the number in the same order; for example "add 2 times the last 2 digits to the rest" is written r + t × 2 (or r + 2 × t; I haven't standarized those yet; and add the last digit to twice the rest as r × 2 + d.
* 3) removed examples in the extended list where the rule is a combination of other rules; for example 22.
* 4) changed the example for 999 so it's less obvious.
If there are any objections, please comment. — Arthur Rubin (talk) 16:32, 7 March 2016 (UTC)
So I made some of the changes I suggested last year, as I had to make significant adjustments. Any objection to fixing the rest of them ? — Arthur Rubin (talk) 16:39, 7 March 2016 (UTC)
My reversions
To clarify, the reason I keep reverting those edits us because very similar edits have been reverted by other editors in the past and I see no reason why they shouldn't be reverted now. Black Yoshi (Yoshi! | Yoshi's Eggs) 22:07, 24 June 2016 (UTC)
* I think the original editor confused everyone including user:Favonian by removing a large block and re-inserting it earlier in the article, and only later fixed the look of the table, instead of doing all of this in 1 edit. I was also confused at first before I realized that he was improving the article by gathering the 20-30 block with the 1-20 block because they both are continuous. Beyond 30, there are more holes (34, 38, 40 are not mentioned...). Of course it would be more helpful if everyone was using the edit summaries to explain their edits. Dhrm77 (talk) 22:34, 24 June 2016 (UTC)
* I realize now that it is an improvement, and I won't revert it again. I can't say the same for those who were reverting the prior edits in the first place, but I will back off. Black Yoshi (Yoshi! | Yoshi's Eggs) 06:32, 25 June 2016 (UTC)
* Neither will I, though I reserve the right to harumph the lack of edit summaries. Favonian (talk) 12:31, 25 June 2016 (UTC)
25 Rule
I think that the 25 rule could be a tiny bit simpler than it is.
Current Rule: Divisible if the number formed by the last 2 digits is divisible by 25.
My Rule: Divisible if the last 2 digits are 25, 50, 75, or 00 (if there is a hundred preceding the zeros.) example: 1575: 75 is the last two digits, so its divisible.
29 Example
The example for the 2nd way of finding 29 ([last 2 digits] x 9 + [remainder of number])is missing, and I have no idea of what it could be. Let's debate on it and see what it might be!
Move discussion in progress
There is a move discussion in progress on Talk:Divisibility (ring theory) which affects this page. Please participate on that page and not in this talk page section. Thank you. —RMCD bot 13:31, 9 April 2017 (UTC)
Draft:Divisibility coefficient rule
Please consider incorporating material from the above draft submission into this article. Drafts are eligible for deletion after 6 months of inactivity. ~Kvng (talk) 16:40, 27 November 2020 (UTC)
Divisible rule of 10
If a number has 0 in the units place than it is divisible by 10 A) 11233450 it is divisible by 10 because it is units place there is 0 — Preceding unsigned comment added by 2409:4042:4E9A:7618:0:0:544B:9000 (talk) 06:35, 20 March 2022 (UTC)
Divisibility rules for 11
I made a small edit to the first 2 rules for 11 in the table but it got reverted. Just wondering why? The first was for "Form the alternating sum of the digits, or equivalently sum(odd) - sum(even)." I added the text "from right to left" after "digits". While technically you don't necessarily have to start from the right for the divisibility test to be correct, you do if you want to claim "or equivalently sum(odd) - sum(even)." If there are an even number of digits and you start from the left, that is sum(even) - sum(odd) and thus not equivalent. Further, I'd argue this is "more correct" because it will always give you the correct remainder mod 11. Finally, this language is used in the 7 and 13 test descriptions where it talks about doing the alternating sum of digits in blocks of 3. But order doesn't matter for those rules either if all you are interested in is the divisibility and not the actual remainder so not sure why we say it there but not here. Shouldn't we be consistent throughout the article?
The second edit was for "Add the digits in blocks of two from right to left. The result must be divisible by 11." Here I removed "from right to left" because we are doing only addition and addition is commutative, so it makes absolutely no difference whatsoever what direction we start from. In fact, in the example given it shows the addition being done from left to right, contradicting the description! I can kinda sorta see the rationale for reverting my first edit above for the alternating sum since, like I said, if all you're interested in is the divisibility and not the remainder it doesn't matter. But it makes absolutely no sense to require the "from right to left" language here when it truly doesn't matter at all but then delete it from the alternating sum description when it actually does make some difference. It's completely backwards.
Also, my edits didn't include this but I kind of feel like there should be an entry in the 11 section for the alternating sum in blocks of 3 (as described in the 7 and 13 sections) which also works for 11. I realize we already have the alternating sum of single digits which is easier. But I think there is some utility to knowing the blocks of 3 rule for 11 too. This is because if you do this alternating sum calculation for a number you can use the result to test the divisibility for 7, 11 and 13 all in one calculation.
Also, for whatever it's worth, in general for 11, you can do the alternating sum on any odd sized blocking and the simple addition on any even sized blocking. For example, breaking the number into blocks of 5 or 7 or 9 etc. and doing the alternating sum also works. And breaking the number into blocks of 4 or 6 or 8, etc. and simply adding also works. Granted, not really all that useful so not sure if it makes sense to include it as a rule, but kind of interesting. Possibly deserves a mention somewhere in the article. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:20, 13 April 2022 (UTC)
* Because adding the numbers in blocks of two must be done from right to left; from left to right, it won't work unless the number has exactly an even number of digits, whereas doing the alternating sum doesn't matter in terms of which direction you move. For example, take a number like 142,318 (11 * 12,938). It has an even number of digits, therefore it doesn't matter which direction you move when you add the blocks of two numbers. A number like 152,332,213 (11 * 13,848,383), for example, has an odd number of digits, so you must start from the right-hand side: 13 + 22 + 33 + 52 + 1 = 121 = 11 * 11, whereas 15 + 23 + 32 + 21 + 3 makes 94, which is not divisible by 11. Therefore, in general, when adding in blocks of two, at least to check for divisibility by 11, you MUST start from the right-hand side for it to work. Black Yoshi (Yoshi! | Yoshi's Eggs) 18:55, 13 April 2022 (UTC)
* Okay, I see now what you are getting at. Even though for an odd number of digits you could just add a leading 0, as a matter of practicality it makes sense to start from the right so that you don't need to count the number of digits beforehand if the number is long (though the number would have to be pretty darn long to not be able to tell by just looking at it, esp. if it has commas). And I see now other places in the article where that is consistent. Basically, I guess the article is specifying going from right to left any time a rule requires using blocks of multiple digits. So fine, but I feel like this language is very confusing because it makes it sound like there is a mathematical reason to do it as opposed to simply a practical one. This confusion is further reinforced because in some cases there really is a mathematical reason to start from the right, namely all the rules involving an alternating sum. If you want to preserve the remainder in those cases you definitely need to start from right. I guess if it were up to me, I wouldn't write the article this way but I can see it's at least consistent for the most part and too much to change. However, there is some inconsistency in some of the examples for alternating sums. For example for the alternating sum rules for 7, 13, 73, 77 and 137 the example illustrates starting from the right. But for 91, 101 and 143 it does not. The examples for those show starting from the left even though the description says start from the right.
* All that said, I feel like my edit for alternating sum for 11 should stand. It is just wrong (or at least very confusing) to say that the alternating sum, without specifying right to left, is always the equivalent of sum(odd) - sum(even). It is not and even the given example shows that. Either my edit should stay or else the "or equivalently..." clause should be removed. Or possibly it should be rewritten something like "or equivalently sum(odd) - sum(even) or sum(even) - sum(odd)." But I don't care enough to bother with it any more. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:42, 13 April 2022 (UTC)
"such that gcd(n, 2, 5) = 1"
The gcd(n, 2, 5) will always equal 1 because 2 and 5 are prime. I believe it was intended that n is not divisible by 2 or 5. In that case it should be "such that gcd(n, 2) = 1 and gcd(n, 5) = 1".Jonathan 2357 (talk) 11:15, 16 January 2023 (UTC) Jonathan 2357 (talk) 12:47, 15 January 2023 (UTC)
Recently removed list of nonnotable divisibility rules
Despite the the article section title's claim that the rules were notable, the list was largely unsourced and had no coherent inclusion criteria. Any effort to trim it back to just the sourced stuff would be doomed, because it will just become bloated again in short order. Since Wikipedia isn't a WP:HOWTO site, such lists of examples are off topic here anyway, so I have removed it. MrOllie (talk) 19:24, 24 July 2023 (UTC)
* I agree with this removal. This section is just a coatrack with no inclusion criteria other than supposed notability (which apparently means any example an editor wants to include). There's no discernable end to this. Meters (talk) 20:05, 28 July 2023 (UTC)
Can I add 31 to 40 After I know the rule for 32
I know 31, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, and 40 but not 32 (Because it's a power of a prime number not on there) so can I add 31-40 later? Helpe30 wikis (talk) 18:47, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
* Bloating the list with more and more examples is not helpful. MrOllie (talk) 18:53, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
* maybe just doing 1 at a time is better like 31 then 32 then so on until 40 (P.S. Ill give you 31 subtract three times last digit from the rest) Helpe30 wikis (talk) 21:51, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
* No, adding them one at a time does not help. We simply don't need to give examples for every number, Meters (talk) 21:58, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
* I know I feel like 40's a great middle ground stopping place for this that's why I talked about 40 as the end of my edits because I felt like 3 more unique rules while stopping right before the next means that I contributed with 31 and 37 (now I need 32 but here's the others 31: subtract the last digit times 3 from the rest 37: add blocks of 3 from right to left ) Helpe30 wikis (talk) 22:05, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
* What is best for this article is for it not to become bloated with redundant examples. MrOllie (talk) 22:10, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
* (ec)Just drop it please. We have previously removed specific cases for numbers higher than 30. It's not that we don't know rules. Meters (talk) 22:12, 13 September 2023 (UTC)
Divisibilty by 6
I'm going to rewrite this. It's ridiculous to state that a number should be checked for divisibility by 3 before checking to see if it is even. No-one with any clue is going to check that a large number, say 123456789, is divisible by 3 before noticing that it is odd and cannot be divisible by 6. And unless there are objections I'm going to remove the finding a remainder when dividing by 6 example. This is out of topic, and we don't do this for the other examples. Meters (talk) 22:58, 29 June 2024 (UTC) | WIKI |
Central bank must make sure ‘we don’t give people price stability but take away jobs,’ says San Francisco Fed president
[WSJ - Fed Official Says Rate Cuts Could Be Needed Next Year to Prevent Overtightening](https://www.wsj.com/economy/central-banking/fed-official-says-rate-cuts-could-be-needed-next-year-to-prevent-over-tightening-29d009ce)
* A Federal Reserve official said it is appropriate for the central bank to begin looking ahead to lowering interest rates in 2024 because of how inflation has improved this year.
* San Francisco Fed President Mary Daly said her outlook for interest rates and inflation was “very close” to the median of projections from 19 Fed officials last week. Most of them penciled in at least three rate cuts next year amid a faster decline in inflation than they anticipated.
* Daly said that if inflation continues its steady decline of recent months, the Fed’s benchmark interest rate “will still be quite restrictive even if we [cut rates] three times next year.”
“We’re acknowledging progress when progress is there,” Daly said in an interview Monday.
Daly said she is watching the effect that restrictive policy has on the labor market. When the unemployment rate starts to rise, it tends to go up by a lot and not by only a little bit, Daly said. As a result, “we have to be forward looking and make sure that we don’t give people price stability but take away jobs.”
Daly said she thought interest-rate policy was in a “good place” to achieve that result. In a notable shift, she said the Fed’s focus now needed to turn toward paying attention to both sides of its mandate.
“There is more work to do, and at this point, that work includes not only focusing on bringing inflation down to 2%…but also recognizing that we want to continue to do this gently, with as few disruptions to the labor market as possible,” she said.
Government data released last week indicated very mild inflation in November as measured by the central bank’s preferred inflation gauge, which the Commerce Department will release on Friday. The figures suggest inflation excluding volatile food and energy costs will reach or even dip below 2% on a six-month annualized basis, and the 12-month rate could drop to 3.1% in November. The Fed targets 2% annual inflation.
Daly said rate cuts would be appropriate to prevent inflation-adjusted or “real” rates from rising by holding nominal rates steady as inflation declines. Allowing real rates to increase would create an elevated possibility “that we could overtighten quite easily, and so that’s what I’m mindful of,” said Daly, who will become a voter on the Fed’s rate-setting committee next year.
Stocks surged and bond yields tumbled last week after the Fed held interest rates steady and officials projected three rate cuts for 2024. While Fed Chair Jerome Powell said it was too early to say the central bank was done raising rates, he fueled a rally when he also volunteered that officials were preparing to focus on when to lower rates.
His comments sent investors in interest-rate futures markets to increase their bets on earlier and deeper rate cuts next year.
The Fed last raised its benchmark federal-funds rate in July to a range between 5.25% and 5.5%, a 22-year high, to combat inflation.
Daly said it was too soon to speculate at which meetings the Fed might change its policy stance next year. “Right now, I’m really focused on how well things have evolved in 2023,” she said.
While much of the initial decline in inflation this summer stemmed from supply-chain healing, more recent declines appear to have been driven by a cooling in demand-driven components, she said.
A model maintained by the San Francisco Fed suggests two thirds of the decline in core inflation had been related to changes in demand. “To me, that’s a material development,” said Daly. “That means we have monetary policy working.”
Daly said it was possible inflation could show greater signs of persistence in the months ahead and that the economic outlook could shift in a way that would call for the Fed to keep rates higher for longer. On the other hand, inflation could decline more rapidly or the labor market could weaken more meaningfully than it has, justifying easier policy, she said. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Department of Computer Science at RPTU in Kaiserslautern
Computer science in life sciences (B.Sc./M.Sc.)
Proteinsynthese The success of modern research in many areas of biology, pharmacy and medicine is becoming more and more dependent on the support of suitable computer programmes. Modern lab techniques generate sequence data on a large scale - examples of this are the sequencing of DNA or RNA molecules or the amino acid sequences of proteins - the connection and meaning of which only become clear to scientists with the help of computer-assisted processing. In order to achieve this it has to be possible to save and search for large amounts of data efficiently and to understand the biological/chemical function of the represented molecules and to reproduce this on the computer. The same applies for the functioning of regulatory networks, individual cells or in general all computer-assisted research in natural science. Computer science should support natural scientific research by means of imaging, simulations or predictions (for example the topology of a molecule or active substance) as well as allowing the efficient recovery of known information in the rapidly growing databases.
In addition to profound knowledge in computer science, graduates who want to work in this area require knowledge in biology and chemistry as well as a solid mathematical background. In accordance with this the degree is offered in cooperation with the Departments of Biology, Chemistry and Mathematics. About two thirds of the degree is in computer science and about one third of the courses are in the cooperating departments. Ribosomale RNA | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
HICKS et al. v. SOUTHWESTERN SETTLEMENT & DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION et al.
No. 4449.
Court of Civil Appeals of Texas. Beaumont.
Sept. 16, 1948.
Rehearing Denied Oct. 27, 1948.
See also 181 S.W.2d 982, and 188 S.W. 2d 915.
A. M. Huffman and James F. Parker, both of Beaumont, and Grover C. Lowe, of Woodville, for appellants.
Blades, Chiles, Moore & Kennedy, of Houston, for appellees.
WALKER, Justice.
Appellants, referred to hereinafter as Plaintiffs, brought this action in Trespass to Try Title against Appellees, referred to hereinafter as Defendants, to recover the title to and the possession of .the Adolpho Sterne League, Abstract No. 32, in Tyler County, and 'to recover substantial damages as well. Defendants disclaimed surface ownership of some 400 acres of the League, and on trial, Plaintiffs disclaimed the same interests which Defendants had disclaimed. At the close of Plaintiffs’ proof, -the trial court instructed a verdict in behalf of Defendants, and Plaintiffs have appealed.
Plaintiffs claim only a limitation title to the Sterne League, and the title claimed by them is founded upon the possession of a few acres of the League by one Thomas Collier, who died in January, 1900. Plaintiffs say that such actual. possession as their proof shows Thomas Collier to have had was referable to a tax deed dated December 15, 1864, made to him by the District Collector of the Confederate War Tax. This deed, they say, purported to convey the Sterne League and they say further that Thomas Collier’s actual possession, being referable to this deed, effected a disseizin of the entire League.
Plaintiffs claim the title of Thomas Collier under and by virtue of the statutes of descent and distribution.
Plaintiffs’ proof did not fix either the location or the boundaries of Thomas Collier’s actual possession with the certainty required to support a judgment for the land held in such possession, and under Plaintiffs’ pleading, the trial court properly instructed a verdict in Defendants’ behalf unless this proof exhibited a prima facie title to the entire League, vested -in Thomas Collier. The arguments of the parties raise the following issues:
(1) The effect of the assignment for the benefit of Thoma-s Collier’s creditors: — On September 9,' 1890, Thomas Collier, who was a merchant, having places of business in the communities of Town Bluff and Spurger, in Tyler County, executed an assignment for the benefit of his creditors. R. K. Bower, who is identified by some of the proof as an employee of Mr. Collier’s, was named as Assignee. This instrument was filed for record on the day it was made, and we will assume that the Assignee accepted his trust. We will also assume that the instrument was a valid statutory assignment for the benefit of those creditors of Mr. Collier’s who would accept it, good against the criticisms made of it in Plaintiffs’ brief, and that having accepted his trust the Assignee became vested with title to all of Thomas Collier’s property, excepting only property exempt to him. Thomas Collier’s claim to land upon the Sterne. League was not exempt.
Whether the Assignee filed a bond or made a report to the District Court were matters not touched on in the evidence. The proof leaves it uncertain whether the Assignee acted under the assignment or not, but there is proof that Thomas Collier’s actual possession of the acreage upon the Sterne League continued to exist for some time, perhaps 3 or 4 years, beyond the date of the assignment, and there is no evidence that the Assignee ever asserted a claim to, or exercised dominion over, or assumed to sell, any part of the Sterne League.
Defendants say that the assignment to Bower constitutes proof of an outstanding title to the Thomas Collier claim, vested in the Assignee.
This argument is overruled. Plaintiffs filed this action on February 25, 1942, over 50 years after the assignment was made, and whether the proof is to be construed as showing that the Assignee did or did not attempt to perform his trust, we must presume from t'he information before us that the administration- of the trust (short of a redelivery or formal re-conveyance to the Assignor) has been wound up or has terminated in some manner in which the interested parties acquiesced. See: 5 C.J. 1195 (#283); 6 C. J.S., Assignments for Benefit of Creditors, § 164, p. 1322 ; 4 Bogert, Trusts & Trustees, § 999, Notes 98-1; 32 Tex.Jur. 704 (#38). To some extent the trust expressed in Mr. Collier’s assignment for the benefit of his creditors was regulated by statute, but the actual administration of the trust was left in the Assignee’s hands, and after so great a period of time as that elapsing between the making of this assignment and the filing of this action we see nothing in the governing statutes which is inconsistent with the presumption we have made. See Acts 1879, Ch. 53, Acts 1883, Ch. 56, Vernon’s Ann. Civ.St. art. 261 et seq.
The presumption made by us leaves the Assignee (if alive) vested, perhaps, with the naked legal title >to any land owned under Plaintiffs’ claim, but it leaves Plaintiffs vested with the equitable title to their respective shares of said land; and this equitable title would support this action. See: (1) 5 Tex.Jur. 90 (Secs. 32 & 33); 5 C.J. 1305 (Sec. 520); 6 C. J.S., Assignments for Benefit of Creditors, § 397, p. 1428. (2) Stafford v. Stafford, 96 Tex. 106, 70 S.W. 75; Newman v. Dotson, 57 Tex. 117; Montgomery v. Trueheart, Tex.Civ.App., 146 S.W. 284. (3) Lanius v. Fletcher, 100 Tex. 550, at page 555, 101 S.W. 1076; Moore v. City of Waco, 85 Tex. 206, 20 S.W. 61. (4) 11 Tex.jur. 500 (Sec. 57); 41 Tex.Jur. 472 (Sec. 17); Padgett v. Guilmartin, 106 Tex. 551, 172 S.W. 1101.
(2) Incidents of the tax deed to which Plaintiffs say the possession .of Thomas Collier was referable: Recitations in this tax deed show that the deed was made in furtherance of the war efforts of the Confederacy, and for this reason, Defendants say, in effect, that the deed must be regarded as being nothing at all and that claim of the entire League under the instrument, based upon actual possession of only a -part of the League, did not effect a disseizin of the entire League, that Thomas Collier was, in law, a trespasser without benefit of memorandum of title and his disseizin was limited to his actual possession.
Accepting Plaintiffs’ construction of their proof, the actual possession of Thomas Collier- antedated the Code of 1879, existing as early as 1868 or 1869 or 1870 and perhaps as lafe as 1893 or 1894. There is no proof respecting payment -of taxes by Thomas Collier and -consequently, if possession prior to the enactment of the Code is to be of any significance w.e assume that it must have complied with Sections 14 and 17 of the Act of February 5, 1841, P.D. Arts 4621 & 4624 and -that possession since the enactment of -the Code must have complied with Arts. 3194 and 3195, R.S. 1879. Of these statutes, Art. 3195, R.S. 1879, provided, as does Art. 5510, R.S. 1925, that possession under a “written, memorandum of title, other -than a -deed,” which was duly recorded, should be -construed as -extending to the boundaries specified-in the instrument. Sections 14 & 17 of the Act of February 5, 1841, did not refer to possession under muniments of title, but possession and -claim under “color of title” was given the same effect. Charle v. Saffold, 13 Tex. 94; Wofford v. McKenna, 23 Tex. 36, 76 Am.Dec. 53.
We have had some inclination to disagree with this argument of Defendants because -of the particular statutes under which Plaintiffs claim. See: Davis v. Howe, Tex.Com.App., 213 S.W. 609, and decision cited therein; Houston Oil Co. v. Jones, 109 Tex. 89, 198 S.W. 290; Moses v. Dibrell, 2 Tex.Civ.App. 457, 21 S.W. 414; Sanders v. Word, 50 Tex. Civ.App. 294, 110 S.W. 205. Such violation of law as may have been involved in the transaction culminating in the tax deed would have terminated before Thomas Collier entered upon, or extended his possession upon, the Sterne League and began to claim the entire League under this deed; the tax sale and tax deed would, at most have been only the occasion of the possession and claim. Thomas Collier’s claim of title -had he- asserted the right Plaintiffs now assert, would have been founded upon the statutes of the State of Texas •and acts lawfully performed thereunder, .not upon, the laws of the Confederacy; the tax deed would have served no function except to give notice of what land and what estate in the land was claimed by Thomas Collier. The ten years statutes, since the adoption of the Code of 1879, have referred only to a memorandum of title;’ and if it be admitted that the tax deed, being void on its face, would not support claim under the five years statute or under Sec. 16 of the Act of February S, 1841, P.D. Art. 4623, Vernon’s Ann.Civ.St. art. 5509, it may be argued that the deed would be sufficient .as a memorandum of title. However, there are expressions in Whitehead v. Foley, 28 Tex. 268, apparently used in reference to Sections 14 & 17 of the Act of Feb. 5, 1841, which indicate that the court did not take the same view of “col-■pr of title” which might now be taken of the “written memorandum” referred to in Art. 3195, R.S. 1879, -and successor statutes, and we leave undetermined the questions raised by this argument of Defendants.
We agree, however, for a different reason that the proof respecting the tax deed does not support Plaintiffs’ theory of a disseizin of the entire League, because the proof does not show that the tax deed purported to convey the Sterne League.
The record shows that the land in suit is the Adolpho Sterne League, Abstract .No. 32, in Tyler County. Plaintiffs so described the land in their petition, and the land is so described in the trial court’s judgment.
However, the tax deed does not purport to convey this land; instead, it purports to convey, with other traots not involved in this action, the following land in Tyler County:
No. on No. of Description” Name of Original
Abstract Acres Grantee
36 4428 Adolphus Sterne
This description apparently refers to the Adolphus Sterne League, Abstract No. 36, in Tyler County, and this league may, or it may not, be the same land as -the Adolp ho Sterne League, Abstract No. 32, in that county.
The significant variance in the descriptions is in the abstract numbers of the two surveys. The abstract number listed in the tax deed presumably refers to the abstract of land titles prepared by the Land Commissioner under Section 14 of the Act of Feb. 11, 1850, P.D. Art. 5183, Vernon’s Ann.Civ.St. art. 7194, and since that statute provided that this abstract should list “the grantee, the amount of the grant, the class to which each belongs, whether headright, bounty, donation or special grant, and the county in which situated,” the abstract number written in the tax deed was a material element of the description of the land conveyed by the deed. This number, in effect, referred to the records of the Land Office, which contained a detailed description of the particular survey. In fact, if there are several surveys in a county bearing the same name, the abstract number may be the controlling element of a description.
Similar variances have been held material. There is no proof other than the tax deed itself to identify the land in suit with that purportedly conveyed by the tax deed, and the following decisions support our conclusion that Plaintiffs failed to prove “color of title” under the Act of 1841 to the land in suit or a “written memorandum” of title to said land under Art. 3195, R.S. 1879. Clark v. Kirby, Tex.Civ.App., 25 S.W. 1096; Willis v. Burke, 7 Tex.Civ.App. 239, 27 S.W. 217; Brokel v. McKechnie, 69 Tex. 32, 6 S.W. 623; Berrendo Stock Co. v. Kaiser, 66 Tex. 352, 1 S.W. 257; Williams v. Thomas, 18 Tex.Civ. App. 472, 44 S.W. 1073; Wolf v. Gibbons, Tex.Civ.App., 69 S.W. 238. Such proof, of course, was a necessaary element of their cause of action.
Defendants did not object to the admission of the tax deed on this ground, and have not referred to the particular defect upon which we have acted; but we find nothing in their brief to be construed as an admission that the tax deed actually described the land in suit and it therefore seems proper for us to refer to this particular failure of proof, in support of the trial court’s judgment. Such action is within the terms of the motion for instructed verdict.
