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United Nations Security Council Resolution 1765
Adopted by the Security Council at its 5716th meeting, on 16 July 2007
The Security Council,
Recalling its previous resolutions, in particular resolution 1739 (2007), and the statements of its President relating to the situation in Côte d’Ivoire,
Reaffirming its strong commitment to the sovereignty, independence, territorial integrity and unity of Côte d’Ivoire, and recalling the importance of the principles of good-neighbourliness, non-interference and regional cooperation,
Recalling that it endorsed the Agreement signed by President Laurent Gbagbo and Mr. Guillaume Soro in Ouagadougou on 4 March 2007 (“the Ouagadougou political Agreement”, S/2007/144), and that it has supported the appointment of Mr. Guillaume Soro as Prime Minister,
Paying tribute to the Chairperson of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) President Blaise Compaoré for his continued efforts of facilitation of the inter-Ivorian direct dialogue that enabled in particular the signing of the Ouagadougou political Agreement, and to other leaders of the region, commending and encouraging the continued efforts of the African Union and ECOWAS to promote peace and stability in Côte d’Ivoire, and reiterating its full support for them,
Reiterating its strong condemnation of any attempt to destabilize the peace process by force, in particular the attack committed on 29 June 2007 in Bouaké against the Prime Minister of the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, Mr. Guillaume Soro, that resulted in several deaths, and stressing that the perpetrators of such criminal acts must be brought to justice,
Having taken note of the report of the Secretary-General dated 14 May 2007 (S/2007/275),
Reiterating its firm condemnation of all violations of human rights and international humanitarian law in Côte d’Ivoire,
Recalling its resolutions 1460 (2003) and 1612 (2005) on children and armed conflict and the subsequent conclusions of the Security Council Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict pertaining to parties in the armed conflict of Côte d’Ivoire (S/2007/93),
Recalling also its resolution 1325 (2000) on Women, Peace and Security,
Determining that the situation in Côte d’Ivoire continues to pose a threat to international peace and security in the region,
Acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations,
1. Decides to renew the mandates of the United Nations Operation in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) and of the French forces which support it until 15 January 2008, in order to support the organization in Côte d’Ivoire of free, open, fair and transparent elections within the time frame set out in the Ouagadougou political Agreement, and expresses its readiness to renew them further as appropriate;
2. Endorses the recommendations contained in paragraphs 42 to 72 and 75 to 83 of the report of the Secretary-General dated 14 May 2007, which adapt UNOCI’s role to the new phase of the peace process in Côte d’Ivoire as set out in the Ouagadougou political Agreement, and, accordingly, requests UNOCI, within its existing resources, to support the full implementation of the Ouagadougou political Agreement, including by supporting the integrated command centre, the restoration of State administration throughout the country, the identification and voter registration processes, the electoral process, persons affected by the conflict, efforts to create a positive political environment, protection and promotion of human rights, and the economic recovery process of Côte d’Ivoire;
3. Calls upon all concerned parties to ensure that the protection of women and children is addressed in the implementation of the Ouagadougou political Agreement as well as the post-conflict reconstruction and recovery phases, including continued monitoring and reporting of the situation of women and children;
4. Also invites the signatories of the Ouagadougou political Agreement to take the necessary steps to protect vulnerable civilian populations, including by guaranteeing the voluntary return, reinstallation, reintegration and security of displaced persons, with the support of the United Nations system, and to fulfil in this regard their commitments in accordance with the Ouagadougou political Agreement and their obligations under international humanitarian law;
5. Expresses its intention to review by 15 October 2007 the mandates of UNOCI and the French forces which support it, as well as the level of troops of UNOCI, in the light of the progress achieved in the implementation of the key steps of the peace process, and requests the Secretary-General to provide to it a report on these key steps before this date;
6. Decides to terminate the mandate of the High Representative for the Elections, decides therefore that the Special Representative of the Secretary-General in Côte d’Ivoire shall certify that all stages of the electoral process provide all the necessary guarantees for the holding of open, free, fair and transparent presidential and legislative elections in accordance with international standards, and requests the Secretary-General to take all the necessary steps so that the Special Representative has at his disposal a support cell providing him all the appropriate assistance to fulfil this task;
7. Commends the High Representative for the Elections, Mr. Gérard Stoudmann, whose tireless efforts permitted progress in the implementation of the peace process and the preparation of the elections;
8. Recalls the importance of the provisions of the Ouagadougou political Agreement, including paragraph 8.1, and urges the Ivorian political forces to rely on the mediation by the Facilitator, for any major difficulty concerning the electoral process;
9. Supports the establishment, as agreed by the parties at the meeting of the evaluation and monitoring committee of 11 May 2007 and the Facilitator, of an international consultative organ including the Special Representative of the Secretary-General, of the resident coordinator of the United Nations system, of the representatives of the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the European Union, the African Union, the African Development Bank, ECOWAS and France, to accompany the Ivorian political forces and the Facilitator in the implementation of the Ouagadougou political Agreement, and notes that this organ shall participate in the meetings of the evaluation and monitoring committee, as an observer, and may be consulted at any time by the Facilitator;
10. Encourages the Facilitator, President Blaise Compaoré, to continue to support the process to settle the crisis in Côte d’Ivoire, welcomes his decision to appoint a special representative in Abidjan to follow up on the Ouagadougou political Agreement, and requests UNOCI to assist him in the conduct of the facilitation, including by helping him, as appropriate and upon his request, to carry out his arbitration role according to the provisions of paragraph 8.1 of the Ouagadougou political Agreement;
11. Decides to remain actively seized of the matter.
Résolution 1765 du Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies
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Delaware, Ohio
Delaware is a city in and the county seat of Delaware County, Ohio, United States. It is located near the center of Ohio, about 30 mi north of Columbus as part of the Columbus metropolitan area. The population was 41,302 at the 2020 census. Delaware was founded in 1808 and was incorporated in 1816.
History
While the city and county of Delaware are named for the Delaware tribe, the city of Delaware itself was founded on a Mingo village called Pluggy's Town. The first recorded settler was Joseph Barber in 1807. Shortly afterward, other men started settling in the area (according to the Delaware Historical Society); namely: Moses Byxbe, William Little, Solomon Smith, Elder Jacob Drake, Thomas Butler, and Ira Carpenter. In 1808, Moses Byxbe built the first framed house on William Street. Born in Delaware County in 1808, Charles Sweetser went on to become a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1849 to 1853. On March 11, 1808, a plan of the city was filed, marking the official founding of the town. Byxbe and the others planned the city to be originally on the east bank of the river, but it was switched to the west bank only a few days after the first plan was filed.
Even though Delaware was still a small community, in 1812, when the capital of Ohio was moved from Chillicothe, Delaware and Columbus were both in the running, with Delaware losing by a single vote to Columbus. However, following the War of 1812, settlers began arriving in Delaware in greater numbers: among some of the earliest settlers were the parents of Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th President of the United States. The Hayes home no longer stands, but a historical marker in front of a BP station marks the location.
In 2018, the Rutherford B. Hayes Comes Home committee announced plans to raise $125,000 to get a statue of Hayes placed at the corners of William and Sandusky Streets, and a bust of Hayes to be placed at Rutherford B. Hayes High School: Committee Chairman Bill Rietz said that the committee would like to raise the money by October 4, 2019, Hayes' 197th birthday. The statue was successfully erected on October 4th, 2019. It is a 125% scale depiction of the president, which stands at about 10 feet, including its pedestal.
In the early days of the town, a sulfur spring was discovered northwest of Joseph Barber's cabin. By 1833, a hotel was built as a health spa near the spring. However, the Mansion House Hotel was a failure, and by 1841, citizens began raising funds to purchase the hotel property with the intent of giving it to the Ohio and North Ohio Methodist Episcopal Conference of the Methodist Church for the purpose of a Methodist college. With that effort, Ohio Wesleyan University was founded in 1844.
Railroads came to the area in April, 1851 as Delaware served as a stop on the Cleveland Columbus and Cincinnati Railroad. Additional rail lines were added to serve Delaware providing access to major cities and markets throughout the country by the late 1890s. At the turn of the century, Delaware could boast of its own electric street railway system. In the early 1930s, electric inter-urban service was provided by the Columbus, Delaware and Marion system.
During the Civil War
During the Civil War, Delaware was the home to two Union training camps. The first on the west side of the Olentangy River for white recruits of the 96th and 121st Ohio Volunteer Infantry were mustered into service. The second, on the east side of the Olentangy River was for African-Americans joining the army in Ohio in the 127th Regiment of Ohio Volunteer Infantry - later renamed the 5th Regiment United States Colored Troops.
Geography
The city is located approximately 24 miles north of Ohio's capital city, Columbus, due north along U.S. Route 23. The Olentangy River runs through the city.
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 19.07 sqmi, of which 18.95 sqmi are land and 0.12 sqmi is water.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 34,753 people, 13,253 households, and 8,579 families residing in the city. The population density was 1833.9 PD/sqmi. There were 14,192 housing units at an average density of 748.9 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 90.6% White, 4.5% African American, 0.2% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.8% from other races, and 2.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.5% of the population.
There were 13,253 households, of which 35.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 4.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.3% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.04.
The median age in the city was 33.2 years. 25.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.8% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 30.5% were from 25 to 44; 21.1% were from 45 to 64; and 11.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.0% male and 52.0% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 25,243 people, 9,520 households, and 6,359 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,682.9 PD/sqmi. There were 10,208 housing units at an average density of 680.5 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the city was 92.8% White, 3.8% African American, 0.19% Native American, 0.84% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 0.55% from other races, and 1.66% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.2% of the population.
There were 9,520 households, out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 11.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.2% were non-families. 26.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.98.
In the city the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 18, 14.5% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 18.9% from 45 to 64, and 10.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.5 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.5 males.
The median income for a household in the city was $46,030, and the median income for a family was $54,463. Males had a median income of $33,308 versus $23,668 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,633. About 6.8% of families and 9.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.9% of those under age 18 and 8.6% of those age 65 or over.
Government
The City of Delaware operates under a council–manager form of government. Council, as the legislative body, represents the entire community and is empowered by the city charter to formulate policy. City council has seven members: three elected at-large by all city residents, and four representing the four city wards and elected only by those ward residents. All council members serve four-year terms. The mayor and vice mayor are selected by council from among the at-large members and serve two-year terms.
The city manager handles the day-to-day administration of the city and is appointed by the city council.
Mayors
* 1954 to 1956: Paul Bale White
* 1956 to 1957: Edward Flahive
* 1958 to 1959: Paul B. White
* 1959 to 1961: Henry Wolf
* 1961 to 1963: Paul B. White
* 1963 to 1965: Donald Mathews
* 1965 to 1969: Robert Ray Newhouse
* 1969 to 1971: Gilford E. Easterday
* 1971 to 1973: John Jeisel III
* 1973 to 1977: Gilford E. Easterday
* 1978 to 1981: Donald Wuertz
* 1982 to 1983: Donald Worly
* 1984 to 1985: Michael Shade
* 1986 to 1989: Donald Wuertz
* 1990 to 1993: Michael Shade
* 1994 to 1995: Dennis Davis
* 1996 to 1999: Juliann Secrest
* 2000 to 2002: Tommy W. Thompson
* 2002 to 2009: Windell Wheeler
* 2009 to 2014: Gary Milner
* 2014 to present: Carolyn Kay Riggle
Historic Northwest District
The Historic Northwest Neighborhood houses more than 500 homes and carriage houses listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Sports
The Little Brown Jug, a harness race takes place annually at the Delaware City Fairgrounds during the Delaware County Fair. The race is part of the Triple Crown of harness racing for Pacers, and holds the record for the largest crowd to see a harness race with 56,000 spectators.
The city also has its own minor-league soccer club, Delaware Rising F.C. The men’s team competes in the Northern Ohio Soccer League (NOSL) across the state of Ohio with the majority of players from around the Delaware County area. Their home field is just outside of Downtown Delaware at Buckeye Valley High School’s stadium.
Delaware schools also feature numerous sports teams. These include Ohio Wesleyan University competing in the NCAA, Delaware Hayes High School competing in the OHSAA, and Delaware Christian High School competing in the OHSAA, as well as some of the local middle and elementary, public and private schools competing in various central Ohio leagues.
Ohio Wesleyan’s Selby Field was once home to the Ohio Machine, men’s professional lacrosse team from 2012-2015.
Transportation
U.S. Route 23, U.S. Route 36 and U.S. Route 42 pass through Delaware. Ohio Route 37 also passes east-west through Delaware.
The Delaware Municipal Airport, a public general aviation airport is at the southwest part of the city.
The Chesapeake and Ohio Railway, New York Central Railroad and the Pennsylvania Railroad operated passenger trains through separate stations in Delaware. The Pennsylvania Railroad ended its Columbus-Sandusky passenger trains by the early 1930s. The New York Central's Night Special (Cincinnati-Columbus-Cleveland) operated through its passenger station until 1965. The Chesapeake and Ohio's final train, a Detroit-Ashland, Kentucky train segment that met in Ashland with the main part of the George Washington, ran until April 30, 1971, on the eve of Amtrak.
Ohio Wesleyan University
Ohio Wesleyan is a private independent liberal arts college located in the heart of Delaware. Ohio Wesleyan University enrolls approximately 1,950 students from 40 states and more than 50 countries. Due to high enrollment of minority and international students at the university, it has influenced the international, ethnic and religious diversity of Delaware.
The Methodist Theological School in Ohio
The Methodist Theological School in Ohio is a graduate school seminary located between Delaware and Columbus, Ohio.
Delaware City School District
The Delaware City School District, which encompasses Delaware and the surrounding area, enrolls about 5,700 PreK-12 students. Frank B. Willis Education Center (formerly the Intermediate School and High School) is home to the administrative offices of the district.
High schools
* Rutherford B. Hayes High School (Delaware, Ohio)
Middle school
* John C. Dempsey Middle School
Elementary schools
* Ervin Carlisle Elementary
* James A. Conger Elementary
* Robert F. Schultz Elementary
* David Smith Elementary
* Laura Woodward Elementary
Private schools
K-8 K-12
* St. Mary School
* Delaware Christian School
Media
The dominant local newspaper in Delaware is a morning daily, The Delaware Gazette, founded in 1818. The paper is owned by Ohio Community Media. Other local print publications include ThisWeek Delaware News, owned by the Columbus Dispatch and the Transcript, the student paper at Ohio Wesleyan University.
Notable people
* Horace Newton Allen, U.S. diplomat
* Alexander Borteh, professional poker player
* Tyler Christopher, actor on General Hospital
* Cody Coughlin, NASCAR driver
* Cliff Curtis, baseball player
* Amos Dolbear, American physicist and inventor
* Francis Thomas Evans, Sr., pioneer aviator
* Charles W. Fairbanks, the 26th Vice President of the United States
* Arthur Flemming, former United States Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare
* Lloyd Gardner, diplomatic historian
* Todd Goebbel, NCAA football coach and former player
* Lucy Webb Hayes, First Lady
* Rutherford B. Hayes, the 19th President of the United States (1877–1881)
* Todd M. Hughes, Circuit Judge, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit
* Clare Kramer, Actress known for playing Glory, of the TV series Buffy the Vampire Slayer
* Vincente Minnelli, motion picture director
* Frank L. Packard, Columbus architect
* Branch Rickey, Major League Baseball executive
* Buck Rodgers, professional baseball player
* F.F. Schnitzer, architect who designed and constructed Delaware City Hall.
* Frank Sherwood Rowland, a chemistry Nobel laureate
* Ezra Vogel, professor of Social Sciences at Harvard University
Sister cities
A sister city partnership was signed May 13, 2011, by the Cities of Delaware and Baumholder, Germany, highlighting a four-day stay in Delaware by a Baumholder delegation, in which the guests established relationships with local government, business and educational leaders. The four-person delegation was led by Baumholder Mayor Peter Lang, who was joined by Deputy Mayors Michael Röhrig and Christian Flohr; and Council Member Ingrid Schwerdtner. Mayor Lang and Delaware Mayor Gary Milner, with their respective elected delegations looking on, signed a joint resolution, “holding the firm belief that this agreement will contribute toward the peace and prosperity of the world, and do hereby pledge to cooperate with each other as twin/sister cities.” The two cities have had a relationship since the early 1990s as the Ohio Wesleyan University men's soccer team travels to Baumholder for a series of summer friendly games.
A sister city partnership was signed April 19, 2017, by the Cities of Delaware and Sakata, Japan. Delaware delegation members Mayor Carolyn Kay Riggle, City Manager Tom Homan, Hayes High School Math Teacher Joanne Meyer, Jeffery Sprague of Next Transport, and Ohio Wesleyan University Provost Chuck Stinemetz visited Sakata where Mayor Riggle and Sakata Mayor Itaru Maruyama signed a Sister City Agreement. Delaware and Sakata have had close relations for years before this agreement, exemplified by Dempsey Middle School's Sakata exchange program where Sakata students come to live with Delaware host families once a year. This has gone on for the past 21 years, as of the 2018–2019 school year.
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Create an S3 role using a Cloud Formation template
In the next steps, you will create an S3 role that will give Jenkins permission to upload the Promotion Manager application build to the artifact repository you created in module 1. The role value will be used as an input to the Jenkins Sandbox deployment. Once Jenkins is deployed, it will use this role as a parameter of the pipeline jobs that you will run (see Deploy a Sandbox from Jenkins.
1. Open AWS in a browser and navigate to the CloudFormation service
2. Click Create stack
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3. In the drop-down list that appears, select With new resources (standard)
4. Under Template source, select Upload a template file
5. Click Choose file
6. Upload s3_bucket_access.template from the /jenkins directory of the workshop’s repo you created in Module 1. You may select the file from your local clone of the workshop’s Git repo, or use the URL of that file in the original repo: https://github.com/QualiSystemsLab/aws-workshop-torque/blob/master/jenkins/s3_bucket_access.template
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7. Click Next
8. Enter a name for the stack (e.g. “S3role”) and specify the S3 bucket name as the S3 bucket name in Parameter
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9. Click Next
10. In the Configure stack options page, click Next again
11. In the Review page, scroll to the bottom and check the acknowledgement checkbox
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12. Click _Create stack__
13. Wait for the new role to be created - you might want to click the refresh button on the top-right of the Events table
14. Once the role is created, open the Outputs tab
15. Save the value of the IAMRoleInstanceProfile key. It will serve as an input for your Jenkins sandbox
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George Minyila
Colonel George Minyila (7 July 1938 – 2016) was a Ghanaian military officer, diplomat and politician who served in various capacities in the National Redemption Council and Supreme Military Council (Ghana) governments as well as the military during his lifetime. He is best remembered for his reforms in the Eastern Region of Ghana, where he was assigned under the policy of former Head of State Ignatius Kutu Acheampong to deploy Ministers to regions they did not hail from.
Early life and education
Minyila was born on 7 July 1938, in Navrongo, a town in the Upper East Region of Ghana. He had his secondary education at the Government Secondary School in Tamale (now the Tamale Senior High School) from 1953 to 1957. After completing his secondary education, he joined the Ghana Armed Forces in 1958 and was later admitted to the Royal Military Academy in Sandhurst, United Kingdom, graduating in 1962.
After his graduation from Sandhurst, Minyila served in various positions within the Ghana Armed Forces. He enrolled at the Ghana Military Academy for the Company Commander Course in 1966 and a year later, studied a Small Weapons course in Britain. In 1968, he travelled to Toronto for a Junior Defence course. In 1969, he studied at the Staff College, Camberley until 1970.
Career
Following his studies at the Staff College, Camberley, Minyila was made Platoon Commander until 1963. That same year, he became Adjutant of the Armed Forces Training College (AFTC) and worked in that capacity until 1964. In 1965, he was Adjutant of the 6th battalion in Takoradi and a year later he proceeded to the Ghana Military Academy for further studies.
Minyila's political career began during the regime of the Supreme Military Council (SMC). On 28 January 1972, Minyila was appointed Upper Regional Commissioner, a position he held until 1 January 1973 when he was transferred to the Eastern Region to serve as Regional Commissioner. During his tenure as Eastern Regional Commissioner, Minyila introduced reforms that transformed the region's infrastructure, including the eviction and relocation of the Zongo community from their slums in the middle of Koforidua, a move that paved the way for the planned settlements and good road networks in the Eastern regional capital. In 1975, when the National Redemption Council was reconstituted as the Supreme Military Council, he was appointed Commissioner for Industries. He served in this capacity until 31 May 1976 when he was moved to the Ministry of Local Government to serve as Commissioner for Local Government. In August 1976, he was appointed Director of Logistics at the Ghana Armed Forces.
However, Minyila's career took a hit in 1977 when he and 13 other military officers were detained on suspicion of plotting a coup to overthrow the then Acheampong government. He was eventually released on 4 August 1978, and his assets and those of his wife were unfrozen on 18 August 1978.
In 2002, Minyila was appointed Ghana's ambassador to Burkina Faso with oversight in Mali. He served in this capacity until 2006.
Personal life
Minyila was married to Susanna Minyila and had several children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren. He was known to have a passion for football and hockey.
Honours and awards
In 2008, Minyila was awarded the Companion of the Order of the Volta by former President John Agyekum Kuffour for his contributions to security and public service.
Death
Colonel George Minyila died in 2016. He was survived by his wives Susana Minyila and Selina Minyila, a number of children, grandchildren, and great-grandchildren.
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invalid link path
I copied the entire C6748 StarterWare installation directory, c:\ti\C6748_StarterWare_1_20_02_02, into my workspace directory. I imported and built the drivers project, drivers_c674x_c6748. I then tried to link drivers.lib into my project. Under Build Options, C6000 Linker, File Search Path, I clicked the green plus (+), clicked the workspace button, then selected drivers_c674x_c6748/Debug/drivers.lib and clicked OK. This gave me the path "${workspace_loc:/drivers_c674x_c6748/Debug/drivers.lib}". But...the path is really "${workspace_loc:/C6748_StarterWare_1_20_02_02/build/c674x/cgt_ccs/c6748/drivers/Debug/drivers.lib". drivers.lib file is never found.
I did not notice at first since I used the Workspace button. I will fix my reference to the proper path but this seems really odd.
• Kurt,
If you copy the StarterWare CCS projects into your workspace, you will need to modify a lot of relative paths to get the projects building correctly. Generally speaking, it's better to leave the projects in the original location (i.e. C:/ti/<Device>_StarterWare_<version>/build/cgt_ccs/...) and import them into CCS without copying them to your workspace. (This is done by simply leaving a box unchecked during the import process.) That way, you shouldn't have to change any paths in your imported projects.
Hope this helps. Let me know if you have any questions about the import process.
• In reply to Joe Coombs:
Actually, the sample projects build equally well from the install location and when copied to another location. This is a welcome relief from previous samples that would not build anywhere without sometimes major modification.
I need to copy everything into one directory because our code goes into source control. At some point it will all be extracted and built on another computer in order to run automated unit tests. In that case it is significantly easier to put everything under one directory.
But, I digress. The point of this post was not the install location or copying somewhere else. The point was that CCS v5 let me create a completely invalid pointer to another project in the same workspace. I could probably manufacture an artificial example. It seemed much easier to use what we already had. If you follow the steps outlined then you will not be able to build the project.
I accidently posted this to the BIOS forum. Somebody moved it here. It really should go into the Code Composer Studio forum as it has nothing to do with StarterWare.
• In reply to Kurt Jensen:
Kurt,
I'm glad to hear that your projects are building correctly. I guess if you copy the entire StarterWare folder structure (including source, headers, and binaries), then it should work out OK. In general, I still recommend leaving the projects "in place" for most users.
I recommend creating a new thread on the CCS forum to report the underlying project reference issue. Since it's probably not unique to StarterWare projects, it would be best if you could recreate it using simple "hello world" type projects. Otherwise, someone may think it's a StarterWare-specific question and move it back to this forum again. :)
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John Papas
John Papas is a former American football coach. He was the head football coach at Buckingham Browne & Nichols School, a private school in Cambridge, Massachusetts, from 2003 to 2013. He also was an assistant coach at Harvard University, Bentley University, and Tufts University. He was the first head football coach at Mount Ida College, serving for one season in 1999. He is the founder of the Elite Football Clinics, LLC.
Early life
In his youth, Papas played for the football team, the Red Raiders, at Watertown High School in Watertown, Massachusetts. He played college football at Springfield College in Springfield, Massachusetts, lettering for four years as a tight end. He received Eastern College Athletic Conference weekly honors three times his senior year.
Bentley, Harvard and Tufts
Papas was an assistant coach at Bentley University (1992-1996), Harvard University (1997) and Tufts University (1998, 2000-2002). While at Bentley, Papas was the recruiting coordinator, special teams coordinator and eventually the associate head coach. Those teams had great success, including from 1993 to 1995, when the Falcons won 30 straight, the longest winning streak in the country at that time and the second longest streak by a New England team in the last 100 years. While at Harvard in 1997 as the wide receiver coach, the Crimson won the 1997 Ivy League Title. As the special teams coordinator at Tufts, the Jumbos compiled a 18-14 record, including a 7-1 finish in 1998.
Mount Ida
Papas was the first head football coach at Mount Ida College in Newton, Massachusetts and filled the post for the 1999 season when the team accumulated a record of 3–5. After the first year, long-time head football coach Ed Sweeney took over the program. The first game played by the school was a 36–15 victory over Western New England College played on September 11, 1999.
Buckingham Browne & Nichols
Papas was the head football coach at Buckingham Browne & Nichols School (BB&N), in Cambridge, Massachusetts for 11 seasons, from 2003 to 2013. The BB&N Knights compete in the Independent School League (ISL). Under Papas, the Knights participated in New England prep school bowl games in 2005, 2006, 2008 and 2010, winning New England prep championships in 2005, 2006 and 2008. In 2008, the Knights went undefeated and were the ISL champions. In 2009 and 2010, the Knights finished 7-1 both years in the ISL and were later named ISL Champions, after Lawrence Academy was stripped of their titles for league sanctions. In February 2010, eight BB&N Knights footballers were signed by college football teams, five with NCAA Division I schools. In the fall of 2010, BB&N had 7 alumni playing Ivy League football, the most of any high school in the country.
Papas retired from coaching in 2014.
Honors
In 2018, Papas was elected to the Massachusetts High School Football Coaches Hall of Fame. In 2022, he was elected to the New England Football Coaches Hall of Fame and had a bowl game named in his honor
Elite Football Clinics
Papas is the founder of the Elite Football Clinic, a training camp for high school players. In June 2019, more than 2500 footballers from 43 states attended Elite clinics at Tufts University, Pomona College, and Christopher Columbus High School. He occasionally comments on football in the media.
The LEAGUE
Papas is the founder and director of The Elite High School Football League, aka The LEAGUE. The LEAGUE was founded in 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic and has continued to grow throughout New England. It is one of the only independent football leagues in the country and allows high school players to play more football outside of their fall seasons, thus affording them more recruiting opportunities.
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Talk:Polio/Archive 1
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moving original research here. "Flat earth" stuff that deviates from known facts becomes Wikipedia material only when a lot of folk "believe" in it. - Nunh-huh 06:15, 7 Mar 2004 (UTC) -
Polio and Pesticides
"Flat earth" was the belief of a repressive church.
I've read "Policy and guidelines" and there is nothing that says anything about "popularity" being a prerequisite. The works I quote are based in orthodox journals.
Much evidence contradicts the poliovirus theory. Completely omitted from current orthodox medical science are the toxicological correlations. A great history of poliovirus criticism exists during the era of 1908 to 1956, which is unknown to the modern era.
The highly funded virology of polio clouds the toxicology of polio. Orthodoxy completely omits and avoids the obvious toxicology of polio. The symptoms of "polio" are similar to DDT poisoning, for instance. The dumping of DDT into the U.S. food supply matches the rise and fall of polio during 1940-72.
The foundations of polio virology are extremely weak. Poliovirus has not been properly characterized because the supposed virus was rarely if ever isolated, ie., filtration was not employed; impure tissue extracts were utilized in lab experiments.
A problem with "polio" (as virus caused) is that the diagnoses of polio epidemics did not, could not, and rarely attempted to, distinguish between the many various neurological diseases. Thus, even if one were to accept the virus theory, one cannot know if a declared "polio epidemic" was polio, encephalitis, meningitis, a variety of flu-like diseases, or a mixture of all of them.
www.geocities.com/harpub
* To save anyone else the trouble, the reason this theory is "unknown to the modern era" is because it is arrant nonsense, supported only by hyperbole and graphs showing all the signs of statistical manipulation. I think this section can be removed from talk and archived somewhere. ::Didactylos 03:44, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
* These pesticide/polio graphs are not "manipulation". They are simple, linear displays of US government data: www.geocities.com/harpub/overview.htm
* I find Didactylos' attitude to be 'flat earth'. If we do not consider alternative explanations for how the world works then how can we correct mistakes and advance? Richard Lynton 2 April 2006.
* Round Earth, I think. There is a tendency to assume taht our fourbears were stupid or careless reflected in the quoted text above. On the contrary, when Polio was common it had the attention of the public, and was commonly seen by them and by their doctors, and netiehr found it very difficult to seaprate out Polio from other diseases. Yes, among the cases reported as Polio there may be a few that are due to other causes, but to suggest that one event that coincides with one burst of Polio is the cause of that burst - though presumably the others are due to other causes - is to both assume things about our ancestors that are untrue and to unecessarily multiply hypotheses.
* Science is about discovering the truth. Galileo was put under house arrest for explaining that the earth went around the sun. His beliefs went against Aristotle's teachings and upset many who thought Aristotle was infallible. Today we do not say that Aristotle was stupid. However we see those who locked up Galileo as fundamentalist. Richard Lynton 4 April 2006.
* Sure, we consider alternative explanations. And if they are found to be without merit we reject them. thx1138 16:11, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
* NIH accepts them. US NIH/NCBI recently included many pesticide/polio studies online, in PUBMED. Look under authors, Mobbs, Biskind, and/or Scobey at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ My independent work confirms those early scholarly studies (www.geocities.com/harpub/overview.htm).
* Or, to quote Carl Sagan,"The fact that some geniuses were laughed at does not imply that all who are laughed at are geniuses. They laughed at Columbus, they laughed at Fulton, they laughed at the Wright brothers. But they also laughed at Bozo the Clown." -- MarcoTolo 23:26, 20 April 2006 (UTC)
WHO
The reason I phrased it as announced a campaign rather than is involved in eradication is that the United Nations is very political, and often their agencies don't do what they say they're planning to do. I earnestly hope this campaign succeeds, however. Polio is horrible -- worse than malaria. --Uncle Ed 21:47, 12 Mar 2004 (UTC)
* The plan to eradicate polio is older than 2004, however 2004 was hoped to be the year of the final campaign to get rid of the disease. The campaign has met unforeseen resistance in Nigeria, but the last report I read from BBC says that it is still hope. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3546877.stm -- Gustavf 16:41, Mar 13, 2004 (UTC)
We may want to update the polio spread thing. This article from the Globe and Mail points out it's hit Sudan; It's also hit Botswana in the past few weeks.
Combined with AIDS in the latter region, it's going to get nasty.
All because people decided to make a vaccine political. It'd be as comical as the anti-flouride stuff in the 50s, if it weren't so deadly. -- Penta 04:18, 24 Jun 2004 (UTC)
SV40
SV40 is not known to cause cancer, only known to be associated with certain types of cancer, so this page is factually incorrect.
See and the Wikipedia entry on SV40.
POV
From the article:
''Most families allowed their children to take the vaccine. Some Muslim families refused due to false rumors that the vaccine causes impotence or infertility or both.''
This is point of view. Surely the Muslim families who refuse vaccinnes do not believe that their refusal is due to false rumors. Instead the article should cite a group of people who believe those families are acting on false rumors.
--ErikStewart 00:42, 14 November 2005 (UTC)
* in order to not regard the rumours as baseless in fact, should there not be some credible evidence that impotence or infertility have occurred, or a credible mechanism for such to occur be adduced? Midgley 01:55, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
interesting
Robin_Miller flew Polio to the outback. I'm not sure where to put it.
Immunity requires three infections, one with each of the strains. The same presumably applies to immunity from sub-clinical infection with the wild virus, should one be so lucky, as to the live attenuated viruses. The killed vaccine doesn't have th esame problem of competitive inhibition, but is less effective. Swings and roundabouts. Midgley 01:55, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
If you have good data, please, please add it. Sourcing is more important than WHERE you place the data since someone else can easily move it, but not everyone knows where to look for verification that the data is accurate in the first place. In lieu of sourcing; providing key technical words, key names, key dates, and such can provide the clues needed to allow others to google to verify. Thanks for helping. WAS 4.250 02:11, 2 February 2006 (UTC)
Polio in Minnesota
There was a polio outbreak in an Amish community in Minnesota last year: http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/13/AR2005101301733.html
I was just wondering why this wasn't included in the tables listing polio cases by location. CecilPL 19:52, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
* CDC a more apposite reference, or deeper, anyway. Midgley 21:27, 4 April 2006 (UTC)
TO-DO on POLIO
A nice article for a thesis, this needs brought down to the common man, and totally ignores history, unless it's way down in the bottom—which would violate WP:MOS guidelines on introductions. There is no sense of the fear people had of congregating to swim..., at ballparks, in any large venue.
* This one also fails to mention FDR, The March of Dimes, or the near panic fears in the world's populous which all should be touched by the intro and these shortcomings boggles the mind. In sum, it's a clinical article, and needs historical and cultural meat as far as I was able to skim it last evening.
My resultant TO-DO note (I was in deep waters elesewhere) in:
* Polio — dumbify intro and mention FDR in introbody. Does not even begin to give the horror of the disease and fear. In sum far too clinical.
B'regardsFra nkB 15:30, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
* I agree. History of infectious diseases in general deserves some attention. Midgley 16:31, 11 April 2006 (UTC)
Cause of Roosevelt's paralysis
I'd like to change the sentence "United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt contracted polio in 1921 and was paralyzed from the waist down as a result." under "History" to the following (just the text is shown below, I will fix up the references):
"Franklin D. Roosevelt may have contracted polio in 1921. Yet his age (39 years) and many features of his illness are more consistent with a diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (an autoimmune peripheral neuropathy). A peer-reviewed study published in 2003, using Bayesian analysis, found that six of eight posterior probabilities favored a diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome over poliomyelitis. Regardless of the cause, the result was that Roosevelt was totally and permanently paralyzed from the waist down. He could sit up and, with aid of leg braces, stand upright, but could not walk. Although the paralysis (whether from poliomyelitis or Guillain-Barré syndrome) had no cure at the time, for the rest of his life Roosevelt refused to accept that he was permanently paralyzed. He tried a wide range of therapies, but none had any effect. Nevertheless, he became convinced of the benefits of hydrotherapy, and in 1926 he bought a resort at Warm Springs, Georgia, where he founded a hydrotherapy center for the treatment of polio patients which still operates as the Roosevelt Warm Springs Institute for Rehabilitation (with an expanded mission). Furthermore, after he became President, he helped to found the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (now known as the March of Dimes), that supported the rehabilitation of victims of paralytic polio and the discovery of the polio vaccines."
I would also like to change the picture caption to: "Franklin D. Roosevelt helped to found the National Foundation for Infantile Paralysis (now known as the March of Dimes)", since the current caption is not justified by the evidence. Or, just "Franklin D. Roosevelt".
I would be willing to make a future separate article on FDR's paralytic illness, with more detail. At that point, I could shorten the section within the polio article, if that would help.
Since this is a major change, and since the new information casts doubt on the previously countlessly repeated and unquestioned assertion that Roosevelt's paralysis was caused by polio, I thought it would be good idea to start a discussion thread to give a chance for others to disagree.
The big change is factual information initially described in a peer-reviewed publication in the Journal of Medical Biography, of which I was a co-author and which I can add as a reference in the article. I've also added information about FDR helping found the March of Dimes, and Warm Springs.
I would ask anyone who objects to the changes to please read the published article first.
Dagoldman 22:43, 5 May 2006 (UTC)
* While he may not have actually had polio the fact that everyone thought he had polio was very important. Maybe you should just say something like while recent studies strongly suggest that he was misdiagnosed at the time it was common knowledge that he had polio and this encouraged him to search for treantments and helped rally support for the disease. --Gbleem 18:29, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
* I made changes in response to your suggestions. Dagoldman 22:37, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
* Guillain-Barré syndrome usually gets better - the residual deficit is often hard to detect, not paralysis. Midgley 18:40, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
viral entry
There is some reason to believe that the virus enters the body through the ear. Beadtot 20:15, 3 August 2006 (UTC)
* Oh really? Like an earwig sneaking in to lay eggs? Link to your source please. Lisapollison 22:52, 31 August 2006 (UTC)
The Six remaining polio-endemic countries
The World Health Organization says that Nigeria, India, Pakistan, Niger, Afghanistan and Egypt, are the six remaining polio-endemic countries: Does anyone know where should I (or anyone) put this information?! I can't seem to find a place where it fits! __Maysara 21:59, 1 September 2006 (UTC)
salk vaccine deadly
I found this article. Is this a good source or conspiracy theory stuff? --Gbleem 18:24, 5 October 2006 (UTC)
Fred R. Klenner
What to do with Fred R. Klenner? I took him out but he did create a treatment. We have nothing about treatment just prevention. Should Klenner get a see also or a note in treatment? --Gbleem 21:50, 8 October 2006 (UTC)
* Unrepeatable results don't have a place in an encyclopaedia. If the item was that Fred said Vitamin C would cure it, and everyone else tried it and said "oh yes, so it does, right that is another disease vanquished by science how very clever of Fred" then he'd belong in there. But no, not as it is. A high proportion of people who catch Polio get better. If you give them Vitamin C they'll still get better. Midgley 18:37, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
* "Unrepeatable results" - how do you know they are unrepeatable? They weren't repeated, I agree.
Nobody knows the "truth." The idea behind an encyclopedia is to present facts and history. Interestingly, Klenner presented his 60 out 60 recoveries (I read that to be 100%) from polio at an AMA convention in 1949. They ignored his results. He published his findings in 1949, and the results are still being excluded from discussion in 2006 per Midgley. Well, why not present the two or three sentences I wrote, and then add the treatment has never been repeated to test the validity of his findings? --Tbbarnard 19:46, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
* By all means assert they are repeatable, and when you can support that assertion, it can go in an encyclopaedia. WP is not a collection of all things that cannot be proved to be not true. Above, teh word "interestingly" appears. It isn't interesting. It wasn't interesting. It was boring and tedious then and it is boring and tedious now to see snake-oil retailed as medicine. Midgley 20:54, 9 October 2006 (UTC)
I looked up to see what was shown under vitamin C in wiki, and there was a sentence or two not unlike the entry I tried to make here. --Tbbarnard 23:04, 10 October 2006 (UTC)
* Can someone less biased that Midgley please review? He thinks that vitamin C is snake oil. It is a substance that humans cannot live without. --Tbbarnard 03:04, 13 October 2006 (UTC)
* I think sometimes people ought to have to try to drive around their own personal POV biases in order to see just how big they are--it's like a tumbleweed I saw in Pasco, Washington once, blocking the whole street, and I had to drive around the block and come in from the other way. (Me, too, by the way, I'm no better or worse with biases than others, I just try to remember that I have them.) Klenner's polio research is simply the best known of his research and a stream of scientific studies funded and done in the 1940s on the impact of Vitamin C on viral diseases. For better or worse it and he are part of the American Medical Tradition, including what was important and going on in the 1940s, namely research into Polio.
* People will read papers with comments like this:
* "Pro and con arguments about clinical effects of vitamin C had been published as early as the 1940s;7-13 among the general public the association of vitamin C with the common cold was achieving the status of folk medicine,4 encouraged by popular writers."15-16
* And its footnotes, also quoted from L R Shapiro, S Samuels, L Breslow, and T Camacho, Patterns of vitamin C intake from food and supplements: survey of an adult population in Alameda County, California in American Journal of Public Health, 1983 July; 73(7): 773–778.:
* 9. Klenner FR: Massive doses of vitamin C and the virus diseases. Southern Med and Surg 1951; 103:101-107.
* 10. Klenner FR: The use of vitamin C as an antibiotic. J Appl Nutr 1953; 6:274-278.
* And turn to Wikipedia wondering, hmmm, was Polio one of the viruses Klenner looked at? A quick run to the Polio page, and there down in the bottom is a sentence explaining that, yes, it was, and the research was never replicated. I didn't check the particular content that Tbbarnard was trying to insert, and I realize that may be Midgley's primary complaint, the particular form of the content or the content itself rather than its substance. Let's try to find a way to included a comment about Klenner that is acceptable and belongs in the article. -- KP Botany 23:30, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
* Well, that was a year ago. It was nice to see a footnote with a link to Fred Klenner's 1949 paper he presented at an AMA convention. He apparently treated 60 out of 60 patients with polio successfully. That's a 100% success (if it was polio he treated, etc. etc.) Yet the treatment section begins "No cure for polio exists..." Apparently, you people feel it is good enough to perpetuate the same old same old. Obviously, someone needs to confirm or deny the veracity of his experience. Until then, shouldn't there be a sentence alluding to his success, that he presented a paper to the AMA, and that for nearly 60 years no one has tested it?<IP_ADDRESS> 05:25, 18 September 2007 (UTC)
Incorrect info?
I'm not sure who wrote the Polio entry for Wikipedia, but I'm curious about this statement:
"The first immunization of children against polio began at Arsenal Elementary School and the Watson Home for Children in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania in 1954."
I was always under the impression that the very first vaccination was at Franklin Sherman Elementary School in McLean, Virginia.
Link
* The Watson Home vaccinations were in 1953, before Franklin Sherman's in 1954. I think this is a difference in a Phase II clinical trial in 1953 and a large Phase III trial in 1954. Rmhermen 21:25, 15 November 2006 (UTC)
Incorrect information!!!! Please don't add information that is not directly related to the topic. I was very disappointed to see two rude comments on this page. Middle and high schoolers use Wikipedia for papers and such and this information is not needed. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Hailleyfargo (talk • contribs)
* I think you'll find that it's the middle and high-schoolers that are actually adding the rude comments! - Alison✍ 19:02, 29 November 2006 (UTC)
Poliovirus split
* The article is getting long-ish (around 53k) and one easy split would be to make Poliovirus a standalone article. Moving Poliomyelitis and the taxobox to the new page would reduce the size to about 45k. Comments? -- MarcoTolo 03:45, 10 February 2007 (UTC)
* So, having elicited a grand total of zero comments, I'm going to be bold and make the split. -- MarcoTolo 03:06, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
* All done. I'd appreciate it if folks could double check the two articles (Poliomyelitis and Poliovirus) to see what I missed in the move. -- MarcoTolo 03:46, 17 February 2007 (UTC)
Checked out, looks good (just a few missed redirects and a sentence or two that that needed to stay) thanks for getting that done. I have also added some stuff to the virus article to round it out a bit.--DO11.10 18:46, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
* Excellent - both articles are much clearer with your edits. Thanks for batting cleanup. -- MarcoTolo 00:56, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
Bulbar polio redirect
The Bulbar polio article is (at the time of this writing) insufficiently autonomous to be condidered a seperate article, and has been redirected back to the main page for the time being. See also Talk:Bulbar polio for further details.--DO11.10 17:16, 19 February 2007 (UTC)
Eradication Section Split
I think the section on eradication is long enough and relevant enough to merit its own page. Any protests?
Candent shlimazel 13:40, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
* I don't really have a problem with that. The table needs to remain in both articles though. Also the name of the article cannot be as proposed. Something like Poliomyelitis eradication (note lowercase here, and a redirect from Polio eradication) would be more in line with the Manual of Style and Naming conventions. Let's hear what others have to say.--DO11.10 17:53, 21 February 2007 (UTC)
* I worry a little with splits like this: statistics-based articles seem to stagnant sometimes (or occasionally grow without bound). That said, its a very minor concern - no real objection from me. -- MarcoTolo 01:01, 22 February 2007 (UTC)
* Move completed - did I miss anything? -- MarcoTolo 23:08, 6 March 2007 (UTC)
Looks good! I did tweak a few things, hopefully for the better. Thanks for doing that Marco, and for cleaning up all of those references!--DO11.10 21:07, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
Notable survivor list
I removed Johnnie Baima from the famous/notable survivor list. The article about Johnnie Baima was recently deleted as not notable. This list reflects the same definition of notability.--DO11.10 21:08, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
* Given that polio was so widespread before the introduction of the polio vaccine, it seems the survivor list may be somewhat questionable. In other words, might not there be many hundreds (thousands?) of famous people who are "polio survivors"? Maybe the list should be limited to those who suffered permanent paralysis, or were severely incapacitated for a significant period. Or maybe there might be separate lists, for the different categories of polio. Dagoldman 23:45, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
* Yes that is the spirit of the section. The respective articles of all of the entrants so far have indicated that they were in some way affected by polio. Since people generally don't even know that they have had the mild form of the illness, most people who know they did have polio probably had some degree of paralysis. IMO the criteria for inclusion should be:
* Have a Wikipedia biography (this is absolutely required)
* It must state in their Wikipedia bio that the person had polio (again if they know that they had it, it was likely a more serious form) or the polio status can be sourced from somewhere else.
* These criteria seem to be similar other lists of "notable survivors".--DO11.10 00:16, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
Okay, I confirmed all of the survivors and removed the ones where no mention was made in the wiki bio, or could be verified given the resources on the bio page. I also removed the Bayesian analysis bit, as that is far more extensively covered in the illness article.--DO11.10 01:29, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
* I think the way you've edited is fine. I'm just thinking that someone with mild symptoms, but no paralysis, might say they had polio. It would take a lot of research to figure out. Thanks for looking through the bios. By the way, the wikipedia article on Claudius says that, up to WWII, it was thought he had polio. Dagoldman 19:31, 23 March 2007 (UTC)
* So I found this list of notable survivors, then I went through the list and verified that the individuals fit the above criteria before I added them. The bios for most of the individuals stated that the person had either long recovery periods, or were to some extent paralyzed or disfigured due to the disease. There was one bio (I can't remember which one) that specifically said the polio was non-paralytic, I did not add that person. I don't know what to do with Claudius (and also Siptah an Egyptian Pharaoh), if you want to add them (or if you find other people that fit the above criteria) please feel free to do so.--DO11.10 02:09, 24 March 2007 (UTC)
Roosevelt's diagnosis
Whether or not Roosevelt actually had polio is not important to the philanthropy and legacy of polio. What is important is that everyone thought he had polio, that is why he was went to such great lengths and was instrumental in raising money for polio. A 2003 study that says that it was not polio has nothing to do with the philanthropy encouraged by Roosevelt and others at the time. The conclusions of the study are merely an interesting footnote, that is why I footnoted the bit about Guillain-Barré syndrome, people can read about the study and find more information there.--DO11.10 21:38, 12 March 2007 (UTC)
* Everyone agrees FDR is strongly associated with the philanthropy and legacy of polio, which is why there has always been some discussion of FDR in the polio article. So if FDR didn't have polio, I think there would be interest in that, so we need to mention it somewhere in the article. To help resolve this, since FDR is the person most widely known as a polio survivor, what if we put the FDR illness information under "famous polio survivors" as a paragraph, and then list the other survivors as bullet points? I agree FDR's illness does not warrant a lot of text in the article, but the basic facts need to be retained, and it would help to add a link to the separate article on FDR's illness. "Notes and References" now has 57 references, and only one note (the one where you have repeatedly put the FDR information). It's really a reference section, and I would argue to change back to "References". Looking at your edits, I'm wondering if perhaps more is going on than just moving around text, that perhaps you don't agree with the conclusion that FDR probably has GBS. Twice, you've edited the statement that FDR "probably had GBS" to 1) "may have had GBS" and 2) "potentially had GBS", which I would argue are both much too weak considering the current evidence. If you don't agree with the findings of the referenced peer-reviewed article, we can discuss that (maybe you already have somewhere). Otherwise, could we 1) retain the wording that FDR probably did not have polio, 2) add a link to the separate wikipedia article on FDR's illness, 3) put the FDR illness text back in the regular text, under "famous polio survivors" and 4) try to shorten the FDR text some. I appreciate your overall edits to the polio article. Dagoldman 19:16, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
First, my changes to this portion of the article had nothing to do with whether I, personally, agree with your study. And really, the study and its conclusions seem reasonable to me. My point is that changing Roosevelt's diagnosis in 2003 alters none of the consequences of his polio diagnosis at the time. How about this as a compromise, put the following under "Famous survivors":
* Politicians including United States Senate Minority leader, Mitch McConnell and U.S. president, Franklin D. Roosevelt. Although Roosevelt's diagnosis of polio was unquestioned at the time, and thereafter in countless references to paralytic poliomyelitis, his age (39 years) and many features of his illness are more consistent with a diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (an autoimmune peripheral neuropathy.) (See:Franklin D. Roosevelt's paralytic illness for more information.)
* It seems that the above conveys the point without going into too much detail. Second, I am a scientist, and true to my nature the word "probably" just sounds all wrong (for reasons that even I can't fully explain). The changes I propose eliminate the problem though. Thoughts?--DO11.10 22:53, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
I tried adding the information on FDR's illness, similar to what you proposed, to the "famous survivors" section, and removing from philanthropy section. I put as separate paragraph under "famous survivor", since FDR has been by far the most famous in the public mind. Dagoldman 21:23, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
On another note I am curious, what happened to FDR's body, did "they" ever take any tissue samples or do an autopsy? Would there be a way to get samples to determine biologically whether or not he had Polio? Would one be able to tell if it was polio even of the samples were available now?--DO11.10 22:53, 15 March 2007 (UTC)
* IIRC, no autopsy was done after FDR's death (thus fueling innumerable conspiracy theories). If an autopsy had been done, tissue samples would likely have been formalin-fixed before H&E staining; few viral types retain infectivity post-fixation. If spinal cord tissue section had been taken (and then properly stored), yes, you should be able to see evidence of anterior horn cell dysfunction. The histological picture should be at least reasonalby clear at that point, but to "prove" PV, you'd have to use an immunohistochemical label (might be difficult on old samples) and/or try for direct virus visualization via electron microscopy (or some third thing which I've missed). -- MarcoTolo 20:55, 16 March 2007 (UTC)
* Good question. I can also verify that apparently no autopsy. An associate of mine previously searched the archives of the states of Georgia and New York and found no record of an autopsy. Also, the books that have been written on FDR's final illness and death do not mention any autopsy findings. Also, no autopsy is indicated on FDR's death certificate. As to whether one could tell if it was polio if samples were available, I don't know. Dagoldman 21:37, 21 March 2007 (UTC)
The changes you have made are fine with me, thanks. Also thanks to both of you for the information.--DO11.10 00:18, 22 March 2007 (UTC)
Polio statistics are frequently quoted by vaccination opponents as contradictory.
There should be a section devoted to explaining the supposed contradictions in polio deaths vs polio vaccinations that are put forward by those that are opposed to vaccinations in general.
For example, they say that polio deaths in this country or that country go up (or down) after mass vaccination campaigns (or without them). They claim that the polio vaccine had little or nothing to do with the naturally occuring rates of the disease.
But they quote fatalities instead of occurrances of infection, which is key because the emergence of treatment with the iron lung meant that more could survive.
The shift of this disease from being constantly present in our environment to being rare (caused by modern hygene, sanitary water and food supply, etc) shifted the epidemiology of polio and set the stage for epidemics and led to exposure at an older age where the results were more devistating if not deadly. Epidemic occurances of any contageous disease do not lend themselves to being characterized as "on the increase" or "on the decline" until or unless all members of a population are either infected or innoculated. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:55, 13 April 2007 (UTC).
* Hmm, this is indeed an interesting prospect, and I can see some merit in including it. That said, after giving the idea some thought, I feel I am opposed to an addition as above for a few reasons:
* 1) The section would introduce factually inaccurate information, solely for the purpose of refuting it, this seems counter-productive in my opinion, and is not generally done in an encyclopedia.
* 2) By including the information, even to refute it, we would lend some aspect of credibility to the (false) claims of the "vaccination opponents", (essentially if their arguments must be included then there must be some validity to the arguments).
* 3) There are no reliable sources (that I could find) for which the claims made by "vaccination opponents" can be drawn, this leaves the argument inherently one sided and may lead to accusations of violating Wikipedia's Neutral point of view standards.
* Hopefully others will include their viewpoints and the situation will become clearer.--DO11.10 18:40, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
* I would also oppose. In addition to what D011 says, the proposal sounds like "original research". Dagoldman 02:13, 21 April 2007 (UTC)
Map
* POLIO free nations - I feel the map has to be corrected as countries like Saudi Arabia and Egypt have been declared poilo free. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 22 April 2007
You will notice that the map's caption says "polio-free regions (in blue)" it does not say "polio-free countries". The "regions" indicated on the map are designated by the WHO.
* the Americas - Polio free 1994
* Western Pacific - Polio free 2000
* Europe - Polio free 2002
* Africa
* South-East Asia
* Eastern Mediterranean (includes Saudi Arabia and Egypt)
Although several countries in each of the three "Non-polio free" regions are actually polio-free the WHO region in which they are grouped has not be declared as such. Thus the map and the caption are current and correct. Although, the map will clearly have to be updated for the impending "polio-free" declaration of the Eastern Mediterranean.--DO11.10 19:13, 23 April 2007 (UTC)
* Can we add Australia to the map. The image used by the WHO in the above link has it drawn in. -- Spikeles 00:11, 15 July 2007 (UTC)
History/Legacy sections moved
Per suggestions made at the peer review, the bulk of the "History" and "Legacy" sections have been split-off to the new History of poliomyelitis article. For details, see Talk:History of poliomyelitis. -- MarcoTolo 03:35, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
(the comments below were refactored from Talk:History of poliomyelitis. --DO11.10 19:50, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
I've had a look at the split and agree that it has potential. Please remember I'm only making suggestions here. Feel free to abandon the idea if it doesn't work.
1. I'd like to see this move more towards the top-level-heading suggestions in WP:MEDMOS. However, I wonder if for infectious diseases, the heading "Infection" might be a better one than "Cause". The subject of "Infection" can discuss the virus, its transmission and the incubation. I'd move the current "Poliovirus" section to become just the initial paragraphs (with the Main article remaining). Pathogenesis is such a technical word.
2. I also suggest replacing "Clinical presentation" with "Signs and symptoms". The former sounds to me too much like a doctors handbook. This section currently combines the effect (presentation, signs, symptoms, whatever) with the mechanism/pathophysiology. If these were separated, the reader would have a clear section covering the likely symptoms (and data such as percentages) without having to wade through technical explanations.
3. Perhaps "Post-polio syndrome" can be moved to the end of Prognosis, and a Main article created for it.
4. The treatment section still contains too much history. There's certainly room for expansion of this topic when moved to thie history article. For example, Sister Elizabeth Kenny's "treatment" appears to have been widely used (this currently appears only in the Legacy section). This section might become just a paragraph.
5. Similarly, much of the Vaccine and Eradication sections belong in the history. The Eradication section can be moved entirely, leaving just a paragraph at the end of the history summary section. A new "Prevention" section can discuss the currently-used vaccines (with perhaps a brief mention of the Antibody serum, which appears currently in your Treatment section).
6. Your "Further reading" section can be made a top-level heading (though perhaps a few entries move to History) — unless these are actually your references, in which case you should split into two sections: "Notes" and "References".
Colin°Talk 13:17, 8 May 2007 (UTC)
My problem with moving a lot more information out of the article is:
1) That people may not look for or realize that the history pages exists. I think that the history page need to be linked to early on in the article.
2) That the article may not appear complete enough to garner much support at FAC.
I agree that much of the treatment information can go, but the vaccine and eradication needs to stay, IMO. The eradication of polio is not "history", also there is already a daughter article for this topic. Okay, I think that I will just make a few changes and then we can see where we are at.--DO11.10 00:09, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* Couple of points:
* a) We could address the "visibility" of the History page with an article header - something like "This article is about the disease. For the virus which causes poliomyelitis, see Poliovirus. For the historical and societal impact of polio, see History of poliomyelitis."
