Split (1)

train · ~24M rows (showing the first 1.04M)

Document stringlengths 87 1.67M	Source stringclasses 5 values
Search Support Avoid support scams. We will never ask you to call or text a phone number or share personal information. Please report suspicious activity using the “Report Abuse” option. Learn More How to configure Firefox so that it will load everything from cache after restart, in case I am offline? more options I wish to configure my Firefox so that it will cache everything and keep this cache, so that when I restart Firefox and am offline, it loads everything from cache and displays fully loaded websites, even though I am offline. Only when I try to access a not yet opened website or force reload of a website, it shall try to get things from the Internet and fail, since I am offline. What settings are needed for this to work? I usually start Firefox continuing my last session, so it feels like a huge waste to reload everything, mostly websites that do not change much anyway. It would be nice to have them display instantly, because everything is already on my local machine and on top be able to read all the websites I already loaded offline, since everything is cached. Chosen solution By default, when you restore the previous session, Firefox will load the active tab in each window, and should use cached files if they have not expired. Similarly with other tabs, Firefox should use cache if the contents have not expired. However, in both cases, Firefox may contact the server to check whether cached files have been updated, and this can generate a lot of traffic. What happens if you start up Firefox in Offline mode, or switch it to Work Offline, and then visit restored tabs? Do they usually load from cache quietly, or do they give an error? Read this answer in context 👍 1 All Replies (3) more options Chosen Solution By default, when you restore the previous session, Firefox will load the active tab in each window, and should use cached files if they have not expired. Similarly with other tabs, Firefox should use cache if the contents have not expired. However, in both cases, Firefox may contact the server to check whether cached files have been updated, and this can generate a lot of traffic. What happens if you start up Firefox in Offline mode, or switch it to Work Offline, and then visit restored tabs? Do they usually load from cache quietly, or do they give an error? more options If you want to experiment, you could try this preference: http://kb.mozillazine.org/Browser.cache.check_doc_frequency To implement the "always use cache" / "never check whether the page was updated" option: (1) In a new tab, type or paste about:config in the address bar and press Enter/Return. Click the button promising to be careful or accepting the risk. (2) In the search box above the list, type or paste cache and pause while the list is filtered (3) Double-click the browser.cache.check_doc_frequency preference to display a little dialog, edit the value from 3 to 2 and then click OK. I haven't tested this myself. Modified by jscher2000 more options When I load pages, then close Firefox, then open it again and enable "Work Offline" (File menu), it does indeed work as you describe. I also changed my settings though, to enable Firefox to keep caches between sessions. Modified by ZelphirKaltstahl	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Cold Atmospheric Plasma for Promoting Neural Regeneration • Haspel, Gal (PI) Project: Research project Project Details Description In small amounts, reactive oxygen molecules and other products of plasma that are otherwise deleterious to tissue health can promote growth, regeneration, and longevity. This phenomenon could be harnessed to improve the outcome of traumatic brain or spinal cord injury. The objective of this research is to determine network, cellular, and molecular mechanisms that affect neuronal recovery from injury to help improve therapeutic strategies for treatment of neuronal injury. The NJIT and PCRF research team will determine the effects of cold atmospheric plasma on neural regeneration in live organism such as nematode and investigate possible mechanism of action. The rationale is that by regulating the operation parameters of devices that generate plasma in room temperature and atmospheric pressure, it is possible to find the therapeutic window between neuronal regeneration and harm. The system of laser microsurgery will allow a precise, repeatable injury to an axon or dendrite of neurons with no collateral damage in a live organism and application of plasma reproducible in energy, time, and space. The project will aim to characterize the plasma properties needed for regeneration by two innovative plasma producing devices, assess the efficacy of the treatment, the induced physiological levels of radical species, and test the interaction with candidate genes. When completed, the study will have both basic science and therapeutic impacts. By testing the effect on neuronal regeneration and its mechanism of action, the study will contribute to the fundamental understanding bioactive properties of plasma in live organisms. By characterizing the novel design of the plasma generating devices, the study will expand the therapeutic potential of plasma. Investigating the window between therapeutic and harmful effects of plasma in vivo is crucial for the future of plasma medicine. StatusActive Effective start/end date9/1/228/31/24 Funding • Fusion Energy Sciences: $113,359.00 Fingerprint Explore the research topics touched on by this project. These labels are generated based on the underlying awards/grants. Together they form a unique fingerprint.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
-- Bomb Blasts Pave Way for Surveillance as Swedes React to Terror Sweden’s brush with terror after a suicide bomber on Dec. 11 detonated himself before executing a planned strike in central Stockholm has eroded lawmaker resistance to pushing through tougher surveillance laws. The opposition Social Democrats will no longer block a government proposal to let the Swedish Security Service use information from the National Defense Radio Establishment, said Morgan Johansson , chairman of parliament’s justice committee. The anti-immigration Sweden Democrats, which entered parliament for the first time in September elections, want lawmakers to address “violent Islamist extremism” in an extraordinary session, party spokesman Martin Kinnunen said. “Routines will be sharpened and that’s something we will all have to accept,” said Bo Huldt , a professor in security policy at the Stockholm-based National Defense College, in a Dec. 13 interview. “It may mean restrictions for us all regarding where we can move around, how many people can attend meetings or gatherings and more police presence at meetings.” Sweden has so far had laxer security laws than neighboring Denmark and Norway. The largest Nordic country has tried to balance maintaining democratic freedoms with adequate protection of its citizens, says Anders Thornberg , director of operations at the Swedish Security Service. After the weekend’s bomb blasts, police will “have to reconsider” this stance, he said. Preventive Measures “It is impossible in a western society to know what everyone is doing,” Thornberg said in an interview. “But of course, when this is solved, later on, we have to reconsider and evaluate when we see what we have done and if we can do something better.” Johansson, a former Social Democrat health minister, said laws may be changed to allow preventive action. The police need the tools to uncover “potential perpetrators,” he told broadcaster SVT. Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt told SVT security police need “to be ahead of the game, to prevent” terror attacks. Unlike neighboring Denmark, which became a target of Islamist anger in 2006 after its biggest newspaper published caricatures of the Prophet Muhammad, Swedish police until October had deemed the threat of any terrorist attack to be “low.” Police then raised the alert level to “elevated,” though they said there was no “imminent” threat of any attack. Anders Hall, Head of Planning at the Ministry of Justice in Stockholm, said tracking religious extremists remains difficult, even after Sweden’s security service raised its staff to 1,000 from about 800 in 2005. Religious Extremism Sweden’s laws protecting freedom of speech and freedom of association mean police follow “tight regulations” when tracking demographic groups, Hall said in an interview. “These regulations are part of the Swedish constitution and are firmly in place,” Hall said. There are almost 200 Islamist extremists in Sweden who assent to violent acts, the security service said in a report on its website today. While Islamist extremism and radicalization exist in Sweden and “shouldn’t be underestimated,” it’s a “limited phenomenon” that should be handled through preventive measures, the report said. Sweden has about 500 troops in Afghanistan, serving as part of the International Security Assistance Force. Swedish artist Lars Vilks drew anger from some Muslims after newspaper Nerikes Allehanda published one of his drawings that put Mohammad’s head on a dog’s body in 2007. Jihad Shortly before the weekend’s explosions, police and a local news agency received an e-mail with recordings in Swedish and Arabic from a man who said it was “time to strike” because a “war was being waged against Islam.” Sweden says it’s coordinating its investigation of the blasts with the U.K. In the recording, the suspect expresses anger against Vilks and the Afghan deployment. He apologizes to his family for lying about his trips to the Middle East, saying he went “for Jihad.” Police on Dec. 13 said they were almost certain the suicide bomber was 28-year-old Taimour Abdulwahab. The U.K.’s Guardian newspaper said Abdulwahab was an Iraqi-born Swede who obtained a Bachelors of Science in sports therapy from the University of Bedfordshire in 2004. “This man has been very skilful in avoiding contacts with known terrorists,” Thornberg said. “He has been very skilful in handling his preparations for this case so he hasn’t shown up on our radar.” FBI Help Sweden will get help from the U.S. Federal Bureau of Investigations, which has sent seven experts on explosives to help probe the Dec. 11 blasts, police said on Dec. 13. The group of U.S. investigators includes specialists in tracking explosive substances and in methods terrorists have used in other attacks, police said. Since the 9/11 terror attacks in the U.S., Denmark has more than doubled the number of people working at its security service. The Copenhagen-based parliament passed three anti-terror laws from 2002 to 2007, making it easier for security services to conduct phone surveillance and obtain information from other government entities. The laws also allow for increased prison terms for terror-related crimes. In Norway, the government on Dec. 1 presented a plan it said would help combat “violent, extremist attitudes,” comprising 30 measures including better access to information. Swedish police said Abdulwahab was probably targeting an area where he could hurt “as many people as possible,” before a failure in his equipment led to early detonation. According to Huldt, “even though things went well this time and nobody else was hurt, it’s still a failure,” of police. To contact the reporters on this story: Janina Pfalzer in Stockholm at jpfalzer@bloomberg.net Toby Alder in Stockholm at talder@bloomberg.net To contact the editors responsible for this story: Tasneem Brogger at tbrogger@bloomberg.net Angela Cullen at acullen8@bloomberg.net	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
0 Few authors don't check-in the changes they submit directly which locks the item and the approved couldn't approve since the item is locked, is there an OOTB way to handle it? • You can unlock item using powershell extension module so approver can also unlock item – Swati Gupta Aug 27 at 2:45 4 To change the behavior of locking and unlocking, an administrator or developer can configure one or more of the following settings. • RequireLockBeforeEditing - requires users (except those with admin rights) to lock an item before editing or changing workflow status. Set to True by default. If you disable this setting, users can change an item or workflow state without being required to lock the item. • AutomaticLockOnSave - causes items to be locked automatically when a user saves the item. • AutomaticUnlockOnSaved - causes items to be unlocked automatically when a user saves the item. To ensure that items do not remain locked for long periods of time, you can use these settings: RequireLockBeforeEditing=true and AutomaticUnLockOnSaved=true With these settings, the user must manually lock an item before editing it, and when they save the item, it is automatically unlocked. In this case, the user will have to lock the item again to continue editing, but it avoids the situation where a user leaves an item locked when they are out of the office or on vacation. For more see - https://doc.sitecore.com/developers/91/sitecore-experience-management/en/configuring-item-locking.html Your Answer By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jen Psaki, Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan, and Miami Mayor Francis Suarez, February 12, 2021 James S. Brady Press Briefing Room 1:31 P.M. EST MS. PSAKI: Today, we have two very special guests joining us who were just meeting with the President and Vice President, hence we delayed the briefing a few times today — I apologize for that — about the vital need to pass the American Rescue Plan. Detroit Mayor Mike Duggan was first elected in 2013 and reelected in 2017. He spent his career solving some of the most complex issues facing Detroiters, including crime, blight, and access to jobs. Miami Mayor Francis Suarez was elected in 2017 after serving as Miami Commissioner for fi- — eight years, sorry; I cut off your amount of time served. He is a former chair of the U.S. Conference — you’re over here — of Mayors’ Environment Committee and vice chair of the Miami-Dade Transportation Planning Organization. With that, I’m going to turn it over to you. Oh, I think I’m going turn it over to you, Mayor Suarez, sorry. And they are — they’ve been kind enough to take a few questions. And as usual, I will be the bad cop when they need to go. Go ahead. MAYOR SUAREZ: Don’t worry, every single one of those years were dog years. (Laughter.) It was a wonderfully productive meeting in the Oval Office. First of all, it was an honor to be invited with this select group of mayors and governors. It was an incredibly spirited conversation. I felt that it was a very bipartisan conversation. I think the President is very interested in having a bipartisan solution, obviously understanding the needs of the residents of America and certainly the needs of the residents of the city of Miami. We are — and we expressed to the President and I expressed to the President our readiness to increase the ability to vaccinate our population. We would love to have those vaccinations given directly to us as a city. We also talked about funding, of course. The city of Miami, during the first CARES Act, just barely missed the 500,000 population threshold. And so instead of the city getting approximately $80 million, which we would have received and is, sort of, correspondent to our population, we ended up getting $15 million. So we tried to put that money to good use to the most needy in our community — feeding people; helping them with mortgage assistance, with rental assistance, small-business loans and grants. And obviously the people of our city and of America are still hurting. I mean, we need this assistance to get through until the vaccine has gained wide acceptance. So that’s what the conversation was based on. The President was extremely thoughtful; listened to every single one of the elected officials — both governors and mayors from both parties; listened to our comments and concerns. We had a reflective conversation back and forth, and I think he’s going to use our input to make the bill better and to hopefully get it passed for the benefit of the American people. Thank you. MAYOR DUGGAN: Good afternoon. I’m Mike Duggan. I’m the mayor of Detroit. And it was a special experience to sit in the Oval Office with four Republican governors and mayors, four Democratic governors and mayors, talking and sometimes debating with the President and the Vice President. Everybody just focused on how to solve the problem. And I really hope this is the way conversations are going to go. But the biggest thing that we focused on is the need to pass America’s Rescue Plan. And probably, for a lot of folks in this country, the images of Detroit you remember were the ones that were portrayed nationally during the bankruptcy. But if you haven’t been to Detroit in the last seven years, there has been enormous progress. We had billions of dollars in investment from General Motors, from Ford, from Fiat Chrysler, which is now Stellantis. Huge numbers of jobs in the fintech industry, with Quicken. And the tech companies have finally discovered Detroit. We’ve been pleased to see Amazon and LinkedIn and Google move into the city. And across the city, entrepreneurs have pulled down the plywood off of shuttered storefronts, and largely black and brown business owners have started to open up our commercial corridors. And we did all this on a bipartisan basis. In Lansing, we’ve had Republicans and Democrats working together to support Detroit’s comeback because Detroit being an economic engine for the state is good for everybody. And so, we know that we haven’t gotten to everybody; we’re not kidding ourselves. But here’s what I do know: The unemployment rate in Detroit, at the start of bankruptcy, was 21 percent, and a year ago, it was down to 7 percent. We had moved 80,000 people from poverty to the middle class — the largest reduction in poverty. It was going the right direction; we certainly had a long way to go to make sure it included everybody. And then when COVID hit, we’re back up to 20 percent unemployment. And the question is: What do we do about it? And so when we got hit in Michigan — and Michigan came right after New York last year, being hammered with COVID — we went from having no COVID to our hospitals overrun with patients on gurneys and in hallways. We were losing 50 people a day. But we did not, in Detroit, curl up. We fought back. We quickly set up one of the largest testing centers in the country. We masked up, distanced ourselves. And for the last six months, the city of Detroit has had a lower infection rate than the rest of Michigan and the surrounding suburbs. Detroiters did what we were supposed to do. And if you go to the city now, you will see people masked up, distancing. The folks in Detroit did what we were supposed to do. And now that the vaccines are out, we have a major center at our convention center where we’re vaccinating 15,000 a week in an indoor parking structure of the convention center. And we’re very anxious, as I told the President today, to get up to 25,000 a week, because that’s going to be the key. But when we solve the health issues, there will still be other issues facing us. And this is where America’s Rescue Plan makes such a difference. The people who were working in Detroit a year ago — a lot of them, right now, are unemployed because businesses are shut down. They’re sheltering in their houses. And they are worried that, as the landlord-tenant courts open up, they may be facing eviction and have no place else to go. They’re looking for help. Those businesses that opened up their storefronts with