(3) Our conclusion about the description in the tax deed defeats Plaintiffs’ claim of limitation title, but if it be assumed that this deed did describe the land in suit, then it must be said that the proof concerning limitation title fails in another respect. Defendants argue that the proof fails to show that Thomas Collier claimed the entire League, and we sustain this contention. There was evidence of the following matters:
The League was granted to Adolfo /Sterne on October 21, 1835, by the State of Coahuila & Texas and the title describes it as bordering the western bank of the Neches river. That river constitutes the eastern boundary of the League. The northern boundary of the League runs west from the river 8887 varas to a point marked by bearing trees. Thence the boundary runs south 2515 varas, and thence east to the river over a distance described in the transcription of the title as 12127 varas.
Thomas Collier’s actual possession was fixed upon a small farm which Mrs. Berry-hill referred to as “the old Tom Collier place.” Mrs. Berryhill was a member of the Arline family, with whose occupancy about 1870, or a year or so before, Plaintiffs’ proof of possession begins. This far-m was apparently located upon the western bank of the Neches river at a point about half way between the northern and southern boundaries of the League. Our conclusion respecting the location of this farm is based upon the descriptions in the deeds from Reliance Lumber Company to J. B. Swearingen and Mrs. F. M. Hooks, proven by defendants; these instruments refer to Joe’s Lake and to a “cut-off” which, inferably, are the same Joe’s Lake and “cut-off” referred to by several of Plaintiffs’ witnesses in discussing the Collier farm and the adjoining country. This “cut-off” was' apparently an old bed of the Neches river in which overflow water ran. It left the western, or southern, bank of the river several miles north of the Sterne League, crossed several surveys ■ and re-entered that bank of the river at the point we have indicated, on the eastern boundary of the League. Its course across-the League was not plotted; but the description in the Reliance deed to Swearin-gen shows that its southern terminus left the river on a course approximately S. 51° 20’ West, traced, however, only 128-varas.
The testimony contains varying descriptions of the Collier farm. It consisted of at least one field south, or east, of the “cutoff” and perhaps of another field on the-other side of the “cut-off.” The proof does-not fix the location of the field north, or west, of the “cut-off”. The residence of the Arline family, the earliest occupants-shown by -the testimony, seems to have-been located on the river bank near the-mouth of the “cut-off” (on the southern-side of the angle made by “cut-off” and' river), and the field on that side of the-“cut-off” seems not to have -been far away. The field area on this farm was not definitely proven. The field south of the “cutoff” was once said to contain about 30’ or 35 acres, and once as much as 50 acres. There was evidence from one witness that the field on the opposite side of the “cutoff,” if this was a part of the Collier farm, covered about 75 acres.
Such improvements on this farm as the testimony shows were primitive, namely, log houses and log cribs, rail fences, etc.
Such possession as the proof shows Thomas Collier to have had of this farm was through tenants, and the evidence respecting the identity of these tenants and the periods of time they occupied the farm is indefinite in some respects and conflicting in other respects. The' evidence does not show when Thomas Collier’s possession began nor when it ended. Accepting Plaintiffs’ construction of their proof, Plaintiffs showed that about 1870, or perhaps a year or so earlier, the Arline family were ir. possession of this farm as tenants of Mr. Collier. These were the earliest of Mr. Collier’s tenants identified in the proof; and J. B. Swearingen, or perhaps this man and Mrs. F. M. Hooks, occupying the farm in 1890 and after, were the latest of the tenants identified 'by Plaintiffs. There is evidence of possession by Mr. Collier as late as 1893 or 1894. There is some testimony that Bill Raymer was a tenant of Mr. Collier after the Arline family left the farm and there is evidence to the contrary. The conflicts and ambiguities to which we have referred need not be further discussed.
Thomas Collier was a merchant who resided near the village of Town Bluff, in Tyler' County; and he operated stores at Town Bluff and at Spurger, another community in Tyler County. He seems at one time to have been a man of means, active in various sorts of business. He operated some farms; one witness refers to three farms. And at one time he was engaged, perhaps with others, in operating a sawmill. He was at least one who would understand and value his rights in property and would doubtless insist that those rights be respected by others. Mr. Collier died in January, 1900.
We hold upon the following grounds that Plaintiffs have failed to make out a prima facie case that Thomas Collier claimed the entire Sterne League:
(a) There is no' evidence whatever that Thomas Collier claimed the entire Sterne League except the circumstantial inference to be drawn from the facts that he was in possession of a part of the League, that (on Plaintiffs’ construction of their proof) there was of record a deed to him conveying the League, namely, the tax deed discussed above, and that no other source of title in him to land on the Sterne League was proved.
There is no proof whatever that Thomas Collier ever exercised any dominion over any part of the League other than the farm near the mouth of the "cut-off,” or that he ever communicated to- any one the fact that he claimed the entire League or any part of it other than the farm aforesaid; and there is no proof whatever that Thomas Collier, or any one claiming under him, ever paid taxes on any part of the Sterne League. Such circumstantial proof of claim as may be inferred from the possession and use made of the farm near the mouth of the “cut-off” is limited, at least in the absence of the tax deed, to the land included in that farm.
Such conduct is not to be expected from a man like Thomas Collier. A merchant operating two stores, a landowner operating three -farms, one engaged in the operation- of a sawmill, in short, a busy and for a time at least a successful business man, of varied interests, knowing the value of property, would normally have expressed his claim to a league of land in such a fashion as to make the existence and character of that claim apparent to one interested in the league. The Sterne League covered over 4000 acres of land, and was a valuable item. Yet Thomas Collier acted as if he had no interest in any part of it except the few acres under cultivation at the mcmth of the “cut-off.” He did not even list land on the Sterne League in the assignment he made for the benefit of his creditors, referred to above, although he did list in that instrument land on two other surveys.
(b) Such testimony of statements of claim by Thomas Collier as the record contains--was expressed by Oscar Tucker, a witness who, if he is to be believed, would have known whether Thomas Collier claimed the entire League. Mr. Tucker testified that Thomas Collier claimed the farm, but he did not testify that Thomas Collier claimed any other part of the League. These circumstances raise the inference that Mr. Collier claimed nothing except the farm.
Oscar Tucker testified by deposition and also in person. He testified to the following matters:
He' was a nephew of Thomas Collier. He was born in Mr. Collier’s home on August 8, 1875-, and lived there, with the other members of his family, until he left Tyler County in 1896, some 21 years after his birth. His recollection of the matters in controversy covers some 15 or 16 years.
During the time he lived in Thomas Collier’s home, he worked for his uncle as if he had been Mr. Collier’s own son. Whatever Mr. Collier had to do, this witness helped him do it. That was just general farm work and cow work and helping log, or anything his uncle had to do. Mr. Collier did not pay him for his work. He lived there in Mr. Collier’s home all that time. He became familiar with all the working and business that he helped Mr. Collier do.
“Q. Did that business have anything to do with any farm? A. Yes, sir.
“Q. What farm' did you help him look after? A. Well, we had a farm up on Willow Creek and we had a farm at the cut-off and we had a farm there at home.”
He helped Mr. Collier look after all these farms. “I went with him all the time.”
“Q. If you have stated that Thomas Collier had a farm or farms — state whether —he worked them personally or whether they were worked by renters or tenants? A. By tenants and himself.”
He did not have anything to do with putting people on the farms to attend the farms. “I would just go with him and he would do it.
“Q. Do you know of your own knowledge of Mr. Collier placing anybody on the farm at the cut-off or having anybody cultivate the fields for him? A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Who did he have cultivate the fields for him at the cut-off? A. Well, the first time it was the Arlines and the next time it was Uncle Bill Raymer.”
He finally referred to Hooks and Mayo, or Swearingen, as tenants of this farm, although his testimony here is conflicting.
He knew where Joe’s Lake and the “cutoff” were and said that he had been at the “cut-off” many times. He said that the farm at the "cut-off” covered about 30 acres.
He described this farm at the “cut-off.”
“Q. The farms that you helped look after at the cut-off — where were they located with reference to the cut-off? A. Well, one was on one side of the cut-off and one was on the other — two fields.”
One field was between Joe’s Lake and the “cut-off” and the other field was on the eastern (or southern) side of’-the cut-off. He said that the Arline farm was on both sides of the “cut-off.”
He said that he was familiar with the farm at the “cut-off” as long as he lived with his uncle — and as stated, he left his uncle’s home in 1896. He said that he had stayed on this farm several nights and several days at a time.'
“Q. —state what you did there and your reason for staying on it. A. Just to be with him (presumably, his uncle) and doing nothing.”
He was first at this.farm when about 5 years old. He referred to many other trips to the farm, for various purposes, made with Mr. Collier, with his father, or with one Frank Rigsby, an employee of Mr. Collier’s.
He said that Thomas Collier had charge of this farm at the “cut-off,” but had it rented out.
“Q. If you have stated that Thomas Collier had charge of this farm and was operating it during the time you knew it— state whether it was operated by him in person, or by tenants? A. Tenants.
“Q. State whether there was anyone living in the house on the farm during the time you were, familiar with it. A. Yes.
“Q. ’ Please state what years you knew this farm to be cultivated continuously under the direction of Thomas Collier. A. From the time I was five until I was twenty two years of age.
“Q. If you remember, state who actually cultivated the land, beginning with your earliest recollection of it, and continuing down to the latest date you remember of such cultivation. A. The Arlines were first, the Raymers in later years.
“Q. Please state whether or not the farm was cultivated continuously each year during that time. A. Yes.
“Q'., Isn’t it true that you 'cannot state as a fact now that the farm you have been asked about' was cultivated each year over any period of years commencing 60 or 70 years ago? A. I can state as a fact that the farm was cultivated as far back as I can remember.”
He identified the members of the Arline family and told about how long they had lived on the farm.
“Q: Mr. Tucker, what was the general understanding in the community at that time as to whose land this was at the cutoff? (Objection sustained and question not answered.)
“Q. Do you know who claimed this land at that time ? (that is, the' land at the cutoff) A. Yes, sir. ' .
“Q. Who claimed it? A. Tom Collier."
This is the only direct testimony in the record regarding Tom Collier’s expression of a claim of title. It follows testimony describing witness’ first visit to the farm, when -he was about five years old, and referring to the Arline family, and from the antecedent testimony and the terms of the questions asked we construe the testimony quoted as referring only to the farm in the possession of the Arline family and to the time of this visit. Witness testified further that the Arlines did not claim this land as their own.
“Q. Mr. Tucker, do you know whether the Arlines were on this land when you first went down there with any one’s permission or not? * * *
“Q. Do you know, of your own' knowledge? A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Whose permission were they there with? A. Uncle Tom Collier.”
Referring to Raymer, he testified: '
“Q. Was Mr. Raymer cultivating that field with the permission of anyone? A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Whose permission? A.- Tom Collier.”
He gave a detailed description of his first trip to the farm at the “cut-off” and testified to making many trips to the farm to get corn which, from the various circumstances related concerning it and from the testimony related above, must have been paid by the occupants to Thomas Collier as rent for the land.
"Q. Did you go down there and get corn from Mr, Arline more than one time ? A. Several times.
“Q. Over what period of time? A. Well, I would say in four or five years six maybe.
“Q. Did Mr. Thomas Collier pay for the corn that you brought home, or not? A. Well, I know he didn’t pay for it.
“Q. What did Mr. Thomas Collier have to say, if anything, about the corn? A. Well, just said he was going after his corn. We would load up and go get it. That is about all there would be to it. I was just- a kid, five or six years old, and go with him and then later, why I went with him later after that corn. I went with Frank Rigsby after the corn and I went with my father after the corn.”
He said that Frank Rigsby worked for Thomas Collier. Witness was about 17 or 18 years old when he last went after corn —which would have been in 1892 or 1893.
He testified that “we” got corn from Bill Raymer at the “cut-off.” He testified in some detail concerning Raymer’s occupancy, and we have already referred to his statement that Mr. Raymer was cultivating the field with Thomas Collier’s permission.
He testified concerning an occupancy by Hooks & Mayo, and then' by Swearingen. His testimony here seems contradictory in some respects.
This statement shows the intimate degree of Oscar Tucker’s acquaintance with Thomas Collier, with Thomas Collier’s business, and with Thomas Collier’s relation to the farm at the “cut-off.” It shows that Oscar Tucker was related to Thomas Collier, that he lived in Mr. Collier’s home, worked with Mr. Collier, was acquainted with such details of Mr. Collier’s business as he participated in and that he accompanied Mr. Collier frequently, that he was intimately acquainted with the location, aspect and use made of the farm at the “cut-off,” and with the persons who occupied it from time to time from the date of his first entry upon that farm when he was about five years old (about 1880) until he left Tyler County in 1896, that he knew how these people came to be there and what their relation was to the land and to Thomas Collier, that he was familiar with such dominion as Thomas Collier exercised over this farm, and knew that Mr. Collier claimed to own the farm.
Yet Mr. Tucker’s testimony is limited to the small farm at the “cut-off.” He only testified that Thomas Collier claimed this farm, this 'specific part of the Sterne League, and he never once extended Mr. Collier’s dominion beyond the limits of that farm. It must be believed that if Thomas Collier had claimed any lknd upon the League beyond the boundaries of the farm at the “cut-off,” Oscar Tucker would have known of that claim. Why, then, did he not testify to such a claim, in one way or another? His failure to show the existence of such a claim is a most convincing circumstance tending to prove that Thomas Collier’s claim was limited to the farm to which his dominion was confined. See: 17 Tex.Jur. 302 (#86).
(c) There is another circumstance which, when considered with those set out above, tends to rebut Plaintiffs’ theory that Thomas Collier claimed the Sterne League. Persons who knew Thomas Collier and who probably knew the claim of title he asserted recognized Mr. Collier’s claim to the farm at the “cut-off,” or at least to that part of it east (or south) of the “cut-off,” while at the same time undertaking to acquire land elsewhere upon the league from other persons. Yet Mr. Collier never came into conflict with these persons, although they were known and acc'essible to him and from circumstances related, he must either have discovered their action or else have abandoned the farm at the “cut-off” — after what Plaintiffs say was an occupancy, under claim of title extending over many years. The relevant evidence is as follows:
By deeds dated September 18, 1890, the Reliance Lumber Company conveyed adjoining tracts of land to J. B. Swearingen and to Mrs. F. M. Hooks, the deed to Swearingen conveying 99 acres and that to Mrs. Hooks conveying ISO acres. The Swearingen tract was the easternmost. It bordered the western bank of the river; its southern boundary left the river bank at the mouth of the “cut-off,” running along the western (or northern) bank of the “cutoff” for 128 varas on a course of S. 51° 20' W., and thence ran due west 900 varas to its southwest corner. Thence it ran north to Joe’s Lake, a distance of 828 varas. Mrs. Hooks’ tract' adjoined this on the west; the southeast corner of Mrs. Hooks’ tract was 186 varas north of Swearingen’s southwwi comer. What space lay between the southern boundaries of these tracts and the western (or northern) bank of the “cutoff” cannot be determined because the course of the “cut-off” below the southeast corner of Swearingen’s tract was not proved. It might, or might not, have been sufficient to contain the Swearingen-Hooks field on the north side of the'“cut-off,” referred to in the trial court by Tom M. Sheffield, apparently as being rented from Thomas Collier.
The evidence (Plaintiffs’) raises the issue that J. B. Swearingen and Mrs. F. M. Hooks cultivated the Collier farm at the “cut-off” as the tenants of Mr. Collier.
Charlie Swearingen gave testimony tending to prove: (1) that the said J. B. Swearingen, his brother, cultivated only a field south, or east of the “cut-off,” which he refers to as the Arline field, before the purchases from Reliance; (2) that after the Reliance purchases, J. B. Swearingen and Mrs. F. M. Hooks cleared farms on the lands bought from Reliance, which, with the fact just stated, shows that the lands’ bought from Reliance had not previously been in cultivation by any other person and were thus not parts of the Collier farm; (3) and that J. B. Swearingen, or himself and Mrs. Hooks, cultivated the Arline field south, or east, of the “cut-off” subsequent to the date of the Reliance purchases but eventually abandpned it.
No conflict between Mr. Collier and these tenants of his is referred to, and it is apparent that Mr. Collier would have learned of his tenant’s conduct, unless he had abandoned his farm.
Charlie Swearingen’s testimony is referred to in more detail, as follows:
J. B. Swearingen was a son-in-law of Mrs. Hooks. The witness Charlie Swear-ingen testified that he was J. B. Swearin-gen’s brother, and it appears from his testimony that the witness was born in 1877 or 1878 and was thus 12 or 13 years old at the time oí the Reliance purchases. His family had settled near Spurger, only a few miles from the “cut-off” when he was a baby. He had moved away from Tyler County during the 1st World War, settling in Silsbee, and his brother J. B. Swearingen had died while the witness was residing in Silsbee.
Charlie Swearingen was well acquainted with the Collier farm and with the country in which it lay, and with the use made of this farm by his brother. He testified:
“Q. Did your brother ever have any interest or business of any kind in there? A. In that swamp down there?
“Q. Yes, sir. A. Yes, sir.
“Q. What did he do there? A. He farmed there. He farmed land there a' long time and eventually bought the land— some of it. * * *'
“Q. Where was that farm with reference to the cut-off? A. Which farm- are you talking about ?
“Q; The one your brother cultivated. A. Across the cut-off is where I recollect . the best. On the south side—
“Q. Did you ever help him with the farm? A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Farm work there? A. I recollect dropping corn in a little field over in there when he was in a tight of work.
• “Q. Yes? A. That was south of the cut-off.”
He testified further:
“Q. Can you give us an -idea of about how old you were when they stopped cultivating the field on the south and east side of the cut-off? If you know. A. I don’t know. It could have been something like 16 or 18 years, along in there, I think. (This would have been around 1893 or 1894, several years after the Reliance purchases.)
“Q. That you knew that farm to be cultivated? A. Yes, sir, that,is—
“Q. Yes. A. From the time they got it they cultivated that land and then they got some land on this side (he refers to the western, or northern, side of the ‘cut-off’) and I think that is — -that is along about the time they let that down.(which would have been after the year of 1890).
“Q. Yes. What did they do- then with the land east of the cut-off? A. It, eventually the fence went down and they never put it back, and I don’t know what date that was either. I don’t know whether they put that fence back. I left there then (he is referring to some departure other than his change of residence from Tyler County) and I don’t know much about that. That is about as close as I can give you on that.”
He testified on cross-examination:
“Q. Well, now, when you first started going in' there, did your brother already have a farm cleared up and in cultivation ? A. He cleared some land after that.
“Q. You say they bought some land and cleared it? A. They bought some land over there and cleared up land on the north side of the cut-off.
“Q. Well, did he have anything cleared up and in cultivation before he bought some land?, A. He was cultivating that old field there.
“Q. Which old field, Mr. Swearingen ? A. Across the south — -
“Q. South? A. That is what he cultivated.
“Q. Well, now, let’s talk about the old field that is sometimes called the Arline field. A. That is what I am talking about.
“Q. That is where he was cultivating when you first went down in there? A. Yes sir.
“Q. He wasn't cultivating anything there across the cut-off, where he, later bought? A. He never cultivated any of that. The land I am talking about is south.
“Q. You know where the place is your brother later bought, don't you? The 99 acres? A. Later bought?
“Q. The 99 acre tract he bought from the Reliance Lumber Company? A. Well, he was interested in some land over there, on this side.
“Q. You know where that tract is she (referring to Mrs. Hooks) bought from the Reliance Lumber Company? A. Yes.
“Q. —don’t you? .A. Yes, that runs to Joe’s Lake.
“Q. Yes. What I am inquiring about, when you first went in there, when you were about 7 years old, did your brother have any land -cleared up on those two places? The 99 acres and the 150 acres? A. Not when we was talking about this here, across there (indicating) — I don’t think he had any land on this side (indicating) then.
“Q. I see. A. .They bought this land later in there.
“Q. They bought it later. A. Yes.
“O. That’s right. The deed’s been introduced in evidence and shows that they bought that land in the year 1890. A. Yes.
“Q. Now, they didn’t have that cleared up and ⅛ cultivation until they had bought it? A. Never that I knowed anything about. * * *
“Q. Well, you were in there when you were about 7 years old and you remember about the man by the name of Rigsby and Oscar Tucker coming down there and hauling- off corn ? A. That’s right.
“Q. You would remember if they had anything over there, wouldn’t you, Mr. Swearingen? A. Over where?
“Q. Over there where they bought in 1890? If they had had that cleared up in 1884 when you were 7 years old, you would have remembered about it, wouldn’t you? A. I don’t believe it was cleared up over on this side. (He referred to the western, or northern side where the Reliance purchases lay.) I don’t think they did until they bought.
“Q. All right. Well, then, the place where your brother was cultivating was over across the cut-off from where he bought, wasn’t it? A. That’s right.
“Q. And that is the old place that the Arlines cultivated a year or two, wasn’t it ? A. Yes, sir.”
Charlie Swearingen knew Thomas Collier, and had stayed at his home.
Charlie Swearingen testified to Frank Rigsby and Oscar Tucker hauling rent corn and rent products from the farm at the “cut-off”; this testimony seems to have been stricken insofar as it is tended to prove a payment of rent, but the following
remains in the record. Mr. Swearingen testified: .
“Q. Where all did they haul corn from, Mr. Swearingen? A. They would haul it from that old farm I was telling you about, across the cut-off. * * *
“Q. You never did see them hauling any from that farm on the other side of the cut-off that your brother and Mrs. Hooks bought, did you ? A. No, I don’t think they did. If they did, I don’t recollect.
“Q. You don’t recollect ever seeing them hauling any corn from over there? A. No.”
Tom M. Sheffield’s testimony, to which we now refer, tends to prove the following matters: (1) That J. B. Swearingen and Mrs. F: M. Hooks occupied the Collier farm at the “cut-off” as tenants of Thomas Collier; (2) that the Collier farm contained two fields, one on either side of the “cut-off,” a circumstance in disagreement with Charlie Swearingen’s testimony, but this witness also referred to the field south, or east, of the “cut-off” as the Arline field; (3) that J. B. Swearingen and Mrs. Hooks cleared farms on the Reliance tracts after the purchase money was paid Reliance and not before, from which it may be inferred, as was from Charlie Swearingen’s testimony, that these tracts ór a substantial part of them had not been in cultivation before; (4) that their possession of the Collier farm south of the “cut-off” continued subsequent to their purchases from Reliance; (5) and that they eventually abandoned Mr. Collier’s field but continued to cultivate their own lands for many years.
No conflict between Mr. Collier and his tenants is referred to. It is not clear to us that Mr. Sheffield meant to say that the large field-north of the “cut-off” (he says this field covered about 75 acres) was in the Collier farm. His testimony, viewed as a whole, leaves us under the impression that this field represented, at least in part, a new possession upon the land bought from Reliance, beyond the limits of the Collier lease.
Mr. Sheffield had perhaps the best opportunity of any witness of ascertaining the facts respecting the location of the respective field, dates of clearing, use made of the Collier farm and. the period Swearingen and Hooks occupied it. His testimony follows, in more detail:
Tom M. Sheffield was born in 1866, and he was thus about 24 years old when he settled in Spurger in 1890. He was a brother of Mrs. F. M. Hooks, and the wife of J. B. Swearingen was his niece. .He seems to have come to Spurger to work for his sister and J. B. Swearingen, and he was employed by them for two years. He seems then to have left this employment and gone to work for himself. He had continued to reside in Spurger since settling there. While he was employed by Mrs. Hooks and Swearingen a part of his work was done on the farm at the “cut-off”, with which, and with the use made of this farm by his employers and their relation to the farm and to Thomas Collier he professed to be familiar.
He testified:
“Q. Where was the farm ? A. Farm on the river, where the cut-off makes out of the river.”
“Q. Now, this farm that you are talking about that Mrs. May Hooks and Mr. John Swearingen had down there, what survey is that on? A. That was on the Sterne.”
“Q. What kind of a farm was this, Mr. Sheffield? A. Well, river bottom farm.
“Q. Where did it lay with reference to the cut-off?
“Q. I say, where was the farm with reference to the cut-off? A. Well, they had a farm on each side of the cut-off.
“Q. And do you know where a place was that was known as the Arline place? A. Yes.
“Q; Where was that? A. That was across the cut-off, on the east side of the cut-off.
“Q. Next to the river? A. Yes, right at the point of the river in the cut-off, just across the cut-off, their improvements on the bank of the river and the bank of the cut-off.
“Q. Was there some of the farm over on that side? A. Yes.
“Q. Were the Arlines still there? A. No.
“Q. Had they left? A. Swearingen and Hooks had it in charge.
“Q. Now, how much of the farm was on the south side of the cut-off? A. Oh, there must have been, I guess, about 30 or 35 acres. * * *
“Q. That is on the south side of the cut-off? A. Yes, on the south side. On the east side. * * * I would say on the south side of the river and the east side of the cut-off.
“Q. Was there some farm on the west side? A. Yes.
“Q. —of the cut-off? A. Yes.
“Q. How much of the farm was on the west side of the cut-off? A. I judge to be about 75 acres.”
He had known Thomas Collier ever since he could remember.
He testified:
“Q. During the two years that you were down there on the farm did Mrs. Hooks and Mr. Johnny Swearingen pay rent to anybody? Or did they keep all they made themselves? A. No, they rented the farm, paid it out — crop.
“Q. What rent did they pay? A. A one third and a one fourth.
“Q. Who did they pay that to ? A. Paid it to Uncle Tom Collier.
“Q. While they were there on that farm did you ever hear them say anything about who they were renting from? A. They said they rented from Uncle Tom Collier.
“Q. That was the first year you were there? A. That was the first year they bought it, you know.
“Q. Afterwards they bought some land there ? A. They bought some land on this side of the cut-off — the latter part of the year I went there.
“Q. —Which side of the cut-off was the land they bought? A. On the west side.
“Q. What did they continue to do with the land on the east side? A. They cultivated it over there.
