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Trying to create a parser for VBScript, issues with root production
SyntaxEditor for WPF Forum
Posted 7 years ago by Jack Jackomel
Version: 13.2.0591
Avatar
I'm trying to build an LL(*) grammar to parse VBScript, starting from the VBScript language definition included with the editor, and I'm following the documentation and examples trying to figure them out.
I'm having a really hard time though, I believe I wrote enough of the grammar to get some results but my biggest issue is what to do with the root production.
I noticed that the SimpleLanguage parser example only ever declares Functions and nothing else and so the root production
this.Root.Production = functionDeclaration.OnError(AdvanceToDefaultState).ZeroOrMore();
fails on any piece of code that doesn't contain only functions.
I've been trying unsuccessfully to figure exactly what to do to parse anything other than a single item, I tried to use | operators to specify multiple non-terminals in the hope of being able to parse them as well but the tree never goes very far.
What should I do in this case to be able to parse and generate an AST tree something like the following VBScript?
Private Const PAR_PH = " pH"
Public Parametri
Public verbose
Sub ShowMessage(msgText)
MsgBox msgText
Message = msgText
End Sub
Function Calcola()
Dim dblValue, strValue
'Other code here
Calcola = True
End Function
Is there an example grammar that could help me understand better what to do?
I would have expected to be able to look at a VB.NET grammar definition but I can't find anything of the sort around.
This is the production that I made until now, as it stands right now it fails on the very first line, I edited most of this from the SimpleLanguage example and even added some new terminals to the language definition.
functionDeclaration.CanMatchCallback = CanAlwaysMatch;
functionAccessExpression.CanMatchCallback = CanMatchFunctionAccessExpression;
accessModifierOpt.CanMatchCallback = CanAlwaysMatch;
this.Root.Production = functionDeclaration.OnError(AdvanceToDefaultState).ZeroOrMore();
nl.Production = @lineTerminator + nl.Optional();
constantDeclaration.Production = @accessModifier + @keyword["Const"] + @identifier + @operator["="] + expression + nl;
subDecl.Production = @keyword["Sub"] + @identifier + @openParenthesis +
functionParameterList.Optional() + @closeParenthesis + block +
@endSub + nl
accessModifierOpt.Production = @accessModifier.Optional();
functionDeclaration.Production = accessModifier.Optional() + @keyword["Function"] + @identifier + @openParenthesis +
functionParameterList.Optional() + @closeParenthesis + block + @endFunction + nl;
functionParameterList.Production = @identifier + (@punctuation + @identifier).ZeroOrMore();
statement.Production = block | emptyStatement | @operator;
block.Production = @nl + (statement.ZeroOrMore()) + @nl;
emptyStatement.Production = @documentEnd.ToTerm().ToProduction();
primaryExpression.Production = numberExpression
| functionAccessExpression
| simpleName
| parenthesizedExpression;
functionAccessExpression.Production = @identifier + @openParenthesis + functionArgumentList.Optional() +
@closeParenthesis;
numberExpression.Production = @integerNumber.ToTerm().ToProduction();
simpleName.Production = @identifier.ToTerm().ToProduction();
parenthesizedExpression.Production = @openParenthesis + expression + @closeParenthesis;
functionArgumentList.Production = expression + (@punctuation["."] + expression).ZeroOrMore();
multiplicativeExpression.Production = primaryExpression +
((@multiplication | @division) + multiplicativeExpression)
.Optional();
additiveExpression.Production = multiplicativeExpression +
((@addition | @subtraction) + additiveExpression).Optional();
equalityExpression.Production = additiveExpression +
((@operator["="] | @inequality) + equalityExpression).Optional();
expression.Production = equalityExpression.ToTerm().ToProduction();
assignmentStatement.Production = @keyword["Set"] + @identifier + @operator["="] + expression + nl;
variableDeclarationStatement.Production = @dim + @identifier + (@punctuation[","] + @identifier).ZeroOrMore() + nl;
statement.Production = block
| variableDeclarationStatement
| emptyStatement
| assignmentStatement
| constantDeclaration;
Comments (4)
Posted 7 years ago by Actipro Software Support - Cleveland, OH, USA
Avatar
Hi Jack,
We do have a robust full grammar for VB.NET but it's part of the .NET Languages Add-on, and you'd need to purchase its Blueprint source code to see it. But let me give you what we have at our root of it and hopefully that will help:
this.Root = compilationUnit;
compilationUnit.Production = compilationUnitContent.OnError(ErrorCompilationUnit).ZeroOrMore().SetLabel("c").OnComplete(ValidateCompilationUnitContentOrder) +
@documentEnd.OnErrorContinue()
> Ast<CompilationUnit>().AddToCollectionProperty(cu => cu.Members, AstChildrenFrom("c", 1));
// Not in spec, but added to support more robust error handling
// Nests each actual content item since AttributeStatement forces nesting
compilationUnitContent.Production = optionStatement.OnErrorContinue().OneOrMore().SetLabel("stmts") > AstFrom("stmts")
| importsStatements.OnErrorContinue().OneOrMore().SetLabel("stmts") > AstFrom("stmts")
| attributeStatement["attr"] > AstFrom("attr")
| namespaceMemberDeclaration.OnErrorContinue().OneOrMore().SetLabel("decls") > AstFrom("decls");
Our ErrorCompilationUnit method looks like:
private IParserErrorResult ErrorCompilationUnit(IParserState state) {
AdvanceToNonTerminals(state, null, null, false, "OptionStatement", "ImportsStatements", "AttributeStatement", "NamespaceDeclaration", "TypeDeclaration");
return ParserErrorResults.Continue;
}
The AdvanceToNonTerminals effectively skips ahead, iterating through tokens until one is found that can start one of the specified non-terminals.
Actipro Software Support
Posted 7 years ago by Jack Jackomel
Avatar
Thanks for the example, I think I almost got it but now I'm missing this AdvanceToNonTerminals function which seems to be all I might need to finally get started, could please you provide an example of that too?
Posted 7 years ago by Actipro Software Support - Cleveland, OH, USA
Avatar
Hi Jack,
The VB.NET version of that method is rather long and complex. But there is an example of Advance methods in the "Getting Started 4d" QuickStart.
Basically the gist is that you want to do something like in that sample's AdvanceToStatementOrBlockEnd. Where the 'if' statement is, you could do similar things to how we do the CanMatch call. As long as you retain your root non-terminals in fields like we do there, you can call CanMatch on each. That's the easiest way to do things.
Actipro Software Support
Posted 7 years ago by Jack Jackomel
Avatar
Thanks for the tip, sadly implementing the parser was taking too long so we're skipping text parsing for now.
I hope I can get the chance in the future to figure how to properly do it in the future
The latest build of this product (v21.1.1) was released 1 month ago, which was after the last post in this thread.
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раскидывать
Verb
* 1) to throw in different directions
* 2) to stretch out, to spread
* 3) to spread, to deal
* 4) (a tent, a campto ) to pitch, to set up
* 1) to spread, to deal
* 2) (a tent, a campto ) to pitch, to set up
* 1) (a tent, a campto ) to pitch, to set up
* 1) (a tent, a campto ) to pitch, to set up | WIKI |
Page:Federal Reporter, 1st Series, Volume 1.djvu/693
NOBTON ». AMEEICAN EING 00. 685 �aut could not consent to give plaintif 10 per cent, oom- mission on ail defendant's sales, because defendant al- Teady had a trade in that line of goods, but that defendant ■wouîd give plaintifif 7|- per cent, commission on ail the goods he should sell and ail the trade he should make for the de- fendant. Whether plaintiff replied by letter accepting the defendant's proposition is a fact in dispute, plaintiff claiming that he did reply, and the defendant that there was no reply. However the fact may bave been, the plaintiff immediately proceeded to obtain orders for defendant, and defendant fiUed them, shipping the goods to the purchasers, until in January, 1874, the parties agreed upon a reduction of plaintiff's com- mission to 5 per cent., to take effect from March 1, 1874. �The business relations of the parties continued until May, 1874, -when the defendant discontinued the arrangements with the plaintiff, upon the ground that plaintiff was selling goods of the same kind as the defendant's for oompetitors of the defendant. The evidence authorized the jury to find that there vras due, above payments from defendant to plaintiff, a some- •what larger sum than that found by the verdict. �The court ruled that the evidence established a contraet by which the plaintiff had the right to sell the defendant's goods for tvro years ; that there was no condition implied that he should sell exclusively the defendant's goods; that the ageement of the parties was valid withiu the statute of frauds, and that the plaintiff was entitled to recover commissions on ail sales made, and the trade he procured for the defend- ant during the two years, at the rate of 7^ per cent, up to March 1, 1874, and 5 per cent, thereafter. �What the contraet between the parties was is to be deter- mined by the letters which passed between them. The plain- tiff's letter was a proposition to sell defendant's goods at a commission of 10 per cent, upon defendant's total sales, pro- vided the arrangement could be made for two years. The defendant's reply was a counter proposition based upon the plaintiff's, and was an implied assent to the terms proposed by plaintiff, except so far as plaintiff's proposition was mod- ified. This modification related only to the amount of the ��� � | WIKI |
Antarctica plane flight goes missing on way from Chile
(CNN)A Chilean Air Force plane with 38 people aboard that went missing Monday night on its way to Antarctica is presumed to have crashed, said the Air Force on Tuesday. "The plane is presumed to have crashed, given that the amount of fuel and the plane's autonomy had already run out. Given that, it is already assumed that the plane has crashed," said Gen. Francisco Torres in a televised press conference. The C-130 Hercules aircraft had departed from the Chilean capital of Santiago and stopped briefly in Punta Arenas near the country's southern tip, the Chilean Air Force said in a statement. The four-engine aircraft then continued toward the country's Antarctic base before losing radio contact around 6 p.m. local time near the Drake Passage, the body of water between the tip of South America and Antarctica. Its last known position was about 390 nautical miles from Punta Arenas and 280 nautical miles from the Antarctic base, according to the Air Force. There were 17 crew members and 21 other passengers on board, who were on their way to perform "logistical support tasks" such as repairing the floating oil pipeline that provides fuel for the base, said the Air Force. In addition to crew members, the plane was also carrying personnel from the armed forces, an engineering firm, and the University of Magallanes. After the plane lost contact, the Air Force declared a state of alert and mobilized a search and rescue team, activating Air Force resources in Santiago and the Magallanes region in southern Chile. President Sebastian Pinera tweeted on Tuesday that he was conferring with security officials in Cerrillos to monitor the rescue operation. Search continues Air and maritime authorities are still searching for survivors in the area of the plane's last known location and informing the families of the passengers on board, the Air Force said. Argentina, Uruguay, and the United States have joined the search effort, according to a press release from the Chilean Air Force on Tuesday. Two US satellites are being used to capture images of the location where the plane went missing. Air Force General Eduardo Mosqueira told reporters Tuesday that the "intensified" search efforts will continue for six days, and possibly extend over 10 days. He added that the aircraft was in good condition at the time of takeoff -- as it began a routine monthly flight to Antarctica. The C-130 is considered a workhorse of modern militaries around the globe. The four-engine turboprop is used transport troops, equipment and cargo. The planes can carry up to 42,000 pounds of cargo or about 90 combat troops. The first C-130 Hercules entered into service in the US Air Force in the 1950s. However the more modern "H" and "J" model variants were introduced in the 1970s and 1990s, respectively. CNN's Joshua Berlinger, Gerardo Lemos, Flora Charner, Bethlehem Feleke, and Nilly Kohzad contributed to this report. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
2018-11-03 A few remarks about defining minor modes
Today’s post is extremely technical and niche, but I just wanted to share an interesting story I had a few days ago.
So I have this minor mode I defined, using the classical construction:
(defun cool-start ()
"Start the cool-mode.")
(defun cool-stop ()
"Stop the cool-mode.")
(define-minor-mode my-cool-minor-mode
"Toggle a mode for doing cool stuff."
:init-value nil
:lighter " 8-)"
(if my-cool-minor-mode
(cool-start)
(cool-stop)))
What I wanted to know is whether I could use the prefix argument to decide what to do when starting the mode. This seems a bit risky, since the prefix argument is already used to turn the mode on or off.
Actually, the documentation is a bit misleading on the treatment of the argument to my-cool-minor-mode command. Here an excerpt from what the Emacs manual says:
And here is a quote from the Elisp manual:
The toggle command takes one optional (prefix) argument. If called interactively with no argument it toggles the mode on or off. A positive prefix argument enables the mode, any other prefix argument disables it. From Lisp, an argument of ‘toggle’ toggles the mode, whereas an omitted or ‘nil’ argument enables the mode. This makes it easy to enable the minor mode in a major mode hook, for example. If DOC is ‘nil’, the macro supplies a default documentation string explaining the above.
As you can see, from the Elisp manual it is not entirely clear whether you can supply numeric arguments from your code (obviously, you can’t supply a 'toggle argument interactively).
It turns out that the define-minor-mode macro defines the function responsible for turning the mode on and off, and does it in a pretty complicated way.
First of all, the macro contains this snippet:
(interactive (list (or current-prefix-arg 'toggle)))
which means that no argument (when called interactively) is precisely equivalent to an argument of 'toggle.
One of the next things that follow is this trick:
(,@setter
(if (eq arg 'toggle)
(not ,getter)
;; A nil argument also means ON now.
(> (prefix-numeric-value arg) 0)))
Earlier, define-minor-mode sets setter to (setq <mode-name>) and getter to just <mode-name>. This is quite clever: getter is just the variable named after the mode, and setter is the beginning of the Elisp form setting that variable to some value. (In case you think this is too much abstraction, let me tell you that my account is a bit simplified: for global modes, for instance, both setter and getter are a bit different.)
As you can see from the trick above, my initial problem has an easy answer: yes, we can supply numerical arguments in Elisp code, in fact, supplying a negative argument is the only way to turn the mode off programmatically.
Knowing this, we may now tackle the initial question. Since any positive prefix argument means “turn the mode on”, can we use its actual value to do various stuff?
The answer is (of course) yes. We may do one of two things. First of all, our mode’s body may inspect current-prefix-arg. We also have another option, which is using arg. (This is what define-minor-mode macro calls the argument to the newly defined toggling function.) The latter is obviously much less clean (especially since it depends on an implementation detail that might be changed in another Emacs version), so let’s forget about it. (Actually, instead of using the arg symbol, it would probably be better to use something like Common Lisp’s gensym. Elisp does not have such a function. The cl package has cl-gensym, but understandably built-in features do not rely on cl.)
But this is not the end of the story. There are quite a few keyword arguments of define-minor-mode not mentioned in the docstring nor in the manual, and one of them is :extra-args. (Funny sidenote: this :extra-args keyword is only mentioned three times in the whole Emacs sources. One is the definition, which (according to git blame) is last touched by Stefan Monnier on 2012-06-10. The second one is in the use-hard-newlines minor mode, last touched by Stefan Monnier on 2001-10-30. The third one is commented out in global-font-lock-mode, with a commentary saying
What was this :extra-args thingy for? --Stef
last touched on 2009-09-13, by guess who.)
Here is how you can use it. The value after the :extra-args keyword should be an (unqouted) list which is just appended to the first argument of the function turning the mode on (i.e., the one which is the prefix argument when the mode command is called interactively). All these arguments (including the first one) are optional, and you can’t supply the :extra-args on an interactive call. You can, however, supply them from Elisp code. Here is an example.
(define-minor-mode my-cool-minor-mode
"Toggle a mode for doing cool stuff."
:init-value nil
:lighter " 8-)"
:extra-args (cool-arg-1 cool-arg-2)
(if my-cool-minor-mode
(progn
(cool-start)
(message "cool-arg-1: %s, cool-arg-2: %s" cool-arg-1 cool-arg-2))
(cool-stop)))
Try saying e.g. M-: (my-cool-minor-mode 1 "this") to see how cool-arg-1 becomes "this" and cool-arg-2 becomes nil.
The last interesting tidbit I have about define-minor-mode is the default message of My-Cool minor mode enabled in current buffer. I noticed that when I put the message function in the mode starting code, this message stopped appearing. To understand why, at first I grepped the Emacs sources for the words “enabled” (2774 hits) and “disabled” (1324 hits). Hmmm. Then, I recalled the debug-on-message variable, and it turned out that my grepping was useless anyway. Here’s the thing (simplified a bit):
(message
"Some-mode %sabled"
(if mode-variable "en" "dis"))
Well, that made me cringe (especially that I have to deal a bit with i18n of software), but I admit that it is sweet in a way.
What’s more interesting is that the “enabled/disabled” message is indeed turned off if the code responsible for initializing (or shutting down) the mode provides its own message. This is done with the help of the current-message function, which returns whatever is currently shown in the echo area.
All in all, I only touched the surface. It you head to the file easy-mmode.el where all this code resides, you will find quite a few niceties (like about a dozen lines of code of the function easy-mmode-pretty-mode-name devoted only to the task of converting the symbol for the mode to a human-friendly version, using the mode lighter to infer capitalization!). This is yet another example of Emacs developers paying immense attention to details, even if there are a few questionable practices along the way. ;-)
CategoryEnglish, CategoryBlog, CategoryEmacs | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
New Mongol Bayangol FC
New Mongol Bayangol Football Club is a football club based in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. They played in the Mongolian Premier League, the highest level of football in Mongolia, making their debut in the 2016 season.
History
Bayangol FC were founded in July 2013, when Paul Watson was contacted by Ulaanbaatar local Enkhjin Batsumber, asking if Watson would be interested in helping to start a new football team in the capital.
In the Summer of 2014, Coventry University student Jack Brazil was appointed as the club's manager.
In May 2016, Bayangol appointed British coach Shadab Iftikhar as their manager for their inaugural Premier League season.
In July 2016, Bayangol signed a MoU with League of Ireland side Limerick.
On 24 August 2016 it was announced the club's name was changed to New Mongol Bayangol FC to reflect a youth development partnership with the New Mongol Academy.
Squad
As of July 2016
Honours
* 1. Champions of the 2015 amateur league|
* 2. Bronze medal (3rd place) of the 2015 1st league (2nd division)|
* 3. Bronze medal (3rd place) of the 2015-2016 Futsal Cup|
Managers
''Information correct as of match played 10 September 2016. Only competitive matches are counted.'' P – Total of played matches W – Won matches D – Drawn matches L – Lost matches GS – Goal scored GA – Goals against %W – Percentage of matches won
* Notes:
Nationality is indicated by the corresponding FIFA country code(s).
Affiliated clubs
* 🇮🇪 Limerick (2016–present) | WIKI |
0
I try to set specific permission on list items. I found some examples but I'm working in Powershell and I get a strange error
The collection has not been initialized. It has not been requested or the request has not been executed. It may need to be explicitly requested.
Here's my code:
foreach($item in $collListItem)
{
$srcContext.Load($item)
$srcContext.ExecuteQuery()
$item.BreakRoleInheritance($false, $false);
$RoleDefBind = New-Object Microsoft.SharePoint.Client.RoleDefinitionBindingCollection($srcContext)
$PermissionLevel = $srcContext.Web.RoleDefinitions.GetByName("Lecture")
#userToAdd
$user = $srcWeb.SiteUsers.GetByLoginName("i:0#.w|domain\test");
$srcContext.Load($user)
$srcContext.ExecuteQuery()
$RoleDefBind.Add($PermissionLevel)
$Assignments = $item.RoleAssignments
$srcContext.Load($Assignments)
$srcContext.ExecuteQuery()
$item.Update()
$srcContext.ExecuteQuery()
$Assignments.Add($user,$RoleDefBind)
$srcContext.Load($Assignments)
$srcContext.ExecuteQuery()
}
The error is always on the line $Assignments.Add($user,$RoleDefBind)
I added a lot of Load and ExecuteQuery... I can debug and see that Assignments exists, same for user and RoleDefBind.
I really don't understand what's missing. Please help.
Thanks
1 Answer 1
1
In my opinion, this is a known issue in PS ClientRuntimeContext.Load method. Can you try the following?
foreach($item in $collListItem)
{
$srcContext.Load($item)
$srcContext.ExecuteQuery()
$item.BreakRoleInheritance($false, $false);
$RoleDefBind = New-Object Microsoft.SharePoint.Client.RoleDefinitionBindingCollection($srcContext)
$PermissionLevel = $srcContext.Web.RoleDefinitions.GetByName("Lecture")
#userToAdd
$user = $srcWeb.SiteUsers.GetByLoginName("i:0#.w|domain\test");
$srcContext.Load($user)
$srcContext.ExecuteQuery()
$RoleDefBind.Add($PermissionLevel)
$Assignments = $item.RoleAssignments
$srcContext.Load($Assignments)
$srcContext.ExecuteQuery()
$srcContext.Load($Assignments.Add($user,$RoleDefBind))
$item.Update()
$srcContext.ExecuteQuery()
}
You need to place the role assignments add within the context load method.
2
• Not an "issue" that is how it works... but this is the correct answer none the less.
– Bunzab
Feb 13, 2018 at 15:33
• Thank you! Yes the problem was that the Add should be inside the ctx.Load
– François
Feb 14, 2018 at 12:43
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Author Archives: Serenity Huang
Things You Should Know About Wireless Access Point
A wireless access point (WAP or AP) is a hardware device or configured node on a local area network (LAN) that allows wireless capable devices and wired networks to connect through a wireless standard, including Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. A wireless access point acts as a hub of traditional wired network, and a bridge connecting wired and wireless network. An access point connects to a wired router, switch, or hub via an Ethernet cable, and projects a Wi-Fi signal to a designated area. Wireless access points may be used to provide network connectivity in office or family environments, covering dozens of meters to hundreds of meters. Most APs use IEEE 802.11 standards.
wireless-routers-function
Types
Wireless access points can be divided into two types: Simplex AP and Extended AP.
A simplex AP functions as a wireless switch, only transmitting radio signal. When a simplex AP works, it transmits network signal through twisted-pair and converts electrical signal into radio signal after compiling, forming the coverage of Wi-Fi shared Internet access.
An extended AP, commonly known as a wireless router, is mainly applied to Internet access and wireless coverage. Through a wireless router, the share of Internet connection in home Wi-Fi sharing network, as well as wireless shared access of ADSL (Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Loop) and community broadband can be realized. From security, an access point is different from a wireless router, in that it does not have firewall functions, and will not protect your local network against threats from the Internet.
Difference Between Access Point and Wireless Router
From the appearance, they look almost the same and hard to tell, but they do have subtle differences. A simplex wireless AP usually has a wired RJ45 network port, a power interface, configuration port (USB port or configuration via WEB interface), and fewer indicator lights; while a wireless router has four more cable front-end ports. In addition to a WAN port for connecting higher-up network equipment, four LAN ports can be wired in internal network, and a router has more indicator lights than AP.
wifi-router-vs-access-point
Functions
AP plays the important role of relay, which amplifies the wireless signal between two wireless points, and enables remote clients to receive stronger wireless signal. For example, if an AP is put in place A, and there is a client in place C which is 120 meters away from place A, it can be seen that the signal from A to C has been weakened a lot. If an AP is put in place B (60 meters between A and C) as a relay, the signal of client in C will be effectively enhanced, and the transmission speed and stability can be ensured.
wireless-access-points-function
Another important function of AP is bridging, which is to connect two endpoints and achieve data transmission between two wireless AP. AP is also bridged to connect two wired LANs. For example, there is a wired LAN made up of 15 computers in place A, and wired LAN made up of 25 computers in place B, but the distance between A and B is very far, over 100 meters, and there is no possibility through wired connection, then how to connect the two LANs? AP is needed in both place a and place b to bridge them so that data transmission can be achieved.
The last function is “master-slave mode”, which can achieve one point to multipoint connection. “Master-slave mode” is widely used in connection between wireless LAN and wired LAN. For example, place A is a wired LAN made up of 20 computers, place B is a wireless LAN made up of 15 computers, and B has a wireless router. If A wants to be connected to B, an AP is needed in A. Initiate the “master-slave mode” and connect AP to the router in A, so that all the computers in A can connect to B.
Summary
Most businesses and homes today rely greatly on the wireless access point (WAP) for data transmission and communication. Wireless access point does make our life more convenient. These devices avoid a mess of wired Ethernet cables. Besides, a company, family or school often has to install wired cables through walls and ceilings, while wireless network needs no cables, which contributes great mobility to users. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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What did Stonewall Jackson do in the Mexican American War?
Eventually, Jackson found himself transferred to the Rio Grande as part of the First Regiment of Artillery, where he was put in charge of overseeing the transport of guns and mortars to various forts protecting Port Isobel.
Who replaced Stonewall Jackson after his death?
He lost his left arm, but it was thought that Jackson would recover. However, he died of complications eight days later. He was replaced by Lieutenant General Richard S. Ewell.
Why were so many soldiers required during the Civil War?
Union soldiers fought to preserve the Union; the common Confederate fought to defend his home. Later in the war, increasing numbers of Federal soldiers fought to abolish slavery, if for no other reason than to end the war quickly. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Korean/RWP/Lesson 3
Welcome back! This is the third lesson of "Learn to read, write and pronounce Korean". In the previous two lessons, you already learned a total of 8 letters.
In this lesson, you will learn 4 additional basic letters and many new Korean words. You will even use your knowledge to write some Korean words, rather than just reading them.
The vowel ㅗ (o)
The first new letter is the vowel ㅗ (o):
The vowel ㅗ (o) is pronounced like the ow in the American English pronunciation of row or the a in the Australian English pronunciation of ball (IPA: [o]). Since this vowel is much wider than it is tall (unlike the vowels you have learned so far), it would be difficult to fit it beside a consonant in a little square box. Instead, it is written below the initial consonant:
Even when ㅗ (o) is already below the consonant, it is still possible to add another consonant below to make the syllable end in a consonant:
Exercise
Try to read the following Korean words that contain the letter ㅗ (o). Click "▼" to check your answers, as usual.
Final ㅇ (ieung)
The consonant ㅇ (ieung) can appear at the end of a syllable. When ㅇ (ieung) comes at the beginning of a syllable, it is just a placeholder enabling the syllable to start with a vowel, but when it comes at the end of a syllable, it is pronounced like the ng in ring and is transliterated as ng.
Exercise
Practise reading these words now:
The consonant ㄷ (digeut)
Time to learn the consonant ㄷ (digeut):
The letter ㄷ (digeut) is pronounced similar to the t in stop or strain. It is not aspirated, so it does not sound like the t in try or today. Many English speakers liken it more to the d sound. It is transliterated as d or t.
Exercise
Practice reading by guessing the meaning of the following Korean words:
Check your answers by clicking "▼", as usual.
The consonant ㅅ (siot)
Meet ㅅ (siot):
The letter ㅅ (siot) is usually pronounced like the s in sand and is transliterated as s. When the following vowel is ㅣ (i), though, ㅅ sounds a little different because the body of the tongue is raised toward the palate to make the [i] sound. So, the syllable 소 (IPA: [so]) sounds like the English word "so", but the syllable 시 (IPA: [ɕi]) is somewhere between the English "see" and "she".
Exercise
Practise reading:
The vowel ᅳ (eu)
The last letter for this lesson is ᅳ (eu):
The vowel ᅳ (eu) looks just like an ordinary horizontal line. It is much wider than tall, so it is also written below the preceding consonant rather than next to it. Its pronunciation is a bit strange for English speakers, somewhat like the oo of boot but without rounding the lips. In words of foreign origin, it is often an in-between neutral vowel sound used to make consonant clusters more pronounceable for the Koreans. In such words (and otherwise when unstressed), it often is pronounced similar to the u of the Southern American English pronunciation of nut, and the guttural "e" sound in French.
Exercise
Words for practise:
Exercise: Writing practice
Since you now can read Korean words with these jamo, try some writing practice:
End of lesson 3
If you learned the letters in this lesson, you are ready to go on to lesson 4, where you will learn the rest of the simple letters and continue practising your writing skills. | WIKI |
External Iliac Vein
The external iliac vein is a component of our circulatory system in the pelvis. The external iliac vein is often imaged using tests like ultrasound and CT. This article will discuss its function, anatomy, imaging and common abnormalities.
What is the External Iliac Vein?
The external iliac vein is a major blood vessel located in the pelvic region. It is responsible for transporting deoxygenated blood from the lower limbs back to the heart. This vein is a continuation of the femoral vein and extends up the pelvis where it joins with the internal iliac vein to form the common iliac vein.
Location and Anatomy of the External Iliac Vein
The external iliac vein runs alongside the external iliac artery. Its journey begins at the inguinal ligament, continuing through the pelvis and merging with the internal iliac vein. This vein has several tributaries, including the inferior epigastric vein and the deep circumflex iliac vein, which play roles in draining blood from the abdominal wall and lower limbs.
Function of the External Iliac Vein
The primary function of the external iliac vein is to return deoxygenated blood from the lower extremities and parts of the pelvic region to the heart. By doing so, it plays an important role in maintaining proper blood circulation and ensuring that the body’s tissues receive adequate oxygen and nutrients.
Common Issues Affecting the External Iliac Vein
Like other veins in the body, the external iliac vein can be affected by various conditions. Some common issues include:
1. **Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT)**: A condition where a blood clot forms in the deep veins of the leg, which can sometimes extend into the external iliac vein. DVT can lead to swelling, pain, and potential complications if the clot dislodges and travels to the lungs.
2. **Compression Syndromes**: The external iliac vein can sometimes be compressed by surrounding structures.
3. **Varicose Veins**: Although more common in superficial veins, varicose veins can occasionally affect deeper veins, including the external iliac vein. This can lead to pain, swelling, and a feeling of heaviness in the legs.
Diagnosis and Treatment of External Iliac Vein Conditions
Diagnosing issues with the external iliac vein typically involves imaging techniques such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI. These tools help visualize the vein and identify any abnormalities or blockages.
1. Ultrasound
• Doppler Ultrasound: This type of ultrasound uses high-frequency sound waves to create images of blood flow through the veins. It can help detect blood clots, blockages, and the condition of the vein walls.
• Venous Duplex Ultrasound: Combines traditional ultrasound and Doppler technology to provide detailed images and assess the speed and direction of blood flow.
2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• MR Venography: This imaging technique uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of the veins. It is particularly useful for visualizing deep veins and identifying conditions like DVT or May-Thurner syndrome.
3. Computed Tomography (CT)
• CT Venography: Involves the use of X-rays and computer technology to create cross-sectional images of the veins. It can help detect blood clots, vein compression, and other abnormalities.
4. Contrast Venography
• This invasive procedure involves injecting a contrast dye into the veins, which makes them visible on X-rays. It provides detailed images of the venous system and can identify blockages or structural issues.
Treatment
Treatment for conditions affecting the external iliac vein varies depending on the specific issue. For instance:
– **Deep Vein Thrombosis**: Treatment may include anticoagulant medications to prevent clot formation, compression stockings to reduce swelling, and in severe cases, procedures to remove the clot.
– **Compression Syndromes**: Treatment might involve lifestyle changes, such as weight loss or physical therapy, and in severe cases, surgical interventions to relieve the compression.
– **Varicose Veins**: Treatment can include lifestyle changes, such as exercising and elevating the legs, and medical procedures like sclerotherapy or laser treatments to remove or close off the affected veins.
Conclusion
The external iliac vein is an important part of the circulatory system, playing a key role in returning deoxygenated blood from the lower body to the heart. Understanding its function, abnormalities and imaging allows effective diagnosis and treatment. By being aware of the symptoms and seeking timely medical attention, we can address any issues with the external iliac vein and ensure better long-term health outcomes.
Disclaimer: The content of this website is provided for general informational purposes only and is not intended as, nor should it be considered a substitute for, professional medical advice. Do not use the information on this website for diagnosing or treating any medical or health condition. If you have or suspect you have a medical problem, promptly contact your professional healthcare provider.
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In, conclusion the experiences of Equiano’s servitude in Africa differed from his experience in England. The African slave trade primarily was based upon providing jobs to families or punishment to real criminals. Many times the cruel example of being kidnapped from your village and forced into this way of life was also prevalent. This narrative contains the terrifying events of a young a child being held captive. The sources we have of the truth from this period of time are limited and hard to obtain. Servitude still exists to today in many parts of Africa and will remain a common part of their
Slavery in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries consisted of brutal and completely unjust treatment of African-Americans. Africans were pulled from their families and forced to work for cruel masters under horrendous conditions, oceans away from their homes. While it cannot be denied that slavery everywhere was horrible, the conditions varied greatly and some slaves lived a much more tolerable life than others. Examples of these life styles are vividly depicted in the personal narratives of Olaudah Equiano and Mary Prince. The diversity of slave treatment and conditions was dependent on many different factors that affected a slave’s future. Mary Prince and Olaudah Equiano both faced similar challenges, but their conditions and life styles
The notion of slavery, as unpleasant as it is, must nonetheless be examined to understand the hardships that were caused in the lives of enslaved African-Americans. Without a doubt, conditions that the slaves lived under could be easily described as intolerable and inhumane. As painful as the slave's treatment by the masters was, it proved to be more unbearable for the women who were enslaved. Why did the women suffer a grimmer fate as slaves? The answer lies in the readings, Harriet Jacob's Incidents in the life of a Slave Girl and Olaudah Equiano's Interesting Narrative which both imply that sexual abuse, jealous mistresses', and loss of children caused the female slaves to endure a more dreadful and hard life in captivity.
Equiano begins his autobiography with his experiences of slavery at a young age in his village and on the middle passage. For example, in chapter 1 Equiano reveals that his village also had slaves, who became as such by being a prisoner of war, as a punishment for adultery, or being kidnapped. There was no systematic slavery and the slaves from this village were treated as human beings rather than as property. Equiano claims their treatment of slaves was not nearly as terrible compared to the slavery of the New World. Based on this insight, Africans were not new to the idea of slavery, but were shocked at how horribly different they were treated. Despite this insight, there is a limitation because Equiano wrote his autobiography as an older man, meaning that his childhood memories were not easily recollected. In addition, in chapter 2 Equiano was kidnapped and made his way to the coast and aboard a slave ship. Equiano felt astonished and scared in the new situation he was in with the strange men. Below the decks, he saw the dejection and sorrow on the faces of other slaves. However, the slaves tried their best ...
“As I stare through the floor of an unknown vessel into an everlasting sea of clouds I ponder on what I had did to be in this situation or would I ever reunite with my family or will the gentleman beside me make it through the night.” The realization that slavery caused many families, lives, and individuals to be destroyed is gruesome. Through the memoir of Olaudah Equiano, the first-person accounts of the treatment of enslaved and free Africans is revealed, which helps him in the battle against African enslavement.
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Kupperman, Karen O. (2000). Olaudah Equiano Recalls His Enslavement, 1750s. Major Problems in American Colonial History (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Houghton Mifflin, 292.
I will begin with a comparison of the two books, “Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave” and “Harriett Ann Jacobs, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl” with their title pages. Douglass’s title is announcing that his entire “life” as an “American Slave” will be examined. While, Jacobs’s title offers a contrast and proclaims that this will not be the story of her full life, but a selection of “incidents” that occurred at specific times in her life. Jacobs refers to herself in the title as a “slave girl,” and not an “American slave,”. It is the voice of a woman telling the story of having survived a horrifying childhood and identifies herself as a slave mother. Douglass’ and Jacobs’ works symbolize the pressure between
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In a very powerful portion of this writing, Equiano speaks directly to his audience in an attempt to open their eyes to slavery and the pain it causes. He uses pathos appeals to make them understand the pain and suffering brought on by the destruction of families and separation of countrymen. Every rhetorical question he asks makes a powerful statement which he summarizes to the point that, “Surely this is a new refinement in cruelty, which, while it has no advantage to atone for it, thus aggravates distress, and adds fresh horrors even to the wretchedness of slavery” (Equiano 96). He forces his audience to question their own motives for slavery and calls to attention that there is no logic in tearing families apart for one’s personal
Equiano has a firsthand account on the effects of slavery and the necessity of freedom. While describing a childhood that was ended quickly by being snatched and placed into slavery, his story is a reflection of one within many stories that are no doubt similar in fashion. The most memorable, and possibly disturbing narration involves his experiences within the slave ship.
Equiano’s fortune landed him in the hands of a wealthy widow who purchased him from the traders who had kidnapped him. He lived the life as a companion to the widow and her son. Luck was on his side in this transaction, many slave owners frowned upon educating and assisting slaves. “Masters” typically feared an educated slave would take measures to make a change. He explains, though, how he held status above other slave under the widow’s ownership, “There were likewise slaves daily to attend us, while my young master and I,...
The book The Classic Slave Narratives is a collection of narratives that includes the historical enslavement experiences in the lives of the former slaves Harriet Jacobs, Frederick Douglass, and Olaudah Equiano. They all find ways to advocate for themselves to protect them from some of the horrors of slavery, such as sexual abuse, verbal abuse, imprisonment, beatings, torturing, killings and the nonexistence of civil rights as Americans or rights as human beings. Also, their keen wit and intelligence leads them to their freedom from slavery, and their fight for freedom and justice for all oppressed people.
In comparison to other slaves that are discussed over time, Olaudah Equiano truly does lead an ‘interesting’ life. While his time as a slave was very poor there are certainly other slaves that he mentions that received far more damaging treatment than he did. In turn this inspires him to fight for the abolishment of slavery. By pointing out both negative and positive events that occurred, the treatment he received from all of his masters, the impact that religion had on his life and how abolishing slavery could benefit the future of everyone as a whole; Equiano develops a compelling argument that does help aid the battle against slavery. For Olaudah Equiano’s life journey expressed an array of cruelties that came with living the life of an | FINEWEB-EDU |
Acupuncture on Chronic Cough
Mr Gwee had a history of chronic cough for over 6 months. There were throat irritations, hoarse voice, and dry sputum. The extent of coughing had been worrying to his children. He had been seen and treated by doctors and TCM practitioners for several years with no results and Chest X-ray showed no active infected nodes.
On his first visit, he had uncontrollable cough, which had caused alarm to other patients. From the Auricular finding, the energy levels at 89/54 with Lungs 87. Therefore, points taken on him were mainly regional- such as on the Chest and the Lungs – and Large Intestine channel, included ECIWO Lungs, E-system Neiguan, Tiantu, Zhongwan, Zhusanli and Feishu.
His cough had been under control after 3 sittings of treatments. I had prescribed some pills that helped him to lubricate the throat and tonics for the lungs. However, he had been coming back on a regular basis to keep up his health. His daughter would bring him in on all his appointments.
Acupuncture on Chronic Sinusitis of 6 years
Suffered from Chronic Sinusitis for 6 years and had a history of Asthma. Easily affected by weather, air pollution and sensitivity. Points selected from ECIWO Head and Shangxing Baihui, Yingxiang, Zusanli, Neiting. His wife noticed the difference that night he went home and he had managed to sleep very well.
Other points included Neiguan, Yintang, Waiguan, Baihui, Dazhui and Fengchi. Additional points applied on him including, Feishu and ECIWO Lungs of the 2nd metacarpal bone. It took him 11 sittings altogether.
Because he was recovered from acupuncture treatments, he introduced a fellow colleague who had suffered from Severe Rhinitis and Tinnitus to treatment with Acupuncture too, in hope that he was able to benefit from this ancient form of medicine. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Find Out How To Treat Calcaneal Spur
Posterior Calcaneal Spur
Overview
Heel spurs are a common reason for people to visit their podiatrist serving Scottsdale. These small calcium deposits can cause major pain, but treatments are available to relieve your symptoms. Heel spurs grow along the plantar fascia and create a sensation similar to that of a pebble being stuck in your shoe. Your podiatrist will use a physical exam plus X-rays to determine if a heel spur is the cause of your foot pain before beginning treatment. If you do have a heel spur, your podiatrist may recommend a cortisone injection to ease inflammation. Other techniques, such as stretching the calf muscles, treating the heel with ice, and wearing a custom orthotic may also provide relief from the discomfort of a heel spur.
Causes
One frequent cause of heel spurs is an abnormal motion and mal-alignment of the foot called pronation. For the foot to function properly, a certain degree of pronation is required. This motion is defined as an inward action of the foot, with dropping of the inside arch as one plants the heel and advances the weight distribution to the toes during walking. When foot pronation becomes extreme from the foot turning in and dropping beyond the normal limit, a condition known as excessive pronation creates a mechanical problem in the foot. In some cases the sole or bottom of the foot flattens and becomes unstable because of this excess pronation, especially during critical times of walking and athletic activities. The portion of the plantar fascia attached into the heel bone or calcaneous begins to stretch and pull away from the heel bone.
Calcaneal Spur
Symptoms
Heel spurs are most noticeable in the morning when stepping out of bed. It can be described as sharp isolated pain directly below the heel. If left untreated heel spurs can grow and become problematic long-term.
Diagnosis
Your doctor, when diagnosing and treating this condition will need an x-ray and sometimes a gait analysis to ascertain the exact cause of this condition. If you have pain in the bottom of your foot and you do not have diabetes or a vascular problem, some of the over-the-counter anti-inflammatory products such as Advil or Ibuprofin are helpful in eradicating the pain. Pain creams, such as Neuro-eze, BioFreeze & Boswella Cream can help to relieve pain and help increase circulation.
Non Surgical Treatment
A conventional treatment for a heel spur is a steroid injection. This treatment, however, isn?t always effective because of the many structures in the heel, making it a difficult place for an injection. If this treatment goes wrong, it can make the original symptoms even worse. Another interesting means of treatment is Cryoultrasound, an innovative electromedical device that utilizes the combination of two therapeutic techniques: cryotherapy and ultrasound therapy. Treatments with Cryoultrasound accelerate the healing process by interrupting the cycle and pain and spasms. This form of therapy increases blood circulation and cell metabolism; it stimulates toxin elimination and is supposed to speed up recovery.
Surgical Treatment
Most studies indicate that 95% of those afflicted with heel spurs are able to relieve their heel pain with nonsurgical treatments. If you are one of the few people whose symptoms don?t improve with other treatments, your doctor may recommend plantar fascia release surgery. Plantar fascia release involves cutting part of the plantar fascia ligament in order to release the tension and relieve the inflammation of the ligament. Sometimes the bone spur is also removed, if there is a large spur (remember that the bone spur is rarely a cause of pain. Overall, the success rate of surgical release is 70 to 90 percent in patients with heel spurs. One should always be sure to understand all the risks associated with any surgery they are considering.
Prevention
Heel spurs and plantar fasciitis can only be prevented by treating any underlying associated inflammatory disease.
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PayPal and Wix Advance Strategic Relationship to Deliver Unified Payments Experience for Merchants
Wix & PayPal
PayPal integrates with Wix Payments, providing a consolidated view for merchants to streamline payment management, enhance conversions and meet growing demand for flexible payment options
NEW YORK – Wix.com Ltd. (NASDAQ: WIX), the leading SaaS website builder platform globally1, today announced an expansion of its partnership with PayPal Holdings Inc. (NASDAQ: PYPL), bringing additional online payment options to merchants through Wix Payments. Now available as a built-in part of Wix Payments, this provides U.S.-based merchants a unified, seamless experience that simplifies backend operations and ultimately supports higher checkout conversion.
With this deeper integration, PayPal is now available directly in the Wix Payments platform. Merchants can connect their PayPal Business account and manage all transactions from a single dashboard alongside their Wix Payments activity. This setup consolidates reporting, chargebacks, and payouts, helping merchants streamline day-to-day operations and deliver more flexible payment options to customers. Merchants also gain access to PayPal’s broader suite of features, including PayPal Pay Later (BNPL) and Venmo, offering customers more flexible and convenient ways to pay.
Funds from PayPal wallet purchases flow directly into merchants’ Wix Payments accounts, simplifying reconciliation and improving visibility over cash flow. This seamless integration gives merchants greater operational efficiency and control, while offering consumers more flexible ways to pay. In addition, as part of this integration, PayPal will also serve as a Payment Service Provider (PSP), powering card processing capabilities within Wix Payments – further streamlining the merchant experience across channels.
“We’re always looking for ways to create more seamless experiences for our users and provide them with the best way to accept payments and manage funds online, in person, and on the go,” said Amit Sagiv and Volodymyr Tsukur, Co-Heads of Wix Payments. “By bringing PayPal under the Wix Payments umbrella, we gain significantly more control over the user experience and how PayPal’s products are delivered to our merchants. This deeper integration allows us to improve conversion, offer more value, and drive stronger profitability, while giving our users a faster, more unified checkout flow.”
“At PayPal, we share Wix’s commitment to helping businesses grow by giving them faster, more flexible access to the capital they need,” said Michelle Gill, Executive Vice President and General Manager, Small Business & Financial Services, PayPal. “By embedding PayPal’s most popular payment methods—like PayPal Wallet and PayPal Pay Later—directly into the Wix Payments experience, we’re not just enhancing checkout. We’re enabling merchants to get paid quickly, manage everything in one place, and unlock new ways to serve their customers and scale their business.”
Wix Payments offers small businesses a more streamlined way to manage payments through its platform. Users can handle transactions online, in person, or on the go using a range of secure payment options, designed to accommodate different customer preferences at checkout. With a full suite of options, merchants can adjust preferences to improve conversion rates and simplify day-to-day operations, and manage everything from a single dashboard, making it easier to track and report payments. Learn more about Wix Payments here.
This solution is available to U.S.-based Wix Payments users with plans to make this feature available in more regions over time.
About Wix.com Ltd. Wix is the leading SaaS website builder platform1 to create, manage and grow a digital presence. Founded in 2006, Wix is a comprehensive platform providing users - self-creators, agencies, enterprises, and more - with industry-leading performance, security, AI capabilities and a reliable infrastructure. Offering a wide range of commerce and business solutions, advanced SEO and marketing tools, the platform enables users to take full ownership of their brand, their data and their relationships with their customers. With a focus on continuous innovation and delivery of new features and products, users can seamlessly build a powerful and high-end digital presence for themselves or their clients.
About PayPal PayPal has been revolutionizing commerce globally for more than 25 years. Creating innovative experiences that make moving money, selling, and shopping simple, personalized, and secure, PayPal empowers consumers and businesses in approximately 200 markets to join and thrive in the global economy. For more information, visit https://www.paypal.com, https://about.pypl.com/ and https://investor.pypl.com/.
For more about Wix, please visit our Press Room Media Relations Contact: PR@wix.com PayPal PR Contact: louikelly@paypal.com
1 Based on number of active live sites as reported by competitors' figures, independent third-party data and internal data as of H2 2025.
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Wix & PayPal | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
How does menopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) affect the risk of dementia?
Updated: Sep 24, 2019
• Author: Nicole K Banks, MD; Chief Editor: Richard Scott Lucidi, MD, FACOG more...
• Print
Answer
Answer
Increasing age is the most important risk factor for dementia, and most of the risk is attributed to Alzheimer disease, cerebrovascular disease, or a combination of both. The decrease in the supply of neuronal growth factors with age appears to mediate neural pathology. Estrogen is believed to be one such growth factor. It enhances cholinergic neurotransmission and prevents oxidative cell damage, neuronal atrophy, and glucocorticoid-induced neuronal damage.
In theory, HT in postmenopausal women should prevent and help treat dementia and related disorders. However, various studies have failed to provide a consensus on this aspect. This lack is largely because of issues of selection bias, as well as extreme heterogeneity in study participants, treatments, and cognitive function tests applied, and doses of HT.
Early studies showed that estrogens may delay or reduce the risk of Alzheimer disease, but it may not improve established disease. [21]
Contrasting new findings from a memory substudy of the WHI showed that older women taking combination hormone therapy had twice the rate of dementia, including Alzheimer disease, compared with women who did not. The research, part of the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) revealed a heightened risk of dementia in women aged 65 years or older who took combination HT. This risk increased in women who already had relatively low cognitive function at the start of treatment. [22]
Authors of the Cache County Study were the first to propose the window-of-opportunity theory. [23] The risk of Alzheimer disease varied with duration of drug use. Previous use of HT was associated with a decreased risk. However, no benefit was apparent unless current HT was used for longer than 10 years.
At present, no definite evidence supports the use of HT to prevent or improve cognitive deterioration.
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Talk:Adolph Friedländer
Bio or company article
This article (like its German original) is first a bio of the company founder, and then an article about the company. In my opinion, it would be much cleaner to split this into two separate articles. Both the founder and the company are certainly notable by themselves. Schwede 66 18:59, 16 December 2011 (UTC) | WIKI |
The Edwards–Sokal Coupling for the Potts Higher Lattice Gauge Theory on Z^d
Date
2023-08-25
Authors
Shklarov, Yakov
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
The Edwards–Sokal coupling of the standard Potts model with the FK–Potts (random-cluster) bond percolation model can be generalized to arbitrary-dimension cells. In particular, the Potts lattice gauge theory on Z^d has a graphical representation as a plaquette percolation measure. We systematically develop these previously-known results, using the frameworks of cubical (simplicial) homology and discrete Fourier analysis. We show that, in the finite-volume setting, the Wilson loop expectation of a higher cycle γ is equal to the probability that γ is a homological boundary in the higher FK–Potts model. We also prove the strong FKG property of the higher FK–Potts model. These results culminate in a simple proof for the existence of infinite-volume limits in the higher Potts model and, in certain cases, of their invariance under translations and other symmetries. Additionally, we thoroughly examine the behavior of boundary conditions as they relate to the Edwards–Sokal coupling, for the purpose of understanding the higher Potts Gibbs states. In particular, we discuss spatial Markov properties and conditioning in the higher FK–Potts model, and generalize to more general boundary conditions the FKG property, the aforementioned identity for Wilson loop expectations, and a result about monotonicity in the coupling strength parameter. Also, we prove a theorem regarding the sharpness of thresholds of increasing symmetric events for the higher FK–Potts model with periodic boundary conditions. In the final section, we describe some matrix-based sampling algorithms. Lastly, we prove a new characterization of the ground states of the random-cluster model, motivated by the problem of understanding the ground states in the higher FK–Potts model.
Description
Keywords
statistical physics, gauge theory, probability
Citation | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wong Nai Chung Gap
Wong Nai Chung Gap is a geographic gap in the middle of Hong Kong Island in Hong Kong. The gap is between Mount Nicholson and Jardine's Lookout behind Wong Nai Chung (Happy Valley). Five roads meet at the gap: Wong Nai Chung Gap Road, Tai Tam Reservoir Road, Repulse Bay Road, Deep Water Bay Road and Black's Link. It is a strategic passage between the north and south of the island, though less so today since the opening of the Aberdeen Tunnel.
History
In the 1930s, the British army began installing defence structures at the gap as a strategically important location, being the primary passage between the North and South of Hong Kong Island. Defensive structures included bunkers along Wong Nai Chung Gap Road, along with fortifications on Jardine's Lookout, near the end of Sir Cecil's Ride.
Battle of Hong Kong
The Battle of Wong Nai Chung Gap was the largest sustainment of casualties in a single day, on both sides, in the whole conflict. Its subsequent capture by the Japanese effectively led to the downfall of Hong Kong Island, splitting the forces there in two (Separating East/West Brigades). At the time of this Battle, the Wong Nai Chung Gap area included defenders of the Middlesex Regiment, The Winnipeg Grenadiers and the HKVDC. Canadian Army Brigadier John K. Lawson was present at the HQ and involved in the Battle.
On 18 December, the Japanese had landed around present-day Taikoo Shing (then Taikoo Dockyard) and had made advances into the North Point area. They moved up towards Wong Nai Chung Gap from Braemar Hill through the primary use of Sir Cecil's Ride, but also through Wan Chai and Happy Valley. Primary engagements occurred around the area of Jardine's Catch-water, where there were two pillboxes manned mainly by Middlesex Machine Gunners (JLO1/2). Royal Scots on Mount Nicholson also became engaged in fighting the Japanese advance units on the adjacent Jardine's Lookout, but also those coming up Happy Valley/Wan Chai area.
The superior Japanese force soon closed in on the West Brigade HQ, before the staff and other units could be evacuated. The conflict ensued for a long period, with defenders holding out and inflicting heavy casualties through the use of heavy machine gun fire. The defenders were surrounded and pinned down, with few units able to get through to relieve them. The defense finally deteriorated after nearly every defender was either killed or wounded. Even Brigadier Lawson made a call to Fortress HQ, saying he was going outside to ‘fight it out’ and was killed in action. Few stragglers managed to escape and the remainder of the soldiers (almost all wounded) were taken prisoner.
The Japanese held the position against a number of counterattacks, and were able to effectively split the Commonwealth forces in Hong Kong Island. This was key factor that led to the downfall of the colony on 25 December Surrender. | WIKI |
Is insectageddon imminent? - Plague without locusts
“BE AFRAID. BE very afraid,” says a character in “The Fly”, a horror film about a man who turns into an enormous insect. It captures the unease and disgust people often feel for the kingdom of cockroaches, Zika-carrying mosquitoes and creepy-crawlies of all kinds. However, ecologists increasingly see the insect world as something to be frightened for, not frightened of. In the past two years scores of scientific studies have suggested that trillions of murmuring, droning, susurrating honeybees, butterflies, caddisflies, damselflies and beetles are dying off. “If all mankind were to disappear”, wrote E.O. Wilson, the doyen of entomologists, “the world would regenerate…If insects were to vanish the environment would collapse into chaos.” We report on these studies in this week’s Science section. Most describe declines of 50% and more over decades in different measures of insect health. The immediate reaction is consternation. Because insects enable plants to reproduce, through pollination, and are food for other animals, a collapse in their numbers would be catastrophic. “The insect apocalypse is here,” trumpeted the New York Times last year. Upgrade your inbox and get our Daily Dispatch and Editor's Picks. But a second look leads to a different assessment. Rather than causing a panic, the studies should act as a timely warning and a reason to take precautions. That is because the worst fears are unproven. Only a handful of databases record the abundance of insects over a long time—and not enough to judge long-term population trends accurately. There are no studies at all of wild insect numbers in most of the world, including China, India, the Middle East, Australia and most of South America, South-East Asia and Africa. Reliable data are too scarce to declare a global emergency. Moreover, where the evidence does show a collapse—in Europe and America—agricultural and rural ecosystems are holding up. Although insect-eating birds are disappearing from European farmlands, plants still grow, attract pollinators and reproduce. Farm yields remain high. As some insect species die out, others seem to be moving into the niches they have left, keeping ecosystems going, albeit with less biodiversity than before. It is hard to argue that insect decline is yet wreaking significant economic damage. But there are complications. Agricultural productivity is not the only measure of environmental health. Animals have value, independent of any direct economic contribution they may make. People rely on healthy ecosystems for everything from nutrient cycling to the local weather, and the more species make up an ecosystem the more stable it is likely to be. The extinction of a few insect species among so many might not make a big difference. The loss of hundreds of thousands would. And the scale of the observed decline raises doubts about how long ecosystems can remain resilient. An experiment in which researchers gradually plucked out insect pollinators from fields found that plant diversity held up well until about 90% of insects had been removed. Then it collapsed. In Krefeld, in western Germany, the mass of aerial insects declined by more than 75% between 1989 and 2016. As one character in a novel by Ernest Hemingway says, bankruptcy came in two ways: “gradually, then suddenly”. Given the paucity of data, it is impossible to know how close Europe and America are to an ecosystem collapse. But it would be reckless to find out by actually triggering one. Insects can be protected in two broad ways, dubbed sharing and sparing. Sharing means nudging farmers and consumers to adopt more organic habits, which do less damage to wildlife. That might have local benefits, but organic yields are often lower than intensive ones. With the world’s population rising, more land would go under the plough, reducing insect diversity further. So sparing is needed, too. This means going hell for leather with every high-yield technique you can think of, including insecticide-reducing genetically modified organisms, and then setting some land aside for wildlife. Insects are indicators of ecosystem health. Their decline is a warning to pay attention to it—before it really is too late. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Transplant hair
Seems transplant hair unexpectedness!
transplant hair excellent idea
Using the Abstract Factory Pattern transplant hair allow me to select which windowing system haur. Windows, Mac, Flash) I want to use haig and from then on should be able to write code that references the interfaces but is always using the appropriate concrete classes (all from the one windowing system) under the covers. Suppose we want to write a game rtansplant. We might note that many games have very similar features and transplant hair. Other ways would be chinese journal of physics valid examples of this pattern.
For example, we may have asked the user which game they wanted to transplant hair radical prostatectomy determined Restasis (Cyclosporine)- FDA game transplant hair an environment setting.
There are two typical flavours of the pattern: the delegation flavour and the inheritance flavour. To get around this problem, we transplant hair create an adapter to make it appear to have the correct interface. No need trwnsplant change the original class and no need for an adapter class. The Bouncer Pattern describes usage of transplant hair method whose sole purpose is to either throw an exception (when particular conditions hold) or do nothing.
Such methods are often used to defensively guard pre-conditions of a method. When writing utility methods, you should always guard against faulty input johnson space. When writing internal methods, you may be able to ensure that certain pre-conditions always hold by having sufficient ttransplant tests in place.
Under such circumstances, you may reduce the desirability to have guards on your methods. Groovy differs from other languages in that you frequently use the assert method within your methods rather than having a large number transplant hair utility checker methods or classes. A set of transplant hair that implement the interface yair organised in a list (or in rare cases a tree).
Objects using the interface make requests from the first implementor object. It will decide whether to perform any action itself and whether to pass the request further down the line in the list (or tree). Sometimes a default implementation for some request is also coded into the pattern if none of the implementors respond to the request.