* b) I agree that the "Eradication" section needs to stay: polio is not, after all, eradicated yet, thus this is still current info. I'm a little more ambivalent about the length of the "Vaccine" section given that a separate article already exists -- that said, I'm not sure the section could be trimmed much more without loosing coherence.
* c) Generally speaking, the WP:MEDMOS style guide is a Good Thing; section header changes seem pretty innocuous to me.
* -- MarcoTolo 01:03, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* Okay, I think the recent edits by the group to the temp versions have worked well. A quick run-down on my take of Colin's suggestions seems useful at this point (I've numbered Colin's suggestions for clarity):
* 1. I think this has mostly been addressed at this point. (The "Pathogenesis" header was probably my fault - I have a tendency of throwing it around as a catch-all...)
* 2. "Types" works for me.
* 3. PPS section moved and linked to the main PPS article.
* 4. Nicely trimmed by User:DO11.10.
* 5. The vaccine section has been tightened-up; I do agree, however, that the "Eradication" section needs to stay.
* 6. Not done (yet) - I'll work on this.
* History: My local medical library has a copy of the Sass book - I'll grab it this weekend and see what I can add to the History article.
* So, these are still "works in progress", but I'd feel comfortable going live. Thoughts? Anyone feel bold? -- MarcoTolo 01:44, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* About the vaccine section: I agree, sorry I meant to trim some more off but got pulled away, and I won't have time tonight, feel free to trim away or whatever, and then for sure Go live!!--DO11.10 03:00, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
I see you've been bold...
* 1) I agree there is a case for Eradication staying in the main article (though, let's all hope it moves to History in the coming years!)
* 2) I see that the "Clinical presentation" has been split into "Types" and "Mechanism". The discussion of the signs and symptoms is combined with the different forms the disease may take. In other words, the Classification is symptom-led rather than, say, by one of the three virus types. I suggest "Types" is renamed "Classification" in accordance with MEDMOS — it sounds a bit more formal too. I think it would be difficult to have a separate "Signs and symptoms" section without repetition.
* 3) You've chosen "Transmission" rather than "Infection" or "Cause". I'm still not sure what the best name for this section is.
* 4) I intended PPS to be a 2nd level heading, at the end of Prognosis.
* 5) The Vaccine, Eradication and History sections are still IMO little on the large side for summary-sections.
I wouldn't worry too much at the moment that "the article may not appear complete enough to garner much support at FAC". From the few sources I've looked up, there is certainly room to expand the topics of both articles. Then the summary-sections can be refined so we don't bore people who read the daughter articles.
I haven't forgotten about the list of polio survivors — I'm working on it off-WP so that only a fully referenced and reasonably sized list gets posted. If I get a chance, I'll read some of your sources and post some comments on any areas I think are missing or weak. I suggest, that unless you are directly responding to the above comments, we move discussion of the Poliomyelitis article back to its own talk page. Colin°Talk 13:00, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
(here endeth refactoring)-- DO11.10 20:44, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
Thank you Colin, your suggestions have been so very helpful. I, for one, think that the article is looking better and better. I bet you didn't know what you were getting yourself into though! New changes:
* 2. Changed to classification, as per your suggestion. The classification needs to be symptom led, as all three serotypes produce the same disease (am I not understanding your point, do you agree with my changes?).
* 3. I am not really particularly fond of either "infection" or "cause", they just don't sound right to me, and I am not sure why. I had a look at a number of other ID articles (Tuberculosis was the most applicable FA article, I felt) and several of them used "transmission" (HIV, measles) although the section could also be called "pathogenesis".
* 4. done
* 5. I shortened the vaccine section, but I feel that the summaries of Eradication and History are of an appropriate length. Also, (not that this is a major point) but on my monitor the images fit nicely with this amount of text.
I am anxiously awaiting the polio survivors article (no pressure though :) let me know if you need any help with it.--DO11.10 20:44, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* I'm over half way now. I've had less time than hoped and locating reliable sources always takes time. I'm happy to keep plodding at this. Unless you are desperate for page ASAP, you're probably best to focus on the articles. Cheers, Colin°Talk 22:03, 13 May 2007 (UTC)
FDR image in header
Since the status of FDR's disease is questioned (polio vs. GBS vs. whatever), using him in an image at the top of the Poliomyelitis article seems a little misplaced. I've restored the previous image: while not as good a picture, it's more forthright. -- MarcoTolo 19:00, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
* That is fine with me. I swapped them because I wanted to use the other image below in the recovery section. Are there any others images that might be able to be used in this section instead (maybe Image:Polio physical therapy.jpg) or if you can find/ point me to any others?--DO11.10 19:13, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
* Hmmm, that's odd - I could have sworn an anon editor made the change.... If I'd known it was you, I'd have said "Hey! Why did you do that?" . You're right, the image makes more sense in the recovery section. I'll swap it back and take a look at other image options for the opener. -- MarcoTolo 19:19, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
* Yeah, sorry it was me (sheepishly looks at feet). I suppose this one would work in the prognosis section, and we could keep the "polio lo-res" one at the top?--DO11.10 19:59, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
* No sweat - I've swapped the images per your suggestion. I'd forgotten about the physical therapy photo; maybe I'll try it on for size in the History article. -- MarcoTolo 20:13, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
Removal of "Chinese Cure" section
I've move the following section here:
* "In China, where over 2 million paralytic polio survivors live, the surgical care of the post-poliomyelitis sequelae has offered means of reducing or eliminating the paralytic and bones deformity/atrophy associated with polio. To regenerate nerves and muscle activity in dead muscles, for example a dead quadriceps, part of the hamstring may be surgically removed and grafted into the paralytic quadriceps. Bones deformity or atrophy are generally corrected by osteotomy. A pioneer in the field, Dr. Qin Sihe (See: http://www.qinsihe.net) has pioneered many techniques to address the various post polio sequelae observed. "
My primary concern is the apparent lack of English reference sources - I'm not comfortable basing a reliable source criterion on automatic Google translations of source material. Second, the section seems borderline promotional. Third, the factual content is vague (I'm not claiming its completely wrong, just not clear). Finally, a least one source not connected with Qin is needed. -- MarcoTolo 14:52, 28 July 2007 (UTC)
Re:Removal of "Chinese Cure" section
I strongly feel it is quite unhelpful, especially for inquisitive polio survivors with paralytic conditions to remove this section.
I am a polio survivor with a paralytic right leg. I had zero quadriceps and a 1.5 inch leg discrepancy with my left leg. For the last 16 years I roamed the world's western physicians in Europe and the US (went to NIH for consultations) who might have knowledge on the issue. All told me my best hope was physical therapy and healthy leaving.
Persistent search and a little bit of luck led me to China where I met this doctor. Of all the physicians that I have met over the years no one ever came close to his level of understanding of the disease and ways to alleviate its sequelae. A significant part of my professional life involves sizing up people.I had my first surgery to recreate my quadriceps on Nov 23, 2006 (Thanksgiving day) from my hamstring. Now I have responsive and fast growing quadriceps. I had an osteotomy on March 21 to equalize my tibias using an improved ilizarov technique. I was hosted at a private hospital in Beijing called GuangJi Hospital(广 济 医 院) where this doctor may make consultation. I must mention that I contacted one of the best known doctors(wrote numerous books) in the US in Feb 2006 for PPS (post polio syndrome) and asked him about the possibility of grafting new muscle on my quadriceps and he replied: "Heavens no!"(actual quote). This was the typical response of many physicians when I mentionned the possibility of surgical solutions over the years. Usually I was consulted with the kind of curious distbilief of a scientist discovering a dinosaur fossil. Most had not seen such an actual case in their practice. Yet I followed the progress of medicine over the years, broaden my horizons and never despaired.
Depending on my progress from now on I will have one or a few more surgeries to recreate insufficient or non responsive ligaments/tendons/muscles and equalize femurs.
As I considered this surgery in China, I wondered why in the US, Europe and the western world in general, there was so little awareness about these surgical possibilities. It occured to me the answer was pretty simple: necessity and economics. In the western world, there are are very few remaining cases of deformed/paralytic polio survivors since the disease has been eradicated there. In other underdeveloped countries with research capabilities such as China or India, the scope of afflicted people coupled with internal research capabilities make it not so surprising that cutting edge "affordable" treatment can be found. (In the case ofIndia, I suspect the absence of language barrier would mean its specific knowledge would already be fused with western knowledge)
I did a lot of research on this surgeon before allowing him to operate on me(unfortunately, almost everything is in chinese). He appears to have done over 15,000 such surgeries on polio patients.Everywhere I mentioned him on polio in China, the reviews were glowing. I have lived with patients he has treated over time and seen the changes he has brought to their lives. In particular, I remember this little 6 year chinese girl(xiao ping) who could not go to school because both of her two legs had been deformed/paralysed by polio. She was so beautiful faced, so full of spirit, When I first saw her and her legs, I cried for her. By the time she left the hospital I cried for me, I cried for the youth I could have had-and that I would never have-, had I met such a physician at that age.
Most people with paralytic polio live in developing countries or contracted it there ( I am american but caught it as a child in Africa. Now in my 30s). I feel it extremely important that on a growing reference publication such as wikipedia It is important that awareness be raised.
Here as in other areas, language barrier can delay awareness of specific innovations in isolated part of the world, e.g. ilizarov techniques.
I am no chinese, have no Chinese ancestry, no connection whatsoever to Mr. Qin, except that he operated on me. I came to China for the first time in China in September 2006 to investigate my treatment options and study Chinese and discover China. —The preceding unsigned comment was added by Bics (talk • contribs).
* I support the inclusion of information on the Chinese surgical method. However, I do not support the inclusion of Original Research, which encompasses personal experiences such as the above account. However, a reference to a source documenting the technique, and a personal account, essentially require that the material be included in the article. I would recommend the promotional tone be removed (such of it as does exist, not that there is incredibly much), and any additional references should be located. It is easy for those of us in the West to think of "Chinese Cures" as rather stupid. This is unfortunate, because many Chinese herbal and Ayurvedic (Indian, not Chinese) remedies really do work. In the case of Chinese herbs, Da Qing Ye is, in truth (WP:OR here) very effective against Herpes virus. So is Polyphylla extract that has been prepared correctly, and IME/IMHO polyphylla may be a natural route to demolish latent infection. It will serve us well to not wear any blinders made in the West. ManVhv 15:58, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
We only have one source document (in Chinese) authored by the surgeon himself—the rest, as you say, is OR. That wouldn't be satisfactory for even a Western technique, never mind one we can't even read about. The technique, for it to appear in an encyclopaedia, would need to be widely regarded. It would have been tested/reviewed not only by other Chinese surgeons, but if it really is a wonder-cure, then I would expect Western polio-charities to be discussing it. I appreciate the language barrier (and other cultural issues) can delay the transfer of knowledge, but that isn't WP's problem. WP is in no rush, nor is it responsible for helping those who have had polio find treatment. I suggest the editor campaigns for the relevant charities to investigate the technique.
A quick glance at PubMed shows numerous papers documenting surgical techniques for treating post-poliomyelitis sequelae. The problem with this one technique isn't just the difficulty of ensuring WP:V but almost certainly one of undue weight. Colin°Talk 17:37, 29 July 2007 (UTC)
* I too am quite uncomfortable including the passage for the reasons outlined above by Colin and MarcoTolo. If, as Colin states, surgical techniques for treating post-poliomyelitis sequelae are well documented, and can be reliably sourced (PubMed), then something about the techniques in general should probably be included here as well. But, I am afraid awareness of Mr. Qin's techniques will have be raised via other avenues before it can be included here. --DO11.10 00:39, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
* Dr. Qin's publications ought to be referenced, they do not fall under WP:OR and they are, , and , to reference three that were easily found. There is often the question of placing "undue weight" on non-Western medical procedures. That is because American and European doctors spend years being told that only they are qualified to comment on issues of medicine. Clearly, this is untrue bigotry. Thank goodness Wikipedia is not run by doctors. ManVhv 18:00, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
* The removal of the passage and the concerns raised above are in no way a condemnation of "non-Western medical procedures". I don't care if the treatment is Eastern or Western (or Polar). What I am concerned with is verifiability and weighted appropriateness. Vitriolic comments and calling doctors "bigots" is unhelpful and totally uncalled for.
* Also, I am not sure where you got the idea that Dr. Qin's surgical practices are somehow "alternative" or "eastern". Reading the abstracts of the articles and a quick look at the related articles shows that they are not. Dr. Qin's methods appear to use surgical practices common to orthopedics since the dawn of the practice. The Ilizarov technique was apparently developed many decades ago, for example. And these surgical techniques are certainly not unknown to "western" physicians,, . The "limited intervention Ilizarov technique" has been used since at least 1990. I am not a doctor (I am sure you'll be pleased to know) and I could be wrong, but I just don't see anything "pioneering" here and I see no reason to specifically mention him in a general discussion regarding surgical techniques. Besides none of the three citations you give, nor the other three papers of Dr. Qin's, mentions polio specifically in the abstract, the only part of the article I am able to read. When writing articles I cite the sources I have used, and I (or any editor) would be unlikely to use these citations for this reason. I can understand User:Bics gratitude towards the man who took up his cause, but lots of other doctors use and have studied this technique, why discount their hard work?--DO11.10 23:19, 30 July 2007 (UTC)
* I got the impression that the disagreement is West vs. East from the topic heading "Chinese Cure". Why put it in derogatory quotes if you aren't trying to be West against East? I know the Ilizarov technique is Russian, if not Western, and is not Chinese per se -- however the problematic reception seems to hinge on the "Oriental" origin of the cure. And that offends me. (ManVhv from a public airport terminal where he is not willing to type his password.)
* With all due respect toDO11.10, I think the removal of the section on "chinese cure" is unwarranted. I feel you could have left the info on the scope of the problem in china (2 million people) at the very least. You could have modified it a bit and left the references.I am not claiming Dr. Qin invented the concept of Ilizarov or Mucle grafting. What I realized upon reading his book is that he perfected (mechanized if I could say ) a lot of these techniques, especially the muscle grafting part for the purpose of helping alleviate the sequelae of paralytic polio survivor. These improvements I suppose were driven by the need to handle the scope of the problem in China. And that should be acknowledged.
* If you go to the reference research centers in the US on post polio sequelae (MAYO CLINIC, POST POLIO CENTER IN ENGLEWOOD NJ), surgery is not mentioned as a form of treatment. No one recommends it in the west. I STRONGLY THINK THE SURGICAL ROUTE WITH MUSCLE GRAFTING IN PARTICULAR SHOULD BE PUT WITH MORE EMPHASIS, AT LEAST AS A SOLUTION HIGHLY USED IN COUNTRIES SUCH AS CHINA AND ADD DR. QIN AS A REFERENCE. (unsigned comment by IP address <IP_ADDRESS>, please sign comments using four tilde characters "~" )
* Several points in response to concerns raised above:
* 1) I was the one who put "Chinese Cure" in quotes - not in a "derogatory" usage, but simply to provide an easy-to-find-on-the-talk-page header indicating which portion of text was being moved to the talk page: If I had moved information on, say, specialized treatment at Boston University, I would have written "BU Cure" in quotes. (My use of the word "cure" was based on the change in the same edit of "No cure for polio exists" to "No direct cure for polio exists"). I'm sorry if the use of quotations was offensive - that was not my intent.
* 2) When I made the original edit removing the section, I was in a hurry and opted to move the text to the talk page. I briefly glanced at the single Pubmed entry I found searching with ( - Vertebral pedicle screw-rods system for correcting paralytic scoliosis) and found it to be a reasonable orthopaedics paper, but not supporting most of the claims regarding nerve regeneration. (Note: I did not find the articles listed by - though, frankly, I'm not sure it would have affected my concerns).
* 3) After further review, I'm still not sure how the article benefits by greatly expanding the "surgical methods of treatment" potion. The "Treatment" section notes that many types of treatment have been used historically and that "Treatment of polio also often requires long-term rehabilitation....and, in some cases, orthopedic surgery." The papers by Qin et al seem promising, but evolutionary, not revolutionary (disclaimer: I am not an surgeon). If the "muscle grafting" technique is used more frequently outside the US, it might warrant a "Outside the US, surgical techniques such as muscle grafting are used in PPS patients...." sentence.
* More broadly speaking, the discussion above doesn't strike me as an anti-western medicine issue, but a difficulty-in-finding-appropriate-English-references-for-non-English-authors issue. While this manifests itself most frequently with those techniques generally referred to as Oriental, its not an isolated problem: for example, the historical sections of many infectious disease articles are often hard to source because the originals are only available in French or German. -- MarcoTolo 16:34, 31 July 2007 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Aspose Total for Java vs Cloud
#1
Hi,
My primary usecase of using aspose total is for document conversion. I want to convert microsoft documents to pdf/html formats. Are there any drawbacks of using cloud api’s over java ? What limitations cloud api’s has and are these listed somewhere. If yes please share the details.
Secondly about fonts. If I call rest api’s from linux system will that give me font issues for microsoft fonts that are not available on linux as when I use Aspose.Total for Java it gives me issues on linux
#2
@poojard,
Thanks for contacting support and sorry for the delayed response.
The Cloud APIs are developed on top of current APIs targetting .NET framework and our Java APIs are also ported from .NET APIs. However there are some limitations in terms of features currently avaialble in Cloud APIs but the team is working on adding more features in every new release.
When using Aspose.Total for Java for document conversion, the fonts being used in documents must be available on system where conversion is being perfomed, else there will be content rendering issues. However when performing conversion using Cloud APIs, if the fonts are uploaded on server, the conversion will be fine.
#3
Sorry but I am not still clear about fonts. So let’s say I am calling CLOUD API for document conversion that font has to be available in cloud api server right ? Or it has to do anything with the system from where I am calling it.
Can you please help me understanding the limitations provided by aspose when it comes to cloud API. Is it listed somewhere
#4
@poojard,
I am in coordination with related teams and will get back to you soon.
#5
Can we get further clarification on the limitations of Cloud vs. .NET vs. Java SDKS?
A dedicated landing page to this topic would be very helpful.
#6
@rstellar
Aspose offers its APIs both as Native APIs and REST/Cloud APIs.
REST APIs are platform independent APIs, you can call our APIs using any REST client. Though we recommend our users to use our Cloud SDKs that makes calling our APIs very easy. Please check the API Reference page to have a bird’s eye view of all the APIs that we offer.
Whereas in case of Native APIs, you download our library (.NET or Java) to your local system and all the processing and storage is done on your system.
In a nutshell, Cloud APIs are just a wrapper around our Native APIs to offer File Format APIs over the Cloud.
Please feel free to contact us if you need any further information.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Mike Bobinski
Michael Bobinski (born October 28, 1957) is the current Director of Athletics at Purdue University. Bobinski was named as the new athletic director for Purdue on August 9, 2016. Prior to that, Bobinski was the athletic director at Georgia Tech, Xavier University and University of Akron. He also held positions in the athletic department at the U.S. Naval Academy and the University of Notre Dame. Bobinski received his bachelor of business administration from Notre Dame, graduating magna cum laude, while playing for the Fighting Irish baseball team. He has been recognized nationally as the NACDA Division I Northeast AD of the year (2012) as well as the Chair of the Division I Men's Basketball Committee.
Early life
Bobinski attended Longwood High School where he was a standout baseball player named All-league, All-county and was the Longwood MVP his senior season.
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WIKI
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1. 12
1. 1
“Most parts are still single-threaded, and we have no interest in making it concurrent.”
“lld depends on LLVM libObjects and libDebugInfo to read object files and debug info. libObjects and libDebugInfo have more features than lld needs”
Well, there’s some room for improvement in performance for anyone looking for project ideas. One can attempt to parallelize the parts that are hard to parallelize. Maybe also throw a super-optimizer at the fast paths in the code. That’s worth trying on everything just to see what happens. :)
1. 2
It may not be worth the additional complexity though.
1. 2
True! Especially given most companies with codebases that large can afford to add some servers.
1. 2
It looks like the difference in their example was 5 seconds versus 3 seconds as a theoretical minimum. They probably thought at this point the gains in speed over the complexity just isn’t worth the effort in developer time.
1. 1
That would make a lot of sense. It’s just demoscene fun to optimize at that point. One exception might be resource-constrained, parallel systems but I cant think of a practical example.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Oxygen Carrier Aided Combustion in Fluidized Bed Boilers in Sweden - Review and Future Outlook with Respect to Affordable Bed Materials
Reviewartikel, 2021
Oxygen carriers are metal oxide particles that could potentially enhance both fuel conversion and heat distribution in fluidized bed combustion, resulting in e.g., lowered emissions of unconverted species and better possibilities to utilize low‐grade fuels. A related technology based on fluidized beds with oxygen carriers can separate CO2 without large energy penalties. These technologies are called oxygen carrier aided combustion (OCAC) and chemical‐looping combustion (CLC), respectively. In the past few years, a large number of oxygen carriers have been suggested and evaluated for these purposes, many of which require complex production processes making them costly. Affordable metal oxide particles are, however, produced in large quantities as products and byproducts in the metallurgical industries. Some of these materials have properties making them potentially suitable to use as oxygen carriers. Uniquely for Sweden, the use of oxygen carriers in combustion have been subject to commercialization. This paper reviews results from utilizing low‐cost materials emerging from metallurgical industries for conversion of biomass and waste in semi‐commercial and commercial fluidized bed boilers in Sweden. The paper further goes on to discuss practical aspect of utilizing oxygen carriers, such as production and transport within the unique conditions in Sweden, where biomass and waste combustion as well as metallurgical industries are of large scale. This study concludes that utilizing metal oxides in this way could be technically feasible and beneficial to both the boiler owners and the metallurgical industries.
Waste-to-Energy (WtE)
chemical-looping combustion
oxygen carriers
fluidized bed combustion
slag utilization
oxygen carrier aided combustion
Författare
Felicia Eliasson Störner
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Energiteknik
Fredrik Lind
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Energiteknik
Magnus Rydén
Chalmers, Rymd-, geo- och miljövetenskap, Energiteknik
Applied Sciences (Switzerland)
20763417 (eISSN)
Vol. 11 17 7935
Förbränning av biomassa med Oxygen Carrier Aided Combustion (OCAC)
Vetenskapsrådet (VR) (2017-04553), 2018-01-01 -- 2021-12-31.
Drivkrafter
Hållbar utveckling
Styrkeområden
Energi
Ämneskategorier
Kemiska processer
Annan kemiteknik
Bioenergi
Annan materialteknik
DOI
10.3390/app11177935
Mer information
Senast uppdaterat
2021-09-13
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wearing Glasses Makes Me Tired
Wearing Glasses Makes Me Tired 1
Why Wearing Glasses Makes Me Tired?
Eye fatigue causes
In most cases, eye fatigue occurs for a variety of reasons. Here are some of them:
Tiredness of the muscles
It is responsible for adjusting your eyes’ lenses to allow you to focus on distant or close objects. The ciliary muscle can be found inside the eye. It struggles to focus on nearby objects when it is overused, particularly for extended periods of time. The ciliary muscles are unable to contract and relax when you stare at an object for an extended period of time. This makes it harder for them to adjust your lenses and provide clear vision when you stare at the object for an extended period of time.
In addition to the extraocular muscles, there are six extraocular muscles per eye, which are responsible for maintaining stability, clarity, and strain-free vision.
Whenever our extraocular muscles contract rapidly as a result of looking at an object for a prolonged period of time, they become overworked and strained. As with all muscles, our extraocular muscles require time to rest, relax, and gain energy to function appropriately. In the absence of this rest, overwork can result in strained, tired eyes, as well as possibly eye health conditions if left unchecked.
Ocular surface disease
Those with ocular surface diseases often have difficulty focusing on objects due to the dryness of their eye surface. In this condition, there is not enough natural lubrication on the eye’s surface. As a result, the eye’s surface film becomes prone to tears, and it cannot easily repair itself. This dryness results in the eyes feeling drained and tired, which leads to eye fatigue.
Glare on computer screens
In most cases, eye fatigue occurs as a result of exposure to computer or mobile device screen glare. When the brightness of your screen isn’t controlled, the exposure to the screen drains your eye’s energy by processing either too bright or too low glares.
It is for this reason that screens should be periodically adjusted to suit the brightness intake of your eyes. The use of fluorescent lighting can lead to eye fatigue, which can adversely affect your productivity. Avoid looking at fluorescent lighting, and ensure the computer screen lighting is comfortable for your eyes.
The symptoms of eye fatigue
A person suffering from eye fatigue may experience severe symptoms or mild symptoms. Here are a few symptoms that may indicate that you are suffering from eye fatigue:
• Blurry vision or distorted vision
• A frequent occurrence of doubles
• Constant feeling of dryness
• The color of your eyes is almost always red or pink
• Closing your eyes causes your eyes to feel warm and sore
• Increased frequency of headaches
• A feeling of tightness in the temples, neck, and back
• Tears and watery eyes
How can you treat eye fatigue?
It is possible to improve your eye health by changing a few lifestyle factors. Adjusting the lighting at work, elevating your laptop or computer to another level, and sitting farther away from the screen are all suggestions for improving your eye health.
Reduce exposure to glare
The lighting around your computer screen may be adjusted to reduce glare from the screen. For example, if you have a lamp near the computer that causes glare on the screen, you may want to consider repositioning the lamp.
Dimmer switches have also been shown to decrease screen glare and can be an effective remedy for eye fatigue. Glare filters can also help with screen glare as they absorb the excess glare and prevent it from being absorbed by your eyes.
Change your location
In addition, you may want to adjust your monitor’s height so that it is elevated above the level of your head, but slightly lower than the level of your eye. Additionally, keep your monitor at a distance of 20–28 inches from your face, so that it does not strain or fatigue your eyes.
Take some time off the screen
Having your eyes fatigued is especially important when you are seated in front of a screen for extended periods of time. Get up from your seat, wash your eyes, and drink some water to replenish your eyes. As a result, you will also be able to reduce eye fatigue by giving your muscles some time to rest while you are away from the screen.
Another recommendation is to follow the 20-20-20 rule. For every 20 minutes spent on a screen, take a break to look at something about 20 feet away for approximately 20 seconds.
Ensure that you wear prescription computer glasses
The use of eye drops, a break from the screen, and changing the lighting can sometimes be insufficient to relieve chronic eye fatigue or extreme eye fatigue. Alternatively, you can wear glasses designed to block excessive blue light from digital screens as an additional solution to protect your eyes.
A pair of customised computer glasses can only be obtained by visiting your optometrist, who will complete an eye examination and provide them to you after the examination. They are preferable to contact lenses since they do not dry up and do not cause eye discomfort when worn for extended periods of time.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:Athletics and Manly Sport (1890).djvu/435
384 Soon after, through the gathering gloom, we saw the outline of a large house to the left of the canal, with outbuildings and white fences, and other large buildings on the right side of the canal. This was Wallaceton, where, at Captain Wallace's house, we received a most hospitable welcome. In a few minutes the canoes were cared for, many willing hands helping, and we were enjoying an excellent supper. After supper it was hard to realize, from our refined surroundings, and the gracious hospitality we were enjoying, that we were within the bounds of, and not very far from the very heart of the Dismal Swamp. Three gentlemen connected with the National Geological Survey, Mr. Atkinson, Mr. Towson, and Mr. Kennedy, were stopping at Captain Wallace's, and they told us much about the swamp region, which they were then surveying, and of which an accurate map is soon to be published.
That night we could only see the interior of this charming home; next morning we witnessed with astonishment the extraordinary wealth, fertility, beauty, and wonderful cultivation of Captain Wallace's magnificent farm. Every acre of this land, both east and west of the canal, has been saved within forty years from the Dismal Swamp. Forty years ago the elder Mr. Wallace, a man of
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WIKI
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Live in Vienna
Live in Vienna may refer to:
* Live in Vienna (Böhse Onkelz album)
* Live in Vienna (Cluster album)
* Live in Vienna (Cecil Taylor album)
* Live in Vienna (King Crimson album)
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WIKI
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Hema maps
Hema maps is an Australian-based mapping, navigation and publishing company. Their company headquarters is located at Eight Mile Plains, Brisbane, Queensland. Hema maps is a private limited company with shareholders.
The company name Hema was decided upon by incorporating the first two letters of the names of the company's founders – Henry and Margaret Boegheim. Rob Boegheim replaced company founders Henry and Margaret Boegheim as Managing Director in 2007.
History
Originally titled Hema Charts & Laminating, the business began as a laminating business that sold marine charts via bait and tackle shops throughout South East Queensland in 1983. The company's first creation was a map of Rockhampton.
Hema released their first Hema Navigator, the HN1, in 2008 which was Australia's very first portable navigation system for use both on and off-road.
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Global Scholars & Leaders Conference
The result was delete. JForget 00:21, 13 December 2009 (UTC)
Global Scholars & Leaders Conference
AfDs for this article:
* – (View AfD (View log • AfD statistics)
Google News has no mention of this on the first page which hints of failure of notability. Before nominating this I though I could help the creator fix some issues with this article but no reliable third-party publications have been provided in the given time period. -Pickbothmanlol- 16:39, 6 December 2009 (UTC)
* Delete: I can't find significant coverage for this conference. Joe Chill (talk) 19:34, 6 December 2009 (UTC)
* Delete per failing WP:RS and WP:GNG. Very few Google hits, and most of those are here on Wiki. ArcAngel (talk) 06:48, 7 December 2009 (UTC)
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WIKI
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BRIEF-Tianshui Zhongxing Bio-technology sees H1 FY 2017 net profit down 30 pct to 60 pct
April 28(Reuters) - Tianshui Zhongxing Bio-technology Co Ltd * Sees H1 FY 2017 net profit to decrease by 30 percent to 60 percent, or to be 30.1 million yuan to 52.6 million yuan * Says H1 FY 2016 net profit was 75.1 million yuan * Says enoki mushroom price decrease is the main reason for the forcast Source text in Chinese: goo.gl/TrWkbZ Further company coverage: (Beijing Headline News)
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Beta Testing for Home Assistant
Update March 2022: HASS 2022.3 (to be released on March 2, 2022) requires a new release of the Leviosa integration because:
1. Starting from HASS 2022.3, all Integrations need to call HASS functions in an updated way, in order to speed up response time.
2. An enhanced SSDP discovery library is being released.
For beta testing, follow these steps. Steps 1-5 will be automatic during discovery once Leviosa is published in HASS:
1. Open the ‘Config’ file on your HASS server.
2. Create a new folder and name it “custom_components”
3. Download this file.
4. Extract/unzip into the new folder. The folder that holds the extracted files must be named "leviosa_shades".
5. Restart HASS
6. Under ‘Configuration’ tab in HASS, go to ‘Integrations’, find ‘Leviosa’
7. Enter the info for Leviosa – name your hub, name your groups. You can find the IP address in the Leviosa App: choose any group name, press/hold until a new screen displays, choose the ‘Name’ tab. The IP address is listed there.
Let us know how this works for you!
Services are also available. For example, you can create a new card (‘Button’) when you edit your dashboard. Select call services, and 2 Leviosa functions are available (up to next setpoint, down to next setpoint). ‘Show code editor’ and edit to match (the items in red should match the action you want and the name of the shade group):
type: button
tap_action:
action: call-service
service: leviosa_shades.next_up_pos
service_data:
entity_id: cover.group_1
show_state: true
icon: 'mdi:blinds'
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Discovery of and Insights into DNA “Codes” for Tunable Morphologies of Metal Nanoparticles
Nitya Sai Reddy Satyavolu, Kang Yong Loh, Li Huey Tan, Yi Lu
Research output: Contribution to journalReview article
Abstract
The discovery and elucidation of genetic codes has profoundly changed not only biology but also many fields of science and engineering. The fundamental building blocks of life comprises of four simple deoxyribonucleotides and yet their combinations serve as the carrier of genetic information that encodes for proteins that can carry out many biological functions due to their unique functionalities. Inspired by nature, the functionalities of DNA molecules have been used as a capping ligand for controlling morphology of nanomaterials, and such a control is sequence dependent, which translates into distinct physical and chemical properties of resulting nanoparticles. Herein, an overview on the use of DNA as engineered codes for controlling the morphology of metal nanoparticles, such as gold, silver, and Pd-Au bimetallic nanoparticles is provided. Fundamental insights into rules governing DNA controlled growth mechanisms are also summarized, based on understanding of the affinity of the DNA nucleobases to various metals, the effect of combination of nucleobases, functional modification of DNA, the secondary structures of DNA, and the properties of the seed employed. The resulting physical and chemical properties of these DNA encoded nanomaterials are also reviewed, while perspectives into the future directions of DNA-mediated nanoparticle synthesis are provided.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Article number1900975
JournalSmall
Volume15
Issue number26
DOIs
StatePublished - Jun 26 2019
Keywords
• DNA
• metal nanoparticles
• sequence-specificity
• shape-control
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Biotechnology
• Biomaterials
• Chemistry(all)
• Materials Science(all)
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Discovery of and Insights into DNA “Codes” for Tunable Morphologies of Metal Nanoparticles'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
• Cite this
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:Vivian Grey, Volume 2.djvu/126
sister-in-law's niece—we coursed three hares and killed one just opposite Gunter"s on the hill, who's a bit of a relation again on my wife's side; so I just looked in and took a crust of bread and cheese, for civility costs nothing—that's my maxim.
"The new Beer bill is felt a grievance.—John Sandys says as my men won't be satisfied with less than ten strike to the hogshead; this is remarkable wrong. So you may make your mind easy about John Conyers: I've been talking to my mistress, and the upshot of it is, that I'll take my old horse and ride over to Stapylton Toad, and settle with him about the removal; and if I can give you any more information on this point, or any thing else relating to our part of the world, or the cornlaws in general, I shall be very happy to remain "Your honour's obedient servant, "
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WIKI
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Things to know to avoid, prepare for coronavirus infection
The latest coronavirus, COVID-19, has spread rapidly around the world, reaching a higher fatality rate than the flu.With that spread have come a wave of remedies for avoiding infection, some of them less reliable than others.Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.
Editor's note: The World Health Organization has declared that COVID-19, the disease caused by the new coronavirus, has a higher fatality rate than the flu. As of March 4, 2020, nine deaths have been reported in the US.Brian Labus, a professor of public health, provides essential safety information for you, from disinfectants to storing food and supplies.
1. What can I do to prevent becoming infected?
When people are sick with a respiratory disease like COVID-19, they cough or sneeze particles into the air. If someone is coughing near you, the virus could easily land on your eyes, nose or mouth. These particles travel only about 6 feet and fall out of the air rather quickly.However, they do land on surfaces that you touch all the time, such as railings, doorknobs, elevator buttons or subway poles. The average person also touches their face 23 times per hour, and about half of these touches are to the mouth, eyes, and nose, which are the mucosal surfaces that the COVID-19 virus infects.We public health professionals can't stress this enough: Proper hand-washing is the best thing you can do to protect yourself from a number of diseases including COVID-19.While hand-washing is preferred, hand sanitizers with at least a 60% alcohol concentration can be an effective alternative to always using soap and water, but only if your hands are not visibly soiled.
2. Wouldn't it be easier just to clean surfaces?
Not really. Public health experts don't fully understand the role these surfaces play in the transmission of disease, and you could still be infected by a virus that landed directly on you.We also don't know how long the coronavirus that causes COVID-19 can survive on hard surfaces, although other coronaviruses can survive for up to nine days on hard surfaces like stair railings.Frequent cleaning could remove the virus if a surface has been contaminated by a sick person, such as when someone in your household is sick. In these situations, it is important to use a disinfectant that is thought to be effective against the COVID-19 virus.Although specific products have not yet been tested against COVID-19 coronavirus, there are many products that are effective against the general family of coronaviruses. Cleaning recommendations using "natural" products like vinegar are popular on social media, but there is no evidence that they are effective against coronavirus.You also have to use these products properly in accordance with the directions, and that typically means keeping the surface wet with the product for a period of time, often several minutes. Simply wiping the surface down with a product is usually not enough to kill the virus.In short, it isn't possible to properly clean every surface you touch throughout your day, so hand-washing is still your best defense against COVID-19.
3. What about wearing masks?
While people have turned to masks as protection against COVID-19, masks often provide nothing more than a false sense of security to the wearer. The masks that were widely available at pharmacies, big-box stores and home improvement stores — until a worried public bought them all — work well at filtering out large particles like dust.The problem is that the particles that carry the COVID-19 virus are small and easily move right through dust masks and surgical masks. These masks may provide some protection to other people if you wear one while you are sick — like coughing into a tissue — but they will do little to protect you from other sick people.N95 masks, which filter out 95% of the small, virus-containing particles, are worn in healthcare settings to protect doctors and nurses from exposure to respiratory diseases. These masks provide protection only if they are worn properly. They require special testing to ensure that they provide a seal around your face and that air doesn't leak in the sides, defeating the purpose of the mask.People wearing the mask also must take special steps when removing the mask to ensure that they are not contaminating themselves with the viral particles that the mask filtered out. If you don't wear the mask properly, don't remove it properly or put it in your pocket and reuse it later, even the best mask won't do you any good.
4. Should I stockpile food and supplies?
As a general preparedness step, you should have a three-day supply of food and water in case of emergencies. This helps protect from disruptions to the water supply or during power outages.While this is great general preparation advice, it doesn't help you during a disease outbreak. There is no reason to expect COVID-19 to cause the same damage to our infrastructure that we Americans would see after an earthquake, hurricane or tornado, so you shouldn't plan for it in the same way. While you don't want to run out of toilet paper, there is no reason to buy 50 packages.A Wuhan-type quarantine is extremely unlikely, as a quarantine won't stop the spread of a disease that has been found all over the world. The types of disruptions that you should plan for are small disruptions in your day-to-day life.You should have a plan in case you or a family member gets sick and you can't leave the house for a few days. This includes stocking up on basic things you need to take care of yourself, like food and medicines.If you do get sick, the last thing you are going to want to do is run to the grocery store, where you would expose other people to your illness. You shouldn't wait until you are out of an important medication before requesting a refill just in case your pharmacy closes for a couple days because all their employees are sick.You also should plan for how to handle issues like temporary school or day care closures. You don't need to prepare anything extreme; a little common-sense preparation will go a long way to make your life easier if you or your loved ones become sick.[Deep knowledge, daily. Sign up for The Conversation's newsletter.]Brian Labus, Assistant Professor of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Nevada, Las VegasThis article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
Read the original article on The Conversation. Copyright 2020.
Follow The Conversation on Twitter.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Talk:United States Commercial Service/Archives/2016
Untitled
Quote: 151.3 RECORDS OF THE FOREIGN SERVICE DIVISION 1917-40
History: Commercial Attaches Division (CAD) established in BFDC, 1914, pursuant to establishment of a commercial attache service in Department of Commerce by the appropriations act for FY 1915 (38 Stat. 500), July 16, 1914. Foreign Investigations Division (FID; also known as Commercial Agents Division), responsible for coordinating investigations conducted overseas by experts in specific commodities, established in BFDC, July 1, 1916. CAD and FID consolidated to form Foreign Service Division, May 1920. BFDC corps of commercial attaches and trade commissioners (the latter formerly known as commercial agents) given legal recognition as Foreign Commerce Service (FCS) by an act of March 3, 1927 (44 Stat. 1394). Pursuant to transfer of FCS to Department of State by Reorganization Plan No. II, effective July 1, 1939, Foreign Service Division redesignated Foreign Service Liaison Division, 1940; and further redesignated Liaison Office, 1941. Pursuant to BFDC reorganization, 1945, Liaison Office assigned to Office of International Trade (SEE 151.9) and redesignated Foreign Service Liaison Staff; further redesignated Foreign Service Operations Staff, 1947, and Foreign Service Operations Division (FSOD), 1950. FSOD abolished with Office of International Trade, effective October 12, 1953. Functions transferred to newly established Bureau of Foreign Commerce and assigned to Foreign Service Operations Staff in Office of the Director. Unquote. Amustard (talk) 04:02, 7 November 2008 (UTC)
I have removed a line stating that the Service had a hand in a riot or civil disorder in Atlanta in 1934--first, I can find no other reference to such a riot or disorder, and, more importantly, there is no rational connection between a federal organization that operates abroad and a civil disorder in Atlanta. Possibly this was inserted through a mistaken identification with the Service and a labor union organizing textile workers at the time. There was, in 1934, labor unrest in Georgia within the textile industry. I do not think that had anything to do with the Service. NelsonLB (talk) 04:26, 2 September 2014 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Sharing is caring!
In the traditional production of glass fiber, the fiber drawing will increase the fuzz generation, make the filaments hardly bonds together and occurred the fiber breaking easily. In order to facilitate fiber manufacturing, a special organic surface treating agent, usually called fiber sizing, is needed to apply on the surface of fiberglass. It is a thin homogeneous coating applied on the fiber surface during manufacturing and protects the fiber during handling, processing, compounding and molding.
The component of sizing in glass fiber can be summarized as silane coupling agents, film formers, additives or modifiers and water. These ingredients are mixed together and delivered to the glass fiber, and when the water removed, the dry fiber is ready to reinforce composites. The silane coupling agent is a very important component in the fiber sizing and will act at an interface between the glass substrate and an organic material (such as an organic polymer, coating or adhesive) to bond, or couple, the two dissimilar materials. The silane coupling agents have the unique chemical and physical properties not only to enhance bond strength but also, more importantly, to prevent de-bonding at the interface during composite aging and use. In fiberglass reinforced polyester composites, a substantial increase in flexural strength is possible through the use of the right silane coupling agent. So the select of silane coupling agent is very important.
The benefits silane coupling agents can provide include：
1）better water-resistant bond at the interface；
2）better wetting of inorganic substrates；
3）lower viscosities during compounding；
4）smoother surfaces of composites；
5）better dry and wet strength of composites
There are four kinds of silane coupling agents commonly used in the glass fiber industry and our suggestions are as follows: epoxysilane (HENGDA-M3133), aminosilane (HENGDA-E8133), methacrylate silane (HENGDA-M2133) and vinyl silane (HENGDA-E6103).
We will answer your email shortly!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Rechercher une page de manuel
Chercher une autre page de manuel:
tau2profile
Langue: en
Version: 12/22/2005 (debian - 07/07/09)
Section: 1 (Commandes utilisateur)
NAME
tau2profile - convert TAU tracefiles to TAU profile files
SYNOPSIS
tau2vprofile [-d directory] [-s snapshot_interval] {tau_tracefile} {tau_eventfile}
DESCRIPTION
This program is generated when TAU is configured with the -TRACE option.
The tau2profile converter takes a single tau_tracefile (*.trc) and tau_eventfile (*.edf) and produces a corresponding series of profile files. The input files must be specified in that order, with optinal parameters coming afterward. Multi-file TAU traces must be merged before conversion.
OPTIONS
-d Output profile files to the specified 'directory' rather than the current directory.
-s Output a profile snapshot showing the state of the profile data accumulated from the trace every 'snapshot_interval' time units. The snapshot profiles are placed sequentially in directories labled 'snapshot_n' where 'n' is an integer ranging from 0 to to the total number of snapshots -1.
EXAMPLES
The program must be run with the tau trace and tau event files specified in the command line in that order. Any additional arguments follow. The following will produce a profile file array, from the TAU trace and event files merged.trc and tau.edf trace file:
tau2profile merged.trc tau.edf
The following will convert merged.trc and tau.edf to a series of profiles one directory higher. It will also produce a profile snapshot every 250,000 time units:
tau2profile merged.trc tau.edf -d ./.. -s 250000
SEE ALSO
vtf2profile(1), tau2vtf(1), tau2otf(1), tau_merge(1), tau_convert(1)
C'est très bien, mais les codes pour Antibug et pour
MultiDeskOS ne sont pas 52 et 70. Ils ont une valeur
de plusieurs millions. Toutefois, même si le code est
un longint, le fait d'avoir utiliser des + dans l'algo remet
finalement le code en 256 avec dépassement.
259 vaut donc 3. C'est pour cela que tu obtiens les
nombre 52 et 70.
-- Jayce - CQFD. --
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:David Woodbury/sandbox
Whew! Just dropped in from the real world. Best place there (using time travel) is Lima Locomotive Works circa 1940.
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WIKI
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The Karas region of south western Namibia possesses an archeological site known as Goachanas but named by a German archeologist as Apollo 11, because it was discovered on the same day NASA space mission to and from the moon was successful.
The Apollo 11 cave contains 11 pieces of moveable arts which are part of the oldest ever discovered in the Southern part of Africa. These hand sized slabs also known as Apollo 11 stones have hand drawings of animals with charcoal and were dated back to over 25,000 years ago which was overtime buried on the floor and was discovered by a team of German archeologists led by W.E Wendt.
We use to believe that the Hominids that existed in Africa during Pre Historic times are mostly hunters, these discoveries amongst others have put these believes to a nought as we can see that humans or homosapiens that existed during those times were creative and they expressed themselves using one form of creativity or the other.
Various forms of this creativity have been discovered and the Apollo 11 cave is not an exemption as there were also paintings in red and white of different geometrical patterns and animals on the walls of the Apollo 11 cave.
The Apollo 11 cave and stone discovery is a full proof that Art started in Africa and the inhabitants that existed then were not just hunters but express themselves creatively.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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-- Microphones for the Stars Go Mass Market
May 22 (Bloomberg BusinessWeek) -- For more than a decade,
Blue Microphones focused on a rarefied market. The Westlake
Village (Calif.) audio equipment manufacturer made expensive
analog microphones for professional recording studios and
renowned artists such as Bruce Springsteen , Coldplay, and Jay-Z. Then, in 2005, it introduced a retro-looking digital
microphone for $99, about one-third the price of its analog
models, hoping to appeal to musicians editing and distributing
their songs themselves. The new microphone’s big breakthrough:
its USB plug. Being able to connect to a computer’s USB port meant users
didn’t have to rely on built-in mics, which aren’t designed for
recording. Without advertising, word of mouth exploded, and Blue
Microphones released a similar model for $150. The microphones,
available at Apple stores, Best Buy, and other retailers, have
helped drive the total number of devices sold to 750,000, says
John Maier, Blue’s chief executive officer and a 20-year veteran
of the music hardware industry. Sales remain strong as “the way
people communicate and create content becomes more and more
democratized,” he says. To maintain growth, the 38-employee company is trying to
distinguish its popular digital consumer microphones, called the
Snowball and the Yeti, from about 40 others unveiled over the
past three years by competitors such as AKG, Sennheiser, Shure,
and Samson Technologies. Samson last year introduced three mics
with similar retro aesthetics and playful names: the Meteor Mic,
the GoMic, and the G-Track. “Kudos to them,” says Maier. “They
didn’t copy us directly, but they saw what was going on.” This summer, Blue Microphones plans to introduce the Tiki,
the first USB mic with software that mimics human hearing. The
idea is to make it easier to hear people talking during
conversations on Skype and Apple’s FaceTime. For them, “built-in
mics and speaker systems on laptops and desktops increasingly
don’t seem to fit the bill,” says Deloitte’s U.S. technology,
media, and telecommunications leader Eric Openshaw. External “mic
alternatives seem to be a better proposition for many,” he says. Rather than build a “dumb mic” that can’t determine what is
human voice and what isn’t, and write software for a computer to
control it, Maier says his engineers used artificial intelligence
to distinguish human sound from background noise. That means it
won’t record typing or traffic, for example. Another first: When
the user stops speaking or singing, the mic mutes itself. When
the user resumes talking, the mic transmits audio within 20
milliseconds, a gap so small most humans can’t recognize it, so
it doesn’t cause lags or pauses the way other microphones do,
which can result in voice overlap and interruptions. At this year’s International Consumer Electronics Show , a
handful of brands came by asking about using Tiki for built-ins
for cars and computers, says Maier. Blue Microphones may for the
first time license its technology, he says, aping Intel’s
lucrative “Intel Inside” campaign to build awareness of its brand
with “Blue Mic Tech Inside” labels on the equipment. Blue Microphones is also trying to crank up sales in foreign
markets by establishing individual partnerships with distributors
in Europe and Asia rather than one main distributor, with which
Maier says it parted ways this March. Last year, Blue’s
international business increased 38 percent, and revenue hit
$19.5 million, says Maier. This year he estimates about $27
million in revenue, with about 20 percent from overseas sales. The expansion from steady, small manufacturer to growth
venture isn’t a fluke. In 2008 the Transom Capital Group, a
private equity firm launched by former McKinsey consultants,
bought a majority stake in Blue Microphones. It rebuilt the
manufacturer’s supply chain in China and the U.S., put a new
accounting system in place, and broadened marketing strategy.
“When I arrived, the company couldn’t produce enough product to
fill demand,” says Russ Roenick, a Transom managing partner who
acted as Blue’s CEO until it hired Maier. Roenick pushed through
the changes because “we didn’t want to collapse under the weight
of our own growth.” Of course, its growth is dependent to a large extent on the
behemoths making computers and other devices with internal
microphones that their customers find lacking. If Apple, for
example, introduces a new laptop with a better mic, or “changes
something, like a connector … we do have to move fast,” says
Maier, “but so do our competitors.” He’s pushing to keep Blue Microphones agile. Since its
inception, the company has built all its professional equipment
at its California factory and used contract manufacturers in
Shanghai and Shenzhen for its consumer models. Maier says he has
recently been looking for alternatives, including making its
consumer lines in California. “We’re great at hand-built, custom
high-end [manufacturing], but not at mass manufacturing,” he
says. “We bolster and reinvest where we’re strong—product
development and marketing. We find partners to help us with
manufacturing and logistics.”
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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KLAMATH TRIBE CLAIMS COMMITTEE, Plaintiff, v. The UNITED STATES, Defendant.
No. 09-75L.
United States Court of Federal Claims.
July 16, 2012.
Thomas W. Fredericks, Louisville, CO, for plaintiff.
Maureen E. Rudolph, Environmental and Natural Resources Division, United States Department of Justice, Washington, D.C., with whom was Assistant Attorney General Ignacia S. Moreno, for defendant.
OPINION
ALLEGRA, Judge:
The Klamath Tribe Claims Committee (Klamath Claims Committee or plaintiff) seeks damages for alleged takings and breaches of fiduciary duty committed by the Department of the Interior (Interior). It asserts that Interior has failed to disburse funds owed to tribal members and to safeguard treaty-based water rights associated with a dam. On February 11,2011, the court granted, in part, a motion filed by defendant, and dismissed two of plaintiffs counts for lack of jurisdiction. As to the remaining counts, this court concluded, under RCFC 19, that a necessary party, the Klamath Tribes (the Tribes) must be joined. Subsequently, the Tribes declined to participate in this lawsuit. Accordingly, the court must now determine whether the Tribes is an indispensable party under RCFC 19(b). For the reasons that follow, the court concludes that the Tribes, indeed, is an indispensable party and that the inability to join it in this lawsuit requires that the complaint be dismissed.
I. BACKGROUND
A brief recitation of the facts provides necessary context.
The United States and the Tribes entered into a Treaty in 1864. See Treaty between the United States and the Klamath and Moa-doc Tribes and Yahooskin Band of Snake Indians, October 14, 1864, 16 Stat. 707 (the Treaty). Under this Treaty, the Tribes ceded their interest in approximately twelve million acres of land, reserving unto themselves approximately 800,000 acres, along with “the exclusive right of taking fish in the streams and lakes, included in said reservation, and of gathering edible roots, seeds, and berries within its limits.” Id. In exchange, the federal government gave the Tribes cash and goods worth approximately $300,000. It also committed to provide various services to the Tribes and to hold tribal assets in trust for the benefit of the Tribes and its members. Id. From 1890 to 1920, the Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) surveyed the reservation for its irrigation potential and constructed irrigation facilities. One such facility was a diversion dam, the Chiloquin Dam (the Dam), that diverted portions of the Sprague River into canals which served lands on the Williamson River and Upper Klamath Lake.
In 1954, Congress passed the Klamath Termination Act (the 1954 Act), Pub. L. No. 83-587, 68 Stat. 718 (codified, as amended, at 25 U.S.C. §§ 564-564x), which ended federal supervision over the Tribes’ trust assets and tribal properties, and terminated the federal services furnished to the Tribes. As described by the Court of Claims in an earlier ease—
[t]he basic scheme of that statute ... was to give each adult member whose name appeared on the final tribal roll an election between withdrawing from the tribe and having his interest in tribal property commuted to money to be paid to him, and, on the other hand, remaining in the tribe and participating in a nongovernmental tribal management plan.
Klamath & Modoc Tribes v. United States, 436 F.2d 1008, 1010-11 (Ct.Cl.1971). Section 10 of the 1954 Act authorized the government to dispose of federally-owned property acquired for administration of the Tribes or to transfer this property to qualifying entities. 1954 Act § 10 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 564i). Other provisions in this statute dealt with the federally-owned and operated irrigation facilities on the Klamath Reservation, including the Dam. For example, section 13(a) of the 1954 Act authorized the Secretary to transfer the “care, operation and maintenance” of irrigation works to water users associations or irrigation districts. 1954 Act § 13(a) (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 564i(a)).
Section 13(e) of the 1954 Act “authorized to be appropriated” $89,212 for “payment to the Klamath Tribe[s]” at four percent interest “per annum,” calculated from the date of disbursement. 1954 Act § 13(e) (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 564i(c)). The 1954 Act stated that these funds were “reimbursement for tribal funds used for irrigation, construction, operation and maintenance benefitting non-tribal lands on the Klamath Reservation.” Id. It further directed the Secretary to transfer all personal property or funds that the United States held in trust, free of encumbrance, to tribal members within four years. 1954 Act § 8 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 564g). The Secretary was directed to arrange for the disposition of the Tribes’ property at the earliest practicable time, but not later than August 13,1958. 1954 Act § 6(b) (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 564e(b)); see also Klamath & Modoc Tribes, 436 F.2d at 1011. Once the restrictions on the Tribes’ property were removed, the Secretary was to publish a proclamation in the Federal Register that the trust relationship between the Tribes and the United States was terminated. 1954 Act § 18 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 564q). Finally, the 1954 Act expressly preserved the Tribes’ water and fishing rights as granted under the 1864 Treaty. 1954 Act § 14 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 564m).
Following the passage of this legislation, approximately seventy-eight percent of the Tribes’ members (1,660 of 2,133) chose to withdraw, and defendant used its authority under Section 10 of the Act to sell off much of the Tribes’ property to pay these withdrawing members. See Klamath & Modoc Tribes, 436 F.2d at 1011. The Secretary transferred the remaining tribal property to a private trustee to be maintained for those members who chose to remain with the Tribes. In 1955, about a year after the passage of the 1954 Act, Congress appropriated funds to reimburse the Tribes for money expended to construct, operate and maintain irrigation facilities benefiting non-tribal lands. See Dept, of Interior and Related Agencies Appropriations Act of 1956, Pub. L. No. 84-78, ch. 147, 69 Stat. 141, 143 (June 16, 1955). In 1961, the Secretary published a notice in the Federal Registrar stating that the federal government’s relationship with the Tribe was officially terminated. 26 Fed. Reg. 7,362 (Aug. 12,1961).
On August 21, 1961, the Tribes’ governing body passed a resolution giving the Klamath Claims Committee authority to pursue certain claims against the United States. See Joint Resolution of Tribal Councils, March 2008 (describing the earlier resolution). The Klamath Claims Committee represents all 2,133 individuals who appeared on the rolls of the Tribes as of the date of their termination under the 1954 Act. In 1961, the Tribes and sevei’al individuals (both withdrawing and remaining members for themselves and as representatives for similarly-situated individuals) filed suit against the United States in the U.S. Court of Claims alleging that the United States effectuated a takings in implementing the 1954 Act. Klamath & Modoc Tribes, 436 F.2d at 1012. In 1962, seventy-three withdrawn members filed a similar suit. Id. at 1013. The Court of Claims consolidated the two cases in 1964. Id. at 1010. The takings claims were eventually settled for approximately $23.5 million. See Klamath & Modoc Tribes v. United States, 199 Ct.Cl. 1024 (Ct. C1.1972). The settlement was effectuated, in part, via legislation passed by Congress in 1965.