such optimism are now very afraid, if they don’t get help, that plywood is going back up and we’re going to have boarded commercial districts, as we did seven or eight years ago. And in the city of Detroit, we had an immediate $350 million hit to our budget. A thousand Detroit employees are still on partial layoff. And the problem is going to get worse in the summer. So we have a national problem that needs national response. And the most interesting thing was: If I thought it was unique, what Mayor Suarez and I heard is every governor and every mayor is talking about exactly the same situation; that it took us seven years to get from 20 percent unemployment to 7 percent. Now we’re back at 20. Are we going to get our folks back to work in a matter of months, or is it going to take years? And I think the one message we all had — and we loved the President’s leadership on this — is: We aren’t — we don’t kid ourselves about the atmosphere in Washington. We know it’s partisan. But we’re really hoping that for the next couple months, on this national issue, that they can set partisanship aside. And the President made it clear he really wants bipartisan support for America’s Rescue Plan. And I can tell you that all of us who were in that room were strongly supportive. And with that, I guess we’ll turn it over to you for questions. MS. PSAKI: Yes. Go ahead, Zeke. * Q Mayor, I was hoping you could answer — the criticism we’ve heard from Republicans of late has been that states and cities have received several rounds of funding so far that they haven’t spent, so why do they need billions more from the taxpayers now. So what would be your response to that? * MAYOR SUAREZ: Well, my response, as a Republican mayor, is — first of all, for cities like Miami, we actually didn’t get a lot of the money from the first CARES Act. As I said, since we were under 500,000 — by the way, almost all cities were under 500,000. I think there’s only 30-something cities that got direct payments. Many of them had very, very bad experiences in terms of receiving the full allotment that they should have received based on their population. It was a big fight down in Miami. So our residents got a fraction of the help that they needed. * MS. PSAKI: Of course. Please. * MAYOR SUAREZ: Yeah. (Speaks in Spanish.) (No translation provided.) * MS. PSAKI: Go ahead. * Q Could you talk to us about the variants in Florida, and specifically in Miami? Miami has been so open, but we’ve seen more and more cases of the variants. Is there — what’s the plan to prevent a surge with the variants popping up? * MAYOR SUAREZ: Well, you know, I’ve been a big proponent of masks in public rule in the city, and there is a pretty broad acceptance of that rule, whether it’s been able to be mandated or not. We have seen a decline — a significant decline, both in case — in cases, in percent positivity, and also in hospitalizations. Our hospitalizations during the summer were at a peak high of 2,300; they’re slightly under 1,000 at this particular juncture. * MS. PSAKI: Go ahead. * Q Thank you. * MS. PSAKI: Oh, go — did you want to say one more? Go ahead. * MAYOR DUGGAN: So, in — in Detroit, we have seen the first two cases of the B117, the British variant, and we’ve been just very honest with our residents. The evidence is that the Pfizer and Moderna vaccine are effective against it, and we’ve used it to encourage folks. We have a very low infection rate in Detroit right now, so we’re taking it seriously. Now, when the other variants get there, it’s going to be a different issue, but I think it has actually encouraged an increase in vaccine rate. * Q Do you feel like you have enough visibility into exactly how many vaccines you’re getting each week, each month, at this point? * MAYOR DUGGAN: I have visibility into it. I don’t like the visibility I have. (Laughter.) But, you know, you have — you have a racial equity issue in this country. And if you just look at the way hospital distribution has worked: Even hospitals in urban areas, the folks who have access — the electronic health records — have been predominantly upscale individuals. And so, in Detroit, literally, we took the convention structure, and we are just moving thousands of folks through. * Q To follow up on that&colon; You know, one big complaint we heard a lot from states and local jurisdictions under the Trump administration was that there was a lack of coordination, a lack of communication. Can you point us to specific examples of how that has changed? * MAYOR SUAREZ: Sure. * Q Did you talk about hesitancy with President Biden? * MAYOR SUAREZ: Well, let me answer the first question, which is, I’ve spoken to the President and the Vice President more times in the short time that they have been in office, and previous — prior to them being in office, than I had spoken to the prior administration in the entirety. So that’s — I think that’s — to me, it’s an intentional desire on their part to really plug in with mayors. * Q Thank you. * Q Can both of you weigh in on whether or not you believe the $15 minimum wage should be included in this relief bill? * MAYOR DUGGAN: I certainly support it. The question is — I’ve learned more about the rules of reconciliation in the last week than I ever wanted to know. (Laughter.) * Q Haven’t we all. * MAYOR DUGGAN: So I — you know, I’m going to defer to the President’s political judgment on that, whether it’s part of the America Rescue Plan that it gets adopted or whether it’s separate legislation. But I certainly support it. * Q And do you support the $15 minimum wage being included — * MAYOR SUAREZ: Yeah, I’ll — * Q — in this bill? * MAYOR SUAREZ: I’ll echo Mayor Dooggan’s [sic] — Duggan’s — sorry — statements. The President said something interesting. He said, you know, his — he relies on his policy advisors to give him advice on policy, but he handles the politics. And I think he is an expert in managing the politics of Washington, D.C., which is foreign to many of us. So I’ll let him handle that part of it. * Q Did he bring up the $15 minimum wage during your meeting? * MAYOR SUAREZ: It did come up very briefly, but it came up more in the discussion that we’re — in the context that we’re discussing now, in terms of understanding how to get, potentially, a bipartisan bill passed and understanding that there are tension points in something like that. * MS. PSAKI: I’ve been told they have to go, but you’re invited back anytime. So thank you for joining us. And really appreciate it. * MAYOR SUAREZ: Thank you. * MAYOR DUGGAN: Thank you very much. * Q Thank you. MS. PSAKI: Okay. Happy Friday. I just have a couple of things for all of you at the top. We had announced this maybe two weeks ago, but now it’s almost mid-February. So, on Monday, as a part of the President’s commitment to expanding healthcare to all Americans, the ACA Special Enrollment Period begins and runs through May 15th. In accordance with the President’s executive order on healthcare, the Department of Health and Human Services is opening this Special Enrollment Period so that all Americans can have access to quality, affordable care. During this pandemic and over — and after four years of attacks on the ACA, this enrollment period is more important than ever. A $50 million education campaign will also launch on Monday, including broadcast, radio, and digital advertising. This campaign — out of HHS, I should say. This campaign will focus most on increasing awareness among the uninsured that there’s a Special Enrollment Period — that’s always been part of the challenge, making sure people understood how they can do it and when they can do it — available now and raise awareness about affordable options for coverage and the availability of assistance to pay for premiums. On Monday, consumers who want to enroll in coverage can visit Healthcare.gov to view 2021 plans and prices, and enroll in a plan that best meets their needs. I wanted to also highlight some news coming out of the Department of Homeland Security this morning. That’s another step in the administration’s process to reform our nation’s immigration system. Beginning on February 19th, the Department of Homeland Security will take steps to begin processing individuals who, under the previous administration, had been forced to remain in Mexico under the Migrant Protection Protocol. I will note this news should not be interpreted as an opening for people to migrate regularly to the United States; only eligible individuals will be allowed to enter through designated ports of entry at designated times. Through a whole-of-government approach, DHS, the State Department, and the Justice Department will collaborate with international partners to safely process, under the strictest COVID-19 parameters, eligible individuals to pursue their cases in the United States. And again, this begins on February 19th. Finally, in our venture to get you all a “week ahead” as detailed as possible, next week, the President will continue his engagement with both parties and with people across the country about the need to pass the American Rescue Plan and get relief to working families and more vaccines into arms faster. He will also continue his outreach to our allies around the world as he restores American leadership and advances our foreign policy for the middle class. On Tuesday, he will travel to Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where he will participate in a CNN Town Hall and take questions from Americans about the issues they are facing every day, including the pandemic and the ensuing economic crisis. Later in the week, the President will convene meetings at the White House about the critical need to pass the American Rescue Plan to support workers and struggling communities. I expect we’ll have some more details on those over the coming days. And as I announced yesterday, at the end of next week, the President will deliver remarks at a virtual event hosted by the Munich Security Conference. He will speak on the importance of our transatlantic ties and the need for the United States and Europe to take on global challenges together. With that, Zeke, kick us off. * Q Thank you, Jen. The governor of Montana announced that he was lifting the state’s mask mandate, saying enough vulnerable individuals have already been vaccinated. Has the President had any direct outreach to governors — Governor Gianforte there — but others about mask wearing and mask mandates? And why not, if he has not? * MS. PSAKI: I don’t have any calls with the — specifically with the governor of Montana to read out. So I can check and see if he’s engaged with him directly. * Q And so if you’re a citizen of Montana right now and your governor says you don’t need to wear a mask, the President says, “Wear a mask,” what should they do? * MS. PSAKI: Well, the President’s guidelines are based on — they’re not even the President’s guidelines, I should say; they are guidelines that are driven by health and medical experts — by the CDC, by doctors and medical professionals — who are trying to give clear guidance from the United States federal government on how people can be safe in this difficult time. So we’d certainly encourage people to follow federal guidelines. * Q And in that meeting, he had Governor Cuomo with him. Governor Cuomo is in hot water at home for withholding information, statistics about nursing home fatalities related to the COVID pandemic. * MS. PSAKI: Well, the President hosted Governor Cuomo and a bipartisan group of governors and mayors to the White House today to get their perspective from the frontlines, not to give anyone a stamp of approval or to seek their stamp of approval, and to discuss the urgency of passing the American Rescue Plan. * Q Thanks, and just one last one. NSC has suggested that the administration was starting a review of Guantanamo Bay, the prison there. That was a promise back in 2008, 2009 of the Obama–Biden administration, and it was never fulfilled. Will Guantanamo Bay be closed by the time President Biden leaves office? * MS. PSAKI: Well, that certainly is our goal and our intention. And we are three weeks in. I realize at a certain point I can’t say that anymore, but we are still just three and a half weeks in. So we are undertaking an NSC process, which is how it should work, through — to work with the interagecy [sic]– interagency, I should say, to assess the current state of play that the Biden administration has — well, we’ve inherited from the previous administration. * Q At the meeting today with airline executives, did they reach any conclusion as to whether all air passengers should be tested for COVID before flying? * MS. PSAKI: Well, that would be done through an intera- — through a policy process internally. But as I conveyed yesterday, reports that there is an intention to put in place new requirements, such as testing, are not accurate. * Q Okay. And did they discuss another bailout for the airline industry? * MS. PSAKI: I don’t have more of a readout of the — of the engagement with the airline CEOs, so I’m not sure we’re going to have one from here. I’d certainly send you to any of them to see what they raised or what they wanted to talk about in the meeting. It was a brief meeting, I should say; it wasn’t that lengthy. * Q Can I ask also about another meeting that happened with Yellen? She spoke with her G7 counterparts. A bit of a thorny issue came up. There was a file in the previous administration over taxation of digital companies; many, of course, are American. France tried to apply a tax. So there’s a big question right now on how and if you tax those. * MS. PSAKI: Sure. And just to catch some others up: So, Secretary Yellen spoke this morning with G7 finance ministers, so I think that was the conversation you were referring to. And he’ll meet with her — the President will see her later today. * Q What would that mean, though, if other countries seek to impose these levies that would affect American companies? President Trump had threatened retaliatory tariffs, for instance, on France. Does Biden have a view on — would President Biden, excuse me, have a view on that, about whether he would retaliate if other countries went down this road unilaterally? * MS. PSAKI: Well, again, I think what I was — that’s why I was referring to it as a multi- — as a kind of global problem. Right? It’s not just a problem here in the United States of us just adjusting our own policy. Right? It’s something that there needs to be agreement internationally, and obviously a conversation among the G7 finance ministers. I’ll defer to Treasury to read that out, but it’s certainly an appropriate forum to have a range of these discussions. * Q Just on the mask issue — because we’ve asked, of course, as you know, many times, both this discussion of whether to ship masks — * MS. PSAKI: Yeah. * Q — to Americans. Could you pull back on what the downside would be there? Is it just they’re widely available? Could it actually discourage folks wearing a mask if the federal government plunks them in their lap? What’s — why not do that? — I guess is the other way of asking that question. * MS. PSAKI: Well, you know, I think it is an option under consideration, as we’ve talked about a little bit in here. And I think there are some underlying questions about how you target them — the masks — where they go to first; obviously, it couldn’t happen immediately. There hasn’t been a final policy decision to actually ship the masks, but those are some of the pieces that are being discussed. And obviously there’s a cost to everything, as you all know, and so that certainly is a consideration. * Q I want to ask about schools, but quickly&colon; It’s Friday afternoon. The Senate trial has been, you know, the bulk of all of our coverage this last week. I was struck by one quote from the lead House manager, Jamie Raskin, who said he thought this was a “moment of truth for America.” So, Friday afternoon, what do you think Americans should have learned from this week, with the impeachment trial? * MS. PSAKI: Well, we talked about this a little bit yesterday, but certainly for any Americans watching, they learned about the power of some individuals in the House they may not have known before. They certainly saw some — some powerful footage. That was a reminder of the shocking events that happened on January 6th. And, you know, I think they saw, as the President has said, that that day was an assault on our democracy, and it was a reminder of why it can never happen again. * Q Okay. And we’re expecting, right now, we’re getting those CDC guidelines for schools. You know, we’re expecting that it’ll include the recommendation that if a school wants to stay open five days a week, there’s really regular testing. When do we think that that’ll be available for teachers and students? Is that part of the goal for the first 100 days, to have regular testing available to all schools? * MS. PSAKI: Well, again, I am eager to see them. As a parent, I have not seen them or reviewed the test — the guidelines that will be released. I think there’s a briefing from the CDC a little bit later this afternoon. So that’s an excellent question, and I certainly encourage you to ask it. * Q What are your — your criteria, the White House’s criteria for what counts as a school being open? * MS. PSAKI: The President’s goal is to have schools open five days a week, kids in school learning, teachers in school, and to do it safely. And the CDC guidelines that will be released this afternoon — I’m eager to learn more about them as well — those will be an important next step. * Q Yeah, I guess I just mean, like, as you’re ramping up now — that’s the ultimate goal, but as you’re ramping up right now, what counts as a school being open as you’re trying to get to 100 percent? Like, you — does it not — it doesn’t count as open unless it’s all kids offered a seat, every day? * MS. PSAKI: You know, again, I think that what the President is focused on and what he’s very mindful of, having raised many children — “many” — that makes it sound like he has 10 — (laughter) — several children himself, being a very engaged and active grandparent himself, being the husband of a teacher who knows how valuable it is to be in person, is to return how schools were before the pandemic. * Q Jen — * MS. PSAKI: We’re not in a rush here, so go ahead. Go ahead. * Q Thanks, Jen. First, to follow up on schools&colon; The guidance coming out is for K-through-12 schools, but when you talk about the White House’s goal to reopen the majority of schools, it’s K through 8, from what I understand. So what is your goal for high schools to reopen in the next 100 days? * MS. PSAKI: I’m not going to set a new goal today. What I will convey to you is that, when Secretary Cardona is confirmed, you know, this will be his top priority. And we will leave it to him and his team at the Department of Education, working in close partnership with the CDC and others, to determine how quickly and efficiently it can be done. * Q Is there a reason that, you know, the White House’s goal for schools doesn’t include high schools? * MS. PSAKI: I would defer — I would ask — I would suggest you ask the CDC about whether there are differences between the schools. I’m sure that’s a question that might come up, but we’ll see. And hopefully you’ll get a question if that’s the one you want to ask. * Q Okay, thank you. And then, on impeachment&colon; This morning, President Biden said he was “anxious” to see what his Republican friends would do and if they “stand up.” Was he signaling for them to vote to convict Mr. Trump? And if not, what else did he mean by “stand up”? * MS. PSAKI: Well, as you know, the President was in the Senate for 36 years. And he