In this example, the script sends requests to the lister object. The transplant hair points to a UnixLister object. Lister, to statically type the implementations but because of duck-typing this is optionalwe could use a chain tree instead of a list, e. The pattern is often used with hierarchies of objects.
Typically, transplamt or more methods should be callable in the same way for either translpant or composite nodes within the increlex. In such a case, composite nodes typically haiir the same named method for each of their children nodes.
Consider this usage transplant hair the composite pattern where we want to call toString() on transplant hair Leaf or Composite objects. In Java, the Component class is essential as tranxplant provides the type used for both leaf and composite nodes. A decorated object should be able to be substituted wherever the original (non-decorated) object was expected. Decoration typically does not involve modifying the source code of the original object and transplant hair should be transplnat to be combined in flexible ways to produce objects with several embellishments.
If we did that, the Logger class would start to be very complex. Also, everyone would obtain all of features even when they might not want a small subset of the features. Finally, feature interaction would become quite difficult to control.
To overcome these drawbacks, transplant hair instead define two decorator classes. Uses of the Logger class are free to transplant hair their base tansplant with zero or more decorator classes in whatever order they desire.
Further...
Comments:
22.02.2019 in 01:03 Дорофей:
Мне кажется это отличная идея. Полностью с Вами соглашусь.
25.02.2019 in 12:04 Диана:
Спасибо за инфу! Интересно!
27.02.2019 in 16:23 Лукерья:
Не пойму в чём дело, но у меня тока 2 картинки загрузилось. ((( А ваще понравились! :)
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft
Publica
Hier finden Sie wissenschaftliche Publikationen aus den Fraunhofer-Instituten.
Application of carbon nanotubes as conductive filler of epoxy adhesives in microsystems
Anwendung von Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen als leitende Füllstoffe für Epoxidkleber in Mikrosystemen
: Heimann, M.; Rieske, R.; Wirts-Rütters, M.; Telychkina, O.; Böhme, B.; Wolter, K.-J.
Hoffmann, M. ; VDE/VDI-Gesellschaft Mikroelektronik, Mikro- und Feinwerktechnik -GMM-:
Mikro-Nano-Integration. CD-ROM : Beiträge des 1. GMM-Workshops, 12. - 13. März 2009 in Seeheim
Berlin: VDE-Verlag, 2009 (GMM-Fachbericht 60)
ISBN: 978-3-8007-3155-8
6 pp.
Workshop Mikro-Nano-Integration <1, 2009, Seeheim>
English
Conference Paper
Fraunhofer IFAM ()
Abstract
The fast growing development of the microelectronic industry permanently pushes the development and the improvement of the existing electronics packaging technologies, and also the development of new materials for electronics packaging. A lot of commonplace joint materials like solders can not meet the requirements for the future electronic applications, which tend to the miniaturization of electronic devices, high pin count up to 5000 I/Os per device, pitches down to 20 microns, higher current density per devices and higher thermal dissipation loss. The research of the new technologies and materials of the nanotechnology is needed to solve these problems. The aim of this project is to investigate the properties of conductive epoxy composites filled with carbon nanotubes (CNT) in order to improve the electrical, mechanical and thermal performances. Carbon nanotubes have excellent mechanical, thermal and electrical properties and the application of CNT as conductive fillers in epoxy adhesives promises high performance conductive adhesives for some conditions. To characterize the properties of carbon nanotube 1 epoxy composites in this study, we investigated adhesives with the modification of CNT under variation of the epoxy matrix and adhesives obtained with different dispersion technologies (ultrasonic bath, speed mixer, calender, ultrasonic finger). The influence of these parameters on viscosity, mechanical strength, thermal and electrical conductivity was studied and respective values were measured. Because the carbon nanotubes caused a significant increase in the viscosity of the adhesive, a low viscosity polymer matrix (smaller than 100 mPas) was chosen. Multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were chosen for the experiments because these are available in favorable quantities and at reasonable prices. In order to enhance the dispersion properties, the MWNTs were also treated chemically via ozone/UV and low pressure plasma. The bonding to the polymer matrix was also improved. XPS and TEM images were analyzed to explore the successes of the study. Investigations of the dispersion technology showed the advantage of ultrasonic finger in achieving well dispersed CNT. The plasma treatment proved to be efficient for modification of the CNT due to appropriate amounts of hydroxyl groups. In this study we expected to develop electrical conductive adhesives filled with CNT for electronics packaging. The results show that CNTs significantly improve the performance of conducting adhesives for microsystems.
: http://publica.fraunhofer.de/documents/N-113048.html | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Search for probability and statistics terms on Statlect
StatLect
Variance inflation factor
by , PhD
In regression analysis, the variance inflation factor (VIF) is a measure of the degree of multicollinearity of one regressor with the other regressors.
Table of Contents
Multicollinearity
Multicollinearity arises when a regressor is very similar to a linear combination of other regressors.
Multicollinearity has the effect of markedly increasing the variance of regression coefficient estimates. Therefore, we usually try to avoid it as much as possible.
To detect and measure multicollinearity, we use the so-called variance inflation factors.
The variance inflation factor is used to detect multicollinearity, a problem which inflates the variance of regression coefficient estimates.
The linear regression
Consider the linear regression[eq1]where:
Matrix form
The linear regression can be written in matrix form as:[eq4]where:
The OLS estimator
If the design matrix X has full rank, then we can compute the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator of the vector of regression coefficients $eta $ as follows:[eq5]
The variance of the coefficients
Under certain assumptions (see, e.g., the lecture on the Gauss-Markov theorem), the covariance matrix of the OLS estimator is[eq6]
Therefore, the variance of the OLS estimator of a single coefficient is[eq7]where [eq8] is the k-th entry on the main diagonal of [eq9].
A convenient expression for the variance
If the k-th regressor has zero mean, we can write the variance of its estimated coefficient as[eq10]where $R_{k}^{2}$ is the R squared obtained by regressing the k-th regressor on all the other regressors.
Proof
Without loss of generality, suppose that $k=1$ (otherwise, change the order of the regressors). We can write the design matrix X as a block matrix:[eq11]where $X_{ullet ,1}$ is the first column of X and the block $X_{ullet ,-1}$ contains all the other columns. Then, we have[eq12]We use Schur complements, and in particular the formula[eq13]to write the first entry of the inverse of $X^{ op }X$ as:[eq14]As proved in the lecture on partitioned regressions, the matrix [eq15] is idempotent and symmetric; moreover, when it is post-multiplied by $X_{ullet ,1}$, it gives as a result the residuals of a regression of $X_{ullet ,1}$ on $X_{ullet ,-1}$. The vector of these residuals is denoted by[eq16]Therefore, [eq17]If $X_{ullet ,1}$ has zero mean, the R squared of the regression of $X_{ullet ,1}$ on $X_{ullet ,-1}$ is [eq18]Note that this formula for the R squared is correct only if $X_{ullet ,1}$ has zero mean. Then, we can write[eq19]Therefore,[eq20]and[eq21]
If the k-th regressor is orthogonal to all the other regressors, we can write the variance of its estimated coefficient as[eq22]
Proof
As in the previous proof, we assume without loss of generality that $k=1$. In that proof, we have demonstrated that[eq23]If $X_{ullet ,1}$ is orthogonal to all the columns in $X_{ullet ,-1}$, then[eq24]Therefore, [eq25]
The VIF
Thus, the variance of [eq26] is the product of two terms:
1. the variance that [eq26] would have if the k-th regressor were orthogonal to all the other regressors;
2. the term [eq28], where $R_{k}$ is the R squared in a regression of the k-th regressor on all the other regressors.
The second term is called the variance inflation factor because it inflates the variance of [eq26] with respect to the base case of orthogonality.
Actual variance equals hypothetical variance times VIF.
Assumption
In order to derive the VIF, we have made the important assumption that the $k $-th regressor has zero mean.
If this assumption is not met, then it is incorrect to compute the VIF as [eq30]because the latter is no longer a factor in the formula that relates the actual variance of [eq26] to its hypothetical variance under the assumption of orthogonality.
Demeaned regression
One way to make sure that the zero-mean assumption is met is to run a demeaned regression: before computing the OLS coefficient estimates, we demean all the variables.
As explained in the lecture on partitioned regression, demeaning does not change the coefficient estimates, provided that the regression includes a constant.
Note that a demeaned regression is a special case of a standardized regression. Therefore, we can run a standardized regression before computing variance inflation factors.
Be careful: the VIF provides useful indications only if some assumptions are met.
Orthogonality and zero correlation
We have explained above that the VIF provides a comparison between the actual variance of a coefficient estimator and its hypothetical variance (under the assumption of orthogonality).
By definition, the k-th regressor is orthogonal to all the other regressors if and only if[eq32]for all $j
eq k$.
If the k-th regressor has zero mean, then the orthogonality condition is equivalent to saying that the k-th regressor is uncorrelated with all the other regressors.
Proof
Denote the sample means of $X_{ullet ,k}$ and $X_{ullet ,j}$ by $widehat{mu }_{k}$ and $widehat{mu }_{j}$. We assume that [eq33]. Then, the sample covariance between $X_{ullet ,k}$ and $X_{ullet ,j}$ is [eq34]Therefore, $X_{ullet ,k}$ and $X_{ullet ,j}$ are uncorrelated.
This is why, if the k-th regressor has zero mean, the VIF provides a comparison between:
How to actually compute the VIF
We usually compute the VIF for all the regressors. If there are many regressors and the sample size is large, computing the VIF as[eq35]can be quite burdensome because we need to run many large regressions (one for each k) in order to compute K different R squareds.
A better alternative is to use the equivalent formula[eq36]which can be easily derived from the formulae given above.
Proof
We have proved that[eq37]which implies that[eq38]
When we use the latter formula, we compute [eq39] only once. Then, we use its K diagonal entries to compute the K VIFs.
The numbers [eq40] in the denominator are easy to calculate because each of them is the reciprocal of the inner product of a vector with itself.
The formula for the VIF reported by most sources is hard to use in practice. There is a better formula that is much less expensive from a computational viewpoint.
Recipe for computation
Here is the final recipe for computing the variance inflation factors:
1. Make sure that your regression includes a constant (otherwise this recipe cannot be used).
2. Demean all the variables and drop the constant.
3. Compute [eq39].
4. For each k compute [eq42].
5. The VIF for the k-th regressor is[eq43]
How to interpret the VIF
The VIF is equal to 1 if the regressor is uncorrelated with the other regressors, and greater than 1 in case of non-zero correlation.
The greater the VIF, the higher the degree of multicollinearity.
In the limit, when multicollinearity is perfect (i.e., the regressor is equal to a linear combination of other regressors), the VIF tends to infinity.
There is no precise rule for deciding when a VIF is too high (O'Brien 2007), but values above 10 are often considered a strong hint that trying to reduce the multicollinearity of the regression might be worthwhile.
What to do when the VIF is high and other details
In the lecture on Multicollinearity, we discuss in more detail the interpretation of the variance inflation factor, and we explain how to deal with multicollinearity.
References
O'Brien, R. (2007) A Caution Regarding Rules of Thumb for Variance Inflation Factors, Quality & Quantity, 41, 673-690.
Keep reading the glossary
Previous entry: Variance formula
How to cite
Please cite as:
Taboga, Marco (2021). "Variance inflation factor", Lectures on probability theory and mathematical statistics. Kindle Direct Publishing. Online appendix. https://www.statlect.com/glossary/variance-inflation-factor.
The books
Most of the learning materials found on this website are now available in a traditional textbook format. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Mega Kid MK-1000
The Mega Kid MK-1000 is a Nintendo Entertainment System hardware clone with a built-in Famicom BASIC compatible keyboard, marketed as an "educational computer".
The system comes with two black PlayStation look-alike controllers and a black NES Zapper clone resembling a submachine gun. All are connected with 9-pin DB connectors, as found on most Famiclones.
It has a composite video output and a mono audio output, as well as a rather crude RF modulator antenna output, unfiltered (the output appears on several TV channels) and unshielded from interferences.
In its box is contained a Famicom cartridge containing several NES applications that work with the keyboard, such as crude word processors, keyboard exercises, mathematical games, G-BASIC and a handful of first generation NES games such as F-1 Race, Track & Field and "Jewel Tetris".
This cartridge also contains an additional 64 K static RAM chip, mainly for use with the provided G-BASIC, a dialect of the BASIC programming language designed for the NES. However, no CMOS backup memory is provided, so any typed-in program or text will be lost upon rebooting or switching the power off.
It works with standard Famicom cartridges, as well as US NES cartridges with the use of an adaptor. | WIKI |
Page:Foggerty.djvu/23
Rh "I think," said Freddy, "I should like to have another look at the cargo." For he began to wonder what it consisted of.
"Whelps! " shouted the mate to the boatswain, who was serving out grog to five-and-twenty skulking-looking ruffians, "the cap'en wants another look at the cargo. Take the cap'en into the hold."
"Ay, ay," cried the boatswain. He handed the pannikin to his mate, and went down the main hatch. Freddy followed him. On the main deck he lighted a lantern, and then descended a second "companion," and so reached the lower deck. He then raised a bolted and barred trap-door, and prepared to descend a third ladder. At this point Freddy perceived that the atmosphere in the neighbourhood of the cargo had a distinct and recognisable flavour of its own.
He descended the third ladder. The boatswain held up the lantern, and Freddy formed his first impression of the cargo, and his first impression was that it was cocoa-nuts. But a closer inspection showed that each cocoa-nut had two white glaring eyeballs, and he then formed his second (and right) impression, which was "niggers." As his eyes became accustomed to the darkness he saw that the hold contained from forty to fifty black people, of both sexes, huddled together in a dreadfully uncomfortable manner.
They were chained two and two, the chain of communication running through a staple in the deck. It flashed upon Freddy that he must be the captain of a slaver, at that moment hotly pursued by one of Her Britannic Majesty's ships of war. | WIKI |
[NTLK] [ANN] mbedTLS 2.16.6 for NewtonOS
Sylvain Pilet sylvain at pilet.net
Mon Jun 15 18:35:48 EDT 2020
Yes Paul, I know NPDS runs on Einstein but only inside Einstein which, for a server is not very useful :-)
But if mdebTLS could bring https support to NPDS, would it be as resource consuming as checking mails? Because NPDS natively supports several simultaneous connections, 8 is a reasonable maximum, even if I've never seen more than 3 people (or robots) at the same time on my Newton NPDS.
Just for my culture, how would https work if the Newton/NPDS would have to run mbedTLS on each connection or is it possible that a key would be generated that it would serve each time?
Sylvain Pilet
http://message-pad.net
http://messagepad.no-ip.org:3680 [NPDS Tracker]
> I meant you cannot easily run NPDS in Einstein and access it from the outside. It could be doable with the tun/tap driver but then requires a specific network setup.
> It would be much easier if Einstein allowed port tunneling as many emulators do.
>
> Paul
More information about the NewtonTalk mailing list | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Plotting data stream received by a serial port using WPF
Nov 24, 2012 at 1:49 PM
Hello Objo,
I would like to continue the discussion: http://oxyplot.codeplex.com/discussions/401597. The idea remains the same - plotting data received by serial port but this time using WPF. My program connects successfully to the serial port and receives temperature data. The data is ready to use in private void LineReceived.
How can I plot the data point by point (sample number vs. temperature data) so that old points remain on the plot when a new point is added? How can I use MainViewModel.cs? Could you provide a code example?
MainWindow.xaml.cs
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Data;
using System.Windows.Documents;
using System.Windows.Input;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Imaging;
using System.Windows.Navigation;
using System.Windows.Shapes;
using OxyPlot.Wpf;
using System.IO.Ports;
using System.Threading;
using System.Windows.Threading;
namespace WpfAreaOxyPlot
{
/// <summary>
/// Interaction logic for MainWindow.xaml
/// http://oxyplot.codeplex.com/SourceControl/changeset/view/52946448ea08#Source%2fExamples%2fWPF%2fWpfExamples%2fExamples%2fAreaDemo%2fMainViewModel.cs
/// </summary>
public partial class MainWindow : Window
{
SerialPort serialPort1 = new SerialPort();
string recieved_data;
public MainWindow()
{
InitializeComponent();
var vm = new MainViewModel();
DataContext = vm;
}
private void button1Connect_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
label1Temperature.Content = "Connecting to COM3 @ 9600 baud rate";
serialPort1.PortName = "COM3";
serialPort1.BaudRate = 9600;
serialPort1.DtrEnable = true;
serialPort1.Open();
serialPort1.DataReceived += new System.IO.Ports.SerialDataReceivedEventHandler(Recieve);
if (serialPort1.IsOpen)
{
button1.IsEnabled = false;
button2.IsEnabled = true;
}
label1Temperature.Content = "Connected";
}
private delegate void UpdateUiTextDelegate(string text);
private void Recieve(object sender, System.IO.Ports.SerialDataReceivedEventArgs e)
{
recieved_data = serialPort1.ReadLine();
Dispatcher.Invoke(DispatcherPriority.Send, new UpdateUiTextDelegate(LineReceived), recieved_data);
}
private void LineReceived(string line)
{
try
{
label1Temperature.Content = line;
}
catch (Exception ex)
{
MessageBox.Show(ex.ToString());
}
}
private void button2Disconnect_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
{
if (serialPort1.IsOpen)
{
serialPort1.Close();
button1.IsEnabled = true;
button2.IsEnabled = false;
}
}
private void Window_Closing(object sender, System.ComponentModel.CancelEventArgs e)
{
if (serialPort1.IsOpen)
{
serialPort1.Close();
}
}
}
}
MainWindow.xaml
<Window x:Class="WpfAreaOxyPlot.MainWindow"
xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
xmlns:oxy="clr-namespace:OxyPlot.Wpf;assembly=OxyPlot.Wpf"
Title="AreaDemo" mc:Ignorable="d" xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008" xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006" Height="500" Width="1000" Closing="Window_Closing">
<Grid>
<oxy:Plot x:Name="plot1" Title="Texas Instruments TMP102 Temperature Sensor" Height="461" Width="783" VerticalAlignment="Top" HorizontalAlignment="Right">
<oxy:Plot.Axes>
<oxy:LinearAxis Title="Sample number" Position="Bottom" Minimum="0" Maximum="100" />
<oxy:LinearAxis Title="Temperature [°C]" Position="Left" Minimum="0" Maximum="100" FontSize="12" TicklineColor="#FF190000" TickStyle="Crossing" />
</oxy:Plot.Axes>
</oxy:Plot>
<Button Content="Connect to sensor" Height="23" Name="button1" Width="116" HorizontalAlignment="Left" VerticalAlignment="Top" Margin="10" Click="button1Connect_Click" IsEnabled="True"/>
<Label Content="Temperature" Height="28" Name="label1Temperature" HorizontalAlignment="Left" VerticalAlignment="Top" Margin="10,130,0,0" Width="73" />
<Button Content="Disconnect" Height="23" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="12,61,0,0" Name="button2" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="114" Click="button2Disconnect_Click" IsEnabled="False"/>
</Grid>
</Window>
Coordinator
Dec 3, 2012 at 7:56 AM
Add a ScatterSeries or LineSeries and bind it to a collection of your points. Set the DataFieldX/DataFieldY to the properties you want to plot. Update the plot control when the data has changed (OxyPlot is currently not subscribing to collection change notifications). | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Scented isles and coral gardens- Torres Straits, German New Guinea and the Dutch East Indies, by C.D. Mackellar, 1912.pdf/323
Rh some day when there is an earthquake they will be left high and dry to be picked up on afternoon walks. This Sultan was imprisoned and his son committed suicide.
I am not sure whether it was in Lombok or another isle that, after a revolution, the Sultan, when defeated, agreed to surrender to the Dutch troops. On the appointed day a great procession left the palace with the Sultan, and when the latter arrived before the Dutch General he, the Sultan, gave a signal, and instantly he and every single member of the blood Royal drew his or her Kris and killed themselves!
A deed for the songs of poets—the pity of it!
Lombok is 55 miles long by 45 broad. The Peak of Lombok, or Gunong Ringani, is 12,375 feet high, and nearly extinct. It has never been ascended. A lake of some size lies at the height of gooo feet. Coffee is much cultivated, and there are many cattle and horses. The Rajah has a good palace, and it is all very beautiful. The population is about 540,000. Not many Europeans are resident in it. Landing is difficult as there is always a very heavy surf and swell.
Straits 1o miles wide separate Lombok and Sumbawa, which is larger than Jamaica, but it is not well known. Tambora, go40 feet, is the highest peak; it is said to have been 13,000 feet high before the bad eruption of 1815. The present crater has a diameter of 7 miles. At this eruption great whirlwinds carried away men, cattle, and everything else, but where they were carried to I do not know, and I should have liked to have viewed the scene from a safe distance. The sea was covered with fine ashes to a depth of 2 feet, and ships could scarcely get through it. It rose 12 feet. No one can call: these places dull to live in; you may have excitement at any | WIKI |
Your best friend for file transfer.
Fetch application logoFetch
Mirroring doesn't handle time zones (4 posts)
This is an archived topic. The information in it is likely to be out-of-date and no longer applicable to current versions of Fetch.
• Started 16 years ago by dand
• Latest reply 16 years ago from Jim Matthews
• dand Member
When mirroring from a local folder to a remote server directory, Fetch compares dates on the remote files (eastern US time in my case) with modification dates of local files using presumably the local time (Japan time). Therefore, if I upload a file within 14 hours of editing it locally, then whenever I do a mirror of that directory that file gets uploaded even if it hasn't been edited.
I read somewhere that the MDTM command is supposed to take care of time zones, so if Fetch uses the GMT modification date instead of the local time for local files then this problem should be fixed... maybe?
Here's the transcript. The file in question, test.txt, shows as having modification date Jan. 6, 2003, 0:16PM in the Mac OS X 10.2.3 Finder (this is in Japan time). (I've cut some parts out.)
***Transcript***
Fetch 4.0.3 System 0x1023 Serial FETCHED001-****-**** TR
Connecting to pubbawup.net port 21 (1/6/03 0:10:58 PM)
220 ProFTPD 1.2.6 Server (ProFTPD) [server.wwwroot3.net]
ADAT
500 ADAT not understood.
USER dand@pubbawup.net
331 Password required for dand@pubbawup.net.
PASS
230 User dand@pubbawup.net logged in.
SYST
215 UNIX Type: L8
PWD
257 "/" is current directory.
MACB ENABLE
500 MACB not understood.
......snip......
PWD
257 "/mirror_test" is current directory.
PORT 192,168,0,4,189,6
200 PORT command successful
LIST -al
150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for file list
drwxr-xr-x 2 pubbawup pubbawup 4096 Jan 5 22:17 .
drwxr-xr-x 15 pubbawup pubbawup 4096 Jan 5 22:17 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 pubbawup pubbawup 18 Jan 5 22:17 test.txt
226 Transfer complete.
MDTM test.txt
213 20030105221702
PORT 192,168,0,4,157,151
200 PORT command successful
STOR test.txt
150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for test.txt
226 Transfer complete.
Upload complete at 1/6/03 0:18:20 PM
CWD /mirror_test
250 CWD command successful.
PWD
257 "/mirror_test" is current directory.
PORT 192,168,0,4,57,207
200 PORT command successful
LIST -al
150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for file list
drwxr-xr-x 2 pubbawup pubbawup 4096 Jan 5 22:17 .
drwxr-xr-x 15 pubbawup pubbawup 4096 Jan 5 22:17 ..
-rw-r--r-- 1 pubbawup pubbawup 18 Jan 5 22:18 test.txt
226 Transfer complete.
PWD
257 "/mirror_test" is current directory.
Posted 16 years ago #
• Jim Matthews Administrator
You're right, the MDTM response is supposed to be in GMT, and that should eliminate time zone problems in mirroring.
In this case the server's response to the MDTM command is that the file was last modified 20030105221702, or January 5, 2003, 10:17 PM GMT. Japan is 9 hours ahead of GMT, so that translates to January 6, 2003, 7:17 AM local time in Japan. So Fetch saw the copy of the file on your hard disk, with a local modification time of 12:16 PM, and it looked newer than the copy on the server.
It looks like the server is using its local time (EST, 5 hours behind GMT and 14 hours behind Japan) in response to the MDTM command. That accounts for the 5 hour difference between the two modification times, and for the fact that the times in the file list (which are usually in local time) match the MDTM response. So either the server thinks its in GMT, or MDTM was implemented incorrectly. I would suggest contacting the server administrator about this.
Thanks,
Jim Matthews
Fetch Softworks
Posted 16 years ago #
• dand Member
Ah I see. Thanks for the quick response. I'll check with the server admin. So Fetch actually uses the GMT modification date on local files, correct? Good job :)
Daniel
Posted 16 years ago #
• Jim Matthews Administrator
Yes, Fetch uses the GMT modification date on local files, if it has a GMT modification date from the server. If GMT information is unavailable Fetch puts in a 23-hour fudge factor to account for the maximum possible difference between two time zones.
Thanks,
Jim Matthews
Fetch Softworks
Posted 16 years ago #
Topic closed
This topic has been closed. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Running Native Executables
Viash lets you turn your component into a native executable.
Native components are a good way to get started with Viash and are ideal to test out your components before using the more sophisticated platforms like Docker and Nextflow.
Running native executables
Running a native component
Use the viash run command to run a native component directly:
viash run -p native config.vsh.yaml -- --input "Hello!"
Building and running a native executable
To build an executable, use the viash build command:
viash build config.vsh.yaml -p native
You can then simply run the generated executable:
output/my_executable --input "Hello!"
Migrating from native to Docker
Once you’re content with your native executable, you might want to take it a step further and use it with a Docker backend instead. This has a few strong advantages over running native components:
• Executables with a Docker backend are portable. All they require are an install of Docker on the target system, nothing more.
• Dependencies are automatically resolved by Viash if you provide some information in the config file.
• You can use specific versions of software packages without having to worry about conflicts with a target system’s setup.
Let’s say you have a bash script that uses curl to download some data, process it using and then post it to a web server. When you create a native component for this script, everything will work fine as long as you have curl installed locally on your machine.
In order to get everything working with a Docker backend, you need to follow a few simple steps:
If you’re only using the native platform, the platforms section of your your config file will probably look like this:
platforms:
- type: native
Start off by adding the docker platform and a suitable image to the platforms dictionary. In this case, since you’re using a bash script, you might want to use the official bash image. Replace your existing platforms section with the following:
platforms:
- type: native
- type: docker
image: bash:latest
At this point you can build and execute the component with a Docker backend already! Viash will do all the rest. However, if you have any dependencies outside of bash, your script will fail to execute correctly inside of the container.
To remedy this, Viash allows you to provide the dependencies inside of the config file and they will automatically be resolved at runtime. To add curl as a dependency, expand your platforms definition like so:
platforms:
- type: native
- type: docker
image: bash:latest
setup:
- type: apk
packages: [ curl ]
In this case, curl is available via the Alpine Package Keeper (APK for short). There are many more ways of adding dependencies for every language Viash supports and more are being added periodically.
Now build your component using this command:
viash build config.vsh.yaml -p docker
Finally, run the built executable with:
output/name_of_your_component
That’s it! In just a few steps you’ve made your script ready to be used on any system that has Docker installed. That includes linux, macOS and Windows via WSL2. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
profiler
paddle.fluid.profiler. profiler ( state, sorted_key=None, profile_path='/tmp/profile', tracer_option='Default' ) [source]
The profiler interface. Different from fluid.profiler.cuda_profiler, this profiler can be used to profile both CPU and GPU program.
Parameters
• state (str) – The profiling state, which should be one of ‘CPU’, ‘GPU’ or ‘All’. ‘CPU’ means only profiling CPU; ‘GPU’ means profiling both CPU and GPU; ‘All’ means profiling both CPU and GPU, and generates timeline as well.
• sorted_key (str, optional) – The order of profiling results, which should be one of None, ‘calls’, ‘total’, ‘max’, ‘min’ or ‘ave’. Default is None, means the profiling results will be printed in the order of first end time of events. The calls means sorting by the number of calls. The total means sorting by the total execution time. The max means sorting by the maximum execution time. The min means sorting by the minimum execution time. The ave means sorting by the average execution time.
• profile_path (str, optional) – If state == ‘All’, it will generate timeline, and write it into profile_path. The default profile_path is /tmp/profile.
• tracer_option (str, optional) – tracer_option can be one of [‘Default’, ‘OpDetail’, ‘AllOpDetail’], it can control the profile level and print the different level profile result. Default option print the different Op type profiling result and the OpDetail option print the detail profiling result of different op types such as compute and data transform, AllOpDetail option print the detail profiling result of different op name same as OpDetail.
Raises
ValueError – If state is not in [‘CPU’, ‘GPU’, ‘All’]. If sorted_key is not in [‘calls’, ‘total’, ‘max’, ‘min’, ‘ave’].
Examples
import paddle.fluid as fluid
import paddle.fluid.profiler as profiler
import numpy as np
epoc = 8
dshape = [4, 3, 28, 28]
data = fluid.data(name='data', shape=[None, 3, 28, 28], dtype='float32')
conv = fluid.layers.conv2d(data, 20, 3, stride=[1, 1], padding=[1, 1])
place = fluid.CPUPlace()
exe = fluid.Executor(place)
exe.run(fluid.default_startup_program())
with profiler.profiler('CPU', 'total', '/tmp/profile', 'Default') as prof:
for i in range(epoc):
input = np.random.random(dshape).astype('float32')
exe.run(fluid.default_main_program(), feed={'data': input})
Examples Results:
#### Examples Results ####
#### 1) sorted_key = 'total', 'calls', 'max', 'min', 'ave' ####
# The only difference in 5 sorted_key results is the following sentence:
# "Sorted by number of xxx in descending order in the same thread."
# The reason is that in this example, above 5 columns are already sorted.
-------------------------> Profiling Report <-------------------------
Place: CPU
Time unit: ms
Sorted by total time in descending order in the same thread
#Sorted by number of calls in descending order in the same thread
#Sorted by number of max in descending order in the same thread
#Sorted by number of min in descending order in the same thread
#Sorted by number of avg in descending order in the same thread
Event Calls Total Min. Max. Ave. Ratio.
thread0::conv2d 8 129.406 0.304303 127.076 16.1758 0.983319
thread0::elementwise_add 8 2.11865 0.193486 0.525592 0.264832 0.016099
thread0::feed 8 0.076649 0.006834 0.024616 0.00958112 0.000582432
#### 2) sorted_key = None ####
# Since the profiling results are printed in the order of first end time of Ops,
# the printed order is feed->conv2d->elementwise_add
-------------------------> Profiling Report <-------------------------
Place: CPU
Time unit: ms
Sorted by event first end time in descending order in the same thread
Event Calls Total Min. Max. Ave. Ratio.
thread0::feed 8 0.077419 0.006608 0.023349 0.00967738 0.00775934
thread0::conv2d 8 7.93456 0.291385 5.63342 0.99182 0.795243
thread0::elementwise_add 8 1.96555 0.191884 0.518004 0.245693 0.196998 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Golders Green
Errr
I'm not sure if this is relevent, but there is a surprisingly large number of bakeries on the road. "Jewish Bakeries", no less. And they look damn nice too. Also, the road practicly closes down come sun-down on a Friday, which is bloody annoying. There is more Hebrew than Yiddish, which is the oppposite to how it is in Jewish areas of Tottenham, Paris and Dublin. --<IP_ADDRESS> 12:32, 21 Mar 2005 (UTC)
there are many kosher restaurants along golders green road, apart from bakeries. these restaurants include, Solly's, Diezengoff (israeli food), La fiesta (steak house), Met Su Yan, Kosher Fried Chicken, Bloom's (traditional kosher,) Slice (pizza), Milk and honey (cafe), more kosher resaturants can be found in Hendon on Brent Street, e.g. Orli (cafe/resaurant), White house,Isola Bella, Lemonade, Mama's. other restaurants in Hendon include chinese- Kaifeng. and Tempe Fortune in Golders Green has Marcus's chinese, and the Dan cafe. please note that all these restaurants close early on Friday, and open on Saturday after sunset.
- It'd be useful to say where the chanukia was. www.danon.co.uk
Pleasant, affluent, sought-after district
Added a {fact} tag to this sentence. Mainly this is in good humour at the way pretty much all articles on local areas seem to exhibit the Lake Wobegon effect, but also because if this is true and stated by a reputable source, then to include that source (eg, "According to the Times, Golders Green is") would only benefit the article. Leushenko (talk) 00:19, 26 February 2008 (UTC)
Appearances in popular culture
All the examples in the "Appearances in popular culture" section seem to mention the Golders Green only in passing. I personally don't like these sections and am minded to remove the whole thing. Does anybody have any views on this? Grim23 ★ 06:12, 30 November 2009 (UTC)
* Eve Harris' book is about her experiences teaching here. Would that make a difference? Review:
http://www.timesofisrael.com/the-book-bringing-ultra-orthodox-jews-to-the-masses/ <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:51, 28 October 2013 (UTC)
Crematorium
From the sample list (under Community Facilities section) of those cremated at Golders Green Crematorium I have deleted Stanley Baldwin because of disputability; he is claimed to have been cremated here in Find A Grave, but his sketch in the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography states he was cremated in Birmingham.Cloptonson (talk) 05:54, 17 October 2014 (UTC)
Religious sites
There is a lot of decent information in this section, but it seems to rattle it all off with no elucidation, structure or regard to notability. I have split it into more readable paragraphs. There is scope to expand the more interesting sites, but perhaps also scope either to condense the less notable into a list, or divide the section into sub-sections for each religion/denomination. AnotherNewAccount (talk) 05:05, 7 March 2015 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 2 external links on Golders Green. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120426204703/http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/helena-bonham-carter.html to http://www.thebiographychannel.co.uk/biographies/helena-bonham-carter.html
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External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 2 external links on Golders Green. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
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* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120210222421/http://www.barnet.gov.uk/schools-primary.htm?search=true to http://www.barnet.gov.uk/schools-primary.htm?search=true&postcode=NW11
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 15:41, 6 December 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
Pierre Nogaret de La Valette
Pierre Nogaret de La Valette (1497–1553), Seigneur de Valette, was born in Toulouse, the son of Bernard Nogaret de La Valette and his wife Anne Bretolene Rouergue (1480–1530).
Pierre built the present castle Caumont on his return from the Italian wars in which he fought for Francis I.
Pierre was a military man who fought in the Italian Wars. With his wife, Marguerite de L'Isle de St. Aignan (1499–1535), he had four children: Bernard de La Valette, Seigneur de Coppadel (1521-?), Gabrielle (1523–1548), Pierre (1525–1545), and Jean de Nogaret de La Valette (1527–1575). | WIKI |
One of the first steps in treatment for alcohol addiction is detox. Rehab is secondary until detox is complete because a person needs to be fully present and aware in order to participate in the therapeutic process. Detox looks and behaves differently for each individual but generally follows a timeline of duration and length. Review what to expect during detox and learn why supervised detox can be critical to a person’s success long term.
Duration and Length
The length of time it takes to detox from alcohol varies for each person with no way to predict the exact duration and length. Most cases of acute detox end within a week but detox from alcohol can last from a few hours to several months. A few factors which influence detox duration and length include:
• Individual tolerance to alcohol
• Level of dependency
• Length of time individual has been dependent on alcohol
Withdrawal symptoms will vary also person to person with a few factors to keep in mind. Initial symptoms are relatively mild for most people. Anxiety, insomnia and tremors are among some of the symptoms a person can expect to begin within 3 to 6 hours following cessation of drinking.
Timeline
The following timeline outlines what a person can expect during detox from alcohol. A person is highly recommended to see out a professional facility prior to onset of detox.
Day 1-2: Symptoms of early alcohol withdrawal range in severity from mild tremors to convulsions. Initial symptoms may include headache, tremor, sweating, agitation, anxiety, irritability, nausea, vomiting, sensitivity to light and sound, difficulty concentrating and may include hallucinations in more serious cases. Some severe cases of alcohol withdrawal can become life-threatening with the risk of serious complications requiring round-the-clock monitoring of blood pressure and vital signs. The risk of possible seizures peaks around 24 hours.
Days 3-4: Within two to four days after the last drink, delirium tremens (DTs) may occur. Most people do not experience DTs however mortality rates are approximately 15%. It is extremely important to detox in a facility equipped to handle serious issues as they arise. Physiological symptoms create the most risk including a hyper-excited central nervous system and shifts in circulation and breathing to dangerous levels. Dehydration may also occur which is life-threatening.
Detox
A person who desires to make it all the way through alcohol withdrawal will experience a variety of symptoms unique to the person’s situation, physiology and experience with alcohol previous to detox. Medical attention should be available to support a person experiencing severe withdrawal. The timing and duration will depend on each person but the reality is it can be quite dangerous for anybody as there is no way to know how a person’s mind and body will react during detox. Having a medical facility with trained professionals oversee the process ensures an individual’s safety and health in the present and down the road to recovery.
Alcohol detox can have serious side effects. Don’t go it alone, call professionals who understand the process and can help guide you to the right facility for you. Treatment Now provides resources for individuals and families. Call today for more information. 844-438-8689
× | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Death to Flying Things
Death to Flying Things is the nickname of three major league baseball players
* Jack Chapman, a player from 1874–1875.
* Bob Ferguson, a player in the 1860s and 1870s.
* Franklin Gutiérrez, a player from 2005 to 2017. | WIKI |
Glaucoma
Glaucoma services offered in The Loop, Chicago, IL
Glaucoma develops if pressure builds up in your eye and may lead to blindness if left untreated. Michigan Avenue Primary Care in The Loop of downtown Chicago, Illinois, is a multispecialty practice providing the highest quality ophthalmology care to patients with glaucoma. It also offers screening exams to detect glaucoma in its earliest stages. To arrange your glaucoma exam, call Michigan Avenue Primary Care or schedule a consultation online today.
What is glaucoma?
Glaucoma affects the optic nerves at the back of your eyes. These nerves transmit information from your eye to your brain to provide you with sight.
Glaucoma damages the optic nerve fibers. As a result, fluid builds up in your eyes, creating pressure and leading to blind spots and vision loss. There are several types, including open-angle and closed-angle glaucoma.
Open-angle glaucoma
Open-angle is the most common glaucoma, affecting up to 90% of patients. It happens when the eye’s drainage canals develop resistance. Fluid can’t drain properly, causing pressure to build-up, eventually leading to glaucoma.
Closed-angle glaucoma
Closed-angle glaucoma is a much rarer acute form where the angle between your cornea and iris is too narrow. This could occur if your pupil dilates too quickly, blocking the eye drainage canals.
What symptoms does glaucoma cause?
During its early stages, glaucoma may not cause symptoms. As the disease progresses, you might develop:
• Blurred vision
• Eye pain
• Blind spots
• Rainbow halos
• Headaches
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Red or swollen eyes
• Tunnel vision
To prevent glaucoma from causing irreversible damage, it’s essential to attend regular eye exams at Michigan Avenue Primary Care. You should also visit your eye doctor if you develop glaucoma symptoms between routine exams as closed-angle glaucoma can cause blindness within days.
Why would I get glaucoma?
Anyone can get glaucoma, but it’s more likely to affect those with the following risk factors:
• Family history of glaucoma
• Older age
• High intraocular pressure
• Optic nerve problems
• Diabetes
• High blood pressure
• Cataracts
• Eye tumors or inflammation
• Eye injuries or infections
• Blocked intraocular blood vessels
You can reduce your glaucoma risk by adopting healthy lifestyle habits, protecting your eyes, and managing chronic diseases like diabetes properly.
How is glaucoma treated?
Glaucoma treatments include:
Eye drops
Initial glaucoma treatment usually involves using eye drops containing medication that reduces the pressure inside your eyes.
Oral medication
If eye drops alone aren’t reducing the pressure in your eyeballs, your doctor may also prescribe oral medications.
Laser surgery
Laser surgery is an option for patients whose glaucoma medications don’t work. Light energy in the laser beam opens up clogged channels in the eyes that prevent fluid drainage and lead to pressure building up.
Glaucoma surgery
Glaucoma surgery might be necessary if medications and laser therapies don’t work or less invasive procedures aren’t suitable for you.
Call Michigan Avenue Primary Care today or request an appointment online to learn more about glaucoma treatments and arrange a screening. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Beth ATKINSON; and Kurt Brackob, Plaintiffs, v. COUNTY OF TULARE; Detective William Seymour; and Does 1-10, inclusive, Defendants.
No. 1:09-cv-00789 OWW DLB.
United States District Court, E.D. California.
May 18, 2011.
Brian Edward Claypool, Claypool Law Firm, Pasadena, CA, Dale K. Galipo, Law Offices of Dale K. Galipo, John C. Fattahi, Law Offices of Dale K. Galipo Law Offices of Dale K. Galipo, Woodland Hills, CA, for Plaintiffs.
John Robert Whitefleet, Porter Scott, Terence John Cassidy, Sacramento, CA, for Defendants.
MEMORANDUM DECISION AND ORDER RE DEFENDANTS’ MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT/ADJUDICATION; PLAINTIFFS’ JOINT COUNTER-MOTION FOR SUMMARY ADJUDICATION OF ISSUES; AND DEFENDANTS’ EX PARTE APPLICATION.
OLIVER W. WANGER, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs Beth Atkinson and Kurt Brackob (“Plaintiffs”) proceed with this action against Defendants County of Tulare (“Defendant County”), Detective William Seymour (“Defendant Seymour”), and Does 1-10 (collectively, “Defendants”), alleging (1) civil rights violations pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution; (2) failure to provide medical care; (3) negligence; and (4) battery.
Before the court are: Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment/Adjudication (Doc. 41); Plaintiffs’ Joint Counter-Motion for Summary Adjudication of Issues (Doc. 48); and Defendants’ Ex Parte Application (Doc. 54-3). Plaintiffs filed a supplemental opposition (Doc. 59), to which Defendants replied (Doc. 61).
II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND
A. Undisputed Facts
1. The Incident
On September 12, 2008, Defendant Seymour, an eighteen-year veteran of the Tulare County Sheriffs Department, was assigned to the South End detective division. Defendants’ Undisputed Material Facts (“DUMF”), Doc. 42, ¶¶ 1-2. Prior to the incident, Defendant Seymour had been investigating several burglaries and other crimes. DUMF ¶¶ 1-3.
Defendant Seymour was driving north on Highway 65 and saw Zachary Atkinson driving a motorcycle in the opposite direction. DUMF ¶ 8. The motorcycle caught his attention because it was similar to one that was reported stolen. DUMF ¶ 9. Defendant Seymour made a U-turn to follow Mr. Atkinson and eventually caught up with him. DUMF ¶ 10. Mr. Atkinson pulled into the turn lane to make a left turn onto North Grand Avenue. DUMF ¶ 11. Defendant Seymour was in an unmarked car, in plain clothes, and did not activate lights or sirens. DUMF ¶ 13. Mr. Atkinson stopped at the red light, then turned left onto North Grand Avenue while the light was still red. DUMF ¶ 14. Detective Seymour advised dispatch of his location and requested backup. DUMF ¶ 15. After the traffic signal changed to green, Detective Seymour turned left onto North Grand Avenue. DUMF ¶ 16.
Mr. Atkinson pulled off the road onto a dirt shoulder and came to a stop on the north side of the road. DUMF ¶ 17. Detective Seymour pulled his vehicle onto the shoulder of the road and approached Mr. Atkinson. DUMF ¶ 18. Detective Seymour told dispatch he was stopped and updated his location. Plaintiffs’ Additional Material Facts (“PAMF”), Doc. 54-1, ¶ 78. Detective Seymour thought that the backup units he had requested were on the way. PAMF ¶ 75.
Detective Seymour intended to just talk to Mr. Atkinson until additional units arrived. PAMF ¶ 79. Detective Seymour did not intend to arrest Mr. Atkinson by himself. PAMF ¶ 80. Defendant Seymour never told Mr. Atkinson that he was under arrest. DUMF ¶ 20; PAMF ¶ 86.
When he walked up to Mr. Atkinson, Detective Seymour identified himself as a peace officer and asked to see identification or registration documents for the motorcycle. DUMF ¶ 19. Mr. Atkinson responded that he had some papers. PAMF ¶ 83. In Detective Seymour’s experience, people stopped on motorcycles sometimes have papers in their pockets. PAMF ¶ 84. Detective Seymour saw Mr. Atkinson reach into his left front pocket with his left hand. DUMF ¶ 21. Detective Seymour told Mr. Atkinson to keep his hands out of his pockets. DUMF ¶ 22. Detective Seymour never talked to Mr. Atkinson about the stolen motorcycle. PAMF ¶ 85.
Mr. Atkinson started the engine of the motorcycle and attempted to drive away. According to eyewitness Colby Harder, almost immediately after Mr. Atkinson began to drive the motorcycle, Detective Seymour initiated a “headlock.” PAMF ¶ 97. Atkinson had moved the motorcycle a foot before Seymour applied the headlock. PAMF ¶ 98.
From that time through Defendant Seymour’s shooting of Mr. Atkinson, the facts are mostly disputed (see below).
Because of the strength Mr. Atkinson exhibited during Detective Seymour’s physical struggle with him, Detective Seymour thought that Mr. Atkinson could be under the influence of a controlled substance. DUMF ¶ 33. After the struggle, Detective Seymour felt a significant pain in his side and right arm. DUMF ¶ 34. Detective Seymour later learned that either the muscle or tendon in his right bicep had snapped, requiring surgery and several months off work. DUMF ¶ 36.
Within ten to fifteen seconds following the second shots, Defendant Seymour called dispatch and requested an ambulance, which arrived within five to ten minutes. DUMF ¶¶ 50-51. Mr. Atkinson died of a single gunshot wound that entered his back and did not exit. PAMF ¶ 170. Mr. Atkinson also sustained two superficial gunshot wounds to the posteri- or left leg and on the right buttock. PAMF ¶ 174.
2. County Policies
The Tulare County Sheriffs Department (“TCSD”) had numerous policies, practices and procedures in effect at the time of the incident. DUMF ¶ 53.
Policy 300 of the TCSD Policy Manual (“Manual”) concerns the use of force. DUMF ¶ 53; Doc. 41, Ex. A. Section 300.2 of the Manual states that deputies may use force when it appears necessary, given the facts and circumstances perceived by the deputy at the time of the event, to effectively bring an incident under control. DUMF ¶ 53; Doc. 41, Ex. A. Section 300.2.5 of the Manual discusses carotid restraints and provides:
The proper application of the carotid restraint hold by a trained deputy may be effective in quickly restraining a violent individual [sic] however due to the potential for injury, the carotid restraint hold may only be applied under the following conditions: ... The carotid restraint may only be used when the deputy reasonably believes that such a hold appears necessary to prevent serious injury or death to a deputy or other person.
Id. Section 300.3 of the Manual discusses deadly force applications and provides that a deputy may use deadly force to protect himseh/herself or others from what he/she reasonably believes would be an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury. DUMF ¶ 54; Doc. 41, Ex. A. Section 300.4 of the Manual outlines the procedures that deputies must follow after the use of physical force, including documenting the incident and notifying supervisors. DUMF ¶ 55; Doc. 41, Ex. A. Section 300.5 of the Manual discusses supervisor responsibility following a reported use of force and provides protocol for supervisors to follow after there has been a reported application of force, including investigating the incident and notifying superiors if it is determined that the application of force is not within policy. DUMF ¶ 56; Doc. 41, Ex. A.
Policy 302 of the Manual establishes a process to review the use of deadly force by deputies. DUMF ¶ 57; Doc. 41, Ex. B. Policy 304 of the Manual sets forth the department’s shooting policy: Section 304.1.1 provides guidelines for the use of a firearm, and Section 304.1.4 addresses when, how, and to whom a report must be made regarding the discharge of a firearm. DUMF ¶ 58; Doc. 41, Ex. C. Policy 310 of the Manual establishes the procedures for investigating incidents in which a person is injured as a result of a police shooting: Section 310.5 addresses the investigation process and procedure, and Section 310.7 provides for an internal administrative investigation to determine conformance with departmental policy. DUMF ¶ 59; Doc. 41, Ex. D.
Policy 322 of the TCSD Policy Manual serves as a guideline for deputies in evaluating search and seizure issues. DUMF ¶ 60; Doc. 41, Ex. E.
Tulare County Sheriffs deputies are subject to the following training requirements: (1) graduation from a POST certified academy; (2) completion of an in-house orientation geared to teaching officers written policies and procedures, including use of force; (3) completion of an FTO program, a patrol training program designed to refine the training received at the academy pertaining to the law of arrests, searches and seizures, use of force, and other tactical considerations; and (4) completion of a minimum 24 hours of continuing POST certified education every two years, as required by POST. DUMF ¶¶ 61-63. In addition, training is performed at roll call briefings, which may cover significant recent appellate court rulings. DUMF ¶ 64. Supervisors provide ongoing training in terms of continuing observations of the performances of subordinates, and providing performance evaluations and/or corrective training as needed. DUMF ¶ 65.
B. Disputed Facts
It is disputed whether Mr. Atkinson was a suspect in the burglaries Detective Seymour was investigating immediately before the incident. Defendants contend that Mr. Atkinson was a suspect in the burglaries. DUMF ¶ 2. Defendants contend that Detective Seymour had a description of the perpetrator, which fit the general description of Mr. Atkinson. DUMF ¶ 4. Defendants contend that Detective Seymour also received information that Mr. Atkinson was attempting to sell a stolen Harley-Davidson motorcycle and that Detective Seymour was provided with a detailed description of the motorcycle. DUMF ¶ 6.
Plaintiffs rejoin that Defendant Seymour’s information tying Mr. Atkinson to the burglaries was vague, unreliable or fabricated to justify his use of excessive force. Pointing to Defendants’ Response to Plaintiffs’ Requests for Admission, Set One, § 3, Plaintiffs assert that Defendants admit they do not have any documents to support the contention that Mr. Atkinson was possibly involved in the theft of handguns. Doc. 50, Ex. H, 4. Detective Seymour testified at his deposition that Detective Giefer told him that he had a telephone conversation with a person who “wanted to be a confidential informant for us,” and said Mr. Atkinson was trying to sell him a motorcycle and some coins and jewelry. Doc. 49, Ex. A, 27. Detective Seymour did not remember when this conversation took place. Id. Detective Seymour does not remember what information he had that the motorcycle the confidential informant stated Mr. Atkinson was trying to sell was stolen. Id. at 29. Detective Seymour stated that the descriptions of the stolen merchandise “matched up to some extent” with information given to Detective Giefer, but he did not recall what those descriptions were. Id. at 29-30. Detective Seymour does not remember if there were any descriptions of the suspects or if anyone had been present when the items were stolen. Id. at 31. Detective Seymour stated that the only thing connecting Mr. Atkinson to the burglaries was that they were daytime burglaries in the same general area within the same time frame. Id. at 33. Detective Seymour states that Mr. Atkinson “possibly matched” the description of a white male in his 20s, 30s, and 40s involved in the robbery of marijuana plants involving a firearm. Id. at 33-34. Plaintiffs’ expert Richard Lichten opines that if Detective Seymour had an honest suspicion that Mr. Atkinson was involved in the burglary or robbery involving firearms, then the way he approached Mr. Atkinson was inconsistent with standard officer safety and standard police practices when confronting a possible armed felon. Doc. 51, ¶ 5.
Defendants contend that Detective Seymour was aware that Mr. Atkinson had a significant criminal history, including arrests involving violence against officers and resisting arrest. DUMF ¶ 5. Plaintiffs point to Detective Seymour’s deposition testimony where he states that he ran Mr. Atkinson’s name through a Tulare County local law enforcement database, and only knew about “some resisting arrest and some assaults-on-peace-offieer” arrests, but he did not remember the year or disposition of any arrests. Doc. 49, Ex. A, 43-44. Detective Seymour testified that he could not remember whether Detective Lee stated that he had been injured in fights with Mr. Atkinson. Id. at 36.
Defendant Seymour claims that he had found a mug shot of Mr. Atkinson and printed it out. DUMF ¶ 7. Plaintiffs question the veracity of Defendant Seymour’s statement because Defendant Seymour admitted that he did not know what happened to the mug shot or its current location. Doc. 50, Ex. G, 2.
After Mr. Atkinson attempted to drive off on his motorcycle, Defendants contend that Detective Seymour grabbed Mr. Atkinson with his left arm around Mr. Atkinson’s head and neck and hit the “kill” switch to stop the motorcycle. DUMF ¶ 24. Pointing at Detective Seymour’s and Colby Harder’s deposition, Plaintiffs contend that Detective Seymour put Mr. Atkinson in a carotid restraint using both arms. Doc. 49, Ex. A, 176; Doc. 49, Ex. D, 31.
Defendants contend that Mr. Atkinson restarted the motorcycle and again attempted to drive off, moving the motorcycle five to fifteen feet with Detective Seymour holding on to him. DUMF ¶ 25. DUMF ¶ 26. Plaintiffs point out that an eye witness, Mr. Hardy, never saw Detective Seymour reach with either of his hands towards the handlebar area of the motorcycle. Doc. 49, Ex. D, 64. Plaintiffs contend that there was only one movement of the motorcycle, not two, but their evidence does not support this contention.
Defendants contend that Detective Seymour and Mr. Atkinson both fell to the ground to the right side of the motorcycle. DUMF ¶ 27. Pointing to Detective Seymour’s videotaped interview, Plaintiffs contend that they did not fall; rather, Detective Seymour pulled Mr. Atkinson off the motorcycle. Doc. 50, Ex. C.
Defendants contend that Mr. Atkinson fell on top of Detective Seymour. DUMF ¶ 28. Pointing to Mr. Atkinson’s deposition, Plaintiffs contend that Detective Seymour testified that Mr. Atkinson fell to Detective Seymour’s left (Doe. 49, Ex. A, 105) and that when they fell, their bodies were “side by side” (Id. at 109).
Defendants contend that while on his stomach, Detective Seymour felt movement on his right hip, where he kept his gun holstered. DUMF ¶ 29. Defendants contend that Detective Seymour looked down and saw Mr. Atkinson’s hand on his gun, trying to take his gun from its holster. DUMF ¶ 30. Plaintiffs argue that it is possible the contact with Detective Seymour’s gun never occurred. Mr. Harder witnessed the encounter, except for ten seconds, and stated that he did not see Mr. Atkinson make any movements of his body towards Detective Seymour. Doc. 49, Ex. D, 63. Pointing to Detective Seymour’s Responses to Plaintiffs’ Requests for Admission Set One, Plaintiffs argue that Detective Seymour did not deny that there were no fingerprints or DNA connecting Mr. Atkinson to his gun or holster; however, Defendants denied these requests for admission. Doc. 50, Ex. H, 5-7.
Defendants allege that Detective Seymour and Mr. Atkinson fought over Detective Seymour’s gun, but Detective Seymour was able to gain control of it. DUMF ¶ 31. Plaintiffs assert that Mr. Atkinson never gained control of the gun and tried to pull his hand away while Detective Seymour was trying to keep his hand on his gun. Doc. 49, Ex. A, 112. Plaintiffs also state that Detective Seymour testified that he had a retention holster, which had a mechanism to lock the gun in place so it would not come out. Id. at 50-51.
Defendants contend that Detective Seymour did not know whether the sharp pain in his right side was because he had been punched, stabbed, or shot. DUMF ¶ 35. In Defendants’ cited deposition testimony, Detective Seymour states that he did not know whether the pain in his right side was “from a punch or a stab or what that was.” Doc. 49, Ex. A, 120. Plaintiffs assert that Detective Seymour conceded that he had just fallen to the ground and could have sustained the injury from the ground, the motorcycle’s handlebars, or falling on a rock. Id. at 120, 177-178. Detective Seymour stated that he did not hear a gunshot, so he knew that he had not been shot. Id. at 152.
The parties dispute the facts of the shooting. Defendants contend that while Detective Seymour was conducting a mental inventory of his injuries, he realized that Mr. Atkinson had stood up and moved out of his line of sight. DUMF ¶ 37. Defendants contend that Detective Seymour then saw that Mr. Atkinson was standing within a few feet of him, and he had his left hand in his pocket. DUMF ¶ 38. Defendants contend that Detective Seymour raised up on his knee, drew his weapon, pointed it at Mr. Atkinson, and told him to put his hands up and to take his hands out of his pocket. DUMF ¶ 39. Defendants contend that Mr. Atkinson did not comply, but turned his back to Detective Seymour, and had his hand still in his pocket. DUMF ¶ 40. Defendants contend that Detective Seymour was aiming at Mr. Atkinson’s hand and observed him making a movement like he was turning around. DUMF ¶ 41. DUMF ¶ 42. Defendants assert that Detective Seymour did not know if the shot made contact (DUMF ¶ 43); that Mr. Atkinson moved out of Detective Seymour’s line of sight, but came back into view within two or three seconds (DUMF ¶ 44); and that Detective Seymour thought that Mr. Atkinson, who was now five to fifteen feet away, was coming back to kill him. DUMF ¶ 45. Defendants argue that Detective Seymour stood up and pointed his weapon at Mr. Atkinson, who was facing away from him. DUMF ¶ 46. Aiming center mass at Mr. Atkinson’s back, Detective Seymour could see Mr. Atkinson’s left hand was still in his left front pocket. DUMF ¶ 47. Defendants contend that Detective Seymour believed Mr. Atkinson was starting to turn towards him to draw a firearm. Defendants maintain that Detective Seymour fired once or twice. DUMF ¶ 48. Defendants contend that Mr. Atkinson got on the ground and Detective Seymour covered him with his weapon until other deputies arrived on the scene to assist him. DUMF ¶ 49.