Although the government-to-government relationship between the Tribes and the United States ceased in 1961, BIA took several years to conclude operations and transfer its irrigation project facilities. In 1973, Interior transferred title to the Dam to the Modoac Point Irrigation District (MPID), a non-federal entity chartered under Oregon law, made up of landowners. MPID accepted the transfer in 1974. See Operation and Maintenance Charges, Deletion of Needless Regulations, 44 Fed. Reg. 12,192 (Mar. 6, 1979). In 1979, BIA published a notice deleting all the regulations pertaining to the irrigation system in light of the 1973 transfer of ownership to the MPID. Id. Nevertheless, several court decisions at or around this time confirmed that the Tribes’ rights to certain natural resources under the 1864 Treaty survived the passage of the Termination Act. See Kimball v. Callahan, 493 F.2d 564 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 419 U.S. 1019, 95 S.Ct. 491, 42 L.Ed.2d 292 (1974) (treaty-reserved hunting and fishing rights on former reservation lands survived termination); United States v. Adair, 723 F.2d 1394 (9th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1252, 104 S.Ct. 3536, 82 L.Ed.2d 841 (1984) (same as to implied reserved water rights).
In 1986, Congress passed the Klamath Indian Tribe Restoration Act (the Restoration Act), Pub.L. No. 99-398, 100 Stat. 849 (Aug. 27, 1986) (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 566), reestablishing federal recognition of the Tribes. While the Restoration Act restored the Tribes’ federal services, as well as the government-to-government relationship between the Tribe and the United States, it did not alter existing property rights. See 25 U.S.C. § 566(d).
Throughout the post-termination and subsequent restoration period, the Klamath Claims Committee believed that it had broad authority to represent the Tribes and its members in tribal litigation. Several resolutions of the Committee reflect this. For example, a 1983 resolution that states that the Tribes’ August 21, 1961, grant of authority designated the Klamath Claims Committee as “the post-termination representative body of the Tribe” with respect to the “supervision and management of tribal claims against the United States for all dealings.” Klamath Claims Committee Resolution, January 1983; see also Klamath Claims Committee Resolutions, June 1996; Klamath Claims Committee Resolution, May 1996. In 1993, the Tribes authorized plaintiff to work with BIA to disburse judgments from eases in which plaintiff, acting on behalf of the 1954 membership, was successful. See Kla-math Tribe Executive Resolution, July 1993. More recently, the governing body of the Tribes authorized the Klamath Claims Committee to use funds to “pursue claims, including but not limited to claims now being prosecuted against PaeifiCorp.” See Joint Resolution of Tribal Council, March 2008. This resolution, however, did not give the Committee exclusive authority to pursue the Pacificorp litigation, as it envisioned that the Tribes would also participate in that litigation. Id. The same resolution indicated that, to the extent that the Klamath Claims Committee pursued “other claims” outside of the Pacificorp case, it must act “within [its] authority as established by the General Counsel.”
In the late 1980s, Interior determined that the Dam and its fish ladder were adversely affecting several fish species listed as “endangered” under the Endangered Species Act of 1973, 87 Stat. 884, 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq. In 2001, Congress authorized a study to assess alternatives for improving fish passage at the Dam. See Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, Pub.L. No. 107-171, § 10905, 116 Stat. 134, 537. After consulting with the MPID and the Tribes, Interior determined that the best course of action was removing the Dam. In 2006, BIA negotiated a cooperative agreement with MPID under which Interior would pay to remove the Dam and construct an alternative electric pump plant for irrigation. MPID landowners voted in favor of Dam removal, and signed a cooperative agreement with the BIA. The Dam was removed in August 2008.
Plaintiff filed its initial complaint in this court on February 6, 2009, and an amended complaint on March 17, 2009. The latter advances four causes of action: (i) a takings of Indian trust assets based on the government’s failure to reimburse the Tribes as authorized by section 13 of the 1954 Act; (ii) a breach of fiduciary duty based on the failure to disburse the section 13 authorized funds; (iii) a takings based on the removal of the Chiloquin Dam and its associated water storage; and (iv) a breach of fiduciary duty based on the removal of the Dam and its associated water storage. Plaintiff asserted that this court possesses jurisdiction over these claims under the Indian Tucker Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1505. On May 7, 2009, defendant filed a motion to dismiss under RCFC 12(b)(1) and (6).
On February 11, 2011, the court granted, in part, defendant’s motion. It held that plaintiffs claims involving the disbursements required by section 13 of the 1954 Act and relating to the transfer of the Chiloquin Dam fell far outside the six-year statute of limitations established by 28 U.S.C. § 2501, and thus must be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. See Klamath Tribe Claims Comm. v. United States, 97 Fed.Cl. 203, 209 (2011) (Klamath Tribe Claims Comm. I). The court, however, held that it had jurisdiction over the remainder of plaintiffs claims relating to the removal of the Dam in August of 2008. Id. at 210. As to those claims, the court concluded that the Tribes “are a party that should be joined to this action under RCFC 19(a).” Id. at 213. In this regard, the court noted that “there is an overlap between the membership and interests of the Tribes and the Klamath Claims Committee, particularly after the passage of the Restoration Act in 1986.” Id. at 212. Observing that “the Tribes currently possess fishing and water rights that derive from the 1864 Treaty,” the court noted that it is “essentially those same rights and associated fiduciary obligations — deriving from the same 1864 Treaty — that plaintiff seeks to vindicate in this case.” Id. Despite this, it found that in communications with plaintiffs counsel, the Chairman of the Tribes had indicated that he was “ ‘not in a position to lend support to litigation over which the Klamath Tribes have no control, particularly where the litigation may potentially affect Tribal rights of the entire General Council membership.’ ” Id. (quoting a letter from the Chairman of the Tribes).
“Based on these facts,” the court concluded that “in the absence of the Tribes, it cannot afford complete relief as between plaintiff and the United States.” Id. It further found “that the Tribes has claimed an interest in the remaining subject matter of this lawsuit and that disposing of this ease in the Tribes’ absence may, as a practical matter, impede the Tribes’ ability to protect that interest or leave the United States subject to inconsistent obligations.” Id. at 212-18. Because the Tribes is a sovereign, the court determined that the appropriate process was to extend an invitation to the Tribes to intervene in this case under RCFC 24. Id. at 214. The court stated that if the Tribes declined that invitation, it would determine whether the Tribes was “indispensable,” further observing that if this was so, the case would then be dismissed under RCFC 19(b). Id.
On April 20, 2011, the Klamath Tribes responded to this court’s invitation, declining to intervene in this matter. This response, nonetheless, asserted that the Tribes “have an interest in the remaining subject matter of this lawsuit” and that “disposing of this case in the Tribes’ absence may, as a practical matter, impede the Tribes’ ability to protect that interest.” Lastly it indicated that “the Plaintiff Claims Committee has no authority to speak for or represent the Tribes.” On August 11, 2011, following the death and replacement of plaintiff’s counsel, this court ordered the parties to file simultaneous briefs addressing whether the Tribes were indispensable under RCFC 19(b). In an amicus filing, the Tribes “expressly reserved] its sovereign immunity from suit in this action,” declaring the rights at issue to be ones “that belong to the Tribes.” This amicus brief further claimed that plaintiff is “in fact acting hostilely to the Tribes, asserting control over tribal rights, and inviting this Court to de-legitimize the Tribes.”
The parties’ briefing on the RCFC 19(b) issue is now completed. Argument is deemed unnecessary.
II. DISCUSSION
Indian tribes possess “the common-law immunity from suit traditionally enjoyed by sovereign powers.” Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez, 436 U.S. 49, 58, 98 S.Ct. 1670, 56 L.Ed.2d 106 (1978); see also Kiowa Tribe v. Mfg. Techs., Inc., 523 U.S. 751, 753-54, 118 S.Ct. 1700, 140 L.Ed.2d 981 (1998). Like all sovereigns, they are free to assert or to waive their immunity, as they see fit. Okla. Tax Comm’n v. Citizen Band Potawatomi Indian Tribe, 498 U.S. 505, 509, 111 S.Ct. 905, 112 L.Ed.2d 1112 (1991). One aspect of this immunity is that a tribe “cannot be haled into court against its will, even as a plaintiff.” Klamath Claims Comm. I, 97 Fed.Cl. at 213. In this ease, the Tribes has refused an invitation to intervene in this action under RCFC 24. In that situation, the court must determine whether dismissal here is warranted under RCFC 19(b). See Klamath Claims Comm. I, 97 Fed.Cl. at 213-14; see also Narragansett Tribe of Indians v. S.R.I. Land Dev. Corp., 418 F.Supp. 798, 810-11 (D.R.I.1976).
Under RCFC 19(b), “[i]f a person who is required to be joined if feasible cannot be joined, the court must determine whether, in equity and good conscience, the action should proceed among the existing parties or should be dismissed.” Specifically, the rule indicates that, in making this determination, factors for the court to consider include:
(1) the extent to which a judgment rendered in the person’s absence might prejudice that person or the existing parties;
(2) the extent to which any prejudice could be lessened or avoided by:
(A) protective provisions in the judgment;
(B) shaping the relief; or
(C) other measures;
(3) whether a judgment rendered in the person’s absence would be adequate, and
(4) whether the person would have an adequate remedy if the action were dismissed for nonjoinder.
RCFC 19(b). This decision “is to be made in the light of pragmatic considerations.” Fed. R. Civ. P., Advisory Comm, notes (1966); see also Roos v. Texas Co., 23 F.2d 171 (2d Cir.1927), cert. denied, 277 U.S. 587, 48 S.Ct. 434, 72 L.Ed. 1001 (1928); H.H. Robertson Co. v. Lumbermen’s Mut. Cas. Co., 94 F.R.D. 578, 579 (W.D.Pa.1982), affd, 696 F.2d 982 (3d Cir.1982). “It must be based on factors varying with the different cases,” the Supreme Court has observed, “some procedural, some compelling by themselves, and some subject to balancing against opposing interests.” Provident Tradesmens Bank & Trust Co. v. Patterson, 390 U.S. 102, 119, 88 S.Ct. 733, 19 L.Ed.2d 936 (1968); see also Pimentel, 553 U.S. at 863, 128 S.Ct. 2180 (“multiple factors must bear on the decision whether to proceed without a required person”); Kickapoo Tribe of Indians of Kickapoo Reservation in Kansas v. Babbitt, 43 F.3d 1491, 1495 (D.C.Cir.1995).
In Provident, Mr. Justice Harlan, speaking for a unanimous Court, parsed the factors in Rule 19. First, he noted, how the factors reflect the interests of the parties before the Court—
First, the plaintiff has an interest in having a forum. Before the trial, the strength of this interest obviously depends upon whether a satisfactory alternative forum exists.... Second, the defendant may properly wish to avoid multiple litigation, or inconsistent relief, or sole responsibility for a liability he shares with another.
Id. at 109-10, 88 S.Ct. 733. Also manifest in the factors, Justice Harlan wrote, “is the interest of the outsider whom it would have been desirable to join.” Id. at 110, 88 S.Ct. 733. On this point, the Provident Court expounded—
Of course, since the outsider is not before the court, he cannot be bound by the judgment rendered. This means, however, only that a judgment is not res judicata as to, or legally enforceable against, a nonparty. It obviously does not mean either (a) that a court may never issue a judgment that, in practice, affects a nonparty or (b) that (to the contrary) a court may always proceed without considering the potential effect on nonparties simply because they are not ‘bound’ in the technical sense. Instead, as Rule 19(a) expresses it, the court must consider the extent to which the judgment may ‘as a practical matter impair or impede his ability to protect’ his interest in the subject matter.
Id. at 110-11, 88 S.Ct. 733. Finally, “there remains the interest of the courts and the public in complete, consistent, and efficient settlement of controversies,” which implicates the “public’s stake in settling disputes by wholes, whenever possible, for clearly the plaintiff, who himself chose both the forum and the parties defendant, will not be heard to complain about the sufficiency of the relief obtainable against them.” Id. at 111, 88 S.Ct. 733.
That plaintiff lacks an adequate remedy if this suit is dismissed weighs against dismissal. This court has exclusive jurisdiction over the takings and breach of fiduciary duty claims that remain at issue in this case. See United States v. Tohono O’Odham Nation, - U.S. -, 131 S.Ct. 1723, 1729-31, 179 L.Ed.2d 723 (2011); Trusted Integration v. United States, 659 F.3d 1159, 1162 (Fed.Cir.2011); Morris v. United States, 392 F.3d 1372, 1375 (Fed.Cir.2004). Conversely, a U.S. district court would lack jurisdiction to provide any relief to plaintiff under the Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. §§ 702 and 704. Accordingly, if this suit is dismissed, plaintiff likely will be left without any ability to recoup compensation for the injuries it claims. In such an instance, the deci-sional law indicates that this court should be “‘extra cautious’ before dismissing an action.” Kescoli, 101 F.3d at 1310 (quoting Makah Indian Tribe v. Verity, 910 F.2d 555, 558 (9th Cir.1990)).
But, there are countervailing considerations here. Courts generally afford sovereigns “heightened protection” if a lawsuit poses “a potential of injury to the sovereign’s interest.” Odyssey Marine Exploration, Inc. v. Unidentified Shipwrecked Vessel, 657 F.3d 1159, 1181 (11th Cir.2011), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 132 S.Ct. 2379, 182 L.Ed.2d 1051 (2012). This consideration has often led courts to dismiss in cases where the United States is the absent party. See Mine Safety Appliances Co. v. Forrestal, 326 U.S. 371, 375, 66 S.Ct. 219, 90 L.Ed. 140 (1945); State of Minnesota v. United States, 305 U.S. 382, 388-89, 59 S.Ct. 292, 83 L.Ed. 235 (1939). And there likewise is a “strong policy that has favored dismissal when a court cannot join a tribe because of sovereign immunity.” Davis v. United States, 192 F.3d 951, 960 (10th Cir.1999), cert, denied, 542 U.S. 937, 124 S.Ct. 2907, 159 L.Ed.2d 812 (2004). Indeed, “[w]hen ... a necessary party ... is immune from suit, there is very little room for balancing of other factors set out in Rule 19(b), because immunity may be viewed as one of those interests compelling by themselves.” Enterprise Mgmt. Consultants, Inc. v. United States ex rel. Hodel, 883 F.2d 890, 894 (10th Cir.1989) (quoting Wichita & Affiliated Tribes, 788 F.2d at 777 (quoting 3A Moore’s Federal Practice ¶ 19.15, at 19-266 n. 6 (1984))). While “this does not mean that balancing can be completely avoided simply because an absent person is immune from suit,” it does mean that “the plaintiffs inability to obtain relief in an alternative forum is not as weighty a factor when the source of that inability is a public policy that immunizes the absent party from suit.” Davis ex rel. Davis v. United States, 343 F.3d 1282, 1293-94 (10th Cir.2003), cert. denied, 542 U.S. 937, 124 S.Ct. 2907, 159 L.Ed.2d 812 (2004); see also N. Arapaho Tribe v. Hamsberger, 660 F.Supp.2d 1264, 1283 (D.Wyo.2009).
Recently, in Pimentel, 553 U.S. 851, 128 S.Ct. 2180, the Supreme Court elaborated on the importance of sovereign immunity plays in the balancing analysis required by Rule 19(b). In that ease, various parties claimed assets in a Merrill Lynch brokerage account that included funds which allegedly had been illicitly obtained by former Philippines President Marcos. Id. at 857, 128 S.Ct. 2180. Originally, the Republic of the Philippines and a sovereign Filipino Commission were included as defendants in the action, via in-terpleader, but were later dismissed after they successfully invoked the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1604, 1609. Id. at 859, 128 S.Ct. 2180. After this dismissal, the district court awarded the funds to another party. Id. at 860, 128 S.Ct. 2180. The Ninth Circuit affirmed this ruling, holding that while the Republic and the Commission were necessary parties under Rule 19(a) and entitled to be dismissed based on sovereign immunity, their claim to the disputed assets was unlikely to succeed on the merits. The Supreme Court reversed, holding that the lower courts erred in their analysis of Rule 19(b) because they had “not aceord[ed] proper weight to the compelling claim of sovereign immunity.” Pimentel, 553 U.S. at 869, 128 S.Ct. 2180. Framing the rationale of the Court, Justice Kennedy stated that cases “involving the intersection of joinder and the governmental immunity of the United States ... instruct us that where sovereign immunity is asserted, and the claims of the sovereign are not frivolous, dismissal of the action must be ordered where there is a potential for injury to the interests of the absent sovereign.” Id. at 867, 128 S.Ct. 2180. Recognizing that “[d]is-missal under Rule 19(b) will mean, in some instances, that plaintiff will be left without a forum for definitive resolution of their claims,” the Court, nonetheless, concluded that this “result is contemplated under the doctrine of foreign sovereign immunity.” Id. at 872,128 S.Ct. 2180.
While Pimentel is, in some regards, distinguishable, it, nevertheless, illustrates that sovereign immunity often will be compelling itself in swaying the Rule 19(b) analysis. Pimentel stands for the proposition that where a sovereign party should be joined in an action, but cannot be owing to sovereign immunity, the entire case must be dismissed if there is the potential for the interests of the sovereign to be injured. And this result obtains even when no alternative forum exists in which the plaintiff can press its ease. As subsequent eases confirm, this rationale applies to domestic sovereigns, i.e., States and Indian nations, as much as it does to foreign sovereigns, e.g., the Philippines. See Vann v. Salazar, 883 F.Supp.2d 44, 49-51, 2011 WL 4953030, at *3-4 (D.D.C.2011); N. Arapaho Tribe, 660 F.Supp.2d at 1287; see also A128 Sys., Inc. v. Hydro-Quebec, 626 F.3d 1213, 1221 (Fed.Cir.2010).
This rationale weighs heavily in favor of dismissing this case owing to the absence of the Tribes. Although the Tribes has decided not to intervene, it has asserted a nonfrivo-lous interest in the subject matter of this suit that might be impaired by an adverse ruling in this case. Even without a direct preclu-sive effect, such a ruling would be a negative precedent that the Tribes would have to confront in future litigation involving the 1864 Treaty and the associated statutes. See Acton Co., Inc. of Mass. v. Bachman Foods, Inc., 668 F.2d 76, 78-79 (1st Cir.1982) (“Even if Acton would not be legally bound, an adverse ruling would be persuasive precedent in a subsequent proceeding, and would weaken Acton’s bargaining position for settlement purposes.”); Doty v. St. Mary Parish Land Co., 598 F.2d 885, 887 (5th Cir.1979) (dismissing case under Rule 19(b) because “an unfavorable judgment in the present case would constitute precedent adverse to the [absent party’s] claims”); Johnson & Johnson, 720 F.Supp. at 1123-25 (same). And that negative precedent could ripen into binding adverse precedent were this court’s ruling affirmed by the Federal Circuit. Thus, it would appear that to proceed without the Tribes might “as a practical matter impair or impede” the Tribe’s ability to protect its sovereign interests. See RCFC 19(a); Provident, 390 U.S. at 110, 88 S.Ct. 733 (stating that when considering the “interest of the outsider whom it would have been desirable to join,” the court should consider the “practical” impact of a judgment on that interest); Picciotto v. Continental Cas. Co., 512 F.3d 9, 16-17 (1st Cir.2008).
Adding weight to that conclusion is the fact that any disposition here in the Tribes’ absence threatens to leave defendant subject to multiple and conflicting claims with respect to the same fishing and water rights conferred by the 1864 Treaty. Plaintiff and the Tribes, whose memberships are different, assert at least partially overlapping claims to those rights. To the extent, moreover, that the Tribes’ claims hinge on the removal of the Chiloquin Dam, the statute of limitations under 28 U.S.C. § 2501 is still open and will remain so until August of 2014. See Kla-math Tribe Claims Comm. I, 97 Fed.Cl. at 210. Accordingly, if this suit proceeds, the United States could find itself subject to competing claims for the same compensation. For this and other reasons, this is not a case in which the interests of the Tribes may be adequately represented by the United States. Id. at 213 n. 16. Per contra. Indeed, in numerous recent cases, the United States has urged this court to construe narrowly the trust and treaty responsibilities it owes to various Tribes, both for jurisdictional and merits purposes. See, e.g., Jicarilla Apache Nation v. United States, 100 Fed.Cl. 726 (2011). There is no reason to believe that defendant will be any less zealous in pressings its claims in this case, with obvious implications for the Tribes if the United States were to prevail on these points. See Provident, 390 U.S. at 110, 88 S.Ct. 733. Nor does this court see any way that, under RCFC 19(b)(2), “any prejudice could be lessened or avoided” if this suit were allowed to proceed.
Accordingly, a majority of the factors in RCFC 19(b) weigh heavily in favor of holding the Tribes an indispensable party. As such, the court finds that the Tribes is not only a necessary party, but also an indispensable one, compelling dismissal.
III. CONCLUSION
The court will not gild the lily. For the foregoing reasons, the court hereby orders the Clerk to DISMISS plaintiffs complaint. No costs.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
. The present-day Klamath Tribes is a single, federally-recognized tribal government that uses the plural "Tribes” to reflect the fact that it is composed of the Klamath and Modoac Tribes, and the Yahooskin Band of Snake Indians. The court adopts the Tribes' convention of referring to itself in the singular.
. The 1954 Act created a process in which a list of remaining and withdrawing members was prepared. See 1954 Act § 3 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 564b). Upon publication of the final roll, the Act directed that "the rights or beneficial interests in tribal property of each person whose name appears on the roll shall constitute personal property." See 1954 Act § 4 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 564c). The 1954 Act directed that $250 be distributed, per capita, to each individual listed on the final roll. 1954 Act § 7 (codified at 25 U.S.C. § 5640; see Klamath & Modoc Tribes, 436 F.2d at 1011.
. The Klamath Judgment Distribution Act of 1965, Pub. L. No. 89-224, 79 Stat. 897 (codified, as amended, at 25 U.S.C. §§ 565-565g), addressed various claims that the Tribes had pursued against the United States. The law authorized funds to be used in settling these claims. Id. As part of this Act, the BIA could retain funds for the benefit of the Tribes “or any of its constituent parts or groups” for the purpose of "paying the usual and accustomed expenses of prosecuting claims against the United States.” 25 U.S.C. § 565.
. In their suit against Pacificorp, the Tribes sought damages for the disruption of salmon fish runs resulting from the construction and operation of government-authorized hydroelectric dams on the Klamath River. See Klamath Tribes of Or. v. Pacificorp, 2005 WL 1661821 (D.Or. July 13, 2005), aff'd, 268 Fed.Appx. 575 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 555 U.S. 821, 129 S.Ct. 109, 172 L.Ed.2d 34 (2008).
. The United States and the Tribes jointly filed water rights claims as part of Oregon’s adjudication of the Klamath River Basin. This adjudication will conclusively quantify, pursuant to the McCarran Amendment, the water rights recognized in Adair and held in trust by the United States for the Tribes. 43 U.S.C. § 666; United States v. Oregon, 44 F.3d 758 (9th Cir.1994), cert. denied sub nom., Klamath Tribe v. Oregon, 516 U.S. 943, 116 S.Ct. 378, 133 L.Ed.2d 302 (1995).
. On February 19, 2011, the Tribes’ General Council passed Klamath Tribes General Council Resolution #2011-011, entitled "General Council Resolution Rescinding General Council Resolution #2004-002 and Reaffirming General Council Authority Over Claims of the Klamath Tribe.” This resolution rescinded a prior resolution on which plaintiff had relied in asserting that it could litigate the subject case. The February resolution further stated that "the General Council reaffirms that the Claims Committee does not speak for or represent the Klamath Tribes, nor has it ever done so.”
. See also Clinton v. Babbitt, 180 F.3d 1081, 1090 (9th Cir.1999) ("because the Hopi Tribe enjoys sovereign immunity ... it cannot be joined as a party without its consent”); Kescoli v. Babbitt, 101 F.3d 1304, 1310 (9th Cir.1996); Wichita & Affiliated Tribes of Okla. v. Hodel, 788 F.2d 765, 771 (D.C.Cir.1986) ("tribal immunity quicldy surfaces as a crucial issue in such a suit since if the tribe is an indispensable party, and cannot be joined due to its immunity, the claim may not proceed”).
. Rule 19 formerly spoke in terms of "necessary" and "indispensable” parties. It was altered in 2007 for "stylistic” reasons but the "substance and operation of the rule ... are unchanged.” Rep. of Philippines v. Pimentel, 553 U.S. 851, 855-56, 128 S.Ct. 2180, 171 L.Ed.2d 131 (2008). The same can be said of the 2008 modification of the language of this court’s rule. For a discussion regarding the evolution of this rule, see Katherine Florey, "Making Sovereign Indispensable, Pimentel and the Evolution of Rule 19,” 58 UCLA L. Rev. 667, 673-76 (2011) (hereinafter "Florey”).
. "In general, the rules of [Court of Federal Claims] are patterned on the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure,” making "precedent under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure ... relevant to interpret rules of [Court of Federal Claims].” Pac. Nat’l Cellular v. United States, 41 Fed.Cl. 20, 25 n. 3 (1998). As to Rule 19, the Federal Circuit has recently noted that "RCFC 19 is virtually identical to Fed.R.Civ.P. 19” and "[b]e-cause our case law on RCFC 19 is limited, we rely on cases interpreting Fed.R.Civ.P. 19 in our analysis of what is a 'necessary' party under RCFC 19.” United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians v. United States, 480 F.3d 1318, 1324 n. 2 (Fed.Cir.2007).
. As the Fifth Circuit indicated shortly after Provident was decided, the essence of Rule 19 is to balance the rights of all those whose interests are implicated by the action:
The plaintiff has the right to "control” his own litigation and to choose his own forum. This "right” is, however, like all other rights, "defined” by the rights of others. Thus the defendant has the right to be safe from needless multiple litigation and from incurring avoidable inconsistent obligations. Likewise the interests of the outsider who cannot be joined must be considered. Finally there is the public interest and the interest the court has in seeing that insofar as possible the litigation will be both effective and expeditious.
Schutten v. Shell Oil Co., 421 F.2d 869, 873 (5th Cir.1970); see also Universal Reinsurance Co., Ltd. v. St. Paul Fire and Marine Ins. Co., 312 F.3d 82, 88 (2d Cir.2002); Nichols v. Rysavy, 809 F.2d 1317, 1332 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 848, 108 S.Ct. 147, 98 L.Ed.2d 103 (1987); Tick v. Cohen, 787 F.2d 1490, 1495 (11th Cir.1986); Matthew L.M. Fletcher, "The Comparative Rights of Indispensable Sovereigns,” 40 Gonz. L. Rev. 1, 8-9 (2004) (hereinafter "Fletcher”); 7 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller, Mary Kay Kane, Richard L. Marcus, Fed. Prac. & Proc. Civ. § 1602 (2012).
. In Pueblo of Laguna v. United States, 60 Fed. Cl. 133 (2004), this court discussed why it believed that district courts lack jurisdiction over matters such as these, stating:
[T]he Federal Circuit, in Consolidated Edison Co. v. United States, 247 F.3d 1378 (Fed.Cir.2001) (en banc), instructed that "[a] party may not circumvent the [Court of Federal Claim's] exclusive jurisdiction by framing a complaint in the district court as one seeking injunctive, declaratory or mandatory relief where the thrust of the suit is to obtain money from the United States.” Id. at 1385 (quoting Rogers v. Ink, 766 F.2d 430, 434 (10th Cir.1985)); cf. Cobell v. Norton, 240 F.3d 1081, 1094-95 (D.C.Cir.2001). Moreover, the Administrative Procedure Act waives sovereign immunity for district court suits only if "there is no other adequate remedy." 5 U.S.C. § 704 (2000). Yet, to the extent that these other actions seek an accounting, that remedy is available here as a prelude to the award of monetary damages. See, e.g., Minnesota Chippewa Tribe Red Lake Band v. United States, 768 F.2d 338, 342 (Fed.Cir.1985); Klamath and Modoc Tribes v. United States, 174 Ct.Cl. 483, 486-91 (1966) (construing 28 U.S.C. § 1505); see also United States v. Mitchell, 463 U.S. 206, 219-22, 103 S.Ct. 2961, 77 L.Ed.2d 580 (1983).
More recently, the Federal Circuit has made clear that a compensation award in this court provides most plaintiffs with an "adequate remedy,” thereby precluding a district court from exercising jurisdiction over a related claim under 5 U.S.C. § 704. See Suburban Mortg. Assocs., Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of IIous. & Urban Dev., 480 F.3d 1116, 1126-27 (Fed.Cir.2007); Consol. Edison Co., 247 F.3d at 1384-85.
. See also Sac and Fox Nation of Missouri v. Norton, 240 F.3d 1250, 1260 (10th Cir.2001), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1078, 122 S.Ct. 807, 151 L.Ed.2d 693 (2002); Bassett v. Mashantucket Pequot Tribe, 204 F.3d 343, 358 (2d Cir.2000); Pasco Int'l (London) Ltd. v. Stenograph Corp., 637 F.2d 496, 501 n. 9 (7th Cir.1980) (indicating that "the absence of an alternative forum would weigh heavily, if not conclusively against dismissal”).
. See also Yashenko v. Hawaii's NC Casino Co., LLC, 446 F.3d 541, 553 (4th Cir.2006); American Greyhound Racing, Inc. v. Hull, 305 F.3d 1015, 1025 (9th Cir.2002) ("we have regularly held that the tribal interest in immunity overcomes the lack of an alternative remedy or forum for the plaintiffs”); Keweenaw Bay Indian Cmty. v. State, 11 F.3d 1341, 1347-48 (6th Cir.1993) (in case involving fishing rights under treaty, equity required case to be dismissed where two absent bands were indispensable where adequate remedy was available); Florey, supra at 684-85 ("cases from the tribal context continue to form the bulk of cases in which courts contemplate dismissal because an immune Rule 19 party cannot be joined”); Fletcher, supra, at 14 ("For the most part, courts dismiss a case when an absent tribe has a significant stake in the outcome of the litigation.”); Nicholas V. Merkely, "Compulsory Party Joinder and Tribal Sovereign Immunity: A Proposal to Modify Federal Courts' Application of Rule 19 to Cases Involving Absent Tribes as 'Necessary' Parties,” 56 Okl. L. Rev. 931, 939 (2003) (“When applying Rule 19 to cases involving Indian tribes, courts generally dismiss suits because the tribes' sovereign immunity renders joinder infeasible.”).
. Other courts have employed similar reasoning. See also Seneca Nation of Indians v. New York, 383 F.3d 45, 48 (2d Cir.2004), cert. denied, 547 U.S. 1178, 126 S.Ct. 2351, 165 L.Ed.2d 278 (2006); Kickapoo Tribe, 43 F.3d at 1496; Florey, supra at 686.
. See Meirill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc. v. ENC Corp., 464 F.3d 885 (9th Cir.2006); In re Republic of Philippines, 309 F.3d 1143, 1149-52 (9th Cir.2002).
. Among other things, the Court there cited deference to the comity and dignity interests of the Republic and the Commission "in determining if, and how, the assets should be used to compensate those persons who suffered grievous injury under Marcos” and the desirability of avoiding the "specific affront that could result to the Republic and the Commission if the property they claimed is seized by the decree of a foreign court.” Pimentel, 553 U.S. at 866, 128 S.Ct. 2180.
. For nearly two centuries, the Supreme Court has described Indian tribes as "domestic dependent nations.” Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 5 Pet. 1, 17, 8 L.Ed. 25 (1831) (Marshall, C.J.); see also United States v. Lara, 541 U.S. 193, 204-05, 124 S.Ct. 1628, 158 L.Ed.2d 420 (2004).
. As several courts have noted, it is difficult to determine the preclusive effect of a ruling in later lawsuit. That is particularly true here given the debates regarding the legal relationship between plaintiff and the Tribes. See Huber v. Taylor, 532 F.3d 237, 250 (3d Cir.2008) ("[i]t would be premature for this Court to endeavor to decide whether [the absent party is] in privity in bringing the instant action, for purposes of determining the preclusive effect of this action on a later lawsuit, where the potential later lawsuit is yet to be brought, and where the instant action has not even run its course yet”) (quoting Johnson & Johnson v. Coopervision, Inc., 720 F.Supp. 1116, 1124 (D.Del.1989)).
. While plaintiff and the Tribes dispute the precise contours of the other’s membership, they both agree that an award to the other would provide a windfall to unentitled individuals while denying certain entitled individuals a share. Given this, it is apparent that if the Tribes had intervened in this action, the court would have been forced to determine how to allocate any resulting judgment, requiring it to wade into disputes not only between the claimants and the United States, but also among the claimants themselves. See Makah Indian Tribe, 910 F.2d at 559-61 (holding absent tribe was indispensable where case involved "potential intertribal conflict”).
. See also Sw. Ctr. for Biological Diversity v. Babbitt, 150 F.3d 1152, 1154 (9th Cir.1998); Ra-mah Navajo School Bd., Inc. v. Babbitt, 87 F.3d 1338, 1351-52 (D.C.Cir.1996); Citizens Against Casino Gambling in Erie County v. Kempthorne, 471 F.Supp.2d 295, 315 (W.D.N.Y.2007).
. To be sure, the court is discomforted by the prospect of dismissing a suit in which the Tribes has claimed that its interests may be impaired, but, nonetheless, has elected not to intervene. But, at least in tribal cases, the weight of authority takes the view that an essential aspect of sovereignty is to decide when not to assert an interest in the suit. See Kickapoo Tribe, 43 F.3d at 1498 ("[fjailure to intervene is not a component of the prejudice analysis where intervention would require the absent party to waive sovereign immunity”); Pueblo of Sandia v. Babbitt, 47 F.Supp.2d 49, 54 (D.D.C.1999); cf. School Dist. of City of Pontiac v. Sec’y of U.S. Dept. of Educ., 584 F.3d 253, 281 (6th Cir.2009), cert. denied, U.S. -, 130 S.Ct. 3385, 177 L.Ed.2d 302 (2010) ("When States stick their heads in the sand for nearly five years of litigation about a high-profile lawsuit, it is difficult to say that proceeding without them will impair their interests — which so far seem focused above all on not being forced to take a public stand on the issues presented.”); see also Florey, supra at 686-87 ("When considering the extent of Rule 19(b) prejudice to a party, some courts have cautioned against attaching any weight to an immune party’s failure to intervene.”); One can imagine a number of reasons why politically, legally, tactically or practically, the Tribes may wish not to assert their rights in a given suit. See Fletcher, supra, at 121-123; see generally, Angela Riley, "Good (Native) Governance," 107 Colum. L. Rev. 1049, 1111-13 (2007) (discussing situations in which tribes have and have not waived their sovereign immunity).
.Because of this ruling, the court will deny, as moot, a motion filed by plaintiff to amend its complaint.
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CASELAW
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Immigrants have better opportunities than ever CEO Gary Vaynerchuk
Self-made millionaire, Gary Vaynerchuk, knows what it means to rise to the top. An immigrant himself from the USSR, Vaynerchuk is now chief executive and co-founder of the digital agency, VaynerMedia. Unconventionally, his path to leading an 800-employee business did not start with education, something he told CNBC in an episode of Life Hacks Live is "unheard of for immigrants because education is the way out." Instead, self-confidence and entrepreneurial acumen led Vaynerchuk to become the self-made millionaire, venture capitalist and social media guru he is today. But Vaynerchuk's humble beginnings do not limit his expectations for the immigrants of today. If anything, with an ever-changing landscape, the CEO believes there's never been "so much opportunity" out there. And it's all down to one thing. "The internet has created ungodly amounts of opportunity." "I think immigrants have it better than ever - no matter where you emigrate - because it's not about the establishment giving them a chance. The Internet gives them a chance," said Vaynerchuk. "The biggest change is opportunity has grown, not decreased. And what immigrants have is humility and work ethic because they're often starting from the bottom. And I think that's their biggest advantage," he added. But on the gap between being an immigrant of the 70s, and of today, Vaynerchuck added that the new challenges todays immigrants face are "devastating." "Unfortunately there's a lot of hate and fear in the system right now." "The great news is a small-minded non-educated hatemonger can't stop you from building your business." But what could be construed as a thinly-veiled jab at U.S. President Donald Trump, Vaynerchuk added was simply not the case. "I just want to make this clear, I'm not talking about a president. I'm talking about a boss. Or an educator. Somebody who thinks they can stop you." "Nobody can stop anybody into today's environment. So I would say that I think it's better in the U.S. for an immigrant than it was when I came." Life Hacks Live is a series produced by CNBC International for Facebook, where tomorrow's leaders get to ask some of the world's biggest influencers for advice. You can watch the full episode here.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Magnus I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
Magnus I (1304–1369), called the Pious (Latin Pius), was duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg.
The son of Albert the Fat, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Magnus was still a minor when his father died in 1318; he and his brother Ernest were put under the guardianship of their elder brother Otto, who continued as sole ruler even after his brothers came of age. After marrying Sophia, a niece of Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor, Magnus was appointed margrave of Landsberg and count palatine of Saxony by the Emperor in 1333. Magnus took residence at Sangerhausen. When Otto died in 1344, Magnus and Ernest jointly took over government of the state; but already on 17 April 1345, they agreed to divide the territory. Magnus received the Principality of Wolfenbüttel.
In 1346, a border war between Wolfenbüttel and the Archbishop of Magdeburg broke out. In exchange for help in this conflict, Magnus sold the Margraviate of Landsberg to Frederick II, Margrave of Meißen. But the Archbishop conquered Schöningen in 1347, and Magnus had to cede Hötensleben and some other possessions to the Archbishop. Financially ruined by the war, Magnus could not stop the cities in the state from acquiring more and more rights; especially the City of Brunswick was becoming more powerful.
In 1348, the Emperor gave Landsberg and the Palatinate of Saxony to Bernard, Prince of Anhalt. The ensuing conflict over these territories between Magnus and Bernard ended amicably with a marriage between Magnus' son Magnus and Catherine, daughter of Bernhard III, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg.
Magnus attempted to secure the Principality of Lüneburg for his son Louis, so that it could be reunited with Wolfenbüttel. The prince of Lüneburg, William II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, a member of the same house to which Magnus belonged, the House of Welf, did not have sons; however, he had already promised the principality to a son of his daughter, a relative of the Duke of Saxony, before he agreed to Magnus' plan. Louis then married William's daughter Matilda. A lengthy conflict broke out that culminated in the Lüneburg Succession War, which was resolved only in 1388.
In 1367, Magnus joined Dietrich, Archbishop of Magdeburg, Albert, Bishop of Halberstadt, Valdemar, Prince of Anhalt, and others in a campaign against Gerhard of Berg, Bishop of Hildesheim; they were defeated by Hildesheim in a battle near Farmsen and Dinklar on 3 September.(de:Schlacht von Dinklar) Magnus was taken prisoner, and had to buy his freedom. He died in summer of 1369.
Family
Around 1327, Magnus married Sophia (died 1356), the daughter of Henry I, Margrave of Brandenburg-Stendal. They had the following children that reached adulthood:
* Magnus (died 1373)
* Louis (died 1367), married Matilda, daughter of William II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg
* Albert, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen (died 1395)
* Henry, Provost of Halberstadt Cathedral
* Ernest
* Matilda, married Bernhard III, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg
* Agnes, married in 1360 to Count Henry of Hohnstein
* Sophie, married Count Dietrich V of Hohnstein
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WIKI
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Ethernet Products
Determine ramifications of Intel® Ethernet products and technologies
4628 Discussions
Intel I210-T1 and disabling MCTP
PThoe1
Beginner
3,693 Views
So I noticed the I210-T1 supports MCTP and not seeing where I can disable this, checked the firmware boot config guide and it was conspicuously blank: https://www-ssl.intel.com/content/www/us/en/support/articles/000005790/software/manageability-products.html Upgrade, Enable, or Disable Flash with the Intel® Ethernet Flash...
Also anybody know if the I210-T1 hooks into IME if the onboard (which IME normally uses) is disabled, i.e. I get the feeling Intel is sneaky like that.
Message was edited by: Peter Thoenen - Typo
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15 Replies
idata
Employee
2,246 Views
Hi PeterTe,
Thank you for posting in Wired Communities. Can you further clarify about this "know if the I210-T1 hooks into IME if the onboard (which IME normally uses) is disabled"?
Looking forward to your reply so that I can better check on this.
Regards,
Sharon
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PThoe1
Beginner
2,246 Views
Sure, on that second question I have seen conflicting reports that IME only uses the onboard NIC and equally I have seen reports which state "no, it's directly tied into the PCI bus so whether it's soldered or plugged in, IME has hooks into all PCI NICs hence disabling the onboard and using a PCIE card (ala the I210-T1) is irrelevant as IME will simply use it as alternate path" (i.e. defeats the purpose of buying this card). In both cases these polar opposite reports come from people and organizations I highly trust and have for decades.
OFC neither answer is relevant to the other question which is how does one disable MCTP (or MCHI as effectively disabling either will do the same thing) on this NIC but regardless would like an answer for both.
The goal of purchasing this card is to have a NIC that simply functions has a high quality NIC with all remote low level access disabled at the NIC level (i.e. MCTP/MCHI/IME all disabled or not use as no network path).
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idata
Employee
2,246 Views
Hi Peter Te,
Thank you for the information and clarification. I will check on this.
Regards,
Sharon
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idata
Employee
2,246 Views
Hi Peter Te,
Further checking, please submit your inquiry to sourceforge support for a feature request via the ticket option at https://sourceforge.net/p/e1000/mailman/e1000-devel/thread/4893591.dl3XO76euB%40wuerfel/
They will further assist you from there.
Thanks,
Sharon
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PThoe1
Beginner
2,246 Views
Thank you Sharon but I just want to make sure I understand your answer. You are saying that Intel does not allow MCTP to be disabled on the I210-T1 using it's existing Intel provided drivers and that I should submit a feature request for that? Also are you sure that mailing list is the correct place? It states it is for Linux related stuff and I am neither using LInux nor ARM but a good old Intel i7-8700 with Windows 10.
Also any progress on my question about IME listening in on non-onboard PCI cards?
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idata
Employee
2,246 Views
Hi PeterTe,
Thank you for the clarification about the OS used. I will further check for you.
Regards,
Sharon
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idata
Employee
2,246 Views
Hi PeterTe,
Please provide the NIC's MM# , this piece of information can be found on the white sticker on the physical NIC. It is a 6 digits number usually start with number 9 which is located beside the barcode and below the complete model name of the Network adapter.
You can also contact our embedded support for them to better assist your inquiry.
https://embedded.communities.intel.com/community/en
Thanks,
Sharon
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PThoe1
Beginner
2,246 Views
Hello Sharon,
I mean no offense at this but I don't think you understand the problem as your responses this entire thread have had nothing to do with the question.
Question 1: Intel Active Management Technology (AMT), part of the Intel Management Engine (ME), is understood to use the onboard Intel NIC to perform it's AMT/ME functions; this is completely operating system independent in the same way IMPI/ILO/BMC/iDRAC is all OS independent, it is a NIC/CPU firmware level protocol. The question here is, if the onboard server NIC is disabled, does AMT/ME then, as an alternative path, use the PCI NIC (in this case the Intel I210-T1). This has absolutely nothing to do with the operating system, embedded devices, etc. It's simply a question you should pose your AMT/ME team (or the wired NIC team) about how does IME work and is it limited to the buildin NIC or does it affect all NICS (via the PCI bus).
Question 2: The I210-T1 supports Management Component Transport Protocol (MCTP). This protocol, like AMT/ME, functions at a direct access firmware layer2/3 level and is operating system independent nor is it related to CPU architectures, embedded devices, etc. MCTP support is documented here under sections 2.12 and 3.10 (https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/faqs/ethernet-controller-i210-i211-faq.pdf?asset=9597 https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/faqs/ethernet-controller-i210-i211-faq.pdf?asset=9597 ) . What is NOT mentioned is can this being disabled or, if not, how it's configured. As Intel themselves have acknowledged MCTP should be ACL'ed (if not disabled) [https://www.intel.com/content/dam/support/us/en/documents/software/software-applications/mctp_over_pcie_access_control_list_extensions.pdf https://www.intel.com/content/dam/support/us/en/documents/software/software-applications/mctp_over_pcie_access_control_l… ] though once again the "how" is not given . So what I am looking for here is "can I disable MCTP" and if so "how" and if not, then how do I ACL it per Intel's own recommendation, i.e. what is the interface to the NIC to do this.
Once again NONE of that has to do with embedded systems, Linux, Windows, ARM, OS drivers, etc etc. This is a Intel product which lists itself as supporting these protocols, should be a simply enough question for the product team to answer.
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idata
Employee
2,246 Views
Hi PeterTe,
Thank you for the information. I apologize for any confusion, we need the MM# in order to check which firmware is installed , what features are enabled and how to disable them. This information and the tool to make changes are available via the Embedded Design Center and require an NDA to access. And with regards your two questions, please find information below"
1: The I210 datasheet located here https://www.intel.com/content/dam/www/public/us/en/documents/datasheets/i210-ethernet-controller-datasheet.pdf shows this on page 749
"The I210 supports NC-SI over MCTP protocol over the PCI Express and SMBus busses. The I210 can connect through MCTP to a MC or the ME engine in the chipset"
There is also a lot of information in the datasheet about MCTP and how to format the messages to send to the NIC.
2. As above, we need to know what firmware you have in order to check what features we can disable. As far as the ACL's, how to do it would depend on the management platform that you are using. MCTP is just the protocol definition for communication between different hardware components. Like another protocol, TCP, you do not write TCP headers directly but use it through an interface and the network stack.
Please feel free to update me. Thank you.
Regards,
Sharon
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idata
Employee
2,246 Views
Hi PeterTe,
I also sent a PM to you.
Thanks,
Sharon
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PThoe1
Beginner
2,246 Views
0 Kudos
idata
Employee
2,246 Views
Hi PeterTe,
Thank you for the information.
Regards,
Sharon
0 Kudos
idata
Employee
2,246 Views
Hi PeterTe,
Further checking, please submit your inquiry to our embedded design center, they can better assist you about the inquiry:
https://embedded.communities.intel.com/community/en
Regards,
Sharon
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PThoe1
Beginner
2,246 Views
Confused, how does this have anything to do with embedded systems as opposed to the "wired NIC" (this forum)
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idata
Employee
2,246 Views
Hi PeterTe,
Thank you for the reply. This is more about the design so you can submit the inquiry in the embedded design communities.
Thanks,
Sharon T
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Reply
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:Collier's New Encyclopedia v. 08.djvu/393
LEFT SENATE 337 SENECA RIVER concerns of the republic. Under the em- pire, the Senate gradually lost its political consideration, but till the time of Con- stantine the Great many of its decrees took the place of the laws enacted by the people. In France the upper legislative cham- ber under Napoleon I. and Napoleon III. was called the Senate, and the name is still in use in the French republic. The Senate is composed of 314 members; they are elected indirectly for a term of nine years. SENATE, UNITED STATES, the higher branch of Congress; composed of two senators from each State, irrespec- tive of the population therein. Up to May 31, 1913, they were elected by the State legislatures. On that date the 17th amendment to the United States Con- stitution providing for the election of senators by direct popular vote and for the filling of vacancies by appointment from the Governors of the States, went into effect. Some of the most important functions of the Senate, as distinct from the House, are the supervision of the presidential appointments of the highest grade of public officers, the passing of judgment on all treaties contracted with foreign powers, and the sole power to try all impeachments. In the latter case impeachment proceedings must originate in the House, which presents the charges to the Senate; this, in turn, acts as the court. The Vice-President of the United States is president of the Senate, but has no vote therein excepting in the case of a tie, and is really an officer with very limited power. It is customary after the Vice-President has been installed as pre- siding officer of the Senate, for him to preside over a few sessions of that body and then ask for a leave of absence, when the Senate elects one of its own members as president pro tern., and the member so chosen acts as presiding officer when- ever the Vice-President does not wish to exercise that privilege. SENECA, a lake in the W. part of New York State; 25 miles S. of Lake Ontario, into which its waters flow. It is about 37 miles long, from 2 to 4 miles broad, and 630 feet deep. It communi- cates with the Erie canal, and steamers ply on it. SENECA, LUCIUS ANNJEUS, a Ro- man philosopher, son of M. Annaaus Seneca, an eminent rhetorician; was born in Cordoba, Spain, about the beginning of the Christian era. Taken early to Rome, he became an advocate, gained some distinction, and was made quaestor. But under Claudius, an accusation brought against him by the infamous Messalina, led to his being banished to Corsica. Returning after an exile of eight years, he was intrusted by Agrip- pina with the education of her son Nero. He acquired over the youth an influence as strong as it was salutary, and, having already at Agrippina's instance become praetor, he was, at that of Nero (now emperor), made consul, A. D. 57. His high moral aims and intellectual gifts incurred the jealousy and hatred of the emperor, while his wealth excited Nero's rapacity. An attempt on Nero's part to poison him having failed, he was drawn into the Pisonian conspiracy, accused, convicted, and condemned. Left free to choose his mode of death, he opened his veins, and gradually succumbed to syn- cope, A. D. 65. His writings were very numerous, and many are still extant; among them are treatises on "Anger"; on "Consolation"; on "Providence"; on "Tranquillity of Mind"; "The Blessed Life"; 124 letters to Lucilius; 10 trage- dies, and a remarkable work entitled "Speculations on Natural Phenomena." Seneca attached himself chiefly to the Stoic school but adopted elso principles from other systems. SENECA, MARCUS ANH^JUS, a Ro- man rhetorician; father of the preceding; a native of Cordoba, in Spain ; born about 61 B. C. He went to Rome during the reign of Augustus, and there taught rhetoric with great success for several years. He died in Rome toward the close of the reign of Tiberius (a. d. 37). He was the author of a collection of extracts showing the treatment of school themes by contemporary rhetoricians. SENECA FALLS, a village in Seneca co., N. Y.; on the Seneca river, near Cayuga Lake, and on the New York Central and Hudson River railroad; 16 miles N. of Auburn. It contains a public library, the Convent of St. Patrick, Na- tional and other banks, and several news- papers. The river here falls 50 feet and furnishes motive power for flouring, woolen and knitting mills, foundries, and manufactories of steam fire engines, pumps, and agricultural implements. Pop. (1910) 6,588; (1920) 6,389. SENECA INDIANS, a tribe of North American Indians belonging to the Iro- quois, and formerly occupying western New York and a portion of northwestern Pennsylvania. They were once powerful; and their most famous chief was Sagoye- watha, or "Red Jacket." They mostly re- side in New York State still, numbering between 3,000 and 4,000. SENECA RIVER, a river of New York State; flows E. from the N. end of Seneca Lake to the N. end of Lake Cayuga, then turns N. and is joined on
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WIKI
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Group isomorphism
In abstract algebra, a group isomorphism is a function between two groups that sets up a bijection between the elements of the groups in a way that respects the given group operations. If there exists an isomorphism between two groups, then the groups are called isomorphic. From the standpoint of group theory, isomorphic groups have the same properties and need not be distinguished.
Definition and notation
Given two groups $$(G, *)$$ and $$(H, \odot),$$ a group isomorphism from $$(G, *)$$ to $$(H, \odot)$$ is a bijective group homomorphism from $$G$$ to $$H.$$ Spelled out, this means that a group isomorphism is a bijective function $$f : G \to H$$ such that for all $$u$$ and $$v$$ in $$G$$ it holds that $$f(u * v) = f(u) \odot f(v).$$
The two groups $$(G, *)$$ and $$(H, \odot)$$ are isomorphic if there exists an isomorphism from one to the other. This is written $$(G, *) \cong (H, \odot).$$
Often shorter and simpler notations can be used. When the relevant group operations are understood, they are omitted and one writes $$G \cong H.$$
Sometimes one can even simply write $$G = H.$$ Whether such a notation is possible without confusion or ambiguity depends on context. For example, the equals sign is not very suitable when the groups are both subgroups of the same group. See also the examples.
Conversely, given a group $$(G, *),$$ a set $$H,$$ and a bijection $$f : G \to H,$$ we can make $$H$$ a group $$(H, \odot)$$ by defining $$f(u) \odot f(v) = f(u * v).$$
If $$H = G$$ and $$\odot = *$$ then the bijection is an automorphism (q.v.).
Intuitively, group theorists view two isomorphic groups as follows: For every element $$g$$ of a group $$G,$$ there exists an element $$h$$ of $$H$$ such that $$h$$ "behaves in the same way" as $$g$$ (operates with other elements of the group in the same way as $$g$$). For instance, if $$g$$ generates $$G,$$ then so does $$h.$$ This implies, in particular, that $$G$$ and $$H$$ are in bijective correspondence. Thus, the definition of an isomorphism is quite natural.
An isomorphism of groups may equivalently be defined as an invertible group homomorphism (the inverse function of a bijective group homomorphism is also a group homomorphism).
Examples
In this section some notable examples of isomorphic groups are listed.
* The group of all real numbers under addition, $$(\R, +)$$, is isomorphic to the group of positive real numbers under multiplication $$(\R^+, \times)$$:
* $$(\R, +) \cong (\R^+, \times)$$ via the isomorphism $$f(x) = e^x$$.
* The group $$\Z$$ of integers (with addition) is a subgroup of $$\R,$$ and the factor group $$\R/\Z$$ is isomorphic to the group $$S^1$$ of complex numbers of absolute value 1 (under multiplication):
* $$\R/\Z \cong S^1$$
* The Klein four-group is isomorphic to the direct product of two copies of $$\Z_2 = \Z/2\Z$$, and can therefore be written $$\Z_2 \times \Z_2.$$ Another notation is $$\operatorname{Dih}_2,$$ because it is a dihedral group.
* Generalizing this, for all odd $$n,$$ $$\operatorname{Dih}_{2 n}$$ is isomorphic to the direct product of $$\operatorname{Dih}_n$$ and $$\Z_2.$$
* If $$(G, *)$$ is an infinite cyclic group, then $$(G, *)$$ is isomorphic to the integers (with the addition operation). From an algebraic point of view, this means that the set of all integers (with the addition operation) is the "only" infinite cyclic group.
Some groups can be proven to be isomorphic, relying on the axiom of choice, but the proof does not indicate how to construct a concrete isomorphism. Examples:
* The group $$(\R, +)$$ is isomorphic to the group $$(\Complex, +)$$ of all complex numbers under addition.
* The group $$(\Complex^*, \cdot)$$ of non-zero complex numbers with multiplication as the operation is isomorphic to the group $$S^1$$ mentioned above.
Properties
The kernel of an isomorphism from $$(G, *)$$ to $$(H, \odot)$$ is always {eG}, where eG is the identity of the group $$(G, *)$$
If $$(G, *)$$ and $$(H, \odot)$$ are isomorphic, then $$G$$ is abelian if and only if $$H$$ is abelian.
If $$f$$ is an isomorphism from $$(G, *)$$ to $$(H, \odot),$$ then for any $$a \in G,$$ the order of $$a$$ equals the order of $$f(a).$$
If $$(G, *)$$ and $$(H, \odot)$$ are isomorphic, then $$(G, *)$$ is a locally finite group if and only if $$(H, \odot)$$ is locally finite.
The number of distinct groups (up to isomorphism) of order $$n$$ is given by sequence A000001 in the OEIS. The first few numbers are 0, 1, 1, 1 and 2 meaning that 4 is the lowest order with more than one group.
Cyclic groups
All cyclic groups of a given order are isomorphic to $$(\Z_n, +_n),$$ where $$+_n$$ denotes addition modulo $$n.$$
Let $$G$$ be a cyclic group and $$n$$ be the order of $$G.$$ Letting $$x$$ be a generator of $$G$$, $$G$$ is then equal to $$\langle x \rangle = \left\{e, x, \ldots, x^{n-1}\right\}.$$ We will show that $$G \cong (\Z_n, +_n).$$
Define $$\varphi : G \to \Z_n = \{0, 1, \ldots, n - 1\},$$ so that $$\varphi(x^a) = a.$$ Clearly, $$\varphi$$ is bijective. Then $$\varphi(x^a \cdot x^b) = \varphi(x^{a+b}) = a + b = \varphi(x^a) +_n \varphi(x^b),$$ which proves that $$G \cong (\Z_n, +_n).$$
Consequences
From the definition, it follows that any isomorphism $$f : G \to H$$ will map the identity element of $$G$$ to the identity element of $$H,$$ $$f(e_G) = e_H,$$ that it will map inverses to inverses, $$f(u^{-1}) = f(u)^{-1} \quad \text{ for all } u \in G,$$ and more generally, $$n$$th powers to $$n$$th powers, $$f(u^n)= f(u)^n \quad \text{ for all } u \in G,$$ and that the inverse map $$f^{-1} : H \to G$$ is also a group isomorphism.