watched, as many Americans did, as the very institution he defended for decades was under assault on January 6th. And this week, he watched new videos — we all did — that was a reminder of how shocking that assault on our democracy was. * Q But how can they “stand up,” in the President’s eyes? * MS. PSAKI: They can take the role they have — they can take respons- — their responsibility seriously. They are all jurors there. They’re — he said a number of times that, of course, the Senate will make the decision; the jurors in the Senate will make the decision. There has been several days of compelling testimony. * Q I appreciate that you haven’t seen the guidelines from the CDC, but is the White House working in consultation — or White House officials — with the CDC to, sort of, make sure that these guidelines are done correctly, they’re easy to understand, easy to implement, and consistent with the President’s goals? * MS. PSAKI: Well, they — as we’ve said, we want to be led by health and medical experts. As of this morning, no one on our senior staff call had seen the CDC guidelines. They are tho- — they are theirs to determine and to release. There are, of course — the President receives regular updates, as does our senior team, as does our COVID coordinator, about the status of work in progress. * Q So there’s — so there’s been no, sort of, consultation? Because this was a big question in the previous administration, whether or not the CDC was just doing the White House’s bidding. * MS. PSAKI: I can assure you, and you can ask them the same question, that if none of us had seen the CDC guidelines this morning, that would be a strange way of coordinating. But there are updates provided, of course, by members of the health team, including the CDC, on the status of their work and the issues they’re looking into and how they’re planning to address a range of the challenges, as it relates to the pandemic and — and COVID-19. * Q I guess what I’m getting at is&colon; Is there a firewall? * MS. PSAKI: As in — * Q Is there a firewall between the White House and the CDC in terms of direction that the White House may want to give the CDC? * MS. PSAKI: I can assure you the White House is not directing the CDC on how they’re to determine their guidelines, and we did not give a approval for their guidelines that will be released later today. They’re CDC guidelines. * Q Thanks, Jen. I have a few questions for you. * MS. PSAKI: Sure. * Q One: Yesterday, President Biden was confirming that they have actually signed the contracts for those additional doses of vaccine. He says they’ll have enough for 300 million Americans — all Americans, virtually — by July. But that doesn’t mean every American will actually have gotten it by then. * MS. PSAKI: Yeah. * Q So what is that timeline for when all 300 million of those doses will actually have been administered? * MS. PSAKI: Well, what the President was referring to, and what Dr. Fauci and others have referred to, is our awareness that a vaccine is not the same as a vaccination. As we know and you all have reported on, there are high percentages of vaccine hesitancy in certain communities across the country. We are — have our eyes wide open about the challenge of addressing that and ensuring that as we get to the point of — we’re focused on — we are focused now on reaching these communities, but it doesn’t mean that just because we have the vaccines, everybody will be vaccinated. * Q And to follow up on the CDC guidance, it says the vaccines are not a prerequisite for teachers — the guidance that just came out. So does the White House agree teachers do not have to be vaccinated for schools to reopen and to go back to schools? * MS. PSAKI: I have not reviewed any of it. As I noted, this is — I’m learning it as we as we talk here. But again, the CDC guidelines are going to be the guide through which we work with our policy teams, led by the Department of Education and our health experts, to reopen schools. That’s what we’ve long said, and so we trust the scientists and certainly trust the guidelines. * Q So you do concur with the CDC guidance? * MS. PSAKI: I have not reviewed them yet, nor has our team, so let — give us a moment to do that. But again, we trust the science. We trust the scientists. We trust Dr. Walensky and the team leading the CDC. We’ve long said that. We haven’t reviewed them yet, so it’s hard for me to do this in a piecemeal way. But we certainly believe they will be an important step to moving the process forward. * Q Okay. And one more question. A deputy of yours has been suspended for a week without pay for comments he made to a female reporter, bullying her after she reached out for requests for comment on a story. Whose idea was the one-week suspension, instead of a potential resignation or firing? And how can you keep this person in a public-facing press relations role, dealing with female reporters, when he made such sexist comments to this female reporter reaching out for a request for comment? * MS. PSAKI: Well, let me first say, obviously, Kaitlan, that I take this very seriously. I’m a woman, obviously, but I’ve been in this town, working in press and communications for nearly 20 years — almost 20 years. And I think many of you know me and have worked with me closely, and many of you know many people in this building, including the President, who take these allegations quite seriously. * Q But he’ll still be working with female reporters. And it wasn’t just a hostile conversation. I think we’ve all probably had plenty of those and vice versa. Those happen. But, you know, the language that he is alleged to have used, according to this report, is arguably — or even not arguably — sexist. So what are you doing to deal with that part of it? * MS. PSAKI: It’s completely unacceptable. He knows that. We’ve had conversations with him about that. That is why we have also contacted — not long before today, but immediately following their conversation, my colleague Kate Bedingfield reached out to an editor at Playbook to convey our apology. We’ve reached out at every level there to convey our apology and been clear this will never happen again. And it is not going to be tolerated here at the White House. * Q Sorry, can I just follow up on this. This is not — * MS. PSAKI: Go ahead. Go ahead, Josh. * Q This is not to belabor the point, but — * MS. PSAKI: It’s okay. * Q — the President, on Inauguration Day, spoke to people that he was, I guess, swearing in new staff. And he said, “I promise I will fire you on the spot — no ifs, ands, or buts — if they speak down to or disrespect their colleagues.” * MS. PSAKI: As I’ve said, Josh, it doesn’t meet our standard. It doesn’t meet the President’s standard. And it — and it was important that we took a step to make that clear. And that included not just an apology directly from him and apologies directly from us at the highest levels there, but also a step to suspend him for one week without pay. And that, in our view, was a — was an important step to send the message that we don’t find it acceptable. * Q Jen, a follow-up. Jen, was the President involved in this discussion at all? Was this — * MS. PSAKI: No, I have not discussed it with the President. It was a decision I made, and with the approval of the Chief of Staff. * Q Jen, if you knew about this conversation for weeks, why wasn’t TJ suspended until after the article dropped? He was here up until last night. * MS. PSAKI: You’re right. He — there were conversations that occurred with the reporter, as well as editors at Politico, immediately after the conversation occurred. That was how we engaged in a private manner. And, you know, that was — that was what we felt was appropriate at the time. * Q Couple questions on ambassadorships. Can you say when you expect the President to begin naming ambassadors — political ambassadors? And I don’t think as a candidate he said the same thing that Elizabeth Warren said about barring big donors from those plum ambassadorships. Do you expect him to name donors, friends — you know, basically people who — with whom he has a personal or donor relationship to any of those jobs? * MS. PSAKI: Well, I will say that there has not been a conversation with the President at this point about who he would like to name for any ambassadorship roles. That may be tough news to hear for people who are interested in ambassadorship roles, but he has not had a conversation about that, nor has there been a memo presented to him to make decisions. * Q How about — how about a timeline when we might begin to see some of those names come forward? * MS. PSAKI: I don’t have a predicted timeline. I will note that under the Obama administration, it was around March. I’m not sure we will or won’t meet that timeline. But we’re not behind it, is kind of my point. * Q Okay, separate issue&colon; Is any update on whether the President has called or plans to call Prime Minister Netanyahu? * MS. PSAKI: I don’t have an update. He is looking forward to speaking with Prime Minister Netanyahu. I can assure you that will be soon, but I don’t have a specific time or deadline — or time or date for when that will occur. * Q As I’m sure you know, there’s a narrative in Israel that this is an intentional diss. Is it? * MS. PSAKI: It is not an intentional diss. Prime Minister Netanyahu is someone the President has known for some time. Obviously, we have a long and important relationship with Israel, and the President has known him and has been working on a range of issues that there’s a mutual commitment to for some time. It is just a reflection of the fact that we have been here for three and a half weeks, he’s not called every single global leader yet, and he is eager to do that in the weeks ahead. * Q But he has called every other major ally in Europe and in Asia. * MS. PSAKI: He’s called many of them. That is true. Some would argue they haven’t received calls yet, and they are still eager to receive them. But I can assure you he will be speaking with the Prime Minister soon, and he’s looking forward to doing that. * Q Just to follow up on Anne&colon; Are you talking about days or weeks as the timeframe of the President speaking with Netanyahu? * MS. PSAKI: I don’t have an exact timeline to give you, other than he’s looking forward to having the conversation. They’ve known each other for some time. There are certainly areas of mutual interest. And as soon as he makes that call, we will let you all know. * Q Can you give us further details about the conversation that National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan had with his Israeli counterpart, I believe to discuss Iran, yesterday? * MS. PSAKI: I don’t have additional details on that. I’m happy to talk to Jake and see if there’s more we can read out for all of you. * Q Yeah, that would be really great. And still on the issue of the Middle East, I mean, I know that you’re saying that, you know, things are still under review, including policies like the Abraham Accords, but can you please just give us a broad sense of what the administration is trying to achieve in the Middle East? For example, does the administration still consider the Saudis and the Israelis important allies? * MS. PSAKI: Well, you know, again, I think we — there are ongoing processes and internal interagency processes — one that we, I think, confirmed an interagency meeting just last week — to discuss a range of issues in the Middle East. We’re — we’ve only been here three and a half weeks, and I think I’m going to let those policy processes see themselves through before we give, kind of, a complete laydown of what our national security approaches will be to a range of issues. * Q Just to follow up on another issue — I have two more questions actually, if that’s okay. * MS. PSAKI: Go ahead. It’s okay. Go ahead. * Q So the sister of the Saudi activist, Loujain al-Hathloul, said that President Biden’s victory helped secure her sister’s release. * MS. PSAKI: Mm-hmm. * Q Did the administration have any role in securing her release? * MS. PSAKI: Well, we certainly thought it was a very positive step and one that National Security Advisor Jake Sullivan spoke to on Twitter. I hate for that to be the reference, but that is where he put out a comment on it. I don’t have any more specific details to read out for you, but when I follow up with him on your other question, I’m happy to ask him about that. * Q Just one more. Can you make a comment or give a response on China’s banning of the BBC World? * MS. PSAKI: Certainly, our view is that the freedom of speech, the freedom of media is something that should be prevalent around the world, and it’s something that we aim to project from here and we raise at every opportunity with our counterparts around the world as well. * Q Jen, a report has emerged&colon; Russia has, this week, arrested and detained two gay men and forcibly returned them to Chechnya, where they were escaping persecution. Will the President — consistent with his bringing up the SolarWinds hacks, the election interference, bounties on U.S. troops — confront Vladimir Putin on anti-LGBTQ human rights abuses? * MS. PSAKI: Well, the President is not afraid to make clear to President Putin areas where he has disagreement, areas where he has concern. I would suspect that because he spoke with President Putin a week or two ago, that the next contacts with the Russians would be at a lower level, either at the State Department or other officials. So I’d point you to them for a more up-to-date response or on our engagement there on that particular issue. * Q What about sanctions? Would that be on the table for anti-LGBTQ abuses in Russia or elsewhere? * MS. PSAKI: There’s a review that’s ongoing about a range of problematic actions that have been taken by the Russians, and I’m not going to get ahead of that process. * Q Thank you, Jen. * MS. PSAKI: Oh, sorry. I will get to everybody, but why don’t you go here in the front so I just don’t lose track? * Q Sure. * MS. PSAKI: Go ahead. * Q The President has been especially quiet on Iran since taking office. Time is running out for — * MS. PSAKI: He answered a question last Sunday about it. * Q Well, yeah — * MS. PSAKI: It’s been a long week. * Q Well, that was one question, one short answer. But he didn’t talk much about his strategy, and time is running out for nuclear diplomacy. The European allies are voicing their concern. When can we expect to hear from the President about his strategy towards Iran, beyond just asking for compliance? * MS. PSAKI: Well, I think a primary step here, as the President noted, is if Iran comes back into full compliance with its obligations under the JCPOA, the United States would do the same and then use that as a platform to build a longer and stronger agreement and also address areas of concern. * Q Thank you, Jen. I just want to bring you back to the President’s speech at the State Department last week. * MS. PSAKI: Sure. * Q He talked about a “Summit of Democracy” early in his administration to “defend democracy globally.” When would — will this happen? Early — what does “early” mean? And what form would it take? How do you defend democracy? * MS. PSAKI: How do — what will the — what form will the summit take? * Q Yes, what form the summit would take, but how would you do this? Yes, first, what form the summit will take, and how do you defend democracy, otherwise than sending a message that you want to defend democracy? * MS. PSAKI: Well if it’s anytime soon, I suspect it will be a remote summit, but I don’t have a date for you or a format of what that summit will look like. I certainly understand your interest, but we don’t have any more specifics at this point in time. * Q And when you talk — other topic — when you talk — and it’s a bit of follow-up about global posture review led by Secretary Austin so that the military footprint will be aligned with the foreign policy. Does the President want to bring back troops — the troops? Simple. As simple as that. Does he want to — * MS. PSAKI: Are you — * Q — bring back the troops? * MS. PSAKI: Are you referring to in Afghanistan, or where? * Q Everywhere. * MS. PSAKI: In the world? * Q Yes, in the world. Does he want to bring back the troops? Like, the previous administration kept insisting — President Trump kept insisting on, “I want to bring back the troops.” Does President Biden want to do the same? * MS. PSAKI: Look, I think the President looks at our engagement in the world through each circumstance, and certainly there are troops serving around the world in different capacities. He spoke about his commitment, as it relates to Afghanistan, on the campaign trail. But I don’t think I can give you a — or I don’t think it would be responsible to give you a sweeping point on that particular question. * Q Yeah, so Democratic Senator Kyrsten Sinema came out and said she opposes passing a $15 minimum wage through reconciliation. So that about shuts the door on that route. And there doesn’t seem to anywhere near enough Republican support to pass it through the normal legislative route. So is there any path forward on raising the minimum wage? What is it? Or is it something the White House has to abandon as an idea? * MS. PSAKI: Well, it was, of course, in the President’s original proposed package because he is committed to and believes it’s important to raise the minimum wage. This is the messy legislative ongoing process working its way through. * Q And right now, in the Senate, of course, there is the impeachment trial of President Trump — former President Trump that will be wrapping up. It looks overwhelmingly likely that he will be acquitted. And Speaker Pelosi has thrown out the idea of a 9/11 Commission-type inquiry into what happened on the 6th, how these people were able to breach the Capitol. Is that something that President Biden would support or enact himself? Or is this, after the impeachment trial, a time to move on and heal a divided nation, et cetera, et cetera? * MS. PSAKI: Well — (laughs) — “heal a divided nation, et cetera, et cetera.” The — I’m not making fun of you. I think we’re all — it’s a Friday afternoon. * Q And I have a border wall question that a colleague sent in. * MS. PSAKI: Okay. * Q You know, President Trump somewhat famously invoked his emergency powers to repurpose billions of dollars towards border construction. There’s about, I believe, $500 million outstanding now that have been committed to construction companies and the like but has not actually been spent. And I’m wondering if this is something that the administration is attempting to claw back — something that is possible to claw back without spending on further border construction. * MS. PSAKI: It’s a very good and specific question. I’m going to try to answer it, but if — I will follow up with you if this doesn’t answer it. * Q Money that’s been committed but not yet actually spent, and whether those, I guess, contracts could be canceled or (inaudible). * MS. PSAKI: I suspect that’s going to be a specific question for the Department of Homeland Security to answer, but let us see if there’s a specific answer we can get for you on that pot of money. * Q Okay, if I can — this will be my last one. * MS. PSAKI: Go ahead. * Q I just want to throw one out for the Canadians. * MS. PSAKI: Okay. * Q The purchase of more vaccines from European suppliers. We’re in this global race for supply. And this was from a Canadian reporter who asked this. And Canada is struggling to procure a vaccine because they have no domestic capacity; the U.S. does. And I’m wondering whether President Biden has faced any pushback from world leaders about essentially hogging the global supply. * MS. PSAKI: Well, I think the President has been clear