“Q. As their own or somebody else’s tenants? A. They rented it.
“Q. From whom? A.. Tom Collier, they told me.”
Further:
“Q. Commencing with 1890, the 18th day of September (which was the date of the Reliance deeds) Johnny Swearingen didn’t pay any rent to Tom Collier, did he? A. Yes, they paid rent a year to Tom Collier, I think.
“Q. You mean they did that year? A. Yes, I think so. They never bought that until the Fall, some time in the Fall. I know I went there the first of the year and I couldn’t tell you even what month it was but I knew it was along late — they paid Tom Collier rent.”
Further:
“Q. After the two years time was up what did you do after that? A. Well, I went to work for myself.
“Q. Do you know how long they continued .to cultivate that land down there? A. Well, I really don’t know. Cultivated it as long as — about as long as Johnny Swearingen lived.
“Q. Do you know how long he continued to work and live there on the south or east side of the cut-off? A. No, I don’t remember.
“Q. Do you know whether or not he worked there any after you left there? A. Yes, they worked it after I left.” (This would have been over a year subsequent to the date of the Reliance deeds, and if Swearingen and Hooks were tenants of Mr. Collier, paying him rent, in 1890, it must be assumed that this relationship continued.)
Further:
"Q. What can you say, Mr. Sheffield, about that land having been cultivated? Was it just cultivated a year now and then or was it cultivated every year ? A. What land? That on this side (referring to the western, or northern, side) of the cut-off?
“Q. Yes. A. It was cultivated every year.
“Q. How about the land on the other .side of the cut-off? A. Well, it was cultivated every year until they discontinued it. I don’t know when that was. That is the Arline place, across the cut-off.
“Q. You couldn’t give us any idea about when they discontinued it? A. No, I couldn’t tell you.”
Further, referring to the Arline place:
“I never saw Arline living in it and I never did see but one person living in it, Tom Martin, and he was living there when I went there (which was in 1890).
“Q. How long did Tom Martin live there? A. He lived there a year. ‘Mrs. Clock on the Arline farm rented it from Mrs. Hooks — log house across the farm.
“Q. Anybody else ever live there after the Martins? A. Not that I know of.
“Q. Nobody else ever worked that land over there except Swearingen after that, did they? A. Not that I know of, except with Swearingen’s consent, you know, Swearingen and Hooks — they had it leased there until they bought, after they bought land this side, they let that go down.”
He professed to know a good deal about the Reliance purchases and said that he had assisted in surveying the two tracts, that ' Mrs. Hooks and Swearingen had not wanted to buy the land (why, he does not say), but bought it nevertheless and paid $6 an acre for it.
“Q. They did not buy that land from Tom ’ Collier, did they? A. No, they bought it from the Reliance Lumber Company.
“Q. Yes. And .on that 150 acres and the 99 acres Johnny Swearingen and Mrs. Hooks cleared up some farms, didn’t they? A. Oh, yes.
“Q. And that is where they were farming, wasn’t it? A. Yes, they cleared — they didn’t' clear any farms until the money—
“Q. Until they bought the land? A. Until they bought the land.
“Q. Yes. A. Cleared some—
“Q. Yes. A. Cleared some after they bought it.
“Q. When did they buy that land? A. Let’s see — it must have been in the Fall of ninety. Must have been, the best of my recollection. * * *
“Q. And they bought that property from the Reliance Lumber Company, didn’t they ? A. Reliance Lumber Company.”
According to his testimony, Mrs. Hooks advanced the money for Swearingen’s purchase, taking a lien for security, and later acquired the land from Swearingen, appar-. ently for non-payment of the debt, and that still later, Swearingen repurchased from her. At any rate, the witness had rented it from Mrs. Hooks. “I rented it from Mrs. Hooks when she got it back from Swear-ingen.”
There is testimony from other witnesses tending to prove that the Collier farm Hy on both sides of the “cut-off,” this confirming an element of Tom M. Sheffield’s evidence.
Mrs. Julia Anne Sheffield, the only other witness whose testimony is relevant to the inquiry, was a daughter of Mrs. F. M. Hooks and a niece of the witness Tom M. Sheffield. She testified that she was born in 1871 and that her parents had settled in Spurger when she was about 8 or 10 years old. This would have been about 1879 or 1881. She was married when she was 15 years old, that is, in 1886, and upon marriage she left her parents’ household, where she had previously resided. She and her husband remained in Spurger.
Mrs. Sheffield testified that prior to her marriage she had sometimes accompanied her father to a farm which he operated and which seems to have been near Joe’s Lake and the “cut-off.” We may assume that her testimony at least raised the issue that, she referred to the same farm as did Charlie Swearingen and Tom M. Sheffield.
She testified that after her marriage she rarely went to this farm.
Her testimony is confusing and in some respects, conflicting. Her recollection was not clear; it was hesitant and uncertain and she was able to furnish little information concerning the issues between the parties. Much of what she had to say was' contradicted by others whose opportunity of knowing the facts was better than her own.
The following is about all she had to say concerning the location of her father’s' farm:
“Q. Do you know where Joe’s Lake is? A. Yes, sir.
“Q. Do you know where it is with reference to Spurger ? A. I have been there many limes, in the Joe Lake, and fished in it since I have been grown.
“Q. Yes. A. Let alone when I was a child.
“Q. Did your father ever live on that tract of land? (What tract?) A. Well, he didn’t particularly live there, he went and come.
“Q. Did he cultivate— A. Yes, sir.
“Q. —land there? A. He cultivated that land.
“Q. Whereabouts did he cultivate it? A. Cultivated on this side of the road, you call it cut-off.
“Q. North side? A. Yes, sir, I guess it was the north side. There is nothing across the cut-off, that has been burned.”
The following is the only testimony she gave which might have some bearing on whether Mrs. Hooks and Swearingen repudiated Thomas Collier’s claim, or recognized it:
“Q. Then what happened to that farm after he died? If you know. A. Well, now, I couldn’t really tell you.
“Q. My mother and Johnny Swearingen bought it.
“Q. Do you know when they bought it ? A. Well, in' a way, well, I don’t know, now, they bought it all right, but I couldn’t tell you what year it was, nothing about it, because I didn’t even think about it.”
The only purchases proved were made in 1890, the year after her father’s death, but she did not know how long it was after her father died before her mother and Swear-ingen made the purchase she referred to.
The weight to be assigned Mrs. Sheffield’s testimony may be indicated by the following deficiencies in her recollection and conflicts with other proof: (1) She did not know whether her father had rented the land or not. (2) She professed to know almost nothing about .the purchase by her mother and Swearingen. . (3) She did not know who had cultivated the field, referred to in her quoted testimony, after her father’s death. (4) Despite her acquaintance with Joe’s Lake, she declined to say whether it was near or far from her father’s farm. It appears from the testimony of other witnesses and from the Reliance deeds not to have been over a few hundred yards distant from the mouth of the “cutoff” and must have been nearer the farm. (5) She declined to say whether her father’s field was large or small. (6) She said that her father cultivated the land while the Arlines yet resided on the other side of the “cut-off.” This is in conflict with the balance of the record, unless her father was cultivating land which was not a part of the Thomas Collier farm. She did not know whether the Arlines farmed or not, and did not know when they had moved away nor where they had gone. (7) She traced the “cut-off” into Bingham Lake, and no other witness did, although some of the witnesses testified that it entered Joe’s Lake and other Lakes.
We are not certain that Mrs. Sheffield’s testimony ought to be construed as showing that the land farmed by her father was included in the Reliance purchases, but if it raises that inference, we give it little weight, in comparison with that referred to above.
The uncertainties in the proof summarized, or stated above, leave unsettled the question, whether the Reliance purchases did or did not include some of the Thomas Collier farm which was leased to J. B. Swearingen and Mrs. F. M. Hooks. However, it is certain that the Reliance purchases did represent locations extending substantially beyond the limits of this lease, for Mrs. Hooks and J. B. Swearingen were said to have cleared farms on these tracts after their tenancy under Thomas Collier began. It is also reasonably certain that J. B. Swearingen and Mrs. Hooks continued for an indefinite time to cultivate Collier lands lying south of the “cut-off,” beyond’ the limits of their own purchases, after they bought the land from Reliance and it must be inferred that this was a continuation of their tenancy under Mr. Collier. It further appears with reasonable certainty that Mr. Collier took no action against his tenants; none is referred to, and Mr. Collier must have learned of his tenants’ conduct or have abandoned a tract of land which, on Plaintiffs’ theory of the proof,, be had had under cultivation by successive tenants for over twenty years before the dates of the Reliance deeds, and to which, according to Plaintiffs, he had asserted title during that time. Such an abandonment is possible, but not probable. The conclusion, then, is that J. B. Swearingen and Mrs. F. M. Hooks, never repudiated Thomas Collier’s title, or claim of title, but acted consistently with it, and that this claim of title was primarily fixed upon the Arline farm south of the “cut-off” or upon that and land north of the “cut-off” upon the Sterne League which Swearingen and Mrs. Hooks did not assume to buy.
Such conduct, of course, is utterly inconsistent with Plaintiffs’ theory that Mr. Collier claimed the Sterne League.
There is a circumstance in evidence which suggests an explanation for Mr. Collier’s limitation of claim to the farm at the “cut-off.” Mrs. Berryhill, who was a member of the Arline family, had a recollection of living upon the farm which went back to 1868 or 1869 or 1870, some four, five or six years after the Confederate tax deed was made. . She, herself, was born during March, 1864, some nine months before the date of the tax deed. She testified that this farm was called “the old Tom Collier place” and she referred to it as such. If she knew it as the “old Tom Collier place” when she was a child, and she must have known it by that name in childhood for she seems not to have known it by any other name, the suggestion is raised that Thomas Collier had occupied this farm before the tax deed was made, claiming it under some title, limitation or otherwise, not proven and that upon the close of the Civil War he abandoned any claim he may have had in mind under the tax deed — assuming, 'of course, that the deed purported to convey the, Adolpho Sterne League in suit, a fact which was not proved. This suggestion is consistent with the balance of the record. He died in January, 1900, only some 35 years after the date of the tax deed, and it was not shown when he was born nór where he had come from. ■
We have referred to the statutes on which depends Plaintiffs’ claim of limitation title. Claim of right to the entire Sterne League was a necessary element of Plaintiffs’ proof under these statutes. Ivey v. Petty, 70 Tex. 178, 7 S.W. 798. Doubtless evidence showing occupancy of a part and a deed of record to the occupant, conveying the whole, makes a prima facie case of claim; but this is only proof by circumstances. If it be assumed that the tax deed did convey the Sterne League to Thomas Collier then the aforesaid circumstantial proof of claim to the league by Mr. Collier was so weakened by the other circumstances to which we have referred that, in our opinion, Plaintiffs failed to meet the burden of proof imposed upon them. We hold that, on the proof as a whole, it does not appear from the preponderance of the evidence that Thomas Collier claimed the Sterne League.
Under Points 1 to 19, inclusive, Plaintiffs have assigned error to the action of the trial court in excluding, or striking, certain testimony of Oscar Tucker. All of these Points are overruled. We agree with the action of the trial court in most of the instances, and think that if that court erred, the error was harmless. The first 7 of these Points refer to the deposition of Oscar Tucker; Mr. Tucker took the stand near the close of the trial and Plaintiffs had the opportunity to question him in detail. The questions referred to in the other Points seem intended to prove that various occupants of the Collier farm were the tenants of Mr. Collier; there were other circumstances in evidence tending to prove that the Arlines, Bill Raymer, J. B. Swear-ingen and Mrs. F. M. Plooks, and perhaps others, occupied this farm as tenants of Mr. Collier.
The foregoing comments dispose of the arguments of the parties and require that the judgment of the trial court be affirmed. We accordingly affirm the judgment of the trial court.
COE, C. J., disqualified and not sitting.
On Motion for Rehearing.
WALKER, Justice.
Plaintiffs’ motion for rehearing has been considered.
Our holding (in part II of our opinion) that the proof fails to show that the Confederate tax deed described and purported to convey the Sterne League is withdrawn. Plaintiffs’ motion for rehearing has not been controverted and we are satisfied, from the discussion in part I of said motion, that no issue was made between the parties regarding the description in the Confederate tax deed, doubtless because the abstract numbers of the Sterne League have been changed, and the deed referred to the number current when the deed was made, as appears from Plaintiffs’ motion.
Otherwise said motion is overruled and the judgment rendered by this court on original hearing will remain in force.
COE, C. J., disqualified and not sitting. | CASELAW |
SAND HILL ENERGY, INC., Appellant, v. Brenda SMITH, Administratrix of the Estate of Tommy Smith; and Ford Motor Company, Appellees, and Brenda Smith, Administratrix of the Estate of Tommy Smith, Appellant, v. Sand Hill Energy, Inc.; and Ford Motor Company, Appellees, and Ford Motor Company; and Mid-East Ford Mercury, Inc., Appellants, v. Brenda Smith, Administratrix of the Estate of Tommy Smith; and Sand Hill Energy, Inc., Appellees.
No. 2000-SC-0444-DG, 1999-SC-1028-DG, 1999-SC-1029-DG.
Supreme Court of Kentucky.
Aug. 26, 2004.
Clint Harris, Manchester, Counsel for Sand Hill Energy, Inc.
Rickey D. Bailey, Mary Latta Lee, R. Scott Madden, Manchester, Ned Milten-berg, Center for Constitutional Litigation, P.C., Washington, D.C., Roy Glenn Collins, McKinnley Morgan, Manchester, Sharon K. Allen, McKee, Counsel for Brenda Smith, Administratrix of the Estate of Tommy Smith.
John A. Rogovin, Brian P. Brooks, Jonathan D. Hacker, Walter E. Dellinger, III, Matthew M. Shores, O’Melveny & Myers, Washington, D.C., B. Todd Thompson, Sallie Jacobs Stevens, R. Thaddeus Keal, Thompson, Miller & Simpson, P.L.C., Louisville, Amy Crosland Sullivan, Arlington, VA, Counsel for Ford Motor Company.
John A. Rogovin, Brian P. Brooks, O’Melveny & Meyers, Washington, D.C., B. Todd Thompson, Thompson, Miller & Simpson, Louisville, Amy Crosland Sullivan, Arlington, VA, Counsel for Mid-East Ford Mercury, Inc.
Virginia Hamilton Snell, Wyatt, Tarrant <& Combs, Louisville, Evan M. Tager, Mayer, Brown & Platt, Washington, D.C., Hugh F. Young, Jr., Product Liability Advisory Council, Inc., Reston, VA, Jay C. Johnson, Mayer, Brown, Rowe & Maw, Robin S. Conrad, National Chamber Litigation Center, Inc., Washington, D.C., Counsel for Amicus Curiae, Product Liability Advisory Council, Inc.
Bridget H. Papalia, Brown, Todd & Heyburn, Louisville, Henry P. Sorett, Cynthia D. Craig, Brickley, Sears & Sor-ett, Boston, MA, Counsel for Amicus Curiae, Equitable Resources, Inc.
Bridget H. Papalia, Brown, Todd & Heyburn, Louisville, Henry P. Sorett, Cynthia D. Craig, Brickley, Sears & Sor-ett, Boston, MA, Counsel for Amicus Curiae, Equitable Production Company.
Bridget H. Papalia, Brown, Todd & Heyburn, Louisville, Counsel for Amicus Curiae, Associated Industries of Kentucky.
Bridget H. Papalia, Brown, Todd & Heyburn, Louisville, Counsel for Amicus Curiae, Kentucky Oil and Gas Association.
Opinion of the Court by
Justice KELLER.
I. INTRODUCTION, PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND, AND ISSUE
In a 4-3 plurality decision in Sand Hill Energy, Inc. v. Ford Motor Company, this Court reversed a decision of the Court of Appeals and reinstated a $3 million compensatory award and $15 million of the original $20 million punitive damages award in this wrongful death action. When Sand Hill I became final, Ford Motor Company (“Ford”) filed a petition for a writ of certiorari before the United States Supreme Court, arguing that the $15 million punitive damages award was unconstitutional. While Ford’s petition was pending, the United States Supreme Court decided State Farm Mutual Insurance Co. v. Campbell, in which it invalidated a $145 million punitive damages award in a Utah case involving bad faith and fraud in the context of an insurance settlement. Thereafter, the United States Supreme Court granted Ford’s petition for certiorari, vacated Sand Hill I, and remanded the matter to this Court “for further consideration in fight of’ State Farm. Because Ford’s petition for certio-rari addressed only the constitutionality of the punitive damages award, Ford has since paid the full value of the compensatory damages award, with interest — a total amount of $5,596,425.00 — and the parties agree that the only issue remaining before the Court is the viability of the $20 million punitive damages award.
After reviewing State Farm and the evidence of the defendant’s out-of-state conduct presented to the jury in Sand Hill, we vacate the punitive damages award and remand the case for a new determination of the amount of punitive damages because the trial court’s jury instructions failed to include a limiting instruction concerning extraterritorial punishment.
II. ANALYSIS
A. STATE FARM AND EXTRATERRITORIALITY
In State Farm, the plaintiffs pursued punitive damages in their bad faith claim on the basis that the insurance company employed a scheme to cap payouts on the company’s claims. To prove this scheme the plaintiffs presented testimony about State Farm’s fraudulent practices occurring nationwide. The trial court determined that such evidence was admissible for the determination of whether State Farm’s conduct was reprehensible. After deliberation, the jury returned a punitive damages award of $145 million against State Farm.
The United States Supreme Court (“Supreme Court”) granted State Farm’s petition for certiorari, reversed the decision of the Supreme Court of Utah, which had reinstated the punitive damages award, and remanded the case for further proceedings with regard to punitive damages. Citing its previous decisions in Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc. BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore TXO Production Carp. v. Alliance Resources Corp. and Pacific Mutual Life Insurance Company v. Haslip the Supreme Court stated that although the States “possess discretion over the imposition of punitive damages, ... the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment prohibits the imposition of grossly excessive or arbitrary punishments.” The Supreme Court held that the punitive damages award in State Farm violated the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment as it was grossly excessive and expressed particular concern over the evidence of State Farm’s out-of-state/extraterritorial conduct:
Lawful out-of-state conduct may be probative when it demonstrates the deliberateness and culpability of the defendant’s action in the state where it is tortious, but that conduct must have a nexus to the specific harm suffered by the plaintiff. A jury must be instructed, furthermore, that it may not use evidence of out-of-state conduct to punish a defendant for action that was lawful in the jurisdiction where it occurred.
In the Supreme Court’s opinion, the conduct upon which the punitive damages award was based bore no relation to the plaintiffs’ harm, which resulted in the “case ... [being] used as a platform to expose, and punish, the perceived deficiencies of State Farm’s operations throughout the country,” instead of being used to condemn State Farm for its conduct towards the plaintiffs.
The Supreme Court held that the punitive damages award was unreasonable and irrational and remanded the case for further proceedings with appropriate instructions.
B. EVIDENCE AND ARGUMENT IN THE RECORD CONCERNING FORD’S EXTRATERRITORIAL CONDUCT
Similar to what occurred in State Farm, the jury in Sand Hill considered Ford Motor Company’s conduct on a nationwide scale in arriving at the punitive damages award of $20 million. The jury heard testimony regarding the number of vehicles sold nationwide that contained the “defective” transmission (6.5-7 million), the number of reports nationwide of similar incidents of inadvertent shifts from “park” to “reverse” (by 1980 the count was 23,000), and the number of individuals who were killed by such incidents nationwide (hundreds). Counsel for the plaintiff advised the jury in closing that “we have to make them pay” and proceeded to discuss the number of “defective” Ford transmissions that were “on the road.” It is clear that the jury was encouraged to punish Ford for its conduct throughout the country.
In applying the analysis set forth in State Farm, we find that the nexus between the conduct and the specific harm to the plaintiff in Sand Hill is evident from the fact that the incidents were of a similar nature. While the jury may evaluate those incidents in determining Ford’s culpability, a new trial on the amount of punitive damages is required since the jury instructions contained no limitations on extraterritorial punishment.
C. PRESERVATION
One important question that this Court must answer before remanding the case is whether Ford fairly and adequately presented its position regarding extraterritoriality to the trial court via its four (4) page proposed punitive damage instruction.
On remand from the United States Supreme Court, Ford’s Supplemental Brief contains passing comments upon the overall constitutional inadequacy of the punitive damages instructions. However, the only instructional error that Ford pursues in support of relief concerns the trial court’s failure to instruct the jury that it could not punish Ford for its conduct outside the Commonwealth of Kentucky. Ford made this same argument in its earlier brief in the case. The punitive damages instruction that the trial court gave to the jury provided as follows:
You have found for the Estate of Tommy Smith against Ford Motor Company and determined that the Estate was entitled to a sum or sums of money for compensatory damages. If you are further satisfied from the evidence that Ford Motor Company acted toward Tommy Smith with malice, you may in your discretion award punitive damages against Ford Motor Company in addition to the damages you have already awarded. The plaintiff must prove malice with clear and convincing evidence, and you may consider the evidence introduced in the first phase of this trial as well as the second phase of this trial.
As used in this instruction:
(a) malice means either conduct which is specifically intended by Ford Motor Company to cause tangible or intangible injury to the plaintiff or
(b) conduct that is carried out by Ford Motor Company both with a flagrant indifference to the rights of the plaintiff and with a subjective awareness that such conduct will result in human death or bodily harm.
If you award punitive damages in determining the amount thereof, you should consider the following factors.
(a) The likelihood at the relevant time that serious harm would arise from Ford Motor Company’s misconduct;
(b) The degree of Ford Motor Company’s awareness of that likelihood;
(c) The profitability of the misconduct to Ford Motor Company;
(d) The duration of the misconduct and any concealment of it by Ford Motor Company;
(e) Any actions by Ford Motor Company to remedy the misconduct once it became known to Ford Motor Company.
On the final day of trial, Ford tendered to the trial court a seventeen (17) page document captioned “Punitive Damages Instructions Tendered by Defendant, Ford Motor Company,” which contained two (2) proposed punitive damages instructions. The first page of the document explained that Proposed Instruction A addressed Ford’s liability for punitive damages and Proposed Instruction B addressed how the jury should determine the amount of punitive damages. Two (2) versions of each of the instructions were included: a “court copy” that included citations to relevant authorities followed by a “clean copy” for submission to the jury. The four (4) page “court copy” of Ford’s Proposed Instruction B stated:
If you determine that punitive damages should be awarded against Ford, then you shall assess the sum of the punitive damages. In determining the amount of punitive damages to be assessed, you should consider the following factors:
(a)the likelihood, at the time Ford designed the automatic transmission system for the F-250 pickup truck involved in this case, that serious injury would arise from Ford’s misconduct in designing that system;
(b) the degree of Ford’s awareness, if any, of that likelihood of injury, and its motivation;
(c) the profitability of the misconduct to Ford;
(d) the duration of Ford’s misconduct and whether it attempted to conceal such misconduct; and
(e) any actions by Ford to remedy the misconduct, once it became known to Ford.
You must remember that the purpose of punitive damages is not to award the Estate of Tommy Smith a windfall, but to punish Ford for its misconduct and to deter Ford and others from similar conduct in the future. Society would be harmed by, and you must not award, punitive damages in any amount larger than what is needed to accomplish this purpose.6 You must not award punitive damages for any other purpose. You must award only the amount that you find, by clear and convincing evidence, is necessary to impose appropriate punishment and deterrence for the wrongful conduct that you find to have occurred in this case.
Ordinarily, it constitutes sufficient punishment and deterrence to deprive a corporate defendant of the monetary gain realized from the wrongful conduct of its employees.7 Therefore, if you decide to award punitive damages in this case, the maximum amount you may award is the amount of money saved by Ford by not utilizing the alternative designs proposed by the plaintiff in similar vehicles sold in Kentucky, less the amount of compensatory damages you have awarded.8
In determining the amount of punitive damages that is necessary for punishment and deterrence, you may consider only Ford’s wrongful conduct that has, or has had, an impact on the citizens of Kentucky. You may not award any punitive damages for the purpose of punishing Ford relative to the sale of vehicles in other states, or for the purpose of changing Ford’s conduct outside the state of Kentucky.9
The purpose of compensatory damages is to compensate the plaintiff and make the plaintiff whole. However, a substantial award of compensatory damages also has the effect of punishing and deterring misconduct, without the necessity of awarding punitive damages. Therefore, in determining the amount of punitive damages necessary for appropriate punishment and deterrence, you must consider the punishment and deterrent effect associated with the monetary award paid by Ford for the compensatory damages alone.
In determining the amount of punitive damages, the most important factor to consider is the reprehensibility or blameworthiness of Ford’s conduct. In evaluating the reprehensibility of Ford’s conduct, you must consider, for example, (1) the extent to which the product complied with industry custom and practice, and (2) the absence of any objective test from which Ford could determine in advance whether the automatic transmission control system was defective under Kentucky law, and (3) any other circumstances shown by the evidence that bear on determining a proper amount of punitive damages.
Ford’s wealth, size or financial condition should play no part in a jury’s determination of the amount of punitive damages that should be awarded.
With these Instructions in mind, and using the attached Verdict Form, you will award against Ford that sum of money, if any, you find by clear and convincing evidence should be awarded as punitive damages.
General Authorities: Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Haslip, 499 U.S. 1, 111 S.Ct. 1032, 113 L.Ed.2d 1 (1991); Miller’s Bottled Gas, Inc. v. Borg-Wamer Corp., 817 F.Supp. 643 (W.D.Ky.1993); Hanson v. American Nat’l Bank & Trust Co., Ky., 865 S.W.2d 302 (1993); Wittmer v. Jones, Ky., 864 S.W.2d 885 (1993); and KRS 411.186.
6 Pacific Mutual Life Ins. Co. v. Haslip, 499 U.S. 1, 111 S.Ct. 1032, 113 L.Ed.2d 1 (1991); Malcolm E. Wheeler, (A Proposal for Further Common Law Development of the Use of Punitive Damages in Modem Product Liability Litigation), 40 Ala. L.Rev. 919, 947 (1989).