Plaintiffs’ version of the shooting differs. Plaintiffs point to Detective Seymour’s deposition testimony, where he states that when Mr. Atkinson first got off the ground, Mr. Atkinson did not say anything to Detective Seymour, did not verbally threaten him, did not attempt to charge or jump on top of Detective Seymour, and did not try to go after Detective Seymour’s gun. Doc. 49, Ex. A, 125. Plaintiffs contend that Detective Seymour did not have time to conduct a “mental inventory” of his injuries and that immediately after Mr. Atkinson got up and started to sprint away, Detective Seymour rose to a shooting stance and shot Mr. Atkinson in the back. Doc. 49, Ex. B, 63; Doc. 49, Ex. C, 12-15. Heraclio Aguilar testified that Detective Seymour fired three shots in rapid succession, and that Mr. Atkinson started falling immediately after the first shot. Doc. 49, Ex. C, 13. Plaintiffs assert that eyewitnesses Mr. Harder and Manuel Escalera never saw Mr. Atkinson turn. Doc. 49, Ex. B, 69; Doc. 49, Ex. D, 74. Plaintiffs also point to Mr. Harder’s deposition to contradict Defendants’ contention that Mr. Atkinson ever had his hand in his left pocket. Doc. 49, Ex. D, 40. Pointing to the deposition testimony of Mr. Escalera and Mr. Aguilar, Plaintiffs contend that Mr. Atkinson never stood stationary and Detective Seymour never told Mr. Atkinson to put his hands up and to take his hands out of his pocket. Doc. 49, Ex. B, 63; Doc. 49, Ex. C, 12-15.
I. LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is proper if “the pleadings, the discovery and disclosure materials on file, and any affidavits show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56.
The moving party bears the initial burden of “informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986) (internal quotation marks omitted). A fact is material if it could affect the outcome of the suit under the governing substantive law; “irrelevant” or “unnecessary” factual disputes will not be counted. Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986).
If the moving party would bear the burden of proof on an issue at trial, that party must “affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of fact could find other than for the moving party.” Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 978, 984 (9th Cir.2007). In contrast, if the non-moving party bears the burden of proof on an issue, the moving party can prevail by “merely pointing out that there is an absence of evidence” to support the non-moving party’s case. Id.
When the moving party meets its burden, the “adverse party may not rest upon the mere allegations or denials of the adverse party’s pleadings, but the adverse party’s response, by affidavits or as otherwise provided in this rule, must set forth specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e).
In ruling on a motion for summary judgment, a court does not make credibility determinations or weigh evidence. See Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. Rather, “[t]he evidence of the non-movant is to be believed, and all justifiable inferences are to be drawn in his favor.” Id. Only admissible evidence may be considered in deciding a motion for summary judgment. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). “Conclusory, speculative testimony in affidavits and moving papers is insufficient to raise genuine issues of fact and defeat summary judgment.” Soremekun, 509 F.3d at 984.
II. ANALYSIS
A. Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment/Adjudication
1. Plaintiffs’ Standing
Defendants contend that Plaintiffs have not fulfilled the procedural requirements of California Civil Procedure Code § 377.32 and do not have standing to assert claims as successors in interest to Mr. Atkinson. In response, Plaintiffs filed the declaration of Mr. Brackob, Mr. Atkinson’s father and successor in interest (Doc. 42), attaching (1) Mr. Atkinson’s birth certificate listing Plaintiffs as Mr. Atkinson’s parents (Doc. 42, Ex. A) and (2) Mr. Atkinson’s death certificate (Doc. 42, Ex. B). Plaintiffs, Mr. Atkinson’s parents, have satisfied the procedural standing prerequisites to assert claims as Mr. Atkinson’s successors in interest. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment due to Plaintiffs’ lack of standing is DENIED.
2. First Claim for Relief: Unreasonable Search and Seizure — Unlawful Arrest (Ip2 U.S.C. § 1983) Against Defendant Seymour
Plaintiffs no longer intend to pursue the claim that Mr. Atkinson was detained without reasonable suspicion and arrested without probable cause in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the First Claim for Relief is GRANTED as to Plaintiffs Fourth Amendment claim for unreasonable detention and arrest without probable cause.
3. First Claim for Relief: Unreasonable Search and Seizure — Excessive Force (1$ U.S.C. § 1983) Against Defendant Seymour
Section 1983 provides in pertinent part:
Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other proper proceeding for redress ....
42 U.S.C. § 1983. “Section 1983 does not create any substantive rights, but is instead a vehicle by which plaintiffs can bring federal constitutional and statutory challenges to actions by state and local officials.” Anderson v. Warner, 451 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir.2006). To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must show (1) the violation of a right secured by the Constitution or a federal law, and (2) that the alleged deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law. West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48, 108 S.Ct. 2250, 101 L.Ed.2d 40 (1988).
Excessive force claims are examined under the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition against unreasonable seizures. Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 394, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989). Fourth Amendment analysis requires balancing of the quality and nature of the intrusion on an individual’s interests against the countervailing governmental interests at stake. Id. at 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865. Use of force violates an individual’s constitutional rights under the Fourth Amendment where the force used was objectively unreasonable in light of the facts and circumstances confronting them. E.g., Id. at 397, 109 S.Ct. 1865. Excessive force inquiries require balancing of the amount of force applied against the need for that force under the circumstances. Meredith v. Erath, 342 F.3d 1057, 1061 (9th Cir.2003). “Because such balancing nearly always requires a jury to sift through disputed factual contentions, and to draw inferences therefrom ... summary judgment or judgment as a matter of law ... should be granted sparingly” in cases involving claims of excessive force. Gregory v. Cnty. of Maui, 523 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir.2008) (quoting Drummond v. City of Anaheim, 343 F.3d 1052, 1056 (9th Cir.2003)); see also Smith v. City of Hemet, 394 F.3d 689, 701 (9th Cir.2005) (“We have held repeatedly that the reasonableness of force used is ordinarily a question of fact for the jury.”) (quoting Liston v. Cnty. of Riverside, 120 F.3d 965, 976 n. 10 (9th Cir.1997)).
a) Constitutional Violation
Here, Defendant Seymour (1) either placed, or attempted to place, Mr. Atkinson in a carotid hold, pulling Mr. Atkinson off the motorcycle with his arms around Mr. Atkinson’s neck, and (2) fatally shot Mr. Atkinson two to three times. Even by Defendants’ account of the facts, the force used against Mr. Atkinson was severe and deadly. “[Fjorce that creates a substantial risk of causing death or serious bodily injury” is deadly force. Smith v. City of Hemet, 394 F.3d at 693. The dissent to City of Los Angeles v. Lyons, 461 U.S. 95, 116-117, 103 S.Ct. 1660, 75 L.Ed.2d 675 (1983) explains:
It is undisputed that chokeholds pose a high and unpredictable risk of serious injury or death. Chokeholds are intended to bring a subject under control by causing pain and rendering him unconscious. Depending on the position of the officer’s arm and the force applied, the victim’s voluntary or involuntary reaction, and his state of health, an officer may inadvertently crush the victim’s larynx, trachea, or thyroid. The result may be death caused by either cardiac arrest or asphyxiation.
The severe force Defendant Seymour used against Mr. Atkinson must be balanced against the need for that force. Meredith v. Erath, 342 F.3d at 1061.
The government’s interest in the use of force is evaluated by examining the three core factors of Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989): (1) the severity of the crime at issue; (2) whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others; and (3) whether the suspect is actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight. Bryan v. MacPherson, 630 F.3d 805, 818 (9th Cir.2010) (quoting Graham, 490 U.S. at 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865). These factors are not exclusive; courts examine the totality of the circumstances and consider “whatever specific factors may'be appropriate in a particular case, whether or not listed in Graham.” Bryan v. MacPherson, 630 F.3d at 826 (quoting Franklin v. Foxworth, 31 F.3d 873, 876 (9th Cir.1994)).
There are material issues of disputed fact regarding the severity of Mr. Atkinson’s crimes. It is undisputed that Mr. Atkinson ran a red light in front of Detective Seymour, but “[t]raffic violations generally will not support the use of a significant level of force.” Bryan v. MacPherson, 630 F.3d at 828. Detective Seymour also claims that he reasonably believed Mr. Atkinson was a suspect in several burglaries he was investigating, including one involving stolen firearms. “The government has an undeniable legitimate interest in apprehending criminal suspects, and that interest is even stronger when the criminal is ... suspected of a felony, which is by definition a crime deemed serious by the state.” Miller v. Clark Cnty., 340 F.3d 959, 964 (9th Cir.2003).
Plaintiffs rejoin that Detective Seymour’s information tying Mr. Atkinson to the burglaries were vague, unreliable, or fabricated to justify his use of excessive force. Plaintiffs provide the following evidence: (1) in Defendants’ Response to Plaintiffs’ Requests for Admission, Set One, § 3, Defendants admit they do not have any documents to support the contention that Mr. Atkinson was possibly involved in the theft of handguns (Doc. 50, Ex. H, 4); (2) Detective Seymour stated that Detective Giefer told him he had a telephone conversation with a person who “wanted to be a confidential informant for us,” and said Mr. Atkinson was trying to sell him a motorcycle and some coins and jewelry, but does not remember when that conversation occurred or what information he had that the motorcycle Mr. Atkinson was trying to sell was stolen (Doc. 49, Ex. A, 27, 29); (3) Detective Seymour stated that the descriptions of the stolen merchandise “matched up to some extent” with information given to Detective Giefer, but he did not recall what those descriptions were (Id. at 29-30); (4) Detective Seymour does not remember if there were any descriptions of the burglary suspects or if anyone had been present when the items were stolen (Id. at 31); (5) Detective Seymour stated that the only thing connecting Mr. Atkinson to the burglaries was that they were daytime burglaries in the same general area within the same time frame (Id. at 33); and (6) Detective Seymour states that Mr. Atkinson “possibly matched” the description of a white male in his 20s, 30s, and 40s involved in the robbery of marijuana plants involving a firearm (Id. at 33-34). Plaintiffs’ expert Richard Lichten opines that if Detective Seymour had an honest suspicion that Mr. Atkinson was involved in the burglary or robbery involving firearms, then the way he approached Mr. Atkinson was inconsistent with standard officer safety and standard police practices when confronting a possible armed felon. Doc. 51, ¶ 5.
Credibility determinations cannot be made on a motion for summary judgment; rather, Plaintiffs’ evidence must be believed and all inferences must be drawn in their favor. Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505. A reasonable trier of fact could find that Detective Seymour did not believe Mr. Atkinson was a suspect in the robberies and/or fabricated the story to justify his use of excessive force. There are at least six separate credibility disputes raised regarding Detective Seymour’s account.
The most significant factor under Graham is whether the suspect poses an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others. Chew v. Gates, 27 F.3d 1432, 1441 (9th Cir.1994). “A simple statement by an officer that he fears for his safety or the safety of others is not enough; there must be objective factors to justify such a concern.” Deorle v. Rutherford, 272 F.3d 1272, 1281 (9th Cir.2001). An officer’s actions must be examined “from the perspective of a reasonable officer on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865.
Plaintiffs assert that at the point when Detective Seymour instituted the carotid chokehold on Mr. Atkinson and when Detective Seymour shot Mr. Atkinson, Mr. Atkinson was attempting to flee the scene and did not pose an immediate threat to Detective Seymour or the public. Defendants assert that Detective Seymour knew Mr. Atkinson was a suspect in several burglaries in which firearms were stolen, and “knew” Mr. Atkinson was potentially armed. Whether Detective Seymour reasonably believed these facts is disputed. Defendants also assert that while Detective Seymour and Mr. Atkinson were on the ground, Mr. Atkinson had been physically engaged with Detective Seymour trying to obtain control over Detective Seymour’s gun. Plaintiffs point to the eye witness testimony of Mr. Harder, who witnessed the entire encounter except 10 seconds, and who did not see Mr. Atkinson make any movements of his body towards Detective Seymour. Doc. 49, Ex. D, 63. Defendants also contend that Mr. Atkinson had his left hand in his pocket, and that Detective Seymour was fearful that Mr. Atkinson was attempting to remove a firearm from his pocket, turn around, and shoot him. Eyewitness Mr. Harder testified that Mr. Atkinson never had his hand in his pocket. Doc. 49, Ex. D, 40. Drawing all inferences in Plaintiffs’ favor, a reasonable trier of fact could find that Mr. Atkinson did not pose an immediate threat to the safety of Detective Seymour or the public.
At both times when Detective Seymour used force on Mr. Atkinson, Mr. Atkinson was attempting to evade Detective Seymour. Plaintiffs contend that because Mr. Atkinson was not seized and was not being arrested, he was not “actively resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” Graham, 490 U.S. at 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865. There are material issues of fact regarding whether Mr. Atkinson was seized and was therefore evading arrest. The forensic evidence, however, supports that Mr. Atkinson was shot in the back as he was running away from Detective Seymour.
The absence of any warning or an order to halt is also a factor to weigh in determining excessive force. Deorle, 272 F.3d at 1283-1284. Officers should give warnings, when feasible, if the use of force in effecting seizure may result in serious injury, and the giving of a warning or failure to do so is a factor to be considered in determining the objective reasonableness of an officer’s use of force. Id. at 1284; see also Harris v. Roderick, 126 F.3d 1189, 1201 (9th Cir.1997) (“whenever practicable, a warning must be given before deadly force is employed”). Here, it is undisputed that Detective Seymour did not give Mr. Atkinson any warning before placing him into a carotid hold. It is disputed whether Detective Seymour gave Mr. Atkinson any warning before shooting him. Defendants contend that before shooting Mr. Atkinson, Detective Seymour told Mr. Atkinson to put his hands up and to take his hands out of his pocket. Pointing to the deposition testimony of Mr. Escalera and Mr. Aguilar, Plaintiffs contend that Mr. Atkinson never stood stationary and Detective Seymour never told Mr. Atkinson to put his hands up and to take his hands out of his pocket. Doc. 49, Ex. B, 63; Doc. 49, Ex. C, 12-15. Drawing all inferences in Plaintiffs favor, this factor weighs in favor of finding excessive force.
Detective Seymour’s failure to use alternative tactics also militates against the conclusion the use of force was reasonable. Police are required to consider whether alternative tactics are available to affect an arrest. Bryan v. MacPherson, 630 F.3d at 831. It is undisputed that Detective Seymour had told dispatch of his location and thought that backup units were on their way. In a similar situation, the Ninth Circuit explained:
Objectively, however, there were clear, reasonable, and less intrusive alternatives. [The officer] knew additional officers were en route to the scene. He was, or should have been, aware that the arrival of those officers would change the tactical calculus confronting him, likely opening up additional ways to resolve the situation without the need for an intermediate level of force.
Id. This factor weighs in favor of finding excessive force.
There are material factual disputes that preclude summary judgment on whether Detective Seymour’s use of force was excessive under the totality of the circumstances. Where facts are disputed, their resolution and determinations of credibility are “manifestly in the province of a jury.” Wall v. Cnty. of Orange, 364 F.3d 1107, 1110 (9th Cir.2004) (quoting Santos v. Gates, 287 F.3d 846, 852 (9th Cir.2002)). Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, a reasonable fact finder could find that the force Detective Seymour used was excessive compared to the government interests at stake.
b) Qualified Immunity
Qualified immunity shields government officials “from liability for civil damages insofar as their conduct does not violate clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Harlow v. Fitzgerald 457 U.S. 800, 818, 102 S.Ct. 2727, 73 L.Ed.2d 396 (1982). The protection of qualified immunity applies regardless of whether the government official makes an error that is “a mistake of law, a mistake of fact, or a mistake based on mixed questions of law and fact.” Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 129 S.Ct. 808, 818, 172 L.Ed.2d 565 (2009) (quoting Groh v. Ramirez, 540 U.S. 551, 567, 124 S.Ct. 1284, 157 L.Ed.2d 1068 (2004) (KENNEDY, J., dissenting)). The doctrine of qualified immunity protects “all but the plainly incompetent or those who knowingly violate the law .... ” Malley v. Briggs, 475 U.S. 335, 341, 106 S.Ct. 1092, 89 L.Ed.2d 271 (1986). Because qualified immunity is “an immunity from suit rather than a mere defense to liability ... it is effectively lost if a case is erroneously permitted to go to trial.” Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 526, 105 S.Ct. 2806, 86 L.Ed.2d 411 (1985) (emphasis deleted).
The qualified immunity inquiry has two prongs: (1) “whether the facts that a plaintiff has alleged ... or shown ... make out a violation of a constitutional right,” and (2) “whether the right at issue was clearly established’ at the time of defendant’s alleged misconduct.” Wilkinson v. Torres, 610 F.3d 546, 550 (9th Cir.2010) (quoting Pearson v. Callahan, 129 S.Ct. at 815-816). “The relevant, dispositive inquiry in determining whether a right is clearly established is whether it would be clear to a reasonable officer that his conduct was unlawful in the situation he confronted.” Saucier v. Katz, 533 U.S. 194, 202, 121 S.Ct. 2151, 150 L.Ed.2d 272 (2001). This inquiry is wholly objective and is undertaken in light of the specific factual circumstances of the case. Id. at 201, 121 S.Ct. 2151. “The principles of qualified immunity shield an officer from personal liability when an officer reasonably believes that his or her conduct complies with the law.” Pearson v. Callahan, 129 S.Ct. at 823. Where there is a dispute in the underlying evidence, qualified immunity cannot be granted. Wilkins v. City of Oakland, 350 F.3d 949, 956 (9th Cir.2003) (“Where the officers’ entitlement to qualified immunity depends on the resolution of disputed issues of fact in their favor, and against the non-moving party, summary judgment is not appropriate.”).
Accepting that Detective Seymour violated Mr. Atkinson’s Fourth Amendment rights, the next inquiry is whether the right was “clearly established” on the date of the incident. Pearson v. Callahan, 129 S.Ct. at 814. Defendants argue that no authority similar to the facts and circumstances of this case put Detective Seymour on notice that his conduct was unlawful. “Even where there is no federal case analyzing a similar set of facts, a plaintiff may nonetheless demonstrate that a reasonable officer would have known that the force he used was excessive.” Davis v. City of Las Vegas, 478 F.3d 1048, 1056 (9th Cir.2007).
The Supreme Court has clearly stated the rule applicable to the use of deadly force to prevent a felony suspect’s escape:
The use of deadly force to prevent the escape of all felony suspects, whatever the circumstances, is constitutionally unreasonable. It is not better that all felony suspects die than that they escape. Where the suspect poses no immediate threat to the officer and no threat to others, the harm resulting from failing to apprehend him does not justify the use of deadly force to do so.
Tennessee v. Garner, 471 U.S. 1, 11, 105 S.Ct. 1694, 85 L.Ed.2d 1 (1985). In addition, “[i]n assessing the state of the law at the time of [the] arrest, we need look no further than Graham’s holding that force is only justified when there is a need for force.” Blankenhorn v. City of Orange, 485 F.3d 463, 481 (9th Cir.2007). Viewing the facts in the light most favorable to Plaintiffs, a reasonable fact finder could find that these clear principles would have put a reasonable officer on notice that the force used by Detective Seymour was unnecessary and excessive.
In addition, a police department’s “training materials are relevant not only to whether the force employed in this case was objectively unreasonable ... but also to whether reasonable officers would have been on notice that the force employed was objectively unreasonable”. Drummond v. City of Anaheim, 343 F.3d 1052, 1062 (9th Cir.2003). Section 300.2.5 of Defendants’ Manual provides that “due to the potential for injury, the carotid restraint hold may only be applied ... when the deputy reasonably believes that such a hold appears necessary to prevent serious injury or death to a deputy or other person.” Doc. 41, Ex. A. Section 300.3 of the Manual discusses deadly force applications and provides that a deputy may use deadly force to protect himselfiherself or others from what he/she reasonably believes would be an imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury. DUMF ¶ 54; Doc. 41, Ex. A. Defendants’ training materials put Detective Seymour on notice that a carotid restraint or deadly force cannot be used unless there is imminent threat of death or serious bodily injury to the officers or others. If believed, the eye witness testimony and Detective Seymour’s imperfect memory leave in dispute whether deadly, or any, force was necessary.
Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the issue of excessive force in the First Claim for Relief on the grounds of qualified immunity is DENIED.
4. Second Claim for Relief: Failure to Provide Medical Care (1)2 U.S.C. § 1983) Against Defendant Seymour
Plaintiffs have abandoned their claim for failure to provide medical care. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Second Claim for Relief is GRANTED.
5. Third Claim for Relief: Substantive Due Process (¡¡.2 U.S.C. § 1983) Against Defendant Seymour
a) Constitutional Violation
“The Ninth Circuit recognizes that a parent has a constitutionally protected liberty interest under the Fourteenth Amendment in the companionship and society of his or her child.” Curnow By & Through Curnow v. Ridgecrest Police, 952 F.2d 321, 325 (9th Cir.1991). Official conduct that “shocks the conscience” in depriving a parent of such interest is cognizable as a due process violation. Porter v. Osborn, 546 F.3d 1131, 1137 (9th Cir.2008). In determining whether excessive force shocks the conscience, the first inquiry is “whether the circumstances are such that actual deliberation by the officer is practical.” Wilkinson v. Torres, 610 F.3d 546, 554 (9th Cir.2010) (quoting Porter v. Osborn, 546 F.3d at 1137) (internal brackets omitted). Where actual deliberation is practical, an officer’s “deliberate indifference” may suffice to shock the conscience. Id. If, however, an officer “makes a snap judgment because of an escalating situation, his conduct may only be found to shock the conscience if he acts with a purpose to harm unrelated to legitimate law enforcement objectives.” Id. In Porter v. Osborn, 546 F.3d 1131 (9th Cir.2008), the Ninth Circuit found that actual deliberation was not practical for an officer faced with an evolving set of circumstances over five minutes necessitating “fast action” and “repeated split-second decisions.” Id. at 1139.
Here, the entire incident lasted only a few minutes. Because Detective Seymour made snap judgments without time for deliberation, his conduct will only shock the conscience if he acted “with a purpose to harm unrelated to legitimate law enforcement objectives.” Id. at 1137.
Plaintiffs argue that a reasonable fact finder could find that Detective Seymour acted with a purpose to harm because he created the situation in which he unnecessarily resorted to deadly force. A “purely reactive decision to give chase” does not evidence an intention to “induce ... lawlessness, or to terrorize, cause harm, or kill.” Porter v. Osborn, 546 F.3d at 1140 (quoting Cnty. of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 855, 118 S.Ct. 1708, 140 L.Ed.2d 1043 (1998)). A purpose to harm unrelated to legitimate law enforcement objectives is found where force is used against a suspect only to “teach him a lesson” or to “get even.” Id. at 1141. “When an officer creates the very emergency he then resorts to deadly force to resolve, he is not simply responding to a preexisting situation. His motives must then be assessed in light of the law enforcement objectives that can reasonably be found to have justified his actions.” Id.
Drawing all inferences in favor of Plaintiffs’ version of the facts, a rational jury could not find that Detective Seymour acted with a purpose to harm unrelated to legitimate law enforcement objectives. There is no evidence to suggest that Detective Seymour had any motive other than law enforcements objectives in his attempts to detain Mr. Atkinson. There is no evidence of specific animus against Mr. Atkinson.
b) Qualified Immunity
There is no evidence that Detective Seymour violated Plaintiffs’ Fourteenth Amendment rights. Detective Seymour is entitled to qualified immunity. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Third Claim for Relief is GRANTED.
6. Fourth Claim for Relief: Municipal Liability for Unconstitutional Custom or Policy (12 U.S.C. § 1983) Against Defendant County
A municipality may be held liable under Section 1983 “when execution of a government’s policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury.” Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 694, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). To prevail under a Section 1983 claim against a local government, a plaintiff must show: (1) he or she was deprived of a constitutional right; (2) the local government had a policy; (3) the policy amounted to a deliberate indifference to his or her constitutional right; and (4) the policy was the moving force behind the constitutional violation. Burke v. Cnty. of Alameda, 586 F.3d 725, 734 (9th Cir.2009). There are three ways to show a municipality’s policy or custom:
(1) by showing “a longstanding practice or custom which constitutes the standard operating procedure’ of the local government entity;” (2) “by showing that the decision-making official was, as a matter of state law, a final policymaking authority whose edicts or acts may fairly be said to represent official policy in the area of decision;” or (3) “by showing that an official with final policymaking authority either delegated that authority to, or ratified the decision of, a subordinate.”
Menotti v. Seattle, 409 F.3d 1113, 1147 (9th Cir.2005) (quoting Ulrich v. S.F., 308 F.3d 968, 984-85 (9th Cir.2002)).
Plaintiffs contend that the County ratified Detective Seymour’s deprivations of Mr. Atkinson’s Fourth Amendment rights. The Ninth Circuit has found a single constitutional violation sufficient to establish municipal policy where the final policymaker ratified a subordinate’s actions. Christie v. Iopa, 176 F.3d 1231, 1238 (9th Cir.1999). A policymaker’s knowledge of an unconstitutional act does not, by itself, constitute ratification. Id. at 1239. Rather, a plaintiff must prove that “the authorized policymakers approved a subordinate’s decision and the basis for it.” Id. (quoting City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127, 108 S.Ct. 915, 99 L.Ed.2d 107 (1988)). A policymaker’s mere refusal to overrule a subordinate’s completed act does not constitute ratification. Iopa, 176 F.3d at 1239 (citing Weisbuch v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 119 F.3d 778, 781 (9th Cir.1997) (“To hold cities liable under Section 1983 whenever policymakers fail to overrule the unconstitutional discretionary acts of subordinates would simply smuggle respondeat superior liability into Section 1983.”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted)). “Ordinarily, ratification is a question for the jury.” Iopa, 176 F.3d at 1238-1239.
Defendants argue that Plaintiffs’ Monell claim fails because the First Amended Complaint does not allege a custom, policy, practice, or failure to take remedial steps under a theory of ratification. It is well established in the Ninth Circuit that an allegation based on nothing more than a bare averment that an official’s conduct conformed to official policy, custom or practice suffices to state a Monell claim under Section 1983. See Shah v. Cnty. of L.A., 797 F.2d 743, 747 (9th Cir.1986); Karim-Panahi v. L.A. Police Dep’t, 839 F.2d 621, 624 (9th Cir.1988). Section 39(d) of .the First Amended Complaint alleges:
By having and maintaining an unconstitutional custom and practice of using excessive force, including deadly force and detaining and arresting individuals without probable cause. The custom of practice of using deadly force by COUNTY and DOE SUPERVISORS was done with a deliberate indifference to individuals’ safety and rights.
Doc. 5, 9. Plaintiffs’ Monell claim is sufficiently alleged.
Defendants also contend that Plaintiffs’ Monell claim fails as a matter of law Plaintiffs have not asserted any claim against a final policymaker in either his or her official or individual capacity. Asserting an action against a final policymaker in his or her official capacity, however, “representes] only another way of pleading an action against an entity of which an officer is an agent.’ ... [T]he real party in interest is the entity.” Hyland v. Wonder, 117 F.3d 405, 414 (9th Cir.1997) (quoting Kentucky v. Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 165-166, 105 S.Ct. 3099, 87 L.Ed.2d 114 (1985)). The First Amended Complaint names the County of Tulare as a defendant.
Defendants further contend that there is no evidence of ratification by the final policymaker, Tulare County Sheriff Bill Wittman. Defendants assert that there is no evidence Sheriff Wittman, or his delegate, played any role in or had any knowledge of the investigation into Detective Seymour’s conduct, made any deliberate choice to endorse Detective Seymour’s conduct, or ratified any particular bases for Detective Seymour’s conduct. Plaintiffs rejoin that there is sufficient evidence to create a triable issue that Sheriff Witt-man or his delegate ratified Detective Seymour’s actions.
Section 302.2 of the Tulare County Sheriffs Department Policy Manual provides:
302.2 REVIEW BOARD
The Tulare County Sheriffs Department is charged with the important responsibility of objectively evaluating the use of deadly force. It is the policy of this department to convene a Use of Deadly Force Review Board when the use of deadly force by an employee results in injury or death to a person.
The Use of Deadly Force Review Board will also review the circumstances surrounding every accidental or intentional discharge of a firearm, whether the employee is on or off duty, excluding range training or recreational use.
The Sheriff may convene the Use of Deadly Force Review Board to investigate the circumstances surrounding any use of force incident.
Doc. 41-4, 12. Section 302.2.2 of the Policy Manual further provides:
A finding will be the consensus of the Board. After the Board has concluded, the board will submit written findings to the Sheriff. After review by the Sheriff, a copy of the findings will be forwarded to the involved employee’s Division Commander for review and appropriate action.
Id. Plaintiffs provide the result of an Internal Affairs investigation and a letter to Detective Seymour from the County of Tulare Sheriffs office discussing the results of the Internal Affairs investigation (filed under seal). Richard Lichten, an expert in law enforcement practices, opines:
The shortcomings and unresolved issues of the internal investigation should have been apparent to the Sheriff and his chain of command. That they were ignored indicates an effort by the department to bend and ignore the evidence to a pre-determined conclusion that the death of Mr. Atkinson was justified and within policy and law. In actuality, it should have been apparent to any reasonable decision-maker under the facts of this case that the use of lethal force against Mr. Atkinson was never justified at any time during this incident.
Doc. 51, ¶ 14. Drawing all inferences in Plaintiffs’ favor, Section 302.2.2 of the Policy requires Sheriff Wittman to review the Review Board’s findings, the letter on Sheriff Wittman’s letterhead confirming the results of the Internal Affairs Investigation is a notification with knowledge, and Mr. Lichten’s opinion regarding the defects in the investigation, sufficiently create a triable issue of material fact that Sheriff Wittman or his delegate ratified Detective Seymour’s use of force.
Finally, Defendants argue that Plaintiffs have not demonstrated that any policy was closely related to Plaintiffs’ alleged injuries. Evidence that a final policymaker “ratified a decision that deprived plaintiffs of their constitutional rights would suffice for official liability” under Section 1983. Larez v. City of L.A., 946 F.2d 630, 646 (9th Cir.1991).
Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Fourth Claim for Relief is DENIED.
7. Fifth Claim for Relief: Negligence (California Government Code § 820 and California Common Law) & Sixth Claim for Relief: Battery (California Government Code § 820 and California Common Law) Against All Defendants
a) Defendant County
Plaintiffs state that they do not intend to pursue their claim for direct negligence against the County (as opposed to respondeat superior negligence). California does not follow Monell and imposes liability on counties under the doctrine of respondeat superior for acts of county employees. Cal. Gov’t Code § 815.2. California Government Code § 815.2(a) provides that “[a] public entity is liable for injury proximately caused by an act or omission of an employee of the public entity within the scope of his employment if the act or omission would, apart from this section, have given rise to a cause of action against that employee or his personal representative.” Cal. Gov’t Code § 815.2(a). Under this provision, the Ninth Circuit held that a county was not immune from suit for several state law claims, including negligence and battery, based on its employee officers’ use of excessive force. Robinson v. Solano Cnty., 278 F.3d 1007, 1016 (9th Cir.2002).
There are material factual disputes regarding the reasonableness of Detective Seymour’s use of force against Mr. Atkinson. Accepting Plaintiffs’ version of the facts as true, Defendant County is not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ state law claims for negligence or battery against Detective Seymour. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Fifth Claim for Relief is GRANTED as to direct negligence and DENIED as to respondeat superior negligence. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Sixth Claim for Relief is DENIED.
b) Defendant Seymour
Plaintiffs’ claim for negligence and battery flow from the same facts as the alleged Fourth Amendment violation for excessive force and are measured by the same reasonableness standard of the Fourth Amendment. See Edson v. City of Anaheim, 63 Cal.App.4th 1269, 1272-73, 74 Cal.Rptr.2d 614 (1998); Munoz v. City of Union City, 120 Cal.App.4th 1077, 1102 n. 6, 16 Cal.Rptr.3d 521 (2004). There are material factual disputes regarding the reasonableness of Defendant Seymour’s actions. Accepting Plaintiffs’ version of the facts as true, Defendant Seymour is not entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ state law claim for battery. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Fifth and Sixth Claims for Relief as to Defendant Seymour is DENIED.
8. Claim for Punitive Damages Against All Defendants
a) Defendant County
Public entities are immune from punitive damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and California law. City of Newport v. Fact Concerts, Inc., 453 U.S. 247, 271, 101 S.Ct. 2748, 69 L.Ed.2d 616 (1981) (holding municipalities immune from punitive damages under 42 U.S.C. § 1983); Cal. Gov’t Code § 818 (“Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a public entity is not liable for damages awarded under Section 3294 of the Civil Code or other damages imposed primarily for the sake of example and by way of punishing 40 the defendant.”). Plaintiffs concede their punitive damages claim against Defendant County cannot succeed as a matter of law. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the punitive damages claim as to Defendant County is GRANTED.
b) Defendant Seymour
Punitive damages are recoverable in an action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 “when the defendant’s conduct is shown to be motivated by evil motive or intent, or when it involves reckless or callous indifference to the federally protected rights of others.” Smith v. Wade, 461 U.S. 30, 56, 103 S.Ct. 1625, 75 L.Ed.2d 632 (1983). Under California law, punitive damages are authorized if a plaintiff can show by clear and convincing evidence that a defendant acted with oppression, fraud, or malice. Cal. Civ.Code § 3294(a).
There is sufficient evidence in the record to create a factual dispute regarding Defendant Seymour’s intent and aims against Mr. Atkinson. Whether Plaintiffs are entitled to punitive damages against Defendant Seymour is a question for the jury. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the punitive damages claim as to Defendant Seymour is DENIED.
B. Plaintiffs’ Counter-Motion for Summary Adjudication of Issues (Doc. j.7)
Plaintiffs move for summary adjudication of the following issues:
(1) until Defendant Seymour put Mr. Atkinson in a carotid restraint, Mr. Atkinson was not seized and was free to leave the consensual encounter;
(2) Defendant Seymour’s carotid restraint constituted excessive force as a matter of law and Defendant Seymour is not entitled to qualified immunity; and
(3) Plaintiffs have standing to bring claims as suecessors-in-interest to Mr. Atkinson.
1. Consensual Encounter Before Carotid Restraint
Plaintiffs contend that there are no material factual disputes that until Detective Seymour put Mr. Atkinson in a carotid restraint, Mr. Atkinson was not seized.
As a threshold matter, Defendants contend that the issue is moot because Plaintiffs are no longer pursuing a Fourth Amendment claim for unreasonable seizure. The issue of whether Mr. Atkinson was seized and was actively attempting to evade arrest by flight is pertinent to the Fourth Amendment inquiry for excessive force. See Graham, 490 U.S. at 396, 109 S.Ct. 1865.
“[A] person is seized’ only when, by means of physical force or a show of authority, his freedom of movement is restrained.” United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544, 553, 100 S.Ct. 1870, 64 L.Ed.2d 497 (1980). “As long as the person to whom questions are put remains free to disregard the questions and walk away,” there is no seizure. Id. at 554, 100 S.Ct. 1870. “[T]he test for existence of a “show of authority” is an objective one: not whether the citizen perceived that he was being ordered to restrict his movement, but whether the officer’s words and actions would have conveyed that to a reasonable person.” California v. Hodari D., 499 U.S. 621, 628, 111 S.Ct. 1547, 1551, 113 L.Ed.2d 690 (1991). “The crucial test is whether, taking into account all of the circumstances surrounding the encounter, the police conduct would ‘have communicated to a reasonable person that he was not at liberty to ignore the police presence and go about his business.’ ” Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 437, 111 S.Ct. 2382, 115 L.Ed.2d 389 (1991). Supreme Court case law “makes clear that a seizure does not occur simply because a police officer approaches an individual and asks a few questions.” Id. at 434, 111 S.Ct. 2382.
Here, it is undisputed that Mr. Atkinson pulled off to the side of the road of his own volition. It is also undisputed that Detective Seymour was in an unmarked car, was not dressed in uniform, and did not activate his lights or sirens. Detective Seymour never questioned Mr. Atkinson about the burglaries, never stated that Mr. Atkinson was under arrest, and, until instituting the carotid restraint, did not touch Mr. Atkinson. Rather, Detective Seymour identified himself as a peace officer and asked to see some papers. In United States v. Kim, 25 F.3d 1426, 1430 (9th Cir.1994), the Ninth Circuit held under similar circumstances that an investigatory stop did not occur where a law enforcement agent parked his car alongside, and partially blocked, defendant’s parked car, identified himself as a DEA agent, and asked for identification. In United States v. Summers, 268 F.3d 683, 687 (9th Cir.2001), the Ninth Circuit held that the interaction between defendant and the police officer was voluntary; defendant’s car was parked and only partially blocked by officer’s squad car, nothing prevented defendant from leaving the scene on foot, the officer never received proper identification from defendant, the officer drove up to the scene without activating his lights or siren, and defendant approached officer immediately.
One fact creates an issue of material fact whether Mr. Atkinson was seized: Detective Seymour allegedly ordered Mr. Atkinson to remove his hands from his pocket. United States v. Manzo-Jurado, 457 F.3d 928, 934 n. 3 (9th Cir.2006) (holding that a police officer’s order to occupants of a truck to “show their hands” was a seizure).
Plaintiffs’ counter-motion for summary adjudication that until Defendant Seymour put Mr. Atkinson in a carotid restraint, Mr. Atkinson was not seized and was free to leave the consensual encounter, is DENIED.
2. Excessive Force; Qualified Immunity
There are issues of material fact regarding whether Detective Seymour used excessive force against Mr. Atkinson and is entitled to qualified immunity. Plaintiffs’ counter-motion for summary adjudication that Detective Seymour used excessive force as a matter of law is DENIED.
3. Standing
Plaintiffs, Mr. Atkinson’s parents, have fulfilled the procedural requirements of California Civil Procedure Code § 377.32 and have standing to assert claims as successors in interest to Mr. Atkinson. Plaintiffs’ counter-motion for summary adjudication as to Plaintiffs’ standing as successors-in-interest to Mr. Atkinson is GRANTED.
C. Defendants’ Ex Parte Application (Doc. 51-3)
Defendants submit an Ex Parte Application for permission to file a 26-page Reply in excess of the 10-page limit (Doc. 54-3), filed concurrently with Defendants’ Reply (Doc. 54).
Defendants filed a 32-page Motion for Summary Judgment/ Adjudication (Doc. 41) without leave to exceed the 25-page limit for motions filed in the Eastern District of California. Plaintiffs filed a 29-page Opposition and Counter-Motion for Summary Adjudication of Issues (Doc. 48) without leave to exceed the 25-page limit for motions. Defendants’ 26-page Reply (Doc. 54) was filed without prior leave 7 days before the filing date.
The Eastern District of California’s Standing Order provides in pertinent part:
Unless prior leave of court seven days before the filing date is obtained, all briefs or memoranda in civil cases shall not exceed 25 pages and briefs or memoranda in criminal cases shall not exceed 10 pages. Reply briefs filed by moving parties shall not exceed 10 pages. Briefs that exceed this limitation or sought to be filed after the required time will NOT BE CONSIDERED.
(Doc. 4, ¶ 4). Counsel for both parties shall familiarize themselves with, and adhere to, the Eastern District of California’s Local Rules and Standing Order, including the above rule on page limits for legal briefs and memoranda.
Defendants’ Ex Parte Application is GRANTED.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the reasons stated:
1. Defendants’ Motion for Summary JudgmenVAdjudieation is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, as follows:
a. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment due to Plaintiffs’ lack of standing is DENIED.
b. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the First Claim for Relief is GRANTED as to Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment claim for unreasonable detention and arrest without probable cause and DENIED as to Plaintiffs’ Fourth Amendment excessive force claim.
c. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Second Claim for Relief is GRANTED.
d. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Third Claim for Relief is GRANTED.
e. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Fourth Claim for Relief is DENIED.
f. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Fifth Claim for Relief is GRANTED as to direct negligence and DENIED as to respondeat superior negligence.
g. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the Sixth Claim for Relief is DENIED.
h. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment on the punitive damages claim is GRANTED as to Defendant County and DENIED as to Defendant Seymour.
2. Plaintiffs’ Counter-Motion for Summary JudgmenVAdjudieation of the Issues is GRANTED in part and DENIED in part, as follows:
a. Plaintiffs’ motion for summary adjudication that the encounter was consensual until Defendant Seymour put Mr. Atkinson in a carotid restraint is DENIED.
b. Plaintiffs’ motion for summary adjudication that the carotid restraint constituted excessive force as a matter of law and Defendant Seymour is not entitled to qualified immunity is DENIED.
c. Plaintiffs motion for summary adjudication that Plaintiffs have standing to bring claims as successors in interest to Mr. Atkinson is GRANTED.
3. Defendants’ Ex Parte Application is GRANTED.
4. Defendants shall submit a proposed form of order consistent with this memorandum decision within five (5) days of electronic service of this memorandum decision.
SO ORDERED.
. Defendants also filed an Objection and Motion to Strike (Doc. 54-2), which will be addressed separately with other motions in limine.
. California Civil Procedure Code § 377.32 provides:
(a) The person who seeks to commence an action or proceeding or to continue a pending action or proceeding as the decedent's successor in interest under this article, shall execute and file an affidavit or a declaration under penalty of perjury under the laws of this state stating all of the following:
(1) The decedent's name.
(2) The date and place of the decedent's death.
(3) “No proceeding is now pending in California for administration of the decedent's estate.”
(4) If the decedent's estate was administered, a copy of the final order showing the distribution of the decedent's cause of action to the successor in interest.
(5) Either of the following, as appropriate, with facts in support thereof:
(A) "The affiant or declarant is the decedent’s successor in interest (as defined in Section 377.11 of the California Code of Civil Procedure) and succeeds to the decedent's interest in the action or proceeding.”
(B) "The affiant or declarant is authorized to act on behalf of the decedent's successor in interest (as defined in Section 377.11 of the California Code of Civil Procedure) with respect to the decedent's interest in the action or proceeding.”
(6) “No other person has a superior right to commence the action or proceeding or to be substituted for the decedent in the pending action or proceeding.”
(7) "The affiant or declarant affirms or declares under penalty of perjury under the laws of the State of California that the foregoing is true and correct.”
(b) Where more than one person executes the affidavit or declaration under this section, the statements required by subdivision (a) shall be modified as appropriate to reflect that fact.
(c) A certified copy of the decedent's death certificate shall be attached to the affidavit or declaration.
. Without citation to case law or other authority, Defendants attempt to carve out Defendant Seymour's carotid restraint of Mr. Atkinson from his other use of force and move for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ excessive forcé claim as to the carotid restraint alone. Because an excessive force inquiry requires examination of the totality of the circumstances, Defendants' motion for summary judgment on Plaintiffs’ excessive force claim will be determined as to the totality of force Defendant Seymour used. See Davis v. City of Las Vegas, 478 F.3d 1048, 1055 (9th Cir.2007).
. The issue of who is a final policymaker is a question of state law. Delia v. City of Rialto, 621 F.3d 1069, 1082 (9th Cir.2010). Citing Brewster v. Shasta Cnty., 275 F.3d 803, 807 (9th Cir.2001), Plaintiffs contend that the Tulare County Sheriff Bill Wittman, or his delegate, acted as the final policymaker in ratifying Detective Seymour's use of force. See id. at 812 (concluding that the Shasta County Sheriff acts as a final policymaker for the County when investigating crime within the County, and affirming the district court’s holding that the County may be subject to liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983). Defendants do not contest that Sheriff Wittman is the final policymaker.
. California Government Code § 815.2 provides:
(a) A public entity is liable for injury proximately caused by an act or omission of an employee of the public entity within the scope of his employment if the act or omission would, apart from this section, have given rise to a cause of action against that employee or his personal representative.
(b) Except as otherwise provided by statute, a public entity is not liable for an injury resulting from an act or omission of an employee of the public entity where the employee is immune from liability.
| CASELAW |
What Are 3 Types Of Plant Cells?
What are 3 types of plant cells? Stem Anatomy. The stem and other plant organs arise from the ground tissue, and are primarily made up of simple tissues formed from three types of cells: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells. Parenchyma cells are the most common plant cells (Figure 8).
Is plant cell prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Cells fall into one of two broad categories: prokaryotic and eukaryotic. The predominantly single-celled organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea are classified as prokaryotes (pro- = before; -karyon- = nucleus). Animal cells, plant cells, fungi, and protists are eukaryotes (eu- = true).
What is in a plant cell?
Plant cells have a nucleus, cell membrane, cytoplasm and mitochondria too, but they also contain the following structures: Cell wall – A hard layer outside the cell membrane, containing cellulose to provide strength to the plant.
What are two types of cells in a plant?
A living thing can be composed of either one cell or many cells. There are two broad categories of cells: prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Cells can be highly specialized with specific functions and characteristics.
What are the 5 plant cells?
There are various types of plant cells which include: parenchyma cells, sclerenchyma cells, collenchyma cells, xylem cells, and phloem cells. Parenchyma cells are the major cells of plants.
Related guide for What Are 3 Types Of Plant Cells?
What are the 4 plant tissues?
Plant tissues come in several forms: vascular, epidermal, ground, and meristematic. Each type of tissue consists of different types of cells, has different functions, and is located in different places.
Is a plant cell a eukaryotic cell?
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells contain a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. There is a wide range of eukaryotic organisms, including all animals, plants, fungi, and protists, as well as most algae.
Why is plant a eukaryotic cell?
Plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, meaning that they have nuclei. They generally have a nucleus—an organelle surrounded by a membrane called the nuclear envelope—where DNA is stored. There are a few exceptions to this generalization, such as human red blood cells, which don't have a nucleus when mature.
Is plants unicellular or multicellular?
Plants are multicellular. 2. Plant cells have cells walls and unique organelles.
What is plant cell in biology?
Definition. Plant cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Plantae. They are eukaryotic cells, which have a true nucleus along with specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions. They also have a cell wall that provides structural support.
Are lysosomes in plant cells?
Lysosomes (lysosome: from the Greek: lysis; loosen and soma; body) are found in nearly all animal and plant cells.
What are different type of cells?
Cell Types
• Stem cells. Stem cells are cells that are yet to choose what they are going to become.
• Bone cells. There are at least three primary types of bone cell:
• Blood cells. There are three major types of blood cell:
• Muscle cells.
• Sperm cells.
• Female egg cell.
• Fat cells.
• Nerve cells.
• What are two cell types?
Types of Cells. Cells are of two types: eukaryotic, which contain a nucleus, and prokaryotic cells, which do not have a nucleus, but a nucleoid region is still present. Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms, while eukaryotes can be either single-celled or multicellular.
What is prokaryotic cell example?
Prokaryotic cells lack both, a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound cell organelles. Examples of prokaryotes are blue-green algae, bacteria and mycoplasma. They are single-celled and range in size from 0.2 to 10 microns (about 10 times smaller than most plant and animal cells).
What is fungi cell type?
Fungal cells are of two basic morphological types: true hyphae (multicellular filamentous fungi) or the yeasts (unicellular fungi), which make pseudohyphae. A fungal cell has a true nucleus, internal cell structures, and a cell wall.
What are the 7 parts of a plant cell?
Each plant cell will have a cell wall, cell membrane, a nucleus, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, ribosomes, plastids, mitochondria, vacuoles, and various vesicles like peroxisomes.
What type of cell is Animalia?
Animal cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Animalia. They are eukaryotic cells, meaning that they have a true nucleus and specialized structures called organelles that carry out different functions.
Which is plant tissue?
Plant tissue - plant tissue is a collection of similar cells performing an organized function for the plant. Each plant tissue is specialized for a unique purpose,and can be combined with other tissues to create organs such as flowers,leaves,stems and roots. Plant tissues are of two types: Meristematic tissue.
What is plant tissue class 9?
Plant tissues are of two main types meristematic and permanent. Meristematic tissue is the dividing tissue present in the growing regions of the plant. Permanent tissues are derived from meristematic tissue once they lose the ability to divide. Parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma are three types of simple tissues.
Is phloem a plant tissue?
phloem, also called bast, tissues in plants that conduct foods made in the leaves to all other parts of the plant. Phloem is composed of various specialized cells called sieve tubes, companion cells, phloem fibres, and phloem parenchyma cells. The other cell types in the phloem may be converted to fibres.
Do plant cells have a mitochondria?
Furthermore, it is no surprise that mitochondria are present in both plants and animals, implying major shared regulatory, bioenergetic, and chemical substrate pathways. Commonalities of energy processing in both plants and animals have become even stronger by the finding that chloroplast can be found in animal cells.
Do plant cells have a nucleus?
Both plant and animal cells are eukaryotic, so they contain membrane-bound organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria.
Do plant cells have a nucleolus?
Nucleolus is present in both animal and plant cell. It is located in the centre of the nucleus of a both plant and animal cell. Its main function is the production of Ribosomes. Structurally, plant and animal cells are very similar because they are both eukaryotic cells.
Are plant cells Autotrophs or Heterotrophs?
Plants are autotrophs, which means they produce their own food. They use the process of photosynthesis to transform water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide into oxygen, and simple sugars that the plant uses as fuel.
Is plant cell a unicellular?
All true plants are regarded as multicellular organisms since they consist of more than a single cell.
Why are plant cells multicellular?
Plants are multicellular autotrophs with cell walls made of cellulose, and they cannot move around. Autotrophs make their own food. Plants accomplish this by the process of photosynthesis, which uses sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make simple sugars.
Which plants are unicellular?
Chlamydomonas and Chlorella are two examples of unicellular plants.
How many plant cell types are there?
Different types of plant cells include parenchymal, collenchymal, and sclerenchymal cells. The three types differ in structure and function.
What is plant cell function?
Plant Cell Functions
Plant cells are the building blocks of plants. Photosynthesis is the major function performed by plant cells. Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of the plant cell. It is the process of preparing food by the plants, by utilizing sunlight, carbon dioxide and water.
Is plant cell a biology?
Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants.
Are ribosomes in plant cells?
Ribosomes are organelles located inside the animal, human cell, and plant cells. They are situated in the cytosol, some bound and free-floating to the membrane of the coarse endoplasmic reticulum.
Do plant cells have a Golgi apparatus?
When I learned biology at high school, the textbook clearly stated — as one of the many differences between animal and plant cells — that the Golgi apparatus is present in animal cells, whereas it is absent from plant cells.
Is vacuole in plant and animal cells?
Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles that can be found in both animals and plants. The vacuoles are quite common in plants and animals, and humans have some of those vacuoles as well. But vacuole also has a more generic term, meaning a membrane-bound organelle that's lysosome-like.
How are animal cells and plant cells different?
Major structural differences between a plant and an animal cell include: Plant cells have a cell wall, but animals cells do not. Cell walls provide support and give shape to plants. Plant cells usually have one or more large vacuole(s), while animal cells have smaller vacuoles, if any are present.
What are 12 types of cells in the human body?
This article will discuss the histology of most important types of cells in the human organism.
• Stem cells.
• Red blood cells.
• White blood cells. Neutrophils. Eosinophils. Basophils. Lymphocytes.
• Platelets.
• Nerve cells.
• Neuroglial cells.
• Muscle cells. Skeletal muscle cells. Cardiac muscle cells. Smooth muscle cells.
• Cartillage cells.
• What is in a prokaryotic cells?
Prokaryotes are organisms whose cells lack a nucleus and other organelles. Prokaryotes are divided into two distinct groups: the bacteria and the archaea, which scientists believe have unique evolutionary lineages. Most prokaryotes are small, single-celled organisms that have a relatively simple structure.
What is living cell?
Cells are the basic building blocks of living things. The human body is composed of trillions of cells, all with their own specialised function. Cells are the basic structures of all living organisms. Cells provide structure for the body, take in nutrients from food and carry out important functions.
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Steam Boilers
Steam boilers are water-containing vessels that heat water to create steam that is emitted from the boilers for various functions, such as operating production equipment, sterilizing, heating, steam cleaning, and powering trains, ships, and boats.
Steam boilers are fueled by wood, oil or coal, or can be steam boilers gas fired. There are also electric steam boilers, which use resistance or immersion type heating elements.
Closed and open system steam boilers
"Closed system" steam boilers have enough energy to convert 100 percent of the steam they emit back to water. Because some processes can contaminate the steam emitted, it is necessary to also have “open system” steam boilers that do not return the condensation.
Types of steam boilers
Firetube steam boilers, or shell boilers, are the most commonly used. Firetube steam boilers gas fired send hot gases through the inside of tubes within the boiler shell. These tubes are surrounded by water and arranged in banks to allow gases to travel through steam boilers up to four times prior to going out the stack.
Watertube steam boilers gas fired direct fire or hot gases to and around the exterior of water-filled tubes that are set in a vertical position. Watertube steam boilers gas fired have a top drum where steam separates from water, and a bottom drum to collect sludge.
This is a useful information source about steam boilers. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
SIERRA CLUB; Sierra Nevada Forest Protection Campaign, Plaintiffs-Appellants, v. Dale BOSWORTH, Chief of the U.S. Forest Service; John Barry; Laurie Tippin; United States Forest Service; Ann M. Veneman; Dept. of Agriculture; Mike Johanns, Defendants-Ap-pellees.
No. 05-16989.
United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted April 16, 2007.
Filed Dec. 5, 2007.
Eric. E. Huber, Boulder, CO, and Kristin Henry, San Francisco, CA, for the plaintiffs-appellants.
Lisa L. Jones, Environment and Natural Resources Div., Dept, of Justice, Sacramento, CA, for defendants-appellees.
Before: DAVID R. THOMPSON, ANDREW J. KLEINFELD, and SIDNEY R. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.
Opinion by Judge THOMPSON; Concurrence by Judge KLEINFELD.
THOMPSON, Senior Circuit Judge:
Appellants the Sierra Club and the Sierra Nevada Forest Protection Campaign (collectively, “Sierra Club”) appeal the district court’s summary judgment in favor of the United States Forest Service and Department of Agriculture (collectively, “Forest Service”), in their action alleging that the defendants violated the National Environmental Policy Act (“NEPA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 4321^370f. The Sierra Club challenges the Forest Service’s establishment of a NEPA categorical exclusion (“Fuels CE”) for all fuel reduction projects up to 1,000 acres and prescribed burn projects up to 4,500 acres on all national forests in the United States.
We conclude that the Forest Service failed to assess properly the significance of the hazardous fuels reduction categorical exclusion and thus it failed to demonstrate that it made a “reasoned decision” to promulgate the Fuels CE based on relevant factors and information. Accordingly, its promulgation of the Fuels CE was arbitrary and capricious. See Marsh v. Or. Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 378, 109 S.Ct. 1851, 104 L.Ed.2d 377 (1989); see also 40 C.F.R. § 1505.1. We reverse the district court’s summary judgment in favor of the Forest Service and remand this case for further proceedings as hereafter set forth.
I Background
A. Statutory and Regulatory Framework
NEPA is a procedural statute that does not “mandate particular results, but simply provides the necessary process to ensure that federal agencies take a hard look at the environmental consequences of their actions.” Neighbors of Cuddy Mountain v. Alexander, 303 F.3d 1059, 1070 (9th Cir.2002) (internal quotation marks omitted). To carry out the “hard look” requirement, NEPA requires all federal agencies to prepare a detailed Environmental Impact Statement (“EIS”) for “every recommendation or report on proposals for legislation and other major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment.” 42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C). Under CEQ implementing regulations, an agency as a preliminary step may prepare an Environmental Assessment (“EA”) to determine whether the environmental impact of the proposed action is significant enough to warrant an EIS. See 40 C.F.R. § 1508.9; Nat'l Parks & Conservation Ass’n v. Babbitt, 241 F.3d 722, 730 (9th Cir.2001). If an EA establishes that the agency’s action “may have a significant effect upon the ... environment, an EIS must be prepared.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original) (emphasis in original). If the proposed action is found to have no significant effect, the agency must issue a finding to that effect (a “FONSI”), “accompanied by a convincing statement of reasons to explain why a project’s impacts are insignificant.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted).
However, an agency does not have to prepare an EIS or an EA if the action to be taken falls under a categorical exclusion (“CE”). Alaska Ctr. for the Env’t v. U.S. Forest Serv., 189 F.3d 851, 853-54 (9th Cir.1999) (citing 40 C.F.R. § 1508.4). “Pursuant to Council of Environmental Quality (CEQ) regulations, each agency is required to identify categories of actions which do not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment.” Id. (citing 40 C.F.R. §§ 1507.3(b)(2)(ii), 1508.4). The CE procedures developed by agencies “shall provide for extraordinary circumstances in which a normally excluded action may have a significant environmental effect,” 40 C.F.R. § 1508.4, in which case an EIS or an EA/FONSI would be required.