publicly and certainly privately when — if the conversation comes up, that his focus now is on ensuring that the American people are vaccinated. * Q Thank you, Jen. Sticking with vaccines, some states have been reporting that COVID doses are going to waste. Is the White House discussing a plan or even a proposal to mitigate this and to reduce the amount of discarded doses? * MS. PSAKI: Well, certainly those reports are concerning to us. There was a report, I think it was overnight or this morning, about — I think — I don’t know if it was wasted masks. Now I’m, kind of, speaking out of turn here. * Q Thanks, Jen. Just two quick ones, sorry. * MS. PSAKI: Sure, go ahead. * Q I’ll pick up on that question about Canadian vaccine distribution. Russia and China have developed homegrown vaccines that they have distributed globally. What steps is the President taking to ensure that the U.S. position on the geopolitical stage is not diminished by its refusal to share some of these vaccines abroad right now? * MS. PSAKI: Well, certainly we’ve seen attempts by other countries — China and Russia — to use vaccines as a means of making progress diplomatically. * Q Okay, (inaudible) separately — one, a discussion about phone calls with — potentially with Bibi Netanyahu. But is the President willing to even pick up a phone and talk with MBS of Saudi Arabia? Is that even on the table, in the cards, given his involvement in the Khashoggi murder? * MS. PSAKI: Well, obviously, there’s a review of our policy as it relates to Saudi Arabia. There’s not a call planned that I’m aware of, but I can speak with our team if there’s something more significant than that to report. * Q Jen, just to follow up — * MS. PSAKI: Go ahead. * Q Does he also plan to talk to the Palestinian leadership, to more rebalance that relationship? * MS. PSAKI: To get involved in a Middle East peace process, perhaps? * Q Yes. * MS. PSAKI: You know, I don’t have any calls to predict for you or read out. These are all excellent questions. I’ll see if there’s more we can get from our national security team on planned future calls, which I know there’s a great deal of interest in. * Q Just to bounce around a little bit — on the global response to the pandemic. * MS. PSAKI: Sure. * Q The IMF is urging the Biden administration to reverse a previous decision to not boost resources to help developing nations who have been, of course, battered economically, as well as health wise, by the pandemic. Do you have any view on that? Should the IMF be doing more to help, you know, nations worldwide who are feeling the financial brunt of this and don’t have the resources of their own the way the U.S. does? * MS. PSAKI: It’s a great question. I just want to talk directly to our international economic team about it to make sure we get you a very comp- — specific answer, I should say. * Q Thank you. * MS. PSAKI: Go ahead. * Q One is on vaccines. * MS. PSAKI: Sure. * Q Following the announcement yesterday, when will we have an update on how much of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine will get out the gate? Because I know an EUA is, you know, likely to come at any moment. * MS. PSAKI: You mean what a federal order would be of the Johnson & Johnson vaccine? Or — * Q Yeah, because we’re in that window — * MS. PSAKI: — if it’s — if it goes through the full approval? * Q Correct. Because, you know, we’re in that window of three weeks. So I know, previously, the administration wanted to give those figures out to states so they could plan ahead. * MS. PSAKI: That is certainly our objective. Remember that we have, though, enough of the Moderna and Pfizer vaccine to vaccinate every American by the summer. So we will continue to be in a position where we’re giving states a heads up of a couple of weeks on our — to — or in order for them to better plan. We’ll wait for the approval process to see itself through before additional announcements are made. * Q If I can — a quick one on — * MS. PSAKI: Mm-hmm. * Q — which would put us at normalcy, or the hope of herd immunity, around seven to eight weeks after that. Is that a realistic timeline that you’re talking about internally? * MS. PSAKI: I’m going to let Dr. Fauci and others speak to a timeline for herd immunity. I think we will have enough vaccines to provide — to vaccinate 300 million Americans by the end of the summer. We obviously announced yesterday that we moved that capacity up a month earlier, which is certainly a positive development. * Q Can I ask about COVID-19 and the border? * MS. PSAKI: Yeah, go ahead. * Q You said that — in the change of policy announced yesterday — that asylum seekers coming in will be tested. * MS. PSAKI: Mm-hmm. * Q Is widespread testing available for Customs and Border Patrol agents? And do you know what percentage of frontline DHS border agents have been vaccinated? * MS. PSAKI: You’d have to — I’d send you to the Department of Homeland Security for that specific question, who oversees those Border Patrol agents. * Q Just to follow up on your statement to Zeke, I just want to make sure I understand. You said that the administration is looking with concern at vaccine policy being done by China and Russia. * MS. PSAKI: Mm-hmm. * Q But do you find the idea that there are countries who are able to help developing nations access vaccines — do you look at that with concern as well, or are you separating the actual (inaudible)? * MS. PSAKI: I’m separating them. * Q But, I mean, how can you separate it? I mean, this is — * MS. PSAKI: Well, you’re familiar with global — with issues around the global stage. I think what Zeke, or whomever asked the question, was asking about was countries like China or Russia who have at times used aid to bring other countries their way in a way that controls them, a way that okays unacceptable behavior — whether it’s violations of human rights or media freedoms. We wouldn’t find that to be acceptable. * Q Thank you, Jen. * MS. PSAKI: Thank you, everyone. Thanks so much. Have a — * Q Jen, I have a question from a Japanese colleague, quickly. * MS. PSAKI: Okay, go ahead. * Q He’s asking if the White House has a reaction to the resignation of Yoshiro Mori, the head of the Tokyo organizing committee, who had sexist comments on the fact that women talk too much in meetings. * MS. PSAKI: Let me — well, we certainly didn’t approve of those comments. Let me work to get you a more specific reaction from our team. Thanks so much, everyone. 2:34 P.M. EST	WIKI
Rousseau did many odd jobs until he wrote his first major philosophical work in 1750. He wrote his first work, Discourse on the Arts and Sciences as a response to an essay contest at the nearby Academy of Dijon. In this work, Rousseau argued that the progression of the sciences and arts had caused the corruption of virtue and morality. It was widely read and considered very controversial, but nevertheless, he won first prize in the contest for it. This discourse won him much fame and recognition. In 1753, the Academy of Dijon had another essay contest. Rousseau again entered a philosophical work, this time called The Discourse on the Origin of Inequality among Men. This work was also widely read and considered controversial; however, he did not win the contest because the judges thought it was too long. In this work, Rousseau argued that human beings are basically good by nature, but were corrupted by complex events that resulted in then-present day society. -Taken from http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/jean-jacques-rousseau-ideas-impact-works.html#lesson	FINEWEB-EDU
Easton's Bible Dictionary (1897)/Calkers Calkers : Workmen skilled in stopping the seams of the deck or sides of vessels. The inhabitants of Gebel were employed in such work on Tyrian vessels (Ezek. 27:9, 27; marg., "strengtheners" or "stoppers of chinks").	WIKI
0 In JavaScript and J4, to get an editor object from the collection of objects with all editor instances running I use: let editor = Joomla.editors.instances[myEditorName]; I can see Joomla object in my console with all properties, editors.instances included. Now in J5 it's deprecated and editors.instances is empty. I have read some information about the reasons to replace this code with JoomlaEditor, but this does not appear in my console. Please, how can I access to the editors instances or editors objects in JavaScript / Joomla 5? 2 Answers 2 0 The Editor API is now an ESM, so you will need to import it in your Javascript file. import { JoomlaEditor } from 'editor-api'; const editor = JoomlaEditor.get(id); // Replace "id" with ID of your editor element console.log(editor); You'll also need to ensure that your own Javascript file is set to be included as a module: { "name": "foobar", "type": "script", "uri": "your_file.js", "attributes": { "type": "module" } }, 0 @Lodder, thanks but maybe I have doing something wrong because browser console shows: EDITOR: false This is my reduced configuration: // /media/com_abaco/js/editor.js import { JoomlaEditor } from 'editor-api'; const editor = JoomlaEditor.get('myEditorId'); console.log('EDITOR: ', editor); // /media/com_abaco/joomla.asset.json ... "assets": [ { "name": "com_abaco.editor", "type": "script", "uri": "com_abaco/editor.js", "dependencies": [ "codemirror" ], "attributes": { "type": "module", "defer": true } } // /components/com_abaco/src/View/Editor/HtmlView.php ... $this->editor = Editor::getInstance('codemirror'); $wa = $this->document->getWebAssetManager(); $wa->useScript('com_abaco.editor'); // /components/com_abaco/tmpl/editor/default.php <?= $this->editor->display('myEditorId', 'My custom content', '100%', '900', '300', '3', false, 'myEditorId', null, null, array()); ?> Codemirror editor is showing as expected but I can't access it in JavaScript. My file editor.js is loaded before editors.js, joomla-editor-codemirror.js and codemirror.js. I don't know if this it's important. 1 • A delay after Import to load editor-api and it works. I can't understand why not use Web Assets Manager to load editor-api and in other file create the editor object as dependency. – Peli Commented Nov 8, 2023 at 6:44 Your Answer By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge you have read our privacy policy. Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
-- Google’s Apple Envy Yields New Gadgets: Rich Jaroslovsky Google (GOOG) isn’t the only software company that wants to be a hardware company, but it may be the one that’s trying the hardest. Three newly introduced, Google- branded devices reveal, each in its own way, the depth of the company’s Apple envy. Nexus 4 Google uses the “Nexus” designation for flagship phones and tablets built to showcase the purest version of its Android operating system. That means no manufacturer-designed custom user interface and no carrier-imposed apps linked to its own or partners’ proprietary services. The new Nexus 4 phone, made for Google by Korea ’s LG Electronics (066570) , has a couple of other things going for it as well. It runs “Jelly Bean,” the latest version of Android, which is fast and fluid. The big 4.7-inch screen is beautiful, with sharp images and deep, rich colors. And, as far as these things go, it’s cheap: It starts at $299 with no required carrier contract, so you can shop for plans (from AT&T or T-Mobile (DTE) in the U.S.) independent of the cost of the device itself. By contrast, an unlocked base model iPhone 5 may cost $649 when it becomes available. Stingy Storage But there are significant downsides as well. For one thing, the base model has a stingy eight gigabytes of storage, while most high-end phones these days start at 16. (T-Mobile will offer a 16 GB version for $199 -- but it comes with a two-year contract.) It also lacks support for the new 4G LTE networks being deployed in the U.S. by Verizon (VZ) , AT&T and Sprint (S) , instead using technology the carriers label “4G” that is significantly slower. And while I appreciated the curved look of the Nexus 4, I didn’t much like its feel, primarily because of a scratchy seam where the front glass is laid into the body. Although it wasn’t as sleek, I preferred the LG Optimus G -- an Android phone from AT&T (T) and Sprint with similar specs but without the “Nexus” label. Nexus 10 Android tablets have had a lot of trouble gaining traction in the marketplace. The big exception is Google’s well-received Nexus 7. (Both Amazon.com (AMZN) ’s Kindle Fire HD and Barnes & Noble (BKS) ’s Nook HD are based on Android, but used heavily modified versions that don’t run standard apps.) The Samsung-made Nexus 10 has little in common with the Nexus 7, which was manufactured by Asus. (2357) It has more in common with the Samsung (005930) Galaxy Note 10.1 tablet, such as the twin front-mounted stereo speakers. But where I found the Galaxy Note dreadfully cheap-looking and plasticky, the Nexus 10, with its gorgeous 2560-by-1600- pixel 10.1-inch display and smooth, rubberized back, feels more like a premium product. Battery life isn’t quite up to the iPad standard, but it’s close. The tablet is also a bit thinner and lighter. Finally, the Nexus 10 is attractively priced, starting at $399 for a 16-gigabyte, Wi-Fi-only version, which is $100 cheaper than its Apple (AAPL) rival. Absent Apps So what’s not to like? Principally, the same thing that’s plagued most Android tablets: the lack of apps designed for them. While the Android universe has largely caught up with Apple in overall numbers, the iPad has 275,000 apps designed specifically for it. Most of what’s available for Android are simply smartphone apps that, in many cases, look and feel ridiculous on a big screen. (The website Ars Technica has collected some particularly egregious examples .) It’s the chicken-and-egg problem Google hasn’t yet been able to solve: There won’t be more tablet-optimized Android apps until more people are using Android tablets, and people won’t want Android tablets until there are more apps that take advantage of them. Chromebook For a couple of years, Google has been trying to establish its cloud-based Chrome operating system on laptop and desktop computers as an alternative to Microsoft (MSFT) ’s Windows and Apple’s OS X. With little to show for its efforts, the company and its manufacturing partners have embarked on what feels like a last- ditch effort to slash prices and reposition the Chromebook as a secondary device in the home -- the fabled “recipe computer” that can sit in the kitchen until someone wanders by and needs quick Internet access. And you know what? For that, the new $249 Samsung-made Chromebook isn’t bad. At 2.4 pounds and only .7 of an inch thick, it’s unobtrusive, yet opens up to an 11.6 inch screen, full keyboard and webcam for video calling. I’m not a big fan of the Chromebook as a productivity tool; it’s just too dependent on having online access at all times. But it may be useful for a fixed locale where you sometimes need to jump online and don’t always have a tablet handy. And for those who don’t think the convenience is worth $249, Acer (2353) has just announced a somewhat bulkier Chromebook at an even lower price: $199. None of these products is made by Motorola, the manufacturer Google now owns, so maybe the company wants to reassure its partners that it still values their longstanding relationships. Or maybe Google is planning cooler things than what we’ve seen so far. ( Rich Jaroslovsky is a Bloomberg News columnist. The opinions expressed are his own.) Muse highlights include Jason Harper on cars and Lance Esplund on art . To contact the reporter on this story: Rich Jaroslovsky in San Francisco at rjaroslovsky@bloomberg.net . To contact the editor responsible for this story: Manuela Hoelterhoff at mhoelterhoff@bloomberg.net .	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Location of libopenblas I’m trying to make a direct call to dgemm. Julia can’t seem to find the library, which on my mac is in .julia/conda/3/lib instead of /usr/local/lib. Did I make an error in the install? When I look at the sourse for gemm for guidance, it seems the libarary should be called libopenblas64. As you can see, I am very confused. If I have to reinstall from scratch, I will, but want to do it right. Thanks, If you’re making the call from within Julia, I would just do it the same way the standard library does: Use: julia> BLAS.@blasfunc :dgemm_ Symbol(":dgemm_64_") julia> BLAS.libblas "libopenblas64_" EDIT: This has the benefit of also working for folks who build with MKL instead. 1 Like Thanks, Should the call look like this for square matrices A, B, and C? libblas=BLAS.libblas dgemm=BLAS.@blasfunc :dgemm_ ccall((dgemm, BLAS.libblas), Cvoid, (Ref{UInt8}, Ref{UInt8}, Ref{BlasInt}, Ref{BlasInt}, Ref{BlasInt}, Ref{Float64}, Ptr{Float64}, Ref{BlasInt}, Ptr{Float64}, Ref{BlasInt}, Ref{Float64}, Ptr{:Float64}, Ref{BlasInt}), ‘N’, ‘N’, rowsofA, colsofB, seconddimofA, alpha, A, leadingdimofA, B, leadingdimofB, beta, C, leadingdimofC ) When I run it from the REPL things seem to break with ERROR: TypeError: in ccall: first argument not a pointer or valid constant expression, expected Ptr, got Tuple{Symbol,String} If I embed it in a function I get a segmentation fault. I know I’m missing something fundamental, but can’t figure out what it is. I finally understood your advice and figure out how to do it. This works function klgemv!(trans, m, n, alpha, A, lda, X, incx, beta, Y, incy) ccall(( (BLAS.@blasfunc dgemv_ ), Base.libblas_name), Cvoid, (Ref{UInt8}, Ref{Int64}, Ref{Int64}, Ref{Float64}, Ptr{Float64}, Ref{Int64}, Ptr{Float64}, Ref{Int64}, Ref{Float64}, Ptr{Float64}, Ref{Int64}), trans, m, n, alpha, A, lda, X, incx, beta, Y, incy) return Y end I’m using this to implement the Arnoldi factorization using classical Gram-Schmidt twice, which is both stable and, if you have four or more cores, faster than modified GS. I’ve been testing it for correctness against the qr! function in Julia and qr in Matlab. This is not a good way to compute a QR factorization and one expects to be slower than the QR in lapack. For small problems the cgs way is very competitive with QR, but for large ones Lapack can use blas3 calls, and the speed gets a serious boost. You see this in both Matlab and Julia. What I did not expect was that the Julia versions were so much faster. For an 20000x800 matrix, qr! in Julia was over 20x faster that qr in Matlab. My cgs version was over 8x faster in Julia (once I figured out how to reduce the allocation burden with views). I stand impressed. Hi, I’m bring this thread back to live to get some advice. I’m trying to avoid the ccall to blasfunc and am getting similar performance (but a higher allocation burden) using So, here’s a QR code that does this in two ways, one with BLAS calls and one way without. When I use do not use BLAS calls I’m getting killed with allocations on the two lines that update the new column: qk.-=Qkmrk qk.-=Qkmpk Is there something I’m doing wrong here? Is there an obvious way to reduce the allocation burden? 'preciate it, – Tim function classical2!(A) (m,n)=size(A) precision=typeof(A[1,1]) R=precision.(zeros(n,n)) R[1,1]=norm(A[:,1]) A[:,1]=A[:,1]/R[1,1] # # Turn on the BLAS calls # doblas=1 # # Compute the factorization with CGS twice. # @views for k=2:n rk=R[1:k-1,k] qk=A[:,k] Qkm=A[:,1:k-1] pk=zeros(size(rk)) if doblas==0 # # no BLAS # # Orthogonalize rk.+=Qkm'qk qk.-=Qkmrk # Orthogonalize again pk.=Qkm'qk qk.-=Qkmpk rk.+=pk else # # BLAS # # Orthogonalize BLAS.gemv!('T',1.0,Qkm,qk,1.0,rk) BLAS.gemv!('N',-1.0,Qkm,rk,1.0,qk) # Orthogonalize again BLAS.gemv!('T',1.0,Qkm,qk,0.0,pk) BLAS.gemv!('N',-1.0,Qkm,pk,1.0,qk) rk.+=pk # end R[k,k]=norm(qk) qk./=R[k,k] end return QR = (Q=A, R=R) end	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Page:Keil and Delitzsch,Biblical commentary the old testament the pentateuch, trad James Martin, volume 1, 1885.djvu/724 verses 38-40 “And this is what thou shalt make (offer) upon the altar; yearling lambs two a day continually,” one in the morning, the other between the two evenings (see at Exo 12:6); to every one a meat-offering (minchah) of a tenth of fine wheaten flour (soleth, see at Lev 2:1), mixed with a quarter of a hin of beaten oil (cathith, see at Exo 27:20), and a drink-offering (nesek) of a quarter of a hin of wine. עשּׂרן (a tenth) is equivalent to האיפה עשׂירית, the tenth part of an ephah (Num 28:5), or 198-5 Parisian cubic inches according to Bertheau's measurement. Thenius, however, sets it down at 101-4 inches, whilst the Rabbins reckon it as equivalent to 43 hen's eggs of average size, i.e., somewhat more than 2 1/4 lbs. A hin (a word of Egyptian origin) is 330-9 inches according to Bertheau, 168-9 according to Thenius, or 72 eggs, so that a quarter of a hin would be 18 eggs. verses 41-46 Exo 29:41-46 להּ is to be understood ad sensum as referring to עולה. The daily morning and evening sacrifices were to be “for a sweet savour, a firing unto Jehovah” (see at Lev 1:9). In these Israel was to consecrate its life daily unto the Lord (see at Lev 1 and 2). In order that the whole of the daily life might be included, it was to be offered continually every morning and evening for all future time (“throughout your generations” as at Exo 12:14) at the door of the tabernacle, i.e., upon the altar erected there, before Jehovah, who would meet with the people and commune with them there (see Exo 25:22). This promise is carried out still further in Exo 29:43-46. First of all, for the purpose of elucidating and strengthening the words, “I will meet with you there” (Exo 29:42), the presence and communion of God, which are attached to the ark of the covenant in Exo 25:22, are ensured to the whole nation in the words, “And there I will meet with the children of Israel, and it (Israel) shall be sanctified through My glory.” As the people were not allowed to approach the ark of the covenant, but only to draw near to the altar of burnt-offering in the sanctuary, it was important to declare that the Lord would manifest Himself to them even there, and sanctify them by His glory. Most of the commentators have taken the altar to be the subject of “shall be sanctified;” but this is certainly an error, not only because the altar is not mentioned in the previous clause, and only slightly hinted at in the להּ in Exo 29:41, but principally because the sanctification of the	WIKI