7 A corporation’s liability is entirely vicarious and predicated on the wrongdoing of its employees or agents. See, e.g., Uniform Law Commissioners’ Model Punitive Damages Act, § 6, Comments at 12 (Discussion Draft, April 4, 1996) (“Discussion Draft”). Issues relating to when a corporation will be held liable for punitive damages based upon the acts of its employees or agents are themselves ripe for common law development. See Uniform Law Commissioners’ Model Punitive Damages Act, § 6(c) (Approval Draft, July 1996) (“Approval Draft”) (legal entity liable for punitive damages based on wrongful acts of employee only if the wrongful conduct is committed by an officer, director, or agent with policymaking authority).
8 See generally BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 116 5.Ct. 1589, 134 L.Ed.2d 809 (1996); Uniform Law Commissioner’s Model Punitive Damages Act, § 6(c) (Approval Draft, July 1996); American Law Institute, Reporters’ Study: Enterprise Responsibility for Personal Injury, Vol. II, at 254 (1991); Malcolm E. Wheeler, (A Proposal for Further Common Law Development of the Use of Punitive Damages in Modem Product Liability Litigation ), 40 Ala. L.Rev. 919, 947 (1989).
9 BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 116 S.Ct. 1589, 134 L.Ed.2d 809 (1996).
10 See Prosser and Keeton on Torts § 4 at 25-26 (one reason for imposing tort liability is to provide incentive to avoid future harm; this “idea of prevention shades into punishment of the offender”).
11 BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559, 116 S.Ct. 1589, 134 L.Ed.2d 809 (1996).
12 Hensley v. Paul Miller Ford, Inc., Ky., 508 S.W.2d 759, 764 (1974); Givens v. Berkley, 108 Ky. 236, 56 S.W. 158 (1900); Shields’ Adm’rs v. Rowland, 151 Ky. 822,152 S.W. 943 (1913).
The “clean copy” of Ford’s Proposed Instruction B omitted footnotes 6-12 and the “general authorities” cited at the end of the “court copy.” Ford also tendered a pleading entitled “Memorandum of Defendant, Ford Motor Company, Regarding Necessity of Complete Instructions on Punitive Damages” in which it cited Taylor v. Kentucky and Carter v. Kentucky for the proposition that “under the United States Constitution!,] ‘arguments of counsel cannot substitute for instructions by the court.’ ”
Shortly after Ford tendered its proposed documents to the trial court, the proceedings were delayed by the tardiness of a juror who had overslept, and the videotaped record shows the trial judge examining the tendered instructions for approximately fourteen (14) minutes before he called a recess. After the jury left the courtroom, the trial court took up a matter concerning the scope of a defense witness’s testimony and then asked the attorneys if there was “anything else we can do to expedite the case while we are waiting on the juror ... other than me read the punitive damage instructions and look over my notes?”
Later that day, the trial court gave the parties’ attorneys copies of the written instructions that it had prepared and permitted them to make objections. At that time, Ford’s attorneys did not specifically object to the omission of its extraterritoriality instruction from the trial court’s instructions, but did refer in general to the trial court’s failure to incorporate the provisions in Ford’s proposed instructions:
Mr. Cowgill: I object to the entire set of instructions to be given by the Court insofar as they fail to incorporate the various components of the instructions tendered by Ford Motor Co. and I will not take the Court’s time to itemize all those. We have indicated by our tendered instructions all of those things that we do think are necessary to properly instruct this jury on the matter of punitive damages. The Court has rejected those instructions so that error is preserved, but turning then to the instructions that the Court has indicated it intends to make, I make these further objections your honor. First of all, I object to the inclusion of paragraph (a), the first prong of the malice definition on the ground that in this case there is no evidence whatsoever that Ford engaged in any conduct which was specifically intended by Ford to cause tangible or intangible injury to this plaintiff. Therefore, that is completely superfluous instruction. It has no relationship to any evidence in this case and I am concerned it may merely confuse the jury regarding the other branch of the malice instruction. This simply isn’t a case for malice of the specific intent variety that is included in that first branch of the statutory definition. Secondly, your honor, I do object to the inclusion of (c) profitability of the misconduct of Ford on the ground that there has been no evidence in this case that the alleged misconduct in rendering this defective design was profitable to Ford in any way. Therefore, the inclusion of that factor lacks any foundation in the evidence causes the jury to believe there may be something there that has not been there in the evidence and causes the jury to speculate about something for which it does not have any evidentiary support. There is simply no basis for that. Finally, your honor, we would reiterate our constitutional objections to these instructions. I believe those appear in our answer to the complaint in this case. They are also incorporated in our own proposed set of instructions but to reiterate them in the context of these instructions that the court has prepared, your honor, we would note that these instructions do not pass constitutional muster according to our view and according to the recent decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court because they do not provide a jury in Kentucky with adequate guidelines as to whether punitive damages should be rendered and also fail to provide the jury with adequate guidelines as to determining the amount of punitive damages if it determines that punitive damages are in order. In particular, and as regards to the amount of punitive damages these instructions even if they are in accordance with the Kentucky statute fail to give the jury any cap or other adequate guideline or limitation on the amount of any punitive damages award in this case and therefore there is a due process violation by permitting a jury to simply come up with some completely arbitrary number as an award of punitive damages in this case. I believe in context with the instructions that we have tendered, your honor, that adequately reflects all of our objections to the instructions that you have prepared.
Court: Objections overruled....
Mr. Hawse: Can I just add a couple of other things real quick on our objections, your honor? That phrase flagrant indifference is not defined thus it goes directly to the point that Mr. Cowgill made that there is no guideline to the jury on when punitive damages are justifiable. The instruction proposed by the Court is devoid in any guidance on what the purpose of punitive damages are and what they are supposed to achieve. The parallel to that is in the compensatory instructions where as the Court knows that the jury is instructed that the jury to award a fair and reasonable amount that will compensate the plaintiff. We believe that a parallel instruction ought to be given in the punitive damage phase that a fair and reasonable amount that would achieve the purposes of the punitive damages as set out at all, and I don’t want to go through all that again because we have already done it. And finally, with regard to paragraph (e) the way this thing reads is the jury can find punitive damages because Ford undertook a remedy. We think that that specific paragraph ought to couch the back conduct as mitigating as opposed to justifying malice, of finding malice to start with.
Court: These five factors set forth are the five factors for them to consider in determining the amount. That is the most appropriate argument for you to make.
Mr. Hawse: I will do the very best I can with it, your honor.
Court: I am sure you will. Those are the factors that are presented under the statute. Basically, I am following the statute, I am following the Palmore’s instructions, I am not at this point in time in any position to rule as far as constitutionality of the statute’s concerned. That issue is [not] properly before me. If it were me writing the law on punitive damages, there might be a whole lot more here that is not here but I am not the one doing that.
Under our Rules of Civil Procedure, the question of preservation turns upon whether Ford’s tendered instructions and objections to the trial court’s instructions “fairly and adequately presented his position” to the trial court:
(1)At any time before or during the trial, the court may direct the parties to tender written instructions. At the close of the evidence any party may move the court to instruct the jury on any matter appropriate to the issues in the action.
(2) After considering any tendered instructions and motions to instruct and before the commencement of the argument, the court shall show the parties the written instructions it will give the jury, allowing them an opportunity to make objections out of the hearing of the jury. Thereafter, and before argument to the jury, the written instructions shall be given.
(3) No party may assign as error the giving or the failure to give an instruction unless he has fairly and adequately presented his position by an offered instruction or by motion, or unless he makes objection before the court instructs the jury, stating specifically the matter to which he objects and the ground or grounds of his objection.
The underlying purpose of CR 51(3) is to “obtain the best possible trial at the trial court level” by “giv[ing] the trial judge an opportunity to correct any errors before instructing the jury.” Generally speaking, if a party’s “offered instructions clearly present [the] party’s position, no further action is required” to preserve for appellate review an allegation that the trial court erred by failing to give a requested instruction. On a number of occasions, however, in both civil and criminal eases, Kentucky appellate courts have explained that a tendered instruction will not fairly and adequately present the party’s position as to an allegation of instructional error when: (1) the omitted language or instruction was not contained in the instruction tendered to the trial court; i.e., when the allegation of error was not presented to the trial court at all; (2) the minor differences between the language of the tendered instruction and the instruction given by the trial court would not call the trial court’s attention to the alleged error; or (3) the tendered instruction itself was otherwise erroneous or incomplete.
While the tendered instruction in this case clearly avoids either of the first two (2) pitfalls, it is debatable whether the four al page tendered instruction, which in-eluded six (6) separate instructional paragraphs that were not included in the trial court’s instructions, was “a fully correct instruction.” It is clear from State Farm that “a jury must be instructed that it may not use evidence of out-of-state conduct to punish a defendant for action that was lawful in the jurisdiction where it occurred[,]” and thus the extraterritoriality admonition contained in the fourth paragraph of Ford’s Proposed Instruction B should have been included in the trial court’s instructions. However, portions of the rest of the tendered instruction are far more questionable — the most egregious example being the third paragraph, which purported to instruct the jury that the maximum amount of punitive damages it could award was “the amount of money saved by Ford by not utilizing the alternative designs ... less the amount of compensatory damages.”
It would have been improper for the trial court’s instruction to include all of Ford’s Proposed Instruction B, but we are inclined to hold that Ford’s Proposed Instruction B properly preserved its allegation of error concerning the omission of the extraterritoriality admonition because the individual paragraphs in Ford’s tendered instruction appear discrete and sev-erable and the trial court could have avoided the error by “cutting and pasting” or “slicing and dicing” and incorporating the fourth paragraph of Ford’s proposed instruction into its own instruction. Although the issue of preservation would be more clear cut if Ford’s trial counsel had expressly argued for the introduction of the extraterritoriality admonition within the trial court’s instruction — as it did with respect to the “purpose of punitive damages” language — the critical inquiry is whether the proposed instructions gave the trial court a fair opportunity to “get it right,” and Ford’s Proposed Instruction B did give the trial court that opportunity because it communicated Ford’s position that the paragraph regarding extraterritoriality be included in the trial court’s instruction on punitive damages.
D. INSTRUCTIONS ON REMAND
At the time this case was tried, the standard for awarding punitive damages was set forth in KRS 411.184, but subsequently, in 1998, we held portions of the statute unconstitutional. Those portions were contained in the instructions in this case; however, as neither party made any challenge to those portions of the statute, the jury’s determination that Ford’s conduct authorized an award of punitive damages stands; it is the law of the case. In light of State Farm, however, this case must be remanded for a new determination of the amount of any punitive damages awarded using an instruction similar to the following instruction, which sets forth the purpose of punitive damages and provides a safeguard from extraterritorial punishment:
A jury previously found that Tommy Smith’s injury and death were caused by the defective design of the transmission system installed by Ford Motor Company in the Ford F-250 pickup truck in 1977 and awarded Tommy Smith’s Estate $3,000,000.00 as compensatory damages for his injury and death. The jury also determined that Ford Motor Company acted toward Tommy Smith with malice; therefore, you may now, in your discretion, award Tommy Smith’s Estate punitive damages in addition to the compensatory damages previously awarded.
“Malice” means conduct that was carried out by the Ford Motor Company both with a flagrant indifference to the rights of Tommy Smith and with a subjective awareness that such conduct would result in human death or bodily harm.
“Punitive damages” are damages awarded against Ford Motor Company for the purpose of punishing Ford Motor Company for its misconduct in this case and deterring it and others from engaging in similar conduct in the future.
Whether you make an award of punitive damages, in addition to the compensatory damages previously awarded, is a matter exclusively within your discretion. If, however, you award punitive damages, in determining the amount thereof, you should consider the following factors:
(a) The likelihood at the time of such misconduct by Ford Motor Company that serious harm would arise from it;
(b) The degree of Ford Motor Company’s awareness of that likelihood;
(c) The profitability of the misconduct to Ford Motor Company;
(d) The duration of the misconduct and any concealment of it by Ford Motor Company; and
(e) Any actions by Ford Motor Company to remedy the misconduct once it became known to Ford Motor Company.
Evidence of Ford Motor Company’s conduct occurring outside Kentucky may be considered only in determining whether Ford Motor Company’s conduct occurring in Kentucky was reprehensible, and if so, the degree of reprehensibility. However, you must not use out-of-state evidence to award the Estate of Tommy Smith punitive damages against Ford Motor Company for conduct that occurred outside Kentucky.
If you award punitive damages, they must be fixed with calm discretion and sound reason, and must never be either awarded, or fixed in amount, because of any sympathy, or bias, or prejudice with respect to any party to the case.
VERDICT FORM
(check one)
_ We, the jury, do not award punitive damages to Tommy Smith’s Estate.
OR
_ We, the jury, award Tommy Smith’s Estate punitive damages of
[Number of jurors required for a verdict]
We would also note that should the question arise on remand of whether to admit evidence of Ford’s financial condition, that in State Farm, the United States Supreme Court frowned upon “ ‘the presentation of evidence of a defendant’s net worth[, because it] creates the potential that juries will use their verdicts to express biases against big businesses, particularly those without strong local presences.” ’ Likewise, our predecessor court stated that “we are clearly of the opinion that no evidence as to the financial condition of either defendant or plaintiff should be admitted in any case in which punitive damages might be recovered” because “[t]he tendency of this class of testimony would be to lead the jury to consider chiefly the pecuniary condition of the defendant, rather than the enormity or wantonness of the act for which punitive damages might be allowed.”
III. CONCLUSION
For the above reasons, we vacate the judgment’s award of punitive damages and remand for a new determination of the amount of punitive damages, if any, in accordance with this opinion.
LAMBERT, C.J.; COOPER, GRAVES and JOHNSTONE, JJ., concur.
WINTERSHEIMER, J„ dissents by separate opinion in which STUMBO, J., joins.
Dissenting opinion by
Justice WINTERSHEIMER.
I must respectfully dissent from the majority opinion because the failure to include additional limiting instructions concerning extraterritorial punishment was not a sufficient reason to vacate the punitive damages award and remand the case for a new trial on that issue.
In my review, it would appear that the question of whether this objection was properly preserved is highly debatable. Ford did not present objections to specific omissions by the trial judge in declining to apply a 17-page suggested instruction. Ford’s counsel stated “I object to the entire set to be given by the court insofar as they fail to incorporate the various components of the instructions tendered by Ford Motor Company and I will not take the court’s time to itemize all those.” Although counsel for Ford pointed to other specific items that it considered important, the component of extraterritorial punishment was not made specifically.
This blanket objection to the failure to incorporate poorly worded and egregiously self-serving instructions serves in at least some fashion, as a subversive tactic by Ford to stall the plaintiffs and potentially drive the cost of litigation so high that Ford could achieve a reduced settlement or avoid the payment altogether. It also pushes the perceived cost of litigating against Ford so high that diminishing the punitive damage awards or creating the perception that punitive damages will be small may serve as a significant deterrent to future plaintiffs who seek redress from Ford.
Sand Hill is an action for wrongful death. It is clearly in the interest of the Commonwealth to protect its citizens from such harm and could be considered as distinct from the interest of protecting citizens from mere economic damages. The right to recover in wrongful death claims is specifically protected by constitutional sections 14, 15 and 241. Reliance on State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 123 S.Ct. 1513, 155 L.Ed.2d 585 (2003), is misplaced because that case involves an action for bad faith with economic loss rather than personal injury or wrongful death.
It is curious to note that the argument presented by Ford is exactly the same argument it advanced in its earlier brief in the case of Sand Hill Energy, Inc. v. Ford Motor Co., Ky., 83 S.W.3d 483 (2002), in which a majority of this Court reversed a decision of the Court of Appeals and reinstated a $3 million compensatory award and $15 million of the original $20 million for punitive damages. The Supreme Court of the United States granted the petition of Ford to vacate Sand Hill I and remanded it to this Court for further consideration in the light of State Farm, supra. As noted in the majority opinion, Ford has paid the compensatory damage award of $5,596,425, and the parties agree that the only issue remaining is the viability of the $20 million punitive award. If we are to consider this case only on the basis of suggested ratios in State Farm, the multiplier of 6 + times the $3 million would give us a $20 million punitive award which is well within the range suggested by the United States Supreme Court.
However, in the majority decision in this case, we have departed from what appears to be the mandate of the United States Supreme Court and embarked upon a reconsideration of our original decision in Sand Hill in 2002. The instructional issue was raised in that case and in particular, discussed at length in a dissenting opinion. It could now be said that we are in a kind of rehearing mode rather than accepting the direction of the remand order. The parties are not served by this de facto rehearing or reconsideration.
Even if we consider this case as distinct from the economic damage theory advanced in State Farm, we should consider the analysis provided by Judge Richard Posner of the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals in Mathias v. Accor Economy Lodging, Inc., 347 F.3d 672 (7th Cir.Ill. 2003). The Federal Court of Appeals in that case gave an example of the recovery allowed for a battery committed by spitting in another’s face. In such cases, the compensatory damages must be nominal because there is no way to represent the actual damages adequately. Therefore, and among other reasons, the U.S. Court of Appeals concluded that applying a ratio to such a case is meaningless. The Court stated “the judicial function is to police a range, not a point.” In the Mathias case, the plaintiff had suffered personal injuries because of being bitten by bed bugs in a motel. Judge Posner likened their damage more to having been spit in the face, than to damages caused by breach of contract. Even though the plaintiffs had actual damages represented by medical bills, the federal court determined that there is more purpose behind the punitive damage concept than merely magnifying actual costs. Adequate deterrence of the tortious activity and of vigorous litigation, as well as making it economically feasible to litigate such cases, were among the reasons stated for upholding the entire punitive damage award. Therefore, the court upheld the punitive damages without regard to the ratio between compensatory and punitive.
Under all the circumstances, we should do the same. Further elongation of the litigation here does no service to anyone and merely blurs the line between compensatory and punitive damages.
Nationally, there is no question that some jury verdicts awarding punitive damages have been excessive. The United States Supreme Court has wisely chosen to address such a situation by requiring a de novo review of such awards by state appellate courts and has suggested some numerical guidelines for such review. It is very unfortunate that there are a few runaway juries that award outrageously large punitive verdicts. On the other side of the coin is the fact that individual and corporate entities must be held accountable for flagrant misbehavior that results in both physical and economic injury and damage. There is no doubt that the many advances in consumer safety and health have resulted from diligent pursuit of civil wrongdoers. The key to a just solution is balance and reasonableness. It is only the venal and greedy who have anything to fear. A simple mistake that does not result from negligence, malice, carelessness or indifference is rarely the subject of a significant punitive award.
In Campbell, the United States Supreme Court properly promulgated a general standard to be applied as each particular case required. Under any analysis, the ratio formula suggested by Campbell is not exceeded here. Thus, it can be considered that the punitive damage award is well within any acceptable guideline.
Fear of unreasonable litigation has impaired, to some degree, our basic ability to make sensible decisions. Doctors, clergy, teachers and even lawyers, as well as the general public and business, find every day decisions conditioned by a concern about frivolous litigation. Many people are nervous about doing almost anything. Such an atmosphere is not consistent with true liberty and freedom of activity. Lawsuits have a place in our culture, but not the only place. They should be undertaken carefully for valid causes. Threats have no place.
Certainly, excessive punitive verdicts are a serious problem, but equally serious is the unreasoned fear of the application of such verdicts to well-meaning professionals and organizations. Both conditions contribute significantly to excessive insurance rates for many businesses and professionals. The answer is not to unduly or unconstitutionally limit the right of recovery, but rather for an improvement of the regulation of the insurance industry such as has been accomplished in California.
There is no easy solution. Perhaps part of the resolution could be an intense comprehensive study by the appropriate governmental agency as to a proper review of the regulation of the insurance industry. Certainly, our society is flexible enough to accommodate many competing concerns without diluting our fidelity to Sections 14, 54 and 241 of the Kentucky Constitution which protect the rights of the citizens to recover damages.
True reconsideration, by definition, does not necessarily mean automatic change. The remand authorized by the majority is unwarranted and does not satisfy the mandate of the United States Supreme Court.
However, considering the approach taken by the majority, it is my opinion that the original decision of this Court should be vacated and the punitive damage award given by the jury should be reinstated.
STUMBO, J., joins this dissenting opinion.
. Ky., 83 S.W.3d 483 (2002) ["Sand Hill I"].
. 538 U.S. 408, 123 S.Ct. 1513, 155 L.Ed.2d 585 (2003) ["State Farm ”].
. 532 U.S. 424, 121 S.Ct. 1678, 149 L.Ed.2d 674 (2001).
. 517 U.S. 559, 116 S.Ct. 1589, 134 L.Ed.2d 809 (1996).
. 509 U.S. 443, 113 S.Ct. 2711, 125 L.Ed.2d 366 (1993).
. 499 U.S. 1, 111 S.Ct. 1032, 113 L.Ed.2d 1 (1991).
. State Farm Mutual Insurance Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 412, 123 S.Ct. 1513, 1517, 155 L.Ed.2d 585, — (2003).
. 538 U.S. at 422-423, 123 S.Ct. 1513.
. 538 U.S. at 420, 123 S.Ct. 1513.
. 436 U.S. 478, 98 S.Ct. 1930, 56 L.Ed.2d 468 (1978).
. 450 U.S. 288, 101 S.Ct. 1112, 67 L.Ed.2d 241 (1981).
. See CR 51(2).
. CR 51 (emphasis added).
. Cobb v. Hoskins, Ky.App., 554 S.W.2d 886, 887 (1977). See also Kentucky Border Coal Co. v. Mullins, Ky., 504 S.W.2d 696, 698 (1974) ("The purpose of the rule is to ... screen out errors at the trial rather than the appellate level.”); Sparks v. Doe, Ky., 379 S.W.2d 252, 256 (1964) ("The object of CR 51 is to smoke out all impurities beforehand, to the end that the jury will be properly instructed and the case tried but once.”); Sams v. Sigmon Ikerd Co., Ky., 280 S.W.2d 515, (1955) (" '[An] underlying objective of these Rules is to secure the best possible trial at the trial court level rather than in the Court of Appeals .... ’ All too often are instructions simply fertile fields in which errors are planted and the crop is harvested by reversal on appeal.”) (quoting Watson Clay, Kentucky Civil Rules: Practice & Procedure CR 51, at 458-59 (West Publishing Co. 1954)).
.Ellison v. R & B Contracting, Inc., Ky., 32 S.W.3d 66, 72-73 (2000). See also Burke Enterprises, Inc. v. Mitchell, Ky., 700 S.W.2d 789, 792 (1985) ("The object of the rules is to require counsel to assist the trial court at arriving at proper instructions and, conversely, to prevent counsel from building reversible error into the case by a general or misleading objection.”); Bruce v. Commonwealth, Ky., 581 S.W.2d 8, 9-10 (1979) ("CR 51(3) stands for the proposition that the trial court should have any defects in the proposed instructions called to his attention so that he is afforded the opportunity to give the correct instructions.”); Cox v. Hardy, Ky., 371 S.W.2d 945, 947 (1963) ("The justification for CR 51 is exemplified by this record. In essence that Rule requires the lawyers in a case to assist the judge in giving correct instructions and disallows an ex post facto objection as a means of obtaining a reversal of the judgment on appeal.”); Young v. De Bord, Ky., 351 S.W.2d 502, 503 (1961) (‘“One important purpose of [CR 51’s] requirement is to limit the use of a general objection as a device in securing a subsequent reversal, when the court may well have obviated the error if its attention was directed at the proper time to the proper matter about which the party may subsequently complain on appeal.”) (quoting Clay, CR 51, cmt. 4, at 458); Chaney v. Slone, Ky., 345 S.W.2d 484, 486 (1961) ("The object of [CR 51] is to give the trial court an opportunity to avoid error."); Brumley v. Richardson, Ky., 273 S.W.2d 54, 55 (1954) ("The purpose of the rule is to inform the trial judge of possible errors so that he may have an opportunity to correct them.”).
. Surber v. Wallace, Ky.App., 831 S.W.2d 918, 920 (1992).
. Karem v. Bennett, Ky., 481 S.W.2d 29, 32 (1972) (citing CR 51 in dismissing argument that objection was necessary to preserve error); Massengale v. Lester, Ky., 403 S.W.2d 701, 703 (1966) ("Massengale ... did offer 13 instructions, 11 of which were rejected, and among those rejected were four instructions on the theory of privilege. This was enough to require a proper instruction on that theo-iy[.]”).
. We observe that RCr 9.54(2), the Rule of Criminal Procedure that addresses preservation of jury instruction errors, is nearly identical to CR 51(3). In fact, the only difference between the rules is that the criminal rule employs gender-neutral language:
No party may assign as error the giving or the failure to give an instruction unless the party's position has been fairly and adequately presented to the trial judge by an offered instruction or by motion, or unless the party makes objection before the court instructs the jury, stating specifically the matter to which the party objects and the ground or grounds of the objection.
And, between March 1, 1974 and January 1, 1985, RCr 9.54(2) was actually identical to the current version of CR 51(3), which has been in existence since July 1, 1969. After an amendment effective in January 1, 1985, however, RCr 9.54(2) read:
Any party may tender instructions but no party may assign as error the giving or the failure to give an instruction unless he makes specific objection to the giving or the failure to give an instruction before the court instructs the jury, stating specifically the matter to which he objects and the ground or grounds of his objection.
This Court applied that version of RCr 9.54(2) while it was in effect, see Chumbler v. Commonwealth, Ky., 905 S.W.2d 488, 499 (1995); Commonwealth v. Collins, Ky., 821 S.W.2d 488, 492 (1992); Grooms v. Commonwealth, Ky., 756 S.W.2d 131, 139-40 (1988); Evans v. Commonwealth, Ky., 702 S.W.2d 424 (1986), but those cases must be considered in their historical context and are clearly inapplicable to the civil case at bar. In light of the identity between CR 51(3) and the version of RCr 9.54(2) that was in effect between March 1, 1974 and January 1, 1985 and substantial identity between CR 51(3) and the version of RCr 9.54(2) that has been in effect since September 1, 1993, we find our past applications of those versions of RCr 9.54(2) to be instructive to our analysis here.