The relation "being isomorphic" is an equivalence relation. If $$f$$ is an isomorphism between two groups $$G$$ and $$H,$$ then everything that is true about $$G$$ that is only related to the group structure can be translated via $$f$$ into a true ditto statement about $$H,$$ and vice versa.
Automorphisms
An isomorphism from a group $$(G, *)$$ to itself is called an automorphism of the group. Thus it is a bijection $$f : G \to G$$ such that $$f(u) * f(v) = f(u * v).$$
The image under an automorphism of a conjugacy class is always a conjugacy class (the same or another).
The composition of two automorphisms is again an automorphism, and with this operation the set of all automorphisms of a group $$G,$$ denoted by $$\operatorname{Aut}(G),$$ itself forms a group, the automorphism group of $$G.$$
For all abelian groups there is at least the automorphism that replaces the group elements by their inverses. However, in groups where all elements are equal to their inverses this is the trivial automorphism, e.g. in the Klein four-group. For that group all permutations of the three non-identity elements are automorphisms, so the automorphism group is isomorphic to $$S_3$$ (which itself is isomorphic to $$\operatorname{Dih}_3$$).
In $$\Z_p$$ for a prime number $$p,$$ one non-identity element can be replaced by any other, with corresponding changes in the other elements. The automorphism group is isomorphic to $$\Z_{p-1}$$ For example, for $$n = 7,$$ multiplying all elements of $$\Z_7$$ by 3, modulo 7, is an automorphism of order 6 in the automorphism group, because $$3^6 \equiv 1 \pmod 7,$$ while lower powers do not give 1. Thus this automorphism generates $$\Z_6.$$ There is one more automorphism with this property: multiplying all elements of $$\Z_7$$ by 5, modulo 7. Therefore, these two correspond to the elements 1 and 5 of $$\Z_6,$$ in that order or conversely.
The automorphism group of $$\Z_6$$ is isomorphic to $$\Z_2,$$ because only each of the two elements 1 and 5 generate $$\Z_6,$$ so apart from the identity we can only interchange these.
The automorphism group of $$\Z_2 \oplus \Z_2 \oplus \oplus \Z_2 = \operatorname{Dih}_2 \oplus \Z_2$$ has order 168, as can be found as follows. All 7 non-identity elements play the same role, so we can choose which plays the role of $$(1,0,0).$$ Any of the remaining 6 can be chosen to play the role of (0,1,0). This determines which element corresponds to $$(1,1,0).$$ For $$(0,0,1)$$ we can choose from 4, which determines the rest. Thus we have $$7 \times 6 \times 4 = 168$$ automorphisms. They correspond to those of the Fano plane, of which the 7 points correspond to the 7 non-identity elements. The lines connecting three points correspond to the group operation: $$a, b,$$ and $$c$$ on one line means $$a + b = c,$$ $$a + c = b,$$ and $$b + c = a.$$ See also general linear group over finite fields.
For abelian groups, all non-trivial automorphisms are outer automorphisms.
Non-abelian groups have a non-trivial inner automorphism group, and possibly also outer automorphisms.
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WIKI
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cyphella
Noun
* 1) A break in the lower cortex of a lichen thallus which appears as a cup-like structure or marking.
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WIKI
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Deep Learning and AI: Applications
Deep Learning and AI: Applications
Computers have come a long way from being a calculator to bearing artificial intelligence capacity, giving incredible results. Sometimes, those results are better than the average human outcomes, in highly specialized situations.
Recent developments and technological breakthroughs have allowed computers to develop highly optimized analytical frameworks and predict situations with high degrees of accuracy.
Thus, Artificial Intelligence and technologies like Deep Learning have extensive applications in nearly all sectors. In many scenarios, these technologies are making work possible without any human intervention.
What is AI?
Artificial Intelligence is possessed by machines or computers that try to mimic human intelligence or human cognitive functions like learning and problem-solving. Humans artificially type of intelligence is artificially created for machines by humans.
Also, AI is something that hasn’t yet been achieved in its true sense, which is also referred to as Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) sometimes. What people get fascinated by, are Machine Learning and Deep Learning technologies.
Innovations in AI include technologies like speech recognition - as seen in the case of Alexa/Siri devices, structured prediction, anomaly detection, and Artificial Neural Network (ANN), relevant recommendations in Amazon & Netflix, and yeah, let’s not forget Self Driving Cars.
Why AI?
But why create something with an intelligence that could replace us, humans?
A straight answer to this question is, to automate.
We either cannot perform some tasks or eventually get bored of doing the same task every day. But this isn’t applicable in the case of machines.
Robot and Human Shaking Hand
Photo by C Technical from Pexels
They can work more efficiently without getting bored. With recent technological developments, we just need to feed some data and use relevant computer algorithms, and the computers will automatically learn how to do some specific work for us!
For fields that demand high task execution, higher accuracy, or involve monotonous tasks, AI is the solution.
AI decides by analyzing previous events and establishing connections between them for predicting the future, so it’s more accurate.
Applications of AI
There are countless applications of AI in almost every industry that has some monotonous tasks or deal with data and security. Let’s discuss some of the applications of AI:
1. Video Analytics for Surveillance
The most prominent application of AI lies in the field of Surveillance.
Video Analytics refers to using real-time videos to detect or track objects, particularly vehicles or humans. It is being widely used for developing Self Driving Cars, License Plate Recognition [LCR] and Smart Parking technologies.
With AI in Video Analytics, we can innovate traditional security and surveillance systems to meet modern security needs.
Now, we don’t need a group of security personnel to supervise a network of cameras. We just need one operator to manage alerts being sent by video analytics software using AI to detect anomalies based on pre-fed data.
2. Machine Learning and Data Analytics
In machine learning, machines learn from pre-existing data under supervised training by humans and apply that knowledge to make accurate decisions.
This technology is used to target advertisements to people who are most likely going to click on them.
It uses personalized data of individuals from their digital footprints and predicts or generalizes the behavior of customers to target them with personalized promotions.
What is Deep Learning?
Deep Learning is a technology used by Computers to gain knowledge as we humans do.
It’s a specialized form of machine learning wherein we provide a dataset based upon which a decision is made.
But the important aspect of deep learning lies in the capability it provides the machines, i.e., learn from their own mistakes, hence the term “Deep learning”. It is perceived as a way to automate predictive analysis, thus making the job of data scientists of interpreting and analyze data faster and easier.
Digital world
Photo by your_photo from Getty Images
How does Deep Learning Work?
Machine Learning is a type of Artificial Intelligence that uses historical data to predict decisions, but its learning is human-supervised.
The accuracy of a Machine Learning algorithm to detect a dog depends on how well the programmers declared the feature set.
Telling the machine how a dog would look and explaining its features is a tedious and laborious job. That’s why computer scientists developed Deep Learning.
Unlike Machine Learning, Deep Learning does not require human supervision to learn.
The programmer does not have to define a feature set. The Deep Learning program builds the feature set itself and learns from its mistakes.
This gives it an edge as unsupervised learning is faster and usually more accurate.
Applications of Deep Learning
Deep Learning, being a subset of Machine Learning, trains computers to learn by examples or historical data to produce a final output using abilities similar to some cognitive aspects of the human brain.
It has applications in all sectors concerned with data analytics. Let’s get to know some of its applications:
1. Computer Vision
One of the fastest-growing subdomains of deep learning, Computer Vision focuses on empowering computers to gain a high-level understanding of digital images or videos.
Computer Vision is applied in a wide range of use cases from self-driving cars to video surveillance and security. It is used by autonomous cars to identify and evaluate their environment for safe driving and heighten their perception and control.
With computer vision, self-driving cars make use of image segmentation technology wherein a digital image is broken into pieces to recognize objects and avoid crashing in real-time.
2. Natural Language Processing (NLP)
One of the most popular segments of deep learning, NLP or Natural Language Processing merges Artificial Intelligence with human language.
Since language has its nuances and intricacies, NLP is the most complex deep learning algorithm to create.
Like, for instance, one single word can have different meanings in different languages, and thus, NLP is designed to recognize the correct meaning of a word associated with the context by reading and understanding previous sentences.
3. Audio Signal Processing (ASP)
Alexa
Photo by Grumpy Cow Studios via Canva
The next big thing in the digital world is voice search.
Deep Learning’s rapidly growing field of Audio Signal Processing or ASP is used to create voice-activated programs in association with NLP. The futuristic technologies that convert voice messages into a transcribed script or text use the audio recognition aspect of ASP.
Businesses are also investing in AI and Deep Learning as they make processing and analyzing data faster.
As data is gold for companies, they need an algorithm to manage and evaluate it to predict situations.
Many companies like Tooliqa and Orbital Insight are developing futuristic technologies involving Computer Vision, Deep Learning to innovate security systems and develop self-driving cars.
Tooliqa is working towards merging 3D and Deep Learning technologies to revolutionize the interior design industry where algorithms are being developed to predict design choices
The applications of AI and Deep Learning are increasingly being expanded with new use cases being discovered very frequently.
We, humans, prefer simplicity in our lives. Thus, we are developing ways to make Computers faster and better every day. These developments should help us progress towards a promising future.
Read more: The Next Future Powered By Deep Learning | Insights - Tooliqa
Tooliqa specializes in AI, Computer Vision and Deep Technology to help businesses simplify and automate their processes with our strong team of experts across various domains.
Want to know more on how AI can result in business process improvement? Let our experts guide you.
Reach out to us at business@tooli.qa.
FAQs
Quick queries for this insight
What are some of the applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
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AI is already being used in a variety of industries, including healthcare, finance, retail, and manufacturing. As the technology continues to develop, it is likely that even more sectors will begin to adopt AI applications. Individuals can also benefit from AI in their everyday lives. For example, personal assistants such as Siri and Alexa use AI to provide users with information and perform tasks such as setting alarms and adding items to shopping lists. As AI becomes more commonplace, it is likely that even more everyday tasks will be carried out by artificial intelligence.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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James E. WHITMORE, Appellant, v. The STATE of Texas, Appellee.
No. 52325.
Court of Criminal Appeals of Texas.
Oct. 13, 1976.
On Rehearing April 6, 1977.
State’s Motion for Rehearing July 12, 1978.
State’s Motion for Rehearing En Banc Denied Oct. 4, 1978.
Brantley Pringle and Robert Schmidt, III, Fort Worth, for appellant.
Tim C. Curry, Dist. Atty. and Marvin Collins, Asst. Dist. Atty., Fort Worth, Jim D. Vollers, State’s Atty., David S. McAn-gus, Asst. State’s Atty., Austin, for the State.
OPINION
DOUGLAS, Judge.
This is an appeal from a conviction for capital murder. Punishment was assessed at death. The indictment alleged in substance that Whitmore caused the death of Judy Carol Rummel by employing Harrell Totty for remuneration to kill her.
The evidence presented shows that at approximately 5:00 p.m., on September 26, 1974, appellant, James Whitmore, had gone to the Dos Gringos Bar in Fort Worth. Joyce Walton, a waitress who served appellant, testified that he appeared to be upset. Whitmore then related that he had talked with a security guard as to exactly what could be done about the situation without elaborating on the details of their plans. He also stated to her that he would not be caught because no money would be transferred between them. As he left he said, “Well, you’ll probably read about this in the paper.”
Allen Bailey, his neighbor, testified that on the evening in question he had gone skeet shooting. He returned to his apartment around 9:30 p.m. and began cleaning his shotgun. Shortly thereafter, Whitmore came over and told him “. . . that if I heard two shots about two o’clock in the morning, not to worry about it, just open my door and he wanted to use the phone to call the police” because he did not have a telephone in his apartment. The plan called for him to invite his girlfriend over to make amends for their past disagreements. Totty would be making his rounds of the apartment complex and would be in appellant’s bathroom and he would yell, “Totty, Totty, Totty”, and Totty would come around the corner and shoot her twice. Then they were going to take a knife from the sink and use a sock to put it in her hand. Whitmore would make sure she was dead and then call for a doctor who lived in the complex to come over. Bailey stated that he did not believe Whit-more.
Tory Schroeder came into the apartment and Whitmore told him of the attempts made on his life by his girlfriend to which Schroeder kiddingly replied, “I would have her shot.” Some ten or fifteen minutes later Schroeder and Whitmore left to buy some beer. On the way to the Quik Sak grocery he told Schroeder that he was going to have his girlfriend, Judy Rummel, shot and that he was going to pay the security guard to do it and related the same plan to him as testified to by Bailey.
Judy Rummel, the deceased, was employed as a waitress at Pinto’s, a restaurant and bar. Whitmore knew that the place usually remained open until 2:00 a.m. Judy closed Pinto’s early on the evening in question because there were no customers. Susan Cowell, a friend and former roommate of the deceased, testified that she was with her at Pinto’s at approximately 9:30 p.m. and that Judy was very happy that evening because it was her first day back at work after having been in the hospital for pneumonia and she was going to see Whitmore that night.
Anita McCasland, the deceased’s roommate, testified that she was with her at Pinto’s from 8:00 p.m. until it closed at 11:30 p.m. and that her roommate had been in a good mood all evening. The deceased gave her a ride to their trailer house and after dropping her off said that she had received a call from Whitmore and was going to his apartment.
Schroeder, Totty and Whitmore were still in Bailey’s apartment when the deceased arrived. Schroeder then returned to Dr. Horn’s apartment where his mother was visiting and as he looked back he observed appellant, Totty and the deceased going into the apartment together. He then told Dr. Horn and his mother of Whitmore’s threats and began watching the apartment through the window of Dr. Horn’s apartment. Ten minutes later he heard two shots and then saw Whitmore go next door to Bailey’s apartment. Bailey, who had left his apartment for a few minutes to go to the store, also heard the two shots as he was unlocking his door after which he heard a woman scream, “Oh, God.” Shortly thereafter, Whitmore came into his apartment and said, “That was a cold blooded son-of-a-bitch, wasn’t it, Allen?” Whitmore called the police and then went to Dr. Horn’s apartment and told him that there was a woman in his apartment with two bullet holes in her. Dr. Horn told him to call an ambulance and police and to “get the hell” out of his apartment. Prior to going to Dr. Horn’s, Whitmore had yelled to Bailey as he was leaving, “Al, come over and look at this s — .” Bailey stepped outside his apartment and looked into the apartment. The deceased was lying on her side with her left arm draped over her forehead and her back toward the fireplace.
Officer C. P. Chessar of the Fort Worth Police Department testified that upon his arrival at the apartment he had the following conversation with Totty:
“Q. Did Totty describe to you the circumstances under which he had gone to the apartment that evening?
“A. Yes, sir, he did.
“Q. What did he say had happened?
“A. He stated he had been making his rounds, and knew that Whitmore had been having trouble, and he had gone to the apartment, One Seventy-One, to use the restroom. He stated that while he was inside the restroom he heard Whitmore screaming for help, and he went to the entranceway. He said, T drew my pistol and fired twice, I think.’
“Q. All right. Did he say who he shot at?
“A. He stated that he had shot at a white female, coming at Whitmore with a knife extended.”
Detective E. W. Cole of the homicide division testified that upon his arrival:
“He [Totty] told me he was the security guard there at the apartments that he— They had had trouble with Mrs. Rummel before at the apartments, that they had had complaints of her trying to run over Mr. Whitmore, that he was making his rounds, and that he had stopped into Mr. Whitmore’s apartment to use the bathroom, or restroom, and while there, in the restroom, he heard a call from Whitmore, and when he came around he saw Mrs. Rummel coming at James Whitmore with a knife, and that he fired his weapon.”
The Tarrant County medical examiner testified that the deceased had died as a result of blood loss into the thoracic chest due to two gunshot entry wounds. Several other witnesses who had known Whitmore testified that he drank heavily and was an alcoholic. There was also testimony that there had been problems in the past between him and the deceased.
Whitmore testified that he had talked to Judy Rummel at 4:30 p.m. on September 26, 1974, approximately seven hours before her death and he knew that she worked until 2:00 a.m. each morning. He further testified that at 6:00 p.m. on September 26, 1974, he had asked the security guard, Harrell Totty, to come check on him around 2:00 or 2:15 a.m. because he was going to have a date and the deceased knew of this fact. He related that when Totty was making his rounds at approximately 11:30 p.m. and asked to use his bathroom, just before the killing, he told Totty there would be no need to come by at 2:00 a.m. because he was going to spend the night at his mother’s place.
In his first ground of error, he contends that the trial court erred in not granting a new trial based on newly discovered evidence, the newly discovered evidence being that Harrell Totty, also indicted for this offense, had been acquitted.
The jury returned its verdict on May 30, 1975, and the motion for new trial was not filed until June 30, 1975. Assuming that we could consider the late motion for new trial, a subsequent acquittal of a co-principal of the crime does not by itself entitle a convicted co-defendant to a new trial. Another jury often has different evidence involving a single transaction. Different juries could reach opposite results on the same evidence. Rozell v. State, 502 S.W.2d 16 (Tex.Cr.App.1973).
Next, he contends that the trial court erred in filing “Conclusions of Law” overruling the motion for new trial over his objection. He urges that the action of the trial court is in violation of Article 40.07, V.A.C.C.P., which provides:
“In granting or refusing a new trial, the judge shall not sum up, discuss or comment upon the evidence in the case, but shall simply grant or refuse the motion without prejudice to either party.”
The court, in its conclusion, found that the motion was untimely filed. In order for such action to constitute reversible error, there must be a showing of injury to appellant. Mims v. State, 378 S.W.2d 318 (Tex.Cr.App.1964). No harm is shown. Ground of error number two is overruled.
In his third ground of error, he contends that the trial court erred in sustaining the State’s challenge for cause of venireman Ray E. Rugg. He argues that Rugg was a qualified juror under the constitutional standards of “ Witherspoon ” and that the Legislature is without authority to impose stricter standards as to a venireman’s qualification on the death penalty.
He is apparently contending that V.T. C.A., Penal Code, Section 12.31, is in conflict with Witherspoon v. Illinois, 391 U.S. 510, 88 S.Ct. 1770, 20 L.Ed.2d 776 (1968), and that the prospective juror Rugg was excused in violation of Witherspoon.
In Hovila v. State, 532 S.W.2d 293 (Tex.Cr.App.1975), we held that the holding of Witherspoon was still alive and well in light of the new statutory scheme providing for the imposition of the death penalty, the adoption of which followed in the wake of Furman v. Georgia, 408 U.S. 238, 92 S.Ct. 2726, 33 L.Ed.2d 346 (1972). Moore v. State, 542 S.W.2d 664 (1976).
The statutory scheme for capital murder [V.T.C.A., Penal Code, Section 19.03 (formerly Article 1257, V.A.P.C., as amended in 1973), and Article 37.071, V.A.C.C.P.], including the possible infliction of the death penalty, has been upheld by this Court in Jurek v. State, 522 S.W.2d 934 (Tex.Cr.App.1975), and by the United States Supreme Court in Jurek v. Texas, 428 U.S. 262, 96 S.Ct. 2950, 49 L.Ed.2d 929 (1976).
Prospective juror Rugg stated that under certain circumstances he would falsify his vote in answering the questions or issues submitted to him as provided by Article 37.071, V.A.C.C.P., in order to avoid imposition of the death penalty. Although Rugg stated that in a proper case he might be able to impose the death penalty, he consistently stated that his opposition to the death penalty would affect his deliberation on the fact issues submitted to him as required by Article 37.071, supra. While it is conceded by the State that Rugg was qualified under the Witherspoon doctrine, his answers were such as to disqualify him under V.T.C.A., Penal Code, Section 12.31(b), which provides:
“Prospective jurors, shall be informed that a sentence of life imprisonment or death is mandatory on conviction of a capital felony. A prospective juror shall be disqualified from serving as a juror unless he states under oath that the mandatory penalty of death or imprisonment for life will not affect his deliberations on any issue of fact.”
It is of no consequence that prospective juror Rugg was qualified under Witherspoon. Moore v. State, supra. Ground of error number three is overruled.
Ground of error number four complains of the admission into evidence of photographs taken of the deceased in the morgue after the killing. The photographs, taken before the autopsy, show the location of the wounds and were admissible under Martin v. State, 475 S.W.2d 265 (Tex.Cr.App.1972). No error is shown.
In ground of error number five, he contends that the trial court erred in refusing to admit into evidence at the preliminary competency to stand trial hearing an affidavit by Dr. Jackson Speegle regarding his mental condition. He argues that the affidavit was admissible to show his state of mind and he relies on Article 3726, V.A.C.S. His contention is without merit.
The affidavit in question was dated August 15,1960, and states that appellant was a schizophrenic. The State’s objection that the affidavit was hearsay and was not authenticated or qualified under the provisions of Article 3737e, V.A.C.S., was properly sustained. The affidavit was more than fifteen years old and was of no material relevance in the instant case. There is no showing in the record that Dr. Speegle was unavailable or that any attempt had been made to subpoena him.
Ground of error number six urges that the trial court erred in the admission into evidence at the trial on the merits the judgment of the competency hearing. Such contention is without merit. Where testimony is offered upon the main trial on the issue of insanity, the admission into evidence of the judgment in a preliminary sanity hearing is proper. Wilkinson v. State, 423 S.W.2d 311 (Tex.Cr.App.1968).
Ground of error number seven complains that the trial court should have submitted to the jury a charge during the punishment phase of the trial as to the issue of temporary insanity caused by intoxication. The charge submitted to the jury at the punishment stage of the trial properly instructed the jury as to the law of temporary insanity caused by intoxication as a mitigating fact. No error is shown.
In grounds of error numbers eight, nine, ten and fourteen appellant contends that the grand jury did not hear sufficient evidence before it returned the indictment and that the trial court should not have refused him a copy of the grand jury proceedings so that it could be included in the record on appeal.
The motion to quash the indictment was filed June 9, 1975, ten days after the trial was concluded. A grand jury may determine the nature and competency of any evidence presented to it and this Court cannot go behind the face of the indictment. Carpenter v. State, 477 S.W.2d 22 (Tex.Cr.App.1972).
There is no showing in this record that the grand jury testimony was ever recorded or transcribed nor has appellant shown a particularized need. No error is shown. Hoffman v. State, 514 S.W.2d 248 (Tex.Cr.App.1974). Grounds of error numbers eight, nine, ten and fourteen are overruled.
Ground of error eleven contends that the trial court should not have transferred this case from Criminal District Court No. 4 to Criminal District Court No. 1. The court has the power to transfer causes and there is no jurisdictional problem. Bank v. State, 503 S.W.2d 582 (Tex.Cr.App.1974). There was no challenge to the regularity of the transfer made at the time of the trial and no harm has been shown. Nothing is presented for review.
In grounds of error numbers twelve and thirteen, appellant contends that the death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment and that the juries and prosecutors are given too much discretionary authority. These contentions have been decided adversely to appellant by this Court in Jurek v. State, supra, and Smith v. State, 540 S.W.2d 693 (1976), and by the United States Supreme Court in Jurek v. Texas, 428 U.S. 262, 96 S.Ct. 2950, 49 L.Ed.2d 929 (1976).
Finally, in ground of error number fifteen, appellant contends that it was error for the trial court to admit certain statements made by the deceased to her roommate, Anita McCasland, outside his presence on the day of her murder. Many of the statements came in without objection. Even if the statements were hearsay, no reversible error was committed. The statements made earlier to her roommate are admissible to show that she was going to see appellant on a peaceful mission. Corbett v. State, 493 S.W.2d 940 (Tex.Cr.App.1973); Sherman v. State, 428 S.W.2d 338 (Tex.Cr.App.1968); Porter v. State, 152 Tex.Cr. 540, 215 S.W.2d 889 (1948).
No reversible error having been shown, the judgment is affirmed.
OPINION ON APPELLANT’S MOTION FOR REHEARING
DALLY, Commissioner.
On motion for rehearing we have reconsidered the appellant’s contention that he was deprived of a constitutional right to the testimony of a co-defendant who was acquitted after the appellant’s conviction.
James E. Whitmore and Harrell Totty were indicted for the murder of Judy Carol Rummel. It was alleged that the appellant, for remuneration and the promise of remuneration, hired Totty to kill the deceased. A severance was requested and granted. Appellant was tried first, although he asked that Totty be tried first, and a jury returned a verdict of guilty of capital murder and assessed punishment at death; judgment was entered on May 30, 1975, and the appellant’s motion for new trial was overruled July 10th.
Harrell Totty, who admitted he shot the deceased, was subsequently tried. The court charged the jury on the law of capital murder, murder, voluntary manslaughter, self-defense, and defense of a third person. On October 4, 1975, the jury returned a verdict of not guilty. On October 8, 1975, the appellant filed a motion for new trial and alleged as grounds newly discovered evidence. Appellant alleged that at the time of his trial he was denied the testimony of Totty, because Totty would have asserted his Fifth Amendment right and refused to testify. It was further alleged that since Totty had been acquitted his testimony was now available. The court overruled appellant’s motion for new trial because it was filed after the time provided for filing such motions. See Art. 40.05, V.A.C.C.P.
At the hearing on the motion for new trial Totty’s attorney testified that the appellant’s attorney had requested that Totty testify at the appellant’s trial. Totty’s attorney stated that he advised appellant’s attorney that Totty would assert his Fifth Amendment right and would not testify at appellant’s trial. At the hearing appellant offered the testimony of Totty at his own trial to show what his testimony would have been if Totty had testified at appellant’s trial. The court admitted a transcript of Totty’s testimony as a bill of exception for the record on appeal.
Totty testified at his own trial that he was a member of the United States Air Force. His general duty was that of a security guard. He had secret clearance and on special occasions had guarded nuclear weapons and the President of the United States. With permission of the Air Force, he worked part-time as a security guard at the apartment complex where he and his family lived. While working as a security guard at the apartments he became acquainted with the appellant and his former girl friend, Judy Rummel, the deceased. The first time he saw the deceased he pulled her off the appellant because she was sitting on him and beating him with her fists. Totty testified that on another occasion the deceased was arrested by the police for breaking appellant’s window. He had numerous complaints about both the deceased and the appellant and tried to get the manager to have the appellant evicted from the apartments. On another occasion he saw the deceased with her car try to run over the appellant and a girl friend. Because of all this trouble, the apartment manager instructed Totty that under no circumstances was the deceased to be allowed to be at the apartments and that he should check on appellant’s apartment at least every hour.
Totty testified that on the night of the shooting he was making his rounds checking the apartments. He knocked on appellant’s door and was told to come in. Appellant’s door was unlocked and he did not see the deceased. Appellant was sitting on his couch. Totty asked to use the restroom and checked the back room to make sure the deceased was not present, because he remembered that he had not been checking appellant’s apartment as he had been instructed to do. When he was coming out of the bedroom from using the restroom he heard the appellant shout, “Help, help. The deceased was about an arm’s length from the appellant with a knife in her hand. He stated that deceased appeared crazed and out of her mind and that he was afraid for appellant’s life and his own. He drew his gun and shot the deceased. He stated that when he shot her he was too far away to physically stop her and that he was afraid, if he did not shoot, she would attack him and would have killed the appellant. Totty further testified that he had not agreed to kill or discussed killing Judy Rummel with appellant; that he had not received any money or the promise of anything from Whitmore or anyone else to kill her. He stated that he was sorry that the killing occurred but that there was no way he could have avoided it.
A trial court has considerable discretion in granting or denying a new trial in which newly discovered evidence may be admitted. To show that the court abused its discretion by not granting a new trial, the record must reflect that: (1) the newly discovered evidence was unknown to the movant at the time of his trial; (2) the movant’s failure to discover the evidence was not due to his want of diligence; (3) the materiality of the evidence is such as would probably bring about a different result on another trial; and (4) the evidence is admissible and is not merely cumulative, corroborative, collateral, or impeaching. Hernandez v. State, 507 S.W.2d 209 (Tex.Cr.App.1974); Myers v. State, 527 S.W.2d 307 (Tex.Cr.App.1975); Williams v. State, 504 S.W.2d 477 (Tex.Cr.App.1974).
The testimony of Harrell Totty was known to the appellant before his trial and is not in the usual meaning of the words newly discovered; however, it was newly available evidence. A defendant may not call as a witness a co-defendant who has indicated he will assert his privilege against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Rodriguez v. State, 513 S.W.2d 594 (Tex.Cr.App.1974); Glasper v. State, 486 S.W.2d 350 (Tex.Cr.App.1972); Victoria v. State, 522 S.W.2d 919 (Tex.Cr.App.1975); United States v. Roberts, 503 F.2d 598 (9th Cir. 1974) cert. denied 419 U.S. 1113, 95 S.Ct. 791, 42 L.Ed.2d 811 (1975); United States v. McKinney, 453 F.2d 1221 (9th Cir. 1972). However, after the witness has been convicted or acquitted that witness’ testimony then becomes available. United States v. Hoffman, 385 F.2d 501 (7th Cir. 1967). See Brumfield v. State, 445 S.W.2d 732 (Tex.Cr.App.1969); Franco v. State, 491 S.W.2d 890 (Tex.Cr.App.1973); Cherb v. State, 472 S.W.2d 273 (Tex.Cr.App.1971). Also, a witness may change his mind and, while represented by counsel, elect to waive that right and testify. Thus, it has been held that the witness then becomes the source of new factual information not otherwise previously available. United States v. Guillette, 404 F.Supp. 1360 (D.C.Conn.1975).
This Court has long recognized that newly available evidence is the same as newly discovered evidence. Under our prior laws, which have been repealed and held unconstitutional, principals, accomplices, or accessories could not testify on behalf of each other. Where two people were jointly or separately indicted for an offense arising from the same incident, and one was tried and convicted, and subsequently the other was tried and acquitted, a new trial was granted the former to enable him to obtain the testimony of the latter, where it appeared that the new evidence which the law had formerly placed beyond his reach was admissible and material to his defense. Branch’s Penal Code, Sec. 762 (2d ed. 1956) which cites numerous cases in support of the rule stated, including, e. g., Lyles v. State, 41 Tex. 172 (Tex.App.1874); Rucker v. State, 7 Tex.App. 549 (1880); Sylvas v. State, 68 Tex.Cr. 117, 150 S.W. 906 (1912). As this Court stated in Barker v. State, 73 Tex.Crim. 229, 164 S.W. 383 (1914):
“It is well settled that if, after the defendant is tried and convicted, his co-defendant is tried and acquitted, the testimony of the latter is held to be newly discovered.”
The difference between this situation and that in the case at bar is that in the former the testimony was not available because a statute made the witness incompetent, while in the latter the testimony is unavailable because of the witness’ constitutional rights.
There is no doubt that the testimony of Totty was newly available evidence after the jury at his trial acquitted him. The appellant could not be charged with a want of diligence. Although it was probably unnecessary to do so to preserve error, he attempted to obtain at the time of his trial the testimony of Totty. From our discussion of the testimony of Totty given at his own trial, there is no doubt that his testimony would be admissible and not merely cumulative, corroborative, collateral, or impeaching; and that its materiality was such as would probably bring about a different result on another trial. If appellant had filed his motion for new trial based on newly discovered evidence within the time provided by our Code of Criminal Procedure, we would have held that it was an abuse of discretion to deny appellant a new trial. Therefore, the question is whether an accused’s right to compulsory process under the Sixth Amendment of the United States Constitution and the Texas Constitution is superior and should override a valid provision of our Code of Criminal Procedure.
The Supreme Court of the United States, in the case of Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 24, 87 S.Ct. 1920, 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967), was faced with a conflict between an accused’s right to compulsory process and a state statute which prevented his co-defendant from testifying on behalf of the accused. The Court held that the right of an accused to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment, is so fundamental and essential to a fair trial that it is incorporated in the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The Court said:
“The right to offer the testimony of witnesses, and to compel their attendance, if necessary, is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present the defendant’s version of the facts as well as the prosecution’s to the jury so it may decide where the truth lies. Just as an accused has the right to confront the prosecution’s witnesses for the purpose of challenging their testimony, he has the right to present his own witnesses to establish a defense. This right is a fundamental element of due process of law.”
The Court held that Washington was denied his right to compulsory process because the State arbitrarily denied him the right to call a witness who was physically and mentally capable of testifying to events that he had personally observed, and whose testimony would have been relevant and material to the defense.
In Braswell v. Wainwright, 463 F.2d 1148 (5th Cir. 1972), the Fifth Circuit relying on Washington v. Texas, supra, stated that “when a state procedural rule comes into conflict with a fundamental constitutional right it is clear that the state rule must yield.” In Braswell, the “rule” was invoked regarding the sequestration of witnesses who intended to testify. A defense witness violated the “rule” by remaining in the courtroom during the presentation of the state’s case. The Court of Appeals reversed and ordered a new trial. The Court discussed at length the excluded testimony which clearly showed that his testimony was crucial to the appellant’s claim of self-defense. While the Court noted that Federal Courts are reluctant to strike down valid procedural rules, the Court held that in these particular and extraordinary circumstances the exclusion of the appellant’s sole corroborating witness denied the appellant his Sixth Amendment right, and rendered his trial fundamentally unfair.
At the time of appellant’s trial, the appellant’s constitutional right to compulsory process was in direct conflict with Harrell Totty’s constitutional right against self-incrimination. The weight of authority appears to be that the privilege against self-incrimination is the superior right. Rodriguez v. State, supra; Glasper v. State, supra; United States v. Roberts, supra; United States v. McKinney, supra; cf. Victoria v. State, supra. In order for appellant to receive the full benefit of his constitutional rights we will review this claim as it stood at the time he filed his motion for new trial based on newly available evidence, because at that time the conflict of constitutional rights was no longer present due to Totty’s acquittal.
The case at bar does not present a question of lack of diligence in asserting this constitutional right. The record reflects that appellant’s attorney attempted to have Totty testify at appellant’s trial but that he could not compel Totty to testify. Totty’s testimony was therefore not available until after October 4, 1975. Four days later, on October 8, 1975, appellant filed his motion for new trial based on newly discovered evidence.
We cannot say that the failure to grant appellant a new trial is harmless. As noted earlier, one of the most important factors in determining whether the trial court abused its discretion by failing to grant a new trial based on newly discovered evidence is whether “its materiality was such as would probably bring about a different result on another trial.” Hernandez v. State, supra. Other cases have stated that it must be shown that “the new evidence was probably true, and that such evidence would probably produce a different result at another trial.” Myers v. State, supra.
V.T.C.A. Penal Code, Sec. 19.03 (Capital Murder), states that:
“(a) A person commits an offense if he commits murder as defined under Section 19.02(a)(1) of this code and;
“(3) the person commits the murder for remuneration or the promise of remuneration or employs another to commit .the murder for remuneration or the promise of remuneration; * * *”
The appellant was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death because the jury found that he hired Harrell Totty to kill Judy Rummel. The appellant and Totty were the only persons present at the time Judy Rummel was killed. The jury that convicted the appellant did not hear the testimony of Totty. Totty’s trial was held after appellant’s. At his trial Totty testified in his own behalf. The jury apparently believed Totty’s testimony and acquitted him. Therefore, it is beyond dispute that the appellant was harmed by not being granted a new trial after Totty was acquitted and at a point in time when he could have compelled Totty to testify.
The appellant was deprived of the full benefit of his constitutional right to compulsory process guaranteed by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments of the Constitution of the United States. In the circumstances of this case our Code of Criminal Procedure provision governing the time for filing of motions for new trial must yield to the appellant’s superior constitutional rights. Accordingly, the appellant’s motion for new trial that alleged as grounds newly available testimony should have been granted.
Our decision in this case does not overrule the cases stating the general rule that an untimely motion for new trial should not be heard by the trial court. See e. g. Jones v. State, 501 S.W.2d 677 (Tex.Cr.App.1973); Morton v. State, 502 S.W.2d 121 (Tex.Cr.App.1973); Morales v. State, 458 S.W.2d 56 (Tex.Cr.App.1970); Nelson v. State, 464 S.W.2d 834 (Tex.Cr.App.1971); Roberts v. State, 493 S.W.2d 849 (Tex.Cr.App.1973); Boykin v. State, 516 S.W.2d 946 (Tex.Cr.App.1974); Morgan v. State, 519 S.W.2d 449 (Tex.Cr.App.1975); Allen v. State, 536 S.W.2d 364 (Tex.Cr.App.1976). However, in some cases where an accused’s constitutional rights are in conflict with a valid procedural rule of law the procedural rule must yield to the superior constitutional right. Also, in this case, the facts show good cause for a late filing of the motion for new trial. See Article 40.05, V.A.C.C.P. At no time during the statutory period for filing motions for new trial could the appellant have raised the issue presented here, because during that period of time Totty had not been tried and was unavailable as a witness. Even though the motion for new trial was not granted, the careful trial judge undoubtedly recognized the conflict between the accused’s constitutional rights and the statutory provision and permitted appellant’s counsel to perfect the record. Therefore, the appellant here need not be relegated to habeas corpus relief. A constitutional question similar to the one presented here was raised in Jones v. State, supra. However, in that case, the co-defendant, whose testimony Jones alleged he was deprived of, was available to testify at the time of trial because he had already been convicted of the offense in question. Therefore, had Jones exercised diligence, he could have compelled the co-defendant to testify at any time during the trial. Also, Jones could have raised his constitutional question in a timely motion for new trial. Jones still had the right to seek habeas corpus relief when all of the facts could be more fully developed than they were developed in his motion for new trial.
For the reasons stated, appellant’s motion for rehearing is granted, the judgment is reversed and the cause remanded.
Opinion approved by the Court.
DISSENTING OPINION ON APPELLANT’S MOTION FOR REHEARING
DOUGLAS, Judge.
The majority holds that appellant was denied his constitutional right to the testimony of co-defendant Totty and reverses.
Totty was acquitted subsequent to appellant’s conviction and prior to his motion for new trial. Appellant alleged in the motion that at the time of his trial he was deprived of Totty’s testimony because Totty would have asserted his privilege against self-incrimination and refuse to testify.
At the hearing on the motion for new trial, it was established that appellant’s attorney had requested that Totty testify at appellant’s trial. Although Totty’s attorney testified that he advised appellant’s attorney that Totty would assert his privilege at appellant’s trial, Totty himself never asserted the privilege nor indicated he would refuse to testify.
It should not have to be explained to the majority that the privilege against self-incrimination is personal to the witness and can be asserted only by him. United States v. Nobles, 422 U.S. 225, 95 S.Ct. 2160, 45 L.Ed.2d 141; Rogers v. United States, 340 U.S. 367, 71 S.Ct. 438, 95 L.Ed. 344 (1951), rehearing denied 341 U.S. 912, 71 S.Ct. 619, 95 L.Ed. 1348; Sharp v. United States, 410 F.2d 969 (5th Cir. 1969); United States v. Goodwin, 470 F.2d 893 (5th Cir. 1972), cert. denied 411 U.S. 969, 93 S.Ct. 2160, 36 L.Ed.2d 691; Glasper v. State, 486 S.W.2d 350 (Tex.Cr.App.1972); Cherb v. State, 472 S.W.2d 273 (Tex.Cr.App.1971). Not even the witness’ attorney may claim the privilege for him. United States v. Moore, 485 F.2d 1165 (5th Cir. 1973); Ex parte Miers, 124 Tex.Cr.R. 592, 64 S.W.2d 778 (Tex.Cr.App.1933); 8 Wigmore, Evidence, Section 2272 at 426 (McNaughton rev. 1961). Furthermore, the privilege may not be asserted in advance of questions actually propounded to the witness. It must be asserted with respect to particular questions, and in each instance the court must determine the propriety of the refusal to testify. United States v. Malnik, 489 F.2d 682 (5th Cir. 1974), cert. denied 419 U.S. 826, 95 S.Ct. 44, 42 L.Ed.2d 50; Farmer v. State, 491 S.W.2d 133 (Tex.Cr.App.1973). Thus, “a simple blanket declaration by the witness that he cannot testify for fear of self-incrimination will not suffice to invoke the privilege . . .; the mechanism of the Fifth Amendment is not automatic or self-winding.” United States v. Gomez-Rojas, 507 F.2d 1213 (5th Cir. 1975), cert. denied 423 U.S. 826, 96 S.Ct. 41, 46 L.Ed.2d 42. See also Hoffman v. United States, 341 U.S. 479, 71 S.Ct. 814, 95 L.Ed. 1118 (1951).
In discussing Totty’s testimony in the instant case, the majority correctly states, “[a] defendant may not call as a witness a co-defendant who has indicated he will assert his privilege against self-incrimination under the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Rodriguez v. State, 513 S.W.2d 594 (Tex.Cr.App.1974); Glasper v. State, 486 S.W.2d 350 (Tex.Cr.App.1972); Victoria v. State, 522 S.W.2d 919 (Tex.Cr.App.1975); United States v. Roberts, 503 F.2d 598 (9th Cir. 1974), cert. denied 419 U.S. 1113, 95 S.Ct. 791, 42 L.Ed.2d 811 (1975); United States v. McKinney, 453 F.2d 1221 (9th Cir. 1972).” However, a review of those authorities reveals that the co-defendant witness in each case properly invoked the privilege before the court determined that the co-defendant would not be compelled to testify. Rodriguez v. State, supra; Glasper v. State, supra; Victoria v. State, supra; United States v. Roberts, supra; United States v. McKinney, supra.
In the case at bar, therefore, appellant’s constitutional right to compulsory process was not in conflict with co-defendant Totty’s constitutional right against self-incrimination. The declarations made by Totty’s attorney concerning what Totty might or would have done if he had been called to testify at appellant’s trial did not present the trial court with a problem of constitutional dimensions. Even Totty was not the exclusive judge of his right to exercise the Fifth Amendment privilege; the judge was entitled to determine whether any refusal to answer particular questions appeared to be based upon the good faith of the witness and was justifiable under all of the circumstances. United States v. Gomez-Rojas, supra; Ex parte Butler, 522 S.W.2d 196 (Tex.1975).
The court never had the opportunity to make such a determination. Since Totty never invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege, appellant’s right to compulsory process was not opposed. Accordingly, the court correctly overruled appellant’s motion for new trial because it was filed after the time provided for filing such motions. See Article 40.05, V.A.C.C.P. Appellant’s motion for rehearing should be overruled.
ONION, P. J., joins in this dissent.
En Banc.
OPINION ON STATE’S MOTION FOR REHEARING
ODOM, Judge.
The State’s motion for leave to file a motion for rehearing was granted and after reconsideration we overrule the State’s motion for rehearing, having decided that the matter was properly disposed of in the majority opinion by then Commissioner Dally delivered April 4, 1977.
When this case was originally heard and decided, this Court consisted of five Judges. At that time Judge Vollers was State’s Attorney and actively participated in the appeal of this case. Accordingly, pursuant to Article 5, Sec. 11, of the Texas Constitution, Judge Vollers certified his disqualification to the Honorable Dolph Briscoe, Governor of the State of Texas, who then appointed the Honorable Thomas M. Reavley, a former Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of Texas, to replace the Honorable Judge Vollers to hear and determine the State’s motion for rehearing in this appeal.
The State’s motion for rehearing is overruled.
ROBERTS, PHILLIPS and DALLY, JJ., and REAVLEY, Special Judge, join in this opinion.
REAVLEY, Special Judge,
concurring.
I join the four Judges in overruling the State’s motion for rehearing, but my decision is not based upon the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. My decision is based upon the nature of the newly discovered evidence in this death case; it entitles appellant to a new trial.
The trial court overruled appellant’s motion for new trial because it was untimely filed. Article 40.05, V.A.C.C.P., provides that . . for good cause shown the time for filing or amending may be extended by the court . . . ” The sufficiency of the evidence of “good cause” is subject to review on appeal. Robinson v. State, 505 S.W.2d 298 (Tex.Cr.App.1974); see Kilpatrick v. State, 85 Tex.Cr.R. 172, 211 S.W. 230 (1919); cf. Clopton v. State, 563 S.W.2d 930 (Tex.Cr.App.1978). Appellant filed his motion only four days after the testimony of Harrell Totty first became available. Good cause for late filing of the motion is established.
The newly acquired evidence of an acquitted co-defendant has been held to require a new trial in a number of cases. See Rozell v. State, 502 S.W.2d 16, 18 (footnote 1) (Tex.Cr.App.1973).
In Rucker v. State, 7 Tex.App. 549 (1880), the Court held that where two are jointly indicted, and one is tried and convicted, and subsequently the other is tried and acquitted, a new trial will be granted the former to obtain the testimony of the latter, where it appears that the new evidence is legal, competent and material to the convicted defendant’s defense. The Rucker decision was followed in Gibbs v. State, 30 Tex.App. 581, 18 S.W. 88 (1891), and in Chumley v. State, 32 Tex.Cr.R. 255, 26 S.W. 406 (1893).
Rucker and Gibbs were followed by the Court in Sanders v. State, 52 Tex.Cr.R. 465, 107 S.W. 839 (1908). In that case the defendant was convicted of manslaughter upon an indictment charging her with murder. The defendant herself did not shoot the deceased, but the case was tried and submitted to the jury on the theory that she had conspired with her brother, who was alleged to have fired the fatal shot that resulted in the death of the deceased. The defendant was tried first and convicted. Her brother, indicted for the same offense, could not and did not testify. After the conviction of the defendant, her brother was tried and acquitted of the same offense as that for which his sister had been convicted. The defendant then made a motion for new trial, setting up the facts of the acquittal of her brother, that his testimony was and would be material to her defense, and that she was denied the benefit of his testimony by reason of the pendency of the indictment against him. The motion for new trial set out at great length the testimony to be given by the brother. The Court held there was no doubt as to the materiality of this new testimony and found reversible error in the trial court’s overruling of the motion for new trial.
The Court recited and followed the rule of the Rucker case:
There can be no doubt at this day as to the rule or the correctness of the rule in proper cases, as now established in this State, that where two are jointly indicted, and one is tried and convicted, and subsequently the other is tried and acquitted, a new trial will be granted the former to obtain the testimony of the latter, where it appears that the new evidence is legal and competent and material to his defense. Sanders, 107 S.W. 840.
The Sanders Court also relied upon the Gibbs decision, noting that it involved a conviction for murder and subsequent reversal thereof on the sole ground that the defendant in that case had been denied the testimony of a co-defendant who had subsequently been acquitted. The Court stated that the Gibbs decision “. . .is precisely in point and authority for our action in this case.” Id.
In Sylvas v. State, 68 Tex.Cr.R. 117, 150 S.W. 906 (1912), the defendant and one Franco were indicted for murder. The defendant was convicted, and Franco was later tried and acquitted. After Franco’s acquittal, the defendant made a motion for new trial. An affidavit was attached to the motion showing that Franco testified upon his trial that he had killed the deceased and that the defendant had nothing to do with it. The Court noted that Franco could not testify at the time of the defendant’s trial, but that subsequent to the defendant’s conviction, Franco had been tried and acquitted. The Court then summarized the facts set out in Franco’s affidavit which was attached to the defendant’s motion for new trial. In substance, the affidavit recited that Franco would have testified positively that defendant had nothing to do with the alleged murder, that Franco killed the deceased in self-defense, and that his jury took his view and acquitted him. Applying Rucker, Gibbs and their progeny, the Court noted that Franco’s testimony was very material to the defendant and that the trial court should have awarded a new trial under the authority of those decisions.
In Barker v. State, 73 Tex.Cr.R. 229, 164 S.W. 383 (1914), the defendant was convicted of receiving and concealing stolen property. The State’s case was established by the testimony of a confessed accomplice. He testified that he and others burglarized a house, that the defendant knew of this burglary, and subsequently received the stolen goods. One of the accomplice’s cohorts, Decherd, was still in jail when the appellant was convicted on June 27. On July 1, after appellant’s conviction, Decherd was discharged from custody and relieved of prosecution. The defendant obtained his statement in writing and it contradicted the accomplice’s testimony on all points. This statement was appended to defendant’s motion for new trial. Following the rule laid down in the Rucker case, the Court held that the defendant was entitled to a new trial. At the time of the Barker decision, a motion for new trial had to be made within two days after conviction, but for good cause shown, the trial court could allow the motion to be made at any time before adjournment of the term at which the conviction was had. The question of timeliness was not discussed in the Barker decision, but it is apparent that the motion was untimely filed. The Court did state that the first opportunity the defendant had to avail himself of Decherd’s testimony was after the State had discharged him from custody; that Decherd’s testimony could not be used by the defendant until after he was discharged; that this occurred on the 1st of July, after defendant’s conviction on the 27th of June; and that the defendant procured Decherd’s affidavit and made the showing at the earliest practicable moment.
In Denning v. State, 120 Tex.Cr.R. 122, 48 S.W.2d 643 (1932), the defendant and another were indicted for the possession of intoxicating liquor for the purpose of sale. Some two weeks after the appellant’s conviction, his companion was tried and acquitted. Thereupon, the defendant filed a motion for new trial so that he might have the benefit of the testimony of his companion. In applying the rule of the Rucker case, the Court affirmed the judgment because the evidence expected from the acquitted individual was not contained in the record.
These eases were decided at the time when the Texas statute prevented the co-defendant from testifying on behalf of the accused. That statute was held to be an unconstitutional infringement upon the Sixth Amendment right of an accused to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor in Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 87 S.Ct. 1920, 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967). We do not have state action preventing Whitmore from obtaining the testimony of Totty at the original trial, but we do have newly available evidence that may change the conviction or punishment assessed Whitmore. I would not hold that Whitmore has a constitutional right to the testimony of Totty and to a new trial. I would hold that Whitmore’s motion does state grounds for a new trial under the general rules of newly discovered or available evidence.
In deciding the motion, and in treating the procedural flaws in the present record, the overriding consideration to me is that James E. Whitmore should not be sent to his death without his peers weighing the testimony of Harrell Totty — the man who was alleged to have killed Judy Rummel at Whitmore’s hiring — but who has been freed and absolved from all crime.
It would be my preference to abate this appeal and to allow the appellant an opportunity to put his motion for new trial in proper form before the trial court considers the motion on its merits. I would permit this liberality towards procedural requirements because this is a death case. The other Judges elect either to reject appellant’s appeal or to order a new trial. Given that choice, I join in ordering the new trial and overruling the State’s motion for rehearing.
VOLLERS, J., not participating.
DOUGLAS, Judge,
dissenting.
On appellant’s motion for rehearing the majority held that he was denied his constitutional right to the testimony of co-defendant Totty. Totty had been acquitted subsequent to appellant’s conviction but pri- or to his motion for new trial. Appellant alleged in the motion that at the time of his trial he was deprived of Totty’s testimony because Totty would have asserted his privilege against self-incrimination and refused to testify.
At the hearing on the motion for new trial, it was established that appellant’s attorney had requested that Totty testify at appellant’s trial. Although Totty’s attorney testified that he advised appellant’s attorney that Totty would assert his privilege at appellant’s trial, Totty himself never asserted the privilege nor indicated he would refuse to testify.
Appellant’s motion for new trial was filed after the time provided for filing such motions. See Article 40.05, V.A.C.C.P. The majority held that appellant was denied his right to compulsory process and that, under these circumstances, the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provision governing the time for filing of motions for new trial must yield to appellant’s superior constitutional rights. The majority further held that the motion for new trial that alleged as grounds newly available testimony should have been granted.
The majority opinion, on rehearing, relied on Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 87 S.Ct. 1920, 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967), and Braswell v. Wainwright, 463 F.2d 1148 (5th Cir. 1972). In Washington, the Supreme Court of the United States was confronted with the question whether the Sixth Amendment right to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor is applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment, and whether that right was violated by a state procedural statute providing that persons charged as principals, accomplices, or accessories in the same crime cannot be introduced as witnesses for each other.
Determining that the Sixth Amendment right to compulsory process is incorporated into the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Court wrote:
“The right to offer the testimony of witnesses, and to compel their attend-anee, if necessary, is in plain terms the right to present a defense, the right to present the defendant’s version of the facts as well as the prosecution’s to the jury so it may decide where the truth lies. Just as an accused has the right to confront the prosecution’s witnesses for the purpose of challenging their testimony, he has the right to present his own witnesses to establish a defense. This right is a fundamental element of due process of law.” 87 S.Ct. at 1923.
The Court held that the state statute in question violated the petitioner’s constitutional rights because it “arbitrarily denied him the right to put on the stand a witness who was physically and mentally capable of testifying to events that he had personally observed, and whose testimony would have been relevant and material to the defense.” 87 S.Ct. at 1925. But the Court stressed that the statute was invalid because it arbitrarily prevented whole categories of defense witnesses from testifying on the basis of prior categories that presumed them unworthy of belief. The Court implied that it would have had greater difficulty in striking down the state rule if the accused accomplice would have been absolutely prohibited from testifying. It pointed out that the rule permitted the accomplice to be called by the prosecution to testify against the defendant, or to testify for the defendant after he was acquitted at his own trial. Common sense suggested that an accomplice often has a greater interest in lying in favor of the prosecution rather than against it, in order to obtain leniency from the prosecution.
Justice Harlan, in his concurring opinion, stated that that case did not implicate the right to compulsory process in any manner. In his view, the ease was one in which the State of Texas had recognized as relevant and competent the testimony of an accomplice witness but had arbitrarily barred its use by the defendant and that this violated the Due Process Clause.
In Braswell, the “rule” regarding the sequestration of witnesses who intended to testify was invoked. A defense witness violated the rule by remaining in the courtroom during the State’s case-in-chief. As a result the witness was not permitted to testify.
The United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida granted Bras-well relief in a habeas corpus proceeding. Upon the State’s appeal, the Court of Appeals noted that the excluded testimony was crucial to Braswell’s claim of self-defense (he had been convicted of aggravated assault). The Court stated that federal courts are reluctant to strike down valid state procedural rules, but held that application of the rule in question under these circumstances — where the excluded witness was Braswell’s sole corroborating witness— violated his constitutional right to compulsory process. In affirming the district court, the Court relied on Washington v. Texas, supra.
The instant case is readily distinguishable from the Washington and Braswell cases. In the latter two cases, the state procedural rules in question operated to exclude competent evidence to the detriment of the defendant. Those rules were thus in direct conflict with the defendants’ constitutional right to compulsory process.
In contrast, the rule governing the time for filing of motions for new trial in no manner pertains to the admission or exclusion of evidence or to the availability of witnesses. The State did not use this rule to arbitrarily prevent key defense witnesses from testifying, as occurred in Washington. Here, appellant chose not to call Totty at trial. The State did not prevent him from testifying.
Moreover, there was no conflict between the application of this procedural rule and appellant’s right to compulsory process. The only conflict possibly extant was between appellant’s Sixth and Fourteenth Amendment rights and Totty’s Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination. Although such apparent conflict between the constitutional rights of the co-defendants was not resolved until after appellant’s trial, this did not implicate the Due Process Clause, particularly in light of the fact that there was no real conflict between such constitutional rights in the first place for reasons which follow.
The privilege against self-incrimination is personal to the witness and can be asserted only by him. See Rogers v. United States, 340 U.S. 367, 71 S.Ct. 438, 95 L.Ed. 344 (1951); Hoffman v. United States, 341 U.S. 479, 71 S.Ct. 814, 95 L.Ed. 1118 (1951); United States v. Gomez-Rojas, 507 F.2d 1213 (5th Cir. 1975). Not even the witness’ attorney may claim the privilege for him, as Totty’s attorney attempted to do here. United States v. Moore, 485 F.2d 1165 (5th Cir. 1973); Ex parte Miers, 124 Tex.Cr.R. 592, 64 S.W.2d 778 (1933); 8 Wigmore, Evidence, Section 2272 at 426 (McNaughton rev. 1961). Furthermore, the privilege may not be asserted in advance of questions actually propounded to the witness. It must be asserted with respect to particular questions, and in each instance the court must determine the propriety of the refusal to testify. United States v. Malnik, 489 F.2d 682 (5th Cir. 1974); Farmer v. State, 491 S.W.2d 133 (Tex.Cr.App.1973). Thus, “a simple blanket declaration by the witness that he cannot testify for fear of self-incrimination will not suffice to invoke the privilege . . . ; the mechanism of the Fifth Amendment is not automatic or self-winding. . . . Once the Court satisfies itself that the claim is well-grounded as to the testimony desired, it may, in its discretion, decline to permit either party to place the witness on the stand for the purpose of eliciting a claim of privilege or to comment on this circumstance.” United States v. Gomez-Rojas, supra, at 1219, 1220.