Page:Systems-of-Sanskrit-Grammar-SK Belvalkar.pdf/132 124 Systems of Sanskrit Grammar chanalisa 89.2; towhere re- fors to Faasvuta 92.1, 93.26; 07.82: Lis date 91.27: 882; per- snal details about bin 15.30; is w ks 105.10, 105.u3; the ro- la element in is grammar 105.11, 113.18, 114.16, 106.1; his extreme divergonce from Panizi's technical terminology 106.26f; his opnions refute i by Chatroji 107.12; lis preant lin- irel infinenec 107.13; 109.4; 109.18; 112.3. Brahmanas, gramatical specula- done in, $3 their Iguage vory different from that of the Satibi- ! 3.8, 2.ui; their ain interest ! sacerdotal, and grammar only of secondary interest 324; 6.nl ; 12.0: 56.2. Brahmaasigurari £7.19. Bribal.chbn of Ngpar 90.10: fale by Devusuri 98.12. Pi-Kariru-gao cha 99.15. Pridvrict, Subdanussana- bladvritti. Bit r. ci invoduction of art of i riting 4.n3; 10:ards Jayaditya \| Kastrian 28 28, 86.n4; 41.7; 52.0 his pamphlet n Hema- chandra 73 12: 77.6: $2.02; 65.r3: 91.8; 91.02. Sarnell, Ecay en Aindra School of gamariata, 1; 16.25; 11.al; 11.8 12.9 82.12. C Cambay F3.28; 74.9. Ceylon. Chandra trentices in. C1.22; 62.15. Chicbigs father of Hemachanda 73.23. Chaitany. 113.18. Chaircuvinite, a Vaishna za gran- mar 111.9. Chikravurmaga inentioned by Pa nini 12-n2. Chakravarti, Professor Srish Chan- drs, 39.nl. Chalukya 72.25. Chandisvara teacher of Väsndeva. bhatta 98.21. Chandra. see Chandragomin. Chandradasa 59.6. Chandra-gachchha 78.33. Chandragomin 20-8; his date 85-19; quoted by name in Popu- deva's Mugdhalodha 10.n3; men- tioned by Vamacharya 53.30, 53 m2; quoted in Gaparaina- mahodidli 18.nl; Chandragomin and his work §22, also §§12 aud following; was à Bauddha 35-4, 59.5; and wrete primarily for his own Church 35-6; his na- orthodox innovatious 35-6; the Kasika largely indetbed to him 37-18; illustrations 38-al; bis grammar edited by Liebích 28-n1 earliest reference to him and his predecessors 41-19; mentioned by Kshirasvamin as cathor of some work on roots 52-14, 52 m2; his Dhatupatha incorporated with the Katantra 52-18; 57-n; his date $13, 58 m2, 64-18; his own vritti on the Chandra sutris 58-22, 01-9; exists now in fraganeuts 61.10; incor- porated by Dharmadas: 61-12; naturef his work §44; improves upon Paniniya grammar 59-9ff; hia Dhatapatha 59-14; his really original contribution 59-19; his object 59 27.ff; his terminology mostly Paniniya 60-1 ; his gram- mar nicknamed Asanjñuka 60.4, 60-ni; other accessory works by i 60-96; no Chandra pari- bhachts 61-2; non-grammatical works of, 61-4ff; 69-19; 70-2, 70-02; 70x3; 70.nt: 71-2; quoted by Hemachandra 76 n2; his grammar said to agree with that of Panici 10-19. Chandrakrri author of Sabedhika er Dipika on Sarasvata-prakriya 93-74: personal details about hin 98-10; hi dste 99-17f: patro- sised by Sah: Salen, the emp: ror of Delhi 98-17, 98-n1; 103.11. Chandrasekhar-vidyalankara, his commentary on Goyrchandra's vritti 110-19. Chuadra sutras, vritti on, probably by Chandragonin himself 58-23; mentions a Gupta victory over Hapas 58-24; Diarmadusa's coma- en, 61-12; other works now only in Tibetan translations 61-25; or in Ceylon 61-22; their list 61 ml;	WIKI
The role of the Starter Motor and when to consider replacement The role of the Starter Motor and when to consider replacement The starter motor is a crucial component in a vehicle’s engine system, playing a role in initiating the combustion process that powers the engine and enables the vehicle to start. When you turn the ignition key, the starter motor engages the flywheel, causing the engine to crank and begin the combustion process. While modern starter motors are designed to be durable and long-lasting, they can experience wear and tear over time, eventually requiring replacement. Understanding the Signs of Starter Motor Issues: As with any mechanical component, the starter motor is subject to wear and tear over time and may eventually exhibit signs of potential failure. Here are some common signs that may indicate an issue with the starter motor: 1. Engine Cranking but Failing to Start: If you attempt to start your vehicle and the engine cranks but fails to start, it could indicate a faulty starter motor. This occurs when the motor is unable to generate sufficient power to initiate the combustion process effectively. 2. Clicking Sound: When you turn the ignition key and hear a rapid clicking sound, it may indicate that the starter motor is not engaging properly. This could be due to worn out internal components within the motor. 3. Slow Cranking: If you notice that the engine cranks slowly when starting your vehicle, it could be a sign that the starter motor is struggling to generate the necessary power to initiate the combustion process. This can be caused by worn-out components or electrical issues within the starter motor. When to Consider Replacement: If you experience any of the aforementioned signs of starter motor issues, it is essential to have your vehicle inspected by a qualified mobile mechanic. They can diagnose the source of the problem and determine if the starter motor requires replacement. Additionally, there are certain situations in which it may be necessary to consider replacing the starter motor even in the absence of obvious signs of failure: 1. High Mileage: As a vehicle accumulates mileage, the internal components of the starter motor can wear out. If your vehicle has reached high mileage, it may be prudent to consider proactive replacement to avoid unexpected failures. 2. Age of the Vehicle: The age of the vehicle can also play a role in the condition of the starter motor. Over time, the electrical contacts and internal components can degrade, leading to potential issues with the starter motor’s performance. 3. Regular Maintenance: If your vehicle has not had the starter motor inspected or serviced within the recommended maintenance schedule, it may be wise to consider replacement as a preventive measure. Benefits of Mobile Mechanic Services for Starter Motor Replacement: When you encounter issues with your starter motor or suspect that it may need replacement, opting for the services of a mobile mechanic can offer several benefits: 1. Convenience: Mobile mechanics can come to your location, whether it’s your home, workplace, or another designated area. This saves you the time and hassle of arranging transportation to a traditional auto repair shop. 2. Diagnostic Expertise: A qualified mobile mechanic has the expertise to diagnose starter motor issues accurately. They can perform comprehensive inspections and testing to determine the exact cause of the problem, ensuring that the appropriate solution is implemented. 3. Quality Replacement Parts: Mobile mechanics often carry a range of quality replacement parts, including starter motors, enabling them to perform the replacement efficiently and with parts that meet or exceed OEM standards. 4. Cost-Effective Solutions: Opting for mobile mechanic services can often be more cost-effective than traditional auto repair shops, as they have lower overhead costs and can offer competitive pricing for their services. Conclusion: The starter motor plays a critical role in the operation of a vehicle, and it is essential to be aware of the signs that may indicate potential issues with this component. Whether you experience symptoms of starter motor failure, or you simply want to stay ahead of potential problems, a qualified mobile mechanic can provide the expertise and service necessary for a prompt and reliable starter motor replacement. By understanding the role of the starter motor and knowing when to consider replacement, you can ensure that your vehicle’s starting system continues to operate smoothly and reliably. To find a mobile mechanic near you, contact us today on 07458148084.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
How to turn on rsh and rlogin on RedHat Enterprise Linux (RHEL 2.1/ 3.0) Enable them: Turn on these three using chkconfig on both the nodes: rexec, rsh and rlogin. # chkconfig rexec on # chkconfig rsh on # chkconfig rlogin on xinetd Restart xinetd to be sure. # service xinetd restart .rhosts On hostA’s root home directory (usually /root), create a .rhosts file, which has hostB in it. # cat .rhosts hostB Similarly, create a .rhosts on hostB’s root home directory which has hostA in it. # cat .rhosts hostA hosts.allow Now, edit /etc/hosts.allow on hostA: # # hosts.allow This file describes the names of the hosts which are # allowed to use the local INET services, as decided # by the ‘/usr/sbin/tcpd’ server. # ALL : hostB Edit /etc/hosts.allow on hostB: # # hosts.allow This file describes the names of the hosts which are # allowed to use the local INET services, as decided # by the ‘/usr/sbin/tcpd’ server. # ALL : hostA hosts.equiv Edit /etc/hosts.equiv on hostA to have # cat /etc/hosts.equiv hostB Edit /etc/hosts.equiv on hostB to have # cat /etc/hosts.equiv hostA /etc/securetty And finally, knock off /etc/securetty (rename it or worse, purge it) on both hostA and hostB Now you are good to go. Disclaimer: Use at your own risk. Don’t flame me. It sure worked for me. Actual results may vary. Use ssh in place of rlogin/rsh/telnet and the like, as ssh is more secure. %d bloggers like this:	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
1947–48 La Liga The 1947–48 La Liga was the 17th season since its establishment. Barcelona achieved their third title. Since this season, the relegation play-offs were eliminated, being relegated only the two last qualified teams at the end of the season. Team locations Real Madrid played the first half of the season at Estadio Metropolitano, until the opening of the Nuevo Estadio de Chamartín.	WIKI
Talk:Adair County, Missouri Untitled Wondering how to edit this U.S. County Entry? The WikiProject U.S. Counties standards might help. Its A Start Anyway I've undertaken as a "summer project" to flesh out and enhance the Adair County entry. Several sections may be moved and/or enhanced from the Kirksville, Missouri wiki entry, as the early history stuff seems to fit better here. If anyone has any suggestions, complaints, help, etc. your feedback is most welcome. Either leave it here on the discussion page or contact my Wiki talk page. Sector001 (talk) 18:21, 1 May 2010 (UTC) I am glad to see that someone is interested in bringing this page up to muster. I am also interested in significantly enhancing the historical portion of this page. I'm sure we'll be reviewing each others' work as the summer progresses and I look forward to improving it together. comment added by AWY (talk • contribs) 21:26, 8 June 2010 (UTC) Public schools ATTENTION: Please do not remove La Plata R-2 School district from the listings of public schools serving Adair County. La Plata is on the very extreme northern edge of Macon County, and its facilities are located in that county. HOWEVER the district boundaries include a portion of Adair County, basically south of county blacktops HH and E. Adair County residents who live or own property in that area pay taxes to La Plata R-2 and any children living there attend La Plata vs. Kirksville, Novinger, or Brashear schools. Thank you.Sector001 (talk) 09:15, 12 July 2012 (UTC) External links modified Hello fellow Wikipedians, I have just modified 6 one external links on Adair County, Missouri. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes: * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110531210815/http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx to http://www.naco.org/Counties/Pages/FindACounty.aspx * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20081015115408/http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~towlescanote/history.html to http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~towlescanote/history.html * Added tag to http://www.census.gov/geo/maps-data/data/docs/gazetteer/counties_list_29.txt * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/6YSasqtfX?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fwww%2Fdecennial.html to http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110731185625/http://laplata.k12.mo.us:80/ to http://www.laplata.k12.mo.us/ * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100511175045/http://lifechurch.typepad.com:80/lcs/ to http://lifechurch.typepad.com/lcs/ * Added tag to http://www.senate.mo.gov/12info/members/mem18.htm/ Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 20:28, 3 October 2016 (UTC) External links modified Hello fellow Wikipedians, I have just modified 6 external links on Adair County, Missouri. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes: * Added archive http://www.webcitation.org/5zyYvfeGx?url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29/29001.html to http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/29/29001.html * Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150713071425/http://dnr.mo.gov/shpo/adair.htm to http://www.dnr.mo.gov/shpo/Adair.htm * Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html * Corrected formatting/usage for http://factfinder2.census.gov/ * Corrected formatting/usage for http://laplata.k12.mo.us/ * Corrected formatting/usage for http://lifechurch.typepad.com/lcs/ Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 09:53, 26 June 2017 (UTC) Where are the presidential election results almost every county has one in the United States on their respective wiki page <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:01, 27 November 2021 (UTC)	WIKI
Putaendo Putaendo is a city and commune in the San Felipe de Aconcagua Province of central Chile's Valparaíso Region. History Before the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors, Putaendo was a very old town of hunters and gatherers. The Spanish were attracted to gold mines discovered in the outskirts of town in the mid 18th century. Little by little, they formed a population center and constructed the Church of San Antonio. On 20 March 1831, the Assembly of Aconcagua granted the town a title. San Antonio de la Unión de Putaendo was the first town to become a patriotic force in 1817. In 1485, during the conquest of the Inca Túpac Yupanqui, his son Huayna Cápac crossed the Andean mountains and descended through this valley, camping in Putaendo and incorporating the Aconcagua valley into the Incan civilization. The advancing expedition of Diego de Almagro was stopped here in 1536. The Inca road system (Camino del inca) passed through this valley. This was the fastest route between the tribes of the valleys of La Ligua, Aconcagua and Mapocho. The outline of the city extends longitudinally from north to south, and its historic center has been called "Typical Zone" (Zona Típica). Toward the south, there is a commercial area, structured in the form of Calle Larga, with adobe facades from the 18th and 19th centuries. In the extreme north, there is a plaza with large trees, and on either side of town, public buildings can be found. Geography The Putaendo river valley is located in the northern Zona Central and is a part of the Aconcagua river watershed located in the transitional zone, with respect to geomorphology (transitioning from the Norte Chico to the longitudinal Chilean Central Valley) and climatology (from semiarid to a temperate Mediterranean). Putaendo spans an area of 1474.4 sqkm. Demographics According to the 2002 census of the National Statistics Institute, Putaendo spans an area of 1474.4 sqkm and has 14,649 inhabitants (7,344 men and 7,305 women). Of these, 7,214 (49.2%) lived in urban areas and 7,435 (50.8%) in rural areas. The population grew by 14.4% (1,843 persons) between the 1992 and 2002 censuses. Economy In 2018, the number of companies registered in Internal Revenue Service of Chile for Putaendo was 304. The Economic Complexity Index (ECI) in the same year was -0.32, while the economic activity with the highest comparative advantage index revealed (RCA) were the cultivation of aromatic or medicinal plants (169.37). Administration As a commune, Putaendo is a third-level administrative division of Chile, administered by a municipal council, which is headed by a directly elected alcalde. The current alcalde is Guillermo Reyes. The council has the following members: * Silvia Arancibia Abarca * Laya Nara Negrete * Julio Aravena * Enzo Gazzolo * Manuel Olivares Leiva * Sergio Zamora Within the electoral divisions of Chile, Putaendo is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Marco Antonio Núñez (PDC) and Gaspar Rivas (RN) as part of the 11th electoral district, together with Los Andes, San Esteban, Calle Larga, Rinconada, San Felipe, Santa María, Panquehue, Llaillay and Catemu. The commune is represented in the Senate by Ignacio Walker Prieto (PDC) and Lily Pérez San Martín (RN) as part of the 5th senatorial constituency (Valparaíso-Cordillera).	WIKI