.First Property Management, Ky., 867 S.W.2d 185, 186 (1993) (observing that "the plaintiff’s proposed instruction [which did not employ the language that the appellant claimed had been erroneously omitted from the trial court’s instruction] was a poor vehicle upon which to expect the trial judge to arrive at the instruction advocated on appeal.”); Rainbo Baking Co. v. S & S Trucking Co., Ky., 459 S.W.2d 155 (1970) (holding that "under CR 51 [the Appellants] did not adequately specify to the trial court the theory upon which they now rely in this court" in a case where "it is demonstrably clear from the ... language of [the] objection and of the tendered instruction that [Appellants] did not have this requirement in mind and did not bring it to the attention of the trial court.”); Brumley, 273 S.W.2d at 56 (1954) ("If we should adopt [the view that tendered instructions preserve error], it would not avail the appellant here, because the instructions offered by him did not make clear his position on the specific question of right of way; in fact they did not even contain the words ‘right of way.' ”).
. Johnson v. Cormney, Ky.App., 596 S.W.2d 23, 26 (1980) ("But for the use of the word condoned,’ those instructions tendered by appellant do not differ substantially from those given by the court, and we find no objection by appellant at trial, or tendered instruction, that could be said to make reasonably clear to the trial court what the appellant had in mind as to his objection to the use of the word ‘condoned.’ ”); Miller v. Quaife, Ky., 391 S.W.2d 682, 684 (1965) ("The instruction tendered by him does not point up the claimed error; thus he is not in a position to complain now.”).
. Davis v. Commonwealth, Ky., 967 S.W.2d 574, 580-81 (1998) ("Having tendered an improper [because it was incorrectly identified as a lesser-included offense of murder] instruction, having advised the trial judge on two occasions that he ‘accepted’ or had 'no objection’ to the trial court’s proposed instructions, and having failed to specifically object to that portion of the instruction of which he now complains, Davis failed to fairly and adequately present his position to the trial court and thereby preserve the issue for review.”); Meyers v. Chapman Printing Co., Inc., Ky., 840 S.W.2d 814, 823-24 (1992) ("Although Meyers objected to the 'but for’ language, Meyers tendered no description fully describing her view of how to properly frame the same issue .... The requirements of CR 51(3) are such that before a party may complain of error in the instructions, the party must accompany the objection with a fully correct instruction, or, at the least, must advise the court sufficiently so that the court can understand both the nature of the objection and what needs to be done to correct it.”) (emphasis added); Ball v. E.W. Scripps Co., Ky., 801 S.W.2d 684, 691 (1990) ("[Tjhe proposed interrogatories [actually, 41 'jury charges,’ 47 pages in length, followed by interrogatories, which were a far cry from Kentucky's 'bare bones’ instructions] were both unsuitable and unreasonable, so completely so that they could not form the basis of a complaint regarding failure to give interrogatories[.]”); Long v. Commonwealth, Ky., 559 S.W.2d 482, 484-85 (1977) (where the defendant’s tendered self defense instruction in a murder case included only the privilege to use physical force and did not address deadly physical force, the Court held that the tendered instruction "did not 'fairly and adequately’ present his position to the trial court” even though the tendered instruction did omit the questionable "qualifications” included in the instruction given to the juiy). See also Long v. Smith, 663 F.2d 18 (6th Cir.1981) (providing additional factual context by identifying the "qualifications” in the trial court’s self-protection instruction).
. Meyers, 840 S.W.2d at 824.
. State Farm Mut. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 422, 123 S.Ct. 1513, 1522, 155 L.Ed.2d 585,-(2003).
. Williams v. Wilson, Ky., 972 S.W.2d 260 (1998).
. Cf. Bowling Green Municipal Utilities v. Atmos Energy Corp., Ky., 989 S.W.2d 577, 580 (1999) (where failure to raise an objection, after Williams v. Wilson, to instructions given under KRS 411.184, resulted in the case being reviewed under the statute); Goodloe v. City of Richmond, Ky., 283 Ky. 633, 142 S.W.2d 155, 159 (1940) ("Applying the 'law of the case rule’ to the questions here presented, it follows that the appellant, upon remand of his case, was entitled to a retrial upon the one and only issue declared upon the second appeal to present a recoverable loss and upon which he was entitled to go before the jury under proper instructions for an award of damages against the light and water company.”); Lexington & E. Ry. Co. v. Sexton, Ky., 193 Ky. 201, 235 S.W. 773, 774 (1921)
(This court gives a broader application to [the "law of the case”] rule than do courts of some other jurisdictions. We have uniformly extended it so as to bar on a second appeal, not only all questions that were actually determined on the first one, but likewise all questions which were involved in the first record or which could have been presented under the record therein, though unnoticed and though no reference was made thereto in the first opinion. If, however, the first opinion showed expressly on its face that the matters relied on subsequent thereto were not considered or determined, they will be left open and not affected by the rule.... Applying the rule to this appeal, the alleged errors in giving and refusing instructions cannot be considered by us, although we should conclude they possessed merit, for the same instructions were offered, given, and refused at the trial which was under review in the former opinion and the same errors were relied on then as now.);
Louisville & N.R. Co. v. Payne, Ky„ 133 Ky. 539, 118 S.W. 352, 354-55 (1909)("It has frequently been held that, where certain instructions have been approved as the law of the case, upon a retrial only such should be given, and it is error for the trial court to fail or refuse to give those, or to give other or additional instructions. Of course, if the facts upon the retrial were different from those upon the former trial, the trial court would be justified in making the instructions conform to the facts.”); Sturm v. Meyer, Ky., 12 Ky. L.Rptr. 350, 14 S.W. 359 (1890) (where instructions not excepted to will be regarded as the law of the case); Ohio Valley R. Co. v. Alves, Ky., 11 Ky. L. Rptr. 811 (1890) (instructions not excepted to are taken to be the law of the case); H.R. ex rel. Taylor v. Revlett, Ky.App., 998 S.W.2d 778, 780 (1999) (quoting Siler v. Williford, Ky., 375 S.W.2d 262, 263 (1964)) ("The 'law of the case' doctrine provides that: When an appellate court decides a question concerning evidence or instructions, the question of law settled by the opinion is final upon a retrial in which the evidence is substantially the same and precludes the reconsideration of the claimed error on a second appeal.”).
. Smith v. McMillan, Ky., 841 S.W.2d 172, 175 (1992) ("As we regard the issue of damages as ‘distinct and severable’ from the issue of liability in this case and discern no injustice which will result, retrial will be limited to damages.”); Turfway Park Racing Assn v. Griffin, Ky., 834 S.W.2d 667, 672 (1992) (“This Court has long endorsed the view that damages may be separated from liability and that a case may be properly remanded for retrial of damages only. We have gone further and held in a personal injury case that an award of medical expenses without any award for pain and suffering was contrary to the law and remanded for a retrial of only the erroneous portion of the verdict.”) (citations omitted); Deutsch v. Shein, Ky., 597 S.W.2d 141, 146 (1980) ("[Wjhere a distinct and sev-erable issue is to be decided, a trial on that issue alone is appropriate unless such a retrial would result in injustice.”); Caton v. McGill, Ky. 488 S.W.2d 345, 347 (1972) ("In view of the fact that the jury found against the appellees on the issue of liability, which finding is not challenged by cross-appeal in this court, and we are not cited to any manifest injustice which would result from a limited retrial, the retrial should be limited to the issue of damages.”); Louisville and Jefferson County Bd. of Health v. Mulkins, Ky., 445 S.W.2d 849, 853 (1969) ("Since we find no error in regard to the determination of liability and since there are no indications of any prejudicial influences that might have affected that determination, we are remanding the case for a retrial only on the question of damages.”); City of Ashland v. Smith, Ky., 340 S.W.2d 208, 209 (1960) (where liability was established and judgment reversed because of excessiveness of damages, retrial limited to damages only.); Shortridge v. Rice, Ky.App., 929 S.W.2d 194, 198 (1996) ("In light of our determination that Shortridge was wrongfully deprived of a jury instruction on punitive damages, we must consider the appropriateness of a retrial on the issue of punitive damages alone.” [CR] 59.01 specifically authorizes a new trial for only "part of the issues” and "[t]he Kentucky Supreme Court has noted its strong preference for limited retrials on the issue of damages alone.”); see also 7 KURT A. PHILIPPS, JR„ KENTUCKY PRACTICE, CR 59.01, cmt. 4 (5th ed.1995).
. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408, 417, 123 S.Ct. 1513, 1520, 155 L.Ed.2d 585,(2003) (quoting Honda Motor Co. v. Oberg, 512 U.S. 415, 432, 114 S.Ct. 2331, 2340-2341, 129 L.Ed.2d 336, 349 (1994)).
. Givens v. Berkley, Ky., 108 Ky. 236, 56 S.W. 158, 159 (1900).
| CASELAW |
hal-03038893 https://hal-cnrs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03038893 https://hal-cnrs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03038893/document https://hal-cnrs.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03038893/file/Cancers_2020_Lornella.pdf doi:10.3390/cancers12082011 pubmed:32707998 [INSERM] INSERM - Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale [CNRS] CNRS - Centre national de la recherche scientifique [INC-CNRS] Institut de Chimie du CNRS [TEST-HALCNRS] Collection test HAL CNRS [BIOTIS] INSERM U1026- The laboratory for the bioengineering of tissues [TEST2-HALCNRS] TEST2-HALCNRS Leukaemia Inhibitory Factor (LIF) Inhibits Cancer Stem Cells Tumorigenic Properties through Hippo Kinases Activation in Gastric Cancer Seeneevassen, Lornella Giraud, Julie Molina-Castro, Silvia Sifré, Elodie Tiffon, Camille Beauvoit, Clémentine Staedel, Cathy Mégraud, Francis Lehours, Philippe Martin, Océane Boeuf, Helene Dubus, Pierre Varon, Christine [SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] ART gastric carcinoma GP190 LATS1/2 YAP CD44 ALDH JAK Ruxolitinib XMU-MP-1 Cancer stem cells (CSCs) present chemo-resistance mechanisms contributing to tumour maintenance and recurrence, making their targeting of utmost importance in gastric cancer (GC) therapy. The Hippo pathway has been implicated in gastric CSC properties and was shown to be regulated by leukaemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR) and its ligand LIF in breast cancer. This study aimed to determine LIF's effect on CSC properties in GC cell lines and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) cells, which remains unexplored. LIF's treatment effect on CSC markers expression and tumoursphere formation was evaluated. The Hippo kinase inhibitor XMU-MP-1 and/or the JAK1 inhibitor Ruxolitinib were used to determine Hippo and canonical JAK/STAT pathway involvement in gastric CSCs' response to LIF. Results indicate that LIF decreased tumorigenic and chemo-resistant CSCs, in both GC cell lines and PDX cells. In addition, LIF increased activation of LATS1/2 Hippo kinases, thereby decreasing downstream YAP/TAZ nuclear accumulation and TEAD transcriptional activity. LIF's anti-CSC effect was reversed by XMU-MP-1 but not by Ruxolitinib treatment, highlighting the opposite effects of these two pathways downstream LIFR. In conclusion, LIF displays anti-CSC properties in GC, through Hippo kinases activation, and could in fine constitute a new CSCs-targeting strategy to help decrease relapse cases and bad prognosis in GC. 2020-08 2020-12-03 en Cancers MDPI | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
April 21, 2019
1minute video hosting for thousands of users?
Hi everyone, I need to save short videos from my app, that the users post. Each user has only one 1 min max video. What is the best hosting for this?
#tech-questions
1. 2
lots of cloud providers out there, some already mentioned:
• AWS S3
• Google cloud storage
• Microsoft azure blob storage
all major cloud services come with video players and services for optimal playing and encoding as well. for a longer term solution this is probably a good option. for short term you can be looking at firebase or others.
2. 2
Checkout firebase's storage project, it's pretty easy to get started with a lot of frameworks.
3. 2
Youtube, AWS S3 or Cloudinary
4. 2
I'd recommend you check out AWS's S3 service
5. 1
Uploadcare has a really nice flow for recording, uploading and serving video. The downside is the price - their storage costs are 10x AWS S3!
1. 1
x10 aws ouch
6. 2
This comment was deleted 2 months ago.
1. 1
the users upload it inside a bot and I need to show it inside a bot, so not sure youtube is an option | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Don't be Fooled by the Rally
Federal Reserve Chairman Ben Bernanke told Congress yesterday that the recent hike in the discount rate is not a signal that other rates will be raised. The chairman said that he expects the economy to maintain a moderate pace of recovery and that inflation is expected to remain subdued. He cautioned, however, that at some point the Fed will need to tighten monetary conditions in order to prevent inflation.
His remarks seemed to be exactly what investors wanted to hear. And despite a report that new home sales fell 11.2% month-over-month, the market focused solely on the Fed chairman's report, ignoring the fact that the home sales data was the worst since January 2009.
Financial stocks scored as the strongest group, up 1.7%%, with consumer discretionary up 1.3%, and technology stocks up 1.1%. The U.S. dollar fell against the euro and the yen, and futures were generally higher.
At the close, the Dow Jones Industrial Average ( DJI ) was up 92 points to 10,374, the S&P 500 ( SPX ) gained 11 points to 1,105, and the Nasdaq ( NASD ) gained 22 points to 2,236.
Volume was again light with just 1 billion shares trading on the NYSE, but breadth was at a positive 11-to-4. On the Nasdaq, 627 million shares were traded and advancers were ahead by 8-to-5.
March crude oil rose $1.14 to $80 a barrel, and the Energy Select Sector SPDR ( XLE ) gained 35 cents, closing at $55.98.
April gold fell $6, settling at $1,097.20 an ounce, and the PHLX Gold/Silver Sector Index ( XAU ) fell 1.04 points to 155.42.
What the Markets Are Saying
The market rallied yesterday despite bad news from the housing market, buoyed by the testimony of the Fed chairman. That's the good news/bad news of yesterday. But on balance, even though the Dow made back a substantial portion of Tuesday's losses, it did not fully erase the losses of the prior two days, neither did it push any of the most important indices above their critical first items of resistance, namely their 50-day moving averages.
In fact, the internal indicators of each of these indices received sell signals from their respective slow stochastics, and only a very mild and meaningless bounce from their Moving Average Convergence/Divergence ( MACD ) indicators. And for such a heralded appearance by the chairman, investors should have expected more volume than 1 billion on the NYSE and better breadth, too.
Yesterday's unenthusiastic rally must be viewed as no more than another feeble attempt to surmount the resistance that is becoming stronger with each day that buyers remain absent.
Today's Trading Landscape
Earnings to be reported before the opening include: ACI Worldwide, AMAG Pharmaceuticals, AMBAC Financial, America's Car-Mart, ANSYS, Aqua America, Ares Capital, Ariad Pharmaceuticals, Asbury Automotive, Asset Acceptance Capital, Berry Petroleum, Biovail, Blackstone, Bruker Corp., Cablevision, CapitalSource, Carter Holdings, CenturyTel, Cinemark, Coeur d'Alene Mines, Cogent Communications, Continental Resources, Deutsche Telekom, Digital Realty Trust, Dr. Pepper Snapple, Dril-Quip, Dynegy, EMC Insurance Group, EMCOR Group, EnsCo, Exterran Holdings, First American, Fortress Investment, Foster Wheeler, Frontier Oil, Genesis Lease, Gerdau AmeriSteel, Gulfmark Offshore, HJ Heinz, Holly, Hyatt Hotels, i2 Tech, ICON plc, I-Flow, Iowa Telecom, Iron Mountain, ISIS Pharmaceuticals, Kaydon, KBR, King Pharmaceuticals, Kohl's, Lamar Advertising, Linn Energy, LKQ Corp., MacQuarie Infrastructure, Magna, Mariner Energy, MetroPCS, MPS Group, Mylan Labs, Newmont Mining, NII Holdings, NorthStar Realty, Northwest Pipe, Olympic Steel, OM Group, Omnicare, Pain Therapeutics, Parker Drilling, Plains Exploration, PLATO Learning, Portland General Electric, Reliant Energy, Revlon, Safeway, Sempra Energy, Sirius XM Radio, Smart Balance, Sourcefire, SPX Corp., Stealthgas, Stereotaxis, Steven Madden, Sycamore, Symmetry Medical, T-3 Energy Services, Telephone & Data, The Inventure Group, Tim Hortons, TRW Automotive, US Cellular, VanceInfo Technologies, W&T Offshore and Warnaco Group.
Earnings to be reported after the close: Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Assured Guaranty, AthenaHealth, Bare Escentuals, Buenaventura SA, Cache, CEC Entertainment, Chemspec International, Cleco Corp., Cogdell Spencer, Cogent, Copano Energy, Crocs, Deckers Outdoor, Dresser-Rand, DryShips, Einstein Noah Restaurant Group, eResearch Technology, Esterline Technologies, Fluor, Gap, Genoptix, Geron, Great Plains Energy, Hansen Natural, Human Genome, Insituform Technologies, Integrys Energy, Kinder Morgan Management, LaSalle Hotel Properties, Leap Wireless, Live Nation Entertainment, Maxygen, Mohawk Industries, Monarch Casino & Resort, Navigators Group, Novatel Wireless, Novell, Ntelos Holdings, NuVasive, OmniVision Technologies, Online Resources, PS Business Parks, Rosetta Stone, SandRidge Energy, Savient Pharmaceuticals, SBA Communications, Sotheby's, SureWest Communications, SW Energy, TAL International, Titanium Metals, Tween Brands, Universal Health Services, Universal Truckload Services, U-Store-It, Volcom, Weight Watchers, Westar Energy, World Fuel Services and Wynn Resorts.
Economic reports due: durable goods (the consensus expects 1.5%), jobless claims (the consensus expects 460,000), FHFA house price index, EIA natural gas report, Fed balance sheet and money supply.
Late news: Coca-Cola Co. ( KO ) unveils deal to buy the majority of bottler Coca-Cola Enterprises.
Quarterly earnings news (earnings vs. estimated):
Aqua America ( WTR ): 20 cents vs. 20 cents
Biovail ( BVF ): 56 cents vs. 37 cents
CapitalSource ( CSE ): 76 cents vs. 31 cents
Carter Holdings ( CRI ): 61 cents vs. 56 cents
Cinemark ( CNK ): 36 cents vs. 19 cents
Continental Resources ( CLR ): 29 cents vs. 30 cents
Dynegy ( DYN ): 47 cents vs. 12 cents
Ensco ( ESV ): $1.24 vs. $1.23
Fortress Invest ( FIG ): 58 cents vs. 8 cents
Foster Wheeler ( FWLT ): 67 cents vs. 65 cents
Gulfmark Offshore ( GLF ): 15 cents vs. 43 cents
Iron Mountain ( IRM ): 27 cents vs. 24 cents
KBR Inc. ( KBR ): 45 cents vs. 39 cents
King Pharmaceuticals ( KG ): 23 cents vs. 24 cents
Kohl's ( KSS ): $1.40 vs. $1.37
Magna ( MGA ): 5 cents vs. 82 cents
Metro PCS ( PCS ): 9 cents vs. 6 cents
Mylan Labs ( MYL ): 33 cents vs. 30 cents
Newmont Mining ( NEM ): $1.13 vs. 79 cents
Portland General Electric Co. ( POR ): 11 cents vs. 19 cents
S&P 500 ( SPX ): $1.35 vs. $1.32
VanceInfo Technologies ( VIT ): 16 cents vs. 14 cents
W&T Offshore ( WTI ): 36 cents vs. 20 cents
Related Articles:
This Friday is the Best Time to Own Options
Jump on SDS as the S&P Slumps
5 Ways to Tell a Stock is Headed Up
FREE Stock Picks Every Week!
Get the hottest stocks to buy and sell delivered right to your e-mail inbox every week! Start now.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Fix PS5 Error CE-100028-1 Not Enough Free Space [2024]
Written By Steven Arends
Is your PS5 showing a message-There is not enough free space on the SSD with error code CE-100028-1 when trying to install a new game or download the latest patch for it? Or is it stopping you from entering into your game?
Let me assure you that this issue can be fixed without jumping through any hoops.
I have fixed this error for many users. Hence, I can guide you through the most effective and quickest ones that will work for you.
fix-ps5-error-ce-100028-1-not-enough-free-space
So, why is PS5 showing error CE-100028-1?
The error message is pretty much self-explanatory. There is not enough space in your storage. Here are the potential reasons behind it: you may have lots of games or apps installed on your PS5, the system update files take up a lot of space, or cache files clog up your storage.
Stick with me as I walk you through the solutions step-by-step to get you out of the problem.
How to Fix PS5 CE-100028-1 Error
The new PS5 (both the standard and the digital version) comes with an SSD with 852 GB of storage. That’s not half bad, right?
Well, you can only use about 667 GB of it. The rest is for storing system files like the system software, update files, etc. 667 GB should be enough as you are just storing games.
If you play many AAA title games like Call of Duty, Horizon Zero Dawn, or Days Gone, storing 5-6 of them will lead to the low storage space problem.
However, let’s see the workarounds you can use to get that annoying CE-100028-1 error code out of your face.
Here are the methods to fix CE-100028-1:
1. Check Your Storage Space
The error CE-100028-1 clearly describes why exactly you see the error. There is not enough free space on your SSD.
So, first, before trying any other workarounds, check manually how much storage you have left on your console. Because what you should do to free up space or get rid of the error will depend on this.
Check out our separate post on how to fix PS5 error code ce-108255-1.
Here are the steps to check the console’s storage space:
• Go to system settings from the Home screen.
• Select the Storage option and then Console Storage.console-storage
• On the top, you will see how much storage you have left on your SSD.
Now, say you need 40GB of free space to install or update a new game. Check if you have that amount of space left on your SSD by following the steps mentioned above.
Now, move on to the following workarounds to see which one helps you.
Read more on how to fix PS5 error code wc-365475.
2. Clear Cache files of Your PS5
Cache files are temporary files any app creates that help it to run faster and more efficiently. Any app, let it be softwares, browsers, games, or even your OS/system software, creates cache files for faster operation.
Cache files are not essential; their only purpose is to improve user experience. So, what’s the downside of cache files? Depending on the number of apps or games you have installed on your system, they can take up a lot of space from Kilobyte to Gigabyte range.
So, yes, you should try clearing the cache files if you run out of storage.
This is not only true for your PS5 but also your Android, iOS, and desktop.
Follow our epic guide on does PS5 play DVDs.
Here are the steps to clear the PS5 cache:
• Turn off your console completely.
• Press and hold down the power button until you hear two distinct beeps.
• You will be in the Safe Mode
• Connect your DualSense controller to your console via USB and press the PS button to pair between them.
• Select the 5th option Clear Cache and Rebuild Database.clear-cache-and-rebuild-database
• Select Clear System Software Cache.
• Restart your console.
Check the storage space by following the steps in the previous method.
If clearing the cache has freed up your desired amount of space, then install or update the game. If not, move on to the next step.
Also, follow our guide to fix PS5 not charging in rest mode.
3. Delete Games to Free up Space
If clearing cache didn’t free up enough space, you might have to delete one or several of your games.
I know you have kept only the games you like, and you don’t want to uninstall any of them. But I am sure you can find one or two that you don’t play anymore.
Here are the steps to delete a game from PS5:
• Go to your console’s settings menu.
• Select Storage and then Console Storage.
• Go through the list of games and apps to find which one to delete.console-storage1
• Select the game and then select Delete.
• Delete until you have freed up the required amount of space.
Now, go back and try installing or updating the game you wanted to. It should be downloaded without any hiccup now.
Also, check out our separate post on why does the PS5 turn off randomly?
4. Expand Your Storage
If you don’t want to uninstall any of the games you have, you have no other option but to expand your storage.
There are three ways how you can expand your storage. Here are they:
• There is a PCIe expansion bay present inside the PS5. You can install compatible PCIe Gen 4 M.2 NVMe SSD cards on it.
N.B. The PCIe expansion bay was always there inside the PS5. But Sony didn’t activate the feature at the launch. However, after 16th September 2021, they let this feature go live with a software update. So, if your console is bought before the date, make sure you have the latest firmware installed on your system.
• You can use an external USB device.
• You can use a portable HDD/SSD to expand your storage space.
There are several requirements you need to meet if you decide to buy an NVME for your PS5.
Or, if you want to know how to install NVME or use external USB drives, please check out this article.
5. Re-login to Your PSN Account
It is probably a software glitch if you have enough space left but still see the error message Not Enough Free Space.
Logging out of the PSN account and logging in again solved this error for many of the users. So, go ahead, give it a try.
Here are the steps to follow:
• Go to settings from your home screen.
• Navigate to User and Accounts > Users.
• Select the account you want to delete and delete it.
• Go back and select Add User.
• Log in with your credentials.
6. Factory Reset Your PS5
If, after trying all of the methods, you still see the error CE-100028-1, then you should try resetting your console.
Resetting will erase all the data on your console and reset itself to a clear state. So, make sure to backup all your data onto an external drive or the PS cloud.
Here is how to backup all your data on an external drive:
• Go to the settings menu.
• Navigate to System> System Software > Back Up and Restore > Back Up Your PS5
• Select your external drive and back up the data.
Here are the steps to reset your PS5:
• Turn off your PS5.
• Hold down the power button until you hear two beep sounds to boot into Safe Mode.
• Connect your controller to the console via USB.
• Press the PS button on the controller to pair them.
• Select the 7th option Reset PS5 (Reinstall System Software).
• Follow on-screen instructions to reset your System.
• Upon finishing, follow on-screen instructions to restore your data from the drive.
Conclusion
Hopefully, one of the methods worked for you, and you have downloaded and are enjoying the game you wanted to.
If you have any other questions regarding the issue or want a solution for any other problem, post it in the comment section, and I will get back to you with the answer.
About The Author
Steven Arends is a computer science graduate and tech enthusiast with over 10 years of experience in the field. He has a vast collection of computer hardware and loves exploring the latest advancements. As a contributing author to 10Scopes, Steven shares his expertise to make the world of technology more accessible and easier to understand for all readers.