In the instant ease, therefore, appellant’s constitutional right to compulsory process was not in conflict with Totty’s constitutional right against self-incrimination. The declarations made by Totty’s attorney concerning what Totty might have done or would have done if he had been called to testify presented no problem of constitutional dimensions. Even Totty was not the exclusive judge of his right to exercise the Fifth Amendment privilege; the judge was entitled to determine whether any refusal to answer particular questions appeared to be based upon the good faith of the witness and was justifiable under all of the circumstances. United States v. Gomez-Rojas, supra; Ex parte Butler, 522 S.W.2d 196 (Tex.1975).
The trial court never had the opportunity to make such a determination. Since Totty never invoked his Fifth Amendment privilege, appellant’s right to compulsory process was not opposed. Accordingly, the court correctly overruled appellant’s motion for new trial because it was filed after the time provided for filing such motions. See Article 40.05, supra. The rationale of the Washington and Braswell cases is not applicable under these circumstances.
Zerschausky v. Beto, 396 F.2d 356 (5th Cir. 1968), cert. denied 393 U.S. 1004, 89 S.Ct. 493, 21 L.Ed.2d 468 (1968), involved a proceeding on petition for writ of habeas corpus.
In April of 1963, Zerschausky had been convicted in a Texas district court for murder with malice and was sentenced to thirty years. Three potential witnesses at his trial had been charged as accessories and did not testify. Their charges were dropped shortly thereafter.
Zerschausky took no appeal from his conviction, but in 1966 he filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the same state district court which granted the writ returnable before this Court. We denied relief. Ex parte Zerschausky, 417 S.W.2d 279 (Tex.Cr.App.1967). Zerschausky then filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus in federal district court. The district court conducted a thorough factual investigation and thereafter handed down an extensive memorandum opinion denying relief. 274 F.Supp. 231 (Western District, Tex.1967).
On appeal, Zerschausky relied on Washington v. Texas, supra, which had held unconstitutional the Texas statutes denying defendants the right to call as witnesses anyone under indictment as accessories to the crime. The Court of Appeals determined that Washington was distinguishable and affirmed the district court.
The Court observed that no testimony by accessories was offered at Zerschausky’s trial. The testimony which would have been given by the accessories would have conflicted in several respects with Zerschausky’s theory of self-defense. The Court further observed that Zerschausky had waited to complain until charges had been dropped against the accessories and until the statute of limitations had run.
The Court reasoned from the foregoing that Zerschausky’s failure to call the accessories to the stand was the result of a voluntary and conscious decision in trial strategy, not mere obedience to the Texas statute. Thus he had waived his constitutional right to compulsory process. See also Henry v. Mississippi, 379 U.S. 443, 85 S.Ct. 564, 13 L.Ed.2d 408 (1965); Fay v. Noia, 372 U.S. 391, 83 S.Ct. 822, 9 L.Ed.2d 837 (1963).
Likewise, in the present case appellant never offered the testimony of Totty at the hearing on the motion for new trial. Hence, his constitutional right to compulsory process was waived. The facts in this case withdraw it from the reach of Washington v. Texas, supra.
Even assuming the rule governing filing of motions for new trial did conflict in some manner with appellant’s constitutional rights, it should be observed that not all state procedural rules must yield to an assertion of such rights. Otherwise, the decisions holding that failure to object to the violation of certain constitutional rights waives the error would be invalid. See, e. g., Boulware v. State, 542 S.W.2d 677 (Tex.Cr.App.1976), which held that failure to object to Witherspoon error waives the error; this case could not stand if all procedural rules in conflict with the assertion of constitutional rights must fall. Likewise, the contemporaneous objection rule would fall in such circumstances with regard to errors of constitutional dimension.
The Court has promulgated a new rule which could result in chaos for our criminal justice system. The rule apparently can be used to invalidate any conviction where there is more than one defendant charged with the commission of an offense.
In the opinion on appellant’s motion for rehearing, the majority observed that an accused may not call as a witness a co-defendant who will assert his privilege against self-incrimination. The majority then determined that the only requirement the accused must meet in regard to obtaining such testimony at the time of his trial is to ask the co-defendant’s lawyer whether he (counsel) will advise the co-defendant to invoke the protection of the Fifth Amendment. This determination was erroneous for the reasons previously stated. The majority finally concluded that this Court will review a claim of newly discovered or newly available evidence as it stood at the time that appellant filed his motion for new trial based upon such evidence, even though the time for filing the motion had passed.
Under the majority’s reasoning, an accused tried and convicted of murder may file a motion for new trial (even after his appeal apparently) claiming newly available evidence if the co-defendant has been convicted and if such conviction has become final. At that point, if the co-defendant is willing to give favorable testimony for the accused, then he is entitled to a new trial. If the accused was then inclined to reciprocate and give favorable testimony for the convicted co-defendant, the co-defendant would probably also be entitled to a new trial. Both defendants would have to be reprosecuted and, thus, the State would be back where it started since neither co-defendant could be compelled to testify for the other. Such a situation would clearly hinder the administration of justice.
For the reasons stated above, the State’s motion for rehearing should be granted and the judgment affirmed.
ONION, P. J., and TOM G. DAVIS and W. C. DAVIS, JJ., join in this dissent.
VOLLERS, J., not participating.
. See similar provision contained in Article 1257(d), V.A.P.C., 1925, as amended (Acts 1973, 63rd Leg., p. 1122, ch. 426 — effective June 14, 1973 until January 1, 1974 — effective date of present Penal Code.
. Art. 711, V.A.C.C.P. (1925); Art. 82, V.A.P.C. (1925).
. Art. 36.09, V.A.C.C.P. (1965).
. Washington v. Texas, 388 U.S. 14, 87 S.Ct. 1920, 18 L.Ed.2d 1019 (1967).
. We note that Braswell involved a rule of evidence, while the case at bar concerns a valid statute governing the time for filing motions for new trial; however, neither can be applied so as to deprive an accused of a right secured by the Constitution.
. For a few cases which discuss facts that have been held to show or not show harm because an accused was deprived of the testimony of a witness, see and compare, United States v. Curran, 465 F.2d 260 (7th Cir. 1972); Zerschausky v. Beto, 396 F.2d 356 (5th Cir. 1968) cert. denied 393 U.S. 1004, 89 S.Ct. 493, 21 L.Ed.2d 468; Ex parte Kirk, 478 S.W.2d 503 (Tex.Cr.App.1972); Ex parte Columbus, 489 S.W.2d 562 (Tex.Cr.App.1973); Ex parte Turner, 542 S.W.2d 187 (Tex.Cr.App.1976).
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CASELAW
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User:Alexia Death/Community Court for community issues
Preamble
At this moment WP:CIVIL, WP:HARASS and WP:NPA are polices practically never enforced in cases that are not as obvious as "You F***ing Asshole!" and going around blindly reverting others in cases where offenders are newbies. This has created a situation when these policies are not enforced enough and issues like this never get the community evaluation they need damaging the working environment in Wikipedia and resulting in contributors leaving. AN/I is a bad place for these problems, because heated debates disrupt the normal work flow. Arbitration only handles the severest of cases where serious intervention is needed, Requests for Comment do not offer a decision of any kind, they are just comments and getting a RfC certified when you are being harassed by an individual or a group is nearly impossible. People with these problems have nowhere to go with their problems where in most cases a simple binding community judgment of what is appropriate or inappropriate is enough. And so they end up leaving the project. Community sanctions do not fill this void either, because as a result of that another editor is driven away. This is not the desired outcome. The desired outcome is to get people that need clear boundaries to acknowledge and be aware of them so policies would be adhered to.
Community Court so community rules on community issues
What I propose is a Community Court. A place for requesting and receiving such a judgment on whether this particular incident is condemned or not, and a reaction based on this move.
The process
The process would be similar to an AfD, but to avoid flaming debates that lead to more issues and accusations, it must have a strict protocol.
The process could be as follows:
* 1) The motioning party fills out a template, detailing the issue and the accused party or parties.
* 2) The motioning party notifies the accused parties and posts diffs of notifications to show that they are aware of the proceedings. The motion is listed as case waiting for a judge and open for comment relying on clerks to enforce the protocol.
* 3) When an admin takes up the case, all parties are notified that they have one day to post their objections to this particular admin as Judge. If there are no objections, the case is listed as a ruled case.
* 3a) If there are objections the Judge has the opportunity to reply and another neutral admin has to either confirm or invalidate the objections. If the approval of a judge fails on three accounts case is listed as unruled case open for comment and recommendations for five days and archived afterwards by the last confirming admin. Unruled case follows the same strict rules as a ruled case would. If the admins were all dismissed on obvious neutrality grounds their reasons for volunteering may be taken up in their admin review.
* 5) Case is listed for community input at least five days after a Judge is confirmed or case listed as unruled.
* 6) Judge closes ruled cases 5 days after being confirmed using community input to rule Guilty, Not Guilty or Inconclusive and enforce an appropriate sanction. Ruling is not a vote count and the Judge must write a summary of the reasoning.
* 6a) Unruled cases are closed without judgment after 5 days of failure to enlist a Judge but can be referred to in case of later cases.
Protocol restrictions
* No threading
* Each person is entitled to only one strictly on topic opinion with Guilty, Not Guilty or Inconclusive limited in size.
* No further accusations unrelated to the case
Sanctions
Sanctions in these case should be very mild but marking. In mildest cases an official talk page warning is sufficient just to let the offender know the community will. If a person already has a warning and has not learned from it the a short block may be in order, just to leave a mark in this editors block log as a mark in permanent record to help in identifying pattern offenders. The blocks enforced can be as short as 1 hour and be maximally 12 hours long. these blocks are not enforced to stop the person from contributing, they are enforced to make this person seriously consider the implications of their actions.
Summary
This Community Court as envisioned would offer relief and clarity to editors that would otherwise leave the project disgusted by the environment here. It would make pattern offenders harder to hide their deeds and provide an appropriate venue to discuss and evaluate these issues separate of who commits them effectively stopping the deterioration of relations at its root, avoiding encampment and lessening the arbitrators workload. It would provide a "case law" of what is considered appropriate and what is not and would very much be in the interests of the community as a whole.
Footnote:''As always this essay is open for discussion in its talk. If you develop this idea in your own essay please make a proper Wiki link back here and perhaps let me know in my talk what you are doing.''
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WIKI
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Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 11.djvu/378
364 vital condition of our men, resulting from short rations. The fact was, they died from hospital diseases. General Sherman's army, just arrived from Mississippi, without hospitals, treated their wounded in the field, and the proportion of recoveries was astonishingly great. They were cured by fresh air. At the battle of Peach-Tree Creek, a very worthy staff-officer of mine was seriously, although not dangerously, wounded in the abdomen. The medical rules were very strict, but, by sending messengers all night, I got authority to send him home to the North, without his going to the hospital. Arriving at Nashville, and being unable to proceed without further medical authority, he was taken charge of, and put into one of their comfortable hospitals. In a few days he became terribly afflicted with gangrene, and only escaped with his life after a perilous and racking illness."
These observations are doubtless familiar to surgeons; but if, with Tyndall's experiments, they are found to be absolutely correct, does it not become necessary to examine into the condition of the various hospitals throughout the country, and to provide at least some special conditions for the treatment of flesh-wounds—an apartment, for example, separated from the main building, which may be deluged at intervals with superheated steam to destroy the germs, or such other precaution as shall insure an atmosphere of absolute purity during the dressing of wounds?
We would commend this subject to the State Boards of Health.
To the Editor of the Popular Science Monthly.
great attention now given to this subject in Europe seems to render appropriate a short communication to bring it more directly before Americans. In point of fact, the mathematicians have been making a conquering migration into the fair fields of philosophy, and instead of any longer being content to receive from Metaphysics her definitions of space, they have for themselves attacked the question by the methods furnished by two thousand years of advance in their own science. Already they have made some wonderful strides toward the solution, and the new notions are very fascinating.
It is, perhaps, daring to attempt to give an adequate idea of some of these without the use of mathematical symbols and analytic geometry; still it seems desirable for each of the special sciences to be able to express results in untechnical language, and we will try.
Every schoolboy knows that what is called multiplying a linear inch by a linear inch gives a square inch, and that again multiplying this square inch by a linear inch gives a cubic inch. Now, I suppose, many of the most original boys may have asked themselves, "What would be the result of multiplying this cubic inch again by a linear inch?" Up to this nineteenth century the answer has probably always been, that the thing was unthinkable and inexpressible, and that, although by analogy we see no reason for being stopped so abruptly, yet such is our invariable experience.
Now, the two men who first and independently stepped over this mental fence were the great Gauss whom Germany is now celebrating, and a Russian named Lobatchewsky. They both said that the space with which we are familiar is only one kind of space out of a number of possible spaces, each logically self-consistent; but that, from the fact of all our ages of experience being in this particular space, we cannot perfectly picture to ourselves any one of the other kinds, though they are entirely expressible in analytic geometry.
Now, it has often been remarked that in things very familiar to us we see nothing noteworthy. So we see nothing strange in our conception of a straight line and a plane, yet we may think it strange when we are told that this peculiar notion of straightness, smoothness, or flatness, is also inherent in our ideas of our space. This was discovered many years ago by Prof Sylvester, and, to denote it, he called our space a homaloid, or a homaloidal space. To us it always has three dimensions, and no more; and, just here, all readers may be advised not to try to picture to themselves any higher kind of space, since they must fail as utterly as they fail to see the ultra-violet rays of the spectrum. Moreover, it has not yet been demonstrated that any other kind of space actually exists in the physical world. This is a matter which can only be settled by physical experiments; and perhaps it is to be hoped that our old space will stand all tests, for, should it not, then all our science would have to be put on a new basis, at least in so far as related to space. So, you see, no one need be discouraged at his inability to perfectly conceive any other space than our common one. But, as the others are logically possible and mathematically true, and are necessary to get a complete knowledge of our own space, we will attempt to convey some notion of them. In our space we have length, breadth, and height, and to each of these corresponds a coördinate in analytic geometry. This is why we call ours a space of three dimensions, and we cannot picture any other dimension. But we find analytic geometry just as ready to deal with a space which
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WIKI
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Variables related to Post-menopausal Hormone use
idVariableDescriptionCollectedFile
HORMFemale hormones everDid you ever use any female hormones like estrogen (Premarin) or progesterone (Provera)?These might be pills, skin patches, implants, creams, suppositories, shots, or birth control pills. (This does not include birth control pills you used before you were 50.)
*Not collected on all versions of Form 2.
BaselineForm 2 - Eligibility Screening
HORMNWFemale hormones nowAre you using female hormones now?
*Sub-question of F2 V3 Q17 "Female hormones ever". Not collected on all versions of Form 2.
BaselineForm 2 - Eligibility Screening
HORM3MFemale hormones last 3 monthsHave you used female hormones in the last 3 months?
*Sub-question of F2 V3 Q17 "Female hormones ever". Sub-question of F2 V3 Q17.1 "Female hormones now". Not collected on all versions of Form 2.
BaselineForm 2 - Eligibility Screening
HORMSTATHRT use everComputed from Form 2, questions 17 and 17.1. Combines questions 17 and 17.1 into a three category HRT use variable (never, past, current).BaselineForm 2 - Eligibility Screening
NATHOR_XUsed non-prescription natural hormonesIn the past year, did you use any "natural" hormones that you can get without a doctors prescription? These are usually made from plants or herbs and often obtained from health food stores or by mail order. They may be in the form of a pill, vaginal cream or suppository, skin cream, or soy-enriched foods.Ext1Form 150 - Hormone Use Update WHI Extension
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Reentrant
Reentrant or re-entrant can refer to:
* Re-entrant (landform), the low ground formed between two hill spurs.
* Reentrancy (computing) in computer programming
* Reentrant mutex in computer science
* Reentry (neural circuitry) in neuroscience
* Salients, re-entrants and pockets in military tactics
* Reentrant tuning in music
* Concave polygon, AKA reentrant polygon
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WIKI
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问题在JavaScript中加载元素内部的数据 - 代码日志
问题在JavaScript中加载元素内部的数据
我有一个JavaScript的问题.在我的数组中我有一些对象,我试图在一些元素中加载所有这些,问题是当我尝试在“for”中返回我的元素并为每一个设置对象时它不起作用,我的意思是它只返回最后一个数据,其他框(元素)为空
这是我的JavaScript代码
var dataStore = [{
fname: "Keira",
lname: "Mayo",
yold: 30
},
{
fname: "Isaac",
lname: "Moses",
yold: 20
},
{
fname: "Edwina",
lname: "Serena",
yold: 34
},
{
fname: "Tiana",
lname: "Cheryl",
yold: 26
},
];
var boxShow = `
<div class="box" id="boxMsg">
<article class="media">
<div class="media-content">
<div class="content">
<p >
<strong id="titMsg"> </strong> <small id="yold"> </small>
<br>
</p>
</div>
<nav class="level is-mobile">
<div class="level-left">
<a class="level-item button is-small has-background-primary has-text-light disabled" aria-label="done" id="doneBtn" >Done</a>
<a class="level-item button is-small has-background-danger has-text-light" aria-label="delete" id="delBtn">Delete</a>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</article>
</div>
`;
for (var i = 0; i <= dataStore.length; i++) {
var show = document.getElementById("MainBox").innerHTML += (boxShow);
var boxes = document.getElementById("boxMsg");
boxes.querySelector("#titMsg").textContent = dataStore[i].fname + " " + dataStore[i].lname;
boxes.querySelector("#yold").textContent = dataStore[i].yold;
}
最佳答案
我认为你需要连接for循环中的所有文章.然后只有你附加到dom.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="ie=edge">
<title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
<div id="MainBox"></div>
<script>
var dataStore = [
{
fname: "Keira",
lname: "Mayo",
yold: 30
},
{
fname: "Isaac",
lname: "Moses",
yold: 20
},
{
fname: "Edwina",
lname: "Serena",
yold: 34
},
{
fname: "Tiana",
lname: "Cheryl",
yold: 26
},
];
var boxShow = `<div class="box" id="boxMsg"></div>`;
var elements = '';
for (var i = 0; i < dataStore.length; i++) {
elements += `<article class="media">
<div class="media-content">
<div class="content">
<p>
<strong>${dataStore[i]['fname']}</strong> <small>${dataStore[i]['lname']} </small>
<br>
</p>
</div>
<nav class="level is-mobile">
<div class="level-left">
<a class="level-item button is-small has-background-primary has-text-light disabled" aria-label="done" id="doneBtn" >Done</a>
<a class="level-item button is-small has-background-danger has-text-light" aria-label="delete" id="delBtn">Delete</a>
</div>
</nav>
</div>
</article>`;
}
document.getElementById("MainBox").innerHTML += (boxShow);
document.getElementById("boxMsg").innerHTML += elements;
</script>
</body>
</html>
转载注明原文：问题在JavaScript中加载元素内部的数据 - 代码日志
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:BishopHerman/Stockwood, Dorset
Stockwood is a village in west Dorset, England, around eight miles south-west of Sherborne and less than a mile away from Chetnole railway station on the Heart of Wessex Line. There are a few houses on the road leading to the A37 between Yeovil and Dorchester.
St Edwold’s Church is often described as Dorset's smallest. The church nestles next to a farmhouse directly under the wooded heights of Bubb Down. The porch has the date "1636" inscribed, reflecting the fact that the church was to some extent rebuilt in the seventeenth century. John Newman and Nikolaus Pevsner, however, describe it as "Perp, with Henry VIII side windows and a three-light E window with panel tracery," and also refer to the "Delightfully naive bell-turret, round, with a cap on four stumpy columns and a big grotesque face." Inside, the church is very plainly furnished. The dedication to St Edwold (9th century) is unique in Dorset. Edwold was the brother of St Edmund the Martyr, King of East Anglia, and he lived as a recluse at Cerne after his sibling’s death. The Church is a Grade I listed building and is cared for by the Churches Conservation Trust.
Category:Villages in Dorset
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WIKI
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India’s Largest & Most Trusted Diabetes Chain
Diabetes mellitus affects the metabolism of carbohydrates, protein, fat, water and electrolytes. Treating a disease with the food you eat is one of the most important aspects of caring for people with diabetes. For individuals with type 2 diabetes, dietary management is the initial and most important step to treat the disease. For individuals with types 1 and 2 diabetes, food intake is an integral part of medication decisions. The nutritional needs of every individual vary with the individual differences in physical patterns, lifestyle habits and personal likes and dislikes, and many others. Therefore, individual nutritional needs should be personalized, taking into the consideration personal variables like a person’s age, sex, activity level, current weight and body style, individual food habits and the family diet pattern , cultural preferences and lifestyle.
Earlier diets for diabetic individuals consisted of a very low carbohydrate content. This has changed in past few decades, where the carbohydrate content of the diet has been increased to 60 % with a reduction in fat content to 30%. Traditional staple foods, eaten in the past with less refined grains such as hand pounded rice which was high in dietary fibre have been replaced by highly refined carbohydrates such as polished white rice. This nutrition transition has resulted in a major increase in o u r c a l o r i e l o a d f r o m t h e r e f i n e d carbohydrates and a consequent increase in blood glucose levels of the population. Such foods that have the ability to rapidly increase the blood glucose levels in our body are known as foods with a high glycemic index (GI) and our supermarkets today are flooded with such foods, thus hastening the diabetes epidemic.
In our populations, where we habitually consume high-carbohydrate diets, the increased intake of high GI foods such as refined grains (maida, rava) or white rice has been associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Similarly, our research findings have also indicated that intake of more refined carbohydrates and less dietary fibre results in low HDL – C (good cholesterol) concentrations among Asian Indians and thus lead to higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome.
Along with the quality of carbohydrates, the quality of fat in the diet is equally important. A recent diet survey in Chennai carried out by our Institution showed that high consumption of sunflower oil lowers the HDL (good cholesterol) concentrations. Sunflower oil is rich in PUFA (Poly unsaturated fatty acids) and n6 fatty acids, while it is deficient in n3 fatty acids. The consumption of fish which contributes to n 3 fatty acids in the diet is comparatively low in Chennai population which alters the overall n6:n3 ratio in the diet and increases the risk of diabetic complications such as cardiovascular diseases. It is essential to consume a blend of oils rich in both MUFA (Mono unsaturated fatty acids) and PUFA for the prevention and treatment of diabetic complications.
Dietary recommendations for the management and prevention of diabetes should therefore focus both on the quality and quantity of carbohydrates and fat in the diet and increasing dietary fibre, in addition to balancing total energy intake with expenditure (through regular exercise). When a balanced diet provides optimum nutrition, diabetic individuals usually do not need any additional supplements of vitamins and minerals . Appropriate nutrition measures will help in reducing the risk of not only diabetes, but also hypertension, dyslipidaemia, metabolic syndrome, and obesity.
Primary goals of dietary management in individuals with diabetes are to:
• attain desired blood glucose levels
• prevent or reduce the risk of complications of diabetes.
• achieve target lipid levels that reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease.
• control the blood pressure levels.
• reduce excess body weight
• personalize individual nutritional needs, taking into the consideration the individuals food habits and the family diet pattern, cultural preferences and lifestyle.
• promote overall health through good nutrition (balanced diet) so as to enhance quality of life.
• Dietary modifications for diabetic individuals should be implemented by prioritizing these goals.
How do we go about advising healthier diets?
The diet of urban South Indians today consists mainly of refined cereals combined with low intake of fruits and vegetables (265g/d) compared to the WHO /FAQ recommended intake of 400g/d to prevent chronic diseases. A higher intake of fruit and vegetables explained 48% of the protective effect against CVD risk factors. Intake of dietary salt in urban South India was much higher (mean 8.5g/d) than currently recommended (<5g/d). Increased salt intake is a known risk for hypertension. This calls for urgent steps to decrease salt consumption of the population as a whole. This could help to prevent hypertension and thus prevent strokes and heart attacks.
A regular dietary pattern of Indians receives almost 60% calories from carbohydrates. It is unlikely that the total carbohydrate content of Indians could be suddenly reduced. It is thus prudent to encourage the introduction of low GI foods in the market as well as to promote high-fibre foods among the public. Glycemic index being the property of the food, could be widely influenced by various factors such as starch structure, fibre content, cooking methods, degree of processing and presence or absence of fat. For example, both the production and consumption of brown rice, which also contains higher amounts of vitamin, minerals and phytonutrients, should be encouraged through integrated community and national programmes of the government.
A recent study from our centre has shown that consumption of brown rice compared to white rice could improve 24 hour blood glucose and meal insulin levels. The study also explored people’s perceptions and acceptability of brown rice as a staple food and sought to identify factors that may act as barriers or promote its acceptance. People said that lack of awareness about the nutritive properties brown rice was a major barrier to its acceptance. Further, participants tended to consider cooked rice that was not white or long grained, to be ‘inferior’. Thus, we concluded that it is feasible to assure that adopting a diet that is rich in whole grains could be a cost-effective, feasible and sustainable approach to diabetes prevention and control in India.
In summary, appropriate dietary management of diabetes includes a reduction in the total calorie intake from refined carbohydrates and simple sugars modified fat both in quantity and quality, increase complex carbohydrate and adequate dietary fibre consumption . Following this diet pattern will help one to achieve good control of diabetes, prevent complications, reduce drug requirement and maintain an ideal body weight.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship qualification
The 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship qualification competition, was a women's football tournament that was contested by the under-20 women's national teams of the member associations of CONCACAF to decide the participating teams of the 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship. The qualifying matches were scheduled to take place between 14 and 23 April 2023. A total of six teams in the qualifying competition advanced to the final tournament, joining United States and Mexico, who received byes as the top-ranked teams. The 2023 CONCACAF Women's U-20 Championship will serve as the CONCACAF qualifiers for the 2024 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup.
Teams
A record number of 32 CONCACAF member associations entered the qualifying competition, (excluding the United States and Mexico, who have qualified automatically for the final tournament as the top two CONCACAF teams in the CONCACAF Women's U-20 Rankings of August 2022).
Notes
* Teams in bold qualified for the final tournament.
Notes
Venues
On 17 February 2023, CONCACAF announced the tournament would be hosted in Curaçao, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua, with Curaçao hosting Groups B and D and the Dominican Republic hosting groups A and C, and Nicaragua hosting Groups E and F.
Format
The qualifying competition was held from 14 to 23 April 2023 across three countries namely Curaçao, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua. Teams were drawn into six groups (two groups of six teams and four groups of five teams each), and to play in a single round-robin format. The six group winners will advance to the final tournament.
Tiebreakers
The ranking of teams in each group is determined as follows (Regulations Article 12.4):
* 1) Points obtained in all group matches (three points for a win, one for a draw, zero for a loss);
* 2) Goal difference in all group matches;
* 3) Number of goals scored in all group matches;
* 4) Points obtained in the matches played between the teams in question;
* 5) Goal difference in the matches played between the teams in question;
* 6) Number of goals scored in the matches played between the teams in question;
* 7) Fair play points in all group matches (only one deduction could be applied to a player in a single match):
* 8) *Yellow card: −1 points;
* 9) *Indirect red card (second yellow card): −3 points;
* 10) *Direct red card: −4 points;
* 11) *Yellow card and direct red card: −5 points;
* 12) Drawing of lots.
Draw
The qualification draw took place on 16 February 2023, 11:00 EDT, in Miami, Florida, United States. The 32 teams were seeded based on the CONCACAF U-20 Women's Rankings of August 2022 (in parentheses). In the draw, teams were drawn from each pot and placed in order from groups A to F. The position teams were drawn into was based on their pot: pot 1 teams were drawn into position 1, pot 2 teams into position 2, pot 3 teams into position 3, pot 4 teams into position 4 pot 5 teams into position 5/6.
* Notes
* NR: Not ranked
Qualified teams
The following eight teams qualified for the final tournament.
* 1 Bold indicates champions for that year. Italic indicates hosts for that year.
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WIKI
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Edi Sedyawati
Edi Sedyawati binti Iman Sudjahri (born 28 October 1938 in Malang; died 12 November 2022 in Jakarta) was an Indonesian archeologist and historian. She was a professor of archeology at the University of Indonesia, Chairperson of the university's Department of Javanese Letters and Center for Humanities and Social Sciences and also Chair of the Department of Dance at the Jakarta Institute for Arts. She also served as Indonesia's Director General of Culture in the Ministry of Education and Culture from 1993 to 1999.
Sedyawati studied various forms of Indonesian dance in Ikatan Seni Tari Indonesia, and in 1961 she performed in the Indonesian culture mission to China, North Korea, North Vietnam, and the USSR. Although the primary purpose of the culture mission was soft diplomacy to Indonesia's allies, in 2006 Sedyawati wrote in a reflection that the performers primarily benefitted by networking with Indonesians from diverse cultural backgrounds and learning about the various styles of dance and performance art in the archipelago.
In 1960, Sedyawati's work on dating carved statues near Karawang contributed toward proving that the ancient Tarumanagara kingdom embraced Hinduism.
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WIKI
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Get Comment Info from the WordPress Database
Get Comment Info from the WordPress Database
An easy way for visitors to enter their emails is by commenting on a post. We did this recently for people to sign up for a notification email. Instead of using a plugin or custom function for a one-time email list, we just went with WordPress core functionality and used post comments for people to sign up. Then the trick is retrieving the comment information from the database for the sign-up post.
We did this recently to collect commentators' email addresses, but could have easily extracted other comment info as well — comment author, comment date, comment url, and basically anything in the wp_comments table, shown here:
Screenshot of WordPress database You can easily display and collect any of this information for any specific page or post on your site. All you need is a non-public page (or other theme location) to output the results ("non-public" especially if you're displaying any email data).
In our case we just created a new private page and selected our custom page template. Load the page and viola! — instant list of all comment author emails for our sign-up post.
Let's walk through the specific steps to see how it all works..
Getting comment info from the database
So you've got your sign-up post with some comments, and now want to collect the information and send some emails or whatever. To get the information, we need to query the WP database, select our columns from the wp_comments table, and then display the results on our custom page.
For the SQL query, getting data from the comment table is straightforward, but doing so for a specific post requires a dash of voodoo found in an update on this post. To make a long story short, you have to use nested queries with an arbitrary "AS WHATEVER" added at the end, as such:
SELECT DISTINCT comment_author, comment_author_email, comment_author_IP
FROM (
SELECT DISTINCT comment_author, comment_author_email, comment_author_IP
FROM wp_comments WHERE comment_post_ID = 1
) AS WHATEVER
The "WHATEVER" is essentially meaningless, so use any name you want. Why? Apparently the "AS" clause is required for the nested (or whatever) queries to work their magic. As you can see, this enables us to grab any column from the wp_comments table. In the example query, we're selecting the comment_author, comment_author_email, and comment_author_IP columns.
If you have access to the database, you can use a program such as phpMyAdmin to execute the above query directly. Otherwise, we'll go with the WordPress custom-private-page route. Open your page template and add the following code beneath the_content() template tag:
<?php //grab the data
$comment_info = $wpdb->get_results("SELECT DISTINCT comment_author, comment_author_email, comment_author_IP
FROM (SELECT DISTINCT comment_author, comment_author_email, comment_author_IP
FROM wp_comments
WHERE comment_post_ID = 1
) AS WHATEVER");
// display the results
echo '<ul>';
foreach($comment_info as $info) {
echo '<li><strong>'. $info->comment_author .'</strong> - '. $info->comment_author_email .' - <small>'. $info->comment_author_IP .'</small></li>';
}
echo '</ul>';
?>
Just pick your post ID and done. When you visit the custom page in a browser, you should see the results of your query displayed as a list, similar to this:
• Juan Gris - juan@hotmail.com - 123.456.789
• Max Ernst - max@gmail.com - 987.654.321
• Salvador Dali - dali@email.com - 456.789.123
But no need to keep it list format, with a little tweaking, we can output any data using whatever markup works best. For example, to just grab the emails from a nice <pre> list, change the foreach loop to this:
echo '<pre>';
foreach($comment_info as $info) {
echo $info->comment_author_email . "\n";
}
echo '</pre>';
..and that should give you just the data, with no interfering markup:
juan@hotmail.com
max@gmail.com
dali@email.com
Customizing
There are two ways to customize this technique. In the query itself, you can specify which columns you want to display. And then you can also customize the markup, to format the data to suit your specific needs. Sort of a multipurpose method for grabbing post-specific info from the database.
5 responses
1. After a few months with my Head First SQL book, I love working with databases. Thanks for the tip on the nested queries. Very cool.
By the way, I love violas as much as the next music-lover, but I don’t think that’s what you meant ;)
2. You always manage to post a coding trick that makes me think about WP in a new way. Sometimes we forget the wealth of data inside the WP db that we can use if we just extract it. You probably just sucked a couple hours out of my morning exploring this – thx for the ideas!
3. Why do you think you need use a subquery in the from clause? Does $wpdb do something different than normal SQL?
Also, why not use the get_comment function?
I’m just starting to dig into the functions and trying figure out where and where not to use them.
Thanks for the info?
4. I think get_comments might work, but not get_comment, just based on the stated objectives in the article. Good luck with your quest?
5. Bharat Chowdary
Thanks for the useful and handy tip.
Comments are closed for this post. Contact us with any critical information.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Advanced Topics
Adding URLs from the command line
Quickly adding new URLs to the job list from the command line:
urlwatch --add url=http://example.org,name=Example
Using word-based differences
You can also specify an external diff-style tool (a tool that takes two filenames (old, new) as parameter and returns on its standard output the difference of the files), for example to use wdiff(1) to get word-based differences instead of line-based difference:
url: https://example.com/
diff_tool: wdiff
Note that diff_tool specifies an external command-line tool, so that tool must be installed separately (e.g. apt install wdiff on Debian or brew install wdiff on macOS). Syntax highlighting is supported for wdiff-style output, but potentially not for other diff tools.
Ignoring whitespace changes
If you would like to ignore whitespace changes so that you don’t receive notifications for trivial differences, you can use diff_tool for this. For example:
diff_tool: "diff --ignore-all-space --unified"
When using another external diff-like tool, make sure it returns unified output format to retain syntax highlighting.
Only show added or removed lines
The diff_filter feature can be used to filter the diff output text with the same tools (see Filters) used for filtering web pages.
In order to show only diff lines with added lines, use:
url: http://example.com/things-get-added.html
diff_filter:
- grep: '^[@+]'
This will only keep diff lines starting with @ or +. Similarly, to only keep removed lines:
url: http://example.com/things-get-removed.html
diff_filter:
- grep: '^[@-]'
More sophisticated diff filtering is possibly by combining existing filters, writing a new filter or using shellpipe to delegate the filtering/processing of the diff output to an external tool.
Read the next section if you want to disable empty notifications.
Disable empty notifications
As an extension to the previous example, let’s say you want to only get notified with all lines added, but receive no notifications at all if lines are removed.
A diff usually looks like this:
We want to filter all lines starting with “+” only, but because of the headers we also want to filter lines that start with “+++”, which can be accomplished like so:
url: http://example.com/only-added.html
diff_filter:
- grep: '^[+]' # Include all lines starting with "+"
- grepi: '^[+]{3}' # Exclude the line starting with "+++"
This deals with all diff lines now, but since urlwatch reports “changed” pages even when the diff_filter returns an empty string (which might be useful in some cases), you have to explicitly opt out by using urlwatch --edit-config and setting the empty-diff option to false in the display category:
display:
empty-diff: false
Pass diff output to a custom script
In some situations, it might be useful to run a script with the diff as input when changes were detected (e.g. to start an update or process something). This can be done by combining diff_filter with the shellpipe filter, which can be any custom script.
The output of the custom script will then be the diff result as reported by urlwatch, so if it outputs any status, the CHANGED notification that urlwatch does will contain the output of the custom script, not the original diff. This can even have a “normal” filter attached to only watch links (the css: a part of the filter definitions):
url: http://example.org/downloadlist.html
filter:
- css: a
diff_filter:
- shellpipe: /usr/local/bin/process_new_links.sh
Comparing web pages visually
To compare the visual contents of web pages, Nicolai has written pyvisualcompare as a frontend (with GUI) to urlwatch. The tool can be used to select a region of a web page. It then generates a configuration for urlwatch to run pyvisualcompare and generate a hash for the screen contents.
Ignoring connection errors
In some cases, it might be useful to ignore (temporary) network errors to avoid notifications being sent. While there is a display.error config option (defaulting to true) to control reporting of errors globally, to ignore network errors for specific jobs only, you can use the ignore_connection_errors key in the job list configuration file:
url: https://example.com/
ignore_connection_errors: true
Similarly, you might want to ignore some (temporary) HTTP errors on the server side:
url: https://example.com/
ignore_http_error_codes: 408, 429, 500, 502, 503, 504
or ignore all HTTP errors if you like:
url: https://example.com/
ignore_http_error_codes: 4xx, 5xx
Overriding the content encoding
For web pages with misconfigured HTTP headers or rare encodings, it may be useful to explicitly specify an encoding from Python’s Standard Encodings.
url: https://example.com/
encoding: utf-8
Changing the default timeout
By default, url jobs timeout after 60 seconds. If you want a different timeout period, use the timeout key to specify it in number of seconds, or set it to 0 to never timeout.
url: https://example.com/
timeout: 300
Comparing with several latest snapshots
If a webpage frequently changes between several known stable states, it may be desirable to have changes reported only if the webpage changes into a new unknown state. You can use compared_versions to do this.
url: https://example.com/
compared_versions: 3
In this example, changes are only reported if the webpage becomes different from the latest three distinct states. The differences are shown relative to the closest match.
Receiving a report every time urlwatch runs
If you are watching pages that change seldomly, but you still want to be notified daily if urlwatch still works, you can watch the output of the date command, for example:
name: "urlwatch watchdog"
command: "date"
Since the output of date changes every second, this job should produce a report every time urlwatch is run.
Using Redis as a cache backend
If you want to use Redis as a cache backend over the default SQLite3 file:
urlwatch --cache=redis://localhost:6379/
There is no migration path from the SQLite3 format, the cache will be empty the first time Redis is used.
Watching changes on .onion (Tor) pages
Since pages on the Tor Network are not accessible via public DNS and TCP, you need to either configure a Tor client as HTTP/HTTPS proxy or use the torify(1) tool from the tor package (apt install tor on Debian, brew install tor on macOS). Setting up Tor is out of scope for this document. On a properly set up Tor installation, one can just prefix the urlwatch command with the torify wrapper to access .onion pages:
torify urlwatch
Watching Facebook Page Events
If you want to be notified of new events on a public Facebook page, you can use the following job pattern, replace PAGE with the name of the page (can be found by navigating to the events page on your browser):
url: http://m.facebook.com/PAGE/pages/permalink/?view_type=tab_events
filter:
- css:
selector: div#objects_container
exclude: 'div.x, #m_more_friends_who_like_this, img'
- re.sub:
pattern: '(/events/\d*)[^"]*'
repl: '\1'
- html2text: pyhtml2text
Setting the content width for html2text (lynx method)
When using the lynx method in the html2text filter, it uses a default width that will cause additional line breaks to be inserted.
To set the lynx output width to 400 characters, use this filter setup:
url: http://example.com/longlines.html
filter:
- html2text:
method: lynx
width: 400
Configuring how long browser jobs wait for pages to load
For browser jobs, you can configure how long the headless browser will wait before a page is considered loaded by using the wait_until option. It can take one of four values:
• load will wait until the load browser event is fired (default).
• documentloaded will wait until the DOMContentLoaded browser event is fired.
• networkidle0 will wait until there are no more than 0 network connections for at least 500 ms.
• networkidle2 will wait until there are no more than 2 network connections for at least 500 ms.
Treating NEW jobs as CHANGED
In some cases (e.g. when the diff_tool or diff_filter executes some external command as a side effect that should also run for the initial page state), you can set the treat_new_as_changed to true, which will make the job report as CHANGED instead of NEW the first time it is retrieved (and the diff will be reported, too).
url: http://example.com/initialpage.html
treat_new_as_changed: true
This option will also change the behavior of --test-diff-filter, and allow testing the diff filter if only a single version of the page has been retrieved.
Monitoring the same URL in multiple jobs
Because urlwatch uses the url/navigate (for URL/Browser jobs) and/or the command (for Shell jobs) key as unique identifier, each URL can only appear in a single job. If you want to monitor the same URL multiple times, you can append #1, #2, … (or anything that makes them unique) to the URLs, like this:
name: "Looking for Thing A"
url: http://example.com/#1
filter:
- grep: "Thing A"
---
name: "Looking for Thing B"
url: http://example.com/#2
filter:
- grep: "Thing B"
Running a subset of jobs
To run one or more specific jobs instead of all known jobs, provide the job index numbers to the urlwatch command. For example, to run jobs with index 2, 4, and 7:
urlwatch 2 4 7
Sending HTML form data using POST
To simulate submitting a HTML form using the POST method, you can pass the form fields in the data field of the job description:
name: "My POST Job"
url: http://example.com/foo
data:
username: "foo"
password: "bar"
submit: "Send query"
By default, the request will use the HTTP POST method, and the Content-type will be set to application/x-www-form-urlencoded.
Sending arbitrary data using HTTP PUT
It is possible to customize the HTTP method and Content-type header, allowing you to send arbitrary requests to the server:
name: "My PUT Request"
url: http://example.com/item/new
method: PUT
headers:
Content-type: application/json
data: '{"foo": true}'
UTF-8 support on Windows
On Windows, the default file encoding might be locale-specific and not work correctly if files are saved using the (recommended) UTF-8 encoding.
If you are having problems loading UTF-8-encoded files on Windows, you might see an issue like the following when urlwatch parses your config files:
UnicodeDecodeError: 'charmap' codec can't decode byte 0x9d in position 214: character maps to <undefined>
To work around this issue, Python 3.7 and newer have a new UTF-8 Mode that can be enabled by setting the environment variable PYTHONUTF8 to 1:
set PYTHONUTF8=1
urlwatch
You can also add this environment variable to your user environment or system environment to apply the UTF-8 Mode to all Python programs on your machine.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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HttpResponse.SubStatusCode 屬性
定義
取得或設定的值會評估回應的狀態碼是否合格。Gets or sets a value qualifying the status code of the response.
public:
property int SubStatusCode { int get(); void set(int value); };
public int SubStatusCode { get; set; }
member this.SubStatusCode : int with get, set
Public Property SubStatusCode As Integer
屬性值
整數值，代表 IIS 7.0IIS 7.0 子狀態碼。An integer value that represents the IIS 7.0IIS 7.0 sub status code.
例外狀況
此作業需要在 IIS 7.0IIS 7.0 的整合管線模式中，且至少為 .NET Framework 3.0 版。The operation requires the integrated pipeline mode in IIS 7.0IIS 7.0 and at least the .NET Framework version 3.0.
狀態碼是在送出所有 HTTP 標頭之後設定。The status code is set after all HTTP headers have been sent.
範例
下列範例會在SubStatusCode PostAuthenticateRequest事件HttpApplication實例的事件處理常式中設定屬性。The following example sets the SubStatusCode property in an event handler for the HttpApplication instance of the PostAuthenticateRequest event. 將程式碼檔案放在 Web 應用程式的 [App_Code] 資料夾中，並設定 Web.config 檔案來註冊模組。Put the code file in the App_Code folder of your Web application and configure the Web.config file to register the module. 如需詳細資訊，請參閱逐步解說：建立和註冊自訂 HTTP 模組For more information, see Walkthrough: Creating and Registering a Custom HTTP Module.
using System;
using System.Data;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Security;
using System.Web.UI;
// Module that sets Response.SubStatusCode in PostAuthenticateRequest event handler.
namespace Samples
{
public class ModuleExampleTestCS : IHttpModule
{
public ModuleExampleTestCS()
{
// Constructor
}
public void Init(HttpApplication app)
{
app.PostAuthenticateRequest += new EventHandler(PostAuthenticateRequest_Handler);
}
public void Dispose()
{
}
public void PostAuthenticateRequest_Handler(object source, EventArgs e)
{
HttpApplication app = (HttpApplication)source;
HttpContext context = app.Context;
// Set a SubStatusCode for Failed Request Tracing in IIS7
context.Response.SubStatusCode = 99;
}
}
}
Imports System.Data
Imports System.Web
Imports System.Web.Security
Imports System.Web.UI
' Module that sets Response.SubStatusCode in PostAuthenticateRequest event handler.
Namespace Samples
Public Class ModuleExampleTestVB
Implements IHttpModule
Public Sub New()
' Constructor
End Sub
Public Sub Init(ByVal app As HttpApplication) Implements IHttpModule.Init
AddHandler app.PostAuthenticateRequest, AddressOf Me.PostAuthenticateRequest_Handler
End Sub
Public Sub Dispose() Implements IHttpModule.Dispose
End Sub
Public Sub PostAuthenticateRequest_Handler(ByVal source As Object, ByVal e As EventArgs)
Dim app As HttpApplication = CType(source, HttpApplication)
Dim context As HttpContext = app.Context
' Set a SubStatusCode for Failed Request Tracing in IIS7.
context.Response.SubStatusCode = 99
End Sub
End Class
End Namespace
備註
只有中IIS 7.0IIS 7.0的整合式管線模式才支援屬性，而且至少.NETFramework版本3.0。SubStatusCodeThe SubStatusCode property is only supported with the integrated pipeline mode in IIS 7.0IIS 7.0 and at least the .NET Framework version 3.0. 當您設定SubStatusCode屬性時， IIS 7.0IIS 7.0如果已設定失敗要求追蹤，則狀態會是 [已登入]。When you set the SubStatusCode property, the status is logged on IIS 7.0IIS 7.0 if failed-request tracing is configured. 不論是否已設定追蹤，程式碼絕對不會當做要求的最後回應的一部分傳送。Independent of whether tracing is configured, the code is never sent as part of the final response to the request. 如需詳細資訊，請參閱在 IIS 7.0 中使用失敗要求追蹤來疑難排解失敗的要求For more information, see Troubleshooting Failed Requests Using Failed Request Tracing in IIS 7.0.
適用於
另請參閱
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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>>> tdrop: Building testing/tdrop 0.5.0-r0 (using abuild 3.9.0-r0) started Fri, 06 May 2022 21:21:57 +0000 >>> tdrop: Checking sanity of /home/buildozer/aports/testing/tdrop/APKBUILD... >>> tdrop: Analyzing dependencies... >>> tdrop: Installing for build: build-base xprop bash coreutils xwininfo xdotool grep gawk (1/25) Installing libxau (1.0.9-r0) (2/25) Installing libmd (1.0.4-r0) (3/25) Installing libbsd (0.11.6-r2) (4/25) Installing libxdmcp (1.1.3-r0) (5/25) Installing libxcb (1.14-r2) (6/25) Installing libx11 (1.7.5-r0) (7/25) Installing xprop (1.2.5-r0) (8/25) Installing readline (8.1.2-r0) (9/25) Installing bash (5.1.16-r2) Executing bash-5.1.16-r2.post-install (10/25) Installing skalibs (2.11.2.0-r0) (11/25) Installing utmps-libs (0.1.2.0-r0) (12/25) Installing coreutils (9.1-r0) (13/25) Installing xwininfo (1.1.5-r0) (14/25) Installing libxext (1.3.4-r0) (15/25) Installing libxinerama (1.1.4-r1) (16/25) Installing libxtst (1.2.3-r3) (17/25) Installing xkeyboard-config (2.35.1-r0) (18/25) Installing xz-libs (5.2.5-r1) (19/25) Installing libxml2 (2.9.13-r0) (20/25) Installing libxkbcommon (1.4.0-r0) (21/25) Installing xdotool (3.20211022.1-r0) (22/25) Installing pcre (8.45-r2) (23/25) Installing grep (3.7-r0) (24/25) Installing gawk (5.1.1-r0) (25/25) Installing .makedepends-tdrop (20220506.212201) Executing busybox-1.35.0-r12.trigger OK: 227 MiB in 103 packages >>> tdrop: Cleaning up srcdir >>> tdrop: Cleaning up pkgdir >>> tdrop: Fetching https://distfiles.alpinelinux.org/distfiles/edge//tdrop-0.5.0.tar.gz % Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0 100 24726 100 24726 0 0 41040 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 43685 >>> tdrop: Fetching https://distfiles.alpinelinux.org/distfiles/edge//tdrop-0.5.0.tar.gz >>> tdrop: Checking sha512sums... tdrop-0.5.0.tar.gz: OK >>> tdrop: Unpacking /var/cache/distfiles/tdrop-0.5.0.tar.gz... >>> tdrop: Entering fakeroot... # 755 is default install -D -m 755 tdrop "/home/buildozer/aports/testing/tdrop/pkg/tdrop/usr/bin"/tdrop install -D -m 644 tdrop.1 "/home/buildozer/aports/testing/tdrop/pkg/tdrop/usr/share/man"/man1/tdrop.1 install -D -m 644 LICENSE "/home/buildozer/aports/testing/tdrop/pkg/tdrop/usr/share/licenses"/tdrop/LICENSE >>> tdrop-doc*: Running split function doc... >>> tdrop-doc*: Preparing subpackage tdrop-doc... >>> tdrop-doc*: Running postcheck for tdrop-doc >>> tdrop*: Running postcheck for tdrop >>> tdrop*: Preparing package tdrop... >>> tdrop-doc*: Tracing dependencies... >>> tdrop-doc*: Package size: 40.0 KB >>> tdrop-doc*: Compressing data... >>> tdrop-doc*: Create checksum... >>> tdrop-doc*: Create tdrop-doc-0.5.0-r0.apk >>> tdrop*: Tracing dependencies... >>> tdrop*: Package size: 48.0 KB >>> tdrop*: Compressing data... >>> tdrop*: Create checksum... >>> tdrop*: Create tdrop-0.5.0-r0.apk >>> tdrop: Build complete at Fri, 06 May 2022 21:22:08 +0000 elapsed time 0h 0m 11s >>> tdrop: Cleaning up srcdir >>> tdrop: Cleaning up pkgdir >>> tdrop: Uninstalling dependencies... (1/25) Purging .makedepends-tdrop (20220506.212201) (2/25) Purging xprop (1.2.5-r0) (3/25) Purging bash (5.1.16-r2) Executing bash-5.1.16-r2.pre-deinstall (4/25) Purging coreutils (9.1-r0) Executing coreutils-9.1-r0.post-deinstall (5/25) Purging xwininfo (1.1.5-r0) (6/25) Purging xdotool (3.20211022.1-r0) (7/25) Purging grep (3.7-r0) (8/25) Purging gawk (5.1.1-r0) (9/25) Purging libxinerama (1.1.4-r1) (10/25) Purging libxtst (1.2.3-r3) (11/25) Purging libxext (1.3.4-r0) (12/25) Purging libx11 (1.7.5-r0) (13/25) Purging libxcb (1.14-r2) (14/25) Purging libxau (1.0.9-r0) (15/25) Purging libxdmcp (1.1.3-r0) (16/25) Purging libbsd (0.11.6-r2) (17/25) Purging libmd (1.0.4-r0) (18/25) Purging readline (8.1.2-r0) (19/25) Purging utmps-libs (0.1.2.0-r0) (20/25) Purging skalibs (2.11.2.0-r0) (21/25) Purging libxkbcommon (1.4.0-r0) (22/25) Purging xkeyboard-config (2.35.1-r0) (23/25) Purging libxml2 (2.9.13-r0) (24/25) Purging xz-libs (5.2.5-r1) (25/25) Purging pcre (8.45-r2) Executing busybox-1.35.0-r12.trigger OK: 214 MiB in 78 packages >>> tdrop: Updating the testing/riscv64 repository index... >>> tdrop: Signing the index...
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:Vol 5 History of Mexico by H H Bancroft.djvu/565
Rh number of killed of the Mexicans in the several battles was almost 5,000 men. It is not easy to ascertain what was the actual loss of life sustained by Mexico during the war. The cost in money to the United States has been estimated at $166,500,000. The loss in money to Mexico will never be ascertained. The gain of territory by the United States was immense, comprising a surface of upwards of 650,000 square miles.
The total strength of the army employed by the United States in Mexico, from April 1846 to April 1848, consisted of 54,243 infantry, 15,781 cavalry, 1,782 artillery, and 25,189 recruits, making a total of 96,995 men. From the foregoing list have been excluded several companies called out in Ohio and Louisiana, but that did not go to Mexico. If included, the total number called out by the government would exceed 100,000 men. The number that actually served in Mexico exceeded 80,000, not all called out at the same time, but in successive periods. At the closing of the war, according to the adjutant-general's reports, there were actually upwards of 40,000 in the field.
The war of the United States against Mexico is fraught with instruction. A hope had been cherished by the friends of peace among some nations, that in a pure republic, where the people rule, a warlike spirit could not be fostered. Here and elsewhere it has proved otherwise. The spirit developed by free institutions makes the republican a most formidable soldier when he is not swayed by moral scruples. In the United States sectional rivalries and interests, and the eagerness to gain distinction, had fanned the flame of passion for war, and the battle-field was looked to as a good arena for deciding the pending issues as well as for competition. Social, political, commercial, or industrial interests are but broken reeds, as man
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WIKI
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Mannheim (disambiguation)
Mannheim is a city in Germany.
Mannheim or Manheim may also refer to:
Buildings
* Manheim (hof), a neopagan building in Denmark
* Mannheim (San Mar, Maryland), U.S., a historic home and grist mill
* Mannheim (Linville, Virginia), U.S., a historic home built in 1788
* Mannheim station (Illinois), a Metra commuter railroad station in Franklin Park, Illinois
Places
* Mannheim, Ontario, Canada
* Markham Village, Ontario, was known as Mannheim
* Manheim, New York, U.S.
* Manheim, Pennsylvania, U.S.
* Manheim Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, U.S.
* Manheim, West Virginia, U.S., a neighborhood of the town of Rowlesburg
* Manheim, Germany, a subdivision of the town of Kerpen, in the Rhein-Erft-Kreis district
Other uses
* Mannheim (electoral district), a constituency for the German Bundestag (parliament)
* Mannheim (surname)
* Manheim Auctions, a major wholesale automobile auction company
* Mannheim Road, a major north-south thoroughfare in the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
* Mannheim School District 83, Franklin Park, Illinois
* Mannheim Steamroller, an American Neoclassical new-age music group
* Mannheim Tornados, a baseball and softball club from Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg
* FV Mannheim, a trawler requisitioned by the Kriegsmarine during World War II
* University of Mannheim, Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
* VfR Mannheim, a German association football club based in Mannheim, Baden-Württemberg
* "(Weird) Manheim", a song by the band Mayhem on their 1987 EP Deathcrush
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WIKI
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National Human Development Initiative
The National Human Development Initiative is a program launched in 2005 by King Mohammed VI of Morocco with the objective of "ensuring a better distribution of the fruits of growth and to improve the living conditions of citizens". The program has a budget of 10 billion Dirham (about 900 million Euro) over five years (2006–2010). It is distributed equally between two country-wide programs (one called a "transversal program" and a "program against precarious living conditions") and two geographically targeted programs (an urban and a rural program). 60% of the program is financed by the national government, 20% by local governments and 20% is to be financed by external donors. For the urban program, committees at the local level identified 264 urban neighborhoods with the greatest needs in 30 cities that would benefit from the initiative. The neighborhoods have a population of 2.5m or 16% of the country's urban population. The rural program targets the 348 rural municipalities where the poverty level is higher than 30%.
The World Bank supports the initiative through a US$100 million loan and a US$7 million grant to increase access to water supply and sanitation in three cities.