Critter Highlight Black Bear This time of year, we'd all appreciate a little more in bed, and our Critter for the month of December certainly embodies that better than anyone: the American Black Bear! While the black bear is the only bear endemic to Maryland, predominantly found in the western section of the state, their range extends across the continent, as far North as the Arctic circle and South into central Mexico. Although they were previously found throughout the central US, they are extirpated through much of their former range. Black bears have a preference for forested areas, but can adapt to a variety of environments. They are known as generalists, meaning they can live in diverse conditions and make use of a wide range of resources, and subsequently there are a whopping 16 subspecies of black bear found across North America! Black bears are known to hunt, however the species is omnivorous, and up to 85% of the black bear's food comes from plant sources. In Maryland, nuts such as beechnuts and acorns, berries and other forest fruits, insects, roots, carrion, and small animals make up a majority of a bear's diet. Acorns are in fact the most important food source a Maryland bear relies on in building the up to 30% body weight increase they need going into the winter! However, in other areas of their range, black bears may eat such diverse items as prickly pear cacti, salmon, moose calves, bird eggs, grasses, and assorted wetland vegetation. Their ability to feed opportunistically means that black bears also often choose to forage in human-managed beehives and, unfortunately, trash receptacles, a tendency that causes danger to the animal. The autumn, which is a time of hyperphagia ("extreme eating") leading up to denning, may be a time for increased human-bear interactions as a result. Black Bear Black bears' use of energy through cold months is highly efficient, although they may lose up to 40% of their body weight during the winter. In parts of their range with a defined winter, they start "denning" in October, and may remain there for as long as 8 months in colder regions. During denning, a bear's heartbeat drops to an astounding 8 beats per minute from 40-50 bpm. This reflects a decrease in their metabolic rate that allows them to go for months without eating. While their metabolism drops during this time, a bear's ability to heal its wounds does not appear to slow, and the bear is aware of the passage of time based on ambient light and temperature variations. In fact, during mild winters, a bear may even leave their den to forage, and while many people think of this time as a 'deep sleep' for animals, bears are relatively active during this period. In January, Maryland black bear mothers give birth to between 1 and 4 small cubs, weighing up to a pound each, which she will nurse until the snow melts and time comes to leave the den. So while it's unlikely to see a black bear during this time of the year, when our thoughts stray to this cultural symbol of the winter months we can just as easily imagine them as we are, looking out at the snow from the warmth of a den surrounded by family.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
My Green's Daily Complete Information About Appetite Suppressant Supplements And Remedies In most cases, when we are dealing with being overweight or obese, the cause is excessive appetite. It is the one that leads to overeating, in proportion to the body’s needs, the amount of food, and consequently to the accumulation of fatty tissue. That is why, if we have such problems, it is worth learning how to reduce appetite and achieve the desired body weight. Therefore here we will discuss some home remedies and appetite suppressant supplements. Appetite and Hunger appetite and hunger Hunger is not the same as appetite. The feeling of hunger is purely physiological and occurs when the body does not get enough nutrients. It becomes gradually visible that builds up in quite a long time. It is accompanied by physical symptoms in the form of stomach rumbles or intestinal cramps. In the later phase, there are headaches, bad mood, hands tremors, weakness, and even fainting. Long-term starvation can have fatal, often irreversible effects – weakened immunity, water, and electrolyte disorders, leading to heart disruption and general body wastage. It can also cause the development of many latent diseases. Meanwhile, the appetite is a sudden desire to eat something, usually specific, such as candy. The development of appetite, or the desire for a meal, have psychological background and can be caused by a temporary impulse, for example, the sight or smell of the food, talking about food or negative emotions. For many people, food is strongly associated with emotions and is a kind of compensation for adverse experiences and states of mind. Although hunger cannot be underestimated, excessive appetite must certainly be curbed. Natural Appetite Suppressant Remedies appetite suppressant remedies The most important thing is to change current eating habits, including the type of food you eat. In the first place, highly processed food must be replaced with raw and low-processed products. It helps in maintaining the correct level of glucose in the blood, gives a longer feeling of satiety, and usually contain fewer calories. You can also opt for diet plans like Nutrisystem that will serve you healthy and planned meal daily. The presence of fibres plays a significant role in this. Add raw, possibly steamed fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean fish, meat, dried fruit, and linseed in your diet. Avoid products that contain harmful additives – preservatives, sweeteners, and colourants. The best solution is to prepare meals for yourself. The way of eating is also important when reducing appetite. Eat more often, but less, and especially regularly, 4-5 smaller meals per day. This avoids sudden fluctuations in glucose levels and attacks of uncontrollable appetite. Don’t forget about breakfast and drinking plenty of water and eating foods that contain a high concentration of juicy fruits and vegetables. If you have no control over the desire to get something to eat between meals, you can opt for healthy, low-calorie snacks such as carrots, radishes, tomatoes, celery, and green cocktails. Psychological Tricks For Appetite Suppressant appetite suppressant tricks Because snacking has some elements of addiction, it is worth looking for the mechanisms tested in cases of other addictions: Biding appetite – A sudden desire for something sweet, salty, crispy, will most likely pass if we don’t admit immediately. Let’s turn our attention away from it, record our thoughts with something else, such as a computer game, a newspaper, or clean a desk. Avoid situations that accompany food – Instead of meeting friends in a restaurant, take a walk in the garden. While watching TV, look for some extra work for the hands such knitting, drawing, manicures, origami, peeling carrots, which we eat for a snack, etc. Get rid of the products you desire most – Sweets, chips, sticks, replace them with dry fruits, pumpkin seeds, and sunflower seeds. Prepare meals yourself – While cooking, we are psychologically concentrated. Make sure that the dishes must be tasty and aesthetic, but not too rich and exaggerated. Appetite Suppressant Supplements That Work appetite suppressant supplements Powder drinks and supplements with herbs also help in suppressing excessive appetite. Herbs like buckthorn, nettle, coriander, and raspberry leaves are commonly found in such supplements. There are many different types of powder supplements, like Athletic Greens, to reduce appetite. They are usually composed of vegetables, fruits, and extracts from plants known for their appetite-suppressing and metabolism-stimulating properties, such as bitter orange, guarana, black pepper, African mango, and others. The appetite suppressant supplements also contain chromium, an element responsible for glucose metabolism, deficiency of which may increase the desire for sweets. Recommended Best Natural Appetite Suppressant Supplements Edward Redmond Edward Redmond has been researching, testing, and writing for the last 9 years on fitness, eating right, and the benefits of health supplements. Having first used a green supplement alternative for daily vegetables and Fruits, he became a huge fan of these "superfood alternatives" over and above the protein shakes that were more common in the market then. This site is his way of clearing the clutter and making sense of the superfood green powder space. A father of two superheroes, husband to Marie who herself is a fitness fanatic and a Vegan he knows what it's like to get the best for his family. He is also a professional gym trainer and an Avid Herbalist. The Best IMMUNITY BOOSTING Green Superfood Powder!! Editors Top Pick Use Our Exclusive 15% Off Code - MGD15 >>> Claim Your Free eBook Superfoods To Fuel Your Immunity 55 percent of Human's are overstressed. This weakens our immune system & opens us up to risks of viruses and bacteria. This free eBook guides you about various superfoods that help boost up your immune system and protect your body from various dangerous & harmful viruses. Download your copy.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
User:Nepbert Hello! Iam Nepbert. Iam from the USA. I like chemistry geography and tropical storms. I like study. I have analysed many tropicals. I will create many pages, which are based on my self analysies. This is Nepartak.I believe it is one of the strongest tropical storms of the world evver recorded	WIKI
Brilliant adds a dimmer switch and smart plug to its smart home ecosystem – TechCrunch Until now, Brilliant only offered its relatively high-end smart switches with a touchscreen, but at CES this week, the company is expanding its product lineup with a new dimmer switch and smart plug. Both require that you already own at least one Brilliant Control, so these aren’t standalone devices but instead expansions to the Brilliant Control system. The main advantage here is that once you have bought into the Brilliant system for your smart home setup, you won’t need to get a new Brilliant Control for every room. Because the Controls start at $299 for a single switch, that would be a very pricey undertaking. At $69.99, the dimmer is competitively priced (and offers a discount for bundles with multiple switches), as is the plug, at $29.99. This will surely make the overall Brilliant system more attractive to a lot of people.I’ve tested the Control in my house for the last few weeks and came away impressed, mostly because it brings a single, flexible physical control system to the disparate smart plugs, locks and other gadgets I’ve accumulated over the last year or so. I couldn’t imagine getting one for every room, though, as that would simply be far too expensive. Brilliant’s system works with Alexa and Google Assistant, and includes third-party integrations with companies like Philips Hue, LIFX, TP-Link Lutron, Wemo, Ecobee, Honeywell, August, Kwikset, Schlage, Ring, Sonos and others. The different Brilliant devices communicate over a Bluetooth Mesh and connect to the internet over Wi-Fi. “Before Brilliant, an integrated whole-home smart home and lighting system meant either spending tens of thousands of dollars on an inflexible home automation system, or piecing together a jumble of disparate devices and apps,” said Aaron Emigh, co-founder and CEO of Brilliant. “With our new smart switch and plug-in combination with the Brilliant Control, we are realizing our mission to make it possible for every homeowner to experience the comfort, energy efficiency, safety and convenience of living in a true smart home.” One nice feature of the dimmer is that it includes a motion sensor, which will allow for a lot of interesting usage scenarios. You’ll also be able to double-tap the switch to trigger a smart home or lighting scene. The plug is obviously more straightforward. It’s a Wemo-style plug that you simply plug in. Unlike Brilliant’s devices, which require that you either have to be comfortable with doing some very basic electrical work yourself (and Brilliant offers very straightforward instructions) or have somebody install it for you, this one is indeed plug and play. Both the plug and dimmer switch are now available for pre-order and will ship in Q1 2020.	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Don E. WILLIAMS et al., Plaintiffs, v. Pernell L. SAVAGE et al., Defendants. Civil Action No. 07-0583 (RMU). United States District Court, District of Columbia. Aug. 5, 2008. Steven M. Spiegel, Alexandria, VA, for Plaintiffs. Darragh L. Inman, Kahn, Smith & Collins, P.A., Baltimore, MD, Carl James Schifferle, Office of the Corporation Counsel, Steven J. Anderson, Office of Attorney General for DC, Washington, DC, Michael A. Desantis, Hartel, Kane, Desantis, MacDonald & Howie, LLP, Beltsville, MD, for Defendants. . Progressive's first motion to dismiss, filed in September 2007, primarily relied on a statute of limitations argument. In a subsequent filing, the plaintiffs clarified when they filed the complaint, and the statute of limitations was no longer an issue. See Mem. Op. (Mar. 10, 2008), 538 F.Supp.2d at 38 n. 2. MEMORANDUM OPINION Denying the Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend the Complaint; Denying the Plaintiffs’ Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment; Granting the Insurance Defendants’ Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings; Denying the Insurance Defendants’ Motion for More Definite Statement; Granting the Insurance Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss; Sua Sponte Dismissing the Claims Against Kingsberry RICARDO M. URBINA, District Judge. 1. INTRODUCTION Before the court are the plaintiffs’ motions to amend their complaint and to alter or amend the judgment along with the insurance defendants’ motions to dismiss, for more definite statement and for judgment on the pleadings. The case centers on an ordinary car accident. The plaintiffs are the driver of the struck vehicle and his two friends who witnessed the accident. The defendants are the District of Columbia and three police officers involved in reporting the accident (collectively “the D.C. defendants”), the other driver, his insurance company and one of its employees (collectively “the insurance defendants”) and a witness of the accident. The plaintiffs sued, alleging discrimination under 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983 and 1985, the First Amendment and the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12131 et seq., on the basis of race and disability in the preparation of the police report along with negligence and fraud on the part of the defendant driver and the insurance company. Because the plaintiffs’ proposed amendments are futile and untimely, the court denies the motion to amend the complaint. Similarly, the court denies the motion to alter or amend the judgment because there was no clear error or misapprehension in its opinion dismissing claims against the D.C. defendants. Furthermore, because the insurance defendants are not state actors, the court dismisses the civil rights claims against them, and because an insurance policy is not a public accommodation under the Americans with Disabilities Act, the court dismisses claims arising under that statute. Likewise, the court dismisses sua sponte the claims against defendant Kingsberry because it is patently obvious that the plaintiffs failed to state a claim against her. Having disposed of the federal claims, the court declines supplemental jurisdiction over the pendant state law claims for negligence and fraud and dismisses them. II. BACKGROUND A. Factual Background The following facts are as alleged in the complaint: This case arises from a car accident that occurred March 24, 2004, on H and 11th Streets in Southeast D.C. Compl. ¶ 15. Plaintiff Williams was traveling southbound on 11th Street and crossed into the intersection on a green light. Id. At the same time, defendant Savage drove his car westbound on H Street, through the red light, and collided with Williams. Id. ¶22. When the accident occurred, Williams, along with plaintiffs McQueen and Allen, had just left a meeting of Alcoholics Anonymous (“AA”) at a nearby church.. Id. ¶¶ 16, 20. All three plaintiffs were, at all relevant times, recovered alcoholics. Id. ¶¶ 17,19. In the aftermath of the accident, plaintiff Williams went to the hospital, and defendant Freeman, an officer with the Metropolitan Police Department, arrived at the scene to fill out a traffic accident report form. Id. ¶ 27. Defendant Freeman took statements from at least four people, including defendants Kingsberry and Savage, but refused to take statements from plaintiffs McQueen and Allen, because they were members of AA or because they were black. Id. ¶¶ 28-38, 67. On the basis of these statements, defendant Freeman concluded that plaintiff Williams was at fault in the accident and issued him a citation. Id. ¶ 40. When the plaintiff appeared at the Traffic Adjudication Bureau to contest the citation, he was told that there had been a mistake, and the citation was apparently dropped. Id. ¶ 41. The plaintiff sought to correct the traffic report by contacting the General Counsel for defendant District of Columbia who told him that there was no formal procedure for making corrections but that plaintiff Williams should write him a letter explaining the inaccuracies and he would “see that it was corrected.” Id. ¶42. Plaintiff Williams did write such a letter and it was referred to defendant Sgt. Bernard under the supervision of defendant Commander Green. Id. ¶ 44. Defendant Bernard investigated the matter by interviewing additional witnesses but did not change the report. Id. ¶ 45. None of the police officers ever interviewed plaintiffs McQueen and Allen. Id. ¶ 50. The inaccuracies in the police report prevented plaintiff Williams from recovering a settlement from defendant Progressive, defendant Savage’s insurer. Id. ¶ 52. When the plaintiffs’ lawyer contacted defendant Dykes, an insurance adjuster at Progressive, to inform him about the inaccuracies, Dykes responded that “he really didn’t care if his insured had lied.” Id. ¶ 58. As a result of the accident and the fraud, plaintiff Williams suffered physical injuries as well as emotional distress, delay in recovery and litigation expenses. Id. ¶ 74. B. Procedural History The plaintiffs filed their complaint on March 26, 2007, alleging violations of the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 12131 et seq., civil rights statutes 42 U.S.C. §§ 1981, 1983 and 1985, their rights of access to the courts, religious liberties and petition rights as protected by the First Amendment as well as negligence on the part of defendant Savage and fraud on the part of all the insurance defendants. See generally Compl. In August 2007, the D.C. defendants moved to dismiss the case. On March 10, 2008, 538 F.Supp.2d 34, the court granted that motion because the plaintiffs are not disabled under the ADA, because they conceded their failure to state a claim under § 1981, because they have not been denied access to the courts and because they failed to state an underlying violation to sustain claims under §§ 1983 and 1985. In late March, the plaintiffs filed motions to reconsider the dismissal and to amend the complaint and a supplemental motion containing additional argument. The D.C. defendants timely filed an opposition and the plaintiffs filed a reply. As for the insurance defendants, defendant Progressive filed its first motion to dismiss on September 13, 2007. On January 15, 2008, defendants Savage and Dykes filed a motion to dismiss (“Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss”) or in the alternative, a motion for more definite statement. On January 29, the plaintiffs filed an opposition (“Pis.’ Opp’n”). On that same day, defendant Progressive filed a second motion to dismiss. On May 22, this court accepted that motion as a motion for judgment on the pleadings (“Defs.’ Mot. J. Plead.”). The plaintiffs have failed to respond to this motion. The court now turns to the plaintiffs’ motions to amend the complaint and to alter or amend the court’s earlier decision as well as the insurance defendants’ motions to dismiss and for judgment on the pleadings. To resolve the status of the case, the court also addresses, sua sponte, the claims against defendant Kingsberry. III. ANALYSIS A. The Court Denies the Plaintiffs’ Motion to Amend the Complaint 1. Legal Standard for a Motion for Leave to Amend the Complaint Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a), a party may amend its pleading once as a matter of course at any time before a responsive pleading is served. Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a). Additionally, Rule 15(a) allows a party to amend its pleading to add a new party. Id.; Wiggins v. Dist. Cablevision, Inc., 853 F.Supp. 484, 499 (D.D.C.1994); 6 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Fed. PRAC. & PkoC. 2d § 1474. According to decisions of this circuit, Rule 15(a) “guarantee[s] a plaintiff an absolute right” to amend the complaint once at any time so long as the defendant has not served a responsive pleading and the court has not decided a motion to dismiss. James v. Hurson Assocs., Inc. v. Glickman, 229 F.3d 277, 282-83 (D.C.Cir.2000) (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 15(a)). If there is more than one defendant, and not all have served responsive pleadings, the plaintiff may amend the complaint as a matter of course with regard to those defendants that have yet to answer. 6 Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane, Fed. PRAC. & PROC. 2d § 1481. Motions to dismiss and for summary judgment do not qualify as responsive pleadings for the purposes of Rule 15. James, 229 F.3d at 283; Bowden v. United States, 176 F.3d 552, 555 (D.C.Cir.1999); U.S. Info. Agency v. Krc, 905 F.2d 389, 399 (D.C.Cir.1990). Once a responsive pleading is served, however, a plaintiff may amend the complaint only by leave of the court or by written consent of the adverse party. Fed. R.CivP. 15(a); Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182, 83 S.Ct. 227, 9 L.Ed.2d 222 (1962). The grant or denial of leave lies in the sound discretion of the district court. Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C.Cir.1996) (per curiam). The court must, however, heed Rule 15’s mandate that leave is to be “freely given when justice so requires.” Id.; Caribbean Broad. Sys., Ltd. v. Cable & Wireless P.L.C., 148 F.3d 1080, 1083 (D.C.Cir.1998). Indeed, “[i]f the underlying facts or circumstances relied upon by a plaintiff may be a proper subject of relief, he ought to be afforded an opportunity to test his claim on the merits.” Foman, 371 U.S. at 182, 83 S.Ct. 227. Denial of leave to amend therefore constitutes an abuse of discretion unless the court gives sufficient reason, such as futility of amendment, undue delay, bad faith, dilatory motive, undue prejudice or repeated failure to cure deficiencies by previous amendments. Id.; Caribbean Broad. Sys., 148 F.3d at 1083. Courts require a sufficient basis for denial of leave to amend because the purpose of pleading under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is “to facilitate a proper decision on the merits,” not to set the stage for “a game of skill in which one misstep by counsel may be decisive to the outcome.” Foman, 371 U.S. at 181-82, 83 S.Ct. 227 (citing Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 48, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957)). To further the goal of deciding cases on their merits and avoiding adjudication by technicality, Rule 15 allows for amendment “whereby a party who harmlessly failed to plead an affirmative defense may find satisfaction” rather than allowing the party to lose because of a minor technical mistake made in its original pleading. Harris v. Sect’y, U.S. Dep’t of Veterans Affairs, 126 F.3d 339, 343 (D.C.Cir.1997). Under Rule 15(a), the non-movant generally carries the burden in persuading the court to deny leave to amend. Cf. Dussouy v. Gulf Coast Inv. Corp., 660 F.2d 594, 598 n. 2 (5th Cir.1981) (endorsing exceptions to the general rule that the burden of persuasion rests with the non-movant in the Rule 15(a) context); see also Gudavich v. District of Columbia, 22 Fed.Appx. 17, 18 (D.C.Cir.2001) (noting that the non-movant “failed to show prejudice from the district court’s action in allowing the [movant’s] motion to amend”) (unpublished decision). Denial of leave to amend based on futility is warranted if the proposed claim would not survive a motion to dismiss. James Madison Ltd. v. Ludwig, 82 F.3d 1085, 1099 (D.C.Cir.1996). An amended complaint is futile if it merely restates the same facts as the original complaint in different terms, reasserts a claim on which the court previously ruled, fails to state a legal theory or could not withstand a motion to dismiss. Robinson v. Detroit News, Inc., 211 F.Supp.2d 101, 114 (D.D.C.2002) (quoting 3 Fed. PRAC. 3d § 15.15[3]); Willoughby v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 100 F.3d 999, 1003 (D.C.Cir.1996) (affirming the district court’s denial of leave to amend given the “little chance” that plaintiff would succeed on his claim). 2. The Plaintiffs’ Proposed Amendments Regarding Their Disability Status Would Be Futile The plaintiffs would like to amend their complaint to replace the term “recovered alcoholic” with the term “recovering alcoholic.” Pls.’ Mot. at 1. They contend that doing so would alter the primary basis for the court’s decision to dismiss the ADA claims. Id. at 4. Additionally, they argue that the defendants were already on notice of their intention to use “recovering” because they did so in their opposition to the D.C. defendants’ motion to dismiss. Id. at 3. The D.C. defendants respond that leave to amend should be denied for three reasons: the plaintiffs fail to meet the stringent standards of Rule 59(e) for reconsideration; the two terms are inconsistent and inconsistent amendments are prohibited; and the amendment would be futile. Defs.’ Opp’n at 2-3. The plaintiffs reply that the terms are not inconsistent because the ADA applies to recovered alcoholics and that their proposed amendment is not futile because it cures the defect the court found in the original complaint: that the plaintiffs were not disabled. Pls.’ Reply at 3, 5. Initially, because the court’s March 2008 opinion was not a final judgment, the procedures of Rule 59(e) do not apply. Childers v. Slater, 197 F.R.D. 185, 190 (D.D.C.2000); Fed.R.CivP. 54 (detailing the difference between a final judgment and a partial judgment). Second, the plain terms of the ADA covers those who currently have “a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more ... major life activities” as well as those with “a record of such an impairment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2). Therefore, the terms “recovered” and “recovering” are not inconsistent. Reg’l Econ. Cmty. Action Program, Inc. v. City of Middletown, (“RECAP"), 294 F.3d 35, 48 (2d Cir.2002) (holding that the potential clients of a halfway house for alcoholics are disabled under the ADA either because they have a current disability or because they “have a record of having an impairment”). Amending the complaint, however, would not overcome the court’s alternative justification for dismissing the plaintiffs’ ADA claim. See Mem. Op. (Mar. 10, 2008), 538 F.Supp.2d at 41 (dismissing the claim because the plaintiffs failed to allege “a substantial impairment to a major life activity”). Mere status as a recovering or recovered alcoholic is not sufficient to be disabled under the ADA. RECAP, 294 F.3d at 47. First, to qualify under either part of the definition, the plaintiff must allege that he is or was substantially impaired in a major life activity. Id. (noting that major life activities are those “of central importance to most people’s daily lives ”) (quoting Toyota Motor Mfg., Ky., Inc. v. Williams, 534 U.S. 184, 122 S.Ct. 681, 151 L.Ed.2d 615 (2002)). Second, the impairment must have a permanent or long-term impact. Burch v. Coca-Cola Co., 119 F.3d 305, 316 (5th Cir.1997) (distinguishing between frequent “temporarily incapacitating” inebriation and a permanent impairment). Here, the plaintiffs’ only allusions to the substantial impairment of a major life activity are 1) that if their participation in AA were interrupted, it would “substantially impair [their] ability to care for” themselves and that they “could not function” and 2) that they were “lost in drink” before joining AA. Proposed Am. Compl. ¶¶ 17, 19. As to the first allegation, the ADA does not apply to speculative future disabilities. See 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2) (defining disability to include only current or past impairments); see also Sutton v. United Air Lines, Inc., 527 U.S. 471, 482-83, 119 S.Ct. 2139, 144 L.Ed.2d 450 (1999) (concluding that a “disability exists only where an impairment substantially limits a major life activity, not where it might, could, or would be substantially limiting if mitigating measures were not taken”) (internal quotations omitted). As to the second contention, the plaintiffs provide no clarification as to what being “lost in drink” entails and provide no additional facts as to their past impairments, if any. See generally Proposed Amended Compl. The allegation that the plaintiffs have a record of an impairment to a substantial life activity is unsupported by facts and merely a legal conclusion masquerading as a factual allegation. See Warren v. District of Columbia, 353 F.3d 36, 40 (D.C.Cir.2004). Although they need not plead every element of a prima facie case to survive a motion to dismiss, Swierkiewicz, 534 U.S. at 510-11, 122 S.Ct. 992, under the ADA the plaintiffs must indicate how their impairment substantially limits a major life activity, Sutton, 527 U.S. at 488-89, 119 S.Ct. 2139. Because the plaintiffs’ amended complaint does not adequately allege that the plaintiffs are qualified individuals with disabilities, it would not survive a motion to dismiss and is therefore futile. See Willoughby, 100 F.3d at 1003 (affirming the denial of leave to amend when there is “little chance” that the plaintiffs claim would succeed). The court, therefore, denies the plaintiffs’ motion to amend their complaint regarding their status as alcoholics. 3. The Plaintiffs Proposed Amendments Regarding the Race Discrimination Allegations Are Untimely The plaintiffs also request that the court grant leave to amend their complaint by adding two paragraphs with additional facts to support their race discrimination claims under § 1981. See Proposed Amended Compl. ¶¶ 67-68. The D.C. defendants respond that leave to amend should be denied because the plaintiffs fail to meet the stringent standards of Rule 59(e) for reconsideration and because the amendment only serves to support new arguments that the plaintiffs could have raised, but failed to, in their opposition to the motion to dismiss. Defs.’ Opp’n at 2. The Supreme Court recognizes that a goal of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is to facilitate the disposition of cases on their merits and avoid adjudication by technicality. Foman, 371 U.S. at 181-82, 83 S.Ct. 227. Rule 15 therefore allows for amendment by a party who “harmlessly failed to plead” a relevant point rather than allowing the party to lose because of a minor technical mistake. Harris, 126 F.3d at 343. In Harris, the D.C. Circuit held that the failure to plead an affirmative defense based on the statute of limitations could be harmless because responding to the defense requires no discovery and does not alter trial strategy. Id. at 343-44. In this case, the plaintiffs’ opposition to the motion to dismiss demonstrates that they knew of their right to respond to the defendants’ arguments and that they chose not to do so. See generally Pls.’ Opp’n. This makes the plaintiffs’ failure to put forth any argument in response to the D.C. defendants’ motion to dismiss their § 1981 claim more than a “minor technical mistake.” See id. It is a concession of the point. Fox v. Am. Airlines, Inc., 2003 WL 21854800, at 2 (D.D.C. Aug. 5, 2003). Such concession is more akin to waiver than harmless error. See Harris, 126 F.3d at 343 n. 2 (defining waiver as the “intentional relinquishment or abandonment of a known right” and holding that “no cure [for waiver] is available under Rule 15”) (quoting U.S. v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993) (first quotation)). Moreover, a court may deny a motion for leave to amend if the party demonstrates a dilatory motive or bad faith. Foman, 371 U.S. at 182, 83 S.Ct. 227. Such motive exists where a party has ample time to amend a pleading before a court takes dispositive action and fails to do so. Williamsburg Wax Museum v. Historic Figures, Inc., 810 F.2d 243, 248 (D.C.Cir.1987) (affirming the denial of a motion to amend because the plaintiff was “extremely tardy”); U.S. Labor Party v. Oremus, 619 F.2d 683, 692 (7th Cir.1980) (affirming the denial of a motion to amend because there was “no explanation for the delay in not raising the new issue prior to” the court’s disposition of the case); see also Childers v. Mineta, 205 F.R.D. 29, 32 (D.D.C.2001) (granting leave to amend when the plaintiff could not have known about the second claim at the time she filed the complaint). Here, the plaintiffs possessed the relevant information about the racial composition of their AA group and the police department’s alleged differential treatment of AA groups based on race when they filed their original complaint. See Pls.’ Mot. at 6. Because the plaintiffs could have included these allegations earlier and because they have not justified their delay, they have demonstrated a dilatory motive or bad faith. See Gov’t Relations Inc. v. Howe, 2007 WL 201264, at 5 (D.D.C. Jan. 24, 2007) (denying leave to amend because counsel was out of town and missed the deadline for filing amended pleadings). The plaintiffs may not flout the rules that provide for the orderly disposition of cases and then ask this court’s indulgence so that they may try again. See U.S. Labor Party, 619 F.2d at 692. Accordingly, the court denies the plaintiffs’ motion for leave to amend the complaint regarding racial discrimination. B. The Court Denies the Plaintiffs’ Motion to Alter or Amend the Judgment 1. Legal Standard for Altering or Amending an Interlocutory Judgment A district court may revise its own interlocutory decisions “at any time before the entry of judgment adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of all the parties.” Fed.R.CivP. 54(b); see also Childers v. Slater, 197 F.R.D. 185, 190 (D.D.C.2000) (citing Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)’s Advisory Committee Notes). The standard of review for interlocutory decisions differs from the standards applied to final judgments under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 59(e) and 60(b). Compare Muwekma Tribe v. Babbitt, 133 F.Supp.2d 42, 48 n. 6 (D.D.C.2001), and United Mine Workers v. Pittston Co., 793 F.Supp. 339, 345 (D.D.C.1992), with LaRouche v. Dep’t of Treasmy, 112 F.Supp.2d 48, 51-52 (D.D.C.2000), and Harvey v. District of Columbia, 949 F.Supp. 878, 879 (D.D.C.1996). A motion pursuant to 59(e), to alter or amend a judgment after its entry, is not routinely granted. Harvey, 949 F.Supp. at 879. The primary reasons for altering or amending a judgment pursuant to Rule 59(e) are an intervening change of controlling law, the availability of new evidence, or the need to correct a clear error or prevent manifest injustice. Id.; Firestone, 76 F.3d at 1208. Motions pursuant to Rule 60(b) may be granted for similar reasons. Fed.R.CivP. 60(b); LaRouche, 112 F.Supp.2d at 51-52. Reconsideration of an interlocutory decision is available under the standard, “as justice requires.” Childers, 197 F.R.D. at 190. “As justice requires” indicates concrete considerations of whether the court “has patently misunderstood a party, has made a decision outside the adversarial issues presented to the [c]ourt by the parties, has made an error not of reasoning, but of apprehension, or where a controlling or significant change in the law or facts [has occurred] since the submission of the issue to the court.” Cobell v. Nor ton, 224 F.R.D. 266, 272 (D.D.C.2004) (internal citation omitted). These considerations leave a great deal of room for the court’s discretion and, accordingly, the “as justice requires” standard amounts to determining “whether reconsideration is necessary under the relevant circumstances.” Id. Nonetheless, the court’s discretion under 54(b) is limited by the law of the case doctrine and “subject to the caveat that, where litigants have once battled for the court’s decision, they should neither be required, nor without good reason permitted, to battle for it again.” Singh v. Geo. Wash. Univ., 383 F.Supp.2d 99, 101 (D.D.C.2005) (internal citations omitted). 2. The Plaintiffs Do Not Present a Sufficient Rationale to Alter or Amend the Judgment The plaintiffs argue that the court should alter or amend its opinion dismissing the ADA and §§ 1981 and 1983 claims against the D.C. defendants because their proposed amended complaint cures the defects the court found in the original complaint. Pis.’ Mot. at 4-9. The defendants counter that the plaintiffs are merely raising arguments “for the first time that should have been advanced in plaintiffs’ opposition to the motion to dismiss.” Defs.’ Opp’n at 2. They argue that the plaintiffs forfeited their chance to assert these arguments and that there is, therefore, no reason to revisit the court’s decision. Id. They also assert that the law of the case doctrine prohibits reconsideration when no new issues are raised and the applicable legal standards have not changed. Id. In reply, the plaintiffs reiterate that because the court did not dismiss the claims with prejudice, the court should, based on the proposed amended complaint, reconsider its decision. Pls.’ Reply at 1-8. The plaintiffs’ only rationale to alter or amend the court’s earlier decision is based on the curative effect of their amended complaint. See generally Pls.’ Mot. Because the court has already denied the motion to amend the complaint, the proposed amendments will not become part of the allegations in this case and, therefore, cannot be the basis to alter or amend the judgment. See United Mine Workers, 793 F.Supp. at 345 (allowing amendment because the moving party presented new evidence and affidavits). Furthermore, the plaintiffs present no evidence of clear error, misunderstanding or change in the governing law. See generally Pls.’ Mot. Therefore, they have presented no reason why the court should reconsider its prior decision. See Cobell, 224 F.R.D. at 272 (denying a motion to alter or amend because the movant presented no change in law, new evidence or clear error). Accordingly, the court denies the plaintiffs’ motion to alter or amend the judgment. C. The Court Grants the Insurance Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss and for Judgment on the Pleadings for the Federal Claims 1. Legal Standard for Rule 12(b)(6) Motion to Dismiss A Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. Browning v. Clinton, 292 F.3d 235, 242 (D.C.Cir.2002). The complaint need only set forth a short and plain statement of the claim, giving the defendant fair notice of the claim and the grounds upon which it rests. Kingman Park Civic Ass’n v. Williams, 348 F.3d 1033, 1040 (D.C.Cir.2003) (citing Fed.R.Civ.P. 8(a)(2) and Con ley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 47, 78 S.Ct. 99, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957)). “Such simplified notice pleading is made possible by the liberal opportunity for discovery and the other pre-trial procedures established by the Rules to disclose more precisely the basis of both claim and defense to define more narrowly the disputed facts and issues.” Conley, 355 U.S. at 47-48, 78 S.Ct. 99 (internal quotation marks omitted). It is not necessary for the plaintiff to plead all elements of his prima facie case in the complaint, Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 511-14, 122 S.Ct. 992, 152 L.Ed.2d 1 (2002), or “plead law or match facts to every element of a legal theory,” Krieger v. Fadely, 211 F.3d 134, 136 (D.C.Cir.2000) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Yet, the plaintiff must allege “any set of facts consistent with the allegations.