Leave a Comment | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Para Amarte Mejor
Para Amarte Mejor is the fourth studio album by the Colombian musician Andrés Cepeda the album was released in 2005 and has a 2007 re-issue with DVD.
Awards
The 2007 reissue album was nominated for the following 2007 Latin Grammy Awards: Best Male Pop Album. | WIKI |
Oxford spelling
Noun
* 1) English spelling as used in Oxford publications, this being mostly the usual British spelling but with the letter used in the suffixes and.
* 2) * 1917, Bookplate Quarterly, v 1, n 1, American Bookplate Society, p 31:
* But the repudiation at Oxford of the Oxford spelling of thirty years ago removes the last prop from the tumbling hyphen, and now there is no reason why any one who writes about bookplates should not follow established literary usage.
* 1) * 1992, James L. W. West III, The Chace Act and Anglo-American Literary Relations, in Studies in Bibliography: Papers of the Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia, v 45, University of Virginia Bibliographical Society, p 308:
* The net effect of such attitudes was to require American publishers to have some of their books typeset in a style of British orthography known as "modified Oxford spelling.”
* 1) * 2007, Éric Brian, Marie Jaisson, Karen George transl., The Descent of Human Sex Ratio at Birth: A Dialogue Between Mathematics, Biology and Sociology, Springer, pp xi–xii:
* It was decided to adopt the “Oxford” spelling conventions preferred in most British English academic publications, conventions which are most comfortable for an international readership.
* The net effect of such attitudes was to require American publishers to have some of their books typeset in a style of British orthography known as "modified Oxford spelling.”
* 1) * 2007, Éric Brian, Marie Jaisson, Karen George transl., The Descent of Human Sex Ratio at Birth: A Dialogue Between Mathematics, Biology and Sociology, Springer, pp xi–xii:
* It was decided to adopt the “Oxford” spelling conventions preferred in most British English academic publications, conventions which are most comfortable for an international readership.
* It was decided to adopt the “Oxford” spelling conventions preferred in most British English academic publications, conventions which are most comfortable for an international readership. | WIKI |
Kenesaw Mountain Landis
Kenesaw Mountain Landis (November 20, 1866 – November 25, 1944) was an American federal judge from 1905 to 1920, the year in which he was appointed the first commissioner of Major League Baseball. In that capacity, he was instrumental in restoring baseball's integrity in the wake of the 1919 Black Sox Scandal; he banned the eight culprits of the Scandal (including Shoeless Joe Jackson) from baseball for life. Landis would serve as commissioner until his death in 1944.
Sourced
* Why should God wish to take a thoroughbred like Matty so soon, and leave some others down here that could well be spared?
* Lamenting on the death of the famously virtuous former N.Y. Giants pitcher Christy Mathewson in 1925. Quoted in Christopher Hodge Evans, William R. Herzog, The Faith of Fifty Million: Baseball, Religion, and American Culture (Westminster John Knox Press, 2002, ISBN<PHONE_NUMBER> ), p. 77.
About Kenesaw Mountain Landis
* What about the Satchel Paiges of the future? Will they be playing in the big leagues? The question becomes more pressing yearly. It has been tossed into old Judge Landis' lap more than once. And the spectacularly adroit manner in which this articulate apostle of Lincoln tosses it out the window is a source of much marvel.
* Joe Williams of the New York World Telegram, quoted in Robert Bailey Thomas, The Old Farmer's Almanac 1998: Calculated on a New and Improved Plan for the Year of Our Lord 1998 (Yankee Pub., 1995), p. 82. | WIKI |
Arnica Supplement Introduction: Arnica Benefits, Side Effects, Uses and Dosage
Arnica is one of the most popular herb which is used in ointment for anti-pain remedy and anti-inflammatory function nowadays. Here we introduce Arnica Benefits, Side Effects, Uses and Dosage briefly for your reference.
What is Arnica?
Arnica is a plant native to the mountainous regions of Europe. Arnica has value in folkloric herbal medicine and homeopathy as treatment for bruises, rashes, sprains, pains, acne, boils and other skin wounds. Although there are no sufficient scientific evidence for the analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of arnica, its traditional use is still widely accepted.
Health Benefits of Arnica Supplement
Hyland's Arnica Tablets
by Hyland's Homeopathic [Hyland's Homeopathic]
Rank/Rating: 27655/-
Price: $13.54
Arnica Supplement have a lot of health benefits. One of the most common is for the treatment of pain and bruising. It is also good where there are sports injuries and sprains present and is a popular thing to take for athletes. Below are health benefits of arnica supplement in detail.
Arnica Supplement is good for skin infections and eczema. Arnica extracts are used as an ingredient in several lotions meant for the treatment of skin infections, eczema, itchiness and open wounds. They can even be applied on the vagina to treat vaginitis and vaginal irritation.
Arnica supplement also helps a lot for frost bites and chilblains. Arnica extracts are used in ointments meant for treating frost bites. Application of arnica ointment on frost bitten areas of the body can significantly improve the condition. This herb can also be used in the treatment of chilblains.
Arnica supplement is a great skin nourishment as well. Arnica Montana flowers contain sesquiterpene lactones, flavonoids, carbonic acid, coumarins and volatile oils. These are all good for your skin. A sesquiterpene lactone is the main restorative compound in Arnica Montana. It helps soothe and renew the skin after exposure to stress. Arnica for skin care can effectively heal bruises, sunburns, minor burns and superficial phlebitis.
You can use arnica supplement for treatment of stretch marks. Topically rubbing arnica extracts reduces the appearance of pregnancy related stretch marks. All you need to do is gently apply arnica gel on your stomach at least four times a day.
Try Arnica supplement if you suffer from Hair Loss. Usage of arnica extract rejuvenates your scalp and stimulates the hair follicles, helping to strengthen your hair and preventing it from falling prematurely. Arnica is used at a concentration of 1% to 2% in hair care products. It can effectively cure scalp infections.
Side Effects of Arnica
Arnica also have some side effects so be careful while use it. Below are the common side effects of arnica for your reference.
Stomach Irritation is one common problem of it. Arnica is not taken by mouth because of its highly irritating effect on your digestive system and its lining. This stomach irritation should go away on its own within a day or two if you have used a low-dose form of the supplement.
Diarrhea is another problem of using arnica. You may experience loose stools when you use arnica tablets. Diarrhea frequently occurs when your body needs to adjust to a new substance within it. If diarrhea manifests as a severe or continual side effect of arnica, speak with your physician.
Vomiting is another possible side effects. It is reported that this common side effect may occur when first ingesting the arnica at a lower dose. Arnica may cause nausea and a need to vomit. Your body may feel the need to vomit up the arnica.
Dizziness could occur as a side effect of arnica if you take it orally. You also need to report the sensation of motion or imbalance to your doctor because it could represent a serious problem related to an underlying health issue.
What are the Uses of Arnica?
Arnica is believed to be beneficial to reduce the inflammation and pain caused by muscle sprain and strains. Arnica is used to promote wound healing and reduce the symptoms of rheumatic pain, and swelling due to fractures and insect bites. Arnica ointment is also used to treat and prevent phlebitis.
Dosage of Arnica
Creams and ointments use 20% to 25% tincture in a water or lanolin base, or a maximum of 15% arnica oil made from 1 part arnica and 5 parts vegetable oil. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Night Train (1998 film)
Night Train is a 1998 Irish romantic thriller directed by John Lynch (as his debut feature), starring John Hurt and Brenda Blethyn, released in the United Kingdom on August 28, 1998. Lynch was nominated for a Crystal Star for the film at the Brussels International Film Festival, and Hurt won the Best Actor award at the Verona Love Screens Film Festival for his performance.
Plot
The film follows Michael Poole (Hurt), an ex-prisoner with a passion for electric trains and the Orient Express. In his attempts at starting a new life, he finds refuge in the house of Mrs. Mooney, a possessive old lady (Pauline Flanagan). Things begin to get complicated when he falls for the lady's daughter (Brenda Blethyn), and he faces the ultimate question of catching the night train or taking charge of his life like an adult.
Cast
* John Hurt — Michael Poole
* Brenda Blethyn — Alice Mooney
* Pauline Flanagan — Mrs. Mooney
* Rynagh O'Grady — Winnie
* Peter Caffrey — Walter
* Paul Roe — Blake
* Lorcan Cranitch — Billy
* Cathy White — Liz
* Kevin McHugh — Detective Cassidy
* Aaron Harris — Sgt. Charlie
Reception
Variety 's Glenn Lovell wrote that while the film was a "good-hearted" mix of romance and reflection, the film "eventually jumps the tracks, derailed by jarring tone shifts and homestretch absurdities." | WIKI |
Tracee Hutchison
Tracee Hutchison is a writer and TV and radio broadcaster.
Career
She produced and presented a series on Australian music in the 1980s for Triple J in 1990 – featuring interviews with Australian musicians including Nick Cave, Chrissy Amphlett, David McComb, Paul Kelly and Jimmy Barnes – which became her first book Your Name's on the Door – 10 Years of Australian Music (1992/ABC books).
Hutchison was talent producer and scriptwriter for series 2 and 3 of RocKwiz (SBS TV) and also the series producer of nomad (SBS TV), the program that discovered Silverchair in a national demo competition in 1994.
Tracee has also been a reporter for The 7.30 Report, hosted the ABC2 Music program DIG TV, and was a fill-in presenter for ABC News Breakfast. She has also been a fill in presenter on ABC Radio Melbourne and ABC Radio Sydney. Her radio career began in Melbourne on community radio station 102.7fm 3RRR.
She wrote a weekly opinion column for the Saturday Age from 2005 to 2009 and conceived and edited two fund-raising cookbooks for the Mirabel Foundation: Rock Chefs for Mirabel (1992), featuring Australian musicians Tim Rogers, Tex Perkins, Deborah Conway, Archie Roach & Ruby Hunter and Ed Kuepper and their favorite recipes, and Laughing Stock – Comedy Chefs for Mirabel (2007), featuring Australian comedians Eddie Perfect, Tim Minchin, Dave Hughes, Tripod, Corinne Grant, Libby Gorr and Julia Zemiro.
Hutchison has written on social justice issues, environment and indigenous issues, she was commissioned by The Black Arm Band to write an essay on the history of Aboriginal music for the Hidden Republic performance as part of the 2008 Melbourne International Arts Festival.
Writer
In 1995 she wrote and starred in her debut one-woman show I Forgive Catriona Rowntree, at the Melbourne Fringe Festival. | WIKI |
Page:Rise and Fall of Society.djvu/44
CHAPTER 3
—there must be men before there is a Society, and there must be a Society before there is a Government. Social institutions must seminate in the soil of which the individual is made. Therefore, we are compelled to ask the individual, the unit of social life, to tell us why he socializes, why he becomes political. The metaphysicians were on the right track when they inquired into the nature of the individual for an explanation of the State, even though they were sidetracked by their theological turn of mind. That way lies no positive answer, nor one that does not begin with making assumptions. Perhaps a surer light on the question will be thrown if we look at the human being externally, without reference to his spiritual composition.
What do we observe as a constant in his career? To that question there is but one answer: that he is always, and wherever we find him, concerned with making a living. We cannot even think of a human being who is rid of that preoccupation. He is, basically, an "economic man"—to use a term that is sometimes used derogatorily, but which is most appropriate when we reflect that man's primordial business is existence. His economic pursuit is ingrained in him as a matter of necessity. It seems logical to assume, then, that 20 | WIKI |
User:HonesteeMonroe
Treneicia N. Born in Montego Bay Jamaica is of Jamaican descent (August, 22 1986), known as HonsteeMonroe Queen of Narco-Trafficking, is a self employed and a pioneer in the Miami-based cocaine drug trade and underworld At her height, Honestee is one of the richest and powerful drug kingpin. ruling her multi-millions dollar drug trafficking empire. She was in out foster care as child an neglected mentally abused has over come other Traumas. entering drug trade through her foster cousin with being in Columbia Cartel Honestee leadership made her wealthy earning over $600 thousand to later investing an being a self employed drug kingpin in 2010. While quietly kept secret to most about her an her business Currently she is still self employed her net worth is over $900 million. | WIKI |
The Deployment Sessions–007: How To Sideload on Windows 8 Enterprise from Windows Intune
In this Deployment Sessions video I take a look at how to use Windows Intune to Sideload a Windows 8 app or Appx package (formerly metro app) onto a Windows 8 Enterprise device. Sideloading is the process of taking the appx package form the developer and loading the app onto the device without submitting the app to the store, so it’s the process commonly used for Line of Business (LoB) apps. The videos is, as always, split into sections:
1. Create the App in Windows Intune, IT Pro view [00:33]
1. Add the software to Windows Intune [00:51]
2. Configure how the app appears on the company portal [01:35]
3. Deploy the app to end users [02:30]
2. Enrol Windows 8 Enterprise devices into Windows Intune, End user view [02:57]
1. Browse to portal.manage.microsoft.com [03:00]
2. Install the client software from Windows Intune [03:57]
3. Go to the Company Portal [05:06]
4. Install the Company Portal Modern App [05:56]
5. Launch the Company Portal [06:18]
3. Install the Sideloaded app [07:00]
The Deployment Sessions–007: How To Sideload on Windows 8 Enterprise from Windows Intune
To create the app that I used for sidelaoding I went to ZipApp and created a simple app for free, then used the package created by Visual Studio in this video. A couple of other technical notes, I was using Windows 8 Enterprise, which doesn’t require a sideloading key to sideload apps, if you want to use Windows 8 Pro then subscribe to the rss feed and take a look at future videos in this series. My AD has the required GPOs for sideloading enabled too. If you want to see more videos like these then check out The Deployment Sessions and please Like the YouTube videos.
What do you think?
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Outcast (2014 film)
Outcast is a 2014 American-Chinese-Canadian action film, directed by Nick Powell in his directorial debut and written by James Dormer. It stars Nicolas Cage, Hayden Christensen, Liu Yifei, Ji Ke Jun Yi, and Andy On.
The film was slated for release on September 26, 2014, in China, but was postponed to April 3, 2015. The film received negative reviews from critics.
Plot
During the Crusades, young commander Jacob (Hayden Christensen) leads an army including Gallain (Nicolas Cage) in the slaughter of an Arab city. Gallain pleads with Jacob to leave the people alone, claiming killing them is not God's will, and go East. Gallain witnesses Jacob become increasingly violent and leaves.
3 years later in Song China, a dying Emperor chooses his young son Prince Zhao to be his successor, giving him the imperial seal and sending him away in the care of his older sister, Princess Lian. Shortly thereafter, their sadistic older brother, Prince Shing, murders the King in a fit of rage after having been passed over as heir. Shing assumes command of the Emperor's Black Guard, ordering the deaths of his siblings in order to obtain the seal and the legitimacy of the throne. The guards and army only cooperate under fear of retribution.
Zhao and Lian make it to a tavern before their horse dies. Inside they ask for help, but the Black Guard catch up to them. Jacob, though high on opium, defends them and kills the guards before moving on, refusing to escort them. Later on, remembering the horrors of combat, he decides to assist them. Traveling through a village destroyed by the Black Guard, they rescue a girl, Xiaolei. They attempt to take refuge in the desert city Jingshao. They are betrayed by their hosts, who summon the Black Guard, hoping to win the price on their heads. This forces them to fight their way out and escape by boat to the Silver Mountain, where some bandits Jacob originally sought take refuge.
Jacob is injured and the others are captured by the bandits. Jacob awakens to find Gallain saved them, though he is now known as the White Ghost. Jacob sought out Gallain to explain to him that he did not murder women and children in the Crusades as Gallain believed, and they reconcile. Shortly thereafter, Shing and the Black Guard corner them at the bandit hideout. After intense fighting, Gallain is killed. Jacob duels Shing; as Shing gets the upper hand, Lian intervenes and is stabbed by Shing. Jacob, enraged, overpowers Shing and kills him. With Shing's threat eliminated, the leader of the Black Guard swears loyalty to Prince Zhao.
Jacob and Lian survive their injuries and they, Zhao and Xiaolei are escorted by the Black Guard to the city, where Zhao is recognized as the new Emperor. Jacob, however, still tormented by his past and fearful of the future, leaves Lian and buries Gallain before he resumes traveling on his own.
Cast
* Hayden Christensen as Jacob
* Nicolas Cage as Gallain
* Liu Yifei as Lian
* Ji Ke Jun Yi as Mei
* Andy On as Shing
* Anoja Dias Bolt as Anika
* Byron Lawson as Captain Peng
Production
In 2013, the film was officially announced on the Arclight films website.
Filming
Principal photography started in April 2014 in the Yunnan province of China.
Box office
The film grossed $5.1 million in other territories.
Critical reception
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, Outcast holds an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned Outcast a score of 33 out of 100 rating based on 7 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".
Glenn Kenny of RogerEbert.com centered his review on the performances, primarily that of Nicolas Cage. Of it, he said it marked a career shift from Cage's "entertainingly eccentric phase" into his "genuinely befuddling and perhaps sad phase", and noted his "peculiar (of course)", "near-British accent"; he also criticized Hayden Christensen's performance as "lifeless". Jeanette Catsoulis of The New York Times called the movie a "loony", "wannabe epic rattling with swords and clichés". She chiefly criticized the "barnacle-encrusted plot" as being "dumbed down to the studs", along with the performance of Christensen, while praising photography and "surprisingly classy" battle scenes. Gary Goldstein of the Los Angeles Times had kinder words to say, calling the movie "visually arresting, smartly paced, well-edited", but otherwise "unremarkable". He said the film may best be remembered for Cage's "warrior coif", saying it was "perhaps his most unflattering movie hairdo yet — and that's saying a lot" and that Cage could "pinch-hit for Gene Simmons at a KISS concert". And Sebastian Zavala, writing for ScreenAnarchy.com, said that the movie "could certainly have been a better vehicle for an unleashed, energetic Cage", but that "what we end up with is a lifeless, slightly-entertaining-yet-ultimately-disappointing action “epic”."
Sequel
On April 15, 2014, producer Jeremy Bolt announced plans for a sequel. | WIKI |
Deprecations by version#
Announced in hipBLAS 0.49#
Replace inplace hipblasXtrmm with out of place hipblasXtrmm#
The hipblasXtrmm API, along with batched versions, will be changing in hipBLAS 1.0 release to allow in-place and out-of-place behavior. This change will introduce an output matrix ‘C’, matching the rocblas_xtrmm_outofplace API and the cublasXtrmm API.
Announced in hipBLAS 0.53#
Remove packed_int8x4 datatype#
The packed_int8x4 datatype will be removed in hipBLAS 1.0. There are two int8 datatypes:
• int8_t
• packed_int8x4
int8_t is the C99 unsigned 8 bit integer. packed_int8x4 has 4 consecutive int8_t numbers in the k dimension packed into 32 bits. packed_int8x4 is only used in hipblasGemmEx. int8_t will continue to be available in hipblasGemmEx.
Announced in hipBLAS 1.0#
Replace Legacy BLAS in-place trmm functions with trmm functions that support both in-place and out-of-place functionality#
Use of the deprecated Legacy BLAS in-place trmm functions will give deprecation warnings telling you to compile with -DHIPBLAS_V1 and use the new in-place and out-of-place trmm functions.
Note that there are no deprecation warnings for the hipBLAS Fortran API.
The Legacy BLAS in-place trmm calculates B <- alpha * op(A) * B. Matrix B is replaced in-place by triangular matrix A multiplied by matrix B. The prototype in the include file rocblas-functions.h is:
hipblasStatus_t hipblasStrmm(hipblasHandle_t handle,
hipblasSideMode_t side,
hipblasFillMode_t uplo,
hipblasOperation_t transA,
hipblasDiagType_t diag,
int m,
int n,
const float* alpha,
const float* AP,
int lda,
float* BP,
int ldb);
hipBLAS 1.0 deprecates the legacy BLAS trmm functionality and replaces it with C <- alpha * op(A) * B. The prototype is:
hipblasStatus_t hipblasStrmmOutofplace(hipblasHandle_t handle,
hipblasSideMode_t side,
hipblasFillMode_t uplo,
hipblasOperation_t transA,
hipblasDiagType_t diag,
int m,
int n,
const float* alpha,
const float* AP,
int lda,
const float* BP,
int ldb,
float* CP,
int ldc);
The new API provides the legacy BLAS in-place functionality if you set pointer C equal to pointer B and ldc equal to ldb.
There are similar deprecations for the _batched and _strided_batched versions of trmm. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Cookbook:Zambian Tomato and Onion Salad
Zambian tomato and onion Salad is a refreshing and simple salad that showcases the vibrant flavors of fresh tomatoes and onions. This salad is a popular side dish in Zambia and complements a variety of main courses, making it a delightful addition to any meal.
Ingredients
* 4 ripe tomatoes, diced
* 1 onion, thinly sliced
* 1 green chile (optional, for heat), finely chopped
* 2 tablespoons vegetable oil
* Juice of 1 lemon
* Salt, to taste
* Fresh cilantro leaves, for garnish (optional)
Equipment
* Mixing bowl
* Cutting board
* Knife
Procedure
* 1) In a mixing bowl, combine the diced tomatoes, thinly sliced onions, and finely chopped green chili (if using).
* 2) Drizzle the vegetable oil and lemon juice over the vegetables.
* 3) Gently toss the ingredients until the vegetables are coated with the oil and lemon juice.
* 4) Season the salad with salt to taste. Adjust the seasoning according to your preference.
* 5) Let the salad sit for a few minutes to allow the flavors to meld together.
* 6) Garnish the salad with fresh cilantro leaves, if desired, before serving.
Notes, tips, and variations
* For added heat and spice, you can include finely chopped green chili in the salad.
* If you prefer a tangier flavor, you can add a bit more lemon juice.
* Feel free to customize the salad with other vegetables or herbs, such as cucumber, bell peppers, or parsley.
* This salad pairs well with grilled meats, fish, or as a side dish to traditional Zambian meals like nshima (maize meal porridge). | WIKI |
http-noupgrade
merge upgrade requests back into the request listener
npm install http-noupgrade
2 downloads in the last month
http-noupgrade
merge 'upgrade' requests back into the 'request' listener
build status
example
var http = require('http-noupgrade');
var server = http.createServer(function (req, res) {
if (req.headers.upgrade) {
repl.start({ input : req, output : res });
}
else res.end('beep boop');
});
server.listen(8000);
$ nc localhost 8000
GET / HTTP/1.1
Upgrade: true
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Sun, 09 Sep 2012 23:57:43 GMT
Connection: close
# repl party server
> 1+2
3
> 'abc'
'abc'
> 4+5+2*5
19
> ^C
hypothesis
Emitting an 'upgrade' event with (request, socket, head) parameters makes using and writing websocket server handlers much more complicated than it needs to be. Because the necessary events are spread out across both 'upgrade' and 'request', websocket libraries tend to have an install() mechanism for adding the listeners themselves. This is unfortunate because it obscures the correspondence between the original http request and the resulting duplex stream. Instead of just passing a (req,res) explicitly to a handler after performing session checks, the websocket or fallback abstraction takes control of the http server by punching methods, events, and otherwise being hacky and brittle.
Since http request and response objects can already be paired to make a full duplex connection, have well-understood and expected semantics, and more adequately describe the actual http protocol in the case of an upgrade, we should just let the 'request' listener handle 'upgrade' events instead of using a separate event.
npm loves you | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
WordPress vs Drupal: which should I choose?
fist bump
What’s the difference between WordPress and Drupal?
That’s a question I hear often, and it’s an understandable question.
WordPress and Drupal are both open-source content management systems (CMS) that are very well known. Both have their strengths and weakness. But which one you choose really should depend on your site’s needs.
Standard Beagle specializes in open-source development, and we work with both WordPress and Drupal. There are features and functionality we like about both of them.
Both are search engine friendly. Search engines are platform agnostic. So as long as Drupal and WordPress sites are developed using best practices they do well with search engines.
Both can be fast. Drupal handles this better right out of the box; WordPress can be optimized by a skilled developer. Again– best practices are important.
Both are secure. It’s just plain not true that WordPress is more prone to hacking than Drupal. Any site that isn’t maintained appropriately, uses flimsy usernames and passwords, and is hosted on servers that aren’t maintained won’t be secure. WordPress just happens to have a larger market share so it’s a larger target. The key is to implement best practices and make sure you’re hosting your site with a reputable company that takes security seriously.
When we recommend one or the other, we take a number of things into consideration.
WordPress
WordPress is a CMS that began as a blogging platform. It’s incredibly flexible and extremely popular, so it is the most common open-source CMS in use across the globe.
It excels with small businesses and sites that have a lot of content, especially news outlets. That’s not to say that WordPress can only be used for small sites. Not true at all. We’ve used WordPress on small, medium, and larger sites, but large and enterprise sites require more planning and attention. It’s important to understand how the database is structured and what should be done to allow it to scale. This might be a task more appropriate for a development agency, like Standard Beagle, or someone who truly does PHP development.
Things to consider about WordPress
Ease of Use
WordPress is often our go-to when clients ask for a website administration that is easy to use. We train our clients so they are familiar with their dashboard and understand how to update and add content. Usually they are off and running after that.
Multiple Authors
Because of its roots as a blogging platform, WordPress handles multiple authors and roles very well. That’s not to say that you can’t do the same with Drupal, but this is an area that WordPress wins.
Seamless updates
The WordPress core upgrades are fast and easy. The only worries here are usually whether the theme and plugins will conflict or not. If a site is consistently maintained, it should not be an issue.
Community of developers
There is a large community of developers who support and develop in WordPress. This is an advantage if you need to find someone to help you with your site. Not all developers are created equal, as I talk about in this article (link to another blog post), but it will definitely be easier to find professional help.
Theme and Plugin Market
WordPress also has a robust plugin and theme market. Themes allow site owners to set up and launch more quickly, particularly if they want to configure the site out of the box. Plugins provide additional functionality outside the WordPress core.