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WIKI
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MSF spurns EU funding over 'shameful' Turkey migrant deal
GENEVA (Reuters) - Medical aid charity Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) said it will reject all funding from the European Union and its member states in protest at a deal to stem the influx of migrants and refugees that the EU reached with Turkey. Under the deal, struck in March to cut off a human tide that brought a million refugees and migrants to Europe in 2015, Turkey agreed to halt illegal migration through its territory in return for financial and political rewards. Jerome Oberreit, MSF’s International Secretary General, said the agreement went against the fundamental principles of providing assistance to people in need. “This is jeopardizing the very concept of the refugee,” he told Reuters in an interview on Friday. Oberreit said MSF, also known as Doctors Without Borders and active in disaster zones across the world, will lose 37 million euros ($41.6 million) of funding from EU states and 19 million euros from EU institutions. In the short term it would cover the shortfall from emergency reserves. “It’s really important to see the real people instead of the political football that they have become,” he said. “We’re talking about Europe’s refugee shame.” European Commission spokesman Margaritis Schinas said MSF was not an implementing partner of EU humanitarian aid in Turkey and MSF’s decision would not affect life-saving EU humanitarian aid for refugees in Turkey or MSF’s operations that currently get EU funding. “As to ...the legality of the EU-Turkey agreement, the Commission prefers the interpretation of our 28 member states... and of the United Nations that are closer to our analysis of the deal rather than the one MSF did today.” Many EU officials acknowledge privately that the measures taken to curb migration have stretched the limits of legality but they also defend the strategy as a political imperative driven by European voters who have made clear their unwillingness to accept large numbers of migrants. Oberreit said the deal with Turkey did nothing to address the chronic deficiencies of EU policy, but simply outsourced European obligations. It also set a precedent that risked triggering a global domino effect as other countries also turned their backs on their obligations. “It’s clearly sending a message that caring for people forced from their homes is optional, that you can buy your way out.” The EU was in talks for similar deals with 16 other countries “with the single goal of denying people their right to asylum”. The talks include Eritrea, Somalia, Sudan and Afghanistan, four of the biggest sources of refugees, he said. “This would potentially mean locking people into war zones or places where they face persecution.” Kenya has also cited the EU-Turkey deal as a justification for its plans to close the world’s largest refugee camp. “This would involve ...sending 330,000 people back into Somalia, a country at war,” Oberreit said. MSF gets 92 percent of its funding from private donations, Oberreit said. Reporting by Tom Miles, additional reporting by Philip Blenkinsop and Alastair Macdonald in Brussels; editing by John Stonestreet
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Faraway: Puzzle Escape
Faraway: Puzzle Escape is an escape the room puzzle video game developed by Pine Studio for iOS and Android platforms. The game is available as free-to-try and has been compared to the Myst video game series. The updated Director's Cut edition of Faraway was released on Steam for the PC in a first for the series on 4 March 2021.
Overview
A total of six titles in the series were created so far between 2017 and 2019.
Gameplay
The player is set in an exploration environment of an ancient civilization, where the story of the player's father led him to. The player gets to explore 18 temples (levels) in the main game and 2 bonus levels, each of them containing a number of puzzles, which in turn give the player notes that carry the storyline of the adventure.
Faraway 2: Jungle Escape
A sequel to Faraway: Puzzle Escape was released on 16 November 2017 under the title 'Faraway 2: Jungle Escape'. It was reviewed positively by Multiplayer.it stating "Snapbreak Games delivers another good amount of puzzles in this Faraway 2: Jungle Escape. Compelling and never too hard, this is a good mobile interpretation of the explorative puzzle genre." and giving it 8 out of 10. It was named among 10 best free mobile games by BGR.com.
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WIKI
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An increase in expression of popular piety became prevalent at the end of the 11th century during the call for the first crusade by Pope Urban II. Popular piety refers to seeking a closer more personal relationship with God that was based off of emotion and love. This emotive Christianity reflected a shift in the attitudes of medieval society that were continuing to change due to other historical factors happening from the 12th through 15th centuries.
The growth of popular piety, the ongoing threat of heresy, the Black Death, and the decline of papal leadership all influenced how medieval people understood their place in Christianity, and how they expressed those feelings. This paper will examine how these developments influenced medieval piety, and will demonstrate how those influences are reflected in several medieval sources. The growth in the expression of popular piety resulted from an emotionless and more rational way of viewing Christianity.
Instead of basing their Christian views on logic and reason, more people started to base their religion off of faith and emotion. They wanted more individuality and to seek a more personal relationship with God through acts of prayer and devotion. For example, this is reflected when people start to look within themselves and examine their feelings of intention and contrition. Rather than viewing Christ as a judge, they began to view him as a loving figure. People used an emotional focus of devotion by looking within and being introspective to evaluate their feelings on God.
Bernard of Clairvaux said that it did not matter if you were a believer or a non-believer but everyone was “bound to love God for the sake of God” (Bernard of Clairvaux 156). He challenged people to look within themselves and evaluate their relationship with God because in his view, people are bound to God because he “gave Himself to us for no desert of ours” (Bernard of Clairvaux 156). His words reflect the growing attitude that people should seek a more personal relationship with Christ, because Christ deserved the love and faith from his followers that he graciously gave to them with nothing in return.
Another popular movement during the growth of popular piety was the belief in intercessors as a way of becoming closer to God. Jesus, Mary, and the saints were all intercessors between God and Christians because they acted as a channel to divine grace. Bernard of Clairvaux preached the importance of intercessors by stating that the Virgin Mary “beholds the Only Begotten of the Father, bearing His cross” (Bernard of Clairvaux 157). He believed that the Virgin Mary was incredibly important in worshipping Christ, because she carried Christ in her and felt the same suffering that he felt (Bernard of Clairvaux 157).
If one wants to become closer to God, then worship an intercessor, because they are the ones that can bring you the closest to Christ. The introspection into oneself, the seeking of a more personal relationship with God, and the importance of intercessors all influenced people to increase their expression in popular piety and use emotion rather than reason to strengthen their faith in God. The factors contributing to the growth of popular piety were considered positive aspects of Christianity, however popular piety also gave rise to the ongoing threat of heresy.
Many groups deemed as heretical were actually driven by popular piety or disapproval of the church system, which caused them to look towards their own views on Christianity (Bennett 197). For example, the church deemed a group called the Waldensians as heretical because they “condemn all Sacraments of the Church,” such as baptism and marriage and they also believe that the “clergy ought not to have possessions (Waldensians 228). They believed that their group was the only group who provided any true dedication to Christ and they were the only ones who “preserve the evangelical doctrine” (Waldensians 228).
The Albigensians were another example of a group whose views did not coincide with the views of the Orthodox Church. They criticized the Old Testament, the incarnation of Christ, the sacraments, and they believed in reincarnation until salvation was achieved. These were just a few charges against them, but they also had their own church hierarchy made up of “believers” and “perfect,” which posed a significant threat to the Church (Albigensians 230-231). These groups were coming forward largely due to the urbanization that was happening during this time.
The urban movement took the church by surprise and they were unprepared to handle the growing literate society who was starting to form their own ideas and beliefs about Christianity (Bennett 197). These heretical groups reflect changing attitudes towards orthodoxy, because people are now starting to make their own conclusions and look within themselves and not the church to find the true meaning of Christianity. Around the time of the mid 14th century popular piety became extreme as a result of The Black Death.
Many people had different speculations as to why the plague was happening to them, but most of them agreed that it had something to do with God’s anger towards his people. Many of them believed that this horrible disease was “sent upon us mortals by God in His just wrath by way of retribution for our iniquities” (Giovanni Boccaccio 303). The Black Death instilled fear in everyone because they were forced to endure the “stench emitted by the dead and the dying” (Giovanni Boccaccio 304).
Since they believed God was punishing them for their sins, people began to continuously perform religious acts in order to gain God’s favor in fear of becoming one of the many corpses they saw on a daily basis. For example, religious processions and extreme acts of asceticism, such as flagellants became popular. Popular piety shifted from normal attempts to achieve a personal relationship with God, to religious acts of desperation brought on by fear of death. After The Black Death, people became much more aware of life and death.
People were accustomed to seeing dead bodies everywhere resulting in a daily reminder of what happens to the body after it dies. This constant reminder of death caused people to incessantly think of what they can do to secure their place in heaven, and unfortunately the Roman Church was not doing anything to relieve them of their worries. The Church was failing people in terms of leadership, which caused people to look elsewhere for spiritual leaders. Christians turned to female mystics to guide them through their spirituality instead.
Female mystics were women who experienced visions from God, were orthodox in their beliefs, and they stressed the importance of an individual union with God in response to a failing church structure. Catherine of Siena is a famous example of a female mystic whose main concern was the reformation of the church. In her letter to Pope Gregory XI, she encouraged him to help the “reform and advancement of the holy Church” and to “make peace with Tuscany, with whom you are at war” (Catherine of Siena 326).
People trusted Catherine of Siena because not only did she want to improve the Church, but she also had a substantial impact in politics by influencing the pope to return to Rome. Female mystics, such as Catherine of Siena, deemphasized the clergy and sacraments placing more of an emphasis on a spiritual union with God. In the past, the Church would have probably deemed them as heretics, but people trusted their words instead, which showed that medieval society was changing their attitudes toward Christianity.
Joan of Arc is another example of a famous female mystic, but her main concerns differed from that of Catherine of Siena. Joan of Arc had a vision from God that said, “it told her that she must come to France,” leading to her main concern which was to drive the English “body for body” out of France (Jeanne d’Arc 335-336). She was concerned with showing nationalism towards France, and felt it was her spiritual duty to assist in any way possible to obtain freedom from the English.
Even though her main concern differed from Catherine of Siena, people still placed the same amount of trust in her because she became a leader when people needed direction. Catherine of Siena and Joan of Arc are great examples of changing attitudes towards Christianity, because people were beginning to place their trust in female mystics instead of the papal clergy for spiritual guidance. Attitudes towards Christianity changed from the 12th through 15th centuries through various historical influences happening during that time.
The increase of emotive spirituality through the expression of popular piety, the questioning of Christian Orthodoxy, the Black Death which influenced changing views of life and death, and the shift from trust in papal leadership to female mystics were demonstrated in the discussion of several medieval sources. These developments influenced different expressions of popular piety, and changing attitudes towards various aspects of Christianity. Kathryn Koenig Medieval Civilization 202, Section 002 Dr. N. Hamonic 18 April 2013 Topic #1
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FINEWEB-EDU
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User:Tatlatrip
Tatlatrip.com is an Indian online tour & travel company, which deals in tour packages, car on rents, tour operations and hotel bookings. Its headquarter is based in Jaipur, Rajasthan. The owner of the company is Sitaram Yadav. The portal was registered in the year 2016, October. The website started functioning from January 2017.
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WIKI
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Talk:Motion detection
I propose to add a new section at the bottom providing more information on the use of motion detection for lighting control, as an energy saving strategy. I am a scientist at the National Research Council Canada, and one of the areas I work on is lighting controls; I provided most of the content for Daylight harvesting. I can provide many references from my own peer-reviewed research work (COI disclosure), and that of others. Another place to put this proposed content would be the Over illumination page, but this page contains many ideas. I think it's better to expand Motion detection with the technology-specific content, and then link to it from Over illumination. Pelham88 (talk) 14:02, 3 October 2009 (UTC)
merge (do not remove merger tag without consensus)
*See also Talk:Motion_detector
good idea to merge since the subjects are the same Anlace 04:52, 15 May 2006 (UTC)
hiiiihihihjdoing a search related to physics and a motion sensor we used in lab. The article should be expanded perhaps instead of merged into security. --Komodo9mm
* the non surviving article would of course have a redirect so this comment is irrelevant Phasechange 15:37, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
Motion Detector should be merged with this article, they are too similar in topic and use to be seperate. A motion detector is a device that is capable of "motion detection" and therefore the two should be integrated. Cheifsguy 22:17, 26 September 2006 (UTC) I strongly disagree because then the motion detector article would be gone. Iluvuzumaki 04:10, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
* Strongly support merger A redirect will insure that searching for either topic will lead to the article. this merger is an obvious solution, since the topics are identical. one just is named for the detector and one for the process of detection Phasechange 15:37, 1 October 2006 (UTC)
* Support merger note that a redirect solves the only opposing concern. Anlace 13:39, 7 October 2006 (UTC)
* Oppose merger refrigeration and dishwashing are separate from refrigerator and dishwasher. These should be separate too. Voortle 20:38, 10 November 2006 (UTC)
* Please note, in the examples you provided, the articles had at least 5 inline references. These arguments are moote if neither option is supported by facts. WP:A Alan.ca 07:00, 7 March 2007 (UTC)
* agree with Alan.ca on this point. also note dishwashing and diswasher is not a good analogy, since most dishwashing in the world occurs without machinery, whereas motion detection is intrinsically related to certain hardware. Anlace 19:41, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
* Actually, I came to the page looking for motion detection as implemented in software (inferring image flows)... so this would be not really related to the idea of a "motion detector" as most often used, I guess... this sort of system isn't necessarily "yes/no", as in security, but can speculate about motion of regions of a video scene with respect to time. So... I oppose the merger.
* Oppose for the same reasons I specified when the merge was proposed in the other direction. --Selket Talk 06:41, 13 March 2007 (UTC)
* Support - both are small articles on very closely related things, merging would lead to a bigger and better written article.Mattyatty 16:13, 30 March 2007 (UTC)
* Support merger The Motion Detection article, aside from a couple sentences, talks solely about the detectors used.Mikeeg555 09:57, 18 April 2007 (UTC)
Propose New Section - Motion Sensing Controllers
Both Wii Remote and PlayStation Move link to this article, which seems to focus on motion detector technology. I suggest a new section with these controllers and the Sixense TrueMotion.Mister Mormon (talk) 17:48, 29 December 2010 (UTC)
Sound Detection
Sound detection is not motion detection and should be removed from this article entirely. Although typically associated with motion detection in the use of dual technology lighting controls (such as SensorSwitch Passive Dual Technology - PIR + Microphonic), it is not. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Davey5505 (talk • contribs) 03:37, 31 January 2013 (UTC)
Merger proposal
It seems a no-brainer to me that Motion detection and Motion detector should be merged, despite the lack of conensus last time. There is complete overlap of scope, and it is hard to imagine any basis on which two separate articles could be justified, given that detection inevitably involves some kind of detector, and that the function of a detector is inevitably detection. I think this needs to be looked at again. I have no opinion about which way round the merger should be performed. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:42, 12 June 2013 (UTC)
They should be merged into the motion detector title. Like we have smoke detector, carbon monoxide detector, heat detector, glass break detector etc., but no articles smoke detection, carbon monoxide detection, heat detection, glass break detection. 2602:306:3653:8440:3DAB:1747:3922:C6B (talk) 01:31, 3 September 2016 (UTC)
External links modified (February 2018)
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified one external link on Motion detection. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20111023234121/http://www.axis.com/products/video/about_networkvideo/vmd.htm to http://www.axis.com/products/video/about_networkvideo/vmd.htm
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WIKI
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Page:Yiddish Tales.djvu/231
EZEIELK THE SCKIBE 227
The Kamenivke doctor made one or two more at- tempts at alarming Ezrielk's parents ; he sent his assist- ant to them more than once, but it was no use, for after what Eeb Yainkel had said, nobody would hear of any doctoring.
So Ezrielk continued to study the Talmud and occa- sionally to lead the service in Shool, like the Chassidic child he was, had a dip nearly every morning in the bath-house, and at thirteen, good luck to him, he was married.
The Hostre Eebbe himself honored the wedding with his presence. The Rebbe, long life to him, was fond of Ezrielk, almost as though he had been his own child. The whole time the saint stayed in Kabtzonivke, Kam- enivke, and Ebionivke, Ezrielk had to be near him.
When they told the Eebbe the story of the doctor, he remarked, "Ett! what do they know?"
And Ezrielk continued to recite the prayers after his marriage, and to sing as before, and was the delight of all who heard him.
Agreeably to the marriage contract, Ezrielk and his Channehle had a double right to board with their par- ents "forever"; when they were born and the written engagements were filled in, each was an only child, and both Reb Seinwill and Eeb Selig undertook to board them "forever." True, when the parents wedded their "one and only children," they had both of them a houseful of little ones and no Parnosseh (they really hadn't ! ), but they did not go back upon their word with regard to the "board forever."
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WIKI
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-- Cancer Would Lessen Sept. 11 Victim Pay, Fund’s Head Says
Cancer should be included among the
illnesses covered by U.S. funds for responders to the Sept. 11
World Trade Center attack, though it’s not clear which types of
the disease should qualify, the head of an advisory panel said. Elizabeth Ward, chairwoman of a panel that will help decide
who has access to two special federal funds, spoke after a
hearing yesterday in New York in which about a dozen outraged
cancer patients linked their disease to the 2001 terrorist
attack that leveled the World Trade Center. Many on the board “are in favor of listing at least some
cancers of some systems as conditions,” Ward said at the end of
a public hearing at the Jacob K. Javits federal building.
“Whatever opinion we come to, though, we have to define a
scientific rationale.” It may be easier to explain how lung or esophageal cancers
affecting responders to the trade center attack could be caused
by inhaling burning building waste than, for example, to explain
a direct link with blood cancers, Ward said. Other cancers may
take longer to develop in the emergency personnel who responded
to attacks, and may not be obvious for several years, said Ward ,
an epidemiologist and the American Cancer Society ’s national
vice president for intramural research. The panel’s decision may open access for cancer patients to
two funds, one set up to pay for health treatment and a second
that reimburses victims for non-medical losses. The funds were
created on Jan. 2, 2011, when President Barack Obama signed
legislation reactivating a program that operated from 2001 to
2003 to help victims, rescuers, clean-up crews and others
suffering from the attack and its aftermath. Cancer wasn’t
included as an ailment that qualified a person for compensation
from the new funds . No Doubts Ward’s comments capped a day in which cancer victims said
they had no doubt their illnesses were tied to the time they
spent at Ground Zero immediately following the attack. Bruce Edwards, 55, of Ronkonkoma, New York, was one of
eight communications workers who started right after the attacks
restoring power to get the New York Stock Exchange running by
Sept. 17. He was diagnosed with lymphoma at 50, the same age as
another man in his group who has already died of cancer, Edwards
testified at the hearing. While the public hearing gave him hope, “it’s definitely
too late,” he said. It is “disheartening” to hear that the
committee needs evidence to prove his cancer is connected to
that experience, Edwards said in an interview. “In 2001 we were in dire straits,” he said. “People from
every part of the country came here to help.” Split Reactions The cancer patients talked about the contrast between
politicians calling them heroes in public and denying them
funding for health care. A man who had dreams of coaching college hockey testified
that he retired early because of his disease. A father of five
hoped to live to see his daughters walk down the aisle. Some
struggled with a hypothetical scenario -- if it happened again,
would they help? Tom Fay, 55, of Wall Township, New Jersey , said he would.
“As a person who loves his country with every ounce of blood in
my body, I’d do it again,” he said in an interview. “All I’m
asking for is some help from my country.” A study released on Sept. 1 in the journal Lancet found a
19 percent higher risk for cancer among first responders to the
2001 attacks. That report spurred politicians, disease advocates
and cancer victims to urge that the law creating the funds be
changed to include the disease as a qualified ailment. Occupational Safety Review A review by the National Institute for Occupational Safety
and Health last year found there was too little evidence to
prove a definitive link. Before yesterday’s hearing, Sheila Birnbaum, special master
of the $2.8 billion compensation fund that reimburses victims
for non-medical losses, said she’d cover cancer patients if the
committee decides they should be eligible for medical care. Such
a move, though, would spread both funds thinner, and cause the
money to run out more quickly, she said in an interview. Fay, married with three grown children, lost his job after
he advised an employer he had been diagnosed with blood cancer,
he said in a telephone interview. The Jersey Shore University
Medical Center in Neptune, New Jersey, agreed to treat him even
though he didn’t have insurance, Fay said. While Fay doesn’t know the total costs of the treatment, he
said he received the cancer drug Neulasta, which he was told
cost $5,000 a shot, once a day for 18 days. Neulasta, made by
Amgen Inc. (AMGN) , is prescribed to lower risk of infection in patients
taking chemotherapy that suppresses the immune system. The drug
drew $3.56 billion in 2010 revenue for Amgen, the world’s
biggest biotechnology company, as its top seller. Skin Cancer Test Fay is now waiting for results from a biopsy taken Feb. 10
for possible skin cancer, he said. He’s worried, he said, that the next time a disaster comes,
nobody will help because of what is happening to those who
responded on Sept. 11, 2001. New York City council members Margaret Chin and Stephen
Levin also gathered with first responder groups on the steps of
City Hall before the public hearing to ask that cancer be added
to the compensation programs. They won a concession from Mayor Michael Bloomberg ’s
administration to release names of clean-up workers, so the
committee could determine whether a link exists between their
presence at the site and an incidence of cancer, according to a
statement from Levin’s office. More Information New York city officials dropped confidentiality concerns
and will provide Mount Sinai Medical Center with names of police
department workers who participated in the recovery and clean-up
operations once they receive permission from the individuals as
part of an agreement to release more health data on the attacks,
Deputy Mayor Cas Holloway said. Bloomberg is the founder and majority shareholder of
Bloomberg LP. Birnbaum said she has spent months telling responders with
cancer there isn’t enough evidence to link their disease to
their experience, and they aren’t eligible for the funds. If cancer victims are added, “everyone would still get
paid, but they would get paid less than they were awarded,”
said Birnbaum, an attorney at Skadden (1112L) , Arps, Slate, Meagher &
Flom LLP in New York. “And we all may run out of money.” To contact the reporter on this story:
Sarah Frier in New York at
sfrier1@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Reg Gale at
rgale5@bloomberg.net
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Energy crisis leaves Gaza with barely four hours of power a day
GAZA (Reuters) - For weeks, Gazans have been making do with less than half their usual electricity supply - barely a few hours a day - with no sign of the shortages alleviating anytime soon, fuelling distress and frustration among the population. Normally, Gaza’s power alternates on eight-hour cycles, with generators providing electricity to those that can afford it in the down times. But since late last year, there have been only three or four hours of electricity a day in total. The costs of running generators have spiralled. People are trying to light and heat their homes with candles or by burning scrap wood. Families wake in the middle of the night, when the power sometimes comes on, to take showers or wash clothes. “We live like rats,” said Mazen Abu Reyala, an unemployed fisherman and father of five, sitting around a primitive stove that he uses to warm his house. “Should I wait until we get burned? Or should I wait to return home and see that my children burned themselves because they lit candles.” On Thursday clashes with police erupted in the Jabalya refugee camp after thousands of people gathered to protest the power shortage. Demonstrators hurled stones and sounds of gun shots were heard. A police spokesman said forces were trying to prevent the crowd from storming the offices of the power company. The cause of the shortage is on the one hand simple and on the other complicated, with some citizens blaming Hamas, the Islamist group that runs Gaza, Hamas officials blaming the rival Palestinian Authority, based in the Israeli-occupied West Bank, and still others pointing the finger at Israel. The simple explanation is that Gaza requires 450-500 MegaWatts of power a day but is receiving barely a third of that. About 30 MW produced by its own ageing power plant, 30 MW imported from Egypt and 120 MW supplied from Israel. With temperatures dropping to four or five degrees centigrade at night, people are trying to run electric heaters and radiators, driving up power demand. The local power plant, which was heavily damaged by Israeli bombing during a war in 2006 and remains only at about half of potential capacity, could produce slightly more, but there are not enough funds to buy fuel to boost output. With unpaid consumer bills of around $1 billion, the power company is not in a position to seek more credit. Officials say they need $500 million to rehabilitate the power network. But with Israel and Egypt maintaining a tight blockade on Gaza, getting replacement parts is not even that straight forward. The Palestinian Authority, which pays for power supplied by Israel and Egypt, normally transfers fuel to Gaza and exempts it from most taxes. But because of its own financial constraints, it is no longer offsetting all the tax, angering Hamas. Spokesman Fawzi Barhoum said Hamas was open to solutions and accused the Palestinian Authority of using the crisis as a mean to “damage Hamas’s image and sanction Gaza’s people”. Israel’s electricity company could supply more power, and has provisions in place to do so, but it has not been paid for all the electricity it has supplied in the past and wants financial guarantees before it delivers more. Gaza’s population of two million is growing increasingly angry, leading to protests. Adel Al-Mashwakhy, a local comedian, was detained on Wednesday, hours after posting a video on Facebook criticising Hamas for the shortages. The video was soon watched 180,000 times. “There is no work, no crossings, no food, no water to drink and also there is no electricity,” he says in the video. “Enough Hamas. Enough, enough, enough. We want electricity, we want electricity, we want electricity.” At night, Gaza is pitch black, with no street lights or electricity in most homes. On street corners, makeshift fires can be seen burning, with small crowds gathered for warmth. The noise of generators can be heard from some factories and wealthier households, but most cannot afford to run diesel generators 20 hours a day. Bakery owner Haitham Badra said he had suffered huge losses because he had to buy more fuel for generators. “We used to buy 1,500 litres of diesel week. Now we have to buy 4,000 litres at a cost of 20,000 shekels ($5,250) a week,” said Badra. “If the crisis continues much longer, all bakeries and restaurants in Gaza will collapse.” Tareq Lubbad, spokesman of the power company, said Gaza normally needed 450 MW a day, but that had increased due to high winter demand. He warned of deeper cuts to come. “If no substantial solutions are found the crisis will escalate and hours without power will increase,” he said. Editing by Luke Baker and Angus MacSwan
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Discover your career path
Hematologist
young_professionals_working
Summary
Treat patients who have blood diseases and disorders.
What does a Hematologist do?
Hematologists are doctors who specialize in blood, which means it’s their job to treat people who suffer from blood diseases and disorders. Among their patients, for instance, are people with blood cancers—leukemia, lymphoma, and myeloma—anemia, hemophilia, and blood clots.
Whatever their condition, your patients are typically referred to you by their family practitioners when they see signs or symptoms of a blood condition. As a hematologist, you confirm or refute their suspicions, then respond with the appropriate treatment or referral.
Like most doctors, you start the process by interviewing and examining patients to determine their symptoms, and end it by developing and executing a treatment plan that involves prescription medication, therapy, or surgery. That’s all standard. It’s what happens in between that sets you apart: Hunkered down in a laboratory, you analyze blood samples from your patients under a microscope, using your blood expertise and an arsenal of special blood tests to make accurate diagnoses and prognoses.
Because blood transfusions and stem cell transplants are also part of your repertoire, it’s safe to say: If it involves blood, you do it!
Was this helpful?YesNo
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:A Practical Treatise on Brewing (4th ed.).djvu/86
70 Where, however, a considerable weight must be raised before any steam can escape, as in steam-engine boilers, considerable injury may arise, not only in the boiling of ale worts, but also of porter or stout worts; arising from the following causes.
In the first place, owing to the high pressure of steam, which must necessarily take place before the weight can be raised to allow of its escape, the evaporation of the worts in boiling is so trifling as to prevent the necessary increase of gravity, so as to enable the brewer to turn the proper quantity of liquor over his malt in the mash-tun, for producing the best extracts, particularly for beers of high gravities.
2. The weight to be raised before any escape of steam can take place, and the consequent high pressure, must necessarily raise the temperature of the worts in the copper far above the boiling point. This must, therefore, to a certain extent, alter the component parts of the worts, by charring or carbonising them. That this effect is produced, is sufficiently proved, not only by the brick-red colour of the worts when coming out of the copper, (although brewed from the palest malt,) but also by the beer, which can never have that fine pale or amber colour, so highly desirable for all sorts of ale.
3. The above-mentioned high temperature must also be to a certain extent injurious to brown beer,
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WIKI
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What is a good balance between cardio and weight training?
How often should I do cardio while weight training?
How often should you do cardio and weight training?
1. Weight training: 2–4 times per week.
2. Low-intensity cardio: 5–7 times per week.
3. Moderate-intensity cardio: 3–4 times per week.
4. High-intensity cardio: 1–3 times per week.
How do I balance my cardio and build muscle?
Just remember: To keep your muscle mass, limit your cardio workouts to three to four times per week at 30 to 40 minutes each. And stay away from lengthy, low-intensity exercises. Do that, and you’ll enjoy all the muscle-building benefits of strength training while still getting plenty of heart-healthy cardio.
Should you do cardio and strength training on the same day?
Bottom line: Combining workouts is fine, and the order of your workout should be a matter of personal preference. Keep in mind, though, that doing a long cardio session before lifting weights may slightly delay your recovery time—a good reason to give yourself a few days off afterward.
Can I skip cardio and just lift weights?
You Don’t Have to Do Cardio to Lose Weight (But There’s a Catch) … And while it’s true that doing steady state cardio probably will help with weight loss, experts say it’s totally unnecessary if your main goal is fat loss. In fact, you can lose weight just by lifting weights.
IMPORTANT: You asked: What would happen if I did 1000 push ups a day?
Do you burn more fat doing cardio or weights?
In conclusion: Cardio burns more calories during your workout and burns fat faster, so it’s ideal for weight loss. Strength training helps you build muscle and burn more calories all day (even while on the couch). Running, cycling, or another form of cardio is great for a healthy heart.
How do you combine cardio and strength training?
Get the fat burning punch of combining cardio and strength training by trying these tips:
1. Increase the pace of your workout. …
2. Add weight and do more reps. …
3. Alternate between cardio and strength training. …
4. Include a cardio burnout round.
Is doing cardio after weights bad?
Cardio will deplete your muscle glycogen stores which is essentially your stored energy for explosive activity,” he added. “This means your strength and weight training will be much less effective.” … That’s because the more muscle you have, the higher your metabolism is.”
Is 20 minutes of cardio enough?
The American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommends that adults should accumulate at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity 5 days per week OR engage in 20-minutes of vigorous activity 3 days per week. Yard work (mowing, etc.)
How much cardio and strength should I do a week?
If you want to work out five days per week and are working on both strength and cardiovascular fitness, try three days of strength training, two days of cardio, and two days of active rest. If you want to work out four days a week, think about your goals: If you want to add muscle, cut a cardio day.
IMPORTANT: Your question: How often should you run on a treadmill to lose weight?
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Pengangkutan Penumpang Djakarta
Level of detail
A considerable quantity of material has been removed from this article, rightly in my view, because Wikipedia is not a directory, catalogue, or timetable. As a global encyclopedia its job is to summarize the general situation, suitably cited, and give an overview for visitors to a place. Chiswick Chap (talk) 12:11, 10 January 2018 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Publications : 2005
Allen DG, Choksi NY, Inhof CJ, Truax JF, Tice RR, Stokes WS. Validation status of the Isolated Chicken Eye (ICE) test method. Poster presented at Society of Toxicology Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, March 2005.
Abstract
Concerns about animal welfare and interest in higher throughput testing have led researchers to develop alternative in vitro test methods for the current rabbit eye test. NICEATM evaluated four in vitro ocular test methods for their ability to identify substances that cause irreversible or severe irritation or corrosion. One of these test methods, ICE, is an organotypic model that provides short-term maintenance of normal physiological and biochemical function of the eye in an isolated system. The ability of ICE to correctly identify ocular corrosives and severe irritants using available ICE and corresponding in vivo eye irritation data was evaluated according to current hazard classification schemes for the USEPA (n=91), the European Union (n=121), and the UN Globally Harmonized System (n=93). Depending on the classification scheme used, ICE had a false positive rate of 8-10% and a false negative rate of 30-40%. In terms of reliability, the assay has acceptable interlaboratory reproducibility; intralaboratory reproducibility could not be assessed. A proposed standardized test method protocol and a proposed recommended list of reference substances have been developed for future validation and testing studies to further assess the accuracy, reliability, and the applicability domain of ICE for the detection of ocular corrosives/severe irritants. Investigators should consider using ICE prior to eye irritation testing in animals. When used in a tiered testing strategy, positive results could be used to classify and label a substance, while substances with negative results would undergo additional eye irritation testing to identify false negative ocular corrosives/severe irritants and to identify those chemicals with reversible ocular effects. This approach would reduce the number of animals used for eye irritation testing and reduce the number of animals experiencing pain and distress. ILS staff supported by NIEHS contract N01-ES 35504
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Somalia executes two men by firing squad for girl's gang rape and murder
NAIROBI (Thomson Reuters Foundation) - Somalia executed two men by firing squad on Tuesday for the gang rape and murder of a 12-year-old girl, a government official said, adding it would serve as a warning to others in a country where crimes against women have rarely been punished. Aisha Ilyes Aden was abducted at a market in northern Puntland’s Galkayo town in February last year. Her body was found the next morning near her home. She had been gang-raped, her genitals mutilated, and strangled to death. The brutal nature of the killing triggered public outrage and demonstrations calling for authorities to enforce a landmark 2016 law to secure justice in the east African nation, where rape victims are stigmatized and forced to marry assailants. Three men were convicted and sentenced to death in May last year. The decision was upheld by an appeal court in June. “This is a clear indication that justice is served in Puntland,” Puntland’s Justice Minister Awil Sheikh Hamid told a news conference. “It is a worrying alert for those who try to carry out crimes against women and girls.” The third man’s execution has been delayed, he said, but did not give further details. Adeer Ilyas, the victim’s father, who witnessed the execution of the two men in the port city of Bosasso early on Tuesday, said he was happy that justice had been served. “This case will serve as a lesson learned,” Ilyas told local reporters. “It will help to ensure that all Somali girls will be safe.” Somalia’s semi-autonomous Puntland region passed the country’s first law criminalising offences such as sexual harassment and rape in 2016. Convictions under the law are rare, as police are either unaware of the law or do not see violence against women as a serious crime, say women’s rights campaigners. Many rape survivors are reluctant to report abuses, fearing they will be shunned and deemed “unmarriable” by their community, the campaigners say. “This is the first time such a sentence has been meted in a case involving a woman and we commend the government,” said a statement from the Galkayo Education Centre for Peace and Development, a local women’s rights organisation. “While we do not support the death penalty, we believe that this will send the strongest message that violence against women will not be tolerated.” Reporting by Nita Bhalla @nitabhalla, Editing by Claire Cozens. Please credit the Thomson Reuters Foundation, the charitable arm of Thomson Reuters, that covers humanitarian news, women's and LGBT+ rights, human trafficking, property rights and climate change. Visit http://news.trust.org
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FastBuds seedbank #1 with 10786 diaries and a rating of Growdiaries 8.8/10 on GrowDiaries
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What is CRC Technology (Color Remediation Column)
All you need to know about color remediation column!
31 May 2022
7 min read
What is CRC Technology (Color Remediation Column)
Contents:
• 1. What is crc technology?
• 2. The basics of crc
• 3. Why is crc used?
• 4. Is crc safe?
• 5. How to detect crc extracts?
• 5. a. Aroma
• 5. b. Flavor
• 5. c. Color
• 6. In conclusion
Consumers used to be able to look at extracts and know their quality but, as the cannabis industry grows, new ways of making and processing extracts are discovered, which leads us to CRC. Color remediation column is a technique used to clean up cannabis extracts, removing bad odors, pesticides and even lightening the color of the concentrate. This technology makes it hard for consumers to know what they’re buying because color and smell are no longer a guarantee of the quality of a concentrate. There’s a huge debate surrounding CRC extracts, on one side, consumers claim that CRC products are better because you’re removing impurities while on the other side, consumers claim CRC can give low-quality extracts the same qualities as top-shelf products, which is kinda lying to the customers. If you’ve haven’t heard about CRC and don’t know enough to decide if it’s good or not, make sure to read along!
1. What Is CRC Technology?
CRC technology (aka color remediation column) refers to a technology where a steel cylinder is packed with sand, silica or activated charcoal among other media, to filter impurities out of cannabis extracts (such as BHO) while changing the concentrate’s color from dark brown or black to gold or even white.
Color remediation column: what is crc technology?
CRC can filter impurities and lighten the extract's color.
Although you can detect if CRC was used in a cannabis product, it’s not required so it makes it hard for consumers to know exactly what they’re buying. This happens because laboratories are not required to test for CRC technology and legal dispensaries are not obligated to disclose if CRC technology was used in their products.
Now, CRC is not just one thing, color remediation column refers to several different post-extraction processing methods that use different filtration media, equipment and sometimes can have multiple steps; meaning that there is no set way to use CRC, every producer has its own method. This technology uses the following media to filter out impurities:
• Silica;
• Diatomaceous earth;
• Bentonite clay;
• Activated charcoal and;
• Magnesol.
And a combination of several of the media mentioned above when applying CRC in multiple steps. This media, in combination with the right equipment, allows producers to take out the chlorophyll that makes extracts greenish or dark brown and the majority of impurities you get when producing extracts with low-quality cannabis flowers.
2. The Basics of CRC
CRC systems usually have a filter at the bottom and a paper filter above. These filters use media such as silica gel, activated charcoal, synthetic magnesium, and bleaching clays so the first step to CRC is to prepare the media.
Preparing the Medium
In general, CRC extractions use a mix of bentonite and silica gel as the main filters. These media have to be prepared through a heating and drying process, which without it, can clog flow, stopping production.
Calculating the Ratios
After the media has been prepared, it’s time to calculate how much to use. The amount of media depends on several things such as filter media, quality of plant mass, and setup. The idea is to use enough filter media to give the equipment time to work as too little media will not give enough time to filter. On top of that, the amount of media depends on the amount of plant material as fresh frozen plant material will need fewer media to remove chlorophyll than dry plant material or other impurities.
Flow Rate
Once everything is in place, it’s time to place the plant material or extraction in the extraction tubes. When using media for filtration, the flow rate can affect the efficiency of filtration. This means that a slower flow will ensure impurities are removed but it will take longer while a faster flow rate will not be efficient but will be much faster, so it’s essential you find the right flow rate to allow the filter enough time to filter out the impurities. Keep in mind that certain filter media and slow flow rate causes some extraction system to overheat. So remember that each extraction system is different and you should experiment with flow rates to avoid this kind of problem.
3. Why Is CRC Used?
CRC tech is new for most consumers, but those working in certain areas of the cannabis industry have known about it for a couple of years now. Back in 2016, extractors realized they could filter impurities out of extracts similar to how water filters work, and in 2017, the technology was already very popular despite extractors not talking about it.
Color remediation column: before and after comparison
CRC tech before and after comparison.
Experts claim that nowadays almost all extractors use CRC tech to some extent, estimating that over 90% of the legal cannabis market use CRC methods. Unfortunately, color remediation column is not only used to lighten the color of extracts. Some producers, especially in the illegal cannabis market use it to make low-quality products more appealing by removing pesticide residues, bad flavors and other impurities produced when converting CBD to THC synthetically, for example.
4. IS CRC Safe?
It’s hard to say if CRC technology is safe because there’s not much research about CRC technology in cannabis products. Researchers have studied long-term exposures on miners working with diatomaceous earth and bentonite clay due to them breathing high concentrations of both for years and found out they can cause respiratory damage. Also, experts claim silica gel can hurt your stomach when eating, but there’s no research on what could happen with your lungs. Now, the main problem with using these media to filter out impurities is that, depending on the source, they may be contaminated.
Labs have found that CRC media can contain lead but experts say that it’s possible to make clean CRC products, claiming that a 0.45-micrometer screen can remove CRC media contamination from extracts despite the possibility of contamination being always present due to the lack of testing for CRC media. Despite CRC media not being tested, before entering a legal retailer all products must be tested so if they pass the test, there shouldn’t be a problem. But products in the black market are not tested so there’s still a huge concern for those who live in a place where cannabis is illegal and are forced to acquire black market illegal cannabis products.
5. How To Detect CRC Extracts?
If you’re still not convinced by CRC products, here are a couple of tips to help you identify a CRC concentrate. Just have in mind that it’s hard to differentiate one from the other so if you’re not sure and don’t want to risk it, it’s recommended you buy solventless extracts, hash, or live rosin over doubtful extracts because the products mentioned cannot be filtered like CRC products.
Most Common Cannabis Extracts
NameType of extractNameType of extract
DistillateSolvent-basedBudderSolvent-less
Crystals or DiamondsSolvent-basedWaxSolvent-based
RosinSolvent-lessBHOSolvent-based
In the list above you can see the different cannabis extracts you may find in your local dispensary. Solvent-less being extracts that cannot be filtered with CRC tech and solvent-based being the ones that can be filtered, although solvent-based doesn't necessarily mean they've been filtered with CRC.
Aroma
One of the main disadvantages of CRC tech is that it removes terpenes. Now, some cannabis extracts such as distillates don’t contain terpenes anyways, so it’s not a big deal. But other types of extracts contain a good amount so, if your extract has a strong chemical and lime smell, it probably is CRC.
Color remediation column: how to detect CRC extracts
How to detect CRC extracts.
Flavor
Apart from the unnatural smell, you may be able to detect CRC extracts by the flavor. This happens because if you put too much CRC media in the filtering tube, the extract can end up with a strong chemical flavor. So if your extract tastes like chemicals, it might be a CRC product. Just remember that cannabis can have chemical-like terpenes, meaning that the CRC chemical flavor can be similar but won’t taste as good as natural cannabis terpenes.
Color
If you’re not an avid extract consumer then it may be almost impossible to detect CRC extracts by the smell and flavor but luckily, color is another giveaway of CRC extracts. As you may know, as trichomes mature, they get a natural amber color. This means that even the best extracts have a slight yellow hue so if you find an extract that’s completely white, it probably was made with CRC technology.
Unfortunately, there’s no way of knowing for sure if you’re buying CRC or not, so when in doubt, ask before making a purchase, the budtenders should be able to give you all the information you need. If they don’t know about CRC, make sure to contact the producer, they should be able to answer all your questions. At the end of the day, everything you smoke goes into your lungs so it’s recommended you buy cannabis products from trusted sources and always avoid illegal cannabis.
6. In Conclusion
The truth is, if you’re not a regular dabber then you won’t be able to differentiate CRC from non-CRC, so it all comes down to trust. With so many companies producing so many cannabis extracts, the only way for you to know what you’re getting is by buying from trustworthy retailers. Have in mind that cannabis extracts go for around $50-$80 a gram or even more, so if you find a retailer selling a gram of “top-shelf” extract for $20, you probably want to stay away from it.
If you have more tips on how to identify top-quality extracts, feel free to help fellow consumers by leaving them in the comment section below!
31 May 2022
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Commenced in January 2007
Frequency: Monthly
Edition: International
Paper Count: 5
MRI Related Publications
5 Clustering-Based Detection of Alzheimer's Disease Using Brain MR Images
Authors: Sofia Matoug, Amr Abdel-Dayem
Abstract:
This paper presents a comprehensive survey of recent research studies to segment and classify brain MR (magnetic resonance) images in order to detect significant changes to brain ventricles. The paper also presents a general framework for detecting regions that atrophy, which can help neurologists in detecting and staging Alzheimer. Furthermore, a prototype was implemented to segment brain MR images in order to extract the region of interest (ROI) and then, a classifier was employed to differentiate between normal and abnormal brain tissues. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme can provide a reliable second opinion that neurologists can benefit from.
Keywords: Alzheimer, MRI, classification techniques, brain images, Magnetic Resonance Images
Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 1383
4 Measurements of MRI R2* Relaxation Rate in Liver and Muscle: Animal Model
Authors: Chiung-Yun Chang, Po-Chou Chen, Jiun-Shiang Tzeng, Ka-Wai Mac, Chia-Chi Hsiao, Jo-Chi Jao
Abstract:
This study was aimed to measure effective transverse relaxation rates (R2*) in the liver and muscle of normal New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits. R2* relaxation rate has been widely used in various hepatic diseases for iron overload by quantifying iron contents in liver. R2* relaxation rate is defined as the reciprocal of T2* relaxation time and mainly depends on the constituents of tissue. Different tissues would have different R2* relaxation rates. The signal intensity decay in Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be characterized by R2* relaxation rates. In this study, a 1.5T GE Signa HDxt whole body MR scanner equipped with an 8-channel high resolution knee coil was used to observe R2* values in NZW rabbit’s liver and muscle. Eight healthy NZW rabbits weighted 2 ~ 2.5 kg were recruited. After anesthesia using Zoletil 50 and Rompun 2% mixture, the abdomen of rabbit was landmarked at the center of knee coil to perform 3-plane localizer scan using fast spoiled gradient echo (FSPGR) pulse sequence. Afterwards, multi-planar fast gradient echo (MFGR) scans were performed with 8 various echo times (TEs) to acquire images for R2* measurements. Regions of interest (ROIs) at liver and muscle were measured using Advantage workstation. Finally, the R2* was obtained by a linear regression of ln(sı) on TE. The results showed that the longer the echo time, the smaller the signal intensity. The R2* values of liver and muscle were 44.8 ± 10.9 s-1 and 37.4 ± 9.5 s-1, respectively. It implies that the iron concentration of liver is higher than that of muscle. In conclusion, the more the iron contents in tissue, the higher the R2*. The correlations between R2* and iron content in NZW rabbits might be valuable for further exploration.
Keywords: MRI, Liver, Muscle, R2* relaxation rate, multi-planar fast gradient echo
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3 Use of Magnetic Nanoparticles in Cancer Detection with MRI
Authors: A. Taqaddas
Abstract:
Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) have great potential to overcome many of the shortcomings of the present diagnostic and therapeutic approaches used in cancer diagnosis and treatment. This Literature review discusses the use of Magnetic Nanoparticles focusing mainly on Iron oxide based MNPs in cancer imaging using MRI.
Keywords: Cancer, Imaging, MRI, magnetic nanoparticles
Procedia APA BibTeX Chicago EndNote Harvard JSON MLA RIS XML ISO 690 PDF Downloads 2832
2 Region Based Hidden Markov Random Field Model for Brain MR Image Segmentation
Authors: Terrence Chen, Thomas S. Huang
Abstract:
In this paper, we present the region based hidden Markov random field model (RBHMRF), which encodes the characteristics of different brain regions into a probabilistic framework for brain MR image segmentation. The recently proposed TV+L1 model is used for region extraction. By utilizing different spatial characteristics in different brain regions, the RMHMRF model performs beyond the current state-of-the-art method, the hidden Markov random field model (HMRF), which uses identical spatial information throughout the whole brain. Experiments on both real and synthetic 3D MR images show that the segmentation result of the proposed method has higher accuracy compared to existing algorithms.
Keywords: MRI, Image Segmentation, Finite Gaussian mixture model, Hidden Markov random field model
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1 Comparison of Fricative Vocal Tract Transfer Functions Derived using Two Different Segmentation Techniques
Authors: K. S. Subari, C. H. Shadle, A. Barney, R. I. Damper
Abstract:
The acoustic and articulatory properties of fricative speech sounds are being studied using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and acoustic recordings from a single subject. Area functions were derived from a complete set of axial and coronal MR slices using two different methods: the Mermelstein technique and the Blum transform. Area functions derived from the two techniques were shown to differ significantly in some cases. Such differences will lead to different acoustic predictions and it is important to know which is the more accurate. The vocal tract acoustic transfer function (VTTF) was derived from these area functions for each fricative and compared with measured speech signals for the same fricative and same subject. The VTTFs for /f/ in two vowel contexts and the corresponding acoustic spectra are derived here; the Blum transform appears to show a better match between prediction and measurement than the Mermelstein technique.
Keywords: Speech, MRI, Area functions, fricatives, vocal tract transferfunction
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User:UmneyIan/sandbox
Anthony “Nem” Mitchell (born July 29, 1981 in Louisiana) is a Youtube personality, rapper, and former world record holder. He is a self-professed geek and has a wide collection of comic book collectibles and memorabilia. Nem is known for producing and rapping to songs, often themed around geeky sub-genres such as Star Wars, the Marvel Universe, and video games. Nem Won a competition to be the official host of the Marvel Movie Marathon where he streamed for 42 hours non-stop.
= Social Media Presence = Nem goes under the name NemRaps on most of his social media accounts.
Youtube
Nem has 3 primary Youtube channels. NemRaps, NerdOut!, and NemGames. They provide such video content as funny meme reactions, music production, and game streaming, respectively.
NemRaps
Nem’s first Youtube upload was a video entitled "The Origin (Back and Forth) VIDEO GAME RAP", uploaded on the 2nd February 2014 and it has over 7.5 thousand views. The most frequently uploaded videos are to his ‘Try Not To Laugh’ series, which started in 2015. They are uploaded every week and he reacts to TikTok memes and funny videos from the internet.
The NemRaps Youtube channel reached 100,000 subscribers and earned him a silver play button in {DATE}. According to Social Blade, NemRaps is predicted to reach the milestone of half a million subscribers by mid-2023.
His signature catchphrase is "Without any further ado. Here... we go."
NerdOut!
The NerdOut! Youtube channel is focused on creating “the greatest tunes about all things geek”. They are self-confessed geeks and create content for like-minded people. Their musical content often comes from nerd, or cult-like topics such as the The Mandalorian with their “The Mandalorian Song | Find The Way Home”, or Marvel with their “The Marvel Cinematic Universe Rap Up” NerdOut! reached 1 million subscribers in 2017, earning the channel a gold play button.
= World Record =
Nem held a world record for the most cinema productions attended - same film. He set the record of 103 which has since been beaten by Ramiro Alanis' record of 191 in July 2019. After being noticed by Avengers co-director Joe Russo, Nem was given a special invitation to visit the set of the Avengers: Endgame. Nem was interviewed by CNN about his record
= Music Career = As well of his NerdOut! Youtube music channel, Nem has also released and featured in various songs. Nem also created the theme song for the 2014 indie movie "Astray"
Featured-on Tracks
= References =
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earthrise over pockmarked moon surface
Why the Moon's Surface is Pockmarked with Craters
Last Updated: February 1, 2023
Our Moon is a common sight in the night sky, a familiar friend that even many children can draw early on. Its familiar white light guides us during the night and if we take a moment to observe it, we easily spot dark areas and craters marring its surface. It serves as almost a sister or child to Earth and yet it is so different.
Why, in comparison to Earth, is it pockmarked with craters? Shouldn’t Earth also be? To understand this, we need to delve into the early formation of the solar system, the history of both Earth and its Moon, and the differences between the two.
Introduction
The Moon has been our constant companion throughout human history, inspiring various forms of art and storytelling such as myths and legends. Every month we see it slowly increase in size from the nonexistent new Moon and crescent Moon through the fat gibbous phase until it is fully illuminated in the night sky and then slowly disappears again as it orbits around us.
The moon is tidally locked, meaning it rotates at exactly the same rate as it orbits around us, and we only ever see one side of the Moon.
This familiar face of the Moon is mainly white with several darker areas, but why is it so covered with craters as compared with the Earth?
cratered lunar surface
The lunar surface is soft and so even micrometeorites will leave a notable mark.
The Moon's lack of an atmosphere
First, let’s discuss the obvious fact. The Earth has a protective layer of gas, primarily nitrogen and oxygen, surrounding it which stretches into space up 10,000 kilometers (6,214 miles) above the surface which is vital to life but also provides a protective shield. This layer of gas, called the atmosphere, burns up most incoming objects such as meteors.
The Moon does not have this protective layer, meaning no air for us to breathe. It does have a very thin layer of gases including argon-40, helium-4, oxygen, methane, nitrogen, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide (detected from equipment left by the Apollo missions) on its surface that could almost be called an atmosphere, but is more accurately an exosphere.
An exosphere has gas molecules, but they are very very spread out, so much that they rarely interact with one another. There are only about 100 molecules per cubic centimeter compared to Earth’s atmosphere at sea level of about 100 billion billion molecules per cubic centimeter.
This is very different than Earth’s atmosphere and is not nearly thick enough and therefore protective enough to burn up approaching objects such as fragments of asteroids, meaning many more make it to the surface of the Moon, creating craters on impact.
The lack of an atmosphere is the first reason for our Moon having so many more craters than us, but to understand the full story, we will need to go deeper, into the history of it and the solar system and to understand the make-up and processes of the little rock that orbits us and how it is different from the rock we live on.
The Moon's history of intense meteorite impacts and tectonic activity
The early solar system was a very chaotic place as the gas, dust, and material leftover from previous stars collided together as they orbited the early Sun. For the first 600 million years of our Moon’s existence, asteroids, comets, and other debris continued to bombard its surface, along with the surface of the other planets, including Earth. Due to its location in orbit around the Earth, it is also likely that it was hit by debris more frequently than the Earth.
By about 3.8 billion years ago, much of the debris left in the solar system had figured itself out, either being swept up into rings or pushed out into stable orbits separate from astronomical bodies. Impacts from debris became less and less frequent. In fact, the first signs of life on Earth (microorganisms) are from shortly after the end of the heavy impacts.
In addition to our atmosphere, Earth has another natural process that helps to eliminate past changes to its surface: tectonics. As the tectonic plates move around on the sea of magma beneath the crust, mountains are formed where plates collide, rifts are formed where they separate, and volcanoes and new land are formed when one sinks under another and releases magma to the surface.
In the past, the Moon was still volcanically active as pockets of the mantle would regularly seep to the surface, forming the dark areas of basalt we see on the Moon today, primarily between 3.0 and 3.8 billion years ago. However, for the past 1 billion years, the Moon has been inactive geologically except for meteorite impacts every once in a while, meaning these craters are preserved.
high view of the lunar surface
The Moon's ancient age
But one of the true keys to understanding our Moon’s differences from Earth which leads to it having more craters than us is understanding its history, its ancient age.
The sun ignited nuclear fusion and the planets formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The current theory of how the Moon formed, known as the Giant Impact, happened shortly after. Only a few million years after the beginning of our solar system, a sister Mars-sized object we call Theia impacted the Earth, and the resulting debris from the collision formed the astronomical bodies we know as Earth and Moon today.
While the prevailing theory estimated that it took months to years after the initial impact for the Moon to form its current shape, new research (from October 2022) indicates the Moon may have formed much quicker, within possibly hours after impact, from a blob of material that was ejected into orbit and not reabsorbed by Earth.
Check the below simulation from NASA for a more detailed visual explanation.
This new research adds to the Giant Impact theory, and it is fascinating that in a field where change usually occurs very slowly, the formation of a Moon could have formed that quickly. It’s not the only event that causes massive change quickly, but it’s still fascinating and makes our Moon even older than we originally thought, even if it is only by years or months.
With this crucial information, we are better able to understand our Moon. It is very old, though not older than Earth. It was also formed violently and very quickly with debris from the collision collecting together and coming into a stable orbit around Earth. The debris making up our Moon then went through a process called differentiation just like planets do early in their formation in which the materials separated into layers with the heavier iron sinking to create its core with the outer layer being a magma ocean of liquid rock which eventually cooled and formed the features we see today such as the lunar highlands.
Now, we can combine this information with the other facts we have learned about our Moon, its differences from the Earth.
Without tectonic activity and other erosion processes from weather like rain, the craters on the Moon have been preserved over the eons. In fact, the lack of these processes means our Moon holds the best record of the early solar system: the formation, differentiation of different layers, and bombardment from asteroids and other debris that occurred on all the rocky terrestrial planets, making it crucial to understanding Earth’s formation and history as well as that of the solar system.
Conclusion
While there are many other moons in our solar system and ours doesn’t hold many records besides being the biggest in comparison to the size of its planet (at about a quarter the size of Earth), our Moon is unique due to its ancient history and recording of that history, including the bombardment of asteroids and debris.
The lack of recent tectonic activity along with the lack of atmosphere means that history was not erased as it was on the other planets and bodies in our solar system. Our Moon’s pristine record of the early solar system and the time since then holds the key to our understanding of how our and other solar systems form, how planets form, and so much more.
While samples from the Apollo missions and data from other instruments such as the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter have helped us so far, further missions to the moon will help us to better understand this history. We look forward to future discoveries that can help us in our quest for this knowledge visible in the craters in our Moon.
Sarah H.
Written by Sarah Hoffschwelle
Sarah Hoffschwelle is a freelance writer who covers a combination of topics including astronomy, general science and STEM, self-development, art, and societal commentary. In the past, Sarah worked in educational nonprofits providing free-choice learning experiences for audiences ages 2-99. As a lifelong space nerd, she loves sharing the universe with others through her words. She currently writes on Medium at https://medium.com/@sarah-marie and authors self-help and children’s books.
Wow! There's more to read 🚀
This page is part of our collection of astronomy articles. If you enjoyed the read, then you’ll love the following articles.
waxing gibbous moon
When sunlight hits the Moon, it is reflected off of the regolith and back into space, making the Moon appear bright to us on Earth.