B. Fuels Categorical Exclusion
The Forest Service developed the Fuels CE in response to the Healthy Forests Initiative, announced by President Bush on August 22, 2002. National Environmental Policy Act Documentation Needed for Fire Management Activities; Categorical Exclusions, 67 Fed.Reg. 77038, 77039 (Dec. 16, 2002) (codified at Forest Service Handbook 1909.15, ch. 30, § 31.2(10) (2004) (hereinafter, “FSH”)). The Healthy Forests Initiative directed “the Departments of Agriculture and Interior and the Council on Environmental Quality to improve regulatory processes to ensure more timely decisions, greater efficiency, and better results in reducing the risk of catastrophic wildfires by restoring forest health.” Id. The Healthy Forests Initiative was prompted by the year 2000 fire season, which was one of the worst in 50 years, with 123,000 fires burning more than 8.4 million acres, more than twice the 10-year national average. Id.
The Deputy Chief of the Forest Service announced on September 11, 2002, his intention to establish a categorical exclusion for fuels reduction activities on national forests, and requested data regarding fuels treatment projects from all Regional Foresters. The data call generated for the Fuels CE surveyed 2,500 hazardous fuels reduction and rehabilitation/ stabilization projects involving treatment of more than 2,500,000 acres. On December 16, 2002, the Forest Service gave public notice of and requested comment on the proposed Fuels CE. 67 Fed.Reg. at 77038. The Forest Service received 39,000 comments on the Fuels CE, National Environmental Policy Act Documentation Needed for Fire Management Activities; Categorical Exclusions, 68 Fed.Reg. 33814, 33815 (June 5, 2003), and published the final Fuels CE on June 5, 2003, id. at 33814.
The Fuels CE is designed to reduce and thin hazardous fuels, which are “combustible vegetation (live or dead), such as grass, leaves, ground litter, plants shrubs, and trees, that contribute to the threat of ignition and high fire intensity and/ or high rate of spread.” 67 Fed.Reg. at 77040. “Hazardous fuels reduction involves manipulation, including combustion or removal of fuels, to reduce the likelihood of ignition and/ or to lessen potential damage to the ecosystem from intense wildfire and to create conditions where firefighters can safely and effectively control wildfires.” Id. at 77040-41. The Fuels CE encompasses “[hjazardous fuels reduction activities using prescribed fire, not to exceed 4,500 acres, and mechanical methods for crushing, piling, thinning, pruning, cutting, chipping, mulching, and mowing, not to exceed 1,000 acres.” FSH § 1909.15, ch. 30, § Sl^lO). Any project proposed under the Fuels CE requires a project file and decision memo, consisting of a description of the categorically excluded project, the reasons for invoking the CE, a finding that no extraordinary circumstances exist, and a description of the public involvement. Id.
The Fuels CE calls for projects to be identified and prioritized under the Secretary of the Interior and the United States Department of Agriculture’s (“USDA”) “10-Year Comprehensive Strategy Implementation Plan.” 67 Fed.Reg. at 77042. The 10-Year Plan calls for collaboration at the local, tribal, State and Federal levels, with the amount of collaboration to be “consistent with the complexity of land ownership patterns, resource management issues, and the number of interested stakeholders.” Id.
The Fuels CE was preceded by another significant change to the Forest Service Handbook, the addition of language in the extraordinary circumstances section which permits an action to proceed under a CE even when a listed resource condition exists. Clarification of Extraordinary Circumstances for Categories of Actions Excluded From Documentation in an Environmental Assessment or an Environmental Impact Statement, 67 Fed. Reg. 54622, 54627 (Aug. 23, 2002). Old Forest Service guidance stated that examples of extraordinary circumstances included, but were not limited to, the presence of the following factors: steep slopes or highly erosive soils; threatened and endangered species or their critical habitat; flood plains, wetlands, or municipal watersheds; Congressionally designated areas, such as wilderness, wilderness study areas, or National Recreation Areas; inventoried roadless areas; Research Natural Areas; and Native American religious or cultural sites, archaeological sites, or historic properties or areas. FSH § 1909.15, ch. 30, § 31.2(2) (1992); see also Dep’t of Agric., National Environmental Policy Act; Revised Policy and Procedures, 57 Fed.Reg. 43180, 43208 (Sept. 18, 1992).
Now, however, these factors are “resource conditions that should be considered” to determine whether extraordinary circumstances exist, but do not require any particular result. FSH § 1909.15, ch. 30, § 30.3(2) (2007). The new Handbook grants the Forest Service discretion to determine when an extraordinary circumstance exists, because it provides that “the mere presence of one or more of these resource conditions does not preclude use of categorical exclusions.” Id. Whereas the old Handbook called for production of an EA when one of these conditions was present, the new guidelines call for a preliminary analysis to determine whether there exists “a cause-effect relationship between a proposed action and the potential effect on these resource conditions and [ ] if such a relationship exists, the degree of the potential effect of a proposed action on these resource conditions.” Id.
The Forest Service developed the new “extraordinary circumstances” provision in response to “[pjublic and employee confusion” and court decisions which had interpreted the previous rules to require preparation of an EIS whenever any condition was present. See 67 Fed.Reg. at 54623-24; see also Jones v. Gordon, 792 F.2d 821, 828 (9th Cir.1986) (holding that because the elements of the extraordinary circumstances provision were in the disjunctive, “if any of the elements is present, the Service must prepare an environmental assessment or an environmental impact statement”).
C. Eldorado and Lassen Projects
The Sierra Club challenged the application of the Fuels CE to three projects scheduled for 2004 in the Eldorado National Forest — the Grey Eagle Fuels Reduction Project (logging 984 acres and prescribed burning 4,149 acres), the Forest Guard Fuels Reduction Project (logging and prescribed burning 412 acres), and the Rockeye Fuels Reduction Project (logging and prescribed burning 513 acres). The Sierra Club also challenged one project in the Lassen National Forest, the Adams Windthrow Fuels Reduction Project (wind thrown tree removal on 760 acres), but withdrew its challenge to that project at a motions hearing in the district court after the Forest Service decided not to proceed with the project. However, as the Forest Service has other Fuels CE projects planned for the Lassen National Forest, the Sierra Club on appeal continues to challenge the application of the Fuels CE to the Lassen National Forest.
According to the most recent schedule of proposed actions, the Forest Service has fifteen or more Fuels CE projects planned for the Eldorado National Forest, covering more than 8,000 acres, U.S. Forest Serv., Schedule of Proposed Actions 4/1/2007-6/30/2007 Eldorado National Forest, available at http://www.fs.fed.us/sopa/ components/reports/sopa-110503-2007-04. pdf, and seven projects planned under the Fuels CE for the Lassen National Forest, U.S. Forest Serv., Schedule of Proposed Actions 4/1/2007-6/30/2007 Lassen National Forest, available at http://www.fs.fed.us/ sopa/components/ reports/sopa-110506-2007-04.pdf.
D. District Court Decision
The Sierra Club filed the instant action challenging the Fuels CE and seeking a nationwide injunction enjoining use of the Fuels CE. In its amended complaint, the Sierra Club alleged that the Fuels CE is invalid because (1) the CE inappropriately includes activities that have significant effects; (2) data underlying the Fuels CE did not support promulgation of the CE; (3) the Forest Service did not adequately identify activities covered by the CE; and (4) the Forest Service did not adequately determine there were no “extraordinary circumstances” under which the CE would not be appropriate. The Sierra Club also asserted that the Forest Service violated NEPA by failing to prepare an EA/FÓNSI or an EIS for the Fuels CE, and that the Fuels CE was incorrectly applied to the four projects in the Eldorado and Lassen National Forests.
On August 19, 2005, the district court granted the Sierra Club’s motion to supplement the record with declarations from three of its experts, Craig Thomas, Dr. Denis Odion, and Monica Bond, but struck portions of the Thomas declaration. In the same ruling, the district court granted summary judgment in favor of the Forest Service.
The district court found that, in accordance with the Seventh Circuit’s decision in Heartwood, Inc. v. United States Forest Service, 230 F.3d 947, 954 (7th Cir.2000), the Forest Service is not required to produce an EIS or an EA prior to promulgating a CE. The district court found that the Sierra Club had not demonstrated that the Forest Service’s methodology was irrational or that its reliance on its own expert opinions was misplaced. The district court also found that the Forest Service had adequately determined and documented that no extraordinary circumstances existed in the four projects which would trigger the requirement for an EA or EIS and that the proposed fuels treatment did not increase fire risk. The district court entered summary judgment in favor of the Forest Service, and this appeal followed.
II Standards of Review
We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, viewing the decision of the Forest Service from the same position as the district court. Nev. Land Action Ass’n v. U.S. Forest Serv., 8 F.3d 713, 716 (9th Cir.1993). Summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c).
A. Challenge to Application of Fuels CE to Eldorado and Lassen National Forest
The Sierra Club and the Forest Service agree that the Administrative Procedure Act’s (APA) arbitrary and capricious standard applies to the Sierra Club’s challenge to the Fuels CE’s application to the Eldorado and Lassen National Forest projects. “An agency’s determination that a particular action falls within one of its categorical exclusions is reviewed under the arbitrary and capricious standard.” Alaska Ctr., 189 F.3d at 857.
Under the APA, a court may set aside an agency action if the court determines that the action is “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A); see also Marsh, 490 U.S. at 375-77, 109 S.Ct. 1851 (arbitrary and capricious standard applies to agency findings which involve agency expertise). “Although this inquiry into the facts is to be searching and careful, the ultimate standard of review is a narrow one.” Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 416, 91 S.Ct. 814, 28 L.Ed.2d 136 (1971), abrogated on other grounds by Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99, 105, 97 S.Ct. 980, 51 L.Ed.2d 192 (1977). Under this deferential standard, we are “not empowered to substitute [our] judgment for that of the agency.” Id. Consequently, we may reverse the decision as arbitrary or capricious only
if the agency relied on factors Congress did not intend it to consider, entirely failed to consider an important aspect of the problem, offered an explanation that ran counter to the evidence before the agency, or offered one that is so implausible that it could not be ascribed to a difference in view or the product of agency expertise.
W. Radio Servs. Co. v. Espy, 79 F.3d 896, 900 (9th Cir.1996).
Nevertheless, to withstand review “[t]he agency [] must articulate a rational connection between the facts found and the conclusions reached.” Earth Island Inst. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 442 F.3d 1147, 1156-57 (9th Cir.2006). We will defer to an agency’s decision only if it is “fully informed and well-considered,” Save the Yaak Comm. v. Block, 840 F.2d 714, 717 (9th Cir.1988) (internal quotation marks omitted), and we “will disapprove of an agency’s decision if it made ‘a clear error of judgment,’ ” West v. Sec’y of Dep’t of Transp., 206 F.3d 920, 924 (9th Cir.2000) (quoting Marsh, 490 U.S. at 378, 109 S.Ct. 1851). Furthermore, when an agency has taken action without observance of the procedure required by law, that action will be set aside. Idaho Sporting Cong., Inc. v. Alexander, 222 F.3d 562, 567-68 (9th Cir.2000).
B. Challenge to the Fuels CE
The Forest Service argues that the proper standard of review for the Sierra Club’s challenge to the Fuels CE itself is the “no set of circumstances” standard of review for facial challenges to statutes, as that standard was established by the Supreme Court in United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 745, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987), and extended by the Court in Reno v. Flores, 507 U.S. 292, 301, 113 S.Ct. 1439, 123 L.Ed.2d 1 (1993), to agency regulations reviewed for inconsistency with the authorizing statute. Under the “no set of circumstances” test, the Sierra Club would have to establish “that no set of circumstances exists under which the regulation would be valid.” Akhtar v. Burzynski, 384 F.3d 1193, 1198 (9th Cir.2004) (citing Reno, 507 U.S. at 301, 113 S.Ct. 1439). The Sierra Club, on the other hand, contends that the proper standard of review is the “arbitrary and capricious” standard generally applied to agency actions.
Jurisprudence appears to be divided on the question whether the Salerno “no set of circumstances” standard is dicta or whether it is to be generally applied to facial challenges. We have mentioned the “no set of circumstances” standard in only one published opinion, Akhtar v. Burzynski, where we stated the standard and cited Reno, but did not discuss or apply it. 384 F.3d at 1198. On the other hand, we have on many occasions applied the Chevron test to facial challenges to agency regulations with no mention of the “no set of circumstances” test. See, e.g., Natural Res. Def. Council v. Nat’l Marine Fisheries Serv., 421 F.3d 872, 877-78 (9th Cir.2005); Cal. ex. rel. Lockyer v. Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 383 F.3d 1006, 1011—13 (9th Cir.2004); Envtl. Def. Ctr., Inc. v. U.S. Envtl. Prot. Agency, 344 F.3d 832, 854-55 (9th Cir.2003); see also Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter, 515 U.S. 687, 703-04, 115 S.Ct. 2407, 132 L.Ed.2d 597 (1995).
Apart from our general absence of application of the “no set of circumstances” standard, we are not convinced that it should be applied to agency procedures such as the categorical exclusions in the present case. Indeed, the first circuit court to address a facial attack on a Forest Service categorical exclusion, Heartwood, Inc. v. United States Forest Service, 230 F.3d at 953, applied the “arbitrary and capricious” standard of review under the APA, 5 U.S.C. § 706. See also Cellular Phone Taskforce v. F.C.C., 205 F.3d 82, 93-94 (2d Cir.2000) (applying arbitrary and capricious standard of review to facial challenge to CE established by the FCC).
We need not decide, however, whether Salerno’s “no set of circumstances” standard is the proper standard of review for facial challenges to agency procedures, because even if we were to apply that standard in this case, it would not benefit the Forest Service. If the Forest Service failed to comply with the procedures required under NEPA in promulgating the Fuels CE, then its procedural noncompliance would render the Fuels CE unlawful regardless of how the CE is applied. The invalidity of the CE flows from the NEPA violation, not from the application of the CE. Moreover, our review of the validity of the promulgation of the CE is based upon only the evidence available to the agency at the time the agency made the decision to adopt the CE. See Overton Park, 401 U.S. at 419-20, 91 S.Ct. 814 (directing federal courts to base review on full administrative record before the agency at time decision was made). In other words, if the Sierra Club’s claims have merit, the stricter Salerno standard is met and there would be no set of circumstances under which the Fuels CE could be valid because the Forest Service failed to comply with NEPA.
Ill Discussion
A. Preparation of an EIS or an EA/FONSI
Although an agency need not prepare an EIS or an EA if an individual action falls under a valid categorical exclusion, the Sierra Club argues that the promulgation of the new Fuels categorical exclusion itself requires an EIS or an EA/FONSI because it is a major federal action which has a significant impact on the environment. See 42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C).
The Sierra Club contends that the Fuels CE is a major federal action because it qualifies as a rule, which is defined under the APA as “the whole or a part of an agency statement of general or particular applicability and future effect designed to implement, interpret, or prescribe law or policy or describing the organization, procedure, or practice requirements of an agency.” 5 U.S.C. § 551(4). Rules are federal actions under the regulations published by the CEQ. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.18(a) (stating that federal actions include “new or revised agency rules, regulations, plans, policies, or procedures; and legislative proposals”). Even if the Fuels CE is not a rule, regulation, or procedure, the Sierra Club alternatively argues that it would fall under the major federal action definition of a “program,” see 40 C.F.R. § 1508.18(b)(3), because it implements and carries out the policy of the President’s Healthy Forests Initiative.
The flaw in the Sierra Club’s argument is that a categorical exclusion is by definition not a major federal action because the CEQ regulations define it to be “a category of actions which do not individually or cumulatively have a significant effect on the human environment and which have been found to have no such effect.” 40 C.F.R. § 1508.4. The CEQ regulations also explicitly state that for this “category of actions,” no EIS or EA is required. Id.
Accordingly, the one court to address this issue, the Seventh Circuit in Heartwood, determined that because categorical exclusions “by definition, do not have a significant effect on the quality of the human environment,” the promulgation of a new categorical exclusion does not require issuance of an EIS or an EA/FON-SI. 230 F.3d at 954; see also Daniel R. Mandelker, NEPA Law & Litigation 7:10 (2d ed. 2003) (“Consultation with CEQ on the adoption of categorical exclusions is required, but a categorical exclusion adoption does not require an environmental assessment or an impact statement.”). The Sierra Club’s attempt to distinguish Heartwood on the basis that the categorical exclusion at issue here differs in significance is unavailing because the court in Heartwood based its holding on the regulatory definition of categorical exclusion, not on the substance of the specific categorical exclusion at issue. 230 F.3d at 954-55.
Moreover, the promulgation of a categorical exclusion is an implementing procedure of the CEQ regulations, regulations which do not require an EA/FONSI prior to promulgation of a CE. The CEQ regulations require agencies to establish “agency procedures” that include “specific criteria for and identification of those typical classes of action ... which normally do not require either an environmental impact statement or an environmental assessment.” 40 C.F.R. § 1507.3(b). However, no EIS or EA/FONSI need be produced prior to promulgation of a CE; rather, the agency need only “consult with the Council while developing its procedures and before publishing them in the Federal Register for comment” and adopt procedures “only after an opportunity for public review and after review by the Council for conformity with the Act and these regulations.” Id. § 1507.3(a). We therefore agree with the Seventh Circuit that “[f]or these procedures, the CEQ does not mandate that agencies conduct an EA before classifying an action as a CE and we must give great deference to the CEQ’s interpretation of its own regulations.” Heartwood, 230 F.3d at 954 (citing Andrus v. Sierra Club, 442 U.S. 347, 358, 99 S.Ct. 2335, 60 L.Ed.2d 943 (1979)).
In addition, the decision not to produce an EIS or an EA when promulgating a CE is not a change in the Forest Service’s policy. Significantly, although the Sierra Club argues that for more than 20 years EISs have been required for rules and regulations, the Sierra Club points to no prior instance where an agency has produced an EA/FONSI to accompany promulgation of a new CE. None of the eases in which plaintiffs have challenged a CE itself made mention of an EA/ FONSI preceding the establishment of the CE. See, e.g., Colo. Wild v. U.S. Forest Serv., 435 F.3d 1204, 1211-14 (10th Cir.2006); Cellular Phone Taskforce, 205 F.3d at 93-94; Heartwood, 230 F.3d at 954.
Rather than require the Forest Service to produce an EIS or an EA/FONSI, which the CEQ regulations do not require when the Forest Service promulgates a CE, we will examine the record to determine whether the evidence supports the Forest Service’s determination that the identified category of actions in the Fuels CE do not individually or cumulatively have a significant impact on the environment. See Mandelker, NEPA Law & Litigation § 7:10 (“The effect of this method of defining categorical exclusions is to apply the same criteria for determining whether an impact statement is necessary to the categorical exclusion decision.”).
B. Fuels CE not in compliance with NEPA
We conclude that because the Forest Service failed to demonstrate that it made a “reasoned decision” to promulgate the Fuels CE based on all the relevant factors and information, its promulgation of the Fuels CE was arbitrary and capricious. Marsh, 490 U.S. at 378, 109 S.Ct. 1851; see also 40 C.F.R. § 1505.1. “When an agency decides to proceed with an action in the absence of an EA or EIS, the agency must adequately explain its decision.” Alaska Ctr., 189 F.3d at 859. The Service erred by conducting the data call as a post-hoc rationale for its predetermined decision to promulgate the Fuels CE, failing to properly assess significance, failing to define the categorical exclusion with the requisite specificity, and therefore basing its decision on an inadequate record.
1. Improper Post-Hoc Decision-Making
The Department of the Interior and the Forest Service inappropriately decided to establish a categorical exclusion for hazardous fuels reduction before conducting the data call. In requesting the data call, the Deputy Chief of the Forest Service stated that the Forest Service “intend[s] to put this information to good use supporting a categorical exclusion for fuels treatment, rehab and salvage.” Post-hoc examination of data to support a predetermined conclusion is not permissible because “[t]his would frustrate the fundamental purpose of NEPA, which is to ensure that federal agencies take a ‘hard look’ at the environmental consequences of their actions, early enough so that it can serve as an important contribution to the decision making process.” California v. Norton, 311 F.3d 1162, 1175 (9th Cir.2002) (citation omitted). “[P]ost-decision information [ ] may not be advanced as a new rationalization either for sustaining or attacking an agency’s decision.” Sw. Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. U.S. Forest Serv., 100 F.3d 1443, 1450 (9th Cir.1996).
Moreover, the Forest Service failed to engage in the required “scoping process” prior to establishment of the categorical exclusion in order to “ ‘determine the scope of the issues to be addressed and for identifying the significant issues related to a proposed action.’ ” Alaska Ctr., 189 F.3d at 858 (quoting 40 C.F.R. § 1501.7); see also FSH § 1909.15, ch. 30.3. In determining the “scope” of a proposed project, the responsible Forest Service officer is required to consider the cumulative impacts of connected, cumulative, and similar actions, and is required to produce an EA if the proposed project may have a significant effect on the environment. See FSH § 1909.15, ch. 80.3; 40 C.F.R. § 1508.25(a)(3).
As the CEQ regulations state, NEPA procedures constitute the framework deci-sional process, and “NEPA’s purpose is not to generate paperwork — even excellent paperwork — but to foster excellent action.” 40 C.F.R. § 1500.1(c). The determination that a categorical exclusion was the proper path to take should have taken place after scoping, reviewing the data call, and determining that the proposed actions did not have individually or cumulatively significant impacts.
2. Failure to properly assess significance
“Categorical exclusions, by definition, are limited to situations where there is an insignificant or minor effect on the environment.” Alaska Ctr., 189 F.3d at 859; see also 40 C.F.R. § 1508.4. The Forest Service must document that the action to be undertaken is insignificant because the “threshold question in a NEPA case is whether a proposed project will ‘significantly affect’ the environment, thereby triggering the requirement for an EIS.” Blue Mountains Biodiversity Project v. Blackwood, 161 F.3d 1208, 1212 (9th Cir.1998) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 4332(2)(C)). The Forest Service did not do this. It failed to consider adequately the unique characteristics of the applicable geographic areas, the degree to which effects on the quality of the environment were controversial or the risks were unknown, the degree to which the CEs might establish a precedent for future actions with significant effects or represented a decision in principle about future considerations, the degree to which the actions might affect endangered species, and whether there existed cumulative impacts from other related actions. 40 C.F.R. § 1508.27(b).
a. Cumulative Impacts
The Forest Service concedes that no cumulative impacts analysis was performed for the Fuels CE as a whole. The Forest Service must perform this impacts analysis prior to promulgation of the CE. See 40 C.F.R. § 1508.4. “[Cumulative impact analysis must be timely. It is not appropriate to defer consideration of cumulative impacts to a future date when meaningful consideration can be given now.” Kern v. U.S. Bureau of Land Mgmt., 284 F.3d 1062, 1075 (9th Cir.2002) (citing Neighbor's of Cuddy Mountain, 137 F.3d at 1380).
That the Forest Service may perform an impacts analysis at the project level does not relieve it of its obligation to ensure that the Fuels CE as a whole has no cumulative impacts. Relying solely on a project level analysis is inadequate because it fails to consider impacts from past, present, or reasonably foreseeable future Fuels CE projects which may be located in close proximity, in the same watershed or endangered species habitat area. The CEQ regulations define “cumulative impact” as
the impact on the environment which results from the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions regardless of what agency (Federal or non-Federal) or person undertakes such other actions.
40 C.F.R. § 1508.7. The regulations further state that “[cjumulative impacts can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time.” Id. The record of decision must contain a “useful analysis of the cumulative impacts of past, present, and future projects,” which requires “discussion of how [future] projects together with the proposed ... project will affect [the environment].” Muckleshoot Indian Tribe v. U.S. Forest Serv., 177 F.3d 800, 810 (9th Cir.1999) (internal quotation marks omitted) (alterations in original).
Moreover, “NEPA [ ] prohibits] an agency from breaking up a large or cumulative project into smaller components in order to avoid designating the project a major federal action” that would be subject to NEPA analysis requirements. Churchill County v. Norton, 276 F.3d 1060, 1076 (9th Cir.2001) (internal quotation marks omitted). As the Sierra Club points out, if assessing the cumulative impacts of the Fuels CE as a whole is impractical, then use of the categorical exclusion mechanism was improper. Cf. Nat'l Parks & Conservation Ass’n, 241 F.3d at 733 (“[T]he Parks Service’s repeated generic statement that the effects are unknown does not constitute the requisite ‘hard look’ mandated by the statute if preparation of an EIS is to be avoided.”).
That an impacts analysis be done is of critical importance in a situation such as here, where the categorical exclusion is nationwide in scope and has the potential to impact a large number of acres. While dependent on the risk of wildfire, the Fuels CE could potentially be applicable beyond the wildland-urban interface to all units of the national forest system, totaling 192 million acres of land within 155 national forests and 20 national grasslands. National Forest System Land and Resource Management Planning, 65 Fed.Reg. 67514, 67514 (Nov. 9, 2000). The final notice published in the federal registry for the Fuels CE states that the projects surveyed represent a reasonable projection of its future use, 68 Fed.Reg. at 33815, which, at 2.5 million acres over 2 years, would exceed 1.2 million acres per year treated under the Fuels CE.
The Forest Service’s assertion that the Fuels CE is not a nationwide program that would necessitate a cumulative impacts analysis because it has no immediate direct effects is disingenuous; the Fuels CE is precisely a nationwide program that was designed to implement the 10-year plan in a way that avoids the need for production of EIS’s or EAs. And, as demonstrated by the number of projects already planned or approved in just the Eldorado and Lassen National Forests, actions directly affecting the environment are being taken under the Fuels CE. In addition, as the Sierra Club points out, we rejected similar arguments regarding the hypothetical nature of causation in Citizens for Better Forestry v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 341 F.3d 961, 973-75 (9th Cir.2003), and Kootenai Tribe of Id. v. Veneman, 313 F.3d 1094, 1115 (9th Cir.2002). An environmental analysis must be performed even for broad programmatic actions. See 40 C.F.R. § 1502.4(b); cf. Nat’l Parks & Conservation Ass’n, 241 F.3d at 733-34; Blue Mountains Biodiversity Project, 161 F.3d at 1213.
Although the record does contain a report from the Department of Interior summarizing the results of the data call, this report is inadequate as a cumulative impacts analysis because it offers only con-clusory statements that there would be no significant impact. Cf. Muckleshoot, 177 F.3d at 811 (“While the district court was correct in observing that there are ‘twelve sections entitled cumulative effects,’ these sections merely provide very broad and general statements devoid of specific, reasoned conclusions.”). The Forest Service does not reveal its methodology or offer any quantified results supporting its con-clusory statements that there are no cumulative impacts — it argues only that through the exercise of its expertise it determined that there was no such impact. This is insufficient. See Klamath-Siskiyou Wild-lands Ctr. v. B.L.M., 387 F.3d 989, 993 (9th Cir.2004) (“A proper consideration of the cumulative impacts of a project requires some quantified or detailed information.” (internal quotation marks omitted)). Moreover, the cumulative impacts analysis cannot focus only on the beneficial effects of hazardous fuels management in terms of controlling forest fires, but must also analyze the effects on the environment as a whole. Cf. Muckleshoot, 177 F.3d at 811 (“The statement notably contains no evaluation whatsoever of the impact on natural resources of timber harvesting ..., nor does it assess the possible impacts ... upon surrounding areas. The statement focuses solely on the beneficial impact the exchange will have on lands received by the Forest Service.”).
For example, in assessing the effects on air quality from prescribed burning, the report states that “a review of the project data showed that these environmental effects were not individually or cumulatively significant.” No hard data is provided to support this conclusion. There is no information on how effects on air quality will be mitigated nor does the documentation explicitly state with which policies or smoke management plans the actions taken under the Fuels CE must comply.
Furthermore, the report reveals potential significant effects, such as effects on soil and water quality from mechanical treatments, thinning operations, fire rehabilitation activities, and temporary road construction. The report also notes that seventy-four of the fuels projects in the data call resulted in temporary increases in erosion, localized sterilization of soil, and sedimentation of water quality. Nevertheless, the report summarily concludes, without citing hard data to support its conclusion, that there were no cumulative impacts because the effects were “localized, temporary, and of minor magnitude.” Yet this is precisely the reason why a global cumulative impacts analysis must be performed — if multiple Fuels CE projects are located in close proximity, then the effects on soil and water quality could no longer be said to be localized or of minor magnitude. In addition, the report reveals effects on wildlife and vegetation. The effects include displacement of wildlife from noise and activity caused by mechanized equipment, and habitat modification (changes in food sources, thermal and hiding cover) from changes in vegetation composition, invasive weed species, and reduced vegetation density.
Although the report lists potential mitigation measures, actions taken under a categorical exclusion do not require mitigation measures and the Fuels CE itself does not prescribe such measures. In addition, while significant mitigation measures may compensate for adverse environmental effects, the mitigation measures here are not “developed to a reasonable degree” and lack supporting analytical data. Nat’l Parks & Conservation Ass’n, 241 F.3d at 734 (internal quotation marks omitted); cf. Okanogan Highlands Alliance v. Williams, 236 F.3d 468, 473-76 (9th Cir.2000) (in analyzing mitigation measures, the Forest Service conducted computer modeling to predict the quality and quantity of environmental effects, discussed the monitoring measures to be put in place, ranked the probable efficacy of the different measures, detailed steps to achieve compliance should the measures fail, and identified the environmental standards by which mitigation success could be measured).
In order to assess significance properly, the Forest Service must perform a programmatic cumulative impacts analysis for the Fuels CE. The cumulative impacts analysis cannot merely consist of concluso-ry statements, because “[gjeneral statements about ‘possible’ effects and ‘some risk’ do not constitute a ‘hard look’ absent a justification regarding why more definitive information could not be provided.” Neighbors of Cuddy Mountain, 137 F.3d at 1380. “The cumulative impact analysis must be more than perfunctory; it must provide a ‘useful analysis of the cumulative impacts of past, present, and future projects.’ ” Kern, 284 F.3d at 1075 (quoting Muckleskoot, 177 F.3d at 810); see also Heartwood, Inc. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 73 F.Supp.2d 962, 976 (S.D.Ill.1999), aff'd, 230 F.3d 947 (7th Cir.2000) (vacating and enjoining application of timber harvest CE, in part because the “[Forest Service] failed to adequately address or provide support for its position that the timber harvests of these magnitude would not have cumulative effects on the environment”).
The impacts analysis must also contain “some quantified or detailed information.” Neighbors of Cuddy Mountain, 137 F.3d at 1379; see also Norton, 311 F.3d at 1177-78 (concluding that government needed to better document application of CE to oil lease suspensions that allowed oil companies to maintain production rights). “Agency regulations require that public information be of ‘high quality’ because [accurate scientific analysis, expert agency comments, and public scrutiny are essential to implementing NEPA.” Idaho Sporting Cong., 137 F.3d at 1151 (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis in original).
In accordance with the CEQ regulations, to assess significance and measure context and intensity, the Forest Service must assess cumulative impacts on a programmatic level. While “[w]e recognize that the determination of the extent and effect of [cumulative impact] factors, and particularly identification of the geographic area within which they may occur, is a task assigned to the special competency of the appropriate agencies,” Blue Mountains Biodiversity Project, 161 F.3d at 1215, the Forest Service must ensure that impacts are assessed at a level of detail such that useful data can be generated to facilitate review. See 40 C.F.R. §§ 1502.4(b), 1508.27. The Forest Service must also consider the impacts on wildlife and wildlife habitat. Cf. Heartwood, 73 F.Supp.2d at 976 (vacating and enjoining application of the timber harvest CE, in part because the Forest Service “did not distinguish between the environmental effects of live trees harvests and salvage sales ... and, in fact, failed to address the issue of potential negative effects on wildlife at all”).
At this point, the Forest Service has a wealth of data that it could review to determine cumulative impacts, including the projects in the data call, the projects already undertaken pursuant to the Fuels CE, and reasonably foreseeable future projects. See 40 C.F.R. §§ 1508.7, 1508.27; Muckleskoot, 177 F.3d at 811-12 (“An agency must analyze the incremental impact of the action when added to other past, present, and reasonably foreseeable future actions.” (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis in original)). This would address the assertion that the projects in the data call are not comparable to those taken under the CE because the data call projects were for the most part subject to mitigation measures.
b. Highly Controversial and Risks Uncertain
The Forest Service also erred in assessing significance by failing to consider the extent to which the impact of the fuels reduction projects on the environment was highly controversial and the risks uncertain. See 40 C.F.R. § 1508.27; Jones, 792 F.2d at 828. A proposal is highly controversial when “substantial questions are raised as to whether a project ... may cause significant degradation of some human environmental factor,” Nw. Envtl. Def. Ctr. v. Bonneville Power Admin., 117 F.3d 1520, 1536 (9th Cir.1997) (internal quotation marks omitted), or there is a “substantial dispute [about] the size, nature, or effect of the major Federal action,” Blue Mountains Biodiversity Project, 161 F.3d at 1212 (alteration in original) (internal quotation marks omitted). “A substantial dispute exists when evidence, raised prior to the preparation of an EIS or FONSI, casts serious doubt upon the reasonableness of an agency’s conclusions.” Nat’l Parks & Conservation Ass’n, 241 F.3d at 736 (citation omitted).
Here, the comments of several federal and state agencies submitted in response to the Fuels CE raised substantial questions as to whether the project would cause significant environmental harm and expressed serious concerns about the uncertain risk, size, nature, and effects of actions under the CE. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (“FWS”) stated that reconstruction of decommissioned roads or creation of temporary roads could increase road density, decrease wolf security habitat and grizzly bear core area, and contribute to increased sedimentation rate in streams. The FWS further questioned the need for a categorical exclusion, stating that it “supports the intent of the Healthy Forest Initiative, but believes the existing NEPA processes are a useful and necessary tool to analyze the full environmental effects of most hazardous fuels reduction projects.” The FWS also expressed concern that “efforts to streamline these analyses should not results [sic] in a process counter to the basic premise of NEPA — public disclosure.”
The Arizona Game and Fish Department (“AGFD”) noted that fuel reduction activities have a higher likelihood of affecting the environment than rehabilitation/stabilization activities, yet the Forest Service data call does not adequately identify the nature or scope of individual projects to allow for a more detailed evaluation. AGFD pointed out that a recent Forest Service timber sale proposed as a means to reduce fuel loading provided for the cutting of large-diameter ponderosa pine trees, even though ponderosa pine is a fire-resistant tree species. AGFD also disputed the Forest Service’s determination that the Fuels CE would cause no significant impacts and identified five of the ten evaluation criteria for significance that are implicated by the Fuels CE, including highly uncertain risks on forest structure, wildlife species, exotic species invasion, erosion/sedimentation, and wildlife disease transmission.
The AGFD further commented that it was “concerned about making hazardous fuels reduction and rehabilitation/ stabilization actions for categorical exclusion.” The AGFD expressed other concerns, including: “the types of activities that will be categorically excluded; the lack of limitations on the scope and scale of such activities; the lack of monitoring of effects of the categorical exclusions on non-listed wildlife species and habitats; and the overall general nature of the categorical exclusion language.”
The California Resources Agency (“CRA”) commented that the Forest Service has not evaluated the impacts of under story treatments on native plants and animals, and noted that the brush to be removed in California under fuels reduction is a significant component of fire-adapted ecosystems. The CRA also cited a scientific article which finds that the effects of thinning on wildlife and habitat are negative for at least 10 years, and unknown in the long-term. The CRA concluded that “[a] significant amount of uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of treatments on reduced risk and habitat use remain.”
In addition, the CRA expressed disapproval of the use of a categorical exclusion not requiring full NEPA review, concluding that “the proposal could lead to significant degradation of public forest land in the state, especially when considered in combination with the many other federal forest policy proposals pending on both the state and regional levels.” The CRA explained that “[f]uel reduction projects will require trade-offs that need analysis and debate by the public and decision-makers; and this is the very purpose for which Congress passed, and President Nixon signed, the National Environmental Policy Act.”
The Forest Service failed to meet its burden to provide a “well-reasoned explanation” demonstrating that these responses to the Fuels CE “do not suffice to create a public controversy based on potential environmental consequences.” Nat’l Parks & Conservation Ass’n, 241 F.3d at 736 (internal quotation marks omitted). Given the large number of comments, close to 39,000, and the strong criticism from several affected Western state agencies, we cannot summarily conclude that the effects of the Fuels CE are not controversial. See id. (stating that 450 comments, with 85% negative, was “more than sufficient to meet the outpouring of public protest” test (internal quotation marks omitted)); Sierra Club v. U.S. Forest Serv., 843 F.2d 1190, 1193 (9th Cir.1988) (Forest Service awarded timber contracts containing groves of giant sequoia redwoods without preparing an EIS; after evidence from numerous experts showing the EA’s inadequacies and casting serious doubt on the Forest Service’s conclusions, we held that this was “precisely the type of ‘controversial’ action for which an EIS must be prepared”). The Forest Service must address these issues prior to promulgating the Fuels CE.
3. Requisite Specificity
The CEQ regulations require that agency procedures on categorical exclusions include “[sjpeeific criteria for and identification of those typical classes of action ... [wjhich normally do not require either an environmental impact statement or an environmental assessment (categorical exclusions (§ 1508.4)).” 40 C.F.R. § 1507.3(b)(2). Although thé Department of Interior report revealed that twelve of the fuels treatment projects in the data call had individually or cumulatively significant effects, it neglected to identify what specific characteristics of those projects made those effects significant. The report also listed other effects, which, although deemed “localized” or “temporary” in the projects analyzed, could conceivably have a cumulative effect if multiple Fuels CE projects were located in close proximity. The Fuels CE as written lacks the requisite specificity to ensure that the projects taken under it achieve the objective of hazardous fuels reduction, but do not individually or cumulatively inflict a significant impact. See 40 C.F.R. § 1508.4. The Service must take specific account of the significant impacts identified in prior hazardous fuels reduction projects and their cumulative impacts in the design and scope of any future Fuels CE so that any such impacts can be prevented.
For example, the Fuels CE fails to identify the maximum diameter or species of trees that are permitted to be logged and, as the AGFD noted, allows for removal of trees, such as the ponderosa pine, which are fire resistant. There is also no limit on the proximity of different projects under the Fuels CE, nor any cap on the number of projects in a particular watershed, ecosystem, or endangered species habitat area. The Fuels CE also lacks any restrictions on the thinning of trees or the removal of combustible vegetation, and, as AGFD points out, livestock grazing could potentially be categorically excluded as removal of combustible vegetation, even though grasses in most instances are not considered hazardous fuels.
There are also no provisions for identifying when temporary road removal is required, what road density is permitted, or even a definition of what types of roads qualify as “temporary” roads. As the FWS points out, road density has significant effects on several endangered species, as well as aquatic habitats and stream sedimentation. The FWS also notes that “ ‘adverse effect,’ as it pertains to extraordinary circumstances that may exempt a project from the proposed categorical exclusions,” is not defined and “may have different meanings for each agency.”
IY Remedy
In declaring that no significant environmental effects were likely without complying with the requirements of NEPA, the Forest Service’s decision-makers made a “clear error of judgment.” Marsh, 490 U.S. at 378, 109 S.Ct. 1851. Having determined that the district court erred in granting summary judgment, we turn to the question of what remedy is appropriate.
The Sierra Club has made the requisite showing for injunctive relief because “[e]nvironmental injury, by its nature, can seldom be adequately remedied by money damages and is often permanent or at least of long duration, i.e., irreparable.” Amoco Prod. Co. v. Village of Gam-bell, 480 U.S. 531, 545, 107 S.Ct. 1396, 94 L.Ed.2d 542 (1987). Moreover, “[i]f environmental injury is sufficiently likely, the balance of harms will usually favor the issuance of an injunction to protect the environment.” High Sierra Hikers Ass’n v. Blackwell, 390 F.3d 630, 642 (9th Cir.2004) (citing Amoco, 480 U.S. at 545, 107 S.Ct. 1396). While a violation of NEPA does not automatically require the issuance of an injunction, “the presence of strong NEPA claims gives rise to more liberal standards for granting an injunction.” Am. Motorcyclist Ass’n v. Watt, 714 F.2d 962, 965 (9th Cir.1983). “When the proposed project may significantly degrade some human environmental factor, injunc-tive relief is appropriate.” Nat'l Parks & Conservation Ass’n, 241 F.3d at 737 (internal quotation marks omitted).
The balance of equities and the public interest favor issuance of an injunction because allowing a potentially environmentally damaging program to proceed without an adequate record of decision runs contrary to the mandate of NEPA. See Kootenai Tribe, 313 F.3d at 1125 (“[W]here the purpose of the challenged action is to benefit the environment, the public’s interest in preserving precious, un-replenishable resources must be taken into account in balancing the hardships.”); Nat’l Parks & Conservation Ass’n, 241 F.3d at 737. The public interest is further implicated because the prescribed burning and logging have potential impacts on air, soil, and water quality, and wildlife and forest resources. See Earth Island, 442 F.3d at 1177 (“The preservation of our environment, as required by NEPA and the NFMA, is clearly in the public interest.”); Earth Island Inst. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 351 F.3d 1291, 1308 (9th Cir.2003) (“[I]t is also appropriate to consider the broader public interest in the preservation of the forest and its resources.”); cf. High Sierra Hikers, 390 F.3d at 643.
The Forest Service’s failure to properly assess the significance of the Fuels CE, a broad programmatic action under which in excess of 1.2 million acres will be annually logged and burned, causes irreparable injury, as “[i]n the NEPA context, irreparable injury flows from the failure to evaluate the environmental impact of a major federal action.” Id. at 642. The harm is compounded by the “added risk to the environment that takes place when governmental decisionmakers make up them minds without having before them an analysis (with public comment) of the likely effects of their decision on the environment.” Citizens for Better Forestry, 341 F.3d at 971 (quoting West, 206 F.3d at 930 n. 14).
However, in balancing the hardships, we must recognize that the challenged CE was promulgated in 2003 and many individual projects already have been approved and are in operational stages. The record before us does not show which projects have been completed or are substantially near completion. “[Wjhere the question of injunctive relief raise[s] intensely factual issues, the scope of the injunction should be determined in the first instance by the district court.” Nat’l Parks & Conservation Ass’n, 241 F.3d at 738 (internal quotation marks omitted) (alteration in original). Therefore, we vacate the district court’s summary judgment, and remand this case to that court with instructions to enter an injunction precluding the Forest Service from implementing the Fuels CE pending its completion of an adequate assessment of the significance of the categorical exclusion from NEPA. The injunction shall be limited to those projects for which the Forest Service did not issue approval prior to the initiation of this lawsuit in October 2004, but we leave to the district court the decision as to which projects approved after the lawsuit was filed are appropriate to exclude from the injunction because they are at or near completion.
REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.
KLEINFELD, Circuit Judge,
concurring:
I cannot bring myself to believe that a Forest Service decision to cut brush and use controlled burns to reduce forest fire danger near urban areas is arbitrary and capricious. And I cannot quite bring myself to believe that the categorical exclusion in this case, covering less than one half of one percent of federal land, will have a cumulative impact on our environment requiring years more research, analysis and report writing before we do anything to protect people from forest fires. As a matter of common sense, cutting brush and using controlled burns on parcels no larger than 1,000 acres and 4,000 acres respectively seems most likely to have the cumulative impact of reducing the catastrophic effect of forest fires on people.
Nevertheless, the government’s brief does not point us to anything in the record that supports my intuitive view. The best I can find in the record is some scattered bits that were written after the categorical exclusion was made, saying that the categorical exclusion is not expected to contribute to adverse cumulative impacts on sensitive wildlife species. The briefs and record control, and the government has made no serious attempt to show us why the categorical exclusion was not arbitrary and capricious or that it gave the required “hard look” at the categorical exclusion before promulgating it. A judge’s duty is to decide the case based on the law and the record, not his personal policy preference. I am therefore compelled to concur.
. The complete hazardous fuels reduction category is, as follows:
[h]azardous fuels reduction activities using prescribed fire, not to exceed 4,500 acres, and mechanical methods for crushing, piling, thinning, pruning, cutting, chipping, mulching, and mowing, not to exceed 1,000 acres. Such activities:
a. Shall be limited to areas:
(1) In the wildland-urban interface; or
(2) Condition Classes 2 or 3 in Fire Regime Groups I, II, or III, outside the wildland-urban interface;
b. Shall be identified through a collaborative framework as described in "A Collaborative Approach for Reducing Wildland Fire Risks to Communities and Environment 10-Year Comprehensive Strategy Implementation Plan”;
c. Shall be conducted consistent with agency and Departmental procedures and applicable land and resource management plans;
d. Shall not be conducted in wilderness areas or impair the suitability of wilderness study areas for preservation as wilderness; and
e. Shall not include the use of herbicides or pesticides or the construction of new permanent roads or other new permanent infrastructure; and may include the sale of vegetative material if the primary purpose of the activity is hazardous fuels reduction.
Forest Service Handbook 1909.15, ch. 30, § 31.2(10) (2004).
. The 10-Year Plan was developed in response to Congress's direction in October 2000 that the Departments of Agriculture and the Interior develop a ten-year strategy for implementing the National Fire Plan, and to do so in collaboration with the states most affected by fire. See Department of the Interi- or and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 2001, 106 Pub.L. No. 291, 114 Stat. 922, 1008-1010 (Oct. 11, 2000) (requesting agencies to prepare a strategic plan detailing their plans to use the nearly $1 billion appropriated to address wildland fire danger, and to investigate the possibility of expedited NEPA compliance procedures).
. The previous Forest Service Handbook, adopted in 1992, required that "a proposed action may be categorically excluded from documentation in an environmental impact statement (EIS) or environmental assessment (EA) only if the proposed action ... [i]s within a category listed in sec. 31.1b or 31.2; and there are no extraordinary circumstances related to the proposed action.” Forest Service Handbook § 19<IP_ADDRESS>(2) (1992); see also Dep’t of Agric., National Environmental Policy Act; Revised Policy and Procedures, 57 Fed.Reg. 43180, 43208 (Sept. 18, 1992).
. See, e.g., City of Chicago v. Morales, 527 U.S. 41, 55 n. 22, 119 S.Ct. 1849, 144 L.Ed.2d 67 (1999) (plurality opinion) ("To the extent we have consistently articulated a clear standard for facial challenges, it is not the Salerno formulation, which has never been the decisive factor in any decision of this Court.”); Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 740, 117 S.Ct. 2258, 138 L.Ed.2d 772 (1997) (Stevens, J., concurring) (commenting on Court's failure to apply Salerno standard even though challenge to assisted suicide ban was facial challenge, and stating that “I do not believe the Court has ever actually applied such a strict standard, even in Salerno itself” (footnote omitted)); Janklow v. Planned Parenthood, Sioux Falls Clinic, 517 U.S. 1174, 1175, 116 S.Ct. 1582, 134 L.Ed.2d 679 (1996) (Stevens, J., concurring in denial of cert.) (stating that Salerno "no set of circumstances” standard "does not accurately characterize the standard for deciding facial challenges,” and that this "rigid and unwise dictum has been properly ignored in subsequent cases even outside the abortion context”); Planned Parenthood of Se. Pa. v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833, 895, 112 S.Ct. 2791, 120 L.Ed.2d 674 (1992) (statute facially invalid as "substantial obstacle” to exercise of right in "large fraction” of cases); id. at 972-73, 112 S.Ct. 2791 (Relinquish C.J., concurring in judgment in part and dissenting in part) (arguing that "no set of circumstances” dictum should have led to different result); Kraft Gen. Foods, Inc. v. Iowa Dep't of Revenue & Fin., 505 U.S. 71, 82-83, 112 S.Ct. 2365, 120 L.Ed.2d 59 (1992) (Rehnquist, C.J., dissenting) (arguing that tax statute was facially valid because it would be constitutional under certain facts); Bowen v. Kendrick, 487 U.S. 589, 602, 108 S.Ct. 2562, 101 L.Ed.2d 520 (1988) (statute facially invalid under Establishment Clause only if, inter alia, law’s "primary effect” is advancement of religion, or if it requires "excessive entanglement” between church and state); id. at 627 n. 1, 108 S.Ct. 2562 (Blackmun, J., dissenting) (pointing out and agreeing with majority's rejection of "no set of circumstances” dictum); Michael C. Dorf, Facial Challenges to State and Federal Statutes, 46 Stan. L.Rev. 235, 236, 238 (1994).
. We note that the Tenth Circuit in Colorado Wild v. United States Forest Service, 435 F.3d 1204, 1214 (10th Cir.2006), applied the Salerno "no set of circumstances” review to a facial challenge to a Forest Service categorical exclusion.
. Further specification and definition of what actions are permitted under the Fuels CE based on the results of the programmatic cumulative impacts analysis will reduce reliance on the current case-by-case approach necessitated by the Fuels CE. Because the CEQ regulations require that the Forest Service enact provisions for extraordinary circumstances, some analysis of impacts at the project level will always be necessary. Therefore we need not address the Sierra Club's argument that the current approach creates an unlawful case-by-case exception to NEPA.
| CASELAW |
Investigating GemStone operation performance
This is a page that looks at measuring performance of GemStone operations .
Before running these setup the default session that you want to use, and run the next snippet to initialize it.
session := GtGemStoneSessionRegistry default defaultSession
Simple call
You can profile the snippet below to get an idea of the duration of a basic call
simpleObject := session evaluateAndWait: 'Object new'
This does 10 calls in a row and measures the time of each.
individualTimes := 10 timesCollect: [
[ session evaluateAndWait: 'Object new' ] timeToRun ]
Inspecting objects
These are snippets for measuring the performance of inspecting objects. Here we work directly with a proxy to the object.
objectCodeToEvaluate := 'GtRemotePhlowDeclarativeTestInspectable new'
objectCodeToEvaluate := 'Object new'
First, we can make individual calls directly to the proxy object:
objectProxy := session evaluateAndWait: objectCodeToEvaluate
The views and the string are returned directly from the basic proxy object, which can result in several remote calls.
objectProxy declarativeViews
objectProxy gtInspectorTitleString
Second, we can group all calls made to show an inspector.
views := objectProxy declarativeViews.
objectProxy gtInspectorTitleString.
(views detect: [ :each | each methodSelector = #gtListFor:])
retrieveItems: 1 fromIndex: 100
We can also get directly an inspector proxy and work with it.
inspectorProxy := objectProxy getInspectorProxyWithData
inspectorProxy getInspectorProxyWithData
Or we can just do the call to get data:
inspectorProxy getInspectorProxyRawData | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
You might not know Joe Stevens’s name, but you might recognize him from his roles in more than two dozen Texas-shot movies and television shows.
An Actor Known by Face Lends Voice to ‘True Grit’
For nearly 17 years, Joe Stevens managed what for so many others has been impossible: He eked out a modest but steady living as one of those actors whose name you don’t know but whose face you seem to see everywhere. After graduating from the University of Texas in 1986, he founded a theater company in Austin called Cro-Magnum, which in turn led to small parts in more than two dozen Texas-shot movies and television shows, including “Lone Star,” “Selena,” “Varsity Blues” and (as four different characters in four different episodes) “Walker, Texas Ranger.” | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Stoudt's Brewery
Question About Title
I've added a few citations, but the article still needs quite a lot of work. In particular, the company website states that the actual name of the brewery is "Stoudt's Brewing Company". I am not sure how to fix the title of the page to match the brewery name. Sphcow (talk) 15:35, 22 April 2016 (UTC) | WIKI |
Home Cisco Cisco Device Management How To Backup and Restore Cisco Switch/Router IOS Images Using SCP Server
How To Backup and Restore Cisco Switch/Router IOS Images Using SCP Server
Backing up and restoring Cisco IOS image files using an SCP server is one of the skills every network administrator should have. It is also a subject in the CCNA exam syllabus. In this tutorial, I will teach you how to back up and restore Cisco switch/router IOS images using an SCP server.
SCP stands for Secure Copy. SCP is based on SSH (Secure Shell). It is a tool that provides a secure way to download and upload Cisco IOS images and configuration files by ensuring encryption and authentication.
In the following sections, I will be using the subsequent network diagram. The network consists of three devices: one Cisco router and two Cisco switches. Besides, switch SW1 will be configured to act as an SCP server.
Configuring SCP Service on a Cisco Router/Switch
To set up the SCP service on a Cisco router or switch, you have to configure SSH version 2 and then enable SCP using the ip scp server enable command.
Here are the steps to configure a Cisco router/switch as an SCP server. The first steps enable SSH version 2, while the last one activates SCP.
Step 1. Set a domain name for the router/switch using the ip domain-name command.
Step 2. Activate the SSH server and generate an RSA key pair using the crypto key generate rsa general-keys modulus sz command, where sz is a number between 360 to 4096 bits representing the size of the key modulus.
Step 3. Set the SSH version to 2 using the ip ssh version command.
Step 4. Enable SSH user authentication on a per-user basis using the local user database by issuing the login local command in line configuration mode. You can also configure AAA authorization and authentication to achieve the same thing.
Step 5. Create one or more username/password pairs with privilege level 15 using the username privilege 15 password command or the username privilege 15 secret command.
Username/password combinations are credentials the network administrator should enter to connect to the SSH/SCP service via an SSH client. Additionally, the user you use to connect to the SCP server should be able to access privileged EXEC mode.
Step 6. Enable the SCP service using the ip scp server enable command.
In this example, we configure the SCP service and configure SSH on switch SW1 based on the following settings.
• Domain name: itskillbuilding.com
• RSA keys modulus: 3072
• SSH version: 2
• SSH authentication method: local user database.
• Privilege 15 user account: username is scp and password is CISCO.
SW1(config)# username scp privilege 15 password CISCO
SW1(config)#
SW1(config)# ip domain-name itskillbuilding.com
SW1(config)# crypto key generate rsa general-keys modulus 3072
SW1(config)# ip ssh version 2
SW1(config)#
SW1(config)# line vty 0 4
SW1(config-line)# login local
SW1(config-line)# exit
SW1(config)#
SW1(config)# ip scp server enable
The show ip ssh command output states that SSH version 2 has been enabled.
SW1# show ip ssh
SSH Enabled - version 2.0
Authentication timeout: 120 secs; Authentication retries: 3
The show running-config command indicates that the ip scp server enable command has been applied successfully.
SW1# show running-config | include scp
username scp password 0 CISCO
ip scp server enable
SW1#
To monitor and troubleshoot SCP connections, issue the debug ip scp command in enable mode.
How To Backup a Cisco Router/Switch IOS Image Using an SCP Server
To back up a Cisco router/switch IOS image file using an SCP server, follow these easy steps:
Step 1. Configure an SCP server on a Cisco router/switch or on a separate machine. You can find lots of free SCP server apps on the Internet
Step 2. Connect the Cisco router/switch directly or through another network device to the SCP server.
Step 3. Configure IP addresses on both the Cisco router/switch and the SCP server.
Router> enable
Router# conf t
Router(config)# hostname R1
R1(config)# interface gigabitethernet 0/0
R1(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.1 255.255.255.0
R1(config-if)# no shutdown
Step 4. Ping the SCP server from the Cisco router/switch to check the connection between these network devices.
R1# ping 10.0.0.10
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.0.0.10, timeout is 2 seconds:
.!!!!
Success rate is 80 percent (4/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 0/0/0 ms
Step 5. Initiate a CLI session to the Cisco router/switch via a console cable, Telnet, or SSH.
Step 6. In privileged EXEC mode, issue the show flash: command to display the list of Cisco IOS images stored in flash memory.
R1# show flash:
System flash directory:
File Length Name/status
3 33591768 c1900-universalk9-mz.SPA.151-4.M4.bin
2 28282 sigdef-category.xml
1 227537 sigdef-default.xml
[33847587 bytes used, 221896413 available, 255744000 total]
249856K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)
Step 7. In enable mode, issue the copy flash: scp command to start backing up a Cisco router/switch IOS image file. In this example, we save the c1900-universalk9-mz.SPA.151-4.M4.bin file.
The copy command would require the name of the Cisco IOS image file to send to the SCP server, the name under which to store the image file on the SCP server, the IP address of the SCP server, and the name and password of a user account.
R1# copy flash: scp
Source filename []? c1900-universalk9-mz.SPA.151-4.M4.bin
Address or name of remote host []? 10.0.0.10
Destination username [R1]? scp
Destination filename [c1900-universalk9-mz.SPA.151-4.M4.bin]? c1900-universalk9-mz.SPA.151-4.M4-copy.bin
Writing c1900-universalk9-mz.SPA.151-4.M4-copy.bin
Password:
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
33591768 bytes copied in 191.153 secs (175732 bytes/sec)
Step 8. Open the folder where the SCP server stores files in order to check that the router/switch’s image file is there.
How To Restore Cisco Router/Switch IOS Images Using an SCP Server
Here are the steps to restore a Cisco router/switch IOS image file from an SCP server:
Step 1. Install and set up an SCP server.
Step 2. Connect the Cisco router/switch directly or through another network device to the SCP server.
Step 3. Configure IP addresses on the router/switch and the SCP server.
Switch> enable
Switch# conf t
Switch(config)# hostname SW2
SW2(config)#
SW2(config)# interface vlan 1
SW2(config-if)# ip address 10.0.0.20 255.255.255.0
SW2(config-if)# no shutdown
Step 5. Ping the SCP server from the router/switch to verify that both devices can communicate.
SW2# ping 10.0.0.10
Type escape sequence to abort.
Sending 5, 100-byte ICMP Echos to 10.0.0.10, timeout is 2 seconds:
.!!!!
Success rate is 80 percent (4/5), round-trip min/avg/max = 0/0/0 ms
Step 6. Connect to the Cisco router/switch’s CLI interface via a console cable, Telnet, or SSH.