By contrast, Drupal has a few themes that are ready to use, but most developers will advise against them. They recommend Drupal starter themes by contrast. Drupal is intended for custom development.
I also caution site owners to be careful when choosing WordPress themes and plugins. Many all-in-one themes are bloated and can slow down a site. Sometimes plugins can clash with each other. But all in all, there is a lot to choose from.
Cost
WordPress is free to download and install, but your overall budget will depend on your goals and needs. You can set up a free theme and customize it yourself for very little or you can hire someone to develop a custom theme. There are advantages and disadvantages to both. WordPress can be done well, or it can be done very poorly. I’ve cleaned up and fixed numerous WordPress sites that were set up without understanding the consequences of this choice or that one.
WordPress has a lot going for it. And in the hands of a skilled developer, WordPress sites don’t have to look or act WordPress sites. Agencies like ours can also implement custom functionality not possible out of the box.
Drupal
Drupal is a CMS built by developers for developers. It’s intended for custom development. You can set up a ready-made theme on Drupal yourself, but it’s not really intended for that purpose. Also, while Drupal isn’t hard, it can be complex. If you don’t understand how it works, you might miss a lot of the advanced functionality that makes it powerful.
I think Drupal wins when it comes to large sites managing a lot of complexity. In contrast to WordPress, Drupal is built to scale right from the get-go. It can easily handle small sites as well as large. This is why it tends to be the open-source choice for governmental entities.
Things to consider about Drupal
Strong functionality
Drupal has far more features and functionality built into it than WordPress. Drupal already has a lot of modules and power built in, whereas you may need to add plugins to WordPress for similar functionality. Its user permissions are also more advanced.
Some blog articles claim Drupal is complex and hard to use. It isn’t really hard to use.
It’s hard to learn to use, but that’s just a side effect of its strength. If you have a skilled developer or agency, the functionality will be easier to take advantage of.
Scaling
There’s a reason why large governmental agencies use Drupal — it scales really well. It can handle thousands of users and thousands of pages of content, which can be a challenge for WordPress. Drupal is also robust which makes it ideal for larger, complex projects.
Cost
Drupal is free to download and install, but, just like WordPress, there is a cost for custom development. Drupal development can takes a longer than WordPress, because of the need for complex functionality, so the overall budget will be larger. When you hire a Drupal developer or agency, they understand the ins and the outs of the platform and can make it work more effectively for you.
Bottom Line
The takeaway here? Before you decide between WordPress and Drupal, it’s important to understand your website goals and needs. You won’t necessarily go wrong with either CMS, but you may not be taking full advantage of features that would benefit your long term goals.
Get in Touch
Learn how Standard Beagle can help you turn your customers into raving fans.
Schedule a short conversation to talk about how Standard Beagle can be your guide. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
British firm says antibody test is being validated
LONDON, March 26 (Reuters) - Prototypes of a coronavirus antibody test which could be a game-changer in the fight against the pandemic are being assessed and are ready to be optimised, the developer of the technology said on Thursday. Antibody tests are designed to establish whether people have previously been infected, as opposed to antigen tests which show if someone actually has the COVID-19 disease caused by the virus. Health technology firm Mologic said assessment and validation of its COVID-19 diagnostic test had begun this week at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine and St Georges hospital, and that global partners would also examine the prototypes. “Completion of the first prototypes is a significant step in Mologic’s development of a rapid diagnostic test for COVID-19 and we are proud of our team’s achievement in reaching this point so quickly, while maintaining the most rigorous standards,” said Paul Davis, Co-Founder and Chief Scientific Officer at Mologic. “Diagnostics are a critical weapon in the fight against this pandemic and, once ready, this test will enable affordable, more accurate and earlier diagnosis of infection, limiting the spread of the disease.” Britain has bought 3.5 million antibody testing kits from different suppliers, and is currently making sure they work before distributing them. A health official told lawmakers on Wednesday that such test kits would be available within days to be sent to households, perhaps via Amazon, saying that an unnamed prototype was being validated in Oxford this week. But the Chief Medical Officer Chris Whitty later dampened expectations that the tests would be available on the internet next week, saying that the only thing worse than no test was a bad test. Asked why Britain bought 3.5 million tests which might not work, Prime Minister Boris Johnson’s spokesman said: “If we are able to find an antibody test which works that could be a game-changer.” “For that reason you will understand that government is doing everything that it can to seek to find a test which works,” he added. Mologic, which is based near Bedford, north of London, said that after assessment in Britain, the prototypes would be shipped to validation partners in China, the United States, Malaysia, Spain, Brazil and Senegal. Reporting by Alistair Smout and Andrew MacAskill, additional
reporting by Kylie MacLellan; editing by Stephen Addison | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Comparison Shopping with NetPlenish
This transcript has been automatically generated and may not be 100% accurate. ... I learned a I'm a shopaholic ... this is really think that the ... shopaholic than in the ... uni ... my problem is that I walk across the street to drive store or a targetting them going to buy a tube of toothpaste and I walk out with bags full of stuff I don't need another miscellaneous items in his family's fifty dollars more ... than I originally wanted to ... fortunately there are smartphone apps that can help u comparison shop now smartphone apps quintuple knew she had an impulse buy that is in fact ... you are not that I ... know anybody that has that problem ... I in the evenings they help you check the prices on products in stores but let you scan barcodes and then read your smartphone ... with ... this the night ended at comparable or better Crysis ... pop up and then you can decide that you want that another store to pick up that I am ... or just ordered on line and so this week for my product review I've been testing one sets out its called net financial it's made by a company in the same name in it just wants ... this past May infidel blood ILS devices in Andhra times and it's free if the ETF comparison shopping now is not new ... something called the Welsh opera that is the thing being Amazon has Amazon price check their shops that he they're a lot of apps that ... can help people do this ... this is unique ... it does a lot of the decision making for you ... so I'm going to store and embark on tonight ... he is ... here with that bottle of bleach for example ... at essentially the pharmacy across the street and the final weeks in store would cost ninety nine ... in the market using acronyms ... and now plans to tell me that it gave the best price ... as well the average price for that the product was one ninety nine so whole dollar last week that France is doing is it's only that data ... from a list of on line vendors that it works well ... so for example party dot com or Wal-Mart com or Petsmart that time were so dot com ... paves the way it is it's coming out at searching all these different online lenders in finding the best place for that day and that's the average price for you ... but they acted together a list of things that I definitely want ... to buy out and two minus three the ... then leader I can go home he said now that the SUV with a couple other stores to see if there are better deals ... I can put together an order for the other part three the opposite effect check out ... my check out ... now ... and sending email thing that he receive my order and that it was working behind the scenes ... to put together the best package deal for me says acting as a kind of personal shopper it easy for you go into all the different sites ... and together in order for you in on the economy you've agreed to pay maximum products of not what's a fifty two dollars ... and then it TNS Net punishes any Apollo email saying OK order has been completed ... we're getting these items from the vendor scientists with the matter is that her and I actually found for me ... to let me say to you ... four dollars from the appraisal maximum price you prepare ... this all seemed really nasty and present concrete ... I was in a few bucks by using this ... but I still do a little bit more ... I did find in some instances if I ... had just bought the iTunes store ... it would have been a little bit cheaper and has a lot cheaper ... that's because the prices not for free champagne ... you're you're ordering things to get the mind and there's ... some difference in rates may apply depending on the ten year's yield having control over how much are ultimately going to be charged ... the reasons is I didn't ... see any theme items with the Goebel shopper app or the Amazons ... sunscreens month as product or a sunscreen is notoriously expensive especially this time of year ... and I'm the best prices on Amazon dot com I also taught me the Amazon Prime Denver ... so I was able to get the product of much lesser price and with today free shipping so you really can't beat that ... now sit in costs by ... one of my kids about next Tuesday in a ... really cute baby how long it was with me for these products to arrive ... so I got confirmation email the writer is complete ... E-mail is that when I expect to get that ... and I would like ... to look at my work history ... and if any ordinary either now that I'm saying that ... everything seems to me that to four days to arrive ... but having synthetically education not that that really help shoppers especially if it comes to you ... you deciding whether or not he should just buy something that they be teaching rebuking with a couple is ... another thing that I could see active this Apple TV during the shopping last Sunday by impulse buyer what with all that great deal making a list ... before Nancy Bell and the departed and I you don't want that at this picture kinds of things that you know me in my ... expenses ... this war ... as mass or whatever ... I and what he was in his eyes scanning products in store and keep reading your list of things he eventually bought a ... beach and into the red down and before you go to the store ... so I didn't even know that my eye on registrants piece of paper and that is trying to find that I'm teaching that ... class out ... of the ... things that considering adding ... a new taking advantage is that something can be incredibly helpful ... this is an interesting ... ATC to price comparison shopping ... they have the will to work to do it is still ... owe ... us but the trying at it you are in Henan now situation in your household goods ... and here in Sydney he's had apps for comparison shopping but I wouldn't recommend using as your soul comparison shopping at just yet ... from the learned and things for Watson ... California has the largest number of competitive House races this year. The WSJ's Gerald F. Seib explains why the blue state is ground zero for the midterm elections. Photo: Getty Does a decades-long rise in suicide among white Americans signal an emerging crisis for U.S. capitalism and democracy? Nobel Prize-winning economist Angus Deaton and his wife, fellow Princeton Prof. Anne Case, share their provocative theory with WSJ's Jason Bellini in this episode of Moving Upstream. Photo: Getty A Horizon Air employee stole a turboprop plane from Seattle-Tacoma International Airport on Friday night before it crashed on a nearby island. Photo: social media/Reuters The U-2 spy plane has been in service for more than 60 years and still flies missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. WSJ's Michael Phillips got a rare opportunity to fly to the edge of space and explore why America's oldest working spy plane is still soaring above 70,000 feet. Apple reached a market value of $1 trillion on Thursday, propelled by the sustained success of the iPhone. WSJ's Spencer Jakab takes a look at how Apple got here. Photo illustration: Heather Seidel/The Wall Street Journal Facial trainers are bringing back a workout that promises to conquer wrinkles and double chins. Photo: Facegym Venezuelan state television showed moments of panic when a speech by President Nicols Maduro was interrupted by blasts. The government said that drones carrying explosives targeted the president. Screenshot: VTV via AP Cybersecurity is no longer limited to our digital life but could affect our physical safety - from hijacked security cameras to attacks on airports and power grids. McAfee CEO Chris Young explains what you need to know. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
New regs for Friday: Veggies, efficiency, miners | TheHill
Friday’s edition of the Federal Register contains new standards for canned vegetables, energy conservation standards for manufactured homes, and protections for underground miners. Here’s what is happening: Veggies: The Department of Agriculture is proposing new grading standards for canned vegetables. The public has 60 days to comment. Efficiency: The Department of Energy is proposing new efficiency rules for manufactured housing. The department’s Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy announced Thursday it is looking to establish new energy conservation standards for these mobile homes. The public has 60 days to comment. Miners: The Department of Labor is correcting a mistake made in a rule to protect underground miners from diesel exhaust. The department’s Mine Safety and Health Administration issued the rule last week and will now fix the error. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Resources
Resources
Promoting healthy habits will benefit your home and work life
Kate Magic from Raw Living looks at how making healthy habits can benefit our bodies and minds.
There’s no denying that health has been at the forefront of everyone’s minds over the last 18 months.
Although there has been much talk of what happens when we get sick, there’s been a lot less talk about the things that we can do to naturally improve our wellbeing.
Our bodies are miraculous machines, designed with the specific purpose of keeping us alive. Trillions of cells work relentlessly, day-in, day-out, within dozens of different complex ecosystems, such as the respiratory system, the immune system, the reproductive system and the cardiovascular system.
And yet most of us take all this for granted.
I think it helps to think of your cells as little citizens of a kingdom, of which you are the ruler. What can you do to be a fair, just and kind ruler? This article contains a few easy to implement suggestions.
Before we get started, I would just like to say, I am a big fan of things that take little to no time! Too often, health advice feels out of our reach when we might have a morning that involves getting kids out of the house to school, feeding pets, and getting to work on time to do a seven- or eight-hour day.
Who’s got time to meditate for 30 minutes each morning? Not people with busy work and family lives, that’s for sure, so don’t stop reading just yet! Hopefully this piece contains at least one nugget that will improve your life when you take it on board.
Diet
Let’s start with the most obvious one – diet. There is no doubt now that plant-based is the best diet for our planet.
But don’t worry, I’m not going to tell you all to go vegan! I believe the most important factor when changing the diet is to make small tweaks, one step at a time. That way it becomes more manageable and sustainable.
I am a big fan of fruit and salads, and not only do you get more nutrients out of the food when you don’t heat it, it’s also quicker to make. Can you all contribute to a workplace fruit bowl? Fruit is nature’s candy; just switching all your sweet snacks to fruit can have a huge impact on your health.
Switch your lunch to a salad over a sandwich (include a little chicken or fish if that’s your preference), and notice the difference in your energy levels at the end of the day. Maybe you can have a plant-based day in the workplace once a week, where you all agree to eat vegetarian or vegan for the day, and support each other in that decision.
A recent study after this year’s Veganuary showed that 82% of people who took part were still eating more plant-based than they had done before the event.
Hydration
I am the queen of hydration. My partner says he would never want to be on a desert island with me, because I would be drinking all the coconut water and saying, “But Ian, I need to hydrate!”
drink around five litres a day, and before you go running to the bathroom at just the thought of that, you have to know that I only drink about one litre of plain water a day.
Most of the time, I am drinking delicious and nutritious drinks that actually hydrate the cells a whole lot better than water.
It’s a little-known fact that water isn’t the most hydrating drink to drink! Cells are made of fats and water, so any drink that has electrolytes, minerals or fats in is more hydrating than plain water.
I love kombucha, plant milks, herbal teas, juices, and coconut water. Not only are these drinks way more tasty, and fun to guzzle down, they hydrate the body better and provide nutrients at the same time.
Get in the habit of having a drink instead of a snack, e.g. a vegetable juice instead of a bag of crisps, and see if you don’t have more energy at the end of the day.
As an employer, find ways to facilitate your employees’ hydration levels: many studies have shown how hydration improves cognition, making for a sharper, more on the ball workforce.
Gratitude
This one might surprise you, but studies show that people with a daily gratitude practice experience better sleep, less fatigue, less inflammation, fewer headaches, and even better skin!
Every morning, make it a routine to think of three things that you are grateful for: you can do it while you’re in the shower, cleaning your teeth, or do it with the kids while you drive them to school.
Each night before you go to sleep, think of three things that you are grateful for that day: again, you might want to make it a practice that you share with your partner or your housemates.
And maybe you can make it a workplace practice, to have a daily or weekly gratitude check-in? Can you create a gratitude journal for colleagues to write down why they are grateful for working there, or why they are grateful for their workmates?
People can just scribble in it whenever they want, and then it becomes a beautiful physical representation of all the reasons why people love your company, and love working there.
I could literally write a book on this, so I will leave it there! I hope that has given you some inspiration for little things that you can do that make a big difference.
You can check out more of my work at KateMagic.com, and my online shop selling all the best plant foods on the planet is RawLiving.co.uk.
Be part of something bigger
Not a member yet?
Chamber members are three times more likely to survive – and thrive – than other businesses. If you’re ready to join now – click the link below to get started.
Not ready to join now?
Sign up to our free weekly Chamber Bytes email and get the latest news, offers, events and business support from us and our members every Thursday. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
TinTin++ Mud Client Manual
Get TinTin++ Mud Client at SourceForge.net. Fast, secure and Free Open Source software downloads
If
space
Syntax: #if {condition} {true} {false}
space
The condition is a c style mathematical or regular expression. Strings must be surrounded by quotes " ". Any none zero result will be executed as a command in the true part. If the result equals zero it will be executed as a command in the optional false part.
space
When comparing strings using == or != the string on the left is the raw string and the string on the right is a regular expression. When using < and > or <= and >= a basic string comparison is performed instead.
space
See the help file on Mathexp and Regexp for more information.
space
Example:
#action {%0 gives you %1 gold coins.}
{
#if {%1 > 5000} {thank %0}
}
space
If someone gives you more than 5000 gold coins you will thank them.
space
Comment: See also #else, #elseif, #switch and #while.
space | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The World: Out Front; A Desert Kingdom Takes the Spotlight
Saudi Arabian Crown Prince Abdullah's sweeping, if vague, statement that his kingdom would normalize relations with Israel if it withdraws from territories it occupied in 1967 is surprise, coming from country that has never been in vanguard of peacemakers in region; Saudi royal family is both leading and following public sympathy for Palestinians, and Saudi television is dominated by one-sided images of Palestinians as victims of Israeli violence; sympathy for cause of Osama bin Laden, Saudi-born terrorist, runs high, not because Saudis like terrorism, but because he has latched onto Palestinian cause; it is not clear what prompted Abdullah's proposal, but he has achieved extraordinary public relations coup: he has shifted focus away from Saudi Arabia that does not have elections, allow women to determine their futures or protect basic freedoms, and has prevented American military from mounting offensive operations in war on terrorism from Saudi territory; two babies--one Israeli and other Palestinian--are born after mothers are shot in separate incidents in West Bank; chart offers statistical snapshot of Israel and of West Bank and Gaza (M) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Siebel Connector for SAP R/3 > BAPI Interfaces > BAPI Integration >
BAPI Adapter Configuration
The EAI SAP BAPI adapter business service can be invoked from a workflow. Table 21 and Table 22 summarize the User Properties, Method Arguments, and Component Parameters that may be set to control its behavior. The EAI SAP BAPI Adapter is a cached business service. Variables that are defined to be User Properties in the Business Service are generally used only once for initialization purposes at the time of the first call to the Business Service. Variables that are defined to be Method Arguments are used on each and every call and may vary from call to call. Those variables that may be set as component parameters must be set for the Business Integration Manager component.
Table 21 contains User Properties, Component Parameters, and Input Method Arguments for the Execute Method.
Table 21. BAPI Adapter Configuration Options
Name
User Prop
Comp Param
Method Arg
Valid Values
Usage
OutputIntObjectFormat
X
OutputIntObjectName
X
Must be a BAPI Output Integration Object name
Integration object name for the BAPI Output integration object containing export parameters and tables returned by SAP from the call.
SAPRfcConnectString
X
X
SAP connection string. This string defines the destination (used in saprfc.ini), client, and language for the SAP connection.
SAPRfcUserName
X
X
SAP user name
SAPRfcPassword
X
X
SAP password
SAPRfcTrace
X
X
"true" or "false"
SAP trace file usage on or off. Same as TRACE=0 or 1 in saprfc.ini file.
SiebelMessage
X
EAI Siebel Message containing BAPI Input integration object instance.
DisconnectAlways
X
"true" or "false"
Determines connection behavior of BAPI adapter. When "true", the adapter makes a new connection each time the Execute method is called. If "false", the adapter keeps its connection open. (See also SAPRfcMaxConnectTime.)
SAPRfcMaxConnectTime
X
Integer value in seconds
Used only if Disconnect Always is "false". Number of seconds a connection stays open measured from the time of the last BAPI call. For example, if SAPRfcMaxConnectTime is set to 600 seconds (10 minutes), then all BAPI calls made within the same workflow and within 10 minutes of one another are guaranteed to be made within the same connection. When a BAPI call is made more than 10 minutes from the time of the last BAPI call, a new connection is made with SAP. This allows BAPI calls to be made together that must occur within the same connection yet also reduces the possibility of stale or invalid connections.
SAPAutoError
X
X
"True" or "False"
The default is "True". When the value of this flag is True, and the value of the SAPErrorTypeField is E or A, the BAPI adapter raises an error, causing workflow to terminate at the BAPI adapter. When the value of this flag is False, the BAPI adapter logs error information but does not raise an error and terminate the workflow. The remaining steps in the workflow are responsible for handling the error.
SAPCodepage
X
X
X
Value from Transcode Encoding drop-down list
Siebel code page name for SAP code page.
SAPIgnoreCharSetConvErrors
X
X
X
True or False
Default is False. If True, code page conversion errors are handled by substitution of the question mark (?) character in place of an unrecognized character.
SAPRfcConnectString uses SAP's internal connect string format. This must include the following elements:
• DEST=Destination name from saprfc.ini file
• CLIENT=3-digit SAP client number
• LANG=single character language indicator
These elements must be separated in the string by one or more spaces, for example, "DEST=DEV_Outbound CLIENT=555 LANG=E". Table 22 contains Output Method Arguments for the Execute Method.
Table 22. Execute Method Output Arguments
Name
Usage
RfcExceptionName
Contains the RFC exception string returned by the SAP function. If connection to SAP fails, this string contains the text: "__SIEBEL__SAP_CONNECT_FAILED__"
SiebelMessage
EAI Siebel Message containing BAPI Output integration object instance.
The Execute method is likely to be all that you need to use with the BAPI Adapter. There are two more utility methods defined. The first is MakeConnection. You can use this to test your connection information to SAP. For information on how to test your connection, read Checking Siebel Client Connectivity. The second is EndConnection. Use this method to force a disconnect from SAP.
NOTE: To control the disconnection with SAP by using the EndConnection method, you must use this method within the same workflow where a previous call to the adapter opened a connection. You cannot make a connection within one workflow and disconnect within a different workflow.
EndConnection uses no method arguments. It disconnects the BAPI adapter from SAP. MakeConnection uses the SAP connection variables described in Table 21: SAPRfcConnectString, SAPRfcUserName, SAPRfcPassword, and SAPRfcTrace.
SAP BAPIs often use a standard return structure to send error messages back to the calling application. The BAPI Adapter has the capability of handling this error information in a flexible manner. The BAPI Adapter's flexibility is based on the values of two user properties or method arguments: SAPAutoError and SAPErrorTypeField. These parameters can be used together to direct the BAPI adapter to automatically raise errors or let these errors pass on to other portions of workflow for handling. The SAPAutoError flag turns on or off the automatic error generation. The SAPErrorTypeField specifies the field in the BAPI interface that contains the SAP error type (E, A, I, S, or W). Table 23 summarizes the functionality.
Table 23. BAPI Adapter Error Handling Summary
SAPAutoError
SAPErrorTypeField
Behavior
True
Siebel name of a scalar export parameter in the BAPI interface.
BAPI Adapter raises an error if the SAPErrorTypeField contains the values E or A. Workflow stops at the BAPI adapter step.
True
Siebel name of a field in a structure export parameter in the BAPI interface.
BAPI Adapter raises an error if the SAPErrorTypeField contains the values of E or A. The values of non-blank fields in the structure containing the SAPErrorTypeField are written within the error message. Workflow stops at the BAPI adapter step.
True
Siebel name of a field in an internal table in the BAPI interface.
BAPI Adapter raises an error if the SAPErrorTypeField contains the values of E or A in any record of the internal table. The values of non-blank fields in the table containing the SAPErrorTypeField are written within the error message. One error message is created for each record in the table. Workflow stops at the BAPI adapter step.
False
Siebel name of a scalar export parameter in the BAPI interface.
BAPI Adapter does not raise an error, but the error information appears in the Siebel log. Workflow processing continues, and error handling must be implemented in the steps following the BAPI adapter.
False
Siebel name of a field in a structure export parameter in the BAPI interface.
BAPI Adapter does not raise an error, but the error information appears in the Siebel log and contains the values of non-blank fields in the export structure. Workflow processing continues, error handling must be implemented in the steps following the BAPI adapter.
False
Siebel name of a field in an internal table in the BAPI interface.
BAPI Adapter does not raise an error, but the error information appears in the Siebel log and contains the values of non-blank fields in the table. Workflow processing continues, and error handling must be implemented in the steps following the BAPI adapter.
These parameters can be set in the workflow as input method arguments to the BAPI adapter business service call. The SAPAutoError parameter defaults to True when not set and the SAPErrorTypeField parameter defaults to RETURN-TYPE when not set.
Siebel Connector for SAP R/3
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Building Better Lives With Jobs
Building Better Lives With Jobs
By: Peggy Chong
From the very beginning, employment has been this organization's ultimate goal for blind persons. In the 1920's, the most common occupations were rug weavers, piano tuners, and broom salesmen. These were the openings to the working world that made it possible for blind people to expand to the variety of careers that we enjoy and expect to be employed in today. The Industrial Center for the Blind (see "The Home and Center for the Blind") is just one example of how this goal was carried out. The Center was to be a place where blind entrepreneurs could find space and sometimes financial assistance to start their own business.
Those blind businessmen who formed this organization banded together, raising money from themselves and the community for "start up" money for blind-owned and operated businesses.
Some of the first members to benefit from the "start up" money were Frank Jordan and William Schmidt. Frank Jordan was a rug weaver who received money to purchase looms and was given space in the back of another member's store to start his business. He was successful in his business and later moved to his own space. His arrangement with the Board of Directors was that he would hire only blind persons for his business at all levels if possible.
William Schmidt received money to purchase vending machines that at first only dispensed gum. His business was extremely successful. In no time at all, he had enough capital to pay back his loan, hire more staff and expand his business. One of his arrangements was that his business would contribute 10% of his net proceeds to the organization and place advertisements for the organization on his vending machines. Each month in the minutes, there is a notation of his contribution for the month. For years, this monthly contribution would be over $100, even during the first year of the Great Depression. It seems that Mr. Schmidt was quite a financial success! A vending stand at the Home was staffed by a resident for many years. The stand sold candy, gum, combs, and incidentals to residents and visitors.
Items were made at the Home, then sold by the organization as a fundraiser. A mat-making machine was purchased by the organization and residents and other members could work on the machine making belts, runners and rubber door mats. They were made from old tires that the Board of Directors had obtained. Blind men and women were hired as solicitors by the Board to sell the items made at the Home.
Musical groups were formed to play for public functions for many businesses, the State Fair, and organizations around the Twin Cities. This not only brought invaluable PR for the organization, but it also was an opportunity for blind musicians to gain distinction, experience and a chance to earn extra money.
In the late 1930's and early 1940's, the organization wanted the state agency for the blind to take a more aggressive role in getting blind persons in the WPA and war-effort programs. However, at the 1941 state convention, the representative from the state admitted that the agency had not done much to secure employment for blind Minnesotans in those programs.