The Blood Moon as seen from Switzerland in 2015
The moon that we are most familiar with is white in color. However, it sometimes takes on a majestic red appearance… Here’s why.
observing a lunar eclipse
Let’s learn a little about lunar eclipses and then look at the upcoming calendar of lunar eclipses for 2023.
a telescope aimed at the moon
The short answer is no, there are no telescopes powerful enough to see the Apollo landing sites from Earth. The long answer is a bit more complicated.
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Scripting IIS: Change Web Root
I recently had a need to be able to set the IIS web root from ColdFusion. This is for development on a local machine (where IIS can have only one web root). To do this, I took advantage of the load_iis.bat that my friend Jason Holden created.
I use ColdFusion to write and execute that file in the location that I want to use as the IIS web root.
Here is the function:
<cffunction name="makeIISRoot" access="public" returntype="any" output="false" hint="">
<cfargument name="destination" type="string" required="yes">
<cfset var BatchFile = "#arguments.destination#load_iis.bat">
<cfset var LoadIIS = 'cscript %SystemDrive%\inetpub\adminscripts\adsutil.vbs SET /W3SVC/1/ROOT/path "%~dp0"'>
<cffile action="WRITE" file="#BatchFile#" output="#LoadIIS#">
<cfexecute name="#BatchFile#" timeout="999" />
<cffile action="DELETE" file="#BatchFile#">
</cffunction>
It is pretty simple. I pass in the folder (including trailing path delimiter) to the function. The "LoadIIS" variable is the code for Jason's load_iis.bat file. That code uses adsutil.vbs that comes pre-installed in the adminscripts folder of inetpub. It calls the "SET" method and passes in an argument for the root of the web site and one that is a shortcut for the current path.
The function writes the .bat file into the root of the site, executes it with cfexecute and then deletes it.
I also could have created the file anywhere and replaced "%~dp0" with "#arguments.destination#" and that should work as well (though I haven't tested it).
With this, it would be pretty easy to write a page that allowed you to switch which site you have as your web root.
Related Blog Entries
Comments (Comment Moderation is enabled. Your comment will not appear until approved.)
Greetings.
an interesting approach. However being limited to a CF based solution may not be the best. While it isn't scriptable, IISAdmin (http://www.firstserved.net/help/downloads) works very well, allowing you to define and switch sites on the fly. What's better is that its free.
Unfortunately the site is in dutch, but here's the link to the google translation:
http://tinyurl.com/6avxme
regards,
larry
# Posted By Larry C. Lyons | 11/14/08 9:23 AM
Larry,
Thanks for the comment.
Note, however, the first sentence of the entry "I recently had a need to be able to set the IIS web root from ColdFusion.". I'm aware it could be done other ways, but I needed to do so from ColdFusion and thought someone else might have that need as well.
Still, thanks for pointing to other resources as those might be helpful to someone else.
# Posted By Steve Bryant | 11/14/08 11:01 AM
BlogCFC was created by Raymond Camden. This blog is running version 5.8.001.
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lunch meat
Noun
* 1) Any processed, prepackaged molded meat served sliced for consumption in sandwiches or salads.
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Room at the Bottom (1986 TV series)
Room at the Bottom is a British comedy television series which originally aired on ITV between 9 November 1986 and 26 June 1988.
Main cast
* James Bolam as Nesbitt Gunn
* Keith Barron as Kevin Hughes
* Deborah Grant as Celia Pagett-Smythe
* Richard Wilson as Chaplain Toby Duckworth
* Erika Hoffman as Nancy
* Oliver Cotton as Tom
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Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 19 - Interpreters
The Refugee Protection Division simply would not be able to exist in its current form without interpreters. They are key professionals involved in the refugee claim process and over 90% of IRB hearings require interpretation services, with the Board providing interpretation in over 260 languages in some 40,00-60,000 procedures a year. It is said that Refugee Status Determination is not easy because it, by definition, involves determining the status of individuals from foreign countries, describing events elsewhere about which little is known, often speaking foreign languages, and with a range of different cultural beliefs and behaviours. Most refugees have suffered significant trauma, if not before flight, then as a result of flight. The process of status determination requires perpetual sensitivity to the unique predicament of the refugee. What is the role of the interpreter in seeking to ensure communication in such circumstances? What follows is a discussion of the laws and rules regarding interpreters at the Refugee Protection Division.
Charter of Rights and Freedoms
Section 14 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms provides: Interpreter 14 A party or witness in any proceedings who does not understand or speak the language in which the proceedings are conducted or who is deaf has the right to the assistance of an interpreter. The standard of interpretation required by section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms varies between immigration and criminal proceedings. The text Refugee Law notes that "although there is a substantial jurisprudence establishing a Charter right to accurate interpretation in the context of criminal proceedings, there has been a notable reluctance by the Federal Court to extend such a comprehensive protection to refugee claimants." The authors note that "although the finding in R v Tran concerning the right to 'continuous, precise, impartial, competent and contemporaneous' interpretation has been applied to refugee proceedings, the Federal Court has also frequently lowered the threshold for waiver of the right." For the standard required in proceedings before the IRB, see Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 19 - Interpreters below.
Canadian Bill of Rights
Section 2(g) of the Canadian Bill of Rights concerns the right to interpretation: 2 Every law of Canada shall, unless it is expressly declared by an Act of the Parliament of Canada that it shall operate notwithstanding the Canadian Bill of Rights, be so construed and applied as not to abrogate, abridge or infringe or to authorize the abrogation, abridgment or infringement of any of the rights or freedoms herein recognized and declared, and in particular, no law of Canada shall be construed or applied so as to ... (g) deprive a person of the right to the assistance of an interpreter in any proceedings in which he is involved or in which he is a party or a witness, before a court, commission, board or other tribunal, if he does not understand or speak the language in which such proceedings are conducted.
RPD Rule 19 - Interpreters
The text of the relevant rule reads: Interpreters
Need for interpreter — claimant 19 (1) If a claimant needs an interpreter for the proceedings, the claimant must notify an officer at the time of the referral of the claim to the Division and specify the language and dialect, if any, to be interpreted.
Changing language of interpretation (2) A claimant may change the language and dialect, if any, that they specified under subrule (1), or if they had not indicated that an interpreter was needed, they may indicate that they need an interpreter, by notifying the Division in writing and indicating the language and dialect, if any, to be interpreted. The notice must be received by the Division no later than 10 days before the date fixed for the next proceeding.
Need for interpreter — protected person (3) If a protected person needs an interpreter for the proceedings, the protected person must notify the Division in writing and specify the language and dialect, if any, to be interpreted. The notice must be received by the Division no later than 10 days before the date fixed for the next proceeding.
Need for interpreter — witness (4) If any party’s witness needs an interpreter for the proceedings, the party must notify the Division in writing and specify the language and dialect, if any, to be interpreted. The notice must be received by the Division no later than 10 days before the date fixed for the next proceeding.
Interpreter’s oath (5) The interpreter must take an oath or make a solemn affirmation to interpret accurately.
History of this Rule
While previous versions of the Regulations and Refugee Protection Division Rules expressly required the Board to provide an interpreter when one was needed, the current Regulations are silent on this and the Rules now only indicate that if an interpreter is needed the claimant or witness must provide the requisite notice. This change does not alter the Board's obligation to provide interpretation as required by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Bill of Rights.
To what extent is counsel obliged to use an interpreter in their private meetings with a claimant prior to hearing?
At times a question can arise about whether counsel is obliged to use an interpreter in their private meetings with a claimant prior to a hearing. For example, in Obasuyi v. Canada the claimant argued that their past counsel's failure to arrange for an interpreter to assist the claimant in her interactions with him amounted to professional incompetence. The court rejected this argument in the circumstances, noting that while "it may have been preferable or more prudent for [counsel] to arrange for an interpreter, in order to assist the [claimant] in recounting a difficult personal story," that is not the test and in this case the lawyer indicated that he was able to understand the claimant and the claimant did not request an interpreter. For more details about counsel competence, see: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 14-16 - Counsel of Record
Interpretation must be made available for the substantive portions of the proceedings where the case is being advanced
The section 14 Charter right to interpretation applies to “proceedings”. RPD Rule 1 defines a proceeding at the RPD as including “a conference, an application or a hearing”: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 1 - Definitions. To constitute a violation of section 14 of the Charter, a claimant must establish that a failure to provide interpretation occurred with regards to an aspect of the proceedings involving the individual's "vital interests". This will occur where the failure to provide interpretation occurred while the case was being advanced. To facilitate effective interpretation, Members are expected to not allow two participants to be talking at the same time.
Members should ensure that substantive exchanges between a Member and counsel are interpreted, but it is not necessary for purely logistical exchanges to be completely translated. The Board states that the claimant has hired counsel to deal with matters of evidence, adjournments, etc., and the panel’s remarks on these procedural issues should be directed to counsel. In Dhaliwal v. Canada, the Applicant complained that some exchanges between the member and counsel were not interpreted at all. The court rejected this argument, noting that "those conversations were purely about administrative matters, and the Supreme Court said in Tran that 'where a lack of or lapse in interpretation occurs in respect of some purely administrative or logistical matter which does not involve the vital interests of the accused, such as scheduling or agreeing to a recess, this will not be a violation of s. 14 of the Charter.'”
Furthermore, the right to interpretation may be waived, and in such circumstances, there is no need to provide an interpreter.
The right to interpretation may be waived either expressly or implicitly
The right to interpretation may be waived, and in such circumstances, there is no need to provide an interpreter. Waiver of the right to object to inadequate translation may be either explicit or inferred from conduct in refugee cases. This is so as the volume of workload before the Board necessitates a more flexible approach to waiver than that which is applied in the criminal context. This principle applies both where there are concerns about the quality of interpretation and where no interpretation was provided for some or all of a proceeding whatsoever: Baloch v. Canada. Where an applicant explicitly waives their right to interpretation, then, even if they have some subsequent communication difficulties, it will not be procedurally unfair for the panel to continue; the panel is not under an obligation to adjourn the hearing and call an interpreter despite a clear waiver of interpretation. For more context regarding concerns about quality of interpretation, see: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rule 19 - Interpreters.
There are independent rules about official languages in Canada and the ability to proceed in French or English
Rule 19 of the RPD Rules concerns languages other than English and French. For commentary on English and French, including the potential need for interpreters in and between those languages, see the commentary to Rules 17 and 18: Canadian Refugee Procedure/RPD Rules 17-18 - Language of Proceedings.
Legal standard for interpretation
The right to an interpreter in a proceeding in another language is enshrined in section 14 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and this right has been held to be generally applicable to a proceeding before the RPD. In order to comply with this Charter right, interpretation should be continuous, precise, impartial, competent and contemporaneous. This is defined by the Board as follows:
* Interpretation should be continuous, as in without breaks and complete.
* Interpretation should be precise, as close as can be to word-for-word and without summaries or changes in grammar and syntax; it should be in the first person. This should include the verbatim interpretation of legal jargon used by a Board Member. The French term for this requirement can also be translated as "faithful".
* Interpretation should be impartial; the interpreter is not a witness.
* Interpretation should be competent; the interpreter must take an oath and should his or her competence be in doubt, an inquiry into competence should be made.
* Interpretation should be contemporaneous; this is achieved through consecutive, rather than simultaneous, interpretation. The French term for this requirement can also be translated as "concurrent".
To put it another way, persons who do not speak and understand one of the official languages must be able to tell their story, and the interpretation must be of such quality that they are not impeached in their ability to make their case. The Board's Interpreter Handbook states that "The role of an interpreter ... is to provide a clear channel of communication. ... Whatever is said in one language should be interpreted faithfully and accurately into the other language using the exact equivalent meaning and structure." The underlying principle is that of linguistic understanding. This principle implies that where a person testifies through an interpreter, they should have the same opportunity to understand and be understood as if the person were conversant in English or French. In this way, the purpose of providing interpretation is to provide a "level and fair playing field." As the Supreme Court said in Tran, "interpretation must be of a high enough quality to ensure that justice is done and seen to be done."
The Federal Court has stated that "an interpreter auditing a hearing recording can always find instances of interpretation that are not perfect." This will not suffice to show that the interpretation fell below the standard expected. Although the standard of interpretation is high, it need not be so high as to be perfect. What is important is whether the claimant understood the interpretation and was able to adequately express themself through the interpreter. If a breach of this standard is shown, it is not necessary to show actual prejudice or harm. As Mr. Justice J.D. Denis Pelletier has observed, “requiring proof of prejudice as a condition of obtaining a remedy for infringement of a constitutionally protected right undermines the constitutional protection”. While actual prejudice need not be demonstrated, the applicant must show that the interpretation errors were consequential (i.e., they must be real, significant, serious, substantial, or non-trivial), material to the decision maker’s findings, and related to the applicant’s ability to answer questions or present the refugee claim.
Where a panel of the Board makes a general finding that a claimant lacked credibility, then reviewing bodies have had little difficulty concluding that pervasive interpretation challenges were material. However, the fact that an interpreter added some words that were not said, mistranslated some of the Board’s questions, and frequently intermingled English words in interpreting to the claimant in another language does not necessarily mean that a decision should be set aside if the portions of the hearing where interpretation was problematic are unrelated to the negative credibility determinations: Sherpa v. Canada.
An interpreter can be asked to translate short documents
The Board's Interpreter Handbook informs the Board's contractors that "in some cases, [you will be asked to translate] short documents submitted before, during, or after IRB proceedings." The Interpreter Handbook includes the following details on the scope of what is called "sight translation" that the Board may expect of an interpreter: "As an IRB interpreter, you may be asked to translate aloud a variety of documents for the tribunal. The most common of these documents are identification documents such as passports, drivers' licenses, national identification cards and birth certificates. You may also be asked to sight translate handwritten personal letters, newspaper articles, police or medical reports and other legal documents. In order to give as accurate and precise a translation as possible, and depending on the size and complexity of the document, it is better to request a brief amount of time to review the document ahead of time in order to prepare a rough written translation and/or solve some translation problems beforehand." For more about translation of documents, see RPD Rule 32: Canadian Refugee Procedure/Documents.
In what ways is an interpreter expected to provide cultural, not just linguistic, interpretation?
The Board's Interpreter Handbook has a section on "What is the role of an interpreter at the IRB?" It states that an interpreter is to "provide a clear channel of communication between decision-makers and the individuals appearing before the IRB with culturally, linguistically diverse backgrounds." As such, through these statements the Board is indicating that issues of cultural difference are likely to arise in some cases and that an interpreter's role is to provide a clear channel of communication in order to overcome both linguistic and cultural differences. What are examples of how an interpreter should do this? The most straightforward examples of when an interpreter is expected to do this are where it overlaps with their role to interpret a claimant's utterances. In the words of the academics Jennifer Bond and David Wiseman, "it is essential that interpretation ... take into account nuances of social and cultural idiom and contextual background." Other examples of the interpreter's role in overcoming cultural difference go beyond the strictly linguistic. For example, the IRB's Handbook states that an interpreter may use a calendar to convert dates from other countries, something expected where the other country uses a different calendar system. Finally, as discussed in the following section of this page, where an evident misunderstanding has arisen between a panel and/or one or more parties as a result of differing cultural inferences, the interpreter may properly note this for the record.
That said, the interpreter's role in providing cultural interpretation is properly quite limited. The terms of their contract with the Board provide that interpreters are not to provide any "explanation":"INTERPRETER SERVICE CONTRACTORS shall take all reasonable care to faithfully and accurately interpret or translate what is stated in the source language into the target language, having regard primarily to meaning and secondarily to style, without any paraphrasing, embellishment, omission, explanation, or expression of opinion, using the same person as in the source language and the closest natural equivalent of the source language. [emphasis added]"Some commentators have called for Board interpreters to take on more of this cultural interpretation role. For example, Barsky provides examples of cases where potential pitfalls in the refugee's claim were 'saved' when an interpreter offered a cultural explanation, such as a comment on the relative cost of items, different concepts of time, or the different meaning of words in different cultures. Generally, it would appear that, where an interpreter comments on such issues, they are going beyond their appropriate role and treading into prohibited "explanation" or the "expression of opinion". The reason to be cautious with allowing interpreters to take on a cultural authority role is 1) that it risks treading onto the role of counsel, or the Member, and their respective choices when making, or investigating, a case; 2) such interventions could be perceived as favouring one party or another in a proceeding, thereby compromising the neutral role of the interpreter; and 3) as the academic Ahmad observes, "allowing interpreters to act as cultural brokers risks essentializing the [claimant's] cultural background, and this is further complicated because their information is influenced by their own subjective experiences." Interpreters are evaluated by the Board for their linguistic proficiency, not their cultural or country conditions expertise, and they should not necessary be accepted as experts on such. Specifically, the IRB accreditation process is comprised of three tests (a hearing simulation, a sight translation, and an official language test); candidates must get a mark of 70% on all tests to be successful. Furthermore, the Board's Interpreter Handbook notes that in "exceptional circumstances" where the claimant speaks a very rare language or dialect, non-accredited interpreters may be used.
When is an interpreter expected to speak out, ask a question, or point some matter out to the Member?
The Board's Interpreter Handbook has a section on the role of an interpreter at the IRB. It notes that "in addition to overcoming the barrier of language between IRB decision-makers and IRB clients, the interpreter plays a key role in helping the IRB perform its core mandate: making well-reasoned decisions on immigration and refugee matters, efficiently, fairly and in accordance with the law. As such, through these comments the Board is signalling that the role of the interpreter extends to playing a role in ensuring that proceedings are fair and that decisions are well-reasoned. The starting-point is described by Acton as "the expectation that interpreters will primarily interpret the meaning of one language to another, imparting as little personal intervention on the interpreted meaning as possible. However, recognizing that interpretation is not a straightforward process, if interpreters must step outside this primary role, they should make it clear where their subjectivity begins."
The appropriate scope of this role can be illustrated or informed by industry codes of conduct about the proper role of interpreters. For example, the Chartered Institute of Linguists, an international organization that offers interpreter accreditation and professional development, has a Code of Conduct that sets clear standards for member interpreters. It notes that interpreters are permitted to intervene to ask for clarifications; point out misunderstandings, including cultural inferences; and signal conditions that may impair interpretation, such as inadequate breaks or seating arrangements. The following provides some comment on these tasks:
* Ask for clarification: As a best practice (even if not a legal requirement) an interpreter should ask a speaker for clarification or reformulation if a question is overly complicated. In doing so, the interpreter should put on the record in both languages what they are doing and ask for permission from the Member, if relevant.
* Point out misunderstandings, including cultural inferences: For example, where an evident misunderstanding has arisen between a panel and/or one or more parties, the interpreter may properly observe and note this.
* Signal conditions that may impair interpretation, such as inadequate breaks or seating arrangements.
* Make corrections: The IRB Interpreter Handbook advises interpreters to correct themselves immediately if they realize that they have made a mistake or if a mistake is pointed out.
To what extent is an interpreter expected to reflect the tone, register, and demeanour of the person testifying?
The Board Interpreter Handbook instructs interpreters to "try to use the same tone and level of language as the person speaking." Robert Gibb and Anthony Good state that this can be a complex task, as a competent interpreter is required to balance the obligation to translate an applicant's answers honestly, while exercising independent judgment on a range of matters, including "how to negotiate different registers of speech without potentially damaging the perceived credibility of an applicant's ... narrative" (register being the level of formality in language, something usually determined by the context in which it is spoken or written).
Interpreters are under a duty of confidentiality
Interpreters are under a duty of confidentiality. It is a good practice to note this for the benefit of the claimant. This is emphasized in the contract that each interpreter signs before commencing work at the Board, which states "[Interpreters] shall keep confidential all information gained in the course of providing services to the [Board]. More specifically, [Interpreters] shall not, either within or outside the [Board] premises, discuss, report on, or give an opinion concerning any matter for which they provide services to the [Board]." The UNHCR Handbook emphasizes the importance of confidentiality in creating an atmosphere of trust in the refugee status determination process: "It will be necessary for the examiner to gain the confidence of the applicant in order to assist the latter in putting forward his case and in fully explaining his opinions and feelings. In creating such a climate of confidence it is, of course, of the utmost importance that the applicant’s statements will be treated as confidential and that he be so informed." For this reason, it may be advisable to underscore to the claimant that the proceedings are confidential.
Interpreters are not required to perform clerical duties
It used to be the case that in the Refugee Status Advisory Committee process, which preceded the establishment of the Immigration and Refugee Board, that interpreters were classified at a low clerical level within the civil service structure and that they were required to perform clerical duties in addition to their interpretation functions. The report of Rabbi Plaut that preceded the founding of the IRB was sharply critical of this: "It is not surprising that qualified interpreters are not attracted to this position with its low rate of pay and the unskilled clerical duties which must be performed as part of their function", he wrote. He recommended that this be reformed in order to improve the quality of interpretation in the refugee process, something which has been done.
Does an interpreter need to be accredited by the Board?
The IRB Interpreters Handbook states: "Non-accredited interpreters may be retained in very exceptional circumstances and only where it is necessary to safeguard the fundamental rights of the subject of the proceedings. This may happen in cases where the individual appearing before the IRB only speaks a very rare language or dialect".
Requests for an interpreter who is not from a particular community or who is of a particular gender
The Board's gender guidelines quote with approval a paper that states that decision-makers should be sensitive to the fact that "if a claimant's culture dictates that she should suffer battering silently, the use of an interpreter from her community may also intimidate her." Furthermore, the Chairperson Guideline 8: Procedures With Respect to Vulnerable Persons Appearing Before the IRB state that the Board has a broad discretion to tailor procedures to meet the particular needs of a vulnerable person, and, where appropriate and permitted by law, the IRB may accommodate a person's vulnerability by various means, including by providing a panel and interpreter of a particular gender.
Such requests should be made at the earliest available opportunity. The IRB Interpreter Handbook notes that "Interpreters are scheduled on an on-call basis and may be booked for a hearing up to three weeks in advance." It is a best practice to make any specific requests for the interpreter prior to this point.
The Board is bound by the Canadian Human Rights Act. This act prohibits discrimination on the basis of "race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion, age, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, marital status, family status, genetic characteristics, disability and conviction for an offence for which a pardon has been granted or in respect of which a record suspension has been ordered." As such, the Board should not make distinctions on these grounds (for example, entertaining a request from a claimant not to have an interpreter who is "from" a particular country) without good reason. That said, research on the role of interpreters in legal proceedings discusses the way that characteristics such as sex, age, ethnic identity, and appearance can both generate or diminish trust, so such "protected grounds" may be important occupational requirements in the refugee context. James C. Hathaway notes, for example, that "claimants may have difficulty trusting an interpreter who comes from their own country because, rationally or irrationally, the interpreter may be suspected of being associated with the alleged agent of persecution."
Conflicts of interest for interpreters
The Board's Standard Interpretation Service Contractor Clauses and Conditions includes a detailed section regarding potential conflicts of interest. It requires that "INTERPRETER SERVICE CONTRACTORS shall avoid, and where it arises, shall, without delay, disclose to the case management officer, clerk or BOARD official directing the proceeding, as the case may be, any real, potential, or apparent conflict of interest in relation to any matter for which they provide services to the BOARD."
A claimant is entitled to an interpreter which provides linguistic understanding, not their language or dialect of choice
The requirement to provide an interpreter who provides linguistic understanding cannot be relaxed when there is difficulty in finding an interpreter who can interpret in the language that the applicant understands. That said, a claimant is entitled to an interpreter which provides linguistic understanding, not their language or dialect of choice. In Bykov v. Canada, the IRB had been unable to provide a Tchouvache interpreter, but had supplied a Russian interpreter. Mr. Bykov understood Russian and had had ten years of Russian education. Mr. Justice Teitelbaum held that the applicant understood Russian well enough for the purposes of the hearing and that the IRB was not obligated "to provide an interpreter with the exact dialect of the applicant."
Furthermore, the Board must be alert to circumstances where an interpreter speaks a different dialect of a language and this will impede linguistic understanding. Rule 19(1) instructs a claimant to provide notice of the language and dialect that they require interpretation in. At times, issues have arisen about just what a dialect is. For example, is the difference between Arabic as spoken in Libya and Arabic as spoken in Iraq a matter of dialect or accent? The RAD has noted that, where questions of this nature arise, it is a best practice for the panel to confirm with the interpreter whether they have provided interpretation services for someone who speaks the dialect in question in the past. That said, the mere fact that the claimant and interpreter are from different localities and have different accents does not mean that the interpretation is not sufficiently precise and competent to convey the claimant’s words on the material points of concern; in Sherpa v. Canada the interpreter acknowledged during the hearing that the claimant was having difficulty understanding her because they were from different localities and had different accents, but the court nonetheless accepted that the interpretation provided met the applicable standards.
See also: Canadian Refugee Procedure/Interpreters.
Best practices regarding locating the interpreter with the claimant during videoconference hearings
Interpreters may be present in person, on the phone, or may appear at a hearing by videoconference. The Board policy is that in hearings that take place via videoconferencing from an IRB office, "as a usual practice, the interpreter is located in the hearing room with the claimant". This practice emerged from a recommendation included in an independent review the Board commissioned of the use of videoconferencing in refugee proceedings, which recommended:"Make it the usual practice to locate the interpreters in the claimant's room with the claimant. Exceptions could be made where an interpreter in the required language is not available close to the location of the claimant's room. It is apparent from the survey evidence that it is not impossible to have reasonable interpretation services with the interpreter in the member's room, but the advantages in terms of putting claimants at ease, and facilitating the efficiency of the translation are sufficiently clear that having the interpreters with the claimant as a regular rule is clearly desirable."Board management accepted this response, while reserving for itself the discretion to depart from this practice, as follows: "The Board will adopt this recommendation and ensure that, as a usual practice, the interpreter is located in the hearing room with the claimant. However, as the choice to use videoconferencing always requires a balancing of fairness and efficiency, the Board retains a discretion to depart from the norm of locating the interpreter with the claimant when it is not practical to do so (for example, for reasons of interpreter availability or cost)."
An interpreter may change during a hearing
The interpreter is not "seized" with a case. The panel may swear in any new interpreter after satisfying itself, of course, that the interpreter is competent to do the job and otherwise acceptable. A new interpreter may come into a case at any point during the proceedings.
Members should intervene if a witness and interpreter are not working together effectively
Where interpreters are providing consecutive interpretation, an altered manner of speaking is usually required when working with them, as one counsel describes in a report on point:"Speaking through an interpreter is not intuitive, so I think it’s something I’ve picked up. It’s being able to speak in a way that can be interpreted, and the big thing is stopping every, like I’m doing now, stopping every two sentences."Members should inquire if they have suspicions that the interpreter is not interpreting accurately; the following Citizenship and Immigration Canada recommendation to officers conducting interviews for the Overseas Selection and Processing of Convention Refugees Abroad Class would apply equally to IRB Members: "If at any time the officer is not satisfied that an interpreter is translating accurately, the officer should verify their suspicion by rephrasing the answers that have raised doubts, and ask the applicant to confirm that the officer has understood correctly."
Members should also ensure that all conversations between the claimant and the interpreter are interpreted back into the language of the proceeding, French or English. At times an interpreter will converse with a claimant in order to ask clarifying questions. The fact that an interpreter is doing this should be put on the record and the content of the conversations should be interpreted. The Board should insist that this be done. Where it is not, it is an error, as noted by the RAD with this example from one case: "In his affidavit Mr. XXXX further states that 'there were many conversations between Mr. XXXX (the appellant) and Mr. XXXX (the interpreter at the first hearing) that were not translated back to English. ' This evidence further establishes that the interpretation provided for the appellant at his first RPD hearing was flawed." They should be done, equally, where it is a witness or claimant who is initiating such conversations. In a Masters Thesis on the topic of interpretation in refugee hearings, one interviewee notes that "good interpreters will let the lawyers and Board Members know if the client is trying to have side conversations with an interpreter in a hearing".
It is a best practice for the Board to record hearings
In the case of Toussaint v. Canada the refugee claimant’s testimony was not contained in the transcript of the hearing presumably because the recording equipment was not turned on after an early off-the-record discussion. The missing testimony representing most of the hearing. The Federal Court noted that a failure by the Board to produce a transcript of the evidence taken before it may constitute a denial of natural justice if a reviewing court is unable to properly dispose of the issues raised. This is particularly applicable where there is a subsequent challenge to the interpretation provided. For example, in one case the RAD remitted a matter where interpretation issues were raised on appeal based on the following reasoning: "In the case at hand, the RAD is unable to fully assess the issue of interpretation since a good portion of the principal Appellant’s testimony, whose claim it is that he did not understand the interpreters at the hearing, is missing from the recording of the hearing. The RAD is unable to fully consider the RPD’s observation that the principal Appellant freely answered questions from both interpreters and it did not appear that he did not understand since the RPD’s questioning of the principal Appellant is missing from the recording of the hearing." See also: Canadian Refugee Procedure/The right to be heard and the right to a fair hearing.
Parties are obliged to raise concerns about interpretation issues at the earliest reasonable opportunity
Parties are obliged to raise any issues about the quality of interpretation at the earliest reasonable opportunity. Failure to do so results in a waiver of the right to object to the interpretation on judicial review, and by analogy also on appeal to the RAD. As the Federal Court stated in Singh v. Canada regarding a failure to object to interpretation issues during a hearing, "waiver of a right to object can be inferred from a party’s conduct. Where a party, with knowledge of his or her rights, fails to object at the earliest opportunity, that will be construed as a waiver.” This obligation to raise interpretation issues at the earliest reasonable opportunity is usually reinforced by the Member's instructions to the claimant at the beginning of the hearing, wherein it is customary for a panel of the Board to communicate to a claimant that they have an obligation to stop the proceeding and alert the RPD panel and their counsel if they either did not understand the interpreter’s statements or had reason to believe that the interpretation was in some way incorrect.
The fact that a party must raise issues about the quality of interpretation at the earliest reasonable opportunity does not necessarily mean that they need to be raised immediately during the hearing. Interpretation issues may be raised after the fact where the claimant could not reasonably have known of the interpretation issue until afterwards. For example, RAD Member Richard Jackson noted that in one case before him "the Appellant does not speak English well, while his counsel before the RPD did not speak Tamil, and therefore neither could reasonably be expected to have been aware of the interpretation issues, until subsequent to the rejection of his refugee claim, and the RAD therefore finds that the Appellant has not waived his right to object to the interpretation on appeal." Whether or not such issues should be raised during the hearing will be dependent on the circumstances, including:
* the language(s) that the claimant speaks;
* whether the claimant was asked to acknowledge at the start of the hearing that they understood the interpreter;
* whether the claimant was represented by counsel or unrepresented;
* the language(s) that counsel speaks;
* whether the claimant had an observer present at the hearing who was fluent in both languages and able to assess the quality of interpretation;
* whether the claimant had difficulty understanding the interpreter during the hearing; and
* whether the issue only became apparent subsequent to the hearing upon an audit or closer examination of the proceedings.
An example of how these factors were applied was in Dhaliwal v. Canada, a case where counsel did speak the language in question, and had raised issues about several small interpretation issues that were addressed on the spot, the failure to raise other issues at the hearing was held to constitute a waiver of the right to object to the quality of interpretation at the hearing:"I agree with counsel for the Respondent that Mr. Dhaliwal waived his right to object to the quality of interpretation at his hearing. ... The Applicant was represented by a Punjabi speaking counsel, who took no issue with the calibre of interpretation at the IAD hearing. During Mr. Dhaliwal’s five hour IAD hearing, counsel raised concerns six times about possible misinterpretations or words that may not have been clear or heard. Each concern was addressed by the interpreter or the IAD member, who asked the Applicant on multiple occasions to slow down, to repeat inaudible answers and to answer in segments to allow for accurate and complete interpretation. The member took every step to ensure that the interpretation was accurate, and counsel appeared to be satisfied that her concerns had been addressed. Never did she complain about the quality of interpretation at the hearing, in her lengthy written submissions to the IAD after the hearing or in her reply."As explained by the Federal Court, "there is a powerful argument in favour of [the requirement that claimants raise concerns with interpretation at the first opportunity] arising from judicial economy. If applicants are permitted to obtain judicial review of adverse decisions by remaining silent in the face of known problems of interpretation, they will remain silent. This will result in a duplication of hearings. It seems a better policy to provide an incentive to make the original hearing as fair as possible and to avoid repetitious proceedings. Applicants should be required to complain at the first opportunity when it is reasonable to expect them to do so."
An interpreter may discuss and explain their interpretation during the hearing in response to questions from the Member or challenges from a party
It is within the proper scope of an interpreter's role during the proceeding to discuss or explain their interpretation when the Member provides permission to do so. The Board Interpreter Handbook states that "if your interpretation is challenged by counsel or by the person who is the subject of the proceedings, you should be able to explain your choice of words if requested." However, absent a specific invitation from the Member to explain their interpretation, the interpreter should refrain from doing so, as per the terms of their contract which prohibit "explanation":"INTERPRETER SERVICE CONTRACTORS shall take all reasonable care to faithfully and accurately interpret or translate what is stated in the source language into the target language, having regard primarily to meaning and secondarily to style, without any paraphrasing, embellishment, omission, explanation, or expression of opinion, using the same person as in the source language and the closest natural equivalent of the source language. [emphasis added]"
Members may provide a claimant with the opportunity to make submissions on interpretation issues in post-hearing submissions
In some cases, a claimant or counsel will note at the hearing that there were some interpretation issues. A good practice in such circumstances was exemplified in Khatun v. Canada where the Member indicated that counsel could obtain a recording of the hearing and provide evidence of any translation issues in post-hearing submissions. None were provided. As such, where the claimant subsequently attempted to make arguments on judicial review about inadequate interpretation, the argument was dismissed on the basis that it should have been made before the original panel.
Post-hearing evidence is expected to demonstrate that interpretation was inadequate
There will be cases where the interpretation provided does not meet the legal standard required. Indeed, when the Board first introduced an accreditation test in 1991, 40% of interpreters who were already working for the IRB failed. Evidence used to demonstrate that interpretation was inadequate will usually take the following form where it is submitted post-hearing:
* A statement from a certified interpreter: When a claimant wishes to demonstrate that interpretation has not met the above standard, it is usual for them to go to a certified interpreter to obtain a transcript of the hearing. Interpreters that have been certified by the IRB and that have provided interpretation services in past RPD hearings will, of course, meet this standard. In contrast, where a claimant submits a statement from someone who is not a certified interpreter but merely suggests that they know both languages, less weight should be accorded to the statement. For example, Member Leonard Favreau commented in one case that "the RAD finds that it can give little weight to this affidavit in establishing that the interpretation was flawed. Although the affiant claims to be a “professional interpreter” the RAD notes that he has not provided any evidence that he has been certified by any organization as an interpreter."
* A transcript which highlights errors: The certified interpreter will usually then set out in an affidavit any errors that they identify in the transcript that can be attributed to interpretation problems caused by the interpreter at the hearing. For example, this was the type of evidence placed before the RAD in X (Re), 2017 CanLII 143144 (CA IRB), a decision concerning the (in)adequacy of interpretation at the Refugee Protection Division. In contrast, the mere assertion of errors without this type of side-by-side comparison has been held to be insufficient evidence to establish that the above standard was not met, e.g. Member Leonard Favreau of the RAD commented in one case: "Although the Appellant has submitted that it was flawed interpretation that resulted in the RPD attributing statements to him that he did not make, he has not submitted adequate evidence to establish that there actually were any interpretation errors. In light of the allegation of flawed interpretation, it is reasonable to expect that the Appellant could provide a side by side comparison of the interpretation conducted by the board certified interpreter and the Appellant’s certified interpreter, to demonstrate the specific interpretation errors that were made, rather than just relying on his own unsupported declaration."
A party can also request that the Board's interpreter unit conduct an audit. The Board will generally do spot audits of a portion of the hearing. The way the conclusions of such audits are often framed is typified by the following excerpt from a RAD decision: "according to the IRB audit, 'Problems and discrepancies were not serious in general; however some serious inaccuracies occurred.'” The IRB audit also noted “Some of the (in)-accuracies resulted in creating confusion on both sides.” Where the Board orders such an audit, it must disclose it to the parties for comment, as it would with any other evidence it receives and wishes to place on the record: Vakulenko v. Canada.
Evidence tainted by inadequate or faulty interpretation should be set aside
If the evidence has been tainted by inadequate or faulty interpretation, then it should be set aside and should not be placed on the record. However, where a claimant experienced challenges understanding questions without an interpreter, and subsequently switched to using an interpreter, this does not mean that all of the earlier testimony need be set aside. If there is an objection to the interpretation of a particular question, the Board should clearly explain whether the testimony is being set aside or relied upon, and how.
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Afghans 'repel big militant attack on border army base' - BBC News
Share this with Email Facebook Twitter WhatsApp Linkedin Copy this link Afghan forces backed by Nato air power have repelled an assault by more than 300 militants including foreign fighters on an army base close to the Pakistani border, officials say. They say that the fighting took place in south-eastern Afghanistan, close to Pakistan's Waziristan region. The Nato-led force has not commented on the clashes, although local people told the BBC that its aircraft took part. Scores of militants from the Haqqani network were killed, officials say. Officials said as many as 60 militants from the Taliban-linked network were killed, but there is no independent confirmation of this. Five Afghan National Army soldiers were also killed, six wounded and one taken prisoner, they added. No militant group has commented on the fighting, but defence ministry officials say those orchestrating the attack were Pakistan-based militants. The target of the attack was an army base in the remote border district of Zirkuk in Paktika province, they said. The restive district lies 12km (7 miles) from the Pakistani town of Miramshah in North Waziristan. The region is a stronghold of the Haqqani network, which also has links to al-Qaeda and has carried out a series of high-profile attacks against foreign troops in Afghanistan. An army commander in the area told the BBC's Bilal Sarwary in Kabul that Wednesday's fighting was some of the bloodiest he had experienced for a long time. He said the militants used rocket-propelled guns, heavy machine guns and mortars. Our correspondent says that Zirkuk is a strategic district for the militants and serves as a gateway into Afghanistan. The group has used the area to transport fighters and weapons from Waziristan into Afghanistan in the past. Earlier this year, an insurgent attack on an army checkpoint in the eastern province of Kunar killed 21 soldiers. Later it emerged that three soldiers were in collusion with the insurgents and had facilitated the attack. The BBC's Owen Bennett-Jones says that the high levels of distrust between the governments in Kabul and Islamabad have resulted in the Pakistani Taliban leadership sheltering in Afghanistan while the Afghan Taliban leadership shelters in Pakistan. The militants have been able to exploit a situation that allows them to move freely across the border between the two countries, while the American, Afghan and Pakistani armies cannot, our correspondent adds. After the November 2013 death of then Pakistani Taliban leader Hakimullah Mehsud in a drone strike, the organisation selected a jihadi from Swat, Maulana Fazlullah, as his successor. Pakistani media reports say he is currently based in Afghanistan, close to the Pakistani border. It was the first time since its creation that the Pakistani Taliban was not being led by a member of the Mehsud tribe, and some Mehsuds are unhappy being under Maulana Fazlullah's leadership. The Pakistani government believes if it can split the Mehsuds, the Taliban and its allies will be considerably weakened. Hundreds of troops are storming a cafe in the Bangladeshi capital, Dhaka, where gunman took at least 20 hostages, including foreigners. The man who made it possible to know what's hot on the net Trying India's most 'theatrical' street food Brexit tests the cultural bonds between Britain and Berlin Indian politician photographed dozing in meeting Vermont GM food law makes US-wide change Why a mother had to visit the place where her son died One in 10 Icelanders has gone to France, and other nuggets Some of the best news photos from around the world
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Talk:Transfer technique (drawing)
* I have re-drafted the article and improved its reference section. I do realise that the articles' references are coarse. I have found one additional source, but as I only have a few scanned pages, and no exact book information or ISBN yet, I can't include it now. I hope to be able to do so soon. I will also look to do something about the articles' stub status when I have the time again. Regards, Hans van der Meer 15:32, 24 December 2012 (UTC)
This article is not even remotely accurate. MOMA is currently showing a good dozen Transfer Drawings by Gaugin dated to the early 1890s. I daresay, this is not a technique some six year old invented and which made its way to Tahiti overnight. — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 05:56, 9 March 2014 (UTC)
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Talk:Joe Vitale (musician)
Short story about Joe and Me - Age 12
Joe and I went to grade school together at Saint John's in Canton. We were always friends, but never really close buddies. Perhaps the closest friendship we ever fostered was in the seventh grade, as we struggled through those preteen years together. I remember Joe as an ornery kid, who was always fun to hang around with. Not really a BAD kid...just mischievous. One incident that involved Joe and I is recounted in his book. It's the infamous milk bottle flushing spree we went on in the boy's room, that ended up backing up the entire school's sewer system. I don't remember getting in TOO much trouble over it, and I'm sure they never called our parents, because 45 years later, Joe shared the incident with a reporter in the Ticket Magazine insert to the Canton Repository. When my 85 year old mother read it, she was shocked that such terrible behavior went on at our beloved parochial school, never realizing that Joe’s partner in crime was her own son. I shared the incident with my own son Vince Capuano, who was more surprised that his dad never told grandma about the incident, than he was at the story itself.
My fondest memories of Joe involve the days when we would sit at the old piano in the auditorium at Saint John's, and Joe would teach me how to chord some basic boogie woogie, so he could jam a riff at the top end with both hands. I think that's where I myself learned to love music, and eventually took up the keyboards. I'm strictly a church player, and Joe is a rock musician, but our lives came together in a special way that year.
I don't know if Joe would remember the morning when our musical careers almost came to a crashing (literally) halt, when our seventh grade teacher, Mr. Fitzmorris caught us playing rock & roll on the old piano, instead of attending morning mass. He snuck up on the two of us, and slammed the cover down on the keyboard, narrowly missing breaking all 20 of our fingers. Honestly, I never saw him so angry. He was usually such a calm teacher, but something about the music infuriated him, I guess. I'd ask him about it, but he died a few years later at a fairly young age from heart disease, which ran in his family.
Funny how life turns out. Fitzy didn't break our fingers, and died a young man. I went on to serve the Lord with my new found passion for the piano, and Joe has of course brought millions of fans countless hours of joy with his immense musical talent.
Every time I think of Joe, which is more often than he probably could imagine, I feel good. I feel happy about the time we had together. Most of all, I feel a real joy over his success. In a business that is often marred by some very messed up people, Joe inspires me as one of the "good guys". He deserves more recognition for his talent and contributions to his field. Truly, Joe Vitale is a legend.
Mark Capuano January 23, 2009 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:54, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
External links modified
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Pediococcus
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Pediococcus
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Bacteria
Division: Firmicutes
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Lactobacillaceae
Genus: Pediococcus
Claussen 1903
Species
P. acidilactici
P. cellicola
P. claussenii
P. damnosus
P. ethanolidurans
P. inopinatus
P. parvulus
P. pentosaceus
P. stilesii
Pediococcus is a genus of gram-positive lactic acid bacteria. They usually occur in pairs or tetrads, and divide along two planes of symmetry, as do the other lactic acid cocci genera. They are purely homofermentative.
Pediococcus strains are found in foods, on plants, and as beer-spoilage agents. They produce inactive lactic acid and are used mainly for making fermented vegetables, mashes, beer, and wort.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Calcasieu Parish Public Library
The Calcasieu Parish Public Library serves citizens in all of Calcasieu Parish. This system has thirteen locations and is governed by a nine-member board. The largest location is the Central Library, located in Lake Charles, Louisiana, and the library system is a member of the Libraries Southwest consortia.
History
The Calcasieu Parish Public Library began in 1944. On April 4, 1973, the Calcasieu Parish Police Jury passed Ordinance #1442 consolidating the Calcasieu Parish Public Library and the Lake Charles Public Library, which was established in 1901. The consolidation went into effect on January 1, 1974. On August 1, 1973, the Calcasieu Parish Police Jury entered into a joint services agreement with the City of Lake Charles. This agreement gave the mayor of Lake Charles the power to nominate five members of the Library Board of Control. The other four seats of this board are named by the President of the Police Jury. All nine members are confirmed by the Police Jury. Two ex officio members are the Police Jury President, or their representative, and the Mayor of Lake Charles.
Branches
The Calcasieu Parish Public Library has 13 locations, including the main location, Central Library. This also includes Express Libraries opened at three branch locations that were closed due to heavy damage from Hurricane Laura and Hurricane Delta in 2020. The Express Libraries were made possible by a $20,000 grant from the American Library Association.
* Carnegie Memorial Library - 411 Pujo Street, Lake Charles, LA 70601
* Central Library - 301 W. Claude Street, South Lake Charles, LA 70605
* DeQuincy Library - 102 W. Harrison St., DeQuincy, LA 70633
* Epps Express Library - 1320 N. Simmons St., North Lake Charles, LA 70601
* Hayes Library - 7709 Perier St., Hayes, LA 70646
* Iowa Library - 107 East 1st St., Iowa, LA 70647
* Maplewood Outreach Center - 91 Center Circle, Suphur, LA 70663
* Moss Bluff Express Library - 261 Parish Road, Lake Charles, LA 70611
* Starks Library - 113 S. Highway 109, Starks, LA 70661
* Sulphur Regional Library - 1160 Cypress St., Sulphur, LA 70663
* Southwest Louisiana Genealogical & Historical Library - 411 Pujo St., Downtown Lake Charles, LA 70601
* Vinton Express Library - 1601 Loree St., Vinton, LA 70668
* Westlake Library - 937 Mulberry St., Westlake, LA 70669
Other Services
In 2013 the Calcasieu Parish Public Library launched a free home delivery service known as “Library-to-Go.” This service is intended to serve home bound library patrons such as those at nursing homes, group homes, and daycare centers. For additional information, visit this webpage - https://calcasieulibrary.libnet.info/library-to-go-6026
Awards
In 2010 the Calcasieu Parish Public Library received the Highsmith Library Innovation Award that year for a Summer Reading Program Yard Sign project. Yard signs were used to encourage students to read during the summer.
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WIKI
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Les Misérables/Volume 2/Book Eighth/Chapter 4
The strides of a lame man are like the ogling glances of a one-eyed man; they do not reach their goal very promptly. Moreover, Fauchelevent was in a dilemma. He took nearly a quarter of an hour to return to his cottage in the garden. Cosette had waked up. Jean Valjean had placed her near the fire. At the moment when Fauchelevent entered, Jean Valjean was pointing out to her the vintner's basket on the wall, and saying to her, "Listen attentively to me, my little Cosette. We must go away from this house, but we shall return to it, and we shall be very happy here. The good man who lives here is going to carry you off on his back in that. You will wait for me at a lady's house. I shall come to fetch you. Obey, and say nothing, above all things, unless you want Madame Thenardier to get you again!"
Cosette nodded gravely.
Jean Valjean turned round at the noise made by Fauchelevent opening the door.
"Well?"
"Everything is arranged, and nothing is," said Fauchelevent. "I have permission to bring you in; but before bringing you in you must be got out. That's where the difficulty lies. It is easy enough with the child."
"You will carry her out?"
"And she will hold her tongue?"
"I answer for that."
"But you, Father Madeleine?"
And, after a silence, fraught with anxiety, Fauchelevent exclaimed:--
"Why, get out as you came in!"
Jean Valjean, as in the first instance, contented himself with saying, "Impossible."
Fauchelevent grumbled, more to himself than to Jean Valjean:--
"There is another thing which bothers me. I have said that I would put earth in it. When I come to think it over, the earth instead of the corpse will not seem like the real thing, it won't do, it will get displaced, it will move about. The men will bear it. You understand, Father Madeleine, the government will notice it."
Jean Valjean stared him straight in the eye and thought that he was raving.
Fauchelevent went on:--
"How the de--uce are you going to get out? It must all be done by to-morrow morning. It is to-morrow that I am to bring you in. The prioress expects you."
Then he explained to Jean Valjean that this was his recompense for a service which he, Fauchelevent, was to render to the community. That it fell among his duties to take part in their burials, that he nailed up the coffins and helped the grave-digger at the cemetery. That the nun who had died that morning had requested to be buried in the coffin which had served her for a bed, and interred in the vault under the altar of the chapel. That the police regulations forbade this, but that she was one of those dead to whom nothing is refused. That the prioress and the vocal mothers intended to fulfil the wish of the deceased. That it was so much the worse for the government. That he, Fauchelevent, was to nail up the coffin in the cell, raise the stone in the chapel, and lower the corpse into the vault. And that, by way of thanks, the prioress was to admit his brother to the house as a gardener, and his niece as a pupil. That his brother was M. Madeleine, and that his niece was Cosette. That the prioress had told him to bring his brother on the following evening, after the counterfeit interment in the cemetery. But that he could not bring M. Madeleine in from the outside if M. Madeleine was not outside. That that was the first problem. And then, that there was another: the empty coffin.
"What is that empty coffin?" asked Jean Valjean.
Fauchelevent replied:--
"The coffin of the administration."
"What coffin? What administration?"
"A nun dies. The municipal doctor comes and says, `A nun has died.' The government sends a coffin. The next day it sends a hearse and undertaker's men to get the coffin and carry it to the cemetery. The undertaker's men will come and lift the coffin; there will be nothing in it."
"Put something in it."
"A corpse? I have none."
"No."
"What then?"
"A living person."
"What person?"
"Me!" said Jean Valjean.
Fauchelevent, who was seated, sprang up as though a bomb had burst under his chair.
"You!"
"Why not?"
Jean Valjean gave way to one of those rare smiles which lighted up his face like a flash from heaven in the winter.
"You know, Fauchelevent, what you have said: `Mother Crucifixion is dead.' and I add: `and Father Madeleine is buried.'"
"Ah! good, you can laugh, you are not speaking seriously."
"Very seriously, I must get out of this place."
"Certainly."
"l have told you to find a basket, and a cover for me also,"
"Well?"
"The basket will be of pine, and the cover a black cloth."
"In the first place, it will be a white cloth. Nuns are buried in white."
"Let it be a white cloth, then."
"You are not like other men, Father Madeleine."
To behold such devices, which are nothing else than the savage and daring inventions of the galleys, spring forth from the peaceable things which surrounded him, and mingle with what he called the "petty course of life in the convent," caused Fauchelevent as much amazement as a gull fishing in the gutter of the Rue Saint-Denis would inspire in a passer-by.
Jean Valjean went on:--
"The problem is to get out of here without being seen. This offers the means. But give me some information, in the first place. How is it managed? Where is this coffin?"
"The empty one?"
"Yes."
"Down stairs, in what is called the dead-room. It stands on two trestles, under the pall."
"How long is the coffin?"
"Six feet."
"What is this dead-room?"
"It is a chamber on the ground floor which has a grated window opening on the garden, which is closed on the outside by a shutter, and two doors; one leads into the convent, the other into the church."
"What church?"
"The church in the street, the church which any one can enter."
"Have you the keys to those two doors?"
"No; I have the key to the door which communicates with the convent; the porter has the key to the door which communicates with the church."
"When does the porter open that door?"
"Only to allow the undertaker's men to enter, when they come to get the coffin. When the coffin has been taken out, the door is closed again."
"Who nails up the coffin?"
"I do."
"Who spreads the pall over it?"
"I do."
"Are you alone?"
"Not another man, except the police doctor, can enter the dead-room. That is even written on the wall."
"Could you hide me in that room to-night when every one is asleep?"
"No. But I could hide you in a small, dark nook which opens on the dead-room, where I keep my tools to use for burials, and of which I have the key."
"At what time will the hearse come for the coffin to-morrow?"
"About three o'clock in the afternoon. The burial will take place at the Vaugirard cemetery a little before nightfall. It is not very near."
"I will remain concealed in your tool-closet all night and all the morning. And how about food? I shall be hungry."
"I will bring you something."
"You can come and nail me up in the coffin at two o'clock."
Fauchelevent recoiled and cracked his finger-joints.
"But that is impossible!"
"Bah! Impossible to take a hammer and drive some nails in a plank?"
What seemed unprecedented to Fauchelevent was, we repeat, a simple matter to Jean Valjean. Jean Valjean had been in worse straits than this. Any man who has been a prisoner understands how to contract himself to fit the diameter of the escape. The prisoner is subject to flight as the sick man is subject to a crisis which saves or kills him. An escape is a cure. What does not a man undergo for the sake of a cure? To have himself nailed up in a case and carried off like a bale of goods, to live for a long time in a box, to find air where there is none, to economize his breath for hours, to know how to stifle without dying-- this was one of Jean Valjean's gloomy talents.
Moreover, a coffin containing a living being,--that convict's expedient,-- is also an imperial expedient. If we are to credit the monk Austin Castillejo, this was the means employed by Charles the Fifth, desirous of seeing the Plombes for the last time after his abdication.
He had her brought into and carried out of the monastery of Saint-Yuste in this manner.
Fauchelevent, who had recovered himself a little, exclaimed:--
"But how will you manage to breathe?"
"I will breathe."
"In that box! The mere thought of it suffocates me."
"You surely must have a gimlet, you will make a few holes here and there, around my mouth, and you will nail the top plank on loosely."
"Good! And what if you should happen to cough or to sneeze?"
"A man who is making his escape does not cough or sneeze."
And Jean Valjean added:--
"Father Fauchelevent, we must come to a decision: I must either be caught here, or accept this escape through the hearse."
Every one has noticed the taste which cats have for pausing and lounging between the two leaves of a half-shut door. Who is there who has not said to a cat, "Do come in!" There are men who, when an incident stands half-open before them, have the same tendency to halt in indecision between two resolutions, at the risk of getting crushed through the abrupt closing of the adventure by fate. The over-prudent, cats as they are, and because they are cats, sometimes incur more danger than the audacious. Fauchelevent was of this hesitating nature. But Jean Valjean's coolness prevailed over him in spite of himself. He grumbled:--
"Well, since there is no other means."
Jean Valjean resumed:--
"The only thing which troubles me is what will take place at the cemetery."
"That is the very point that is not troublesome," exclaimed Fauchelevent. "If you are sure of coming out of the coffin all right, I am sure of getting you out of the grave. The grave-digger is a drunkard, and a friend of mine. He is Father Mestienne. An old fellow of the old school. The grave-digger puts the corpses in the grave, and I put the grave-digger in my pocket. I will tell you what will take place. They will arrive a little before dusk, three-quarters of an hour before the gates of the cemetery are closed. The hearse will drive directly up to the grave. I shall follow; that is my business. I shall have a hammer, a chisel, and some pincers in my pocket. The hearse halts, the undertaker's men knot a rope around your coffin and lower you down. The priest says the prayers, makes the sign of the cross, sprinkles the holy water, and takes his departure. I am left alone with Father Mestienne. He is my friend, I tell you. One of two things will happen, he will either be sober, or he will not be sober. If he is not drunk, I shall say to him: `Come and drink a bout while the Bon Coing [the Good Quince] is open.' I carry him off, I get him drunk,-- it does not take long to make Father Mestienne drunk, he always has the beginning of it about him,--I lay him under the table, I take his card, so that I can get into the cemetery again, and I return without him. Then you have no longer any one but me to deal with. If he is drunk, I shall say to him: `Be off; I will do your work for you.' Off he goes, and I drag you out of the hole."
Jean Valjean held out his hand, and Fauchelevent precipitated himself upon it with the touching effusion of a peasant.
"That is settled, Father Fauchelevent. All will go well."
"Provided nothing goes wrong," thought Fauchelevent. "In that case, it would be terrible."
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WIKI
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File:TPH lottery grants logo02.jpg
Summary
Sourced from official website http://www.dia.govt.nz/diawebsite.nsf/wpg_URL/Services-Lottery-Grants-Index?OpenDocument. SInce this is a government logo, it is therefore in the public domain and subject to fair use.
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European Journal of Nutrition (v.6, #2-3)
Kobalt- und Vitamin B12-Stoffwechsel by K. H. Menke; B. Marquering (77-83).