Step 7. In enable mode, enter the copy scp flash: command to begin restoring a Cisco IOS image file. In this example, we download the 2960-lanbasek9-mz.151-2.SE4.bin file.
The copy command would ask for the name of the Cisco IOS image file to copy from the SCP server, the name under which to store the image file in flash memory, the IP address of the SCP server, and a valid username/password pair.
SW2# copy scp flash:
Address or name of remote host []? 10.0.0.10
Source username [SW2]? scp
Source filename []? 2960-lanbasek9-mz.151-2.SE4.bin
Destination filename [2960-lanbasek9-mz.151-2.SE4.bin]? 2960-lanbasek9-mz.151-2.SE4-restored.bin
Password:
!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
4670455 bytes copied in 26.6069 secs (175535 bytes/sec)
Step 8. Display the content of the flash memory to verify that the Cisco IOS image file is there.
SW2# show flash:
Directory of flash:/
1 -rw- 4670455 2960-lanbasek9-mz.150-2.SE4.bin
2 -rw- 4670455 2960-lanbasek9-mz.151-2.SE4-restored.bin
64016384 bytes total (54675474 bytes free)
If you want the switch to load the new image file upon the next reboot, issue the boot system command in switch configuration mode, save the configuration, and then reload the switch, as demonstrated in this example.
SW2(config)# boot system 2960-lanbasek9-mz.151-2.SE4-restored.bin
SW2(config)# end
SW2#
SW2# write
Building configuration...
[OK]
SW2# reload
Proceed with reload? [confirm]
C2960 Boot Loader (C2960-HBOOT-M) Version 12.2(25r)FX, RELEASE SOFTWARE (fc4)
Cisco WS-C2960-24TT (RC32300) processor (revision C0) with 21039K bytes of memory.
2960-24TT starting...
Base ethernet MAC Address: 00D0.97CB.6C64
Xmodem file system is available.
Initializing Flash...
flashfs[0]: 3 files, 0 directories
flashfs[0]: 0 orphaned files, 0 orphaned directories
flashfs[0]: Total bytes: 64016384
flashfs[0]: Bytes used: 9341998
flashfs[0]: Bytes available: 54674386
flashfs[0]: flashfs fsck took 1 seconds.
...done Initializing Flash.
Boot Sector Filesystem (bs:) installed, fsid: 3
Parameter Block Filesystem (pb:) installed, fsid: 4
Loading "flash:/2960-lanbasek9-mz.151-2.SE4-restored.bin"...
########################################################################## [OK]
Smart Init is enabled
omitted output
Troubleshooting Cisco IOS Image Backup and Restore Process using an SCP Server
When you try to backup or restore a Cisco IOS image file, whether it is for a switch or router, the procedure may fail because of one of these reasons:
• The SCP service is not working.
• The SCP server is unreachable because of bad IP addressing on the client or the server side, or due to routing issues in the network.
• Bad credentials (username and password).
• Not enough user permissions.
• An ACL denies SCP packets between the SCP client and the SCP server.
Related Lessons to How To Backup and Restore Cisco Switch/Router IOS Images Using SCP Server
Conclusion
I hope this blog post helps you learn something.
Now I’d like to turn it over to you:
What did you like about this tutorial?
Or maybe you have an excellent idea that you think I need to add.
Either way, let me know by leaving a comment below right now.
Mohamed Ouamer is a computer science teacher and a self-published author. He taught networking technologies and programming for more than fifteen years. While he loves to share knowledge and write, Mohamed's best passions include spending time with his family, visiting his parents, and learning new things.
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Toshiba expects first annual net profit in 4 years
TOKYO, Feb 14 (Reuters) - Japan’s Toshiba Corp said it expects to book its first net profit in four years, as it makes progress to recover from billions of dollars in losses at its U.S. nuclear unit Westinghouse.
The struggling industrial conglomerate forecast net profit of 520 billion yen ($4.86 billion) for the year ending March, up from a prior forecast of a 110 billion yen loss.
The revised estimate comes on the back of a sale of Toshiba’s claims against now-bankrupt Westinghouse Electric Co LLC to a group of hedge funds, a deal that also affords the Japanese firm tax benefits.
The new forecast compares with a consensus estimate of a 187.84 billion yen profit from eight analysts polled by Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S. ($1=106.96 yen) (Reporting by Makiko Yamazaki: Editing by Neil Fullick) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Diary of the times of Charles II Vol. I.djvu/373
Rh therefore they must give ready money, and then we shall see what the French would do.
2d.Monsieur Campricht and Monsieur Straatman came to see me. The last made me great compliments upon our success here; he tells me he is going to Ratisbon, that the French endeavour to destroy the Diet, and that Monsieur Rebenac is with the Elector of Brandenburgh for that purpose, who is already inclined to it. I was with the Prince in the evening, who told me that Groninguen had declared for the Alliance, and that it was only in compliment to him.
3d.I danced at Court, where the Prince came. Monsieur Le Rhingraye and Monsieur Schomberg saluted the Prince.
4th.I went to see them. At night I carried the Prince a letter from my Lord Sunderland; upon which he fell into discourse of affairs. He asked my opinion who he should send into England; we pitched upon Sir Gabriel Sylvius; he thinks Mr. Godolphin does go too fast, he thinks him quicker than Mr. Hide, and Sir William Temple far beyond them all. I told him how Monsieur Schomberg was afraid of coming to me, VOL. I. | WIKI |
BRIEF-Colfax Sees FY 2018 Adjusted Earnings Per Share $2.00 To $2.15
February 6, 2018 / 12:08 PM / in 20 minutes BRIEF-Colfax Sees FY 2018 Adjusted Earnings Per Share $2.00 To $2.15 Reuters Staff
Feb 6 (Reuters) - Colfax Corp: * COLFAX REPORTS FOURTH QUARTER 2017 RESULTS * Q4 ADJUSTED EARNINGS PER SHARE $0.45 * Q4 LOSS PER SHARE $1.53 FROM CONTINUING OPERATIONS * Q4 EARNINGS PER SHARE $0.10 * Q4 SALES ROSE 7.6 PERCENT TO $874 MILLION * SEES FY 2018 ADJUSTED EARNINGS PER SHARE $2.00 TO $2.15
* Q4 EARNINGS PER SHARE VIEW $0.44, REVENUE VIEW $892.3 MILLION -- THOMSON REUTERS I/B/E/S
* FY2018 EARNINGS PER SHARE VIEW $2.14 -- THOMSON REUTERS I/B/E/S
* SEES 2018 PROJECTED NET INCOME PER SHARE CONTINUING OPERATIONS (GAAP) OF $1.36 TO $1.51
* SAYS RESTRUCTURING ACTIONS SHOULD DELIVER AT LEAST $25 MILLION OF SAVINGS IN 2018 Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage: | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
scale tips
How to choose a Scale ?
There are a number of factors that must be considered when purchasing a scale, whether it be a fine laboratory balance or truck scale, before determining the best buy in terms of quality and price.
Some questions to ask:
* What are the largest and smallest weights you need to weigh?
* Will what you normally weigh fit on the base of the scale?
* What is the minimum accuracy you need?
* Is the scale in a harsh or hazardous environment?
* Do you need the indicator to control any external devices - i.e. remote displayboards, printers, etc?
* Will the scale have to be moved around from time to time?
Here are answers to some Frequently asked questions.
1. What kind of scale do I need?
This depends entirely on the application, the degree of accuracy required and whether or not it is required to be legal for trade.
4. How rugged are your scales and will they be suitable for a harsh enviroment?
Goldtech Scales offers scales that are designed to be effective in the type of enviroment in which they will be used. Once we know the application we can help you determine the scale that will best suit your need.
5. Do you have portable scales?
We sell portable scales that can run on AC or DC power for every application from laboratory balances to portable heavy duty scales scales.
6. Can my scale be interfaced to a printer or computer?
Many scales have an output port (RS232) for use with an external device i.e. computer, printer, remote displayboard, etc. In some cases the output port can be added as an option.
7. How much will a scale cost?
There are many different scales available for a variety of applications and the cost is dependent on such factors as capacity, accuracy and output devices.
8. What warranty do scales carry?
All digital scales carry a minimum of one year while some components, i.e. load cells and structural steel truck scale bridges, carry a more extensive warranty.
Contact Goldtech Scales For the answers to any questions that you have regarding your present weigh system or a new scale, e-mail our experienced sales and service staff for solid, no nonsense advice! Estimates are free. :
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Website : www.goldtechscales.com
All © copyrights reserved by Precision Electronic Instrument Co.,
Website Powered By www.jkwt.co.in
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Mexican Archæology.djvu/386
322 also at Copan, the stairway is furnished with ornamental balustrades, those at Chichen being carved in the form of two monstrous snakes of which the heads are extended on the ground at the foot of the pyramid. Practically all pyramid-mounds served as the support for buildings, though a certain number, without stairways, have been found which are simply burial-mounds. An exception occurs at Tikal (according to Tozzer), and perhaps in other places, where high pyramids with stairways appear to have had no crowning structures, and were possibly used as sites for offerings made in the open air. The material of which such structures are built is earth and rubble, and they have usually been faced with stone dressed with more or less accuracy, any imperfections being concealed with stucco. In some cases, notably at Copan, excavation has revealed the presence of a cement layer at some depth beneath the surface. This is probably an indication that the pyramid at some period has been enlarged, and it may be said that similar evidence of the practice of adding to existing structures is found elsewhere in the Maya area. 'The buildings which crown the foundation-mounds vary in type from simple, single-chambered edifices to elaborate complexes such as are found at Palenque and Menché, but as a matter of fact the construction is essentially the same throughout. The form of the typical Maya building was to a great extent conditioned by the fact that the primitive architect was ignorant of the principle of the true arch. It is possible that some buildings may have been furnished with flat roofs by means of wooden beams, but if so the beams have decayed and the buildings have fallen in; such structures as have survived were built as follows (Figs. 74 and 77; pp. 323 and 329): The walls, built very thick, were carried vertically up to the desired height, and then the mason commenced to build inwards at a very wide angle, allowing successive courses to overlap, until those on opposite | WIKI |
Methane
The occurrence of dissolved methane in groundwater is not unusual—and it is not limited to areas of oil and gas production. Analyses from water wells throughout the U.S. show up to 60 percent of all water wells may contain detectable dissolved methane concentrations. Methane can be produced by certain geologic formations, decomposition of organic material in rocks, or microbes.
Subsurface methane and other light gases may occur dissolved in groundwater or as free gas. The presence of methane in a well may vary over time due to pumping or seasonality.
Is my private well at risk?
Methane in the air can create the risk of an explosion hazard in poorly ventilated or confined areas. Methane also can cause unconsciousness or death by suffocation when encountered in enclosed spaces.
What is the measurement of methane?
Dissolved methane in drinking water is not currently classified as a health hazard and escapes quickly from water at low concentrations. In general, dissolved methane concentrations less than about 10 mg/L require no immediate action. Levels greater than 10 mg/L are a possible indication that methane may be of concern. Regulatory action levels for dissolved methane concentrations vary by state and should be reviewed.
The exact concentration of dissolved methane in water capable of producing an explosion depends on the water temperature, ventilation of the well, percent composition of the gas, and air movement within the house or structure. Periodic monitoring may be prudent until seasonal variation and the effect of day-to-day water usage is understood.
Sampling for dissolved methane in groundwater requires proper methodology to ensure accurate results. It is recommended that sampling be done by appropriately trained professionals. The well owner may want to consider water testing laboratories that obtain certification or accreditation in the methods used in testing for methane.
Concentrations of between 5.3 percent of air volume and 15 percent of air volume can create the risk of an explosion hazard in poorly ventilated or confined areas.
What are the health risks from methane?
In addition to any explosion hazard that might exist, prolonged exposure to methane must be avoided in places where it can displace breathable oxygen, such as basements or enclosed well houses.
When oxygen levels fall below 19.5 percent, hypoxia, or a lack of oxygen within the body’s organs, will occur. Symptoms of hypoxia can include headache, impaired attention and thought processes, decreased coordination, impaired vision, dizziness, nausea, impaired judgment, and unconsciousness or even death. A 1 percent concentration of methane in the air may cause dizziness, headaches, loss of judgment, and other symptoms.
How can I address unsafe levels of methane?
Any water well with methane present should have a gas venting system installed at the well to vent gas to the atmosphere. This may allow a portion of methane gas to escape before it can accumulate in the water distribution lines, pressure tanks, water heaters, water treatment equipment, or well houses. This option is most effective for dealing with free gas bubbling through the water. However, this method is unlikely to be fully effective against the portion of gas dissolved in groundwater.
If groundwater with methane is pumped into a pressurized tank, in rare circumstances when a faucet or similar valve is opened, the water can flame when ignited as the gases are released from the water. In this case, a venting system installed in the water tank components is required.
It may be possible to release methane outside of the building, using a specially configured pressurized water storage tank that vents the gas to the atmosphere. In such a system, the vent pipe needs to extend above the eave height of the well house or home where the tank is located. Using a combination of venting at the well casing, as well as installing aeration equipment in the water storage tank, will decrease the potential for methane.
Water treatment options for methane
Aeration at the point of water entry into the house can also help remove methane gas. Aeration releases gas from suspension in the water so it can be vented into the atmosphere through a pipe. Aeration equipment must be specially designed or modified by the manufacturer to safely remove methane gas. A totally closed system should be provided to prevent any methane gas from leaking out of the system and into the building interior.
When considering a water treatment device, make sure its specifications match the substances and concentrations to be treated. The Water Quality Association at www.wqa.org and NSF International at www.nsf.org may be able to advise if the treatment technology being considered has been performance tested. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia talk:The Wikipedia Library/Tasks
TWL Tasks Out of Date
– I was wondering if you think
The Wikipedia Library > TWL tasks > Account coordination tasks >
* 1) Fix broken JSTOR links <==
should be marked to note that the project is no longer active, according to the historical hatnote?
Kimdorris (talk) 07:45, 20 June 2021 (UTC)
* I have no preference either way... although the project is no longer active, the links could still be fixed. Nikkimaria (talk) 12:37, 20 June 2021 (UTC)
* Fair enough. Thank you for the feedback/quick response. Kimdorris (talk) 18:00, 23 June 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Using string.Split() in AutoMapper issue
Related searches
I have an ASP .Net core application. I am simply trying to have my AutoMapper configure to convert a string comma delimited into a list of strings as per this configuration:
configuration.CreateMap<Job, JobDto>()
.ForMember(dto => dto.Keywords, options => options.MapFrom(entity => entity.Keywords.Split(',').ToList()))
For some reason it does not get compiled and give me the following error:
An expression tree may not contain a call or invocation that uses optional argument
I can't see why I am getting this error. I am pretty sure that I have done that in my other projects before without any such error.
This is completely true.
Error is raised because expression tree being created is about to contain some more complex logic, like .Split(',').ToList(), which is not an accessible property or method, only top-level reflected object properties and methods are supported (like in class MemberInfo).
Property chaining, deep-calls (.obj1property.obj2property), extension methods are not supported by the expression trees, like in this .ToList() call.
My solution was like this:
// Execute a custom function to the source and/or destination types after member mapping
configuration.CreateMap<Job, JobDto>()
.AfterMap((dto,jobDto)=>jobDto.Keywords = dto.Keywords.Split(',').ToList());
[SOLVED], Automapper mapping issue concerning comma-delimited varchar field String. IsNullOrWhiteSpace(src.numberSet) ? src.numberSet.Split(',') .Select(s => s.Trim ()) .ToEnumerable() : null)); // Both of these map the comma-delimited I tried removing the Splitting from the mapper and it created the same� A convention-based object-object mapper in .NET. . Contribute to AutoMapper/AutoMapper development by creating an account on GitHub.
As error says, Split function has an optional parameter. The full signature of it is as this (options is optional)
public string[] Split(string separator, StringSplitOptions options = StringSplitOptions.None)
As you are trying to use a function with default value inside an expression tree, it gives you the error. To Fix it, easy, just pass on optional parameters by yourself. ( StringSplitOptions.None ) So, simply change it to this:
entity.Keywords.Split(',' , StringSplitOptions.None).ToList()
Get a string from an array on mapping � Issue #2699 � AutoMapper , I have the following configuration on the Automapper 6 CreateMap () . MoveNext() --- End of stack trace from previous location where� AutoMapper is a simple little library built to solve a deceptively complex problem - getting rid of code that mapped one object to another. This type of code is rather dreary and boring to write, so why not invent a tool to do it for us?
I had the same problem. I do not know if it is an issue or not. Anyway, I found a workaround.
CreateMap<Category, GetCategoryRest>()
.ForMember(dest => dest.Words,
opt => opt.MapFrom(src => ToWordsList(src.Words)));
private static List<string> ToWordsList(string words)
{
return string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(words) ? new List<string>() : words.Split(",").ToList();
}
It is guaranteed that AutoMapper has always a List. Still, I'm confused. In my Startup.cs I define that AutoMapper allows null values for list.
Mapper.Initialize(cfg => {
cfg.AllowNullCollections = true;
}
Category.Words is a string. GetCategoryRest.Words is a List<string>
AutoMapper Version: 8.1.1, AutoMapper.Microsoft.DependencyInjection: 6.1.1
AutoMapper Complex Mapping in C#, C# String in Depth Splitting Tuples in C# Let us understand the AutoMapper Complex Mapping with an example. static Mapper InitializeAutomapper() In order to solve the above problem, you need to configure the mapping between� For the analogous ICollections in the view models I use Lists instead. When I want to create/edit entities I map a model to the entity as shown in this gist . In previous versions the HashSet would be replaced a List and the database operation would proceed without issue, but since 6.2 you get an AutoMapperMappingException.
Custom Type Converters — AutoMapper documentation, [Test] public void Example() { var configuration = new MapperConfiguration(cfg = > { cfg.CreateMap<string, int>().ConvertUsing(s => Convert.ToInt32(s)); cfg. For those using Catel.IoC here is how you register AutoMapper. First define the configuration using profiles. And then you let AutoMapper know in what assemblies those profiles are defined by registering AutoMapper in the ServiceLocator at startup:
automapper - 在AutoMapper问题中使用string.Split（）, 我只是想让我的AutoMapper配置为按照此配置将以逗号分隔的字符串转换 Split（ ） Using string.Split() in AutoMapper issue. 发表于 2019-02-25� A few months ago, Jimmy Bogard, author of the excellent AutoMapper wrote a great article about Autoprojecting LINQ queries. Now that Jimmy has done all the hard expression tree work, this article extends his example to include caching and simple flattening capabilities and goes on to show it in use in a simple EF 4.1 Code First application.
AutoMapper will ignore null reference exceptions when mapping your source to your target. This is by design. If you don’t like this approach, you can combine AutoMapper’s approach with custom value resolvers if needed. Once you have your types you can create a map for the two types using a MapperConfiguration and CreateMap.
Comments
• That works for me. Try upgrading AM. A repro would help. Make a gist that we can execute and see fail. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Tanvir Tanvir - 2 months ago 29
SQL Question
Finding out Percentage Value using Hive
I have some tables as:
Table_1:
+------------+--------------+
| Student_ID | Student_Name |
+------------+--------------+
| 000 | Jack |
| 001 | Ron |
| 002 | Nick |
+------------+--------------+
Table_2:
+-----+-------+-------+
| ID | Total | Score |
+-----+-------+-------+
| 000 | 100 | 80 |
| 001 | 100 | 80 |
| 002 | 100 | 80 |
+-----+-------+-------+
Table_3:
+-----+-------+-------+
| ID | Total | Score |
+-----+-------+-------+
| 000 | 100 | 60 |
| 001 | 100 | 80 |
| 002 | 100 | 70 |
+-----+-------+-------+
Expected_Output:
ID percent
000 70
001 80
002 75
I have created a hive table before. Now, I want to come up with a single HiveQL so that, I can get the expected output from these above 3 tables.
What I am thinking to do is, in my query I will:
1. use the Left outer join using ID
2. find the sum of "Total" and "Score" for each ID
3. divide sum of "Score" by sum of "Total" to get percentage.
I came up with this:
INSERT OVERWRITE TABLE expected_output
SELECT t1.Student_ID AS ID, (100*t4.SUM1/t4.SUM2) AS percent
FROM Table_1 t1
LEFT OUTER JOIN(
SELECT (ISNULL(Total,0) + ISNULL(Total,0)) AS ‘SUM2’, (ISNULL(Score,0) + ISNULL(Score,0)) AS ‘SUM1’
FROM t4
)ON (t1.Student_ID=t2.ID) JOIN Table_3 t3 ON (t3.ID=t2.ID);
And, I am stuck at this point. Not sure how to reach to the result.
Any idea please?
vkp vkp
Answer
This is a simple join. Assuming you have one row per id in each of tables t2 and t3, you can do
SELECT t2.Student_ID AS ID, 100.0*(t2.score+t3.score)/(t2.total+t3.total) AS percent
FROM Table_2 t2
JOIN Table_3 t3 ON t3.ID=t2.ID | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 29.djvu/772
FIFTY-FOURTH CONGRESS. SEsS. I. CHS. 329, 330, 332, 333. 1896. 743 CHAP. 329.-An Act To correct the military record of Elbridge McFadden. ·T¤¤•¤ 3, 1896 Be it enacted by the Senate a·nd House of Representatives of the United _ States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of War be, 1g}’,,‘],‘}§§ M,f£,‘{,°,‘}§Yg and he hereby is, authorized to correct the military record, remove the di¤¤1¤=~rz¤- charge of desertion, and grant an honorable discharge to Elbridge McFadden, late of Company I, Thirty-eighth Regiment New York Volunteers. Approved, June 3, 1896. CHAP. 330.—An Act To pension Frances E. Wickware. J"" 3» 18*6- Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Con_qress assembled, That the Secretary of the F,,,,,,,,,,, E_ wich Interior be, and is hereby, authorized and directed to place on the pen- wage- _ sion roll of the United States the name of Frances E. Wickware, widow °"°'°"’ of Lieutenant Charles Wickware, late of Company I, Sixth Regiment Vermont Volunteer Infantry, at the rate of fifteen dollars a month, and two dollars per month for each minor child until they severally arrive at the age of sixteen years. ` Approved, June 3, 1896. _ CHAP. 332.-An Act Granting a pension to Joseph R. \Nest, brigadier and brevet June 5, 1896. major-general, United States Army Volunteers. ~—————-—· Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the _,mphB_Ww_ Interior be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to place on the P¤¤»i¤¤i¤c¤»•¤¤•1. pension roll, subject to the provisions and limitations of the pension laws, the name of Joseph R. West, brigadier and brevet major-general, United States Volunteers, at the rate of seventy-tive dollars per month, in lieu of the pension he is now receiving. Received by the President, May 25, 1896. [Norm BY ·rm·: Dnrsnrmmvr or STATE.-The foregoing act having been presented to the President of the United States for his approval, and not having been returned by him to the house of Congress in which it originated within the time prescribed by the Constitution of the United States, has become a law without his approval.] CHAP. 333.-An Act 'l`o increase the pension of Wilbur F. Cogswell. June 5, 1896. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America i n Congress assembled, That the Secretary of the w111»prrj.e0g¤wu1. Interior be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed to place on the P°“°‘°““""°‘“°‘ pension roll, subject to the provisions and limitations of the pension laws, the name of Wilbur F. Cogswell, late an assistant engineer in the United States Navy, at the rate of fifty dollars per month. Received by the President, May 25, 1896. [Norm BY run Dnrnucrammr or S·rA·rn.—Theforegoing acthaving been presented to the President of the United States for his approval, and not having been returned by him to the house of Congress in which it originated within the time prescribed by the Constitution of the United States, has become a law without his approval.] | WIKI |
Draft:Ardit Ferizi
Ardit Ferizi is a Kosovo-born author and former computer science student whose life took a drastic turn following his arrest in Malaysia in 2015 on charges related to hacking and terrorism. Before his legal troubles, Ferizi was studying in Kuala Lumpur and had no prior criminal record. His case drew international attention due to allegations of injustice and mistreatment by the U.S. legal system, including claims of fabricated evidence and coerced confession under duress.
Early Life and Education
Ardit Ferizi was born on December 1, 1995, in Gjakova, Kosovo, during a period of significant political and social upheaval in the region. Despite the challenging circumstances surrounding his early years, Ferizi demonstrated a keen interest in technology and computer science from a young age. This passion led him to pursue higher education abroad, where he enrolled at a prestigious university in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, in 2014. His studies were focused on advancing his knowledge and skills in computer science, with a particular interest in cybersecurity.
Legal Challenges
The turning point in Ferizi's life came in September 2015, when he was detained at Kuala Lumpur International Airport. Malaysian authorities, acting on information from U.S. law enforcement agencies, placed Ferizi under an "administrative hold" due to allegations of his involvement in hacking and terrorism-related activities. This marked the beginning of Ferizi's prolonged legal battle, during which he would face accusations that brought to light the complex interplay between cybersecurity, international law, and human rights.
According to U.S. authorities, Ferizi was accused of hacking into U.S. systems and stealing sensitive information, which he then allegedly provided to terrorist organizations. This claim led to his extradition to the United States, where he was to face trial for his alleged crimes. The legal proceedings were fraught with controversy, including allegations of injustice and mistreatment by the U.S. legal system. Ferizi and his supporters claimed that the evidence against him was fabricated and that his confession was coerced under duress, raising significant concerns about the fairness of his trial and the conditions of his detention.
In the United States, Ferizi was initially handed a 20-year prison sentence, a decision that sparked international debate and criticism from human rights organizations. The sentence was contested on various grounds, including the argument that the charges against him were unduly harsh and did not accurately reflect the nature of his alleged actions. After years of legal battles and appeals, a judge ruled in April 2022 that there were significant issues with the case against Ferizi, leading to his release. This decision was seen by many as a vindication of Ferizi's claims of injustice and a critique of the methods used by law enforcement in pursuing charges against individuals accused of cyber-related crimes.
Literary Works
During and following his incarceration, Ardit Ferizi authored several books focusing on various themes, ranging from technological warfare to personal survival and the intricacies of the U.S. justice system. His notable works include:
* "The Future Battlefield: Technology, Strategy, and the New Age of Warfare," where he delves into the future of global conflict in the age of advanced technology[10].
* "Beating the System: Exposing the Truth and Fighting Back Against a Rigged Federal Justice System," offering a critique of the U.S. legal system based on his experiences[11].
* "Surviving the Unthinkable: A Comprehensive Guide to World War Survival," providing strategies for survival in global conflicts[12].
* "Deconstructing Power: Understanding and Defending Against Machiavellian Strategies," analyzing power dynamics and strategies for navigating them[13]. | WIKI |
What You Should Know about Chronic Insomnia
0 comments
in Insomnia Cures
Insomnia occasionally happens to everyone, like after a stressful day or before a big event. Chronic insomnia, however, occurs for at least a month and causes serious disruptions in your life. Sleep problems make it difficult to concentrate, disrupt your relationships and make you irritable and tired all day. Understanding the causes of chronic insomnia, however, make it possible to understand the next step and how you can treat this problem and get more control over your life.
Causes of Chronic Insomnia
Evidence shows that chronic insomnia runs in families, with more than a third of people suffering showing a family history. Certain conditions like depression, anxiety and ADHD also increase the chances of insomnia. Individuals who work night shifts are also likely to suffer from chronic insomnia due to a disrupted circadian rhythm. Even your lifestyle can cause this problem. For example, keeping a television in the bedroom can contribute to sleeplessness. Along with substance abuse, even underlying medical conditions can contribute to the problem. Everything from heart disease and arthritis to sleep apnea and restless leg syndrome play a role in the condition.
Treatment for Chronic Insomnia
So what do you do when you find yourself unable to fall asleep or get a good night's rest? There are three main approaches to treating the problem: sleep hygiene habits, behavioral therapy and medication.
Sleep hygiene refers to simple habits you can use to prepare your body for rest and improve your sleep at night. Start by setting a regular time to go to bed and rise in the morning and stick to this schedule even on the weekends. Don't simply go to bed when you feel tired. Avoid taking naps during the day, especially in the afternoon, and only use your bed for sexual activity and sleep. Don't read, watch TV or work in bed because the bed should only be associated with sleeping to help you fall asleep at night. Avoid exercising before bed, which increases alertness, and try taking a warm bath two hours before bed to change your body's core temperature rhythm. Keep your room cool and make sure you spend some time in the sun every day to keep your body's circadian rhythm in check.
Behavioral therapy involves learning how to relax and get a proper night of rest. There are many methods that may be used, including relaxation training, stimulus control and sleep restriction. Behavioral approaches are designed to reduce the times you wake up at night while also reducing the time it takes to actually fall asleep to below 30 minutes. About 70 to 80% of people who receive behavioral therapy without drugs have improved sleep, compared to about 75% of patients who take sleep aids.
Finally, medication can be used to treat chronic insomnia as well. This can include herbal supplements like chamomile and lavender to OTC or prescription drugs. It's important to remember, however, that prescription and OTC medications can have side effects, like withdrawal symptoms, and should be recommended by a doctor after trying other methods.
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Huningue
Huningue (Hüningen; Hinige) is a commune in the Haut-Rhin department of France. Huningue is a northern suburb of the Swiss city of Basel. It also borders Germany (Weil am Rhein, a suburb of Basel located in Germany). The main square of the town is the Place Abbatucci, named after the Corsican-born French general Jean Charles Abbatucci who unsuccessfully defended it in 1796 against the Austrians and died here. Huningue is noted for its pisciculture and is a major producer of fish eggs.
History
Huningue was first mentioned in a document in 826. Huningue was wrested from the Holy Roman Empire by the duke of Lauenburg in 1634 by the Treaty of Westphalia, and subsequently passed by purchase to Louis XIV. Louis XIV tasked Vauban with the construction of Huningue Fortress, built by Tarade from 1679 to 1681 together with a bridge across the Rhine. Construction of the fortress required the displacement of the population on the island of Aoust and the surrounding area.
The fortress became embroiled in the Salmon War of 1736/37. This was mainly concerned with a dispute over fishing rights between Huningue and Kleinhüningen, but actually involved land required for the construction of a bridgehead on the right bank of the Rhine.
In 1796 to 1797, Huningue was besieged by the Austrians. During the siege the French Commander, General Abbatucci was killed on 1 December 1796 while commanding a sortie, the fort held out for a further month, surrendering on 5 February 1797. The fortress was besieged from 22 December 1813 until 14 April 1814 by Bavarian troops under the command of General Zoller before the French garrison surrendered. Huningue was besieged for the third time in 1815 and General Barbanègre headed a garrison of only 500 men against 25,000 Austrians. On the 28 June shortly after word of Napoleon's abdication became known, and the French Provisional Government had requested a ceasefire, Barbanègre ordered the bombardment of Basel something that contemporaries on the Seventh Coalition side considered to be a war crime. At its surrender to the Habsburg Empire on 26 August 1815, the city was a ruin and the fortifications were demolished under the terms of Article III of the Treaty of Paris (1815) at the request of Basel.
The building of the Huningue channel in 1828 made the area more navigable (the entire channel system was completed in 1834); it provided water to the Rhone-Rhine canal. The Huningue canal is a feeder arm of this Rhone–Rhine Canal; it enters the river opposite the main dock basins. Only about a kilometre of the canal is still navigable, leading to the town of Kembs.
In 1871, the town passed, with Alsace-Lorraine, to the German Empire. Alsace-Lorraine returned to France after the First World War. It was evacuated in 1939, retaken by Germany in 1940 with some 60% of the town destroyed during World War II, and finally returned to France once again in 1945. In 2007, a bridge over the Rhine, linking Huningue with Weil am Rhein, Germany was built.
Geography
Huningue is situated on the left bank of the Rhine, and is an ancient place which grew up around a stronghold placed to guard the passage of the river. It is a northern suburb of Basel.
Economy
Huningue is noted for its pisciculture and is a major producer of fish eggs. Several chemical, plastics and pharmaceutical companies have factories in Huningue, mainly Swiss firms such as Novartis, Ciba, Clariant, Hoffmann-La Roche, Weleda etc. The Rhine port is managed by the Chamber of Commerce and the industry of Mulhouse, which lies to the northwest of Huningue.
Transportation
Public transportation in Huningue is provided by Distribus, which serves the entirety of the Saint-Louis Agglomération.
While no longer served by passenger trains Huningue is the terminus for the Saint-Louis–Huningue railway line, and is continued to be served by freight trains.
Notable landmarks
Since March 2007 Huningue has been connected with Weil am Rhein via a 248 m arch bridge, the longest of its kind for pedestrians and cyclists. Because the bridge connects the two countries, France and Germany, and is near Switzerland it is named the "Three country bridge", or Passerelle des Trois Pays in French.
* Musée historique et militaire: The military and historical museum evokes the military life of the ancient fortress of Vauban. The museum is housed in a former residence of the intendant of the place and commissary.
* L'ancienne église de garnison: the former garrison church was built according to plans of the engineer Jacques Tarade; the church which dominates the Place Abattucci is now disused as a church. The building occasionally hosts chamber concerts. It also serves as a polling station during elections. Since 1938, the facades, the bell tower and the roof have been listed in the inventory of historical monuments.
* Parc des Eaux Vives and the Wheelhouse: a park with an artificial torrent, with kayaking, canoeing, and white water rafting.
* Le Triangle: a cultural complex covering 5540 square metres, divided into 21 activity rooms. Created by architect Jean-Marie Martini, it was inaugurated in February 2002. In addition to the many varied shows (dance, theater, music, circus arts, comedy), the Triangle also hosts exhibitions (sculpture, painting, writing) and a forum for the exchange of information and entertainment for the young. In addition, regular tea dances are organized, philosophy workshops and hearings of the Academy of Arts (music, dance, theater), conferences and meetings with artists.
Notable people
* Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban – architect of Louis XIV, he directed the construction of the fortress of Huningue.
* Jean-Charles Abbatucci – General of the Army of the Rhine. He lost his life due to his injuries during an event during the first siege of the city in 1796.
* Joseph Barbanègre – French General, entrenched in Huningue during the third siege of the city in 1815.
* Armand Blanchard – French director, born in Huningue. He was mayor of Mulhouse from 1825 to 1830.
* Michel Ordener, Major General, born in Huningue on April 3, 1787. He was the son of General Michel Ordener.
* Johnny Stark: producer and imprésario (1922 in Huningue – 1989 in Paris) | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Help desk/Archives/2009 April 30
= April 30 =
Template or Category?
Which would be better for schools that fall under a specific school district, namely the Boise School District? Either a template that lists all the schools at the bottom of the page or just a category? Beantwo (talk) 01:24, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* You can use both, they serve different purposes. – ukexpat (talk) 01:35, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* (edit conflict) See Categories, lists, and navigation templates. In general, the various navigation methods are not mutually exclusive. You can use more than one method. Each has its pros and cons. They don't really get in each other's way. Usually people put articles in categories before someone puts the same articles into navigation templates, because categories tend to require less thought, and it's OK to have few articles in a category, whereas a navigation template might look funny if it has very few links. --Teratornis (talk) 01:36, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Thanks! I think I'll start easy with a category but end up doing both then. Beantwo (talk) 01:44, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
r n field
what are the most important three majoe technology used in this field? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:20, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* You might find what you are looking for in the article about Registered nurse. If you cannot find the answer there, you can try asking your question at Wikipedia's Reference Desk. They specialize in knowledge questions and will try to answer just about any question in the universe (except about how to use Wikipedia, which is what this help desk is for). I hope this helps.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 05:31, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
South Liverpool FC
Dear Sir's,I am trying to find out some details on my great, great, grandfather, a Mr Henry Johnson who use to play as the goal keeper for South Liverpool FC. It would of been around 1910 or a little earlier & upto about 1914. He along with all his team mates voluntered for france during the great war where I know he was killed in action.So if you can advise any information or where I can obtain some it would be much appreciated. Many thanks S.Harding —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:35, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* It doesn't look like we have an article about this Henry Johnson. Have you tried Wikipedia's Reference Desk? They specialize in knowledge questions and will try to answer just about any question in the universe (except how to use Wikipedia, since that is what this Help Desk is for). Just follow the link, select the relevant section, and ask away. I hope this helps. Gonzonoir (talk) 08:10, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
Viewing images problems
Hello and good day, please i cant view any images in wikipedia since three weeks, everything was going smooth and suddenly viewing images is not applicabl any more even the thumbnail in the article appeared as X with text inside,
thank you for your support and time,
tarek —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:55, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Does the problem affect only Wikipedia, or all websites? If it's all websites, you may have turned off image loading in your browser. If you're in Internet Explorer 7, go to Tools > Internet Options and on the Advanced tab, scroll down to the "Multimedia" heading, and make sure there's a check in the box next to "Show pictures". If you use Firefox 3, go to Tools > Options and on the Content tab make sure "Load images automatically" is checked. If you have another browser, or if the problem only affects Wikipedia and lets you see images from other websites, let us know, and we can provide more specific information. Gonzonoir (talk) 08:00, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
Article on hold for several days
I am sorry to ask this as I am sure it is quite common but I am new to this and your instructions are VERY confusing.
I wrote my first article last week. Two people made comments and one put the article on hold. I was asked for further third party sources which I provided. Nothing has happened since last week and the article remains on hold. Could something please be done about this.
This is the article below
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_creation/Professor_David_R._Brown
Please can someone do something so this article can be created.
thanks --Gonkstem (talk) 07:15, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* I've commented over at the talk page for this submission. Gonzonoir (talk) 08:21, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
Number of laws in the united states
what is the total number of laws in the united states? Federal,State,County,City and so on. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:57, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Have you tried Wikipedia's Reference Desk? They specialize in knowledge questions and will try to answer just about any question in the universe (except how to use Wikipedia, since that is what this Help Desk is for). Just follow the link, select the relevant section, and ask away. I hope this helps.
* Since you haven't yet asked at the reference desk yet, I can answer that as a a subject matter expert because the answer is easy. No one knows. No one has even a clue. Just figuring out the criteria to answer would have people arguing for a year. Every city, town, district region has their own statutes, regulations, ordinances; laws are on the books that are invalidated by caselaw. Laws are repealed and enacted every day. You could count the laws of the federal United States Code I suppose. That's about as far as you'd get get for a quantifiable answer.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 12:29, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* It's possible that someday, computer technology (and the resulting social organization, which tends to lag technology by 30 years or more) will advance far enough to address questions such as this one. A person cannot exactly count the laws that exist in the U.S. today because, basically, the community of lawmakers has not fully embraced computers. Most if not all members of that community probably use computers, but they are a long way from figuring out how to computerize everything they do. Thus they have lots of information that exists only in forms that are difficult for computers to access and process: information on printed paper, and information that exists only within the minds of particular people. This is a problem because computerizing a task tends to increase efficiency and reduce costs by large factors. However, as Niccolò Machiavelli observed, even when a change would benefit most people on balance, small but powerful groups of people may thwart the change because they profit from the inefficient status quo. Another barrier is the need for multiple skills - among the people who have sufficient domain knowledge in a given non-computing field, only a tiny minority will also have sufficient computer programming skills to know how to computerize what they do.
* And yet humans are making millimetrical progress. See for example Wikipedia which is arguably a leading example - if not the best example - of how to exploit computers to tackle the problem of writing encyclopedias. Maybe the example of Wikipedia will inspire the lawmaking community to organize its efforts along similar lines - someday. Don't hold your breath, though, as the lawmaking community contains small but powerful groups of people who are busily retarding human progress with the overzealous extension of intellectual property law, which works against the type of social organization that would let us count the number of laws in the U.S. --Teratornis (talk) 19:25, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation
Who said this "The mass of men lead lives of quiet desperation"? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hades' Apprentice (talk • contribs) 08:40, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* I'd tell you to ask at the RefDesk, but they'll tell you it's Henry David Thoreau (see also Wikiquote) :) Gonzonoir (talk) 08:59, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* And then of course someone at the refdesk may note that "hanging on in quiet desperation is the English way". --Jayron32. talk . contribs 04:52, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
...when an article is already on Wiktionary?
Just wondering what the official policy is for something like Of that Ilk which is just a dictionary definition and has a (better) article over on Wiktionary. Do you set up a redirect to Wiktionary or what? Le Deluge (talk) 10:10, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Looks like a reasonable enough article - you could allways add to the article to give . Pedro : Chat 10:13, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* But it's not "a reasonable article" - it's a badly-written Wiktionary definition masquerading as a Wikipedia article. Turning it into a redirect to Wiktionary would seem to be the most satisfactory solution, but I wasn't sure if redirects to other projects were an unspeakable sin, or quite normal. Talking of which, I suspect there's a few other articles in which are in the same boat, although some obviously deserve encyclopedia articles. Le Deluge (talk) 10:22, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* You can always create a soft redirect if you feel the article is no better than a dicdef, but I think there's enough there to justify it being on Wikipedia to be honest - okay it will never be much more than a stub but even so. Pedro : Chat 11:23, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* You could also use . Zain Ebrahim (talk) 11:31, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Cheers both - I'd already found it Zain. :-))) Pedro - it's not so much taking a view on the (then)current content of the article, more on the nature of the subject. OK, it didn't help that even with a reasonable knowledge of the subject I couldn't work out what the second half of the article was trying to say, but if there is something coherent to be said there, it would equally fit as an alternate definition in Wiktionary, and I'm a big fan of having one half-decent article rather than two poorer ones. So wi it is.... :-) Le Deluge (talk) 11:45, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
menu for Commons images on English Wikipedia
If we go to any file page that is linked to a Commons image, like File:Stellar aberration.JPG for example, one of the menus on the top of the page shows "Create this page". I understand that Commons images are not editable on en.wikipedia, hence we don't have the "edit this page" menu when we view it here. But "Create this page" is totally confusing when we're already seeing the page. Is there any meta article which describes this menu item in more detail? Jay (talk) 10:20, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
Vandalism
I do not have a computer of my own and surf from friends computers if some one vandalises the site will the username be banned or the IP ?--Narendramodi1 (talk) 10:24, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* It could be either, depending on whether vandalism is committed by the IP or by a logged-in user (plus some considerations about the status of the IP - is it dynamic or static, for example). If a sockpuppet investigation shows that a user is also vandalising under an IP, or it becomes clear that a user is editing under an IP as a means of block evasion, they could both be blocked. Gonzonoir (talk) 10:57, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
You mean a singe Ip can have multiple accounts Thanks--Narendramodi1 (talk) 11:03, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* That's right, if the IP is shared; but a single person must have only one account. Gonzonoir (talk) 11:41, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Not quite true, a single person can have more than one account provided they are not used disruptively. – ukexpat (talk) 15:27, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Apologies; you're right of course: the OP could consult WP:SOCK. Gonzonoir (talk) 15:55, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Be sure you always log out from your Wikipedia account when you finish a session on anyone else's computer. And make sure their browser is not remembering your username and password to automatically fill in the login form. You should not let anyone else edit Wikipedia from your account, even if their intentions are constructive. --Teratornis (talk) 05:22, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
Renaming images
I'd like to rename File:Imagesource.jpeg to something more useful (and probably salt that name to force some thought on uploaders). As an admin, according to Image renaming, I can technically do it but how? Is it still with the rename media template? But is there a bot still working on these? If not, isn't Category:Media requiring renaming just going to expand forever? -- Ricky81682 (talk) 11:05, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* File renaming was enabled for a short period recently before a bug was found; it should be enabled again when it is fixed. Until then, you have to re-upload under a new name or wait. ---— Gadget850 (Ed) talk 19:16, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
pictures
im trying to upload a picture onto a page called "the naugatuck river valley" but i dont know how to do it. also why do my editing changes keep getting deleted on that same page? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gary.farrar (talk • contribs) 13:58, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* The same questions you asked earlier were answered. See the archives for April 23 for your several posts. Jay (talk) 15:14, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
microbiology
what deisease is caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:13, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Have you tried Wikipedia's Reference Desk? They specialize in knowledge questions and will try to answer just about any question in the universe (except how to use Wikipedia, since that is what this Help Desk is for). Just follow the link, select the relevant section, and ask away. I hope this helps. But we won't do your homework for you. – ukexpat (talk) 15:26, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Also see our article on Staphylococcus epidermidis. TN X Man 15:27, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
problem getting a picture
ive upload the same picture twice and i dont know how i get that picture from commons to the page i want it on? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gary.farrar (talk • contribs) 15:41, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Same as for an image on Wikipedia, see WP:IMAGE. – ukexpat (talk) 16:56, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Also, you appear to be involved in a minor content dispute with other editors of that article. I strongly suggest that you attempt to reach a consensus with respect thereto on the article's talk page, before this ends up in an edit war. – ukexpat (talk) 17:01, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
Does Wikipedia store complete page for every version or just the difference?
When we edit a page on Wikipedia, Wikipedia software maintains version control by saving every version of the page. Does it store full page data for every version or just the difference between the previous and the current version? --Amol.Gaitonde (talk) 15:59, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* I believe I stumbled across the answer to this question a while ago, but I can't recall it exactly right now. The answer is probably somewhere in the MediaWiki Handbook's section for administrators, for example start with mw:Manual:Database layout. In the worst case, you could install your own Wiki on a stick, edit a page a few times, and then do some MySQL queries to examine MediaWiki's raw data for the page. --Teratornis (talk) 19:31, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* If I remember correctly, MediaWiki stores the latest revision in full, and maintains a list of differences for every revision (sort of a reverse diff; delta encoding). When you load an old revision, the software first loads the latest one, and then incrementally applies the diffs - from newest to oldest - until it reaches the revision you want. (I might be wrong though.) --grawity 19:36, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
pictures
ok. ive been trying for days now on getting a picture on a certain page. why cant i find the picture? where do i even got to get the picture? im on the editing page and what do i click on next???????? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Gary.farrar (talk • contribs) 17:49, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* See my reply 2 posts above. WP:IMAGE has the details. – ukexpat (talk) 17:57, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* I added the an image thumbnail to Naugatuck River Valley using the code Naugatuck Valley.jpg . If you want to add a caption the code is Naugatuck Valley.jpg . – ukexpat (talk) 18:01, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
title
when a title of a book is in my paper do I underline or put into quote? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:16, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* I think you're looking for the reference desk. This page is for question on how to use Wikipedia. However, I can answer your question. You put books in italics if typing (underlined if physically writing). hmwith τ 19:14, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
Height of a table (April 9)
Hi, I would like to know if it's possible to fix the height of a table (or a cell) without filling someting inside the cell ? Thanks. — Riba (talk) 20:45, 9 April 2009 (UTC) Equendil Talk 21:04, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
* For me it usually works to include & nbsp ; in the empty cell (a non-breaking space)? Get rid of the spaces and you should have an empty cell with the same height as the one next to it. - Mgm|(talk) 20:56, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
* adding something like style="height:100px" to the table/cell markers should do the trick. Example (table forced to 200 pixels, first raw to 100 pixels):
* Thank! But I want to do is to put a table in another table and to fix the height of the little one at 100% of the space of the cell. As if in this table I wanted that the cell "a" took all the place :
— Riba (talk) 21:13, 9 April 2009 (UTC)
There is no HTML or style to do it. . . but you can make it look like it is happening, for example(?):
If you cannot get the above to work in your context, create some more explanation here and I will see what I can do. Peet Ern (talk) 13:24, 10 April 2009 (UTC)
* Actually, what I want to do, is to create two types of box inside a another. You can see my sandbox. There is the caption to understand my explaination
* The cell D contain a transparent cell inside. I want that this transparent cell take all the space of the cell D (eg. height=100%)
* The difficulty is that I can't add new columms in the row A-B-C.
* Thank very much! — Riba (talk) 18:25, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Basically, you want to set the height of your inner table to 100% of the height of the cell but the height of the cell itself is undefined, so it's ignored, and I don't think there is any clean way around that problem. What's wrong with Peet Em's suggestion above ? Looking at your sandbox, it seems appropriate. Equendil Talk 20:18, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* I don't understand how to use the suggestion of Peet Ern with my problem. Basically, for my cell D, I want to create two full blue columm (one one the left side and one on the right) without using a colspan in the cell A. For now, the columm are not full. Thanks. — Riba (talk) 21:51, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Then your only solution as far as I can tell is to force the height of the inner tables, 'em' unit to make it somewhat proportional. Equendil Talk 22:34, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
Watchlist Question
What does the (-28) mean in the following: 13:34 Talk:2009 swine flu outbreak? (diff; hist). . (-28) . . <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) A Quest For Knowledge (talk) 19:24, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* I believe it means that 28 bytes (or characters) were removed from the previous version. — Ched : ? 19:35, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Exactly right. And +n would be the number of bytes added. – ukexpat (talk) 19:35, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Thanks! A Quest For Knowledge (talk) 19:38, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
No image preview appearing on image page
On the image pageFile:Blue dsi smooth.svg, no image preview is appearing, however when you click on the image, the .svg appears. Why is this happening? --Goldblattster (talk) 19:25, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* What page is it not showing up on?, or more accurately which page isn't it showing up properly on? — Ched : ? 20:01, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* wow ... looking at the file, I'm guessing it's massive size may be part of the problem. Just a hunch though. — Ched : ? 20:13, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* ok thx --Goldblattster (talk) 22:01, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Do you want me to try reducing the file size? I probably can do a code cleanup or revectorizing. Zoo Fari 22:22, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
Unified login
I think I've unified my login across the projects, yet the number of edits isn't unified. Is this normal? Thanks! dottydotdot (talk) 19:31, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Yes, I think only the login information is "unified". --grawity 19:33, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Correct, just user names. I am sure if you ask at WP:VPT one of the developers would be able to tell you if there are plans to unify any other features. – ukexpat (talk) 19:38, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Thought it might be, thanks! dottydotdot (talk) 19:58, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* I'm actually glad edit counts aren't unified, because edit counts count edits and if I am searching for a particular edit, I don't want to thrawl through the edits I made to all projects and languages. - Mgm|(talk) 10:31, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
* I wish my modern language skills were such that I had that problem! – ukexpat (talk) 13:47, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
Misplaced edit buttons
This was put on my talk page - it's something to do with the images, but I don't know how to fix it. It's a pretty common problem too. "The page Figueira da Foz has the edit buttons for first and second section at the the end of the second section and I'm unable to work out how to put right." So, what makes this happen and how do we fix it? Thanks. Dougweller (talk) 20:52, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* I don't know how to fix it, but I do know where you can read more about the problem - WP:BUNCH. I tried to fix this on another article and ended up causing more problems. :( TN X Man 20:55, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Sometimes a gallery tag can cover a multitude of sins. --Teratornis (talk) 05:10, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
* I moved the picture down the article where there was room, that should fix it. Equendil Talk 22:48, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Ok, thanks. I'll try WP:BUMCH out next time I see this. Dougweller (talk) 07:05, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
photos not displayed
When I download articles on subjects of interest, the boxes where accompanying photos should be displayed, remain blank. I've been unable to find troubleshooting locations where I can get information to correct my problem. What software do I need to activate, in order to download and display photos with articles? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:57, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* By "download articles", do you mean saving articles on your hard disk and viewing them there later? Your browser probably has a feature to save the complete page inclucing images. Which browser are you using? Or do you mean that you don't see images when you view articles online? PrimeHunter (talk) 21:23, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Are you printing articles? Can you give us examples? --DThomsen8 (talk) 01:46, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
PR-motivated article vandals?
I've noticed that many articles have criticism/controversy sections and in the more popular articles, these sections are completely missing or have no currently relevant or substantial information. An example can be seen in the Nintendo DS Lite article, where multiple accounts of cracked hinges are found in the discussion page but have absolutely no mention in the article itself. This type of information (strucutral failure) is undeniably relevant and therefore looks as if it were purposefully omitted. The article reads more like a product lineup and sales fanfare than an unbiased and purely informational article.
What kinds of moderation methods are there (if any?) to control editors that try to hide information that is relevant to any number of significant parties (notably towards consumers) yet may put an article's subject in any unfavorable light?
* Perhaps the problem is that there are no reliable sources cited on the talk page. Individuals who report problems may know something that others need to know, but to be mentioned in the article, the problems should be documented in reliable sources, such as product reviews. Editor misbehavior is moderated by other editors and administrators, but I am too new to say very much about that. Do you have any other examples of articles with the kinds of problems that you are concerned about?--DThomsen8 (talk) 01:37, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
* It might be possible that such information has been purposely removed, but there's also the fact that Wikipedia doesn't use original research. Even if ten thousand people all claim to have had the same problem, if no one can find a direct reference, it doesn't get added. --Alinnisawest,Dalek Empress (extermination requests here) 13:11, 1 May 2009 (UTC)
Page
I added various photographs to the page which were subsequently removed despite me having listed clearly that they were photos taken by me with my own digital camera Can someone please undo this mistake, reinstate the photos and ensure they are not deleted again. Thanks: bibi999 —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:29, 30 April 2009 (UTC)
* Hello Bibi999. You added a prose statement on the image pages that you created them and indicated that they were in the public domain. You didn't make an actual explicit statement that you release them, which really should be positively stated. In any event, you got caught in the crosshairs of a bot, which goes around tagging images for deletion that do not have a standard license tag (the one you wanted to use here was PD-self). Bots are dumb machines. They can't take a look, read your statements on the image pages and discern your intent and that you didn't know the exact procedure. What they will do, is leave you standard messages notifying you that the images have been marked for deletion. Your talk page is chock full of such notices. However, I can see from your contribution history that you never made an edit again until after the images were all deleted (quite a few days later). So you were provided notice, but you didn't return in time to take care of the issue. In any event, I have restored all of the images and placed the licensing for you (see Please note that for any future images, you must provide a tag, and if they are not free, please follow the instructions carefully at [[Wikipedia:Upload, and if they are free images that you are releasing into the public domain, don't upload them here! Upload them to the Wikimedia Commons instead, so that all wikimedia projects have access to the images. Signing up there will take you seconds, and the images you upload can be used here just as easily and in the same manner as images uploaded here. Cheers.--Fuhghettaboutit (talk) 01:30, 1 May 2009 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 61 Part 5.djvu/1068
A1080 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS OTHER THAN TREATIES [61 STAT. SCHEUIXLE XIX - UNITED KINGDOM Section A. Metropolitan Territory PART I Division 1 (continued) Tariff Item No. Part and Group 6- 3 G.A.V. Ex3 IIii) Ex3 II(1) ii Ex3II1)ii Ex3 II(1) ii) Ex3 II(v) 3 G.A.V. Ex3 III(l)(ii) Ex3 II(1 )(ii) 3 G.A.V. Description of Products Tobacco NOTE: (1) If at any future time the rate of ordinary most-favoured-natjU cuBtmis duty chargeable upon tobacco, urmanufactured, unstripped, containing 10 lb. or more of moisture in every 100 lb. weight thereof, does not exceed £2.5s.2d. per lb., such tobacco shall thereafter be exempt from ordinary most-favoured-nation customs duties which exceed the preferential duties thereon by more than ls.3d. per lb. (2) If at any future time the said most-favoured-nation rate chargeable on such tobacco does not exceed £1.15s.6d . per lb., such tobacco shall thereafter be exempt from ordinary most-faboured-nation customs duties which exceed the preferential duties thereon by more than Is. per lb. Trees and shrubs, other than in florer:- Azalea indica Cocose wed aulia Kentia belnoreana (Homa belmoreana) Kentia forsteriana (Hoowea forsteriana) Phoenix canarie nis Fruit stooks of lialling varieties Seeds, agricultural and horticultural, other than grain, beans and peas Poultry and eat pastes of a value exceeding 10s. per lb. Poultry liver (except raw liver) whether nixed or not Rabbits, dead, fresh Rate of Duty 10O 10?4 10% 10% 10% 209 205 5S,
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Nils Wichstrøm
Nils Wichstrøm (5 September 1848 – 1 December 1879) was a Norwegian actor and stage instructor. He joined the Bergen theatre Den Nationale Scene from its start in 1876, and was the theatre's first stage instructor and artistic leader from 1876. He died from appendicitis in 1879. | WIKI |
Master thesis defence by Anne-Katrine Faber – Niels Bohr Institute - University of Copenhagen
Niels Bohr Institute > Calendar > 2012 > Master thesis defence ...
Master thesis defence by Anne-Katrine Faber
Title: Influence of the polar front position on stable water isotopes in Greenland precipitation
Abstract:
A strong spatial relation exist between the isotopic signal and surface temperatures. Using this relation to investigate past temporal changes in the isotope records it is possible to reconstruct past climate variability from Greenland ice cores. Yet, for present climate a significant year-to-year variability is seen in the d18O-values in ice core records. The knowledge about the causes for this observed interannual variability is very limited. It is therefore highly desired to refine the understanding of the physical processes that influence the isotopic composition.
This study investigates the connection between the position of the polar front in the North Atlantic and the interannual variability observed in d18O records for Greenland. Based on re-analysis data from ERA-40, existing computational methods of thermal measures were applied to identify fronts. It was found that these measures could not express the actual position of the polar front. Therefore demands for a suitable representation of the polar front were formulated and an alternative approach of polar front identification were designed.
The polar front location method is essentially based on the thermal frontal parameter (TFP). Issues of non-continuity and varying intensity of the polar front are considered by the method. The output of the method is a two-dimensional field, representing the spatial distribution of the polar front.