One reason for the good working relationship between the organized blind and the Braille and Sight Saving School in Faribault during the 1930's, 1940's, and 1950's, was the treatment of the blind staff persons. John C. Lysen, superintendent of the school, hired competent blind teachers and paid them the same salary as the sighted staff members. In the thirties, this was unheard of. The school attracted blind educators that were active in the blind community. Many instructors at the school were active members of the organization and some were elected to the Board of Directors.
There were many piano tuners in the organization. They got together and decided that if the organization were to purchase piano-tuning supplies in large quantities that they could get them at a much lower cost. This was done in the mid 1930's and was the beginning of the Sales Service Committee. Piano tuners began holding clinics at the Home and Center on March 25, 1950 to encourage other blind individuals to become tuners and to share new techniques with each other.
After World War II, vending stand operation became a popular job opportunity for many blind Minnesotans. Conventions and Minnesota Bulletin articles kept members and vendors informed on the latest changes in the law. In 1945, the convention addressed the vending stand operators concern that they be allowed to handle their own money. As it was, the state agency required sighted persons to handle the books. This had proven to the organization that the amount of sight did not necessarily make one a better bookkeeper. Many vendors had complained that the sighted bookkeepers had handled their books incorrectly and that they had to clean them up. A Loan Committee was established on February 10, 1951 to lend money to members for a variety of reasons. A person needing money to start a business or new job was given priority. The first loan was made to Margaret Kline on May 5, 1951. The rate of interest was 3 percent with a 25-cent monthly service charge. A member could borrow up to $300. It was called the Lend-a-Hand program.
The Blind of Minnesota Credit Union was formed in April of 1959. Because of the new Credit Union, the organization decided to end the Lend-a-Hand program as it was a duplication of services.
But from time to time, blind persons needed just a little help in securing a loan from the credit union for their business. The credit union and the Federation would work together to get the blind person started in business. At the August 14, 1975 NFB of Minnesota Board of Directors meeting, the Board decided to co-sign a loan for a blind man. Warren Ranger wanted to start a candy business in his home. He wanted a loan from the Blind of Minnesota Credit Union. NFBM put up collateral of $4,000 that it had in the Credit Union. Mr. Ranger succeeded with his business and quickly paid off his loan.
In 1981 the shares held in the Blind of Minnesota Credit Union were again used as collateral on a loan for a blind hog farmer, Irwin Johnson, to start a hog farm. That venture was not fruitful, and NFBM lost the money. The first State Fair booth that sold items was a fund raiser in 1960. The organization sold products made by the blind. Individual members were also encouraged to put out items that they had made and were allowed to keep the profits. As the decades came and went, more professions were opened to blind applicants. Sometimes it took a bit of a push from the organized blind. Resolution SA-70-10 called for blind teachers to be allowed into the teaching profession. In other parts of the country, blind teachers were working successfully as teachers in all areas. Blind Minnesotans should also be given the same opportunity. The resolution was submitted by a new member, Joyce Hoffa (Scanlan). In 1971 a bill was introduced that would allow a blind person to take the Civil Service test in Braille or use a reader. A resolution was passed and circulated that called for alternate testing options for blind applicants with the same weight as any print test with Civil Service. This resolution was to address and educate the City of Minneapolis after it tried to keep a blind member out of a computer programming job that he was highly qualified for. Legislation was constantly introduced or modified to liberalize the Aid to the Blind law so that blind Minnesotans could get the training they wanted and needed to be competitive in the job market. Until the 1960's it was legal to deny rehabilitation services to a blind person who did not take the advice or services offered by his or her counselor. If the counselor said there was an opening in the vending stand program and you wanted to become a lawyer, if you wanted funding you became a vender. If the counselor felt that you should try corrective surgery for your eye condition and you declined, this too could jeopardize your rehab plan.
When we read today of the problems blind persons are having on their jobs or entering into new fields, we can see how far we have to go. But when we remember the rug weavers of the 1920's, we can see how far we have come. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Linux Touch Screen Settings | Gechic
Fragen Suchen unde Lösungen Finden
< All Topics
Linux Touch Screen Settings
Linux has supported touchscreen input since Kernal 3.8, and the most popular Linux distributions, such as Debian, Ubuntu, and Manjaro, all support USB touchscreen plug-and-play. However, while these Linux distributions come with a display setup interface for resolution and orientation, they do not have a graphical interface for setting touch input and calibration. Therefore, users may find that the touch responsed position is not accurate in extended displays and ａ vertical display. In these cases, please do the touch input settings manually according to the the followings.
Linux Touchscreen Settings of a Vertical Display
If you are using a single touch screen for portrait display application in Linux system, please find the 40-libinput profile to set up the transformation matrix of touch.
① Open the 40-libinput file
Input command cd /usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d in Termail to enter the org.conf.d folder.
Input comman ls to list all the files inside this folder and make sure there is one called 40-libinput.conf.
② Add Transformation Matrix in
Input the following command to open and edit 40-libinput.conf
sudo nano 40-libinput.conf
Find the section of touchscreen , add a new raw Option “TransformationMatrix” “0 -1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1”
Press “Ctl+X”➜ press “y” to save the file.
Reboot and Done！Test with a finger on touchscreen, the response position is correct.
Input the command sudo reboot，the settings is done after rebooting.
Value of ”TransformationMatrix” varies depending on touchscreen models.，For Gechic touch monitor, please take the following values for portrait display.
Rotate 90° = Option “TransformationMatrix” “0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 0 1”
Totate 270° = Option “TransformationMatrix” “0 -1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1”
For example, the value of rotate 270° applies to the display orientation setting of 【Portrait Right】in Ubuntu desktop.
Linux Touchscreen Settings of Extended Displays
If the connected touch monitor is set as “Extended” , you shall use xinput’s map-to-output command to specify the touch mapping to the external display, regardless of whether the touchscreen is horizontal or vertical. Since the recent Debian and Ubuntu distributions run wayland by default, you must disable wayland on your desktop before using xinput. Please refer to the followings for configuration:
Debian-Gnome Desktop
① Disable wayland
Input the following command in Termianl to oppen the daemon.conf file.【Note: This is the config file of Debian12. The config file of Debian11 is named as custom.conf】
sudo nano /etc/gdm3/daemon.conf
Find the line of #waylandenable=false. Delete ＃ mark, save the file and reboot
②Run xinput list
Input the command xinput list to list all the connected devices and find out the device ID of touch montior (The device name of Gechic touch monitor is shown as ILITEK-TP ). In this example, the external connected touch monitor is 22.
③ Run xrandr
Input the command xrandr to list all the connected displays and find out the name of touch monitor. ( In this example, the connected extended touch monitor is named as “HDMI-1” and its resolution is recognized as 1920*1080+1366*0 )
④ Run xinput map-to-output
Input the following command to assign the xinput device ID 22 mapping to the display HDMI-1.
xinput map-to-output 22 “HDMI-1”
Done！Test with a finger on touchscreen, the response position is correct.
Debian-Plasma Desktop
① Disable wayland
🔵Click 【System settings】 icon in the left bottom cornor➜ click【Startup and Shutdown】➜ click【Behavior】 button➜ select 【Plasma (X11)】in the “log in session”
🔵Click【Background Services】in the left column➜drag in the right coloumn to find and uncheck【KScreen 2】➜ click 【Apply】 ( Plasma has its own windows manager called “KScreen”, please disable KScreen function as well. )
🔵Reboot the system, and choose 【Plasma(X11)】in the right bottom cornor and log in
Run xinput list
Input the command xinput list in Konsole to list all the connected devices and find out the device ID of touch monitor. (Note: The device name of Gechic touch monitor is shown as ILITEK-TP ). In this example, the device ID of the external connected touch monitor is 11.
③ Run xrandr
Input the command xrandr to to list all the connected displays and find out the name of touch monitor. ( In this example, the connected extended touch monitor is named as “HDMI-1” and its resolution is recognized as 1920*1080+1366*0 )
④ Run xinput map-to-output
Input the following command to assign xinput device ID 11 mappting to display HDMI-1.
xinput map-to-output 11 “HDMI-1”
Done！Test with a finger on touchscreen, the response position is correct.
Ubuntu Desktop
① Disable wayland
Input the following command in Terminal to open the custom.conf file. Find the row of waylandenable=enable and add＃ at the begining. Save the file and reboot.
sudo nano /etc/gdm3/custom.conf
Run xinput list
Input the command xinput list in Terminal to list all the connected devices and find out the device ID of touch monitor. (Note: The device name of Gechic touch monitor is shown as ILITEK-TP ). In this example, the device ID of the external connected touch monitor is 11.
③ Run xrandr
Input the command xrandr to list all the connected displays and find out the name of touch monitor. ( In this example, the connected extended touch monitor is named as “HDMI-1” and its resolution is recognized as 1920*1080+0*0 )
④ Run xinput map-to-output
Input the following command to assign xinput device ID 11 mapping to display HDMI-1
xinput map-to-output 11 “HDMI-1”
Done！Test with a finger on touchscreen, the response position is correct.
Set map-to-output Autorun
The touch mapping will be disabled after rebooting or re-plugging the USB cable of the external monitor, and you must enter the map-to-output scripts again to set the mapping position of the USB device. For your convenience, we suggest that you set the scripts of mapping to run automatically when your desktop is started.
① Find the device Name of Touch Monitor
We got the device ID of the touch monitor is 11. However, this ID can be changed due to rebooting or changing the USB port. Therefore, we recommend using the device name instead of the device ID when setting up the auto-execute file.
Enter the following scripts in Terminal to display all the attribute data of the touch monitor and we find out the name of the device as “ILITEK ILITEK-TP ” (all data between single quotes, including spaces).
Add a new script file
Enter the following scripts in Terminal to add a file named touchscreen.sh under the folder .config.
sudo nano ~/.config/touchscreen.sh
Enter the following scripts in the file and press ctrl+x to save.
#! /bin/bash
xinput map-to-output “ILITEK ILITEK-TP “ HDMI-1
Enter the following scripts to set the file executable.
sudo chmod+x ~/.config/touchscreen.sh
Add an autorun file on the desktop
Enter the following scripts in Terminal to add a file named touch.desktop under the folder .config/autostart. (If you can’t find an “autostart” folder inside .config folder, please add one by yourself)
sudo nano ~/.config/autostart/touch.desktop
Enter the following scripts in the file, save and exit. (Note: The location of the executable file should be your actual file location.)
[Desktop Entry]
Type=Application
Name=touch
Exec=/home/gechic/.config/touchscreen.sh
Reboot
After rebooting, test on the external touch monitor. And it shall react correctly. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
John Chester (university president)
John Chester (August 17, 1785 – January 12, 1829) was the second president of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
Biography
He was born in Wethersfield, Connecticut, in August 1785. He was the son of John and Elizabeth Chester. He graduated from Yale College in 1804. He studied theology under Dr. Joseph Lyman of Hatfield, Massachusetts, and received a license to preach in 1807 from the Hartford Association College. He first preached in several towns in Massachusetts and Connecticut and then moved to New York State, where he first preached in Cooperstown, New York, and between 1810 and 1815, in Hudson, New York. Chester was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Societyin 1814. In 1815, he moved to Albany, New York, where he was pastor of the Second Presbyterian Church. He was a founder and an early president of the Albany Female Academy, which became the Albany Academy for Girls and was also a trustee of The Albany Academy. He received the degree of Doctor of Divinity in 1821 from Union College. He was appointed president of Rensselaer on June 25, 1828. He died in Philadelphia on January 12, 1829.
Archival collections
The Presbyterian Historical Society in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, has papers related to John Chester in its holdings. The papers include an 1821 letter to J. Romeyn Beck and a letter of introduction for Erastus Colton. | WIKI |
Page:Kéraban the Inflexible Part 1 (Jules Verne).djvu/63
Rh
o'clock came. Kéraban, Van Mitten, and Bruno, after a light supper which consisted of some of the stores in the hampers, walked about smoking for nearly half an hour, pacing up and down a narrow path which was firm enough to sustain them.
"Now," said Van Mitten, "I think, friend Kéraban, that there is no objection to our going to sleep in the carriage until the fresh horses come."
"I see no objection whatever," replied Kéraban, after a pause. This reply was somewhat extraordinary for a man who was always making objections.
"I do not think we have anything to fear in the middle of such an extensive plain," said the Dutchman.
"I think not."
“There is no attack likely to be made upon us?"
"None."
"Except, perhaps, the attacks of mosquitos," said Bruno, who had just succeeded in administering to himself a hard slap on the face, intended as a death-blow to half-a-dozen of those insects.
As a matter of fact, the worries of these insects became very trying. Attracted, perhaps, by the light of the carriage lamps, the mosquitos came singing in myriads around them.
"Hum," said Van Mitten, "there is one thing needful, and that is a mosquito-net."
"These are not mosquitos," said Kéraban, as he scratched the back of his neck, "they are gnats."
"I'll be hanged if I can tell the difference, then," remarked Van Mitten, who did not wish to enter upon an entomological discussion. | WIKI |
Jane’s Homework
December 12, 2017
Let’s augment the table from the first page:
0 - 0000 - () (2 3 4 6) - 0 15 - 0
1 - 0001 - (2) (3 4 6) - 2 13 - 26
2 - 0010 - (3) (2 4 6) - 3 12 - 12
3 - 0011 - (2 3) (4 6) - 5 10 - 10
4 - 0100 - (4) (2 3 6) - 4 11 - 44
5 - 0101 - (2 4) (3 6) - 6 9 - 18
6 - 0110 - (3 4) (2 6) - 7 8 - 56
7 - 0111 - (2 3 4) (6) - 9 6 - 18
8 - 1000 - (6) (2 3 4) - 6 9 - 18
9 - 1001 - (2 6) (3 4) - 8 7 - 56
10 - 1010 - (3 6) (2 4) - 9 6 - 18
11 - 1011 - (2 3 6) (4) - 11 4 - 44
12 - 1100 - (4 6) (2 3) - 10 5 - 10
13 - 1101 - (2 4 6) (3) - 12 3 - 12
14 - 1110 - (3 4 6) (2) - 13 2 - 26
15 - 1111 - (2 3 4 6) () - 15 0 - 0
For a list of n items, there will be 2n possible 2-partitions. A simple binary code running from 0 to 2n − 1 specifies which list items to include in each partition:
(define (part k xs)
(let loop ((ds (reverse (digits k 2))) (xs xs) (ys (list)))
(if (null? ds) (reverse ys)
(if (zero? (car ds))
(loop (cdr ds) (cdr xs) ys)
(loop (cdr ds) (cdr xs) (cons (car xs) ys))))))
The kth part takes the binary representation of k and applies it to xs, keeping those items with a 1-bit at that list item. Thus, to compute the 11th partition of (2 3 4 6), express 11 as 1011 in binary and keep the 2, 3 and 6 (the bits count right-to-left) of the input. The other partition, of course, is whatever is left. Then it’s easy to find the maximum least common multiple:
(define (max-lcm xs)
(let ((len (length xs)) (tot (sum xs)))
(apply max (map (lambda (s) (lcm s (- tot s)))
(map sum (map (lambda (k) (part k xs))
(range (expt 2 (- len 1))))))))))
Reading from the inside out: range generates a half-list of partition numbers (only half is needed due to symmetry), then lambda (k) computes the partition, sum sums the item in the partition, lambda (s) computes the least common multiple of the partition-sum and its conjugate, and max finds the maximum:
> (max-lcm '(2 3 4 6))
56
You can run the program at https://ideone.com/c4yYG6.
Advertisements
Pages: 1 2
4 Responses to “Jane’s Homework”
1. Paul said
Two methods to partition, one recursive and the other using the powerset function from the itertools documentation.
from itertools import chain, combinations
from math import gcd
def partition2(arr):
'recursive method'
if not arr:
return [([], [])]
e, *rem = arr
res = []
for lft, rgt in partition2(rem):
res += [([e]+lft, rgt), (lft, [e]+rgt)]
return res
def lcm(a, b):
return a * b // gcd(a,b)
def powerset(iterable):
"powerset([1,2,3]) --> () (1,) (2,) (3,) (1,2) (1,3) (2,3) (1,2,3)"
s = list(iterable)
return chain.from_iterable(combinations(s, r) for r in range(len(s)+1))
def partition3(arr):
c = list(powerset(arr))
return [(f, r) for f, r in zip(c, reversed(c))]
arr = [2, 3, 4, 6]
for i, (p0, p1) in enumerate(partition3(arr)):
s1, s2 = sum(p0), sum(p1)
print("{:2d} {:12s} {:12s} {:2d} {:2d} {:2d}".\
format(i, str(p0), str(p1), s1, s2, lcm(s1, s2)))
2. matthew said
Here’s another way: iteratively generate combinations but bail out when the combination sum gets too large (this works for any value of limit and it’s straightforward to generalize to multisets):
import sys
from fractions import gcd
a = [int(s) for s in sys.argv[1:]]
s = sum(a); limit = s//2;
total = 0; c = [0]*len(a)
maxlcm = -1
def lcm(a,b): return a//gcd(a,b)*b
while True:
l = lcm(total,s-total)
if l > maxlcm:
maxlcm = l
selected = [a[j] for j in range(len(a)) if c[j] != 0]
print(selected,total,l)
found = False
for i in range(len(a)):
if c[i] == 0 and total + a[i] <= limit:
total += a[i]; c[i] += 1
found = True; break
total -= c[i]*a[i]; c[i] = 0;
if not found: break
$ python parts.py 2 3 4 6
([], 0, 0)
([2], 2, 26)
([4], 4, 44)
([3, 4], 7, 56)
3. Globules said
Here’s a Haskell version that doesn’t use explicit recursion. The part2s
function uses replicateM (the monadic version of replicate, for lists) to
generate all length 4 (in our example) combinations of Left and Right, the two
constructors for Either. For each combination we zip it with the original list,
using the “reverse application operator”, to produce a list of Eithers which is
then partitioned into two lists.
import Control.Monad (replicateM)
import Data.Bifunctor (bimap)
import Data.Either (partitionEithers)
import Data.Function ((&))
import Data.List.NonEmpty (NonEmpty, fromList, toList)
-- All partitions of a list into two sub-lists, in which the original order of
-- the elements is retained.
part2s :: [a] -> [([a], [a])]
part2s xs = let es = replicateM (length xs) [Left, Right]
in map (partitionEithers . zipWith (&) xs) es
-- Split a non-empty list into all partitions consisting of two sub-lists, take
-- the lcm of the sums of the pairs of sub-lists, finally returning the maximum
-- of the lcms.
maxLcm :: Integral a => NonEmpty a -> a
maxLcm = maximum . map (uncurry lcm . bimap sum sum) . part2s . toList
main :: IO ()
main = print $ maxLcm $ fromList [2, 3, 4, 6]
$ ./jane
56
Leave a Reply
Fill in your details below or click an icon to log in:
WordPress.com Logo
You are commenting using your WordPress.com account. Log Out / Change )
Twitter picture
You are commenting using your Twitter account. Log Out / Change )
Facebook photo
You are commenting using your Facebook account. Log Out / Change )
Google+ photo
You are commenting using your Google+ account. Log Out / Change )
Connecting to %s
%d bloggers like this: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Nakhon Phanom
Nakhon Phanom (นครพนม) is a city and province in Isaan. The city has a beautiful landscape, with the Mekong River running adjacent to the city, marking the border between Thailand and Laos.
Although a small town, Nakhon Phanom is famous for its centuries-old temples and beautiful landscape. The city has a reserved and traditional Lao Isaan culture. A traveller may well find the residents of the city very hospitable and kind. The surrounding villages have many tribal cultures unique to Isaan and Laos.
Understand
Nakhon Phanom is in the northeastern region of Thailand, approximately 734 km northeast of Bangkok and 378 km southwest of Hanoi, Vietnam. It borders Lao PDR's Khamoun Province, Tha Khaek District. Nakhon Phanom was the site of a US base during the Vietnam War, housing the 56th Air Commando Wing, based at Nakhon Phanom Royal Thai Air Force Base. Its mission was search and rescue and interdiction of the Ho Chi Minh Trails in Laos 48 km to the east.
The population of Nakhon Phanom is a diverse mix of Thais, Thai-Vietnamese, Lao, Thai-Lao, Thai-Chinese, and perhaps a few Thai-Indians. The main languages spoken are Thai, Isaan, and Vietnamese, Isaan being the most popular of them. The primary culture and language is Lao, as Isaan was part of Laos until the late 19th century. Ho Chi Minh resided in a small village between the city center and the air base to the west during the late-1920s and early-1930s. A new museum has been constructed there, his home is preserved and is open to the public, and it draws many Vietnamese tourists.
By plane
Nok Air operates flights to Nakhon Phanom (KOP), as does Thai Air Asia. From the airport to town is about 20 km.
A meter taxi from the airport to the city is approximately 200 baht (30 baht flagfall, then 10 baht per kilometer, the trip is about 18 km). "Limousine" shuttle van tickets are 100 Baht per person. [December 2016]
From Laos
Friendship Bridge III spans the Mekong between Nakhon Phantom and Thakhek, Laos. It is around 10 km north of town and the Thai-Laos International Bus runs between Nakhon Phanom bus station and Thakhek from 08:00 to 17:30 eight times daily (every 60 - 90 minutes). It is not possible to cross the bridge on foot. You must pay in baht for the bus from Nakhon Phanom to Thakhek. Kip or US dollars are not accepted. Allow about 1.5 hours for the customs rituals on both sides of the bridge. Visa on arrival available on the Laos side. If you enter Thailand from Laos, most nationalities get a 30-day visa exempt entry. Foreigners entering Thailand under the Visa exception scheme are permitted to enter Thailand at a land border crossing only twice in a calendar year.
By train
The closest railway stations are about four hours away, in Ubon, Udon, or Nong Khai.
By road
Two of the most common means of getting to Nakhon Phanom from Bangkok are by road in private tour buses or government-operated tour buses. These buses start from the central North and Northeastern Bus Terminal (Mo Chit) in Bangkok. The fare for bus travel ranges from 300-850 baht, depending on the type of bus. A more convenient and popular bus is operated by the Transport Authority of Thailand. These VIP air conditioned buses operate under the label 99 or 999. These buses are 24-seaters, with seats as comfortable as seats in the business class of an aeroplane. A toilet is also available inside the bus. The distance between Nakhon Phanom and Bangkok is approximately 740 km. This is about an 11-hour journey. Although it seems long, a bus travelling out of Mo Chit at 19:15 arrives at Nakhon Phanom around 06:30. Buses leaving from Nakhon Phanom to Bangkok at 18:00 arrive at around 05:30.
There are also mini buses from Mukdahan (platform 8 at Mukdahan Bus Station, 95 baht (May 2023), pay directly to the driver upon arrival).
Get around
The most convenient way to get around the city is via the famous three wheelers of the northeast, more commonly referred to as "skylabs". There are also buses and vans running to other provinces throughout the day, easily accessible from the central bus terminal or in front of the local market.
Buy
Nakhon Phanom is famous for its silk fabric and silver ornaments. Most of the manufacturing is done on handmade looms in the local villages in traditional Lao-style. The silver is manufactured and crafted both within Isaan and Laos.
Eat
Nakhon Phanom has some of the best sticky rice and grilled chicken with papaya salad in the country. However, there are not many restaurants open in the centre of town at night. A couple may be found along Bamrungmueng Rd, to the left as you face the river. Menus are totally in Thai, and English is not spoken.
If you are stuck for a meal, order "pat pak ruam" (fried mixed vegetables), and add the word "gai" (for chicken), "moo" (for pork), or "gung" (for shrimp). "Cow soo-eye" is steamed rice. Will give you a tasty and filling feed for around 150 baht, including a large bottle of beer.
Snack type stalls are also available from about 16:00 on Fuangnakom St, which is at right angles to Bamrungmueng Rd. It is an afternoon/night market, and the road is closed off for the duration.
Go next
* Tha Khaek in Laos to visit the new jungle preserves created by the Democratic People's Republic of Laos as well as to visit the famous Ho Chi Minh Trail.
* There are 8 buses daily between 08:00 and 17:30 (workdays), 17:00 (weekends) leaving every 60-90 minutes. The price is 70 baht or 18,000 kip during the week and 80 baht or 20,000 kip during the weekend.
* Mukdahan, Sakhon Nakhon or Bueng Kan in Thailand. | WIKI |
Page:Englishwomaninan00elli.pdf/293
civilisation and 'look at life' through our eyes. It is no wiser or juster than asking a woman to see nothing except through a man's eyes; and to work in his way. She cannot do that, and has suffered in the attempt. Your work is even a great peril. It is only too probable that you will be 'starting' them on the wrong road, and you must soon leave them to find their own way.
"If I am wrong, at least I speak in all sincerity; and I have studied the question for many years. As I see it, our Western civilisations have much to learn from the East in pity and humanity."
"Osman Nyzami Pasha said to me once, in Rome, 'you must not judge a nation by its Government but by the gods it creates for itself in its own image.' The ancient Greeks peopled Olympus with gods of revolting immorality; but you in Oxford forget that chapter of the story. The God of the North"
He paused, and I took up the challenge.
"The cold, harsh, and unforgiving Deity; the bogeyman of my childhood, always ready with some awful punishment for the least shortcoming.
"Why are our Puritan countries, whose God is love, so unjust to women, keeping them down under cruel and illogical laws. It is idle for men to say that no laws can diminish the deep respect they accord to women, which, in fact, is seldom shown to any of us except their wives, certainly not to woman as a woman.
"I certainly hold no brief for 'irregularity,' but there is something wrong with a conception of God which has produced the immeasurable gulf between the married and the unmarried mother. Humanity is not of our making; the 'imperfect' man has no right to demand 'perfection' from all women. Has he not made and tolerated War that has overthrown every standard of morality, changed all our 'values,' shattered every ideal, leaving religion nowhere, and two million women without a mate?
"Such is the civilisation that dares to point a finger of scorn at the unmarried mother; and, by | WIKI |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.