Chlortetracyclin (20–100 mg/kg) senkt in den ersten Stunden nach oraler Verabreichung von 50 mμMol60CoCl2 die Ausscheidung von Kobalt und Corrinoiden beim Huhn. Dieser Befund und die veränderten Kobalt- und Corrinoidgehalte in den Caeca lassen den Schluß zu, daß Chlortetracyclin die Zahl der Teilentleerungen des Caecums pro Zeiteinheit verringert. Infolgedessen steigt in den Caeca der Anteil vollständiger Purincobamide. Ein Einfluß auf die Bildung von Vitamin B12 konnte nicht nachgewiesen werden.5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazol (DMBIA) hingegen bewirkt als Hydrochlorid eine Steigerung der B12-Synthese in der Henne von weniger als 0,2μg auf 3μg je Tier und Tag, während in Äthanol gelöstes, feindispers eingemischtes DMBIA eine B12-Bildung von 2μg/Tag bewirkt und kristallines DMBIA keinen nennenswerten Effekt aufweist. DMBIA kann offenbar im Darmtrakt nicht synthetisiert werden und ist auch in den üblichen Futtermitteln nicht enthalten.Chlortetracycline decreases the excretion of cobalt and corrinoids in the first hours after oral administration of 50 mμMol60CoCl2. This effect and the altered cobalt- and corrinoid contents of the caeca lead to the conclusion, that chlortetracycline diminishes the number of partial depletions of the caecum per time. There is no influence on the formation of vitamin B12.5,6-dimethylbenzimidazol (DMBIA) fed as hydrochlorid to hens, causes an increase in B12-synthesis from 0,2 to 3μg per animal and day. DMBIA in ethanol solution increases B12-formation to 2μg per day and crystalline DMBIA has only a very small effect. This base certainly is not synthesized in the intestine and is usually not supplied by the feedstuff.
Alimentary production of gallstones in hamsters by H. Dam; I. Prange; F. Christensen (97-106).
Young hamsters were reared on diets containing butter fat and fat of a high linoleic acid margarine, respectively.The basal diet without the fat had previously been shown to produce a very high incidence of cholesterol gallstones in young hamsters.In two trials, in which the fats were compared at the 10% dietary level, the incidence of cholesterol galstones was much less with the diets containing margarine fat than with the diets containing butter fat. The difference was significant with a probability of more than 99%.In a third trial, in which the fats were compared at the 3% dietary level, the incidence of cholesterol gallstones was also less with margarine fat than with butter fat. Here the difference was significant with a probability of more than 95% but less than 99%.The superior effect of the margarine fat in counteracting the development of cholesterol gallstones is ascribed to its high content (about 40%) of linoleic acid.In one of the trials in which the two fats were given at the 10% dietary level the bladder bile was analyzed for cholesterol, bile acids and lipid soluble phosphorus, with the following results:For the animals receiving the butter fat the concentrations of cholesterol were found to be more scattered and, in more than half of the cases, higher than for animals receiving margarine fat.The ratios between the molar concentrations of bile acids and cholesterol and between the molar concentrations of lipid soluble phosphorus and cholesterol were also more scattered for animals receiving the butter fat diet, but in more than half of the cases in the butter fat group these ratios were lower than in the margarine fat group.In the butter fat group the values for the two aforementioned ratios tended to decrease with increasing concentrations of cholesterol.A more exact correlation of the composition of the bladder bile with the occurrence of gallstones must take into account not only the analytical data summarized above, but, probably, also a previous finding according to which the bile lecithin from hamsters receiving a diet with 10% of the high linoleic acid margarine fat contained much more linoleic acid and correspondingly less oleic acid than did the bile lecithin from hamsters receiving a diet with 10% butter fat.
DokumentationCurrent literature. No. 4 by E. Ühlein (108-218).
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2022 04 en p.36-41 Shakir M. Nagiyev, Shovqiyya A. Amirova,
Model of a linear harmonic oscillator with a position-dependent mass in the external homogeneous field. The case of a parabolic well
pdf
ABSTRACT
An exactly solvable model of a linear harmonic oscillator with position-dependent mass in the presence of an external uniform field is constructed. The interaction potential is an infinite parabolic well. It is shown that the system has only a discrete energy spectrum, and the number of levels is finite and depends on the modulus and sign of the force. The wave functions are expressed in terms of Laguerre polynomials.
Keywords: Harmonic oscillator; external homogeneous field; position-dependent mass.
PACS: 03.65.-w; 02.30. Hq; 03.65.Ge.
DOI:-
Received: 17.11.2022
AUTHORS & AFFILIATIONS
Institute of Physics, National Academy of Sciences of Azerbaijan H. Javid ave.131, AZ1143 Baku, Azerbaijan
E-mail:
REFERENCIES
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[21] Bagchi, A. Banerjee, C. Quesne, V.M. Tkachuk. Deformed shape invariance and exactly solvable Hamiltonians with position-dependent effective mass. J. Phys., 2005, A: Math. Gen. 38, 2929.
[22] C. Quesne. First-order intertwining operators and position-dependent mass Schrödinger equations in d dimensions. Ann. Phys. 2006, NY, 321, pp.1221.
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[26] C. Quesne. Comment on ’Exact solution of the position-dependent effective mass and angular frequency Schrödinger equation: harmonic oscillator model with quantized confinement parameter’. J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 2021, 54, 368001.
[27] C. Quesne. Generalized semiconfined harmonic oscillator model with a position-dependent effective mass. Eur. Phys. J. Plus., 2022, 137, 225.
[28] C. Quesne. Point canonical transformation versus deformed shape invariance for position-dependent mass Schrödinger equations. 2009, SIGMA 5, 046.
[29] E.I. Jafarov, S.M. Nagiyev, A.M. Jafarova. Quantum-mechanical explicit solution for the confined harmonic oscillator model with the von Roos kinetic energy operator. Rep. Math. Phys., 2020, 86, 25, 12.
[30] E.I. Jafarov, S.M. Nagiyev, R. Oste, J. Van der Jeugt. Exact solution of the position-dependent effective mass and angular frequency Schrödinger equation: harmonic oscillator model with quantized confinement parameter. J. Phys. 2020, A: Math. Theor. 53, 485301.
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[34] S.M. Nagiyev, C. Aydin, A.I. Ahmadov, S.A. Amirova. Exactly solvable model of the linear harmonic oscillator with a position-dependent mass under external homogeneous gravitational field. Eur. Phys. J. Plus., 2022,137, 540,13.
[35] E.I. Jafarov, S.M. Nagiyev. On the exactly-solvable semi-infinite quantum well of the non-rectangular step-harmonic profile. Quantum Stud. Math. Found., 2022, 9, pp.387-404. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40509-022-00275-z, arXiv:2111.04065.
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[45] L.D. Landau and E.M. Lifshitz. Quantum mechanics. Non-relativistic Theory (Oxford: Pergamon, 1991).
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[47] R. Koekoek, P.A. Lesky and R.F. Swarttouw. Hypergeometric Orthogonal Polynomials and their q-Analogues, (Springer, Berlin 2010).
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Vacuum annealing formation of graphene on diamond C(111) surfaces studied by real-time photoelectron spectroscopy
Shuichi Ogawa, Takatoshi Yamada, Shinji Ishizduka, Akitaka Yoshigoe, Masataka Hasegawa, Yuden Teraoka, Yuji Takakuwa
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
25 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
To clarify the graphene formation process on a diamond C(111) surface, changes in the chemical bonding state caused by annealing in vacuum were investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. It was difficult to study the formation of sp2-bonded carbon atoms on a diamond C(111) surface using photoelectron spectroscopy because the peak of the sp2 component overlaps the peak of the surface sp2 component as a result of the 2 × 1 reconstruction. Therefore, we focused on the shift in the C 1s photoelectron spectra and energy loss spectra caused by band bending depending on the temperature. As a result, we found that graphitization on the diamond C(111) surface began at approximately 1120 K, which was lower than that for a SiC substrate. The obtained photoelectron spectra indicated that a buffer layer composed of sp2-bonded carbon atoms existed at the interface between graphene and the diamond C(111) surface.
Original languageEnglish
Article number11PF02
JournalJapanese Journal of Applied Physics
Volume51
Issue number11 PART2
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - 2012 Nov
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Juanma Rios
The result was delete. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 05:13, 14 April 2020 (UTC)
Juanma Rios
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
Fails WP:GNG, WP:MUSICBIO and WP:CREATIVE. Teenage YouTuber, sourced almost entirely to his own social media and to ASCAP, which only proves that the songs he sings were written by someone else. The two The Tour albums are recreations by Rios and his friends of the songs from an eight-year-old Spanish TV series, and released on Rios's own label, and not officially connected to the original Disney series at all. He isn't mentioned by name on the compilation album that he appeared on. The web series that he created are follow-up stories that he has written to Code Lyoko: Evolution and consist of footage from the original French web series, presumably used illegally, with Rios and his friends dubbing their voices over the top. No coverage in reliable sources at all. Richard3120 (talk) 19:42, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Music-related deletion discussions. Richard3120 (talk) 19:42, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. Richard3120 (talk) 19:42, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Actors and filmmakers-related deletion discussions. Richard3120 (talk) 19:42, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Spain-related deletion discussions. Richard3120 (talk) 19:42, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Internet-related deletion discussions. Richard3120 (talk) 19:42, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Popular culture-related deletion discussions. Richard3120 (talk) 19:42, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
The artist has worked with Disney for two albums where he released unreleased songs from the company, if the artist had not worked with the company he would not have the original English lyrics of the songs. In addition, it can be seen from the song records at ASCAP and BMI that he is one of the official performers of the songs in the series since he was added by Disney to the record. As it says in Wikipedia one of the requirements to be part of Wikipedia is to have worked with a big record company like Walt Disney Records and Disney would not have sent the lyrics to anyone and would not have added him as an artist in the record of the songs. After showing this (which are verifiable data) I think I have demonstrated that the information that appears in Wikipedia is true, so I added the artist, because I based on information that comes from official websites about the songs. — Preceding unsigned comment added by SoyOdd (talk • contribs) 19:48, 30 March 2020 (UTC) — Note to closing admin: SoyOdd (talk • contribs) is the creator of the page that is the subject of this AfD.
* Even if the albums are officially licensed by Disney, there are still no sources at all discussing them, so they fail WP:NALBUM. Being released through a major label does not automatically make the albums notable if nobody is talking about them. And they don't need a separate article for each language version – The Tour (soundtrack) would be sufficient. But as there is no reliable content apart from the track listing, which is already in the La Gira article, a redirect is the best option for that article. Richard3120 (talk) 20:24, 30 March 2020 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Delete does not meet our actual criteria for musician notability.John Pack Lambert (talk) 13:44, 3 April 2020 (UTC)
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Barkeep49 (talk) 01:28, 7 April 2020 (UTC)
* Delete per nom fails WP:NALBUM. Certain sections of the article such as Unpublished songs have been written as WP:PROMO clearly breaching the WP:NPOV. Some sections are written without the support of reliable sources and also the citation style is inconsistent and unclear. Abishe (talk) 18:38, 7 April 2020 (UTC)
* Delete. Clear delete; I couldn't find a single reliable source about him, not to mention this whole article reeks of UPE. PK650 (talk) 22:48, 8 April 2020 (UTC)
* Delete. The subject fails WP:GNG and WP:MUSICBIO. The references cited in the article do not show the subject being discussed. A Google search of him doesn't show any coverage (in-depth or otherwise). Versace1608 Wanna Talk? 16:14, 12 April 2020 (UTC)
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lp:ubuntu/precise/nilfs-tools
Created by James Westby on 2011-10-13 and last modified on 2011-11-28
Get this branch:
bzr branch lp:ubuntu/precise/nilfs-tools
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Ubuntu branches
Status:
Mature
Recent revisions
14. By Daniel Baumann <email address hidden> on 2011-11-28
Merging upstream version 2.1.0.
13. By Daniel Baumann <email address hidden> on 2011-10-30
* Using compression level 9 also for binary packages.
* Adding patch from Ilya Barygin <email address hidden> to fix
FTBFS with as-needed linker option (Closes: #646967).
* Updating year in copyright.
* Sorting overrides alphabetically in rules.
12. By Ilya Barygin on 2011-10-28
* Merge from Debian testing, remaining changes:
- as-needed.patch: fix FTBFS with --as-needed linker option.
* Dropped change because issue was fixed upstream: add -pthread to LDFLAGS
to fix FTBFS.
11. By Ilya Barygin on 2011-08-13
* Fix FTBFS:
- configure script tries to find sem_open in librt, but -pthread is
required instead. Add -pthread to LDFLAGS as a workaround.
- as-needed.patch: fix order of libraries to enable build with --as-needed
linker option.
10. By Daniel Baumann <email address hidden> on 2011-07-13
* Setting architecture to linux-any.
* Adding debug package.
9. By Daniel Baumann <email address hidden> on 2011-07-10
* Merging upstream version 2.1.0~rc1.
* Compacting copyright file.
* Updating standard LGPL blurb in copyright file.
8. By Daniel Baumann <email address hidden> on 2011-05-16
* Merging upstream version 2.0.23.
* Updating standards version to 3.9.2.
* Updating copyright file for crc32.c.
7. By Daniel Baumann <email address hidden> on 2011-02-03
* Updating maintainer and uploaders fields.
* Removing vcs entries.
* Removing references to my old email address.
* Makeing packaging distribution neutral.
* Improving comments in rules file.
6. By Daniel Baumann on 2010-05-03
Dropping la files.
5. By Daniel Baumann on 2010-01-09
* Correcting wrong vcs-browser field.
* Adding explicit debian source version 1.0 until switch to 3.0.
* Updating year in copyright file.
* Merging upstream version 2.0.15.
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|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Only 1 row for outcomes yet two rows for options
I have a form with three parts; the top part contains information about decisions. This should be a single row of three fields - which it is and this works fine.
I then have two other sections; both having a many-to-1 relationship with the model that the first part is based upon.
The top part displays details on outcomes; 2, maybe three fields.
The lower part displays details on options; again 2, maybe three, fields.
I am creating a blank form that allows me to create a new decision and should begin with 2 blank rows of fields for outcomes and two blank rows for options.
I have almost all of this in place, yet the outcomes will only show a single row of fields.
The template file contains the following…
{% block content %}
<form method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<h1>New Decision</h1>
{{ form.as_table }} {# Renders fields from DecisionForm #}
<h4>Objectives</h4>
{{ outcome_formset.management_form }}
<div id="outcome-formset-section">
<table>
{% for form in outcome_formset %}
<tr>
{% for hidden in form.hidden_fields %}
{{ hidden }}
{% endfor %}
{% for field in form.visible_fields %}
<td>
{{ field.label_tag }}
{{ field }}
</td>
{% endfor %}
</tr>
{% endfor %}
</table>
</div>
<button type="button" id="add-outcome">Add Outcome</button>
<h4>Options</h4>
<div id="formset-section">
<table>
{% for form in formset %}
<tr>
{% for field in form.visible_fields %}
<td>
{{ field.label_tag }}
{{ field }}
</td>
{% endfor %}
</tr>
{% endfor %}
</table>
</div>
<button type="button" id="add-option">Add Option</button>
<button type="submit">Save</button>
</form>
The buttons listed work; well, the add buttons do. When I click on these they display a new row of fields for both the options part and for the outcomes part.
In my views.py section I have this:
class DecisionCreateView(CreateView):
model = Decision_Model
form_class = DecisionForm
template_name = 'template.html'
success_url = reverse_lazy('success_url_name')
def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
organisation_slug = self.kwargs['organisation_slug']
organisation = Organisation.objects.get(slug=organisation_slug)
context['organisation_slug'] = organisation_slug
context['user_org'] = organisation.organisationuser_set.all()
if self.request.POST:
context['formset'] = inlineformset_factory(Decision_Model, Option_Model, form = OptionForm, extra = 2)(self.request.POST)
context['outcome_formset'] = OutcomeFormSet(self.request.POST, prefix='outcome')
else:
context['formset'] = inlineformset_factory(Decision_Model, Option_Model, form = OptionForm, extra = 2)()
context['outcome_formset'] = OutcomeFormSet(prefix='outcome', queryset=Outcome_Model.objects.none())
return context
def form_valid(self, form):
context = self.get_context_data()
formset = context['formset']
outcome_formset = context['outcome_formset']
if formset.is_valid() and outcome_formset.is_valid():
self.object = form.save()
formset.instance = self.object
formset.save()
outcome_formset.instance = self.object
outcome_formset.save()
return redirect(self.get_success_url())
else:
return self.render_to_response(self.get_context_data(form = form))
This view works fine for the options but the outcomes only shows a single row of fields.
Anyone any idea why this is so?
To try and clarify the situation for me.
You’ve got a form with two related formsets, is that correct?
How are you adding the new instances to the form on the page? Are you remembering to update the management form when you add the new instance?
Yes. We have a decision form and two formsets that relate to this first form.
I have altered my code somewhat and now have almost the opposite issue; I have successfully gotten 2 outcome rows but the option rows have completely disappeared! hahahaha!
So, what I did was I realised that both were using the inlineformset_factory but in different ways. The outcome was using a form and a view to create the template data, whilst the option was purely within the view. In doing so, I realised that the OutcomeFormSet still had extra = 1; changing this to 2 resolved the issue.
However, I also noted that the naming convention I had used with the options form was not consistent; it was simply called FormSet and not OptionsFormSet to match the convention agreed (and as used for the outcome formset).
Thus, I created the forms.py section for OptionsFormSet as it appeared for OutcomeFormSet
OutcomeFormSet = forms.inlineformset_factory(
Decision_Model,
Outcome_Model,
form = OutcomeForm,
fields = ('outcome_description','achievement_date'),
extra = 2,
can_delete = False,
)
OptionsFormSet = forms.inlineformset_factory(
Decision_Model,
Option_Model,
form = OptionForm,
fields = ('heading','summary'),
extra = 2,
can_delete = False,
)
I then altered the references within the views.py file…
class DecisionCreateView(LoginRequiredMixin, OrganisationAccessMixin, CreateView):
model = Decision_Model
form_class = DecisionForm
template_name = 'credence/decision_create.html' # Replace with the name of your template file
success_url = reverse_lazy('credence/dashboard.html') # Replace 'success_url_name' with the name of your success URL
def get_context_data(self, **kwargs):
context = super().get_context_data(**kwargs)
organisation_slug = self.kwargs['organisation_slug']
organisation = Organisation.objects.get(slug=organisation_slug)
context['organisation_slug'] = organisation_slug
context['user_org'] = organisation.organisationuser_set.all()
if self.request.POST:
context['options_formset'] = OptionsFormSet(self.request.POST, prefix = 'options')
context['outcome_formset'] = OutcomeFormSet(self.request.POST, prefix = 'outcome')
else:
context['options_formset'] = OptionsFormSet(prefix = 'options', queryset = Option_Model.objects.none())
context['outcome_formset'] = OutcomeFormSet(prefix = 'outcome', queryset = Outcome_Model.objects.none())
return context
def form_valid(self, form):
context = self.get_context_data()
options_formset = context['options_formset']
outcome_formset = context['outcome_formset']
if options_formset.is_valid() and outcome_formset.is_valid():
self.object = form.save()
options_formset.instance = self.object
options_formset.save()
outcome_formset.instance = self.object
outcome_formset.save()
return redirect(self.get_success_url())
else:
return self.render_to_response(self.get_context_data(form = form))
And, finally, used the management_form, etc within the template…
{% extends "core/base.html" %}
{% block title %}
Decision Create
{% endblock title %}
{% block content %}
<form method="post">
{% csrf_token %}
<h1>New Decision</h1>
{{ form.as_table }} {# Renders fields from DecisionForm #}
<h4>Objectives</h4>
{{ outcome_formset.management_form }}
<div id="outcome-formset-section">
<table>
{% for form in outcome_formset %}
<tr>
{% for hidden in form.hidden_fields %}
{{ hidden }}
{% endfor %}
{% for field in form.visible_fields %}
<td>
{{ field.label_tag }}
{{ field }}
</td>
{% endfor %}
</tr>
{% endfor %}
</table>
</div>
<button type="button" id="add-outcome">Add Outcome</button>
<h4>Options</h4>
{{ options_formset.management_form }}
<div id="option-formset-section">
<table>
{% for form in option_formset %}
<tr>
{% for field in form.visible_fields %}
<td>
{{ field.label_tag }}
{{ field }}
</td>
{% endfor %}
</tr>
{% endfor %}
</table>
</div>
<button type="button" id="add-option">Add Option</button>
<button type="submit">Save</button>
</form>
My JavaScript code only deals with the addition of rows via the buttons and both buttons work (clicking adds a new row to each subform); but for clarity I will list the code…
<script>
$(document).ready(function () {
const addOptionButton = $("#add-option");
const formsetSection = $("#option-formset-section");
let formIdx = 1; // Next form index
addOptionButton.click(function () {
const optionForm = '<td><label for="id_option_model_set-__prefix__-heading">Heading:</label><input type="text" name="option_model_set-__prefix__-heading" maxlength="50" id="id_option_model_set-__prefix__-heading"></td><td><label for="id_option_model_set-__prefix__-summary">Summary:</label><input type="text" name="option_model_set-__prefix__-summary" maxlength="500" id="id_option_model_set-__prefix__-summary"></td>'.replace(/__prefix__/g, formIdx);
formsetSection.find('table').append("<tr>" + optionForm + "</tr>");
formIdx++;
});
const addOutcomeButton = $("#add-outcome");
const outcomeFormsetSection = $("#outcome-formset-section");
let outcomeFormIdx = 1; // Next form index
addOutcomeButton.click(function () {
const outcomeForm = '<td><label for="id_outcomes-__prefix__-outcome_description">Outcome description:</label><input type="text" name="outcomes-__prefix__-outcome_description" maxlength="100" id="id_outcomes-__prefix__-outcome_description"></td><td><label for="id_outcomes-__prefix__-achievement_date">Achievement date:</label><input type="text" name="outcomes-__prefix__-achievement_date" id="id_outcomes-__prefix__-achievement_date"></td>'.replace(/__prefix__/g, outcomeFormIdx);
outcomeFormsetSection.find('table').append("<tr>" + outcomeForm + "</tr>");
outcomeFormIdx++;
});
});
</script>
It is very likely that my use of language is incorrect here; I am new to Django.
I reference a subform as a form within a form. I assume a formset is a set of forms; consisting of a form and 1 or more subforms.
Any idea why I am now not seeing any option rows initially?
SOLVED!
I missed off an ‘s’ on option in one row!
Thanks for your help.
While that may be precisely correct from a certain perspective, that’s not how you should be looking at it.
The formset itself is an object containing a list of forms. It’s not the “form and subforms”, it’s only the subforms as you’re describing it.
So, it is simply a set of forms; related or otherwise?
Thank you, by the way. This has been an excellent learning experience. :slight_smile:
It is a list of instances of one form class. All the forms in a formset are of the same type.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
[Trac] Wiki to HTML
Gerald Kaszuba gak at gakman.com
Sat Apr 16 08:21:43 EDT 2005
Hi
I couldn't find a good Wiki to HTML converter so I made my own in
Python. You will have to change the script to suit your needs...
Example Usage:
trac-admin /trac/gravit/ wiki export WikiStart | ./wiki2html.py >
WikiStart.php
Gerald
-------------- next part --------------
#!/usr/bin/python
# wiki2html.py
# Gerald Kaszuba
# Converts Trac Wiki pages to HTML code
#
# Example Usage:
# trac-admin /trac/gravit/ wiki export WikiStart | ./wiki2html.py > WikiStart.php
#
from trac.WikiFormatter import wiki_to_html
from trac import Environment
from trac.Wiki import populate_page_dict
import sys
# Below is a pretend version of the Trac Href class to return a useful href link:
#
# Normally it would do this:
# <a href="WikiStart">
#
# With a bit of python it can do:
# <a href="/WikiStart.php">
#
# and for wiki anchor links (needed for AnchorPatch)
# <a href="/WikiStart.php#moo">
#
class MyHref:
def __init__(self, base):
self.base = base
def wiki(self, page=None, version=None, diff=0, history=0):
bits = page.split("#", 1)
if len(bits) == 2:
return "/" + bits[0] + ".php#" + bits[1]
else:
return "/" + bits[0] + ".php"
env = Environment.Environment("/trac/gravit")
env.href = MyHref("")
database = env.get_db_cnx()
populate_page_dict(database, env)
out = wiki_to_html(sys.stdin.read(), "", env, "")
print out
More information about the Trac mailing list
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Page:Statesman's Year-Book 1899 American Edition.djvu/1027
SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA
G71
Agriculture.
In 1895 there were 16,180 separate larins in the Duchy, as follows : under 1 hectare, 8,280; 1-10 hectares, 5,309; 10-100 hectares, 2,547 ; over 100 hectares, 44. Their total area was 111,241 hectares. These farms sup- ported a population of 46,208, of whom 24,883 were actively engaged in agriculture. In 1896 the cultivated area and produce were as follows : —
Crop
Hectares
1,000 kilog.
25,907 14,832 11,946
t Crop
Hectares
8,567 14,722 11,324
1,000 kilog.
Rye
Wheat ... Barley
18,018
7,878 7,. 538
Potatoes. ..
Oats
Hay
78,100 23,511
46,755
In 1897 there were in the Duchy, 11,807 horses, 67,282 cattle, 10,754 sheep, and 58,603 swine.
There are 107 miles of railway.
British Co^isul-Gcneral. — Freiherr C. C. B. von Tauchnitz (Leipzig).
Reference.
Statistlsche Mittheiluiigeu aus dem Herzogthum Saclisen-Altcnburg, Annual, Altenhurg:
SAXE-COBURG AND GOTHA.
(Herzogthum Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha. )
Reigning Duke.
Alfred, born August 6, 1844, son of Prince Albert and Queen Victoria of Great Britain; succeeded his uncle, Ernest II., August 22, 1893; married January 23, 1874, to the Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of the Emperor Alexander II. of Russia. Offspring^: — 1, Marie, born October 29, 1875; married January 11, 1893, to Crown-Prince Ferdinand of Rumania ; 2, Victoria, born November 25, 1876; married April 19, 1894, to Ernst Ludwig, Grand Duke of Hesse; 3, Alexandra, born September 1, 1878; married April 20, 1896, to Ernst, Hereditary Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg ; 4^ Beatrice, born April 20, 1884.
The immediate ancestor of the reigning family of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha was Duke John Ernst, seventh son of Duke Ernst the Pious, who succeeded his brother Albrecht, Ernst's second son, in 1699, in the Duchy of Saxe- Coburg, to which he added Saalfeld. John Ernst's two sons ruled in com- mon, under the title Dukes of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld ; but their single successor Ernst Frederick I. (1764-1800) introduced the principle of primogeniture. On the extinction of the line of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg in 1825, Ernst I. received, in 1826, Gotha in exchange for Saalfeld, which wasassigned to Saxe-Meiningen, and assumed the title of Ernst I. of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The family is in possession of a large private fortune, accumulated cliiefly by Duke Ernst I,, to whom the Congress of Vienna made a present of the Princi- pality of Lichtenberg. This Principality he sold, September 22, 1834, to the King of Prussia, for a sum of two million thalers, and other advan- tages. The reigning Duke receives 300,000 marks out of the income of the Gotha domains, 100,503 marks is paid into the public exchei^uer, while the rest is divided between the Duke and the State. The Duke further receives one-half of the excess of revenue over expenditure from the Coburg domains.
Constitution and Finance.
The Staatsgrundgesetz, or fundamental law of the two Duchies, pro- claimed May 3, 1852, vests the legislative power in the Duke in con-
1 Prince Alfred, the only son of the reigning Duke, died February 6, 1899. The Duke of Connaught is now heir-apparent.
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WIKI
|
Page:Oregon Historical Quarterly volume 25.djvu/77
COLONEL HENRY ERNST DOSCH industry has grown until we now have 14,000 acres here in the Willamette Valley set to walnuts. No I didnt make any money on it—in fact, I didn't expect to make money. I did it for the love of it and to introduce a new industry to Oregon. I helped organize the Oregon Horti- cultural Society 40 years ago. Dr. J. A. Cardwell, an en- thusiastic horticulturist, became the first president of the society and continued as president for 20 years. E. R. Lake, now of Washington, D. C, was the first secretary. I am the sole surviving member of the State Horticultural Society of Oregon, organized 20 years ago. I am also the only member of the State Board of Horticulture appointed 34 years ago by Governor Pennoyer. I am now serving my fourth term as secretary of the State Board of Horti- culture. My first term was served as successor to George Lambertson. I next succeeded John Minto. H. M. Wil- liamson was then elected and served for 11 years. In 1888 I served as post commander of Garfield Post G. A. R. This post was organized 42 years ago and there are only three of the 36 charter members now living. Judge J. H. Northrup, H. F. Lamb and myself. Prior to the World's Fair in Chicago I went to Salem and secured the passage of a law authorizing the appoint- ment of a commission to represent Oregon at the World's Fair. Governor Pennoyer had no use for commissions. He told me that he would appoint a commissioner, but that I would have to serve alone and he could thus place responsibility. When the legislature passed the law which I had urged, Governor Pennoyer vetoed it. Once more I went to the bat with the legislators and the bill was passed over his veto, and I was authorized to name the commissioners. One of the first men I named was Dr. J. A. Cardwell, for no one in Oregon was more entitled to a place on the commission than Dr. Cardwell. Oregon took sweepstakes for the entire United States on grain. Look up the records of the World's Fair and you will find that we took 17 gold medals, receiving the highest awards
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WIKI
|
API Reference - Tags: Flow Control
Last edit: Feb 06, 2019
Contributors: diana-lakatos pavelloz
If / Else
if / else statements should be familiar from other programming languages. Liquid implements them with the following tags:
• {% if <CONDITION> %} ... {% endif %}: Encloses a section of a template which will only be run if the condition is true.
• {% elsif <CONDITION> %}: Can optionally be used within an if ... endif block. Specifies another condition; if the initial "if" fails, Liquid tries the "elsif", and runs the following section of the template if it succeeds. You can use any number of elsifs in an if block.
• {% else %}: Can optionally be used within an if ... endif block, after any "elsif" tags. If all preceding conditions fail, Liquid will run the section of template following the "else" tag.
• {% unless <CONDITION> %} ... {% endunless %}: The reverse of an "if" statement. Don't use "elsif" or "else" with an unless statement.
The condition of an if, elsif, or unless tag should be either a normal Liquid expression or a comparison using Liquid expressions.
Note that the comparison operators are implemented by the "if"-like tags; they don't work anywhere else in Liquid.
Operators
The available comparison operators are:
• ==, !=, and <>: equality and inequality (the latter two are synonyms)
• <, <=, >, >=: less/greater-than
• There are also special values empty and blank (unquoted) that you can compare arrays to; the comparison is true if the array has no members.
• contains: similar to Ruby's include? method, implemented on strings, arrays, and hashes. If the left argument is a string and the right isn't, it stringifies the right.
Boolean operators
The available Boolean operators are:
• and
• or
You can use the and and or operators to include more than one condition in a control flow tag. and and or can be chained together to create complex conditionals.
If you use multiple and or or operators, note that and operators will be evaluated first, then or operators. You cannot use parentheses to simulate an order of operations and control the order of operator evaluation. Parentheses are invalid characters within Liquid tags and prevent your tags from working.
and
The and operator lets you add additional conditions to a tag. A condition with an and will only be true if both the left and the right side of the condition are true.
Input
{% if line_item.grams > 20000 and customer_address.city == 'Ottawa' %}
You're buying a heavy item, and are in the same city as our store. Choose local pick-up as a shipping option to avoid paying high shipping costs.
{% endif %}
Output
You're buying a heavy item, and are in the same city as our store. Choose local pick-up as a shipping option to avoid paying high shipping costs.
or
The or operator lets you add additional conditions to a tag. A condition with an or will be true if either the left or the right side of the condition is true.
{% if customer.tags contains 'VIP' or customer.email contains 'mycompany.com' %}
Welcome! We're pleased to offer you a special discount of 15% on all products.
{% else %}
Welcome to our store!
{% endif %}
Output
Welcome! We're pleased to offer you a special discount of 15% on all products.
Types and truthiness
Truthiness summary table
Liquid expressions are tested for "truthiness" in a Ruby-like way:
truthy falsy
true
false
nil
string
empty string
0
integer
float
array
empty array
page
EmptyDrop
{% if user %}
Hello {{ user.name }}
{% endif %}
{% comment %} Same as above {% endcomment %}
{% if user != null %}
Hello {{ user.name }}
{% endif %}
{% if user.name == 'tobi' %}
Hello tobi
{% elsif user.name == 'bob' %}
Hello bob
{% endif %}
{% if user.name == 'tobi' or user.name == 'bob' %}
Hello tobi or bob
{% endif %}
{% if user.name == 'bob' and user.age > 45 %}
Hello old bob
{% endif %}
{% if user.name != 'tobi' %}
Hello non-tobi
{% endif %}
{% comment %} Same as above {% endcomment %}
{% unless user.name == 'tobi' %}
Hello non-tobi
{% endunless %}
{% comment %} Check for the size of an array {% endcomment %}
{% if user.payments == empty %}
you never paid !
{% endif %}
{% if user.payments.size > 0 %}
you paid !
{% endif %}
{% if user.age > 18 %}
Login here
{% else %}
Sorry, you are too young
{% endif %}
{% comment %} array = 1,2,3 {% endcomment %}
{% if array contains 2 %}
array includes 2
{% endif %}
{% comment %} string = 'hello world' {% endcomment %}
{% if string contains 'hello' %}
string includes 'hello'
{% endif %}
Case Statement
If you need more conditions, you can use the case statement:
{% case condition %}
{% when 1 %}
hit 1
{% when 2 or 3 %}
hit 2 or 3
{% else %}
... else ...
{% endcase %}
Example
{% case template %}
{% when 'label' %}
{{ label.title }}
{% when 'product' %}
{{ product.vendor }} / {{ product.title }}
{% else %}
{{ page_title }}
{% endcase %}
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:Willich, A. F. M. - The Domestic Encyclopædia (Vol. 4, 1802).djvu/132
112] 112] SPI of wax ; as the former bum not only brighter, and are of a tincr colour, but, when genuine, do not stain, or grease the finest siiks, linens, or cottons. — ^This drug is also used as a cosmetic, for solien- ing and cleansing the skin. In medicine, it is chiefly recommend- ed in the form of an emulsion, with distilled waters and the yolk of eggs, for relieving various a flec- tions of the intestines J coughs arising from defluxions of acrid humours ; &c. — Spermaceti is also dissolved in oils, and bineticially applied to bruises, sprains, and similar injuries ; as it contiibutes to mitisate pain, SPICE, a general denomination ©f aromatic drugs, possessing hot and pungent properties. Such are All-spice, Nutmeg, 1'epper, the seeds of the Caraway and CakdamoMjGingeRjMace.Salt, &c. of which we have given an account, in the progress of tiiis work. Hence, it will be useful bere, to subjoin a few remarks on the general properties of si-ice, and conclude with cnuUierating several substitutes for the imported drugs, that deserve to be more generally cultivated. The chief culinar)' use of spices, is that of serving as an ingredient in sauces, or for seasoning diff"erent articles of food, either with a view lo render them more palatable, or to obviate some hurtful cfl"e6ts, such as flatulency, acidity, &:c. Nevertheless, condiments are most- ly of a hot and stimulant na- ture, tending to irritate the nerves, and ultimately to relax the sto- mach : hence they ought to be employed with moderation, and only with provisions that cannot be easily digested without them j for the daily use of pungent drugs at SPI tfie table, necessarily excites thi'rsfj and many persons thus contra6k the ruinous habit of committing excess in fermented, vinous, or spi- rituous liquors. Among the various plants, which merit the atteution of gardeners, with a view to serve as substitutes for Indian spice, we sliall mention the following : I. MoNARDA.or Indian Hore- HouxD (Monarda Zeylonica, L.), a nalive of Crylon, but which thrives in the open air of our cli- mate. There are two species of this plant — thcjistulosa, and didy- nia : the leaves and blossoms of both possess a very dehcate fra- grance ; SO that they may be used for making tea, and for impart- ing a fine flavour to made wines, or brandy. But the most useful part of this vegetable, is its aroma- tic seeds, which M. Zizman, a German clergyman, has lately cul- tivated to a creat extent, and found tlicm equally serviceable In domestic economy, as the. most costly splcej obtained from the Indies. II. Basil (Ocymumj, a native of warm climates, consisting of eight specif s : these are propagated by seeds, and will al.so thrive in the open air of this country : if placed in a green-house, even their seeds attain to maturity. The following three species are the principal : 1. The common Basil (O. vnlgarej •,. 2. The Citron-flavoured Basil (O. cilri odorej ; and, 3. Ti)c Pink- scented Basil (^O. caryophyllatuni viaxiwuw). The leaves oi all these plants should be employed in a diicd state ; as they are too pe- netrating while fresh : those of tha last kind, in particular, may serve as excellent substitutes for nutmeg and mace, in tarts, pies, mulled wine, and other preparations. III. Gar.
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WIKI
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[Python-Dev] another dict crasher
Michael Hudson mwh@python.net
Tue, 5 Jun 2001 09:39:24 +0100 (BST)
Haven't run your example yet as my machine's not on at the moment.
On Tue, 5 Jun 2001, Tim Peters wrote:
> However, if I stick "print self.i" at the start of __eq__, it dies
> with a KeyError instead! That's why I'm mentioning it -- could be the
> same misdirection you're seeing. I can't account for the KeyError in
> any rational way: under Windows, it's actually hitting a stack
> overflow in the bowels of the system malloc() then.
Hmm. It's quite likely that PyMem_Malloc (or whatever) crapping out and
returning NULL will get turned into a MemoryError, which will then get
turned into a KeyError, isn't it? I could believe that malloc would set
up some fancy sigsegv-type handlers for memory management purposes which
then get called when it tramples all over the end of the stack. But I'm
making this up as I go along...
> Windows "recovers" from that and presses on. Everything that happens
> after appears to be an accident.
>
> win98-as-usual-ly y'rs - tim
Well, linux seems to be similarly inscrutable here. One problem is that
this is a pig to run under the debugger - setting a breakpoint on lookdict
isn't terribly interesting way to spend your time. I suppose you could
just set the breakpoint on the recursive call... later.
> PS: You'll be tested on this, too <wink>.
Oh, piss off <wink>.
Cheers,
M.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Why Fuel Additives Won't Improve Performance and Gas Mileage
A Few Worthy Gas Additives
There are a few occasions when an additive may be beneficial to use. Just so you don't think that all additives are evil, these are a few worthy specimens, although don't expect them to improve gas mileage or performance.
Gas additives can take the form of oxygenates (alcohol or ethers), which can reduce the carbon monoxide expelled into the air by your vehicle. Octane boosters and anti-knocking agents sometimes work, but if you need to use them to have a smooth running engine, then there is a problem with your engine that needs a mechanics attention.
Fuel stabilizers and antioxidants can be helpful if you do not use a vehicle very often, as these will help the gas from getting old and stale and subsequently performing sluggishly. Fuel system cleaners can also be helpful on occasion to clean-up harmful build-up and keep your engine running as it should.
Fuel cleaners will not give your vehicle anymore power or fuel efficiency that they were meant to have, so don't let their tricky advertising fool you. Gasoline additives can also be used to inhibit corrosion and lubricate the upper cylinders, although in general these should not be necessary under most circumstances.
Fuel efficiency cannot be bought in a bottle, it is something that must have come with your vehicle in the first place. Don't use these additives as band aids to fix real problems that need either a mechanic, or perhaps a different vehicle all together.
[i]Feel the need for sustainable speed? See what eco-engineers are doing to create super-charged but low-impact cars, bikes, and planes on Planet Green TV's Mean Green Machines.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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CNN - U.S. hears the beat of macarena dance craze - Aug. 22, 1996
August 22, 1996Web posted at: 2:00 p.m. EDT (CNN) -- The thumping Spanish beat just makes your feet want to dance. Your hips swing, and your body shakes all over. The macarena, recorded by Spanish flamenco artists Los del Rio two years ago, has suddenly caught fire. It set a record recently in Britain by jumping 63 places on the pop music singles chart into the top 10, and is a chart-topping hit in virtually every European country. The new dance craze has made its way to Beirut, Bosnia and Brisbane. And it's leaped to the United States, where 50,000 hip-swinging baseball fans wiggled their way to a world line-dancing record at Yankee Stadium. Rafael Ruiz and Romero Monge of Los del Rio are quick to point out that they aren't new -- they've been making music for more than 30 years. They attribute the macarena's success to its hypnotic -- some say irritating -- beat and to some spiritual value attached to the name, which means mother of God. Diana Patricia, the Venezuelan flamenco dancer who inspired the song, says it has been interpreted in some more earthy ways. They asked me to dance and when I went on the stage, they began to sing, 'Give your body happiness, macarena,' she says. These days, you just have to macarena to be anybody. Instructions for the hand-jiving dance have even been published in newspapers, but it doesn't matter if you haven't got it quite right -- the beat will take you there. 1996 Cable News Network, Inc.All Rights Reserved.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Forum: Ruby on Rails Strange Capistrano deploy error - executing environment.rb?
Announcement (2017-05-07): www.ruby-forum.com is now read-only since I unfortunately do not have the time to support and maintain the forum any more. Please see rubyonrails.org/community and ruby-lang.org/en/community for other Rails- und Ruby-related community platforms.
Bb4bdf2b184027bc38d4fb529770cde5?d=identicon&s=25 Wes Gamble (weyus)
on 2007-02-19 20:08
Capistrano 1.4
Source system: Win XP
Target system: Red Hat 10.x
BACKGROUND:
I recently added the following to my environment.rb file in order to use
the Ruby-Java bridge (RJB):
require 'rjb'
gem 'rjb', '>= 1.0.3'
Rjb::load("#{RAILS_ROOT}/lib/jxl.jar", ['-Xmx512M'])
PROBLEM:
When I deploy to my remote system, when this line in deploy.rb:
run "cd #{current_path}; rake db:migrate RAILS_ENV=test;"
is executed, I see the following in the log:
executing "cd ~dusan/eSimplyTest/current; rake db:migrate
RAILS_ENV=test;"
servers: ["192.168.1.102"]
[192.168.1.102] executing command
** [out :: 192.168.1.102] /usr/bin/rake:17:Warning: require_gem is
obsolete. Use gem instead.
** [out :: 192.168.1.102] (in
/home/dusan/eSimplyTest/releases/20070219185329)
** [out :: 192.168.1.102] rake aborted!
** [out :: 192.168.1.102] can't create Java VM
** [out :: 192.168.1.102]
** [out :: 192.168.1.102] (See full trace by running task with --trace)
Notice the "can't create Java VM" line, as though it's attempting to run
the code in environment.rb. I've verified that this is the problem by
commenting out the Jrb setup lines in environment.rb and redeploying and
not seeing the error anymore.
What's going on here? Why is a rake db:migrate command attempting to
run environment.rb?
If I run "cd ~dusan/eSimplyTest/current; rake db:migrate
RAILS_ENV=test;" on the target server by hand as the correct user, I
don't see any mention of Java VM, and the migrate proceeeds normally.
Also, if I run a SSH session from my Windows box to the target server
and issue this command, it works fine - I don't see this error.
Does anyone understand why stuff in my environment.rb is affecting my
deployment with Capistrano in this way?
Any insight is appreciated.
Thanks,
Wes
Bb4bdf2b184027bc38d4fb529770cde5?d=identicon&s=25 Wes Gamble (weyus)
on 2007-07-26 08:28
As it turns out, this is due to the fact that the ssh calls do not
execute the regular login script for the user on the remote host.
Adding some statements to set environment variables to allow Java stuff
to work did the trick.
Thanks,
Wes
This topic is locked and can not be replied to.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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About Temperature Calibrators
<< BACK <<
Temperature is the most commonly measured parameter in commercial and industrial settings. Industries as diverse as food processing, pharmaceuticals, cold storage, paper manufacturing, and others absolutely rely on process temperatures being within a certain range. To maintain accuracy, calibrating temperature monitoring equipment is necessary.
Measuring temperature involves a wide range of specialty sensors such as thermocouples, thermistors, resistive temperature detectors (RTDs), infrared (IR) sensors, bimetal thermometers, and others. These sensors produces an electrical output such as resistance, millivolts or milliamps which correspond to the temperature. These output signals are sent to a readout or controller where they are displayed or used to control a process function.
When discussing temperature calibration it's important to note that output of the temperature sensors, themselves, cannot be adjusted. Instead, the controller or readout is adjusted to account for the inaccuracy of the sensor.
ITS-90
Temperature calibrations are done in accordance with The International Temperature Scale of 1990. ITS-90 is the legal temperature scale that establishes a number of fixed point temperatures that can be used as reference values. The purpose of which is to define procedures for calibrating temperature equipment in such a way that the values of obtained are precise and reproducible, while at the same time approximating the corresponding thermodynamic values as closely as possible.
Calibration
Calibration is a comparison between two devices. The first device is the unit to be calibrated, often called the unit under test. The second device is the standard, which has a known accuracy. Using the standard as a guide, the unit under test is adjusted until both units display the same results while exposed to the same temperature. Typically, calibration of an instrument is checked at several points throughout the calibration range of the instrument.
Not all standards are created equally. While all standards have a known accuracy, there are some—known as primary standards— that are the highest level of accuracy for a specific parameter. Primary standards achieve their high accuracy by relying upon measurement technologies using fundamental physical constants that do not drift such as the triple point of water. These fixed values minimize uncertainty, making primary standards the most accurate calibration tools.
The hierarchy of temperature calibration standards from lowest to highest:
Field standards, also known as industrial standards typically have accuracies ranging from 5°C to 0.5°C. These are useful for spot checking sensors at the point of use rather than a laboratory environment.
Secondary standards, also known as laboratory standards can provide calibration accuracies from 0.5°C to 0.02°C. They can be used to calibrate field standards.
Primary standards can be as accurate as 0.001°C.
Traceability To improve the quality of a calibration to levels acceptable to outside organizations, it is generally desirable for the calibration and subsequent measurements to be traceable to internationally recognized standards. Establishing traceability is accomplished by a formal comparison to a standard which is directly or indirectly related to national standards ( such as NIST in the USA), international standards, or certified reference materials.
Types of Temperature Calibrators
Temperature calibrators have been designed according to the needs of the technician using it. Each application has certain demands regarding sensor type, location, budget, need for accuracy/stability/uniformity, and temperature range. As a result, there are differences—some pronounced, others subtle, between types of temperature calibrators.
There are three specifications that are of extreme importance when selecting a temperature calibrator. Understanding these specifications and their implications will go a long ways towards helping you select the best calibrator for your needs.
Accuracy:
An expression of how closely a measured value agrees with the true or expected value of the quantity of interest (NCSL glossary). For temperature calibrators, accuracy is the relationship between the instrument's display temperature and the actual temperature of calibration well. Accuracy is improved by regular calibrations to a traceable standard.
Stability: The tendency of an attribute to remain within tolerance (NCSL glossary). When a calibrator reaches its set-point, there is some fluctuation in temperature as the unit tries to maintain that temperature. That fluctuation can influence calibrations. Stability adds to accuracy in determining overall system uncertainty.
Uniformity: Temperature homogeneity of the heat source throughout the test zone. All calibrators have slight temperature differences from the bottom of the of the test well to the top as well as from the middle of the test well outward. A few simple strategies allow users to place probes in such a way as to minimize uniformity errors.
Dry Blocks
Dry blocks are versatile temperature calibrators that work by heating, and in many cases cooling, a metal block to a specific temperature and maintaining that temperature. Most dry blocks utilize one or more interchangeable inserts into which holes are drilled. These holes accommodate a range of temperature sensors to be calibrated. The size of the holes correspond to the diameter of the temperature sensors under test.
Dry block calibrators can designed as portable or benchtop configurations. Though specifications can vary considerably between models, dry bocks typically offer an accuracy better than ±0.5°C and ranges from about –25 to 650°C. Hole-to-hole temperature uniformity is typically ±0.05°C. Dry block calibrators provide a solid combination of accuracy, portability, stability, and price. They excel in performing field- or industrial-level calibrations on nearly any type of temperature sensor, including: RTDs, thermocouples, thermistors, , PRTs, bi-metal thermometers, etc. Good heat transfer between insert and sensor is critical for accurate calibrations when using a dry block temperature calibrator. This transfer depends on a very close fit between the sensor and the insert. Ideally, there should be no more than a couple of thousandths clearance between the two. Selecting the proper insert to match your sensor is critical.
Liquid Baths
Liquid baths are a temperature measurement and calibration tool in which a liquid, or in some cases a material that acts as a liquid, is heated or cooled to a specific temperature and maintained. In many ways, liquids baths are similar to dry block calibrators except that they utilize a liquid as the calibration medium, rather than a metallic insert, which permits easier calibration of oddly shaped or sized probes. Since liquid baths do not rely on drilled inserts, they are also capable of calibrating many more inserts at a time. Because the liquid is being stirred, these baths do not suffer from vertical temperature differences experienced in dry blocks and by consequence usually will provide much better overall uncertainty. Depending upon the model, liquid baths using an oil medium can achieve temperatures from about –30°C to 200°C. Specialized baths using sand, salt, or aluminum oxide particles instead of oil can reach temperatures up to 700°C. These "fluidized" baths act as high temperature liquid baths.
Liquid baths offer greater precision and larger calibration volumes than dry block calibrators. They also offer excellent stability over the entire temperature range. Accuracy with liquid baths can be as high as ≤0.2°C, better than that which can be achieved by most dry blocks. Liquid baths offer secondary-level calibrations on nearly any type of temperature sensor, including: RTDs, thermocouples, thermistors, , PRTs, bi-metal thermometers, etc.
Blackbody Sources
Blackbody sources are used for calibrating infrared thermometers. Generally consisting of a target plate that can be heated or cooled to very specific temperatures, blackbody sources take their name from their very high emissivity.
Emissivity is the relative power of a surface to emit heat by radiation. The lower the emissivity the more heat radiates from the surface. Higher emissivity, "blackbodies", radiate little heat and are, therefore, not prone to errors due to interference from radiation upon the infrared sensor. For best results, the emissivity of the infrared sensor under test should match the emissivity of the blackbody source.
Once emissivity issues are accounted for, calibrating infrared thermometers using a blackbody source are straightforward. The infrared thermometer takes a measurement of the target plate. The temperature of the plate is compared with the reading. The infrared thermometer is then adjusted until the results match.
Depending upon the model, blackbody sources have temperature ranges from about -30° to 500°C with an accuracy of ±0.5°C making them excellent tools for field- or industrial-level calibrations. Some models incorporate fixed-point cells making them suitable as primary standards.
Multifunction
Multifunction calibrators are the do-everything calibration instrument. Capable of accepting input from a wide range of sensors, many have functions related to temperature calibration. Multifunction calibrators are not temperature calibrators in the truest sense as they do not provide a temperature reference as a point of comparison. What they do is simulate and source thermocouples, RTDs, and other temperature sensors. Using sophisticated electronics, multifunction calibrators can compare the temperature measured by the sensor with the voltage or milliamp signal produced. This gives a pretty good idea of the accuracy and allows technicians to easily field test sensors.
Multifunction calibrators can also be used to check the accuracy of temperature controllers, often a crucial component in temperature calibrators (as well as a very wide range of other applications).
Thermocouple / RTD Calibrators
Thermocouple / RTD calibrators are much like multifunction calibrators without the multifunction part. Generally single-purpose instruments, thermocouple / RTD calibrators test the accuracy of temperature sensors through sophisticated electronic circuitry rather than comparison to a reference. In this way they are not true calibrators though they are able to provide technicians a simple, cost effective way to field test thermocouples and RTDs by comparing the temperature measured by the sensor with the voltage or milliamp signal produced.
Fixed Point Cells
Fixed point cells are primary standards and offer the greatest accuracy and stability of any temperature calibration method. Fixed cells work by heating or cooling a highly pure substance to the temperature at which a phase change occurs. Phase changes are the transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter. These transitions occur at very specific temperatures and, at the point of phase change, temperatures become very stable, often plateauing for several hours or even days providing a highly accurate and stable reference temperature.
Fixed point cells are usually incorporated into dry blocks or liquid baths to provide the necessary heating/cooling and temperature control. Fixed point cells can achieve an uncertainly of just ±0.001°C.
The most accurate of fixed point cells are triple point cells. Triple point cells are based on the principle that certain substances in a highly pure (99.9999%) state have a triple point, or a temperature at which all three phases (gas, liquid, and solid) of that substance coexist in thermodynamic equilibrium. The most common of these is water which has a triple point of 0.01°C. Triple point cells have an uncertainty better than ±0.0001°C, so accurate that ITS–90 uses triple point cells of hydrogen, neon, oxygen, argon, mercury, and water for delineating six of its defined temperature points.
Thermocouple Reference Equipment Thermocouple reference equipment provides high accuracy monitoring by eliminating the need for cold junction compensation in thermocouples, a major cause of measurement errors. Thermocouples are a temperature-measuring devices formed by the junction of two dissimilar metals. A thermocouple produces a voltage proportional to the difference in temperature between the hot junction and the lead wire (cold) junction. Since the measurement is of the temperature difference between the two junctions, it is a relative reading. To make a more useful absolute reading, a reference sensor is set to and placed next to the cold junction. This is referred to as cold junction compensation.
Though cold junction compensation makes thermocouple readings more useful, they can distort readings by 1°C, or more. In thermocouple reference equipment, a controlled reference temperature, usually 0°C, replaces the cold junction compensation. The accuracy when using reference equipment can be as high as ±0.05°C, much better than standard thermocouple set-ups and there is no long-term drift.
Thermocouple reference equipment is integrated into existing monitoring systems and, depending upon the model, can monitor dozens (or more) of thermocouples.
Things to consider when selecting a temperature calibrator:
• What type of electrical signal does it output?
• Do I need to calibrate sensors or just temperature displays?
• Which is more important? Speed to change temperatures or doing multiple probes at a time?
• How deep does the dry block or liquid bath need to be?
• What are the physical characteristics (size, shape) of the sensor?
• Over what temperature range is it used?
• And what accuracies are relied on over those temperatures?
• Must the calibrations occur in a laboratory or can they be done in the field or even in-situ?
If you have any questions regarding temperature calibrators please don't hesitate to speak with one of our engineers by e-mailing us
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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how to load a motorcycle into a truck
Best answer
To loadthe bikeall by yourself, you need to: Position your bike鈥檚 handle to the left so that they don鈥檛 roll. Hold the right handle and axle tightly and lift your bike. Lift the front tires in the truckbed.
People also ask
• How do I get my motorcycle into a pickup truck?
• Getting your motorcycle into a pickup: 1 Measure the truck bed and your motorcycle for compatibility 2 Locate an incline 3 Get your ramp set up 4 Set your wheel chock (optional) 5 Load the bike 6 Secure motorcycle in truck bed 7 Inspect the load 8 Unload your motorcycle
• How to load a motorbike in a truck bed?
• You need to set the wheel stand before you load the motorbike. Once the bike is loaded, there won鈥檛 be enough space for you to move around. Make sure the ramps and the bike is in a straight line with the wheel chock. Usually, the bike is placed at the center of the truck bed unless you want to keep the ramp aside it.
• Is it easy to load a motorcycle?
• With proper equipment and strategy, loading a motorcycle should be an easy job. Just make sure you鈥檙e not hastening and leaving things to chance. Make a proper plan and execute with composure. After everything is done, you can hit the road with peace of mind, knowing nothing is wreaking havoc in the behind.
• What is the best way to transport a motorcycle?
• A dedicated motorcycle trailer is the easiest way to move a bike. They are designed to be low and strong and hold the bikes securely. The low height of most trailers relative to a pickup bed makes them the easier choice for just about all situations. For long and low bikes, this is often the only option for transport.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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My Heart Is Set on You
"My Heart Is Set on You" is a song written and recorded by American country music artist Lionel Cartwright. It was released in July 1990 as the second single from the album I Watched It on the Radio. The song reached number seven on the Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.
Critical reception
Dan Herbeck of The Buffalo News compared Cartwright's sound to Ricky Skaggs, and said that the song was "a blatantly commercial but bouncy little song."
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WIKI
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Pharma
Pharma may be an abbreviation for:
Drugs
* Pharmaceutical drug
* Pharmaceutical industry
* Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA)
* Pharmacology
Arts, entertainment, and media
* Pharma (album) a 2017 album by vaporwave producer Nmesh
* Pharma (film), a 2006 film written by Ben Sainsbury and directed by Mark Thoburn
* Pharma (TV series), an upcoming Indian Malayalam language web series.
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