Using the output of the method, estimates for moisture sources temperatures for Greenland precipitation were computed. These source temperatures had values in the range 12-18 degrees celcius.
The estimated source temperatures were used to describe the differences in radiative cooling that the air masses experience during transport towards Greenland. These temperatures were compared with the interannual variations in d18O. Data from the GCM isoCAM3 were used for comparison with variations in d18O. Evidence was found that the position of the PF influence d18O in Greenland precipitation, but the effect of this correlation was neglectable, due to the pronounced correlation with local site temperatures.
Supervisor: Peter L. Langen | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Why You Should Never Sleep With TV or Dim Lights On ...
February 19, 2011 | 266,952 views
Man Sleeping With TV onExposure to even dim light at night, such as a glowing TV screen, could prompt changes in your brain that lead to mood disorders -- up to and including depression.
Researchers placed hamsters in sleep environments with different lighting conditions. After eight weeks, the hamsters were tested for behaviors that might suggest depression.
According to Live Science:
"The hamsters exposed to light at night showed behaviors indicative of anhedonia (depression-like response in which one does not find pleasure in favorite activities), and changes in the hippocampus of the brain.
If the same mechanism is at work in people, then [according to the researchers] 'people might want to try to avoid falling asleep with their TVs on all night, or they might want to try to minimize light exposure during the night'".
Dr. Mercola's Comments:
Sleeping in total darkness is a crucial part of sleep hygiene that many overlook. Exposure even to a dim night-light may cause physical changes in the part of your brain called the hippocampus, which, as this Ohio State University hamster study showed, can set the stage for depression.
In fact, sleeping in total darkness is so important that nighttime light has been dubbed “light pollution” by the International Dark-Sky Association (IDA).
Light pollution refers to “any adverse effect of artificial light, including sky glow, glare, light trespass, light clutter, decreased visibility at night, and energy waste,” as defined by the IDA. More subtle examples of light pollution are the strips of light that sneak in around your curtains at night, or even the soft blue glow of your clock radio.
All of these have the potential to negatively impact your health by altering your circadian rhythms. IDA writes:
“Light pollution wastes energy, affects astronomers and scientists, disrupts global wildlife and ecological balance, and has been linked to negative consequences in human health.”
Light pollution has been shown to disturb animals and ecosystems, including the following:
• Interfering with bird migration -- causing birds to collide or circle lights until they die of exhaustion.
• Disrupting the behavior of sea turtle hatchlings, which navigate by the light of the moon. Manmade coastal lighting confuses them, drawing them away from the ocean instead of toward it.
• Interfering with the communication of glowworms and fireflies.
• Nighttime lighting from sports stadiums disrupts the mating activity of nearby frogs.
And now, it appears that nighttime light may physically alter your brain and set you up for depression.
Edison Changed Everything
In an interesting article about the evolution of human sleep, integrative medicine physician and professor at the UCLA School of Medicine Dr. Hyla Cass discusses how the introduction of the campfire was a welcome comfort to early man because, in addition to being a source of warmth, it offered some protection from the hungry beasts that hunted them.
Cass writes:
“It was not that long ago in evolutionary history that we were prey, and the nighttime was filled with silent terrors. After a long, hard day of hunting and gathering, our ancestors would huddle together for safety, such as it was, to endure another night of uneasy sleep, always mindful of the hungry beasts out there ... perhaps close by ... that they could not see.”
This was the beginning of the alteration of our natural cycle of light and dark, and it set the stage for a variety of medical ills our ancestors could not have imagined so many generations beyond.
Campfires were only the beginning of our fascination with altering our natural living and sleeping patterns. Gone are the days of sleeping and awaking with the sun. Thomas Edison made it possible for our nights to be as bright as our days. But, convenient as this is, electrical lighting has come at a price.
Melatonin: Elixir of the Night
While electricity and efficient lighting have clearly provided major benefits to society, we have sacrificed the function of our inner clocks.
Organisms -- human and otherwise -- evolved to adjust themselves to predictable patterns of light and darkness in a physiological cycle known as circadian rhythm. Once artificial light effectively varied the length of our day, the average person’s sleep decreased from around nine consistent hours to roughly seven, varying from one night to the next.
This irregularity prevents your brain from settling into a pattern, creating a state of perpetual "jet lag."
One unforeseen effect is disruption in melatonin production. Melatonin is a hormone secreted in your brain primarily at night (by your pineal gland), triggered by the absence of light. Melatonin’s immediate precursor is the neurotransmitter serotonin, which is a major player in uplifting your mood.
It is not surprising, then, that chronic light pollution might not only wreak havoc on your sleep, but also cause you to awaken as a grumpy, blurry-eyed, green faced ogre in the morning. Like serotonin, melatonin plays important roles in your physical and mental health. Studies have shown that insufficient melatonin production can set you up for:
• Decreased immune function
• Accelerated cancer cell proliferation and tumor growth (including leukemia)
• Blood pressure instability
• Decreased free radical scavenging
• Increased plaques in the brain, like those seen with Alzheimer’s disease
• Increased risk of osteoporosis
• Diabetic microangiopathy (capillary damage)
Not getting enough sleep may even accelerate aging and shorten your lifespan.
Melatonin and Depression
There are many studies that suggest melatonin levels control mood-related symptoms, such as those associated with depression -- especially winter depression (aka, seasonal affective disorder, or SAD).
In a study published in May 2006, researchers at the Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU) found that melatonin relieved SAD. The study found insomniacs have a circadian misalignment in which they are “out of phase” with natural sleeping times. This misalignment can be corrected either by exposure to bright lights, or by taking a melatonin supplement at a certain time of day, and the details of the treatment depend on exactly HOW the person is out of phase.
A more recent study (June 2010) about melatonin and circadian phase misalignment found a correlation between circadian misalignment and severity of depression symptoms.
Studies have also linked low melatonin levels to depression in a variety of populations, including multiple sclerosis patients and post-menopausal women. Clearly, anything that negatively effects melatonin production is likely to have a detrimental effect on your mood, which is borne out in the research.
Your Internal Timekeeper
Your internal biological clock is what tells you when it’s time to wake up or go to sleep, but this inner timekeeper is actually controlled by light and dark.
Inside your hypothalamus is a group of cells called the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN), which controls your biological clock by responding to light. Light reaches your SCN via your eye’s optic nerve, where it tells your biological clock it’s time to wake up. Light also causes your SCN to initiate other processes associated with being awake, such as raising your body temperature and producing hormones, like cortisol.
On the flip side, the lack of light reaching your SCN triggers melatonin production, which helps you sleep -- and this is why sleeping in total darkness is so important.
Having a light on at night squelches the production of melatonin, which is thought to be the reason for the hypothalamic changes discovered in the Ohio State study above. In addition to dampening your mood, a confused body clock can result in increased appetite and unwanted weight gain.
Conducting a Light Check in Your Bedroom
Sleeping in a pitch-black bedroom is an important and relatively easy lifestyle choice to make for your health. Even the dim glow from your clock radio could be interfering with your ability to sleep -- and more importantly, your long term health and risk of developing cancer or major depression.
Personally, I sleep in a room that is so dark that I can’t see my hand in front of my face. If your bedroom is currently affected by light pollution, you will notice a major improvement when you eliminate it.
To get your room as dark as possible, consider taking the following actions:
• Install blackout drapes
• Close your bedroom door if light comes through it; if light seeps in underneath your door, put a towel along the base
• Get rid of your electric clock radio (or at least cover it up at night)
• Avoid night lights of any kind
• Keep all light off at night (even if you get up to go to the bathroom) -- and this includes your computer and TV
If possible, avoid working the night shift.
Working nights has been linked to significantly lower levels of serotonin, which has negative effects on your mood. If you currently work nights, I would strongly suggest trying to switch your hours, or at the very least restrict your night shift duty to a couple months at a time. This will at least give your body a chance to readjust in between.
If you are interested in finding more information on this subject, I highly suggest reading Lights Out: Sleep, Sugar, and Survival by T. S. Wiley and Bent Formby. The authors believe it is light, not what we eat or whether we exercise, that causes obesity, diabetes, heart disease and cancer. I think there are many other factors contributing to these health problems as well, but impaired sleep is certainly a large contributor.
Now, if it’s been awhile since you’ve had the luxury of gazing up at a truly dark night sky, you might want to plan your next vacation around it. IDA has an inspiring list of vacation spots around the globe, where you might become a stargazing devotee.
A Word to the Wise: Are You REALLY a Night Owl?
You may be wondering what to do if you’re a night person, who simply feels best working and staying awake at night, then sleeping during the day. Day sleeping makes it much more challenging to create a dark environment. My first suggestion is to reconsider whether or not you truly feel better on this schedule, or if it is more a matter of habit. Many people find they can switch back to a more conventional schedule without much difficulty -- and then they are actually surprised by how much better they feel.
If you come to the conclusion that you simply must stay up at night, or if you work the night shift and can’t change it, you can somewhat counter the health effects by keeping to a schedule. By being consistent, your body’s clock will eventually adjust to your sleep/wake cycle, and this is LESS damaging than if you constantly change shifts and expect your body clock to adjust.
When you travel long distances often, have insomnia, or frequently change from day shifts to night shifts, your body has a very hard time adjusting and your health will invariably suffer over time.
Ultimately, your body is a phenomenal source of feedback, and it is important to honor the signals it’s sending you.
What Can We Learn About Sleep From Ayurveda?
Human beings have naturally been sleeping during the nighttime for eons. Coordinating sleep and wake cycles with the Earth’s movement has been an important part of Ayurvedic medicine for over 5,000 years. Ayurveda is a holistic system of healing from ancient India that focuses on maintaining balance of the life energies within us.
What insights might we glean from the ancient science of Ayurveda?
According to Ayurveda, sleep is one of the supporting pillars of life, critical to good health and well-being. Quality sleep acts as a rejuvenator of your mind and body because it enhances Ojas -- the main life-supporting force within your body. According to Ayurveda, insomnia is often caused by being out of sync with nature.
Sound familiar?
Every day the Earth passes twice through Vata, Pitta, and Kapha “phases”, and these phases are believed to have various influences on your quality of sleep:
First Cycle
• 6 am to 10 am = Kapha
• 10 am to 2 pm = Pitta
• 2 pm to 6 pm = Vata
Second Cycle
• 6 pm to 10 pm = Kapha (phase of “heaviness”; BEST for falling asleep)
• 10 pm to 2 am = Pitta (phase of “liveliness and mental alertness”)
• 2 am to 6 am = Vata (phase is “light and airy”; BEST for waking up)
According to Ayurveda, you should go to bed in Kapha time (i.e., before 10 pm) because Kapha has a natural property of “heaviness”, which makes it easier for you to fall asleep.
Many people automatically begin feeling sleepy around 9 pm but fight it, feeling it’s too early to go to bed, and by forcing themselves to stay awake, they miss a valuable window of opportunity for a good night’s rest, caused by Kapha.
From 2 am to 6 am comes the Vatta phase, which is “light and airy.” You may find yourself drifting in and out of sleep, dreaming and wakefulness. This is not the kind of sleep that leaves you feeling refreshed in the morning.
One Ayurvedic practitioner even draws these sleep “equivalents”:
• One hour slept between 9 pm and 12 pm equals three hours’ rest
• One hour slept between 12 pm and 3 am equals 1.3 hours’ rest
• One hour slept between 3 am and 5 am equals one hour’s rest
So, according to Ayurvedic principals if you sleep between 10 pm and 4 am, you are getting the equivalent of 11-12 hours of sleep! Ayurvedic practitioners also recommend the best time for meditation is upon awakening, in the Vata phase of the morning (2 am to 6 am).
Regardless of whether or not you subscribe to Ayurvedic philosophies, getting to bed earlier and arising earlier is a wise choice in terms of natural circadian rhythms. Between that and making your bedroom a DARK sleeping haven, you should be well on your way to getting the best sleep ever!
[+] Sources and References
Thank you! Your purchases help us support these charities and organizations. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Usage
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User:Tiazjane/4B (movement)/Beefpatty06 Peer Review
General info
Tiazjane/4B (movement)
* Whose work are you reviewing?
* Link to draft you're reviewing
* User:Tiazjane/4B (movement)
* Link to the current version of the article (if it exists)
* 4B (movement)
Evaluate the drafted changes
(Compose a detailed peer review here, considering each of the key aspects listed above if it is relevant. Consider the guiding questions, and check out the examples of what feedback looks like.)
Hey Tiazjane, reading your article was enlightening; your coverage of the 4B movement reminded me that there are still developing contemporary feminist movements worldwide in response to modern challenges and governmental policies. I hope you find my review constructive and wish you the best of luck with your work.
Lead
It is nice to see the development of a lead in your sandbox, which effectively covers the significant sections of the article. However, I noticed it lacks an introductory sentence that concisely and clearly defines the article's topic; adding this would significantly enhance the lead's clarity and impact. Moreover, while it's beneficial that the lead avoids including information outside the scope of the article, integrating some elements from the existing Wikipedia page could further strengthen its foundation, ensuring it is comprehensive and coherent.
Content
Relevance of Content: You did a great job adding Content about the 4B movement. Your detailed insights into its purpose, history, digital activism, and societal impact are incredibly pertinent and enrich the topic by a large margin.
Up-to-Date Content: I'm impressed with how you've incorporated recent data and studies, like the 2022 survey on birth rates. This approach ensures the Content remains relevant and informative, reflecting the latest developments in the 4B movement and its broader societal implications.
Content Completeness and Placement: Your comprehensive coverage of the topic is commendable. You might consider adding information about the government's response to the movement to further enhance the article. This addition could provide a well-rounded perspective and deepen the readers' understanding of the issue.
Addressing Wikipedia's Equity Gaps: You're doing a great job addressing an underrepresented area by focusing on the 4B movement and its impact on women in South Korea. Your contribution is vital in bringing attention to such an important subject. Perhaps you could include specific examples or personal narratives within the movement to make it even more impactful. This would offer a more intimate glimpse into the lives affected by these societal changes and make the article even more engaging and informative.
Tone and Balance
Neutrality in the Content: The content does an excellent job of capturing the essence and goals of the 4B movement while also maintaining a neutral tone. Although the use of specific terms like 'patriarchal state' and 'unredeemable society' may often be seen in biased pieces, their use in your article merely helps to convey the perspective of the movement's advocates, maintaining its neutrality.
Representation of different viewpoints: The detailed portrayal of the 4B movement's viewpoints is impressive. To complement this, introducing other perspectives, such as government or academic insights, especially the government's response to the movement, could provide a broader context, making the content richer for readers and helping them understand the situation further.
Persuasiveness of the Content: Your approach to presenting the information is informative and engaging without being overtly persuasive. This respectful presentation allows readers to understand the movement from an objective point of view.
Sources and References
Source Reliability and Diversity: All new content is backed up by reliable secondary sources, and these sources are written by mainly women. This helps lend credibility to the information as the 4B movement is a women's movement. It would be interesting to include some governmental sources or sources authored by Korean men to see their different perspectives and maybe some of the pushback and adversity that the movement has encountered.
Accuracy and Thoroughness: The content accurately reflects what the cited sources say, and the thoroughness of these sources in covering the available literature is well done.
Currency of Sources and Additional Perspectives: The current sources add significant value. As previously stated, however, there could be more perspective variance.
Functionality of Links: All links are functional and available.
Organization
Quality of Writing: Your added content is exceptionally well-written, clear, and easy to comprehend.
Grammatical and Spelling Accuracy: There were no grammar errors I could see.
Organization and Flow: While the article is well-structured in terms of breaking down the topic, the variance in sub-topics impacts the flow. There should be smoother transitions between the movement's inspirations and the evolution into a digital movement. Expanding on the societal impact section could provide a more rounded and comprehensive understanding of the topic.
Images and Media
Although there are no images in the original article, and in your sandbox, it would be beneficial to perhaps include images of women who are advocates in the movement, as this could improve the article's visibility and impact.
Overall impressions
Improvement in Article Quality: The additions have significantly expanded the article, enhancing its overall quality. They help readers understand the origins and specific purposes of the topic more clearly.
Strengths of the Added Content: It's challenging to pinpoint a single strength, given the substantial expansion of the entire article in the sandbox. However, the section detailing the purpose of the 4B movement stands out as particularly beneficial. However, I found the part on its societal impact most intriguing.
Suggestions for Improvement: While my favorite part of the article is the section on its societal impact. Enhancing this section with additional data would be fascinating, as it could provide deeper insights into the true demographic impact of the 4B movement. This exploration could offer enlightenment on the 4B movement and other feminist movements that challenge the perception of women as merely childbearing entities. Furthermore, investigating potential parallels between the 4B movement in Korea and similar demographic challenges in Japan could add a valuable comparative dimension to the discussion.- Beefpatty06 | WIKI |
Page:Europe in China.djvu/390
372 connected with an attempt to develop the resources of Bowrington, having caused an enormous further increase in the value of land. Following the example of Sir J. Bowring, Sir H. Robinson deposited year by year all surplus funds in the local Chartered Banks at five per cent, and £61,550 were thus deposited in 1861. Since 1st July, 1862, the accounts of the Colony were kept in dollars. The increase ($20,502) in the revenue of the year 1862 was ascribed chiefly to the increased yield of postage, police and lighting rates, opium farm and pawnbrokers' licences, whilst the increase ($61,400) of expenditure was caused by public works and additions to the strength of the Police Force. The same items caused the expenditure of the year 1863 to exceed (by $10,000) the revenue which had decreased by $54,884 as compared with the preceding year. In the year 1864, postage and profits made on subsidiary coins (procured from England) caused the revenue to increase by $61,471, whilst, on the other hand, the expenditure of the same year increased by $176,742, owing to the erection of the Mint and the investment of $250,000 in the purchase of land and houses at Kowloon. But, owing to a commercial depression which now set in, the difference between receipts and expenditure continued. On 4th March, 1865, Sir H. Robinson stated in Legislative Council that the total revenue for the preceding year had come to $637,845 and the actual expenditure to $763,307, an ominous indication of bad times in store for the Colonial finances.
As soon as the flourishing condition of the Colonial finances became known at home, a claim was set up for a military contribution. There was strictly speaking no surplus, as all available surplus funds were urgently required to provide additional gaol accommodation, additional water-works and most particularly a comprehensive drainage scheme for the town, which one Colonial Surgeon after the other urged as the indispensable preliminary basis of sanitary reform, and which, owing to the demand for a military contribution. Governor after Governor postponed for want of funds. On 15th August, 1864, Sir H. Robinson stated in Legislative Council that the Secretary of State insisted upon payment of a military contribution of £20,000 per annum for | WIKI |
JRG/2: Genetic Reconfigurations en Route to a Holoparasitic Lifestyle in Plants
Parasitic plants of the broomrape family (Orobanchaceae) steal both water and nutrients from other plants. Amongst the world's most problematic parasitic weeds are broomrapes (Orobanche s.l.) and witchweeds (Striga), which attack the roots of important cereals and vegetable crops. Fundamental knowledge of the molecular evolutionary forces and constraints influencing the evolution of parasitism within Orobanchaceae would help us to develop more effective and sustainable pest control procedures. The goal of this research is to identify commonalities as well as adaptive and nonadaptive genetic reconfigurations that are associated with the transition from an autotrophic to a holoparasitic way of life within the Orobanchaceae. The proposed research program exploits the unique, natural genetic diversity of the broomrape family, which comprises the full trophic spectrum including nonparasites, hemiparasites of various specialisations and holoparasites that have evolved multiple times independently. We will test whether and which genetic changes precede or follow the transition to holoparasitism and if these reconfigurations occur in a predictable order. A primary aim is to disentangle the nature and direction of molecular evolutionary shifts in the genes of the parasites. We will examine changes in the mutational rates of their genes. We will test whether substitution rate shifts in the genes of the parasites can be explained mechanistically by the modified transcript levels due to altered selection pressures relating to the degree of trophic specialisation. We will use qualitative and quantitative RNA and DNA sequencing to compare the gene sets and gene expression between several autotrophic and heterotrophic Orobanchaceae. We will employ existing and devise novel probabilistic models to test our research hypotheses in a unified computational framework that fuses genotypic and phenotypic information. This study will be the first to test how the interplay between changes in the genetic profile of closely related parasitic plants and the underlying molecular evolutionary forces act as fuel for macroevolutionary change - and vice versa. The well-developed Orobanchaceae model system in combination with state-of-the-art molecular evolutionary methods provides the ideal tool to develop an explanatory model for the genetic changes associated with trophic specialisation in plants. Our research objectives focus on key questions concerning the genetics of Orobanchaceae and, at the same time, address unresolved issues of molecular rate variation in plants. Thus, our work will contribute towards unraveling the causes and consequences of the transition to parasitism in plants and identifying its underlying mechanisms. Comparative biocomputational approaches in evolutionary biology will further the development of a generalized explanatory model of the effects of genomic and phenotypic shifts, which will impact research areas in many branches of the life sciences.
Principal Investigators
Wicke, Susann Prof. Dr. (Details) (Systematik Botany and Biodiversity)
participating organizational facilities of the HU
Duration of Project
Start date: 05/2020
End date: 04/2021
Research Areas
Evolution and Systematics of Plants and Fungi
Research Areas
Bioinformatik, Genomanalyse, Molekulare Phylogenetik, Organismische Evolution, Pflanzliche Molekularbiologie
Last updated on 2021-15-07 at 17:26 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Tylenol side effects , caution, danger, adverse events, safety by Ray Sahelian, M.D.
Feb 12 2014
Tylenol is a common over the counter pain medicine. Tylenol is present in hundreds of products and may sometimes be unsafe even when used at the maximum daily doses recommended on package labeling. Tylenol (APAP) is the most common drug overdose in pregnancy. Tylenol isn't a NSAID, but it sometimes does reduce pain and fever. Unlike the NSAIDs, however, Tylenol does not reduce inflammation.
Safety of Tylenol side effects
Taken occasionally and in dosages less than 600 mg, Tylenol is generally safe. However, if you frequently take this pain medication than is recommended, Tylenol side effects can occur. Taking a large dose of Tylenol with alcohol increases that risk and can lead to sudden and severe problems, such as liver failure. Tylenol is included in many different medications for pain, headaches, colds and sleep aids. Be sure to read the ingredients listed for all your medications to make sure you are not consuming more Tylenol than you realize. For natural options on how to deal with insomnia.
More than a third of healthy adults starting Tylenol at the maximum recommended daily dosage of 4 grams will exhibit ALT elevations. Liver enzyme elevation is a common Tylenol side effect. The lead researcher is Dr. Paul B. Watkins, from the University of North Carolina in Chapel Hill. Dr. Watkins's study involved 145 healthy adults who were randomized to receive Tylenol alone, Tylenol plus opioid in one of three combinations, or placebo for 14 days. In all of the Tylenol groups, the Tylenol dosage was 4 g/day. No ALT elevations greater than three times the upper limit of normal were seen in the placebo group. By contrast, the incidence of such elevations ranged from 31% to 44% in the four groups receiving Tylenol. As noted, treatment with opioids did not further increase the ALT elevation seen with Tylenol. Serum Tylenol levels were usually not measurable at the time of the elevation. JAMA 2006;296:87-93.
Liver Failure and Tylenol, natural treatment
In patients with acute liver failure, a test can determine whether Tylenol toxicity is involved. More than 56,000 emergency room visits and nearly 500 deaths in the US each year are attributed to Tylenol toxicity, owing to either intentional or unintentional overdoses. Tylenol toxicity is currently the most common cause of acute liver failure in the US and Europe. Although intentional Tylenol overdose is fairly easy to diagnose, in unintentional overdoses, the diagnosis can be elusive, leading to a delay in the administration of potentially life-saving treatment. In animal and human studies, "serum Tylenol-protein adducts" or mutations, are specific biomarkers for drug-related toxicity. Gastroenterology March 2006.
Acetylcysteine is used in hospitals to reverse Tylenol overdose symptoms and signs. For more acetylcysteine information.
J Diet Suppl. Jan 10 2014. Hepatoprotective Action of Echinophora platyloba DC Leaves Against Acute Toxicity of Tylenol in Rats. The results suggest that E. platyloba extract has impressive hepatoprotective effects on acute Tylenol induced liver injuries.
Skin problems
Tylenol and other painkillers containing the ingredient acetaminophen can cause a potentially deadly skin rash known as Stevens-Johnson Syndrome.
Tylenol and osteoarthritis treatment, are there better alternatives?
The evidence to date suggests that NSAIDs are superior to Tylenol for improving knee and hip pain in people with osteoarthritis. In fact, it is possible that chronic use of Tylenol could harm or cause damage to articular tissue, or, at the least, harm liver tissue. For osteoarthritis pain and joint health, glucosamine and chondroitin are preferred.
For natural options on how to reduce pain and discomfort from osteoarthritis.
Questions
Q. I would like to use n-acetylcysteine to protect my liver from the amount of Tylenol I am required to take on a daily basis due to my injuries. How much would I need to take of acetylcysteine?
A. We have not seen any studies regarding the long term use of Tylenol and Acetyl-L-Cysteine, however a dose of 100 to 200 mg a day would seem reasonable. You can purchase N-acetylcysteine at the link provided above.
Q. People who are addicted to pain medications, such as hydrocodone, often take way too much Tylenol in the process. For over a year, I was one of them. I averaged over 30 10/325 tablets a day, often taking much more (several times 80 or more). Knowing what I was doing to my liver, I researched the procedure used in the ER for Tylenol overdose and proceeded to treat myself accordingly, using OTC NAC (n-acetylcysteine). I am thankfully free of this addiction now (over 9 months), but still communicate with others in the throws of it. I have suggested to them that they should stock up on N-acetyl Cysteine and use it if necessary (obviously the right solution is to go straight to the ER if you've taken over 10 grams of Tylenol, but we both know that may not happen with these folks). When I pointed this out, I was overwhelmingly ridiculed and dismissed by those who said the NAC available over the counter is nothing like that used in the ER. I know there is probably a difference, but given that one is not going to seek proper medical treatment, isn't the NAC we have access to a great alternative? What exactly is the difference between the two formulations?
A. Based on my limited knowledge, since I have not seen head to head research comparisons, I tend to think that the benefits of oral and intravenous NAC would not be too different, but I have no proof of this. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Ruhama Raz
Broken links (official web site)
Hello,
It seems the official website isn’t reachable anymore (redirection to a generic page).
The MOOMA site is also unreachable (according to WP:HE it closed in April 2018).
Probably should we replace links with an old valid image hosted on internet archives, wikiwix, or any other similar archival site?
Thanks
2A02:2788:22A:2BF:CD51:9CBD:2BD1:58AF (talk) 17:14, 4 October 2019 (UTC) | WIKI |
François Reichenbach
François Arnold Reichenbach (3 July 1921 – 2 February 1993) was a French film director, cinematographer producer and screenwriter. He directed 40 films between 1954 and 1993.
Early life
François Reichenbach was born in 1921 in Neuilly-sur-Seine into an extremely wealthy family of industrialists and businessmen of Austrian-Jewish descent. His father Bernard Reichenbach was a successful businessman and his mother Germaine Angèle Sarah Monteux had a passion for music, which she passed on to young François.
His maternal grandfather Gaston Monteux was a wealthy industrialist: he was one of the first to buy paintings by Chagall, Braque, Picasso, Soutine, Utrillo and Modigliani. In his memoirs François Reichenbach says: "At the age of five I was terrified by all the faces in the paintings. And I became a forger. I added mustaches and hairs to the nudes of Modigliani. This hoax takes on another dimension when you know that I made a film with Orson Welles about the forger Elmyr de Hory in 1973.
He is the nephew of the manuscript and book collector Jacques Guérin and the cousin of the film producer Pierre Braunberger, who encouraged him to make films.
Emigration
During the Second World War, François Reichenbach went to Geneva. Although he was born in France, he also has Swiss nationality because his paternal grandfather, Arnold Reichenbach, is a rich Swiss industrialist working in the embroidery industry in St. Gallen. He studied music at the Geneva Conservatory of Music, where he met the film director Gérard Oury.
After the Liberation, he wrote songs, notably for Édith Piaf and Marie Dubas.
Then, remembering the huge collection of paintings of his childhood, he left for the United States with an emigrant card to sell paintings. He started in New York as an advisor to American museums for the purchase of works of art in Europe, then he sold master paintings. He spent several years in the United States.
Death
On his deathbed, François Reichenbach confided to Daniele Thompson his wish to be buried in Limoges where he had spent his vacations in his youth. Faced with the protests of the screenwriter, arguing that it would be inconvenient to visit him, the filmmaker replied "Those who love me will take the train "
This quote inspired Danièle Thompson to write the title of the film Ceux qui m'aiment prendront le train (Those who love me will take the train) by Patrice Chéreau, starring Jean-Louis Trintignant, Charles Berling and Vincent Perez. François Reichenbach died on February 2, 1993, in Neuilly-sur-Seine. He is buried in the Louyat cemetery in Limoges.
Work as a director
This pioneer of the New Wave through the importance of his cinematographic work makes this man, with a free and respectful look at others, a privileged witness of his time. He always has a camera loaded on the back seat of his car to film immediately just in case, because he likes to "film everything that moves ". The magazine Cahiers du cinéma wrote: "François Reichenbach was born with a camera in his eye ".
In 1955, he bought his first 16mm Bell & Howell camera and made his fourth short film Impressions de New York, which won the Special Jury Prize at the Tours Film Festival and a mention at the Edinburgh International Film Festival: his career as a filmmaker was launched. François Reichenbach films everything that comes into his head, with both eyes open. He says that "cinema is made by one-eyed people: one eye in the viewfinder, the other closed to better concentrate on the image. He keeps the other one open (the human eye) so as not to lose contact and not to abandon the filmed subject to the machine that is the camera.
In 1957, he directed his first short film, The Marines, about an elite American unit, which imposed a new style through the impression of truth, the nerve and the originality of the gaze.
The filmmaker François Reichenbach with Zino Davidoff in Geneva (1984)
This bulimic of images films tirelessly what he observes according to his inspiration and his wanderings. Above all, he likes to present himself as a musician. He has made more than a hundred documentaries, alternating between France, the United States and Mexico, with a very personal filmography and artistic reports close to journalism. He has made a wide variety of portraits, including the film-maker Orson Welles, musicians Yehudi Menuhin, Arthur Rubinstein, Mstislav Rostropovitch, Manitas de Plata, popular artists such as Johnny Hallyday, Sylvie Vartan, Barbara, Mireille Mathieu, Diane Dufresne, Vince Taylor, soccer players Pelé and Pascal Olmeta, the matador El Cordobés, the sculptor Arman, the guitarist Manitas de Plata, the painter Marguerite Dunoyer de Segonzac, the cigar merchant Zino Davidoff, the conductor Herbert von Karajan, and the actresses Jeanne Moreau and Brigitte Bardot.
François Reichenbach is also the author of the scopitone (the ancestor of the video clip) of Bonnie and Clyde (1967) sung by Serge Gainsbourg and Brigitte Bardot.
In 1960, his first feature film, Unusual America, caused a sensation with its new style, its impression of truth and the originality of its vision. It filmed the American citizen from his birth to his death in all the comical, burlesque and unusual circumstances of his life.
In 1964, he received the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival for his short film La Douceur du village. It shows with simplicity and poetry the life of a country schoolboy in the village of Loué. Then, François Reichenbach received the Oscar for best documentary film in 1970 for L'Amour de la vie - Artur Rubinstein.
At the end of his life he returned to Geneva, the city of his musical studies, to make four films: The Art of Cigar Smoking by Zino Davidoff (1983), Geneva (1988), Nestlé by Reichenbach (1990) and Swiss Faces for the 700th anniversary of the Swiss Confederation (1991).
Selected filmography
* Male nudes (1954)
* America As Seen by a Frenchman (1960)
* Arthur Rubinstein – The Love of Life (1969)
* F for Fake (1975)
* Do You Hear the Dogs Barking? (1975) | WIKI |
Egyptian Stocks Fall to Lowest in Two Years on Economic Concern
Egyptian stocks plunged to their
lowest in more than two years as international investors
withdrew money amid concern the global economic recovery is
faltering. Egypt’s benchmark EGX 30 Index (EGX30) declined 4.8 percent to
4,478 at the 1:30 p.m. close in Cairo, the lowest level since
April 2009. The EGX 100 Index (EGX100) had earlier lost 5.1 percent,
triggering a 30-minute trading suspension. “We’ve traditionally had one of the highest exposure
levels to foreign investors, which is why we tend to be more
impacted by volatility in international markets,” said Wafik
Dawood, director of institutional sales at Mega Investments
Securities in Cairo. “We’re in a free fall after breaking the
4,800 level and it would be hard to predict now where it ends.” Egyptian shares have lost 11 percent in the last three
days. That compares with a 6.3 percent drop in Dubai’s benchmark
DFM General Index (DFMGI) and a 1.2 percent decline in Bahrain over the
same period. Non-Egyptian investors were net sellers of shares
valued at about 43 million Egyptian pounds ($7 million) today,
according to Egyptian Exchange data. The country’s benchmark index has lost 20 percent from a
June 19 peak. A decline of 20 percent or more signals a so-
called bear market to some investors. Orascom Construction
Industries (OCIC) , Egypt’s biggest publicly traded builder, fell 5.7
percent to 231.01 pounds, the biggest decline since March 23.
Commercial International Bank Egypt SAE (COMI) , the country’s biggest
publicly traded lender, retreated 4.2 percent to 24.72 pounds,
the lowest level in two years. Egypt’s economy may contract 3.3 percent this year, instead
of an earlier estimate of 2.5 percent, EFG-Hermes Holding SAE,
the country’s biggest publicly traded investment bank, said in a
statement today. U.S. Federal Reserve policy makers will meet today to
discuss ways to restore investor confidence after the credit
rating of the U.S. was cut to AA+ from AAA for the first time by
Standard & Poor’s on Aug. 5. To contact the reporter on this story:
Ahmed A Namatalla in Cairo at
anamatalla@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Claudia Maedler at
cmaedler@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Hong Kong traditional store
Hong Kong traditional stores (士多) in Chinese, transliterated from the English word "Store", are miniature stores commonly found in Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macau and other Cantonese-speaking regions. Unlike common grocery stores, these stores function as snack shops and sell mainly snacks, drinks, toys, newspapers and stationery. In big cities with dense population, stores are set up specially catered for local needs. Stores can be found next to hospitals, residential areas and schools, but there will not be too many of them in the same area.
The operation model
Hong Kong traditional stores operate with a retail business model, where sweets can be bought in any amount without a binding of certain amount of the package in big retail stores. Some stores provide other goods depending on demand of specific area, for instances, toys, fruits, flowers, breakfast, cigarettes, alcohol, telephone card, stationery, newspaper and even photocopying and phoning service. Besides, in Mainland China some stores sell illegal Mark Six.
Development
Earlier in the 1950s, the first store appeared in Hong Kong, but the number of stores was not a lot. A large number of public housing was being constructed, the demand for groceries greatly increased, this was this most prosperous period for the development of store.
In the 1970s, there was a trend of decreasing local stores. Between 1974 and 1985, the number of small grocery shops selling general provisions dropped by 30% The dominance of two companies in the supermarket industry- Dairy Farm International Holdings and AS Waston Group-has long concerned consumer rights advocate and been regarded the main cause of the trend. Dairy Farm which operates Wellcome stores and Waston (Parknshop) account for up to 62.5% percent of the grocery store market in Hong Kong, while wet market and smaller operators are included only 30 to 40 percent of the market. In which the pricing strategy and dominating power of larger supermarkets are regarded threat to small-scaled grocery stores. As their average of production cost are lower than that of individual stores, the price of products sold in chain shops would be a lot cheaper. With the locational advantage of convenience stores and supermarkets, people prefer shopping in chain shops instead of small store. This caused the decline of traditional stores.
In 2013, the industry was under the Consumer Council Investigation of the long intervention the grocery giants have on their competitors on in-store price regulation. It is claimed larger supermarkets monitor competitors and if they see a supplier’s product selling cheaper elsewhere, depending on the contract terms, they can claim the difference back. According to news report in 2011, a small grocery store operator in Chang Sa Wan was being complained of the relative low price it sell of the Nissin Foods instant noodles by Parknshop supermarket. This puts the pressure on the smaller retailers on the agreement of identical selling prices as of the supermarkets or face sanctions.
In the past decade, the number of stores decreased from a few hundred to less than 40 in Hong Kong. | WIKI |
Mail bomb suspect Cesar Sayoc hit with 30-count indictment
(CNN)A federal grand jury in New York on Friday returned a 30-count indictment against mail bomb suspect Cesar Sayoc. Sayoc, 56, was arrested October 26 in Florida and is accused of sending at least 16 mail bombs to several targets, including CNN, former President Barack Obama and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton. None of the devices detonated and no one was injured. CNN sent Sayoc's appointed attorney, Sarah Jane Baumgartel, requests for comment by phone and email but has not received a response. The charges include the use of a weapon of mass destruction, interstate transportation and receipt of explosives, threatening interstate communications and the illegal mailing of explosives. All counts as follows: 5 counts of "Use of a weapon of mass destruction"5 counts of "Interstate transportation and receipt of explosives"5 counts of "Threatening interstate communications"5 counts of "Illegal mailing of explosives"5 counts of "Use of explosives to commit a felony"5 counts of "Use of a destructive device during and in furtherance of a crime of violence" Sayoc faces life in prison if convicted of two or more of the last five counts. He does not have any scheduled court appearances as of now, Nicholas Biase, a spokesman with the US Attorney's Office, Southern District of New York, said in an email to CNN. Sayoc, of Aventura, Florida, is a bodybuilder who worked as a male dancer for several years and most recently as a pizza delivery driver. He apparently lived in a white van plastered with stickers and posters that praised President Donald Trump and criticized Democrats and media figures, including some of the people who were targets of the bombs. Investigators believe he made the pipe bombs in the van, law enforcement sources told CNN. Court records show Sayoc had been arrested at least nine times, mostly in Florida, for accusations of grand theft, battery, fraud, drug possession and probation violations. After being arrested in South Florida, Sayoc was transferred to New York, where some of the targets of the packages live and work. While the exact content of the packages has not been disclosed in detail, prosecutors said the bombs had clear similarities. They were found in envelopes that had return labels listing the address and name of US Rep. Debbie Wasserman Schultz of Florida, a former Democratic National Committee chair. CNN's Nicole Chavez contributed to this report. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
DallasNews Rejects Revised Non-Binding Proposal from Affiliate of Alden Global Capital
Board Reaffirms Unanimous Support for the Hearst Merger and the Certain and Significant Cash Premium It Will Deliver for Shareholders
DALLAS, Aug. 27, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- DallasNews Corporation (Nasdaq: DALN) (the “Company” or “DallasNews”), the holding company of The Dallas Morning News and Medium Giant, announced today that its Board of Directors (the “Board”), following consultation with the Company’s legal and financial advisors, reviewed and rejected the revised, non-binding proposal (the “Revised Alden Proposal”) received on August 19, 2025, from MNG Enterprises, Inc., an affiliate of Alden Global Capital (“Alden”), to acquire all of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock at $18.50 per share in cash.
As previously announced, on July 9, 2025, DallasNews entered into a definitive agreement (as amended from time to time, the “Hearst Merger Agreement”) with Hearst, one of the nation’s leading information, services and media companies, pursuant to which Hearst agreed to acquire all of the issued and outstanding shares of the Company’s common stock at a price of $14.00 per share in cash. On July 27, 2025, DallasNews and Hearst entered into an amendment to the Hearst Merger Agreement raising the purchase price to be paid by Hearst to $15.00 per share, representing a 242% premium over the closing price per share of Series A common stock on July 9, 2025, the day before the transaction was announced.
Consistent with its fiduciary duties, the Board carefully reviewed the Revised Alden Proposal with the Company’s legal and financial advisors and determined the modified proposal is not a superior proposal and not reasonably likely to lead to a superior proposal. This review included engagement with Robert W. Decherd, who, collectively with his affiliates, controls more than 96% of the voting power of the Company’s Series B common stock and more than 50% of the combined voting power of the Company’s Series A and Series B common stock. Mr. Decherd confirmed his intent to vote in favor of approval of the Hearst Merger Agreement, and reiterated that there is no scenario in which he will vote in favor of a sale of the Company to Alden or its affiliates. Accordingly, the Board reaffirms the recommendation that shareholders vote FOR approval of the Hearst Merger Agreement.
About DallasNews Corporation DallasNews Corporation is the Dallas-based holding company of The Dallas Morning News and Medium Giant. The Dallas Morning News, a leading daily newspaper, is renowned for its excellent journalistic reputation, intense regional focus, and close community ties. As a testament to its commitment to quality journalism, the publication has been honored with nine Pulitzer Prizes. Medium Giant, an integrated creative marketing agency with offices in Dallas and Tulsa, works with a roster of premium brands and companies. In 2024, the agency earned top industry recognition, winning an AAF Addy and the AMA DFW Annual Marketer of the Year Award for Campaign of the Year, along with six prestigious Davey Awards. Medium Giant is a wholly owned business of DallasNews Corporation. For additional information, visit mediumgiant.co.
Shareholder Contacts D.F. King & Co., Inc. Toll-free: 1-866-416-0577 DALN@dfking.com
Okapi Partners LLC Toll-free: 1-844-343-2621 Info@okapipartners.com
Media Contact Gagnier Communications Riyaz Lalani / Dan Gagnier DallasNews@gagnierfc.com | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
2013–14 United States Open Cup for Arena Soccer
The 2013–14 US Open Arena Soccer Championship is the sixth edition of an open knockout style tournament for arena/indoor soccer. In this edition, teams from the Professional Arena Soccer League, Premier Arena Soccer League, and other independent indoor soccer teams are participating in the single elimination tournament.
Unlike a traditional tournament where many teams will gather at a single site to play a series of matches in a short period of time, the US Open Arena Soccer Championship incorporates a series of qualifying tournaments, special matches, and the regular season meetings of teams in the Professional Arena Soccer League over a series of months to fill out then complete the tournament bracket. This non-linear format is how, for example, the Cleveland Freeze advanced to the Semi-finals before the Tulsa Revolution played its weather-delayed Round of 32 match.
After a three-year run by the San Diego Sockers, the 2012–13 Open Cup was won by the Detroit Waza. This year, Detroit was knocked out in its first Open Cup match by the Harrisburg Heat.
Confirmed dates and matchups
* All times local: † Game doubles as regular season or PASL Ron Newman Cup match
Wild Card round
* Sun. Nov. 17th, 5:00pm - Tulsa Tea Men (Independent) 7, Vitesse Dallas (PASL-Premier) 6 (OT)
* Sat. Nov. 23rd, 8:30pm - Yamhill County Crew (PASL-Premier) 8, South Sound Shock (PASL-Premier) 5†
* Sun. Dec. 1st, 2:15pm - AAC Eagles (Independent) 3, Chicago Mustangs Premier (PASL-Premier) 1
* Sun. Dec. 15th, 4:00pm - Ontario Fury (PASL) 8, San Diego Sockers Reserves (PASL-Premier) 5
* FORFEIT - (postponed from Fri. Dec. 6th and again Sun Dec. 22nd due to weather) - Tulsa Revolution (PASL) 3, BH United (Independent) 0 (forfeit)
Round of 32
* Sun. Nov. 17th, 3:00pm - Dallas Sidekicks (PASL) 16, Austin Capitals (PASL-Premier) 5
* Fri. Dec. 13th, 7:05pm - Bay Area Rosal (PASL) 5, Turlock Express (PASL) 4†
* Sat. Dec. 14th, 7:35pm - AAC Eagles (Independent) 7, Illinois Piasa (PASL) 4
* Thu. Dec. 19th, 7:30pm - (postponed from December 14 due to weather) - Harrisburg Heat (PASL) 9, Real Harrisburg (Independent) 3
* Sat. Dec. 21st, 7:00pm - Sacramento Surge (PASL) 9, Yamhill County Crew (PASL-Premier) 6
* Sun. Dec. 22nd, 2:05pm - Chicago Mustangs (PASL) 3, TOSB FC (Independent) 0 (Forfeit)
* Sat. Dec. 28th, 7:05pm - Wichita B-52s (PASL) 15, Denver Dynamite (PASL-Premier) 6
* Sat. Dec. 28th, 7:05pm - San Diego Sockers (PASL) 13, Ontario Fury (PASL) 5†
* Thu. Jan. 2nd - Las Vegas Legends (PASL) 8, Las Vegas Knights (PASL-Premier) 4
* Sun. Jan. 12th, 10:00am - Tulsa Revolution (PASL) 6, Tulsa Tea Men (Independent) 2 @ Soccer City Tulsa
Round of 16
* Sat. Dec. 14th, 7:05pm - Cleveland Freeze (PASL) 10, Cincinnati Saints (PASL) 6†
* Sat. Dec 21st, 7:05pm - Harrisburg Heat (PASL) 9, Detroit Waza (PASL) 8†1,590
* Sun. Dec. 22nd, 2:05pm - Chicago Mustangs (PASL) 10, A.A.C. Eagles (Independent) 5
* Sat. Dec. 28th, 8:00pm - Bay Area Rosal (PASL) 9, Sacramento Surge (PASL) 5†
* Sun. Dec. 29th, 5:05pm - Hidalgo La Fiera (PASL) 12, Dallas Sidekicks (PASL) 9†
* Fri. Jan. 3rd, 8:00pm - Austin FC (PASL-Premier) 6, Texas Strikers (PASL) 4 (at Cris Quinn Indoor Soccer Complex, Beaumont TX)
* Sat. Jan 11th, 7:05pm - Las Vegas Legends (PASL) 12, San Diego Sockers (PASL)† 9
* Sat. Jan 25th, 6:05pm - Wichita B-52s (PASL) 10, Tulsa Revolution (PASL) 9†
Quarterfinals
* Sat. Dec. 28th, 7:05pm - Cleveland Freeze (PASL) 12, Harrisburg Heat (PASL) 5†
* Sat. Feb. 1st, 7:05pm - Chicago Mustangs (PASL) 10, Wichita B-52s (PASL) 5†
* Sat. Feb. 1st, 7:30pm - Hidalgo La Fiera (PASL) 13, Austin FC (PASL-Premier) 2 (at Golazo Arena, Pharr, TX)
* Sun. Feb. 16th, 4:30pm - Las Vegas Legends (PASL) 21, Bay Area Rosal (PASL) 0
Semifinals
* Sat. Feb. 22nd, 4:00pm - Chicago Mustangs (PASL) 15, Cleveland Freeze (PASL) 10
* Sat. Mar. 15th, 5:00pm - Hidalgo La Fiera (PASL) 5, Las Vegas Legends (PASL) 4† (@ Chicago, IL)
Championship
* Sun. Mar. 16th, 4:30pm - Chicago Mustangs (PASL) 14, Hidalgo La Fiera (PASL) 5 †
Qualifying
* Green indicates qualification for Qualifying Tournament Knockout Round(s)
* Bold Indicates Qualifying Tournament Winner and qualification to US Arena Open Cup
* All times local
Sunday, October 20, 2013
* Group Play
* 12:00pm- Sporting Club Dover 3, Barcelona 0
* 12:45pm- Real Harrisburg 9, Deportivo Esperante 1
* 1:30pm- Harrisburg United 6, Barcelona 3
* 2:15pm- Real Harrisburg 8, Sporting Club Dover 2
* 3:00pm- Harrisburg United 6, Deportivo Esperante 1
* 3:45pm- Real Harrisburg 10, Barcelona 1
* 4:30pm- Harrisburg United 3, Sporting Club Dover 1
* 5:15pm- Deportivo Esperante 8, Barcelona 6
* 6:00pm- Sporting Club Dover 9, Deportivo Esperante 0
* 6:45pm- Real Harrisburg 5, Harrisburg United 3
* Real Harrisburg qualify for US Open Arena Soccer Championships
Saturday, October 26, 2013
* Group Play
* 5:00pm- BH United 4, River City Legends 2
* 5:50pm- Illinois Piasa Premier 4, Illinois Fire 1
* 7:30pm- River City Legends 6, Illinois Fire 1
* 5:00pm- BH United 2, Illinois Piasa Premier 1
Sunday, October 27, 2013
* Group Play
* 2:00pm- Illinois Piasa Premier 5, River City Legends 4
* 2:50pm- BH United 5, Illinois Fire 3
* Final
* 4:15pm- BH United 5, Illinois Piasa Premier 3
* BH United qualify for US Open Arena Soccer Championships
Friday, November 1, 2013
* Group Play
* 9:30pm- Austin FC 2, Austin Gunners 2
Saturday, November 2, 2013
* Group Play
* 1:00pm- Austin Capitals 4, Austin Gunners 3
* 2:00pm- Texas Strikers Premier 3, Atletico Barcelona 3
* 6:00pm- Austin FC 6, Atletico Barcelona 3
* 6:45pm- Austin Capitals 9, Texas Strikers Premier 4
* 7:30pm- Austin Gunners 8, Atletico Barcelona 3
* 8:15pm- Austin FC 7, Texas Strikers Premier 4
* 9:00pm- Austin Capitals 3, Atletico Barcelona 0
* 9:45pm- Austin Gunners 10, Texas Strikers Premier 3
* 10:30pm- Austin FC 3, Austin Capitals 1
* Austin FC and Austin Capitals qualify for US Open Arena Soccer Championships
Saturday, November 2, 2013
* Group Play
* 12:00pm- TOSB FC 15, San Luis FC 1
* 1:00pm- FC Indiana 10, Fort Wayne Sport Club 1
* 4:00pm- TOSB FC 3, FC Indiana 2
* 5:00pm- Fort Wayne Sport Club 10, San Luis FC 3
* 8:00pm- FC Indiana 17, San Luis FC 1
* 9:00pm- TOSB FC 12, Fort Wayne Sport Club 3
Sunday, November 3, 2013
* Final
* 2:00pm- TOSB FC 5, FC Indiana 3
* TOSB FC qualify for US Open Arena Soccer Championships
Saturday, November 23, 2013
* Final (@ Portland, OR)
* 8:30pm- Yamhill County Crew (PASL-Premier) 8, South Sound Shock (PASL-Premier) 5†
* Yamhill County Crew qualify for US Open Arena Soccer Championships
Saturday, November 30, 2013
* Group Play
* Las Vegas Knights 10, Maracana Tucson 1
* Juventus LVFC 9, Atlante FC 2
* Las Vegas Knights 5, San Diego Sockers Reserves 4
* Juventus LVFC 7, Las Vegas United 1
* San Diego Sockers Reserves 7, Maracana Tucson 2
* Las Vegas United 14, Atlante FC 2
* Quarterfinals
* San Diego Sockers Reserves 1, Atlante FC 0
* Maracana Tucson 6, Las Vegas United 5
Sunday, December 1, 2013
* Semifinals
* 11:00am- Las Vegas Knights 7, Maracana Tucson 1
* 11:50am- San Diego Sockers Reserves 7, Juventus LVFC 3
San Diego Sockers Reserves and Las Vegas Knights qualify for US Open Arena Soccer Championships
* Finals
* 1:15pm- San Diego Sockers Reserves 6, Las Vegas Knights 5 (SO)
Sunday, December 1, 2013
* Final (@ The Odeum, Villa Park, IL)
* 2:30pm- AAC Eagles (Independent) 3, Chicago Mustangs Premier (PASL-Premier) 1
* AAC Eagles qualify for US Open Arena Soccer Championships | WIKI |
Red Cross warns US of risk in sending aid to Venezuela | TheHill
The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) told the U.S. that delivering humanitarian aid to Venezuela could pose risks without an agreement from security forces supporting Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro, The Associated Press reported Friday. The ICRC told U.S. officials that whatever plans they had to send aid to Venezuela would need to be "shielded from this political conversation." “It is obviously a very difficult conversation to have with the U.S.,” Alexandra Boivin, ICRC delegation head for the United States and Canada, told the AP. “We are there also to make clear the risks of the path being taken, the limits of our ability to operate in such an environment.” The Red Cross did not immediately respond to The Hill’s request for comment. The comments come after Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaidó declared himself the country's interim president. Guaidó said he would buck Maduro's policy of refusing outside aid by seeking assistance from other countries. U.S. national security adviser John Bolton tweeted Friday that the U.S. is ready to deliver aid to Venezuela. “Pursuant to the request of Interim President Juan Guaido, and in consultation with his officials the US will mobilize and transport humanitarian aid—medicine, surgical supplies, and nutritional supplements for the people of Venezuela,” Bolton wrote. “It’s time for Maduro to get out of the way.” ICRC director of global operations Dominik Stillhart told the AP that the organization would participate in aid efforts only if they are “with the agreement of the authorities, whoever the authorities are.” Guaidó's declaration of himself as interim president sparked massive protests in Venezuela against Maduro, who has been accused of human rights violations and blamed for Venezuela's weakened economy. President TrumpDonald John TrumpFacebook releases audit on conservative bias claims Harry Reid: 'Decriminalizing border crossings is not something that should be at the top of the list' Recessions happen when presidents overlook key problems MORE, along with a number of Latin American and European countries, has said he recognizes Guaidó as Venezuela's interim president. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Congressional Israel Allies Caucus
* This article needs to be merged into Israel Allies Caucus.E.M.Gregory (talk) 13:01, 6 July 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
Adolf Loos
Adolf Loos (10 December 1870 – 23 August 1933) was one of the most important and influential Austrian and Czechoslovak architects of European Modern architecture.
Quotes
* If nothing were left of an extinct race but a single button, I would be able to infer, form the shape of that button, how these people dressed, built their houses, how they lived, what was their religion, their art, their mentality.
* Quoted in Berel Lang, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 4, No. 4 (Summer, 1978), pp. 715-739; see. | WIKI |
Quantcast
Prediction of associations between OMIM diseases and microRNAs by random walk on OMIM disease similarity network.
Research paper by Hailin H Chen, Zuping Z Zhang
Indexed on: 12 Apr '13Published on: 12 Apr '13Published in: TheScientificWorldJournal
Abstract
Increasing evidence has revealed that microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in the development and progression of human diseases. However, efforts made to uncover OMIM disease-miRNA associations are lacking and the majority of diseases in the OMIM database are not associated with any miRNA. Therefore, there is a strong incentive to develop computational methods to detect potential OMIM disease-miRNA associations. In this paper, random walk on OMIM disease similarity network is applied to predict potential OMIM disease-miRNA associations under the assumption that functionally related miRNAs are often associated with phenotypically similar diseases. Our method makes full use of global disease similarity values. We tested our method on 1226 known OMIM disease-miRNA associations in the framework of leave-one-out cross-validation and achieved an area under the ROC curve of 71.42%. Excellent performance enables us to predict a number of new potential OMIM disease-miRNA associations and the newly predicted associations are publicly released to facilitate future studies. Some predicted associations with high ranks were manually checked and were confirmed from the publicly available databases, which was a strong evidence for the practical relevance of our method. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Thomas Watt Gregory
Thomas Watt Gregory (November 6, 1861 – February 26, 1933) was an American politician and lawyer. He was a progressive and attorney who served as US Attorney General from 1914 to 1919 under US President Woodrow Wilson.
Early life
Gregory was born in Crawfordsville, Mississippi. He graduated from the Webb School (Bell Buckle, Tennessee) in 1881 and Southwestern Presbyterian University, today known as Rhodes College, in 1883, and was a special student at the University of Virginia. Gregory entered the University of Texas at Austin in 1884 and graduated a year later with a degree in law.
He began the practice of law in Austin in 1885 and served as a regent of the University of Texas for eight years. Gregory Gymnasium was named in honor of his efforts to provide an adequate exercise facility for the students and faculty of the university. He declined appointment as assistant attorney general of Texas in 1892 and an appointment to the state bench in 1896, but he "gained experience as a trust prosecutor as a special counsel for the state of Texas."
He embraced the progressive rhetoric of the early 20th century by his condemnations of "plutocratic power," "predatory wealth," and "the greed of the party spoilsmen" and participated in Edward M. House's Democratic coalition.
Gregory was a delegate to the Democratic National Convention at St. Louis and at state delegate at-large at the Baltimore convention. He was appointed Special Assistant to the US Attorney General in 1913 in the investigation and proceedings against the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad Company.
Attorney General
In 1914, US President Woodrow Wilson appointed him US Attorney General, an office that Gregory held until 1919. Despite a continuing commitment to progressive reform, Gregory provoked enormous controversy performance as attorney general because of his collaboration with Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson and others in orchestrating a campaign to crush domestic dissent during World War I.
Gregory helped frame the Espionage and Sedition Acts, which compromised the constitutional guarantees of freedom of speech and press, and he lobbied for their passage. He encouraged extralegal surveillance by the American Protective League and directed the federal prosecutions of more than 2000 opponents of the war: "By 1918 the Attorney General was able to declare, 'It is safe to say that never in its history has this country been so thoroughly policed.'"
In 1916, Wilson wanted to appoint Gregory to the US Supreme Court, but Gregory declined the offer because of his impaired hearing, his eagerness to participate in Wilson's re-election campaign, and his belief that he lacked the necessary temperament to be a judge. He was a member of Wilson's Second Industrial Conference in 1919 and 1920.
Death and legacy
During a trip to New York to confer with Franklin Roosevelt, Gregory contracted pneumonia and died. He is buried in Austin.
His portrait was painted in 1917 by the Swiss-born American artist Adolfo Müller-Ury (1862–1947) and hangs in the Department of Justice in Washington, DC. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/User:Bad edits r dumb/barnstars and award and things of this nature
__NOINDEX__
The result of the discussion was withdrawn by nominator Eagles 24/7 (C) 19:25, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
User:Bad edits r dumb/barnstars and award and things of this nature
Barnstar page where only barnstar is one that promotes and encourages disruptive behavior which the Bad edits r dumb has been blocked for. The barnstar was added, and added, commented on, and removed. It was then reinserted by BErD. This barnstar does not encourage productive editing, and praises BErD for being disruptive. If BErD receives an appropriate barnstar sometime, then recreate the page. However, this one is inappropriate. MJ94 (talk) 17:45, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* I have made a mistake in opening this deletion request. Although I still believe that this page should be deleted, I should not have opened a request. I hereby withdraw this nomination. MJ94 (talk) 18:57, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* Keep My personal opinion; the barnstar was given with a view that is clearly an attempt to get the user back to editing and to probably make the user feel wanted. This barnstar page is not going to be a symbol of feeding the trolls on our project, nor is it going to become a high profile page. It's a user page that is not written with negativity. Let's leave the user alone this time. Wifione ....... Leave a message 18:00, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* I'm not sure how "epic trolling lol kthxbye" is productive, or is an attempt to make the user feel wanted. He's clearly stating: "Wow, you're a great troll!". I also don't see how it's "clearly an attempt to get the user back to editing". MJ94 (talk) 18:08, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* Keep: you're certainly free to disagree as to whether user:Bad edits r dumb deserved the barnstar or not, but there's really no harm in him keeping it on a separate page. It becomes a scary day when we at MFD becomes the arbitrator of how editors are allowed to compliment each other. For what it's worth, I think Mr. r Dumb has done a mostly good job so far here, and is just getting a lot of flak because he doesn't like to use the Queen's English. Is that "disruptive"? Maybe a bit, but it's really not worth goading him over. He is a net positive to Wikipedia, and we wouldn't want to drive him off by deleting his userpages. Buddy431 (talk) 18:14, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* LOL. "Mr. r Dumb" sounds funny.--Bad edits r dumb (talk) 18:36, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* Keep You should not be able to take away another user's awards. — Soap — 18:16, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* Keep I know I am a little bit bias, because it is my barnstar, but I do not feel it is harmful or that in anyway it is encouraged me to do the bad thing. in fact, after i got unblocked i listen to the feedback and now i always use warning templates and i try not to break the rules. the user who gave me this barnstar was just trying to cheer me up after everyone was giving me 100% negative feedback and things like this.--Bad edits r dumb (talk) 18:31, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* Keep. The whole thing about posting silly messages in textspeak on people's Talk pages when they should have had proper warnings was disruptive and potentially damaging, the general textspeak nonsense is very irritating, and BErD's initial refusal to change was clearly steering a course for disaster. However, it looks like things have finally sunk in, and I see standard Twinkle warnings now, and some pretty good and eloquent comments on Talk pages and deletion discussions. I really don't think there was any bad faith here, I think it was just a (perhaps strange and misplaced) sense of humour. So if the silly-messages-as-warnings phase is behind us now, I don't see any problem with BErD keeping this barnstar - perhaps it will serve as a reminder of all aspects of this episode. -- Boing! said Zebedee (talk) 18:56, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* Keep per Boing's rationale. R OBERT M FROM LI TALK/CNTRB 19:06, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
| WIKI |
rigid bronchoscopy
rigid bronchoscopy
Pulmonology Examination of the airways using a rigid bronchoscope; for most applications, a flexible bronchoscope is preferred–but when you need a cadice rectifier, you need a cadice rectifier; RB is the method of choice for retrieval of foreign bodies, and is commonly used for (1) massive hemoptysis–allowing large-bore suction devices to clear blood and allow ventilation; (2) laser therapy–more precise targeting of beam; facilitates removal of chunks of zapped tissue; (3) cryotherapy; (4) endobronchial stenting; (5) pediatric cases–they're squirmy little boogers and have thin-walled airways Cons Need for general anesthesia–read, OR time, inability to visualize distal airways, although thanks to optical telescopes, RB can be used to visualize lobar orifices and segmental bronchi. See Rigid bronchoscope. Cf Flexible bronchoscopy.
References in periodicals archive ?
In our patient rigid bronchoscopy became technically challenging as it was performed on an already tracheotomized patient with cervical spine injury whose neck could not be ideally positioned for foreign body removal via a rigid bronchoscope.
Tenders are invited for E-Tender Of Rigid Bronchoscopy Set With Optical Forceps(Paediatric Bronchoscope)
The patient initially had a narrowing in her trachea which we opened using rigid bronchoscopy, [wherein a large hollow metal tube is used to open up the airway].
Upon identifying the root cause of the symptoms, they performed a rigid bronchoscopy to examine the exact location of the item and ultimately identified it as a fishbonethat had been there for months.
All of these foreign bodies were removed by rigid bronchoscopy.
All the stents were successfully implanted using rigid bronchoscopy under general anesthesia.
Given the stable clinical situation, we decided to perform a rigid bronchoscopy to extract this foreign body under general anesthesia, using HFJV (FiO2 = 1; pressure of 2 atm; f= 150 cycles/min, and I-time of 50%), once the patient had accomplished the fasting time of 6 h.
Material and method: 478 patients, who underwent rigid bronchoscopy with the preliminary diagnosis of FBA between January 2013 and December 2016, were included in the study.
Although rigid bronchoscopy is a safe procedure, it may cause complications.
Chest radiography and rigid bronchoscopy are commonly used in the diagnosis of foreign body aspiration (FBA).
The diagnostic and/or therapeutic tracheobronchial instrumentation consisting of flexible or rigid bronchoscopy can be an unpleasant, painful or technically difficult procedure.
In order to remove the foreign body in children, usually rigid bronchoscopy is used; in adults, rigid and fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be used (3). | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Author:Lewis Hough
Works
* "A Shepherd's Autobiography" in Household Words, 7 (1853)
* "On Guard" in Chambers' Journal, 3rd Series, 15 (1861)
* "Ten Pounds' Reward" in Chambers' Journal, 3rd Series, 17 (1862)
* "A Moment's Impulse" in Chambers' Journal, 3rd Series, 20 (1863)
* "Entered for the Plate" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 1 (1864)
* William Bathurst (1865)
* "How My Invitation Ended" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 2 (1865)
* "A Railway Romance" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 2 (1865)
* Hits: A Collection of the Best Tales Contributed to "Household Words," "Temple Bar," "Once a Week," and "Chambers's Journal" (1865)
* "L.B.C" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 3 (1866))
* "Uncle Roderic" in Chambers' Journal, Christmas Number 1866)
* "Wearing Them to Some Purpose" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 4 (1867)
* "Plum-Pudding Cold" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 4 (1867)
* "Cousin Bob's First Love" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 4 (1867)
* "High-Flown Sentiment" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 5 (1868
* "The Moon of Gall" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 5 (1868)
* "The Phantom of Deadmoor Tower" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 5 (1868))
* "The Interest upon Half-a-crown" in Chambers' Journal, Christmas Number 1868
* "Never Played Out" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 6 (1869)
* "Ned Whiston's Sweetheart" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 6 (1869)
* "A Romance of Leicester Square" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 7 (1870)
* "Fiel's Delicate Case" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 7 (1870)
* "Was There Ever Such Luck!" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 8 (1871)
* "A Lame Conclusion" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 8 (1871)
* "The Guardian Cat" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 9 (1872)
* "A Fleeting Fortune" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 9 (1872)
* "Philosophic Matrimony" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 10 (1873)
* "The Wished-for Sawmill" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 11 (1874)
* "Sybil Nugent and the Artist" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 11 (1874)
* "What's His Fault?" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 11 (1874)
* "Swansdown Villa" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 16 (1879)
* Dr. Jolliffe's Boys: A Tale of Weston School (1884)
* For Fortune and Glory: A Story of the Soudan War (1885
* "Swansdown Villa" in Chambers' Journal, 4th Series, 16 (1879)
* Dr. Jolliffe's Boys: A Tale of Weston School (1884)
* For Fortune and Glory: A Story of the Soudan War (1885 | WIKI |
Sample essay topic, essay writing: The Ratification Of The Constitution - 386 words
The Ratification of the Constitution In 1787, the Constitution was created to replace the Articles of Confederation, because it was felt that the Articles weren't sufficient for running the country. However, the Constitution was not very well liked by everyone. The constitution created was very much liked by the majority of the country. This included the farmers, the merchants, the mechanics, and other of the common people. However, there were those who were very important people in the revolution who felt that the Constitution would not work, most notably Patrick Henry and Thomas Paine, who felt they were the backbone of the revolution. Those who opposed the Constitution were deemed anti-federalists.
This Constitution decreased the power of the states with less people in it, like Rhode Island.. The anti-federalists, which also including George Mason, George Clinton, James Monroe, Samuel Adams, Elbridge Gerry, Robert Yates, Samuel Chase, and Luther Martin, believed that a republican form of government could work on a national scale. They also did not feel that the rights of the individual were properly or sufficiently protected by the new Constitution. The Constitution that was created had a strong central government and weak state governments. The anti-federalists believed in weak central and strong state governments, as the way it was in The Articles of Confederation. They thought that if the Government got all of the power, they would lose their rights and freedoms. This makes sense, because if the people making the rules live relatively close to you, they will be able to judge better than a house of representatives or a president who is 1000 miles away
They also remembered that from their experiences as British colonists, a federal government can tax, and can tax the people highly. One more reason that they didn't like it is because it didn't contain a Bill of Rights, so it is hard to judge what rights this government is going to give you. In 1787, if you were a colonist who was well off and a patriot who helped win the revolution, you would not be the first one to jump on the idea of a new form of government from the one you have been using for the past 6 years. This was illogical and unnecessary. Unfortunately the Constitution went through, and in the long run did the country good.
Research paper and essay writing, free essay topics, sample works The Ratification Of The Constitution | FINEWEB-EDU |
790 S.E.2d 49
STATE of West Virginia, Plaintiff Below, Respondent v. Jesse Lee HEATER, Defendant Below, Respondent
No. 15-0343
Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia.
Submitted: April 13, 2016
Filed: June 2, 2016
Brian W. Bailey, Buckhannon, West Virginia, G. Phillip Davis, Arthurdale, West Virginia, Attorneys for the Petitioner.
Patrick Morrisey, Attorney General, David A. Stáckpole, Assistant Attorney General, Charleston, West Virginia, Attorneys for the Respondent.
. Siron testified that Mr. Heater wanted Mm to dig a deeper hole, but Siron would not do it because he was afraid he would be joining Oberg if the grave could accommodate two bodies.
Davis, Justice:
Petitioner, Jesse Lee Heater (“Mr. Heater”), was convicted in the Circuit Court of Upshur County of murder in the first degree; conspiracy to commit murder; concealment of a deceased human body; and conspiracy to conceal a deceased human body. The jury did not add a recommendation of mercy to "its verdict. Accordingly, Mr. Heater was sentenced to life imprisonment without possibility of parole, as well as three one-to-five year terms of imprisonment, all terms set to ran consecutively.
On appeal, Mr. Heater raises three assignments of error. First, he alleges that he was denied his constitutional right to counsel of his choice. Second, he alleges that the trial court erred in denying his request to poll the jury to determine whether any members of the panel had spoken to a protester who was sitting in or near the courtroom. Third, he alleges that .the trial court erred in failing to sua sponte order bifurcation of the penalty phase of the trial.
After careful review of the record, the parties’ briefs and arguments, and the applicable law, we affirm.
I.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
This portion of the opinion is divided into two sections. We first relate the underlying facts of the case. We then iterate the relevant pretrial and trial proceedings. '
A. Facts of the Case
At the outset, we note that although Mr. Heater attempts to reargue the facts of the case in his brief, particularly with respect to the veracity of co-conspirator/witness Robert Eugene Siron, III, it is well established that,
[t]he function of an appellate court when reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, is sufficient to convince a reasonable person of the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. Thus, the relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime proved beyond a reasonable doubt.
Syl. pt. 1, State v. Guthrie, 194 W.Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163 (1995). See also State v. McCoy, 219 W.Va. 130, 135, 632 S.E.2d 70, 75 (2006); State v. Ladd, 210 W.Va. 413, 424, 557 S.E.2d 820, 831 (2001). Further, “[c]redi-bility determinations are for a jury and not an appellate court.” State v. Beegle, No. 15-0302, 237 W.Va. 692, 695, 790 S.E.2d 528, 531, 2016 WL 1619871 (Apr. 21, 2016) (citing Syl. pt. 3, in part, State v. Guthrie, 194 W.Va. 657, 461 S.E.2d 163).
This case presents a tangled skein of relationships. On January 23, 2013, Robert Eugene Siron, III (“Siron”), upon realizing that after a morning spent gambling what remained in his pay packet was not sufficient to cover the vehicle loan payment due that day, decided to buy a six-pack of beer and spend the day “driving around thinking” and avoiding going home to face his wife. During his travels that day, he came upon his cousin, Mr. Heater, who asked if he could come along. Siron agreed and bought a case of beer for the two men to share.
Some time later, Mr. Heater asked Siron to drive to the home of Josh Oberg (“Oberg”), and Siron agreed. Mr. Heater represented to Siron that Oberg, whom Siron had never met, was a casual friend from work. What Mr. Heater did not tell Siron was that Oberg was having an affair with Kelli Villagomez Correa (“Kelli”), another cousin of the two men, and that Kelli’s husband'had agreed to pay Mr. Heater $5,000.00 to kill Oberg.
Mr. Heater and Siron spent some time at Oberg’s apartment drinking beer and talking about video games, apparently a shared interest, after which the three men went out for cigarettes. On the way back, Mr. Heater “pull[ed] out a bag of weed” and suggested that the three go somewhere else to get high. Siron and Oberg agreed, and Mr. Heater directed Siron to drive to a remote spot in rural Upshur County known as Hog Hollow. Once there and out of the truck, everyone smoked some marijuana and drank some more beer, after which Siron started walking back toward the vehicle because he was feeling the effects of a full day of drinking. Mr. He heard Oberg ask “[w]hy?” several times, and heard Mr.-Heater respond “[tjhat’s what you get for f**ing someone’s wife.”
A panicked Siron began running toward the truck, but Mr. Heater tackled him, pistol-whipped him, and put a gun to his chin, telling him that, if he did not help dispose of Oberg’s body, he would be dead too. The two men put Oberg’s body into the back of the truck and took off at a high rate of speed.
After passing another vehicle on the road, they stopped to cover up the body with some cardboard. Thereafter, they made several additional stops—to buy a shovel, to buy some more beer, and to use a “porta-potty^’—and then drove to Bull Run Road, another rural area with no houses and very little traffic.
At Mr. Heater’s direction, Siron dug a shallow grave, and Oberg’s body was placed in it. Mr. Heater used Siron’s phone to take a picture of the body, after which Siron filled in the grave,- and the two men headed to Siron’s house. During the trip, Mr. Heater used Siron’s phone again, this time to make a phone call in which he announced that “[fit’s done.”
The next day, Mr. Heater and Siron began the process of destroying any evidence of what had happened. They took all of their clothing and everything burnable from the truck, put it on a burn pile, and “set it all on fire.” Mr. Heater had two Zippo lighters that he had taken from Oberg, as well as a knife with blood on it, all of which he threw into the river behind Siron’s house. Although Mr. Heater wanted to burn the truck, Siron convinced him that they could just burn the bed liner, which they did on yet another burn pile. They hid the shovel and some concrete blocks that had been in the truck behind the steps at a friend’s home (without the friend’s knowledge). They drove back to the scene of the killing where they disposed of their beer bottles and “churned the earth up” to cover a large spot of blood. They searched for, but could not find, their “spent brass.” Finally, to account for the fact that they might well have been seen riding around with Oberg on the day of Oberg’s murder, they concocted a story about dropping Oberg off at a bowling alley and seeing him get into a green Jeep.
On the second day after Oberg’s murder, Mr. Heater had Siron drive him to a Mexican restaurant owned and operated by Rodolfo “Chino” Villagomez Correa (“Villagomez Cor-rea”). Mr. Heater went to talk to Villagomez Correa, taking Siron’s phone with him, and then motioned to Siron to come to the counter because he was having a problem finding the picture of Oberg’s body. Siron brought up the picture, whereupon Villagomez CoiTea became “upset that he couldn’t see [Oberg’s] face.” Mr. Heater .told Villagomez Correa that “[ijt’s him, it’s him,” and “[t]rust me, you’ll never see him again, it’s him.” Mr. Heater and Villagomez Correa both told Si-ron that he “was part of this now and if [he] ever said anything, they wouldn’t just come after [him], they would come after [his] son and [his] wife.” Villagomez Correa handed Mr. Heater an envelope containing money, from which Mr. Heater later took $500.00 and gave it to Siron with final instructions to Siron to “[j]ust shut up, it’ll be fine, shut up.”
But murder will out, as Macbeth famously observed; and, six months later, authorities, acting on a tip from a confidential informant, discovered the “very very decomposed and partially skeletonized” remains of Oberg. On or about July 24, 2012, Mr. Heater, Siron, and Villagomez Correa were arrested and charged with murder for hire.
B. Relevant Pretrial and Trial Proceedings
Attorney James E. Hawkins, Jr. (“Mr. Hawkins”), was initially appointed to represent Mr. Heater, and appeared in that capacity at the bond hearing, the preliminary hearing, and through and after Mr. Heater’s indictment in January 2013. However, on June 19, 2013, the State filed a motion asking the court to conduct a hearing to determine whether Mr. Hawkins should be disqualified on the ground that he had previously represented a witness “who states that he [the witness] has knowledge of inculpatory statements made by [Mr. Heater] regarding the crimes alleged in this case.” Mr. Hawkins’ initial response to the motion was to resist it, noting that Mr. Heater “vehemently objects to me being removed from his case,” and further that “this is the third time now this has happened to me in a murder case.” Mr. Hawkins asked for time to investigate the alleged conflict of interest and thereafter for an evidentiary hearing, if necessary. The court granted this request.
At a hearing held two days later, Mr. Hawkins informed the court that he had reviewed the recorded statement of the State’s witness and that “I have represented, I know, on at least five occasions and am still involved in a case, not representing him, but representing his ex-wife, with whom he still maintains contact, so I still have contact through him, potentially as a witness in that case, assisting her.” Because the State intended to call the witness at trial, Mr. Hawkins concluded that he had “no other recourse than ... to respectfully, although reluctantly, ask the Court to be permitted to withdraw as counsel in [this] case.” Significantly, Mr. Hawkins informed the court that
I’d really like to stay on this- case. [Mr. Heater] would really like to keep me in this case. I’m invested in it as far as being prepared and working on it, and trying to go forward. However, when I take that and consider it in conjunction with the ethical rules of professional conduct, I don’t see how I can avoid this conflict, and have ' gone every which way around the block trying to find a way and I just don’t see how I can do that.
(Emphasis added). The court granted Mr. Hawkins’ request to withdraw from the case and appointed new counsel, Thomas Dyer and Zachary Dyer.
On the first morning of trial, the court'was informed that a Ms. Stout was in the aisle of the courtroom, in a motorized chair, wearing what has been variously described as a “sign” or a “campaign-style button” containing a picture of her son, Luke Stout, with the word “Missing.” The court instructed Ms. Stout to remove the sign/button and to give it to the bailiff because the Court’s not going to allow any evidence or any notion or anything to enter into this trial that deals with the disappearance of your son.” Because the jury had filed into the courtroom close to where Ms. Stout was sitting, Mr. Heater’s counsel requested that the jurors be questioned “about whether [Ms. Stout] had a conversation with any of the jurors on her way in.” The court was reluctant to question the jurors and instead questioned the bailiff who had been with them as they entered the courtroom. The bailiff stated that he, himself, had seen the sign/button that Ms. Stout was wearing and that the jurors could possibly have seen it, but that none of the jurors had had any contact or conversation with Ms. Stout. Satisfied, the court declined to question the jurors, and warned Ms. Stout in no uncertain terms that any more signs or buttons, or any disturbance or outburst or disruption of any kind, would result in her ejection from the courtroom.
At no time during the foregoing proceedings did Mr. Heater request that the court grant a mistrial, give an instruction to the jury, or take any other curative action with respect to any issues involving Ms. Stout’s presence at the trial.
The case was tried as a unitary proceeding, as neither the State nor Mr. Heater moved to bifurcate the issue of mercy. The State called twenty-four witnesses and tendered forty-five exhibits for the jury’s consideration. Mr. Heater did not put on a case in chief, but rather relied on cross-examination of the State’s witnesses to establish his primary theories of defense: that the accom-pliee/witness, Siron, was not credible; that all of the physical evidence in the case pointed to Siron as Oberg’s killer, not Mr. Heater; that the State had failed to put on any scientific evidence such as DNA or fingerprint evidence; that neither the gun nor the knife admitted into evidence could be established as the murder weapon(s); and that James Roy, the jailhouse informant, was unworthy of belief because he had a previous conviction for providing false information to authorities.
Following instructions, closing arguments, and deliberations, the jury convicted Mr. Heater of all charges in the indictment and did not add a recommendation of mercy to its verdict. At Mr. Heater’s initial sentencing hearing held on August 14, 2014, the court noted that the facts of this murder for hire case were egregious; that Mr. Heater had previously been convicted of four crimes involving domestic violence, two of them felonies; and that “[i]t doesn’t take a whole lot of additional information to indicate to this Court that you are a very violent and dangerous person.” Accordingly, the court sentenced Mr. Heater to life imprisonment without possibility of parole on the murder conviction; and one-to-five year terms of imprisonment for his convictions of conspiracy to commit murder, concealment of a deceased human body, and conspiracy to conceal a deceased human body. All terms were set to run consecutively.
On February 11, 2015, Mr, Heater was resentenced for the specific purpose of preserving his appeal rights. After considering and denying Mr. Heater’s Motion in Arrest of Judgment, Motion for Post-Verdict Judgment of Acquittal, and Motion for New Trial, the court resentenced Mr. Heater consistent with the originally imposed sentence. This appeal followed.
II.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
With respect to Mr. Heater’s first assignment of' error, that his Sixth Amendment lights were violated when the court disqualified his original attorney, Mr. Hawkins, this Court has held that,
[t]he authority of a trial court in a criminal case to remove a court-appointed attorney on the court’s own motion, over the objection of the defendant and the attorney, is severely limited and must be supported by specific findings and conclusions placed on the record. The removal of a court appointed attorney shall be subject to an abuse of discretion standard upon review by this Court.
Syl. pt. 4, State v. Fields, 225 W.Va. 753, 696 S.E.2d 269 (2010).
With respect to Mr. Heater’s second assignment of error, that the court erred in failing to sm sponte declare a mistrial or give a curative instruction after a spectator appeared in the courtroom wearing a sign or button that referenced “a ■ missing person whose disappearance had nothing to do with [Mr. Heater’s] trial,” we recently reaffirmed that
“ ‘[t]he question as to whether or not a juror has been subjected to improper influence affecting the verdict, is a fact primarily to be determined by the trial judge from the circumstances, which must be clear and convincing to require a new trial, proof of mere opportunity to influence the jury being insufficient.’ Syllabus Point 7, State v. Johnson, 111 W.Va. 653, 164 S.E. 31 (1932).” Syllabus Point 1, State v. Sutphin, 195 W.Va. 551, 466 S.E.2d 402 (1995).
Syl. pt. 1, in part, Lister v. Ballard, 237 W.Va. 34, 784 S.E.2d 733 (2016). Further,
[i]n any case where there are allegations of any private communication, contact, or tampering, directly or indirectly, with a juror during a trial about a matter pending before the jury not made in pursuance of known rules of the court and the instructions and directions of the court made during the trial with full knowledge of the parties; it is the duty of the trial judge upon learning of the alleged communication, contact, or tampering, to conduct a hearing as soon as is practicable, with all parties present; a record made in order to fully consider any evidence of influence or prejudice; and thereafter to make findings and conclusions as to whether such communication, contact, or tampering was prejudicial to the defendant to the extent that he has not received a fair trial. Syllabus Point 2, State v. Sutphin, 195 W.Va. 551, 466 S.E.2d 402 (1995).
Syl. pt. 2, Lister v. Ballard, 237 W.Va. 34, 784 S.E.2d 733.
Finally, with respect to Mr. Heater’s third assignment of error, that the court erred in failing to sua sponte order bifurcation of the mercy issue, we have held that “[a] trial court has discretionary authority to bifurcate a trial and sentencing in any case where a jury is required to make a finding as to mercy.” Syl. pt. 4, State v. LaRock, 196 W.Va. 294, 470 S.E.2d 613 (1996).
Having perused the standards for our review of this case, we proceed to address the issues raised,
III.
DISCUSSION
In our discussion below, we will first address Mr. Heater’s assertion that the circuit court erred by removing his appointed counsel. We then will consider his argument that the circuit court wrongly failed to, sua sponte, take certain actions to resolve improper jury influence that may have occurred during trial. Finally, we will scrutinize Mr. Heater’s claim that .the circuit court failed to sua sponte order bifurcation of the mercy phase of his trial
A. Removal of Defense Counsel
Mr. Heater alleges that the trial court committed “grave Constitutional error” when it “bowed to the wishes of the State of West Virginia” and removed his appointed counsel, Mr. Hawkins, from the case. Indeed, Mr. Heater goes so far as to claim that “[bjecause the State feared the result should Mr. Hawkins continue to represent [Mr. Heater], they used whatever pre-text (sic) was necessary to see to it that he was removed as counsel, as was their habit in murder cases.” We have carefully examined the record in this case and find that while this issue is replete with overblown prose, it lacks any factual basis. For this reason, we will give the matter no more than the brief attention it merits.
We begin by examining the underpinning of any argument involving the removal of a criminal defendant’s counsel: the right to counsel as set forth in the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, and in art. Ill, § 14 of the West Virginia Constitution. In its most recent Sixth Amendment decision, the United States Supreme Court reaffirmed that “the constitutional right at issue here is fundamental: ‘[T]he sixth Amendment guarantees a defendant the right to be represented by an otherwise qualified attorney whom that defendant can afford to hire.’ ” Luis v. United States, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 1083, 1089, 194 L.Ed.2d 256 (2016) (citing Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered v. United States, 491 U.S. 617, 624, 109 S.Ct. 2646, 2652, 105 L.Ed.2d 528 (1989)). The Court noted, however, that,
[t]his ‘fair opportunity1 for the defendant to secure counsel of choice has limits, A defendant has no right, for example, to an attorney who is not a member of the bar, or who has a conflict of interest due to a relationship with an opposing party. And an indigent defendant, while entitled to adequate representation, has no right to have the Government pay for his preferred representational choice.
Luis, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 1083, 1089, 194 L.Ed. 2d 256 (2016) (internal citations omitted).
Consistent with federal jurisprudence, this Court’s cases have made it clear that under both the Sixth Amendment and W. Va. Const., art. Ill, § 14, “the right to choice of counsel is not absolute.” State ex rel. Blake v. Hatcher, 218 W.Va. 407, 413, 624 S.E.2d 844, 850 (2005). Significantly, where a disqualification issue arises from a conflict of interest on the part of defense counsel,
[t]he State of West Virginia,' through a prosecuting attorney, has standing to move for' disqualification of defense counsel in a criminal proceeding in limited circumstances where there appears to be an actual conflict of interest or where there is significant potential for a serious conflict of interest involving defense counsel’s former (or current) representation of a witness.
Syl. pt. 3, State ex rel. Blake v. Hatcher, 218 W.Va. 407, 624 S.E.2d 844. In such cases, the trial court has broad discretion to disqualify counsel even if the interested parties have waived the conflict. State ex rel. Michael A.P. v. Miller, 207 W.Va. 114, 529 S.E.2d 354 (2000). See also State ex rel. Doe v. Troisi, 194 W.Va. 28, 459 S.E.2d 139 (1995) (stating general principle that court may remove counsel notwithstanding- client’s waiver of counsel’s conflict of interest). This discretionary standard “arises from a trial court’s duty to assure that criminal defendants receive fair trials, which must be balanced with a defendant’s right to counsel of his or her own choice.” Miller, 207 W.Va. at 120, 529 S.E.2d at 360 (internal citations omitted). The basis of this duty is the court’s “institutional interest in protecting the truth-seeking function of-the proceedings over which it is presiding by considering whether the defendant has effective assistance of counsel, regardless of any proffered waiver.” Id. (citing United States v. Stewart, 185 F.3d 112, 122 (3d Cir.1999)). .
With this legal framework in mind, we turn now to the facts of this case. First, nothing in the record indicates that the State’s motion was made in bad faith; the State merely pointed out the existence of a possible conflict of interest on the part of Mr. Heater’s counsel and asked the court to hold a hearing on the matter. The conflict, as counsel . acknowledged after investigation, was actual, not potential or speculative; Mr. Heater’s counsel had represented witness James Roy on multiple , occasions in the past, and Mr. Roy was a critical witness against Mr. Heater in this case.
Second, nothing in the record backs up Mr. Heater’s claim that the State’s motion to determine whether defense counsel should be disqualified was something done as “a matter of habit in murder cases.” During the initial hearing on this issue, Mr. Hawkins noted that “this is the third time now this has happened to me in a murder case, so I’m not—you know, I’m just saying, for what it’s worth.” The court responded:
All right, sir. In fact, as far as I know, that’s the only work that you do, is criminal defense and juvenile work. So for there to be these conflicts is not—it’s perhaps regrettable, but it’s not surprising.
Third, after Mr. Hawkins requested, and was granted, an opportunity to review the relevant facts, he acknowledged that he did indeed have a conflict of interest.
So I have tried to do everything possible to avoid being conflicted out of this case. As the Court is aware, I have a really good rapport with [Mi'. Heater]. I have represented him in the past and we had good results in that case, so the long and short of it is, Your Honor, I’d really like to stay on this case. [Mr. Heater] would really like to keep me in this case. I’m invested in it as far as being prepared and working on it, and trying to go forward. However, when I take that and consider it in conjunction with the ethical rules of professional conduct, I don’t see how I can avoid this conflict, and have gone every which way around the block trying to find a way and I just don’t see how I can do that.
So, unfortunately, at this point in time, I feel that I have no other recourse other than, after this conflict is brought to the Court’s attention, to respectfully, although reluctantly, ask the Court to be permitted to withdraw as counsel in the case and to seek the Court to find, as quickly and practically as possible, substitute counsel to assist [Mr. Heater] so the ease can go forward.
(Emphasis added). The court granted Mr. Hawkins’ motion to withdraw and promptly appointed substitute counsel to represent Mr. Heater.
Fourth, and finally, although Mr. Heater argues at length that the substitute counsel did a poor job representing him, we find this to be irrelevant to the issue at hand. If Mr. Heater believes that the end result of Mr. Hawkins’ disqualification from the case was that he, Mr. Heater, received ineffective assistance from substitute counsel, the proper vehicle for raising this claim is a petition for writ of habeas corpus.
In summary, it is readily apparent that Mr. Heater’s Sixth Amendment issue is sound and fuiy, signifying nothing. The State had the right to seek disqualification of defense counsel, and there is no reason to believe that its motion was made in bad faith. Thereafter, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in granting Mr. Hawkins’ request for leave to withdraw, where said request was made on the basis of Mr. Hawkins’ concession that he had an actual conflict of interest and no “way around the block” to avoid it.
B. Improper Juror InBuence
Mr. Heater claims that the court below erred in failing to sua sponte poll the jury, give a curative instruction, or grant a mistrial, after a spectator appeared in the courtroom wearing a sign or button that referenced “a missing person whose disappearance had nothing to do with [Mr. Heater’s] trial.”
This Court recently reiterated that [t]he question as to whether or not a juror has been subjected to improper influence affecting the verdict[ ] is a fact primarily to be determined by the trial judge from the circumstances, which must be clear and convincing to require a new trial, proof of mere opportunity to influence the jury being insufficient. ’
Syl. pt. 1, in part, Lister v. Ballard, 237 W.Va. 34, 784 S.E.2d 733 (internal citations omitted). With this legal framework in mind, we examine the facts.
As noted earlier, the spectator in question was a Ms. Stout, who was sitting in the courtroom in a motorized chair, displaying a sign or button containing a picture of her son, Luke Stout, and the caption “Missing,” The record indicates that the trial court was concerned about the possibility that Ms. Stout and/or her companions might cause a disruption during the trial; he instructed Ms. Stout to give her sign/button to the bailiff, and admonished her that “the Court’s not going to allow any evidence or any notion or anything to enter into this trial that deals with the disappearance of your son ... [t]his ease is not about the disappearance of your son.”
The only other mention of Luke Stout occurred during voir dire, when the court had the following exchange, outside the presence of the other jurors, with potential juror Thome.
BY THE COURT: Okay, Ms. Thome, when you say you’re not sure, again, there is no right or wrong answer, but we need to know for sure. I mean, and I don’t know what you heard, seen or heard in the news, but you understand that the Defendant starts the trial he’s presumed to be innocent, do you understand that?
JUROR THORNE: Yeah.
BY THE COURT: And that stays with him until the State proves otherwise do you understand that? Could you set aside this opinion that you have or this—I don’t even know to what degree- you have formed an opinion. Can you tell me to what degree you have formed an opinion? JUROR THORNE: —like at the time that it happened, there was just a lot of comments—.
BY THE COURT: Sure.
JUROR THORNE: —cannot tell you— (inaudible)—it kind of made me think yeah, he—(inaudible)
.BY THE COURT: Mr. Dyer [defense counsel] might. To the Court it really, you know, matters less that—you know, it matters more that you—you know, to know whether you can set it aside.
JUROR THORNE: (Inaudible)
BYTHE COURT: Sure.
JUROR THORNE: —Luke Stout, my mom had him in the first grade and I— (inaudible)
BY THE COURT: So you have a pretty good knowledge about what all—you know, some of the allegations and some of the side stories are—
JUROR THORNE: Yeah.
Shortly after this exchange, and after Ms. Thome continued to express doubts about her ability to be impartial, the court stack her for cause.
Neither the court’s exchange with Ms. Stout, nor the court’s exchange with potential juror Thorne, occurred in the presence of the jury. However, as stated earlier, at the beginning of the trial the jurors, accompanied by the bailiff, walked by Ms. Stout, causing Mr. Heater to request that they be questioned “about whether [Ms. Stout] had a conversation with any of the jurors on her way in.” The court, reluctant to introduce the subject of Luke Stout into any exchange with the jurors, decided to question the bailiff instead.
BY THE COURT: Okay. As far as you know, did any of [the jurors] look down at Ms. Stout?
CHIEF DEPUTY MILLER: Not as far as I know.
BY THE COURT: Was there any eye contact with Ms. Stout?
CHIEF DEPUTY MILLER: Not as I’m aware of.
BY THE COURT: Okay. I guess my question is why—did anybody see that sign on her before she came into the Courtroom? CHIEF DEPUTY MILLER: Yes, sir, I saw it. •
BY THE COURT: Okay, well, I wish somebody would have informed me of that and taken that away from her before we brought the jury out, but is it your belief that anybody had made contact with her or had any conversation with her, no matter how brief?
CHIEF DEPUTY MILLER: No, the jury was secluded, sir.
Based on these assurances, the court declined to question the jurars. Ms. Stout sat quietly and unadorned with signs or buttons throughout the remainder of the trial (if indeed she even stayed, which cannot be ascertained from the record), and the trial proceeded.
In a hearing on Mr. Heater’s post-trial motion for a new trial, Chief Deputy Miller was again questioned about the matter, this time under oath. He reiterated that although the jui'ors could possibly have seen Ms. Stout’s button, they would have had to look down in order to do so (Ms. Stout being in a motorized chair), and he did not see any of the jurors do that: “Thé jury seemed, if I may say, they seemed to focus on coming into the Courtroom as they were instructed. They weren’t looking around....” Further, Deputy Miller testified unequivocally that “[n]obody said a word as the jury went through.” Based on this testimony, the comí; ruled again that “[t]here is no evidence,that [the sign/button] was even observed by the jury, much less that it had any prejudicial effect upon the jury.”
Mr. Heater alleges that the court was required to take some curative action after the jury had filed past Ms. Stout: individual questioning of the jurors, a curative instruction, or a mistrial. We disagree. The circumstances of the case show nothing more than a possibility that the jurors might have seen Ms. Stout’s sign/button and been influenced by it, which is clearly insufficient under Lister v. Ballard, 237 W.Va. 34, 784 S.E.2d 733, to sustain a claim that the jury was tainted. In this regard, we find that the three cases upon which Mr. Heater relies are wholly inapposite.
In State v. Franklin, 174 W.Va. 469, 327 S.E.2d 449 (1985), the defendant was indicted and tried for the offense of driving under the influence of alcohol, resulting in death. W. Va. Code § 17C-5-2(a). On the first morning of trial, the Sheriff handed a potential juror a large, bright yellow lapel button bearing the acronym MADD (Mothers Against Drunk Driving). Although the potential juror was excused and the Sheriff “censured,” whatever that might have meant, nonetheless the Sheriff and ten to thirty MADD demonstrators remained in court throughout the trial, all prominently displaying their yellow MADD buttons and all sitting directly in front of the jury. The court refused to grant defense counsel’s repeated requests for a mistrial, refused to order the spectators to remove them buttons, and refused to take any other action against the overwhelming MADD presence in the courtroom. On these facts, this Court reversed, holding that,
[t]his Court quite simply cannot state that the mere presence of the spectators wearing MADD buttons and the pressure and activities of the uniformed sheriff leading them did not do irreparable damage to the defendant’s right to a fair trial by an impartial jury. Indeed, it constitutes reversible error.
State v. Franklin, 174 W.Va. at 475, 327 S.E.2d at 455 (emphasis added).
Mr. Heater next relies upon State v. Moss, 180 W.Va. 363, 376 S.E.2d 569 (1988). In Moss, several weeks into .the , defendant’s lengthy trial, the prosecuting attorney did a radio interview in which he made inflamma-toiy statements about the case, including the statement that “[n]o doubt in my mind that he in fact is the murderer of Vanessa Reg-gettz and her two children.” Id. at 366, 376 S.E.2d at 672. The court refused to poll the jury as to whether any of the jurors had heard the interview, “stating that he had confidence that the jurors had complied with his admonition to avoid radio, newspaper, and television accounts of the case while the court was in recess.” Id. This Court reversed, first finding that “[i]t is improper for a prosecutor in this State to [ajssert his personal opinion ... as to the guilt or innocence of the accused....” Id. at 367, 376 S.E,2d at 573 (citing Syl. pt. 3, State v. Critzer, 167 W.Va. 655, 280 S.E.2d 288 (1981)). We then held that “[i]f it is determined that publicity disseminated by the media during trial raises serious questions of possible prejudice, the court may on its own motion or shall on motion of either party question each' juror, out of the presence of the others, about his exposure to that material.” Id. (citing Syl. pt. 5, State v. Williams, 172 W.Va. 295, 305 S.E.2d 251 (1983)). Finally we held that “where publicity has been disseminated which raises a serious question of possible prejudice and either party has made a motion to poll the jurors about their exposure to the publicity, a trial , court’s refusal to undertake such questioning constitutes reversible error,” Id.
Finally, in State v. Lowery, 222 W.Va. 284, 664 S.E.2d 169 (2008), the defendant was indicted on multiple counts of assault and sexual abuse of an underage victim. During the victim’s testimony at trial, a spectator stood up in the courtroom and shouted “You bastard! You bastard!” The spectator was immediately escorted from the courtroom and the trial court instructed the jury to “disregard that outburst.” Id. at 287, 664 S.E,2d at 172. The defendant moved for a mistrial, which was denied, and raiséd the issue again in a post-trial motion, which also was denied. This- Court affirmed, holding that “a brief outburst, followed by an immediate ejection of the spectator from the courtroom, and a curative instruction, did not create a manifest necessity for a declaration of a mistrial.” Id. at 288-89, 664 S.E.2d at 173-74.
In the instant case, Mr. Heater claims that because the trial court did not ..eject Ms. Stout and did not give a curative instruction to the jury, Franklin, Moss, and Lowery compel the conclusion that the court abused its discretion in not granting a mistrial. We disagree as there are multiple problems with Mr. Heater’s analysis. First, Ms. Stout did not create a scene in the courtroom or indulge in an outburst of any sort; rather, she sat .there in her motorized chair wearing a six-inch sign or button containing a picture of her son. Nothing in the record suggests that she said anything within the jury’s earshot, and, in fact, the sworn testimony of Chief Deputy Miller at the post-trial motions hearing was to the opposite effect: “[njobody said a word as the jury went through.” Second, although the court did not eject Ms. Stout, the trial judge did require her to relocate her motorized chair to an area of the courtroom where she would not be close to the jury. Third, although Deputy Miller stated that jurors could possibly have seen Ms. Stout’s sign/button, his description of the incident compels the conclusion that any such sighting, if indeed it happened, would have been momentary.
Fourth, and critically, Mr, Heater did not request a curative instruction and did not move for a mistrial, and is therefore not in a position to complain that the court failed to take either action. In State v. Meadows, 231 W.Va. 10, 743 S.E.2d 318 (2013), the petitioner’claimed that, at his trial on a charge of second degree murder, the trial court erred by not declaring a mistrial or offering a curative jury instruction after defense counsel (inadvertently) elicited testimony from one of the State’s witnesses concerning the results of a polygraph examination. The trial court denied the petitioner’s motion for a mistrial and did not -give a curative instruction to the jury, none having been requested. On review, this Court first noted that “a mistrial should be granted only where there is a manifest necessity for discharging the jury prior to the time it has rendered its verdict.” Id. at 20, 743 S.E.2d at 328 (citing State v. Williams, 172 W.Va. 295, 304, 305 S.E.2d 251, 261 (1983)). Examining the record, we then concluded that, although admission of the polygraph evidence was error, such admission did not create manifest necessity for a mistrial because (a) the evidence related to a polygraph test taken by a witness, not by the petitioner; (b) the evidence was elicited not by the State but by defense counsel; and (c) defense counsel did not immediately object to the witness’ mention of the polygraph and did not immediately move for a mistrial, but rather waited until after the witness had been excused. State v. Meadows, 231 W.Va. at 21, 743 S.E.2d at 329. See also State v. Lowery, 222 W.Va. at 288-89, 664 S.E.2d at 173-74 (spectator’s outburst in court did not create manifest necessity for a mistrial). We also held in Meadows that, even after the erroneous admission of polygraph evidence, there is no “hard and fast rule that a curative instruction is always required regardless if objection is raised, ...” and, accordingly, “trial courts are not under a ‘duty” ... to provide such an instruction sua sponte.” State v. Meadows, 231 W.Va. at 21, 743 S.E.2d at 329.
In summary, the facts in the instant show only that some of the jurors in Mr. Heater’s case may have caught a momentary glimpse of a spectator’s six-inch sign or button containing a one-word message (“Missing”) that may or may not have meant something to them. The deputy sheriff who was with the jurors when they walked past the spectator, assured the court, and later testified under oath, that no words were exchanged between the jurors and the spectator. The spectator was oi’dered to remove the sign/button, and thereafter she sat quietly in the courtroom in a location not near the jury box. There was no mention of Luke Stout at any time-during the-trial, and nothing in the record of this case would permit, let alone compel, an inference that the question of “what happened to Luke Stout” in any way 'tainted the jury’s consideration of the charge against Mr. Heater. We therefore find that the court below had no duty to sua sponte issue a curative instruction, as there was nothing to cure, and that the court below had no duty to sua sponte declare a mistrial, as there was no manifest necessity requiring Such action. Mr. Heater’s evidence and argument shows, at best, a “mere opportunity to influence the jury,” which is clearly insufficient to warrant a new trial. State v. Sutphin, 195 W.Va. 551, 553, 466 S.E.2d 402, 404 (1995).
C. Bifurcation
Mr. Heater’s final assignment of error is that the court below erred in failing to sua sponte order bifurcation of the mercy phase of the trial. In support of his position, Mr. Heater points out that, during its deliberations, the jury sent a note to the judge requesting that it be re-instructed as to the difference between first and second degree murder. Thereafter, because the jury returned with its verdict thirty-five minutes after receiving the clarification it sought, Mr. Heater makes the sweeping assertion that “fair and just consideration of the mercy issue was not afforded to the defendant by the jury.”
In the seminal case of State v. LaRock, at Syllabus point 4, this Court held that “[a] trial court has discretionary authority to bifurcate a trial and sentencing in any case where a jury is required to make a finding as to mercy.” 196 W.Va. 294, 470 S.E.2d 613. The issue in the mercy phase of a bifurcated proceeding “is whether or not the defendant, who already has been found guilty of murder in the first degree, should be afforded mercy, ie., afforded the opportunity to be considered for parole after serving no less than fifteen years of his or her life sentence.” State v. Trail, 236 W.Va. 167, 181, 778 S.E.2d 616, 630 (2015). To that end, we have clarified that,
[t]he type of evidence that is admissible in the mercy phase of a bifurcated first degree murder proceeding is much broader than the evidence admissible for purposes of determining a defendant’s guilt or innocence. Admissible evidence necessarily encompasses evidence of the defendant’s character, including evidence concerning the defendant’s past, present and future, as well as evidence surrounding the nature of the crime committed by the defendant that warranted a jury finding the defendant guilty of first degree murder, so long as that evidence is found by the trial court to be relevant under Rule 401 of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence and not unduly prejudicial pursuant to Rule 403 of the West Virginia Rules of Evidence.
Syl. pt. 7, State v. McLaughlin, 226 W.Va. 229, 700 S.E.2d 289 (2010). The trial court has “wide discretion” with respect to the admission of evidence at the mercy phase of a bifurcated proceeding. See, e.g., Lister v. Ballard, 237 W.Va. at 41, 784 S.E.2d at 740 (permitting admission of testimony concerning the character of the victim).
With these principles in mind, it is readily apparent that a party’s decision as to whether to move for a bifurcated proceeding will, in all cases, rest on a careful assessment of what the party has to gain or lose by bifurcation. See, e.g., State v. Dunn, 237 W.Va. 155, 786 S.E.2d 174 (2016) (evidence that defendant’s behavior was affected by his use of synthetic marijuana not admissible in unitary proceeding); Lister v. Ballard, 237 W.Va. 34, 784 S.E.2d 733 (evidence of victim’s character not admissible in unitary proceeding); State v. Berry, 227 W.Va. 221, 707 S.E.2d 831 (2011) (evidence of defendant’s social anxiety not admissible in unitary proceeding). Broadly speaking, in a bifurcated proceeding the State may have the opportunity to put on evidence that would be excluded from a unitary proceeding as too prejudicial to the defendant, whereas the defendant may have the opportunity to put on evidence that would be excluded from a unitary proceeding as irrelevant but serves to put him or her in a more sympathetic light.
When a party moves for bifurcation, it is the duty of the court to consider all grounds given in support of and in opposition to the motion, and thereafter to exercise its discretion pursuant to the factors set forth in Syllabus point 6 of LaRock, 196 W.Va. 294, 470 S.E.2d 613. It is not the duty of the court to order bifurcation in the absence of a motion, as the court could be encroaching on the advocates’ authority to determine strategy and tactics. Cf. State v. Flack, 232 W.Va. 708, 713, 753 S.E.2d 761, 766 (2013) (court has no duty to sua sponte give limiting instructions concerning accomplice witness testimony, as “defense counsel ... may not want to have a Caudill instruction because such an instruction could emphasize the damaging testimony. In such cases the trial court could be interfering with a defendant’s right to develop his own trial strategy.”).
With respect to the issue of bifurcation of mercy proceedings, we have previously written, but not specifically held, that “[a] trial court does not have a duty to sua sponte order bifurcation.” State v. Dunn, 237 W.Va. 155, 165 n. 14, 786 S.E.2d 174, 183 n. 14. See also LaRock, 196 W.Va. at 314, 470 S.E.2d at 633 (“The motion to bifurcate may be made by either the prosecution or the defense. The burden of persuasion is placed upon the shoulders of the party moving for bifurcation.”). Today we hold that, whether or not to make a motion for a bifurcated mercy proceeding pursuant to State v. LaRock, 196 W.Va. 294, 470 S.E.2d 613, is a matter of strategy and tactics and is thus a decision to be made by the parties and their advocates. A trial court does not have a duty to sua sponte order bifurcation.
Finally, we note that, once again, Mr. Heater’s brief is long on dramatic prose and short on facts. During the trial there was no evidence presented by either the State or the defense as to aggravating or mitigating factors, ie., there was no Rule 404(b) evidence, no character evidence, no evidence relevant to anything other than Mr. Heater’s guilt or innocence. Thus, there is no basis at all for Mr. Heater’s assumption that the jury did not take enough time to consider the mercy issue; there was not much to consider other than whether a contract killer should have a chance at parole. Additionally, Mr. Heater has not given this Court even a hint as to what evidence he might have produced, or how he might otherwise have benefitted from, a bifurcated mercy proceeding. Apart from the facts of this case, which are horrific and more than sufficient to support a no-mercy vei’dict, the only evidence in this record relevant to mercy is information presented to the court at sentencing, all of which led the court to conclude that:
[Y]ou are a very violent and dangerous pei-son. And, you kixow, to end somebody’s life, to take them out and execute them for, the allegation was $6,000.00, is just not acceptable and the Court believes that somebody that does that needs to be separated from society and I believe that, once again, the jury reached the correct verdict in this ease by recommending that you not receive mercy in this case.
IV.
CONCLUSION
Based upon the foi’egoing analysis, we affirm the judgment of the Circuit Court of Upshur County convicting Mr. Heater of murder in the first degree, without a l'ecom-mendation of mercy; conspiracy to commit murder; concealment of a deceased human body; and conspiracy to conceal a deceased human body. We likewise affirm the circuit court’s oi-der sentencing Mr. Heater to life imprisonment without mercy and three consecutive sentences of one-to-five yeai’s in the penitentiary.
Affinned.
. It is apparent from Siron’s testimony that he believed Mr. Heater had stabbed Oberg as well as shot him, although it is unclear whether he saw this or just inferred it from the existence of the bloody knife. When Oberg’s body was finally recovered, it was so badly decomposed that the Medical Examiner could not determine whether Oberg had sustained any stab wounds, a fact defense counsel emphasized as evidence of Si-ron’s unreliability as a witness.
.The title to the restaurant was held in the name of a third party since Villagomez Correa was not an American citizen.
. Siron eventually entered pleas of guilty to voluntary manslaughter and concealment of a deceased body, while Villagomez Correa entered pleas of guilty to second degree murder and conspiracy to commit murder.
. The State did in fact call the witness, James Roy, who testified that while he and Mr. Heater were in jail together, he heard Mr. Heater state that he had killed Oberg for $5,000.00 and had given Siron $500.00.
. Although Mr. Heater claims in his brief that "[m]any folks in the community have associated [Luke Stout's] disappearance with the Petitioner, Jesse Heater, based on Mr. Heater's alleged involvement in the present murder case involving Mr. Oberg," the Appendix Record contains scant evidence to support this assertion. See.text, Section III. B., infra.
. One witness, Mr. Villagomez Correa, was called to the stand outside the presence of the jury and asserted his Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.
. Sometime after Oberg's murder, Mr. Heater sold a gun to witness Melissa Frye, which Ms. Frye then turned over to the police. Although Siron testified that this gun appeared to be the weapon with which he had been pistol-whipped by Mr. Heater, forensic experts could not establish that it was the weapon used to shoot Oberg.
. Mr. Heater had filed a complaint against his trial counsel, necessitating the appointment of new counsel who then needed time to "get up to speed” and thereafter file post-trial motions and an appeal.
. Justice Thomas, concurring, wrote that, "[a]s understood in 1791, the Sixth Amendment protected a defendant's right to retain an attorney he could afford.” Luis v. United States, — U.S. —, 136 S.Ct. 1083, 1098, 194 L.Ed.2d 256 (2016) (Thomas J., concurring).
. Although Mr. Heater claims that he was willing to waive the conflict, he fails to consider that James Roy would have had to waive it as well, something that Mr. Roy had no incentive to do and eveiy reason not to do.
. In this regard,
[w]e have urged counsel repeatedly to think of the consequences of raising this issue on direct appeal. Claims that an attorney was ineffective involve inquiries into motivation behind an attorney's trial strategies. See State v. Miller, 194 W.Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114 (1995). Without such facts trial counsel’s alleged lapses or errors will be presumed tactical moves, flawed only in hindsight. What is more, in the event a defendant pursues his claim on direct appeal and it is rejected, our decision will be binding on the circuit court through the law of the case doctrine, "leaving [defendant] with the unenviable task of convincing the [circuit court] judge that he should disregard our previous ruling.” U.S. v. South, 28 F.3d 619, 629 (7th Cir. 1994). This is why in Miller we suggested that a defendant who presents an ineffective assistance claim on direct appeal has little to gain and everything to lose.
State ex rel. Daniel v. Legursky, 195 W.Va. 314, 317 n. 1, 465 S.E.2d 416, 419 n. 1 (1995).
. The parties use both of these words, and the record provides only one clue: that the offending object, whatever it was, was approximately “six inches diameter, maybe, something like that."
. This uncontested fact distinguishes this case from our recent decision in State v. Jenner, 236 W.Va. 406, 780 S.E.2d 762 (2015). In Jenner, we remanded for hearing on the issue of possible juror misconduct "where two witnesses provided sworn, detailed testimony claiming to have seen the victim and a juror socializing with one another over the course of multiple days of trial.”. Id. at 418, 780 S,E.2d at 774. Here, in contrast, we have the mere possibility that jurors may have glimpsed a button and testimony that no members of the jury spoke to the spectator wearing the button or were spoken to by her.
. With the concurrence of all counsel, the court responded to the jury’s request by sending a written copy of the entire charge into the jury room.
. Pursuant to Syllabus point 6 of State v. LaR-ock,
[ajlthough it virtually is impossible to outline all factors that should be considered by the trial court the court should consider when a motion for bifurcation is made: (a) whether limiting instructions to the jury would be effective; (b) whether a party desires to introduce evidence solely for sentencing purposes but not on the merits; (c) whether evidence would be admissible on sentencing but would not be admissible on the merits or vice versa; (d) whether either party can demonstrate unfair prejudice or disadvantage by bifurcation; (e) whether a unitary trial would cause the parties to forego introducing relevant evidence for sentencing purposes; and (£) whether bifurcation unreasonably would lengthen the trial.
196 W.Va. 294, 470 S.E.2d 613.
. State v. Caudill, 170 W.Va. 74, 289 S.E.2d 748 (1982).
| CASELAW |
Iran can afford to play the long game with Trump
(CNN)Three men walk into a room: a dictator, an autocrat, and an ayatollah. A fourth man asks them each for a meeting. The dictator is desperate, grabs it and bags the benefits. The autocrat smiles and sits smugly through it. The ayatollah doesn't answer. This will be President Trump's conundrum with Iran: whatever he does, Iran will play the long game. His latest offer of an unconditional meeting with Iran's leaders -- not necessarily the country's supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, although he would have to sign off on the meeting -- has so far been met with silence. Trump told the world on Monday: "I would certainly meet with Iran if they wanted to meet. I don't know that they're ready yet." That may be one of his more accurate statements of late. Iran's President Hassan Rouhani met with the new British Ambassador to Tehran Tuesday where he announced, not for the first time, the US withdrawal from the multilateral nuclear deal in May was "illegal," adding that "the ball is in Europe's court." It seems that Iran -- and Rouhani is the face of it right now -- is playing the pragmatist. For Iran, it's better to keep some enemies on its side rather than alienate them all at once. After all, it wasn't the UK, Germany and France who withdrew from the six-nation Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, but the US alone. Rather than ripping up the JCPOA and ramping up nuclear production, Iran has only talked about building up its stockpile of centrifuges for uranium enrichment that could be used to make a bomb. Iranian officials have said it is up to the JCPOA's European signatories to make the agreement work to Iran's benefit, meaning Tehran don't suffer financially because of it. That is in itself an implicit threat, because Trump is set to slap secondary sanctions on European businesses trading in Iran. But it's not a commitment to confrontation. Iran is talking as much to divide its enemies as to conquer. This is what the Iranians do well. Just ask former US Secretary of State John Kerry, who negotiated the JCPOA with them. It was a long and tortuous process, with concessions only coming at the eleventh hour, partial and offered only grudgingly. Whereas Trump does angry and impetuous to a tee, Iran's theocratic leaders are masters in the art of the ambiguity and sleight of hand. Where Trump wields the diplomatic equivalent of a battle ax, they excel with the subtle skill of death by a thousand cuts. They haven't, for example, massively ratcheted up retaliation by reverting to the use of regional proxies, like Hezbollah in Lebanon and Shia militias in Syria, to attack US allies and interests. This strategic restraint, outside of a few isolated incidents, is a measure of the caution with which Iran is wielding those knives. Trump's one-on-one summits -- all style, little substance -- have been with completely different types of people. President Vladimir Putin of Russia, like Kim Jong Un of North Korea, is not as vulnerable as Iran's leaders. Kim's economy might be hurting, but his grip on power seems rock solid and public dissent is almost unheard of. Putin rules his roost and controls the media and the national narrative, keeping him popular and allowing him room to indulge in a little showmanship with Trump, whom he seems to find to be a US President with much potential for benefiting Russia. In the mind of Iran's Ayatollah right now must be the saying President George W. Bush managed to mangle: "fool me once, shame on you, fool me twice, shame on me." Having agreed to destroy, ship out or mothball much of its nuclear capabilities in return for the lifting of sanctions once already at America's behest, why should Iran trust Trump, or any leader that follows him, to keep America's word? The answer Trump is giving right now is that the Iranians have no choice: He'll cripple its economy if they don't. That said, when he stood next to Italy's Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte on Monday, Trump sounded almost subtle: "I do believe that they will probably end up wanting to meet ... I think it's an appropriate thing to do. If we could work something out that's meaningful, not the waste of paper that the other deal was, I would certainly be willing to meet." And therein lies the rub: Even if the Iranians were tempted to talk -- which its lawmakers are most definitely indicating they are not -- there is little evidence that his recent summits have been anything more than glorified handshakes. The minimalist four-point agreement with Kim is already breaking down, as the North Koreans appear to renege on what Trump said was agreed while complaining that Trump's officials are "bullying" them. As for Putin, Trump's race to get face time with him seems to have amounted to little that he could take home to the bank. Iran's deputy Foreign Minister, Bahram Qasemi, warns that "Washington's hostile measures against Tehran and its efforts to put economic pressure on the country and impose sanctions, there will remain no possibility of talks." For now, it seems Trump is more likely to have a second round with Putin than he is to have a first face-to-face with Rouhani. However much the Iranians are hurting, political capital -- not just the economy -- is at stake. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:Brazilgo
The Studio Liverpool
The Studio Liverpool is a school for the intellectually superior members of our species. Only the greatest minds of our generation between the ages of 14 and 19. Its downfall however is the fact it shares a building with a school school for the special minded under the same parent company. | WIKI |
Nilfisk
Nilfisk is a supplier of professional cleaning equipment in both industrial, commercial and consumer markets. The company is headquartered in Copenhagen, Denmark, with sales entities in 45 countries and dealers in more than 100 countries. Nilfisk has manufacturing facilities in various countries. It has approximately 4.844 employees worldwide. The company's core businesses are the supply of industrial and commercial cleaning machines and professional high-pressure cleaning equipment. Nilfisk also markets vacuum cleaners and high-pressure cleaners to consumers. The company was owned by NKT Holding until late 2017. Nilfisk is a part of the United Nations Global Compact. The company was spun off by NKT Holdings in October 2017 and is now listed as an independent company on Nasdaq Copenhagen.
History
Nilfisk was founded in Denmark in 1906 by Peder Andersen Fisker (1875–1975) and Hans Marius Nielsen (1870–1954) as Fisker & Nielsen. Originally the company produced electrical engines as the basic component in ventilators, kitchen elevators, drilling machines and, later on, the Nimbus motorcycle.
In 1989 NKT Holding, listed on the Copenhagen Stock Exchange, bought Fisker & Nielsen. In 1994 Nilfisk A/S acquired Advance Machine Company and in 1998 Nilfisk A/S was renamed Nilfisk-Advance. In 1998 Nilfisk-Advance merged with Euroclean/Kent and between 2000 and 2011, Nilfisk-Advance acquired CFM, Gerni, ALTO, Ecologica, United States Products, Viper, Hydramaster, Egholm, Plataforma and Jungo making Nilfisk-Advance one of the largest suppliers of professional cleaning equipment worldwide. In 2015, Nilfisk-Advance changed name to Nilfisk. In 2020, Nilfisk partnered with Thoro.ai, originally part of Carnegie Robotics LLC. The tornado outbreak of March 29–31, 2022 destroyed their Springdale plant in 2022.
Machines
Nilfisk produces a variety of machines in their Brooklyn Park, Minnesota production facility. The SC50 "Liberty" Autonomous module is their flagship product, in addition to the commercial SC6500 model, and the industrial SC8000, SW8000, CS7010, and 7765 models in production. In 2016, their robotic floor scrubbers were considered among "the nation's most advanced" by the Star Tribune. | WIKI |
Jun Tazaki
Jun Tazaki (田崎 潤), born Minoru Tanaka, was a Japanese actor best known for his various roles in kaiju films produced by Toho, often portraying scientists or military personnel.
Career
Tanaka began his career as a traveling stage actor in the 1930s, performing under both his birth name and various stage names. In 1950, he changed his name to Jun Tazaki when he appeared in Shintoho's film Sasameyuki. After initially holding only small film roles, Tazaki gradually gained popularity and began playing larger roles in films produced by Toho in the 1960s. Akira Kurosawa frequently cast Tazaki in his films, but Ishirō Honda also considered him a favorite. Toho's science fiction films, particularly those directed by Honda, featured him throughout the 1960s as an authority figure with a moustache. As well as playing stern but benevolent father figures, Tazaki played villains with a ruthless streak. His defining role came in Honda's Atragon, in which he portrayed the embittered World War II veteran Hachiro Jinguji, forced to engage the submarine Gotengo, to combat an invasion by the underwater-dwelling Muans. In the 1970s, Tazaki stopped taking science fiction roles, but he continued to act until 1985, when he died of lung cancer.
Film
* 1948: Nikutai no mon
* 1949: Enoken no kentokyo ichidai ki
* 1950: Sasameyuki – Yonekichi Itakura, the photographer
* 1950: Kimi to yuku America kôro
* 1950: Banana musume
* 1950: Akatsuki no tsuiseki
* 1950: Yoru no hibotan – Yoshioka
* 1950: Mittsu no kekkon
* 1950: Tokyo File 212
* 1951: Wakasama samurai torimonochô: noroi no ningyôshi
* 1951: Kaizoku-sen
* 1951: Takaharu no eki yo sayônara
* 1951: Bungawan soro
* 1951: Kanketsu Sasaki Kojirô: Ganryû-jima kettô – Matabê Takada
* 1952: Okuni to Gohei – Iori, Okuni's husband
* 1952: Ukigumo nikki
* 1952: Rikon – Kensaku – Tazaki
* 1952: Shimizu no Jirocho den
* 1952: Geisha warutsu
* 1952: Jirochô sangokushi: nagurikomi kôjinyama
* 1953: Chinsetsu Chûshingura
* 1953: Jirochô sangokushi: Jirochô hatsutabi
* 1953: Oyabaka hanagassen
* 1953: Koibito-tachi no iru machi – Michita Kuraishi
* 1953: Kinsei mei shôbu monogatari: Hana no Kôdôkan – Ryûkichi Kimura
* 1953: Haresugata: Izu no Satarô
* 1953: Jirochô sangokushi: Jirochô to Ishimatsu
* 1953: Daibosatsu Tôge - Dai-san-bu: Ryûjin no maki; Ai no yama no maki – Yonetomo
* 1953: Jirochô sangokushi: seizoroi Shimizu Minato
* 1953: Hakucho no kishi
* 1953: Gate of Hell – Kogenta
* 1953: Jirochô sangokushi: nagurikomi kôshûji
* 1954: Jirochô sangokushi: hatsu iwai Shimizu Minato
* 1954: Koina no Ginpei – Tsumeki no Unokichi
* 1954: Jirochô sangokushi: kaitô-ichi no abarenbô
* 1954: Jirochô sangokushi: Kôjinyama zenzen
* 1954: Konomura Daikichi – Genzaburo
* 1954: Banchô sara yashiki: Okiku to Harima
* 1955: Meiji ichidai onna – Minokichi
* 1955: Mekura neko
* 1955: Gerô no kubi – Nohei, vassal
* 1955: Gyakushu orochimaru
* 1955: Akagi no chi matsuri
* 1956: Abare andon
* 1956: Shachô santôhei
* 1956: Tekketsu no tamashii
* 1956: Shujinsen
* 1956: Kage ni ita otoko – Hachigorô
* 1956: Toyamâ kin-san torimonô-cho-kage ni ita otoko
* 1956: Gunshin Yamamoto gensui to Rengô kantai
* 1957: Arashi no naka no otoko – Karate expert
* 1957: Onna dake no machi
* 1957: Fûun kyû nari Ôsaka jô: Sanada jûyûshi sô shingun – Yukimura Sanada
* 1957: Kyôfu no dankon
* 1957: Kaidan iro zange: Kyôren onna shishô – Nizô
* 1957: Shukujo yokawa o wataru
* 1957: Ippon-gatana dohyô iri – Yahachi
* 1957: Shizukanaru otoko
* 1957: Yoru no kamome
* 1958: Ohtori-jo no hanayome – Higaki
* 1958: Ankoru watto monogatari utsukushiki aishu – Rickshaw
* 1958: The Loyal 47 Ronin – Ikkaku Shimizu
* 1958: Tabi wa kimagure kaze makase
* 1958: Okon no hatsukoi hanayome nanahenge
* 1958: Nora neko
* 1958: Onna-za murai tadaima sanjô
* 1959: Hitohada botan
* 1959: Kagerô-gasa – Tajima Sakamoto
* 1959: Onna to kaizoku - Yasu
* 1959: Kogan no misshi
* 1959: Moro no Ichimatsu yûrei dochu
* 1959: Bôfûken – Kawakami
* 1959: The Three Treasures – Ootomo's Kurohiko
* 1959: Edo no akutaro – Heisuke
* 1959: Koi yamabiko
* 1959: Kêisatsû-kan to bôryôku-dan
* 1960: The Last Gunfight – Otokichi Kozuka
* 1960: Hawai Middowei daikaikûsen: Taiheiyô no arashi – Captain
* 1960: The Demon of Mount Oe
* 1960: Aoi yaju – Ogawa
* 1960: Man Against Man – Boss Tsukamoto
* 1960: Ôzora no yarôdomo
* 1960: 'Akasaka no shimai' yori: yoru no hada – Jôji Akui
* 1961: The Story of Osaka Castle as Teikabo Tsutumi – Teikabo Tsutsumi
* 1961: Zenigata Heiji torimono hikae: Yoru no enma chô
* 1961: 'Nendo no omen' yori: kaachan
* 1961: Kaoyaku akatsukini shisu
* 1961: Kasen chitai – Shigemune
* 1961: Zoku shachô dochuki: onna oyabun taiketsu no maki
* 1961: Kurenai no umi
* 1961: Jigoku no kyôen – Kanzaburo Itami
* 1961: Witness Killed – Ichiro
* 1961: Hoero datsugokushu
* 1962: Gorath - Raizô Sonoda – Tomoko's father
* 1962: Doburoku no Tatsu – Kakibetsu
* 1962: Owari Jurocho ikka-Sanshita nicho kenju
* 1962: Dobunezumi sakusen
* 1962: Star of Hong Kong – Dr. Matsumoto
* 1962: Nippon musekinin jidai - Mr. Kuroda
* 1962: King Kong vs. Godzilla - General Masami Shinzo
* 1962: Sanbyakurokujugoya
* 1962: Yama-neko sakusen
* 1962: Chūshingura: Hana no Maki, Yuki no Maki – Kiken Murakami
* 1962: Ankokugai no kiba
* 1963: Attack Squadron! – Commander
* 1963: Shinsengumi shimatsuki – Kamo Serizawa
* 1963: Nippon jitsuwa jidai
* 1963: High and Low – Kamiya, National shoes publicity director
* 1963: Sengoku yarô
* 1963: Chintao yôsai bakugeki meirei
* 1963: Yojinbô ichiba
* 1963: Nippon ichi no iro otoko
* 1963: Hiken
* 1963: Norainu sakusen
* 1963: The Lost World of Sinbad – Itaka Tsuzuka of the Imperial Guards
* 1963: Atragon - Captain Hachiro Jinguji
* 1964: Zoku shachô shinshiroku
* 1964: Kyô mo ware ôzora ni ari
* 1964: Mothra vs. Godzilla – Maruta, Chief editor
* 1964: Hibari, Chiemi, Izumi: Sannin yoreba
* 1964: Hadaka no jûyaku – Imaizumi, Executive
* 1964: Chi to daiyamondo – Utsuki
* 1964: Dogara, the Space Monster – chief inspector
* 1964: Ware hitotsubu no mugi naredo
* 1964: Kokusai himitsu keisatsu: Kayaku no taru – Dr. Tatsuno
* 1964: Hana no oedo no musekinin
* 1964: Kwaidan – Kannai's colleague #1 ("Chawan no naka" segment)
* 1965: Taiheiyô kiseki no sakusen: Kisuka – Akune
* 1965: Frankenstein Conquers the World – Military advisor
* 1965: Hana no o-Edo no hôkaibô – Gensui Matsui
* 1965: Daiku taiheki
* 1965: Baka to Hasami
* 1965: Invasion of Astro-Monster – Dr. Sakurai
* 1966: Musekinin Shimizu Minato
* 1966: Izuko e
* 1966: Bangkok no yoru – Dr. Yamawaki
* 1966: Kiganjô no bôken – Innkeeper
* 1966: Jigoku no nora inu
* 1966: War of the Gargantuas – Army commander
* 1966: Godzilla vs. The Sea Monster – Red Bamboo commander
* 1966: Abashiri Bangaichi: Koya no taiketsu
* 1967: The Killing Bottle – President of Buddabal
* 1967: Abashiri bangaichi: Kettô reika 30 do – Nagamamushi, a miner
* 1967: Japan's Longest Day – Captain Yasuna Kozono – CO 302nd Air Group
* 1967: Otoko no shobu: kantô arashî
* 1967: Abashiri Bangaichi: Aku eno Chôsen – Gôzô Kadoma
* 1968: Zoku otoshimae – Kuroda
* 1968: Destroy All Monsters – Dr. Yoshida
* 1968: Wakamono yo chôsen seyo
* 1968: Wasureru monoka
* 1968: Kûsô tengoku – Boss
* 1969: Battle of the Japan Sea – Shimaji Hashiguchi
* 1969: Kiki kaikai ore wa dareda?! – Kumagorô Izawa
* 1970: Mekurano Oichi inochi moraimasu – Nadaaan
* 1970: Nippon ichi no yakuza otoko
* 1970: Botan to ryu
* 1976: Osharé daisakusen
* 1977: Hakkodasan
* 1977: Sanshiro Sugata
* 1978: Hakatakko junjô – Takeichi, Takeshi's dad
* 1981: Kaettekita wakadaishô
* 1981: The Imperial Navy
* 1983: Shōsetsu Yoshida gakkō – Ono
* 1985: Ran – Seiji Ayabe (final film role)
Television
* 1965: Taikōki
* 1966: Minamoto no Yoshitsune
* 1966: Ultra Q – Director General Sakamoto
* 1969: Ten to Chi to – Takeda Nobutora
* 1973: Kunitori Monogatari
* 1973: Jumborg Ace
* 1974: Kamen Rider X – Professor Keitarou Jin (Keisuke's father)
* 1983: Tokugawa Ieyasu – Shimazu Yoshihiro | WIKI |
Citations:microboredom
Noun: "momentary or short-lived boredom"
* 1977 — Victor A. Altshul, "The So-Called Boring Patient", American Journal of Psychotherapy, 31(4), 533-545:
* Clearly, the concept of signal boredom would correspond to what I earlier termed "microboredom."
* 2001 — D. C. Denison, "And The Next Big Thing Is…", Boston Globe, 8 October 2001:
* Altman, who is a vice president and director of business development for the personal communication sector at Motorola, believes that a host of microboredom busters are on the horizon because many of the next-generation cellphones are designed to be platforms for a new variant of the popular Java programming language.
* 2005 — Jack Schofield, "One size fits all networks", The Guardian, 30 June 2005:
* Orange spokesman Matt Sears says you can use MobiTV to watch "regular telly in moments of microboredom".
* 2008 — Thor Christensen, "Are cell phones ruining the concert experience?", The Dallas Morning News, 11 May 2008:
* At concerts, microboredom usually means fans snapping dozens of photos of the band, the crowd and the stage lights.
* 2010 — Rob Walker, "The Back Story", The New York Times, 3 September 2010:
* Goldstein theorizes that the motive was the same "microboredom" that inclines users of mobile check-in apps to announce that they've arrived at Chili’s | WIKI |
Paula Haydar
Paula Haydar (born 1965) is an American academic and translator. She has a PhD in Comparative literature and an MFA in Literary translation. She won an Arkansas Arabic Translation Prize for her translation of Elias Khoury's The Kingdom of Strangers. Her work has appeared in Banipal magazine and she has translated the literary work of Jabbour Douaihy, Rachid Al-Daif, and others.
Education
Haydar obtained a bachelor's degree in physics in 1987 and an M.Ed from the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1991. She then earned a MFA in literary translation from the University of Arkansas in 1998. She received a PhD, from the University of Arkansas in 2014.
Career
Haydar taught Arabic at the University of Massachusetts before joining the faculty at the university of Arkansas in 2006. She works in the Department of World Languages, Literatures, and Cultures as an Assistant Professor of Arabic.
She won the Arkansas Arabic Translation Prize for her translation of Elias Khoury's The Kingdom of Strangers. Her work has appeared in two issues of Banipal magazine (1998, 2008). Paula Haydar's English translation of the novel June Rain earned her second place for the 2014 Saif Ghobash Banipal Prize. The Beirut Daily Star also recognized the translation in a year-end book review list of the six Top Middle East Novels of 2014 in translation.
Haydar has translated novels, short stories, and poetry from Arabic to English. Her book length translations include:
* The Kingdom of Strangers by Elias Khoury (1996)
* Learning English by Rachid Al-Daif (1998)
* This Side of Innocence by Rachid Al-Daif (2001)
* June Rain by Jabbour Douaihy (2006)
* Touch by Adania Shibli(2013)(2007)
* The End of Spring by Sahar Khalifeh(2008)
* City Gates by Elias Khoury (also translated as Gates of the City) (2007)
* The Journey of Little Gandhi, by Elias Khoury (2009)
Personal life
She is married to fellow academic Adnan Haydar and lives in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Their son Fuad "Kikko" Haydar played basketball for the Arkansas Razorbacks. | WIKI |
Debugging Code with the Visual LISP IDE
Ever spent a few hours writing a fantastic program only to find that it crashes the first time it is run?
Now where could that error have come from...?
If you've ever delved into the world of AutoLISP, (or any programming language for that matter) I can almost guarantee that you will have, at some point, encountered an error when writing & running a program - it's almost inevitable:
As soon as we started programming, we found out to our surprise that it wasn't as easy to get programs right as we had thought. Debugging had to be discovered. I can remember the exact instant when I realized that a large part of my life from then on was going to be spent in finding mistakes in my own programs.
- Sir Maurice Wilkes
At this point most users will find themselves scouring the code for typos and other such mistakes - a process which could take just as long as writing the program itself.
This tutorial aims to teach you how to use the debugging facilities offered by the Visual LISP IDE (VLIDE) to immediately detect the point at which a program has crashed and furthermore show you the steps you can take to determine why the code has crashed at that particular point.
This tutorial assumes the user has a basic knowledge of how to use the Visual LISP IDE. If you are not one of these users, I would suggest that you give this a read: An Introduction to the Visual LISP IDE.
An Example Program
Throughout this tutorial I shall demonstrate various debugging methods using the following test code which simply prompts the user for a selection of line entities and proceeds to print the combined total length of the lines to the AutoCAD command-line.
Select all
(defun c:linelen ( / ent enx idx sel ssl tot )
(if (setq sel (ssget '((0 . "LINE"))))
(progn
(setq ssl (sslength sel)
tot 0.0
idx 0
)
(while (<= idx ssl)
(setq ent (ssname sel idx)
enx (entget ent)
tot (+ tot (distance (cdr (assoc 10 enx)) (cdr (assoc 11 enx))))
idx (1+ idx)
)
)
(princ (strcat "\nTotal length of lines: " (rtos tot)))
)
)
(princ)
)
(Can you spot the error in the code already?)
Begin by opening AutoCAD and typing VLIDE at the command-line to open the Visual LISP IDE. Open a New File (File » New File or Ctrl+N) and either type or copy the above code into the editor window.
Firstly, let's see what error message we are receiving.
Draw a few lines in AutoCAD with which to test the program. Now load the code in the editor window (Tools » Load Text in Editor or Ctrl+Alt+E), and run it in AutoCAD by typing the command syntax 'linelen' at the command-line.
After selecting a few lines, you will receive this error message at the command-line:
; error: bad argument type: lentityp nil
Where did the Code Fail?
If done manually, this is probably the most tedious and time consuming element of the debugging process: finding where exactly in the code the program has failed. Luckily, the VLIDE offers an easy way to immediately determine the point at which a program fails.
To answer this question, navigate back to the VLIDE and go to Debug » Break on Error. Ensure this option is ticked.
Break on Error
By setting this option, the VLIDE will set a break point at the AutoLISP expression at which the code fails. A break point is similar to a 'bookmark' in the code and will cause the program to pause evaluation at the expression marked by the break point. By instructing the VLIDE to automatically set a break point when the program encounters an error, we can later return to this break point and quickly identify the source of the error.
Be aware that assigning break points in the Visual LISP IDE does not modify the AutoLISP file in any way, and such break points are not stored after the AutoLISP file is closed.
Now, in AutoCAD, run the program again. When the code errors, navigate back to the VLIDE window and go to Debug » Last Break Source (Ctrl+F9).
Last Break Source
The expression at which the code has encountered an error should be highlighted in the VLIDE Editor window:
Error Source
Finally, reset the break point by going to Debug » Reset to Top Level (Ctrl+R); this removes the break point and resets the paused interpreter (the object that evaluates the AutoLISP code) to the start of the program.
So, now we know where the code fails, but why does it fail at that point?
Why did the Code Fail?
To help answer this question the VLIDE has a few other tools we can utilise.
Since we know that the error occurs within the while loop, we shall focus our debugging efforts on that section of the code.
Adding Break Points
As noted earlier, break points pause evaluation of the AutoLISP code, this can be thought of as similar to pressing the pause button on a cassette player - the reader head is no longer 'evaluating' the magnetic tape in the cassette and converting it to electric pulses sent to the speakers.
By pausing the AutoLISP interpreter, we can take control of the flow of evaluation, starting & stopping the code when and where we like.
To do this, in the VLIDE Editor window, place your cursor in front of the opening bracket of the while expression, click, and go to Debug » Toggle Break Point (F9). The opening bracket of the while expression should be highlighted red.
Now place your cursor behind the closing bracket of the while expression and add another break point following the same method as above.
Adding Break Points
Watching Variables
The Visual LISP IDE also allows us to 'watch' variables used in the code, displaying their values as the code is evaluated. With this in mind, let's add a watch to the index variable idx and the variable holding each line entity: ent.
To do this, double-click on any instance of the idx variable to highlight it and open the Watch Window by going to View » Watch Window (Ctrl+Shift+W).
View Watch Window
The variable idx should now appear in the Watch Window list, with a value of nil (since it is local to the program and does not hold a value until the relevant setq expression is evaluated in the code).
With the Watch Window still open, double-click on any instance on the ent variable and click on the Add Watch button in the Watch Window (the button with the glasses symbol):
Watch Window
This variable should also now appear in the list, also with a value of nil.
Animating the Code
With our break points set & variables watched, we are now set to animate the code evaluation.
Switch to the AutoCAD window, and run the program once more by again typing linelen at the command-line.
When the code evaluation reaches our first break point, code evaluation will be paused and the VLIDE Editor window will appear, highlighting the code between the two break points. From here, we have complete control over the code evaluation. We can step into and out of expressions and evaluate them as we please.
For now, go to Debug » Animate and ensure this option is ticked.
Now go to Debug » Continue (alternatively click on the green arrow on the Debug Toolbar, or press Ctrl+F8).
The code should now start to evalute, expression by expression from the break point set earlier:
Animate
Notice how the variables in the Watch Window will change their values as the various setq expressions within the while loop are evaluated.
The values shown in the Watch Window reveal the cause of our error: the value of the ent variable becomes nil when our integer selection set index variable idx reaches 2.
This indicates that no entity is found in the selection set sel at the index 2, meaning that the test condition for the while loop is allowing the counter to get too high before the test condition returns nil and hence ceases evaluation of the while loop.
Resetting the Environment
Now that we have identified the cause of our error, we can reset the VLIDE environment.
Reset the AutoLISP interpreter by going to Debug » Reset to Top Level (Ctrl+R) - this is analogous to pressing the 'Stop' button on our cassette player.
Clear all break points by going to Debug » Clear all Break Points (Ctrl+Shift+F9), accepting the prompt.
Clear the Watch Window by clicking on the Clear Window button in the Watch Window.
Clear Watch Window
Finally, go to Debug » Animate and Debug » Break on Error and uncheck these options.
Fixing the Code
Now that we have identified where and why the code is failing, we can look to implement a change in the while test condition and hopefully fix the error.
In my demonstration I have selected 2 line objects, and, since the selection set index is zero-based (i.e. the first entity resides at index 0), the index variable idx should take integer values in the range 0 to 1.
With this knowledge, we can fix the code in the following way:
Select all
(defun c:linelen ( / ent enx idx sel ssl tot )
(if (setq sel (ssget '((0 . "LINE"))))
(progn
(setq ssl (sslength sel)
tot 0.0
idx 0
)
(while (< idx ssl) ;; Changed <= to <
(setq ent (ssname sel idx)
enx (entget ent)
tot (+ tot (distance (cdr (assoc 10 enx)) (cdr (assoc 11 enx))))
idx (1+ idx)
)
)
(princ (strcat "\nTotal length of lines: " (rtos tot)))
)
)
(princ)
)
Further Information
For more information about the debugging capabilities of the Visual LISP IDE (VLIDE), refer to the VLIDE Help Documentation:
VLIDE Help.png
textsize
increase · reset · decrease
Designed & Created by Lee Mac © 2010 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Oscars 2016: Academy Award nomination predictions for Best Actor and Actress
Go here for our predictions for Best Picture, Director, and screenplays. Everything about the 2016 Oscars is chaotic. That includes the acting categories. Though both lead categories seem to have safe frontrunners — in The Revenant's Leonardo DiCaprio and Room's Brie Larson — the supporting ones are filled with potential nominees. And this is the first year in a long time when both of the women's acting categories have far more contenders than the men's categories. Still, we are not cowards, and we don't shrink from a challenge. Here are our nomination predictions for the wildest Oscar pool in ages. Normally, Best Actor is one of the most exciting, contentious races. That's not really the case this year. Of the four acting categories, it's by far the least interesting. Late-breaking contenders fizzled out at precursor awards, and the result is a staid list that's essentially been set in stone for a few months now. Categories tend to get stuck in the mud when there's a far-and-away frontrunner, and such is the case with DiCaprio here. Because he's so many people's favorite, the rest of the list will be dominated by second and third choices. Thus, DiCaprio has seemed joined at the hip with Fassbender, Cranston, and Redmayne for a while now. The one "surprise" I'm predicting is Damon, who missed out at the Screen Actors Guild Awards in favor of Johnny Depp of Black Mass. But The Martian was so huge that I suspect Damon is the next safest bet here, after DiCaprio. Depp, probably. There's been a little noise surrounding Creed's Michael B. Jordan, but probably not enough. The Big Short might have made a tactical error campaigning for Steve Carell here instead of in Supporting, but if the Academy really loves the movie — maybe? Finally, Will Smith could be the wild card for Concussion. Curiously, in a super-competitive year for the category (look at my "other possible contenders" section!), the same handful of names keep floating to the top, most of them prior Oscar nominees or winners. The Oscars had a bevy of Oscar-friendly films about women to choose from this year — and a few less Oscar-friendly films that were, nonetheless, amazing. That I'm predicting the nominees will mostly focus on films about men (as they did last year) should tell you a lot. Blanchett, Larson, and Ronan have been safe bets for a while now — though Larson's presumed frontrunner status could be hurt by how little traction Room has elsewhere at the Oscars. Lawrence's movie wasn't much loved, but it made money (and, crucially, a lot of it right when Oscar ballots were being mailed in). She's also the biggest star in the world right now, which helps. Finally, there's Rampling, in a movie nobody saw but one in which she's so good that I have to imagine her placing high on any ballot submitted by its smaller group of viewers. That exact scenario can often yield a nomination in this category. Where to start? It's unconscionable that Charlize Theron somehow never joined the Mad Max Oscar train. The same goes for Emily Blunt in Sicario. Maggie Smith (The Lady in the Van), Lily Tomlin (Grandma), and Blythe Danner (I'll See You in My Dreams) all had memorable roles and are long-running veterans, which Oscar can often warm to. Sarah Silverman (I Smile Back) and Helen Mirren (Woman in Gold) both received SAG nominations for movies that few people saw. Rooney Mara (Carol) and Alicia Vikander (The Danish Girl) both could end up here or (more likely) in the Supporting Actress race. And, hell, nobody liked Suffragette, but Carey Mulligan was great in it. This is a battle between two veterans who cannot in any way be called Oscar favorites. One's a major stage actor; the other's a global superstar who decided to try acting for a change. Beyond those two, this category could end up feeling filled at random. Rylance (the stage actor) and Stallone (the superstar) are the main contenders here. Elba has a chance at spoiling — and would singlehandedly stave off another year of #OscarsSoWhite — but who knows whether Academy voters will have an anti-Netflix bias. Beyond that, this race is a mess. It's probably down to three names — Bale, Shannon, and Room's Jacob Tremblay — but it's not hard to imagine, say, a couple of Spotlight actors randomly wandering in. I picked Bale and Shannon, who in the past have both received far more surprising nominations than these would be. But who knows? Tremblay has a shot. Then there are the main Spotlight guys, Michael Keaton and Mark Ruffalo, though the film has had a lot of trouble building momentum for any individual cast member. Paul Dano got some attention for Love & Mercy, but I think the film might be too small. For a while I hoped that Seth Rogen might make it in for Steve Jobs, but alas, I don't think he has a chance. Finally, Benicio del Toro was great in Sicario — but a nod for him seems unlikely. Universal Remarkably, this category is also much more competitive than its male counterpart, to the degree that I could see recent Golden Globe champion Kate Winslet (of Steve Jobs) being snubbed completely. That's exciting, but also headache-inducing. Winslet is beloved, so she's probably in. Regarding the rest of the list, I have no idea. Leigh has never been nominated before, but it would be hard to see Eight and not give her a nod, I think. Mara feels like a more tenuous pick than she should, but she's the beating heart of Carol. And Mirren keeps popping up on other awards lists for Trumbo, so I guess. Vikander is the real curiosity here. Her Danish Girl performance could compete in the lead actress race (much of the film's story is about her) but her studio is campaigning for it here, even as she's also earned lots of attention for her supporting role as a robot in Ex Machina. She was better in the latter, so I'm going to predict she's nominated for that, because it would be fantastic. Again, where to begin? Rachel McAdams has snagged a number of nominations for Spotlight, as has Jane Fonda for Youth (working against her is the fact that nobody saw it). If the Academy goes over the moon for Room (unlikely but theoretically possible), Joan Allen could make it. So could Elizabeth Banks for Love & Mercy. Finally, Kristen Stewart was fantastic in Clouds of Sils Maria, and nothing would make me happier than seeing her pop up here, if only to watch the Twitter meltdown. The Oscar nominations are announced at 8:30 am Eastern on Thursday, January 14. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
(61d) Catalytic Conversion of Lignocellulosic Feedstock to Hydrocarbon Fuels
Authors:
Padmaperuma, A. B. - Presenter, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Lilga, M. A. - Presenter, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Job, H. - Presenter, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Hydrocarbon fuels are composed of a complex mixture of aromatic, cyclic, and open-chain molecules. However, current thermal methods from lignocellulose result in primarily aromatic products (FP, HTL) and routes to paraffinic and isoparaffinic fuel blend stocks are lacking. Existing pathways to open-chain fuel components suffer from limited feedstocks (lipids). Catalytic conversions of lignocellulosic feeds could produce paraffins and isoparaffins, but ash in the feedstocks fouls catalysts and scales reactors during processing. Additionally, routes that maximize carbon utilization and minimize H2 utilization are desired for technically and commercially viable biorefineries to produce liquid transportation fuels and chemicals from biomass. Here we will present data from our work to develop catalytic routes to open-chain hydrocarbon fuels from lignocellulosic feeds. As part of the overall strategy, a process to catalytically convert levulinic acid to hydrocarbons is being developed. In a single process step, levulinic acid is converted to a partially-deoxygenated organic liquid with distillation properties very similar to diesel. In our paper, process optimization steps and products obtained in this work will be discussed in detail. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume VIII/Pseudo-Clementine Literature/The Clementine Homilies/Homily IX/Chapter 20
Chapter XX.—“Not Almost, But Altogether Such as I Am.”
“Do not then suppose that we do not fear demons on this account, that we are of a different nature from you.  For we are of the same nature, but not of the same worship.  Wherefore, being not only much but altogether superior to you, we do not grudge you becoming such as we are; but, on the other hand, counsel you, knowing that all these demons beyond measure honour and fear those who are reconciled to God.” | WIKI |
1<?php
2
3namespace FINDOLOGIC\Export\Helpers;
4
5/**
6 * Class UsergroupAwareMultiValue
7 * @package FINDOLOGIC\Export\Helpers
8 *
9 * Multi values that can differ per usergroup, and have multiple values for each.
10 */
11abstract class UsergroupAwareMultiValue implements Serializable
12{
13 private $rootCollectionName;
14 private $usergroupCollectionName;
15 private $csvDelimiter;
16 private $values = [];
17
18 public function __construct($rootCollectionName, $usergroupCollectionName, $csvDelimiter)
19 {
20 $this->rootCollectionName = $rootCollectionName;
21 $this->usergroupCollectionName = $usergroupCollectionName;
22 $this->csvDelimiter = $csvDelimiter;
23 }
24
25 public function addValue(UsergroupAwareMultiValueItem $value)
26 {
27 if (!array_key_exists($value->getUsergroup(), $this->values)) {
28 $this->values[$value->getUsergroup()] = [];
29 }
30
31 array_push($this->values[$value->getUsergroup()], $value);
32 }
33
34 public function setAllValues($values)
35 {
36 $this->values = $values;
37 }
38
39 /**
40 * @SuppressWarnings(PHPMD.StaticAccess)
41 * @inheritdoc
42 */
43 public function getDomSubtree(\DOMDocument $document)
44 {
45 $rootCollectionElem = XMLHelper::createElement($document, $this->rootCollectionName);
46
47 foreach ($this->values as $usergroup => $usergroupValues) {
48 $usergroupCollectionElem = XMLHelper::createElement($document, $this->usergroupCollectionName);
49 if ($usergroup) {
50 $usergroupCollectionElem->setAttribute('usergroup', $usergroup);
51 }
52 $rootCollectionElem->appendChild($usergroupCollectionElem);
53
54 /** @var UsergroupAwareMultiValueItem $value */
55 foreach ($usergroupValues as $value) {
56 $usergroupCollectionElem->appendChild($value->getDomSubtree($document));
57 }
58 }
59
60 return $rootCollectionElem;
61 }
62
63 /**
64 * @inheritdoc
65 */
66 public function getCsvFragment()
67 {
68 $mergedValues = '';
69
70 if (array_key_exists('', $this->values)) {
71 foreach ($this->values[''] as $value) {
72 $escapedValue = preg_replace('/' . $this->csvDelimiter . '/', ' ', $value);
73
74 $mergedValues .= $escapedValue . $this->csvDelimiter;
75 }
76 }
77
78 $trimmedMergedValues = rtrim($mergedValues, $this->csvDelimiter);
79
80 return $trimmedMergedValues;
81 }
82}
83 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Jeff Bezos and Lauren Sanchez relationship timeline, in photos
One year ago, Jeff Bezos and Lauren Sanchez were publicly outed as a couple the same day the Amazon CEO and his wife, MacKenzie, announced their divorce. The National Enquirer had been investigating Bezos and Sanchez for months and had obtained leaked photos and texts the couple had sent, including the now-famous message where Bezos called Sanchez "alive girl." In the 12 months since, both Bezos and Sanchez have finalized their respective divorces and have embarked on a whirlwind romance that&aposs taken them from Wimbledon to a yacht in St. Barths. Visit Business Insider&aposs homepage for more stories.It&aposs been a whirlwind year for Jeff Bezos and his girlfriend, Lauren Sanchez. Exactly one year ago, the bombshell news broke that Jeff Bezos and his wife, MacKenzie, were getting a divorce after 25 years of marriage. Hours later, we learned that Bezos was in a relationship with Lauren Sanchez, a TV host, and helicopter pilot who, along with her husband, had been friends with the Bezoses. Despite a tumultuous few months that involved leaked texts, blackmail, a billion-dollar divorce, and maybe even interference from the Saudi Arabian government, Bezos and Sanchez are still going strong. Here&aposs how their relationship became public and how they&aposve spent their first year as a couple.
It all started on January 9, 2019. Shortly after 9 AM, Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos issued a joint statement on Twitter that they were divorcing.
"As our family and close friends know, after a long period of loving exploration and trial separation, we have decided to divorce and continue our shared lives as friends," the statement read. "If we had known we would separate after 25 years, we would do it all again."MacKenzie Bezos is one of Amazon's earliest employees. The couple has four children together.
A mere few hours later, a second bombshell dropped: Bezos was in a relationship with Lauren Sanchez.
Sanchez started her career as a news reporter and anchor — she was a longtime anchor of "Good Day LA" on Fox 11 and worked as a correspondent on "Extra." More recently, she's worked as a helicopter pilot and founded her own aerial filming company in 2016 called Black Ops Aviation. Bezos has hired Sanchez's company to film footage for his rocket company, Blue Origin. Sanchez has also had TV and film roles, including as the host of the reality show "So You Think You Can Dance" and playing an anchor in movies like "Fight Club" and "The Day After Tomorrow," according to her IMDB page.
At the time, Sanchez was married to Patrick Whitesell, the co-CEO of WME, a Hollywood talent agency.
Sanchez and Whitesell had been married since 2005, but at the time the news broke, the couple had been separated since the fall, according to Page Six. The couple was friends with Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos because they had houses near each other in Seattle, Page Six reported.
The National Enquirer said it had conducted a four-month investigation into Bezos and Sanchez's relationship and had obtained texts and photos the couple had sent to each other.
The Enquirer said it had tracked the couple "across five states and 40,000 miles, tailed them in private jets, swanky limos, helicopter rides, romantic hikes, five-star hotel hideaways, intimate dinner dates and 'quality time' in hidden love nests." Page Six, which published the news a few hours before the Enquirer, reported that Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos knew that the Enquirer report was coming out and had timed their divorce announcement to get ahead of the news.The gossip site also reported at the time that Bezos and Sanchez started dating after Jeff and MacKenzie had separated the previous fall, and that MacKenzie knew of the relationship.
The Enquirer said it had gotten its hands on "raunchy messages" and "erotic selfies," including a text that reportedly read: "I love you, alive girl." The tabloid said it also had racy photos of both Bezos and Sanchez, including one that was too explicit to print.
Source: Business Insider
Almost immediately, questions arose about the Enquirer's motives for investigating Bezos and Sanchez and the tabloid's connection to President Trump.
A feud has simmered for years between Trump and Bezos, who also owns the Washington Post, a frequent Trump target. The Enquirer's publisher, AMI, is run by David Pecker, a longtime Trump ally. By the end of January, The Daily Beast reported that Bezos was funding an investigation into who had leaked his private messages to the Enquirer. Bezos' personal head of security, Gavin de Becker, headed up the investigation. De Becker said at the time that he thought the leaks were "politically motivated," which AMI denied. The investigation initially pointed to Michael Sanchez, Lauren's brother and an outspoken Trump supporter, as the person who leaked the photos and texts, which Sanchez denied.
Then, in February, Bezos dropped a bombshell of his own: an explosive blog post titled "No thank you, Mr. Pecker," in which he accused Pecker and AMI of trying to blackmail him.
Bezos wrote that the publisher had been threatening him with the publication of explicit photos he'd taken of himself unless he stopped investigating who was leaking his photos and texts to the tabloid.AMI also demanded that Bezos no longer claim the publisher's investigation into his personal life was influenced by political motivations, Bezos wrote. As a result, Bezos published the emails he'd received from AMI."Rather than capitulate to extortion and blackmail, I've decided to publish exactly what they sent me, despite the personal cost and embarrassment they threaten," Bezos wrote.Bezos also hinted in the post that there may have been a link between the investigation into his relationship with Sanchez and the Saudi Arabian government — specifically, that he might have been a target of the Saudis because he owns the Washington Post, which provided "unrelenting coverage," Bezos said, of the murder of its journalist, Jamal Khashoggi, who was killed by Saudi agents. The "Saudi angle" of Bezos' own investigation into the leaks seemed to have "hit a particularly sensitive nerve" with Pecker, Bezos wrote. For its part, the Saudi Arabian government denied any role in the situation and called the whole saga a "soap opera."
Things quieted down for Bezos and Sanchez publicly for a few months, until April, when Jeff and MacKenzie finalized the terms of their divorce.
Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos both released statements on Twitter saying they had "finished the process of dissolving" their marriage and would be co-parenting their four kids.MacKenzie said she was granting Jeff all her interests in the Washington Post and Blue Origin, as well as 75% of the Amazon stock they owned and voting control over the shares she retained. Her remaining stake in Amazon is estimated to be worth about $38 billion, placing her among the richest women in the world, according to Forbes.
One day later, Sanchez and Whitesell filed for divorce.
TMZ reported at the time that the couple asked for joint custody of their two children. The couple reportedly finalized their divorce in October.
The Bezos divorce was finalized in July. A few days later, Bezos and Sanchez made their first public appearance as a couple at Wimbledon.
The couple was seated behind the royals at the men's Wimbledon final between Roger Federer and Novak Djokovic at the All England Club.
The pair was spotted again in August on what appeared to be a fabulous European vacation: They were seen strolling through Saint-Tropez and cruising off the coast of Spain, in the Balearic Islands, aboard media mogul David Geffen's superyacht, the Rising Sun.
Other guests reportedly included Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein and the founder of Thrive Capital, Josh Kushner, along with his supermodel wife, Karlie Kloss. (The group was pictured in an Instagram post that has since been deleted.)Source: Business Insider
Bezos and Sanchez were then seen on fashion designer Diane von Furstenberg's sailing yacht off the coast of Italy. The couple appears to be close friends with von Furstenberg and her husband, IAC Chairman Barry Diller.
Source: Page Six
In December, Bezos reportedly threw Sanchez an elaborate 50th birthday celebration that included both a private dinner and a star-studded party attended by von Furstenberg and Diller, Katy Perry, Orlando Bloom, and Timothée Chalamet.
Source: Page Six
Around the holidays, the couple jetted off to French-speaking Caribbean island St. Barths, relaxing on yachts and meandering around the island with Sanchez's son, Nikko Gonzalez.
Source: The Cut
window._taboola = window._taboola || [];
window._taboola = window._taboola || []; | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
On a spanning tree with specified leaves
Yoshimi Egawa, Haruhide Matsuda, Tomoki Yamashita, Kiyoshi Yoshimoto
研究成果: Article査読
7 被引用数 (Scopus)
抄録
Let k ≥ 2 be an integer. We show that if G is a (k + 1)-connected graph and each pair of nonadjacent vertices in G has degree sum at least |G| + 1, then for each subset S of V(G) with |S| = k, G has a spanning tree such that S is the set of endvertices. This result generalizes Ore's theorem which guarantees the existence of a Hamilton path connecting any two vertices.
本文言語English
ページ（範囲）13-18
ページ数6
ジャーナルGraphs and Combinatorics
24
1
DOI
出版ステータスPublished - 2008 2
外部発表はい
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Theoretical Computer Science
• Discrete Mathematics and Combinatorics
フィンガープリント 「On a spanning tree with specified leaves」の研究トピックを掘り下げます。これらがまとまってユニークなフィンガープリントを構成します。
引用スタイル | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Quantum Medical Transport, Inc. Releases $50 Million ICO (Initial Coin Offering) Private Placement Prospectus
HOUSTON, Feb. 05, 2018 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Via OTC PR Wire -- Quantum Medical Transport, Inc. (OTCBB:DRWN) Quantum Medical Transport, Inc. is pleased to announce it has released its $50 Million ICO (Initial Coin Offering) Private Placement Prospectus to raise capital for growth, debt restructuring, stock repurchase and acquisitions. The company plans to launch its Pre-ICO offering via the Ambisafe Etheruem Platform. The digital tokens or custom coins known as QuantH will be a form of cryptocurrency similar to (e.g. Bitcoin and Ether). Our prospectus offering is being offered to verified accredited investors only pursuant to Rule 506(c). The company’s project is its QuantH Medical Blockchain Technology that enables secure encryption data sharing (Health Information Data Exchange) that will be HIPPA compliant. We plan to offer our Pre-Sale or Pre-ICO on or about February 20, 2018 and ending March 20, 2018, then launch the full ICO on March 20, 2018 through April 15, 2018. Any unissued Tokens will be burned. We believe this technology platform can be a significant revenue generator for the company as healthcare professionals such physicians, medical facilities including nursing homes we currently service will be able to utilize the subscription service that will use a multi-signature, multi-layer secure key code through a set of customized nodes to transport data. A full copy of our prospectus can be downloaded and reviewed on our website under the investor relations tab and OTC Markets. (Click link here to download the prospectus: https://nebula.wsimg.com/2c4b2c0eb0617a60afd139df841ee995?AccessKeyId=40BD460D4BEAC51546AB&disposition=0&alloworigin=1
(This announcement appears as a matter of record only and is not an offer to sale any securities. No party has been authorized to sale securities on behalf of the company. Any offer and sale will be conducted via prospectus only to qualified investors).
About Quantum Medical Transport/United Ambulance/QuantH
QUANTUM MEDICAL TRANSPORT, INC. /UNITED AMBULANCE, LLC is an emergency and non-emergency medical services transportation company that operates in the State of Texas. The Company provides basic and advanced life support ground transport in an emergency and non-emergency setting, 24 hours a day, and seven days a week. The Company makes both local and regional out-of-town services available on a daily dispatch basis.
Management remains focused on providing prompt, high-quality patient care at the Advanced and Basic Life Support levels. Employees will work diligently to achieve goals while maintaining the highest standards of care. QuantH is the secure medical blockchain technology the company is developing.
CAUTIONARY STATEMENTS REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This press release contains forward-looking statements that involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Forward-looking statements generally can be identified by the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believes,” “expects,” “may,” “will,” “intends, “plans,” “should,” “seeks,” “pro forma,” “anticipates,” “estimates,” “continues,” or other variations thereof (including their use in the negative), or by discussions of strategies, plans or intentions. A number of factors could cause results to differ materially from those anticipated by such forward-looking statements, including those discussed under “Risk Factors” and “Our Business.” Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties and are based on potentially inaccurate assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expected or implied by the forward-looking statements. Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in the forward-looking statements for many reasons.
Investor Relations:
Ricky Bernard
832-436-1831 x100
info@quantummedicaltransport.com
www.quantummedicaltransport.com
Source:Quantum Medical Transport, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
womensecr.com
• Sepsis( blood poisoning) symptoms
Sepsis is a severe disease that develops when infects the blood of with pyogenic microbes or their toxins when the immune mechanisms fail. If in this case a large number of microbes are found in the blood, then this condition is called septicemia. If this condition is caused not by septicemia, but by finding in the blood only the products of their vital activity - toxins, then they talk about toxemia. If the general intoxication is accompanied by the formation of purulent foci in various tissues and organs, then this condition is called septicopyemia. Symptoms, course. High temperature with significant fluctuations and chills. Heavy general condition of the patient, frequent pulse of small filling, pronounced general weakness, sometimes pouring perspiration, exhaustion of the patient. In the blood, high leukocytosis with a significant shift of the white formula to the left. Purulent wounds become lethargic, bleed, the pus's compartment decreases, the wound becomes dry.
Treatment.
The main purulent foci( or foci), which caused the general infection of the body, should be widely opened, treated with antiseptic substances and drained or tamponized. Absolute peace and careful care for the sick. Inside prescribe sulfanilamide preparations according to the scheme, widely used antibiotics of a wide range of action, taking into account the sensitivity of microflora to them. Enter a large number of liquids( abundant drink, IV, and / or infusion, drop enema).Concentrated, easily digestible, rich in vitamins food( milk, strong broth, egg yolks, etc.), wine( cognac, port wine, champagne), freshly brewed tea with a lot of sugar, lemon.
Prevention of .Timely and adequate treatment of various acute purulent processes. Early surgical treatment of purulent foci and antibiotics.
Septic shock is a life-threatening condition that results from the ingress of infectious viruses( sepsis) into the blood, usually bacteria. Inflammation as a response of the body to infectious agents or their toxic secretions leads to the production of substances that cause the expansion of blood vessels, a decrease in cardiac output and the infiltration of fluid from small blood vessels into tissues. Blood pressure drops sharply( septic shock), and body cells begin to experience oxygen starvation and die off.
Cell damage can quickly lead to a massive failure of organ systems - the liver, lungs, brain, kidneys and heart. The inadequacy of any of the vital organs can be fatal. Septic shock often occurs in hospitalized patients, especially with serious infectious diseases. Early detection of signs of possible shock and immediate treatment are necessary.
• Bacterial infection is the most common cause of septic shock. Stitched wounds, deep cuts, burns, surgical procedures or the use of a urinary catheter can lead to the ingress of bacteria into the blood.
• Sometimes viral or fungal infections cause a septic shock.
• Risk factors for the development of septic shock and for more serious consequences include other diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, late stage cancer and cirrhosis;severe injury or burns;serious operations;weakened immune system due to AIDS or cancer treatment. Newborns and the elderly are also at higher risk of disease.
It is observed more often in septic miscarriages, especially in later periods, less often with infected labor. It occurs mainly in cases of mass lysis of Gram-negative bacteria( Escherichia coli group, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa), endotoxin is released upon destruction of the envelope. Less commonly observed with infection caused by staphylococci or streptococci. At the heart of septic shock lie acute disorders of hemodynamics. Often accompanied by a violation of blood clotting. There is a danger of bleeding from hypo- and afibrinogenemii. Hypoxia and acidosis are expressed.
Symptoms, course. The disease begins suddenly with chills and very high fever. There are tachycardia, hyperemia, hypotension. After a few hours the blood pressure drops sharply, the pulse becomes frequent, weak filling. In the diagnosis it is important that the drop in blood pressure is not associated with bleeding. Against this background, acute renal failure may develop, manifested first oliguria( urine is released less than 400 ml per day).There are paresthesia, hypotension, a disorder of the heart activity( rhythm disturbance, brady or tachycardia, cardiac blockade), stuporosis, dyspnea, vomiting. After 5-6 days, diuresis is gradually restored, polyuria occurs.
Treatment. You should urgently call a doctor and immediately start fighting with shock. Intravenously injected plasma or plasma substitutes( polyglucin) 250-500 ml of jet, then up to 2000 ml of drip. When bleeding blood is poured. In the initial stage of shock, antihistamines and vasodilators are shown, with the collapse of norepinephrine, mezaton, hyperthesin, intravenously high doses of prednisolone( 100-200 mg, and 500-1000 mg per day).To prevent intravascular coagulation, 5000-10 000 IU of heparin is injected every 6 hours. Of the antibiotics, kanamycin, ampicillin and penicillin in high doses( up to 10,000,000 units per day).Removal of the fetal egg or uterus is possible only after removal of the patient from the shock state. In acute renal failure, urgent hospitalization in a special department( "Artificial kidney") is indicated.
Sepsis is a disease that is especially prone to newborns. The causative agent can be a variety of microorganisms and their combinations. Recently, Staphylococcus is especially often secreted. Infection is possible in utero, during childbirth and is often extra-utero. The source of infection is a sick mother;staff caring for the child may be the carrier of the infection;Important are contaminated care items, as well as the baby's food and inhaled air. The entrance gates of infection can be skin, mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract and respiratory tract;The most frequent gateway to infection is the navel. Sepsis has no definite incubation time;with intrauterine infection it can begin on the 1st week of life, in other cases - at the 2nd and even the 3rd week. Two main forms of the disease, septicemia and septicopyemia, are distinguished along the course.
Common initial manifestations of sepsis - deterioration of well-being, sluggish sucking, regurgitation, vomiting, cessation of weight gain or slight weight loss. There may be a high fever, a low subfebrile condition and even a normal temperature. Skin with a grayish tinge.
Septicemia is more common in preterm and debilitated children, more violent, malignant. Often begins with acute intoxication, violations of water and mineral metabolism, with the development of dyspepsia, jaundice, hemorrhagic syndrome, rapid loss of weight. Tachycardia, muffling of cardiac tones, toxic respiration are observed. Sometimes symptoms of nervous system damage prevail( anxiety, frustration, convulsions).There is an increase in the liver, spleen, anemia, leukocytosis, neutrophilia, increased ESR.In the urine can be found leukocytes, red blood cells, cylinders.
Septicopyemia, ie sepsis with metastases, secondary purulent foci, proceeds more benignly, is more often observed in full-term children, with better reactivity of the organism. It begins with the appearance of pustules on the skin, sometimes abscesses develop, furuncles. Possible purulent foci in the pleura, pericardium, in the lungs, as well as purulent otitis, meningitis, etc. With umbilical sepsis in cases where the entrance collar of the infection was the navel, in addition to general phenomena, omphalitis, periarteritis of the umbilical artery and phlebitis of the umbilical vein can be observed.
Treatment of .Careful care, breastfeeding. Immediate administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics, penicillin is used in a daily dose of up to 200,000 U / kg of body weight. It is advisable to administer antibiotics at the lesion site( intrapleural, into the abscess cavity, etc.).In severe cases, a combination of antibiotics with sulfanilamide preparations is shown at a rate of 0.2 g / kg of body weight per day. Carry out stimulating therapy - direct blood transfusion, the introduction of plasma( up to 10 ml / kg of body weight every 3-4 days) and gamma globulin directed( 1.5-3 ml every other day, only 3-5 times).Corticosteroids are prescribed a short course only in the acute period of sepsis with severe general toxic effects( 1 mg / kg body weight per day).Vitamins, enzymes, local treatment of septic foci( medicamentous, surgical, physiotherapeutic) are recommended. The prognosis is favorable with timely and active treatment.
Septicemia is a septic lesion of the whole organism, in which germs, getting into the blood and multiplying in it, are carried throughout the body, causing intoxication of it. When septicopyemia germs, getting with blood flow to different organs, form in them metastatic foci of septic infection, which are usually subjected to suppuration. Symptoms, course. The disease begins on the 2nd-4th day after childbirth by a sharp increase in body temperature, increased heart rate, chills. The general condition of the puerperium is heavy. The tongue is dry, covered, the stomach is moderately swollen. Skin covers are of earthy yellow color, headache, thirst, dry mouth. Uterus flabby, poorly shortened, somewhat sensitive to palpation, significant bloody-ichoric discharge. In the urine protein, in the blood leukocytosis and elevated ESR.In the future, there may be metastatic foci in different organs. Depending on their location in the clinical picture, cardiac abnormalities predominate( myocardial damage, endocardium), respiratory organs( metastatic pneumonia), kidneys( focal nephritis).With the reverse development of the metastatic focus of infection, there is a slight improvement in the overall condition with a decrease in temperature. However, when a new foci occurs, the temperature rises again, chills appear and the symptoms caused by the damage to one or another organ.
Treatment. All medical measures should be carried out against a background of careful care for the patient( rational nutrition, abundant drink, compliance with the purity of the body).The main importance in the treatment of septicemia and septicopyemia are antibiotics prescribed in large doses( at least 6 000 000 units per day) and in different combinations. It is necessary to determine the sensitivity of microflora to antibiotics. Semisynthetic penicillins( methicillin and oxacillin), a combination of oleandomycin with tetracycline, oletetrin, and sigmamicin are effective. From sulfonamides, long-acting drugs( sulfapyridazine, sulfadimethoxin, madribon) are of great importance. It is necessary to simultaneously prescribe antifungal drugs( nystatin, levorin, decamine) in order to avoid candidiasis.
Treatment with antibiotics is combined with the administration of anatoxin, gamma globulin, blood transfusion, polyglucin infusions, hemodezia and the administration of vitamins. Treatment of sepsis is carried out only by a doctor.
Sepsis otogenous( thrombophlebitis of sigmoid sinus) complication of acute and chronic suppurative otitis media. Occurs during the transition of the inflammatory process to the wall of sigmoid, less often transverse venous sinus. As a result of infection, there is a thrombus in the sinus, which later becomes inflamed. The detached parts of a purulent thrombus can be carried by a current of blood into the lungs, joints, muscles, subcutaneous tissue, kidneys, etc.
Symptoms. Leaping temperature with an increase to 40-41 ° C, a tremendous chill and drop to normal with a torrential sweat. Less often sepsis occurs with a constant high temperature( usually in children).Heavy general condition, frequent pulse of weak filling. When a blood test is found, typical for sepsis changes.
Treatment. Operation on the ear with the opening of the sigmoid sinus and removal of the clot. Penicillin injections( 250,000 units 6-8 times a day), streptomycin( 500,000 units twice a day), sulfonamides( 6-10 g / day).In children, respectively, smaller doses. Anticoagulants( heparin, neodicumarin), cardiac agents.
Sepsis rhinogenic - a complication of acute or chronic purulent inflammation of the sinus of the nose.
Symptoms and treatment are the same as in otogenous sepsis( surgery is performed on the paranasal sinuses). | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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