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, - U.S. -, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1969, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) (abrogating the oft-quoted language from Conley, 355 U.S. at 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, instructing courts not to dismiss for failure to state a claim unless it appears beyond doubt that “no set of facts in support of his claim [ ] would entitle him to relief’); Aktieselskabet AF 21. November 2001 v. Fame Jeans, Inc., 525 F.3d 8, 16 n. 4 (D.C.Cir.2008) (affirming that “a complaint needs some information about the circumstances giving rise to the claims”). While these facts must “possess enough heft to ‘sho[w] that the pleader is entitled to relief,’ ” a complaint “does not need detailed factual allegations.” Id. at 1964, 1966. In resolving a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court must treat the complaint’s factual allegations — including mixed questions of law and fact — as true and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom in the plaintiffs favor. Macharia v. United States, 334 F.3d 61, 64, 67 (D.C.Cir.2003); Holy Land Found. for Relief & Dev. v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 156, 165 (D.C.Cir.2003); Browning, 292 F.3d at 242. While many well-pleaded complaints are conclusory, the court need not accept as true inferences unsupported by facts set out in the complaint or legal conclusions cast as factual allegations. Warren v. District of Columbia, 353 F.3d 36, 40 (D.C.Cir.2004); Browning, 292 F.3d at 242. Because the only difference between a 12(b)(6) motion and a 12(c) motion is the timeliness with which it was filed, the same substantive standard applies. Holt v. Davidson, 441 F.Supp.2d 92, 95 (D.D.C.2006) (noting that “any distinction between [the two rules] is merely semantic because the same standard applies to motions made under either subsection”) (quoting 2 Fed. PRAC. 3d § 12.38, 12-101). 2. The Plaintiffs Fail to State a Claim Under the ADA The insurance defendants argue that the ADA does not apply to them because they are not operating any place of public accommodation as required under Title III of the ADA. Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss at 5-6; Defs.’ Mot. J. Plead, at 9. The plaintiffs concede that their complaint contains no allegations under Title III of the ADA but insist that their complaint is under Title II of the ADA, which they allege operates in conjunction with § 1983. Pis.’ Opp’n at 8-9. The defendants point out that Title II only applies to governmental agencies, not private corporations. Defs.’ Mot. J. Plead, at 9. The court agrees. Title II of the ADA only prohibits discrimination by “public entities.” 42 U.S.C. § 12132. The insurance defendants are not “public entities” because they are not state or local governments. See 42 U.S.C. § 12131 (defining public entity). The plaintiffs’ proposed amended complaint does not resolve either fault, so amendment as to these defendants would be futile. James Madison Ltd., 82 F.3d at 1099. The court, therefore, dismisses the claims against the insurance defendants under the ADA. 3. The Plaintiffs Fail to Allege Governmental Action to Sustain Their Civil Rights Claims The insurance defendants first argue that the claims under the First Amendment cannot be sustained because they are not state actors. Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss at 7; Defs.’ Mot. J. Plead, at 10. The plaintiffs do not respond to this argument. See generally Pis.’ Opp’n. Nevertheless, the court may easily dispense of these claims. Claims under the First Amendment may only be brought against state actors. See Santa Fe Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Doe, 530 U.S. 290, 302, 120 S.Ct. 2266, 147 L.Ed.2d 295 (2000) (recognizing that the First Amendment’s prohibitions only apply to governmental actions not private actions). The insurance defendants are not state actors: they are two private individuals and a private company. Compl. ¶¶ 7, 13, 14; see also Santa Fe Indep. Sch. Dist., 530 U.S. at 302, 120 S.Ct. 2266. The court, therefore, dismisses the First Amendment claims. Second, the insurance defendants contend that the plaintiffs failed to state a claim under § 1981 because they allege no facts regarding racial discrimination. Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss at 8; Defs.’ Mot. J. Plead, at 11-12. The plaintiffs respond by explaining the racial composition of their AA group and the disparate treatment it receives from the police compared to white AA groups. Pis.’ Opp’n at 5; see also Proposed Amended Compl. ¶¶ 67-68. Even if the proposed amended complaint resolves the defendants’ objection that no facts were alleged, the court is nonetheless entitled to apply the correct law to evaluate the plaintiffs’ claims. See Smith v. Mallick, 514 F.3d 48, 51 (D.C.Cir.2008) (holding that the court is “entitled to apply the right body of law, whether the parties name it or not”) (quoting Mwani v. bin Laden, 417 F.3d 1, 11 n. 10 (D.C.Cir.2005)). A plaintiff can bring § 1981 claims can be brought against private actors, but the complaint must allege facts that would show how the private actors racially discriminated against the plaintiffs. Domino’s Pizza, Inc. v. McDonald, 546 U.S. 470, 474-75, 126 S.Ct. 1246, 163 L.Ed.2d 1069 (2006) (upholding dismissal of a § 1981 claim because the plaintiffs’ allegations could not support a claim that the defendant had violated his personal rights rather than those of the principal for which he was the agent). The racial discrimination complained of here is that the District, through its officers, denied the plaintiffs access to the courts by refusing to take their statements after the accident. Compl. ¶ 67. This in no way implicates the insurance defendants who neither write police reports nor control access to the courts. See id. Therefore, the court dismisses the § 1981 claims. Third, the insurance defendants assert that the plaintiffs cannot maintain claims under § 1983 because the insurance defendants did not act under color of state law. Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss at 8; Defs.’ Mot. J. Plead, at 11. The plaintiffs retort that their claim is that the insurance defendants acted in concert with the D.C. defendants in denying the plaintiffs their rights. Pis.’ Opp’n at 4-5. The court, however, need not address this argument because it disposes of the plaintiffs’ § 1983 claims on alternative grounds. See Smith, 514 F.3d at 51. Section 1983 “is not itself a source of substantive rights but a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred by those parts of the United States Constitution and federal statutes that it describes.” Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n. 3, 99 S.Ct. 2689, 61 L.Ed.2d 433 (1979). To maintain a claim under § 1983, then, the plaintiffs must allege a violation of a federal right. Polk v. District of Columbia, 121 F.Supp.2d 56, 61 (D.D.C.2000). As discussed supra, the plaintiffs failed to advance such a claim under the ADA, the First Amendment or § 1981. Accordingly, the court dismisses the plaintiffs’ § 1983 claims. Finally, the insurance defendants argue that the plaintiffs failed to state a claim under § 1985 because they mention no “underlying deprivation of federal rights” that was the object of the conspiracy. Defs.’ Mot. Dismiss at 9; Defs.’ Mot. J. Plead, at 12. The plaintiffs counter that they have alleged the existence of a conspiracy to discriminate against them. Pls.’ Opp’n at 13-14. Section 1985 is only available when plaintiffs successfully state an underlying violation of federal rights that resulted from the alleged conspiracy. Hall v. Clinton, 285 F.3d 74, 82 (D.C.Cir.2002) (holding that a plaintiff cannot state a claim under § 1985 when the alleged conspiracy does not focus on an actionable wrong). As noted above, the plaintiffs have stated no underlying violation of their rights by the insurance defendants for which a remedy may be had, so they cannot state a claim under § 1985. See id. Therefore, the court dismisses the plaintiffs’ civil rights claims against the insurance defendants. D. The Court Dismisses Sua Sponte the Claims Against Defendant Kingsberry Defendant Bernetta Kingsberry has not filed a motion to dismiss in this case. The court may, however, dismiss the claims against her sua sponte if it is patently obvious that dismissal is appropriate. Baker v. Director, U.S. Parole Comm’n, 916 F.2d 725, 727 (D.C.Cir.1990). For the same reasons noted, supra, in Section C, the plaintiffs have not stated a claim against defendant Kingsberry, a private citizen, under the ADA, the First Amendment or §§ 1981, 1983 and 1985. The court, therefore, dismisses sua sponte the claims against defendant Kingsberry. E. The Court Declines Supplemental Jurisdiction over the Plaintiffs’ Negligence and Fraud Claims 1. Legal Standard for Supplemental Jurisdiction “When a federal court has an independent basis for exercising federal jurisdiction, it may, in certain circumstances, also exercise supplemental jurisdiction over related claims under state law.” Women Prisoners of the D.C. Dep’t of Corr. v. District of Columbia, 93 F.3d 910, 920 (D.C.Cir.1996). To determine when the assertion of supplemental jurisdiction is appropriate, the district court should apply a two-part test. Id. (citing United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 725, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966)). The court first must determine whether the state and federal claims derive from a common nucleus of operative fact. Id. If so, “the court has the power, under Article III of the Constitution, to hear the state claim.” Id. The court then must decide whether to exercise its discretion to assert jurisdiction over the state claim. Id. (noting the Supreme Court’s observation that supplemental jurisdiction “is a doctrine of discretion, not of plaintiffs right”). In deciding whether to assert supplemental jurisdiction over a state claim, the court should consider whether judicial economy, convenience and fairness to litigants weigh in favor of doing so. Id. A court may decline to exercise supplemental jurisdiction, however, if the state claim raises a novel or complex issue of state law, substantially predominates over the federal claims or remains after the court has dismissed the federal claims. Id. at 921 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)). 2. The Court Has Dismissed All Claims Over Which it Has Original Jurisdiction The claims over which the court had original jurisdiction were those based on federal statutes and the U.S. Constitution, see 28 U.S.C. § 1331, and it has now dismissed all of those claims. The court, therefore, has discretion to decline supplemental jurisdiction over the plaintiffs’ fraud and negligence claims. Id. § 1367(c)(3). The court notes that dismissal does not prejudice the plaintiffs because the pendency of the suit in federal court tolls the statute of limitations for the supplemental claims. 28 U.S.C. § 1367(d). Consequently, the court, in its discretion, declines supplemental jurisdiction and dismisses these claims. IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the court denies the plaintiffs’ motions for leave to amend their complaint and to alter or amend the judgment. The court also grants the insurance defendants’ motions to dismiss and for judgment on the pleadings and dismisses the claims under §§ 1981, 1983 and 1985, the ADA and the First Amendment. Because the court grants the motion to dismiss, the alternative motion for more definite statement is denied as moot. The court dismisses sua sponte the claims against defendant Kings-berry. Because no federal claims remain in this case, the court dismisses the supplemental fraud and negligence claims. An order consistent with the Memorandum Opinion is separately and contemporaneously issued this 5th day of August, 2008. . The plaintiffs style their motion as one for reconsideration pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a), 59(e) and 60(b). Because the plaintiffs filed their motion before the court issued a final judgment, however, the court construes the plaintiffs’ motion as one to alter or amend pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(b). Compare Fed. R.Civ.P. 54(b) (providing for "revision [of a decision] at any time before the entry of judgment adjudicating all the claims and the rights and liabilities of all parties”) with Fed. R.Civ.P. 60(b) (stating that "the court may relieve a party or a party's legal representative from a final judgment, order, or proceeding”) and Stephenson v. Calpine Conifers II, Ltd., 652 F.2d 808, 812 (9th Cir.1981) (holding that a district court must enter a final judgment before a party may seek relief under Rule 59(e)), rev’d on other grounds, In re Wash. Public Power Supply Sys. Sec. Litig., 823 F.2d 1349 (9th Cir.1987) (enbanc). . One of the key changes in the plaintiffs’ proposed amended complaint is to use the term "recovering alcoholic” instead of "recovered alcoholic.” Pis.’ Memo, in Support of Mots, for Reconsideration & to Amend the Compl. ("Pis.' Mot.”) at 1. For the reasons stated in Section III.A.2 below, this distinction is irrelevant. . After a court issues a final judgment, the plaintiff must meet the stringent standard of Rule 59(e) for reconsideration before the court will consider a motion to amend the complaint under Rule 15(a). Firestone v. Firestone, 76 F.3d 1205, 1208 (D.C.Cir.1996). . The ADA also protects individuals who are "being regarded as having” "an impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.” 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2). The plaintiffs allege that defendant Freeman, the reporting police officer, knew that the plaintiffs were AA members. Proposed Am. Compl. ¶¶ 28-31. Again, because being an AA member is not per se a disability, the plaintiffs have not plead sufficient facts to survive a motion to dismiss. See Sutton, 527 U.S. at 488-89, 119 S.Ct. 2139; see also RECAP, 294 F.3d at 47. . As noted above, this argument is irrelevant because the court’s March 2008 opinion was not a final judgment in this case under Rule 54 and the procedures of Rule 59(e) do not apply. Childers v. Slater, 197 F.R.D. 185, 190 (D.D.C.2000); Fed.R.Civ.P. 54 (detailing the difference between a final judgment and a partial judgment). . As the defendant Progressive submitted its second motion to dismiss after the appropriate time frame, see Fed.R.Civ.P. 12(b), the court treats it as one for a judgment on the pleadings, id. at 12(c). . Even if the plaintiffs were to contest this point, the defendants are correct that Title III of the ADA only prohibits discrimination by private parties in the operation of places of public accommodation. 42 U.S.C. § 12182. Insurance policies are not physical locations and, therefore, are not places of public accommodation under the ADA. See Fennell v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., 37 F.Supp.2d 40, 44 (D.D.C.1999). . The plaintiffs have not alleged sufficient facts to establish diversity jurisdiction because they do not state where defendants Progressive and Dykes are domiciled. See Compl. ¶¶ 13-14.	CASELAW
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/John M. Cooper (philosopher) The result was speedy keep. no evidence the nominator used WP:BEFORE. Secret account 13:25, 5 April 2014 (UTC) John M. Cooper (philosopher) * – ( View AfD View log Stats ) Fails WP:PROFESSOR. Anupmehra - Let's talk! 13:03, 5 April 2014 (UTC) * Keep WP:PROFESSOR says that a professor is notable if they "hold or has held a named chair appointment". Named, as in like the "Henry Putnam University Professor of Philosophy". WP:PROFESSOR also says that a professor is notable if they have "received a highly prestigious academic award or honor at a national or international level". Like, say, giving the John Locke Lectures which this 'umble encyclopedia says are "one of the world's most prestigious academic lecture series". Given these two facts are included clearly in the article, I do find it rather strange that the article has been nominated for deletion. —Tom Morris (talk) 13:08, 5 April 2014 (UTC)	WIKI
Page:County Churches of Cornwall.djvu/270 230 THE CHURCHES OF CORNWALL is of Edward I. date, and consists of two chamfered orders springing from corbels. 1 Very low massive tower is 14th cent., but battlements added when aisle and porch were built in 15th cent. Tower staircase on N. side is most unusual ; no newel, and steps, carried up in square flights, lead direct from N.W. angle of nave. Masonry of N. side of nave Norm.; shafts and base of font are of that period, but octagonal bowl is dated 1720. Two bench-ends show medallion profiles of bearded and moustached men with hats, and with names " James Trewhela, warden ; Master Matthew Trenwith, warden." E. bench of porch is a granite block 7 ft. long, bearing on face incised double cross, obviously the shaft of some upstanding cross. An early Norm., or possibly pre-Norm., altar slab of moor granite, with consecration crosses, was recently rescued from neglect in churchyard. (Registers, 1676.) Tregony, former borough and seaport, had church oi St. James, noted by Leland in 1533; small por- tion was standing in 1741. Leland also mentions chapel oi St. Anne in midst of town. Reformation irreverence brought about desecration of both ; the chapel was for some time used as a cloth hall, but in 1777 became ruinous. Inhabitants now use parish church of Cuby. Tremaine. — Church, or rather chapel, of St. Win- waloe — for Tremaine seems never to have attained to ecclesiastical independence, and is now a chapelry 1 See illustration, Arch.Jmtma!, 1861, p. 233.	WIKI
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 102 Part 4.djvu/1041 PUBLIC LAW 100-675—NOV. 17, 1988 102 STAT. 4011 section 203(a) of the Reclamation Reform Act of 1982 (Public Law 97-293, 96 Stat. 1263). Approved November 17, 1988. LEGISLATIVE HISTORY—S. 795: HOUSE REPORTS: No. 100-780 (Comm. on Interior and Insular Affairs). SENATE REPORTS: No. 100-47 and No. 100-254 (both from Select Comm. on Indian Affairs). CONGRESSIONAL RECORD: Vol. 133 (1987): Dec. 19, considered and passed Senate. Vol. 134 (1988): Oct. 3, 4, considered and passed House, amended. Oct. 19, Senate concurred in House amendment with an amendment. Oct. 20, House concurred in Senate amendment. �	WIKI
Aminophenol Aminophenol may refer to any of three isomeric chemical compounds: * 2-Aminophenol * 3-Aminophenol * 4-Aminophenol They are simultaneously an aniline and a phenol.	WIKI
logo What is Specific Heat? in context of specific heat of water 15 Jul 2024 Tags: specific heat of water Chapters: Title: The Concept of Specific Heat: A Comprehensive Review with a Focus on Water Abstract: Specific heat, a fundamental thermodynamic property, measures the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one unit. In this article, we delve into the concept of specific heat, its significance, and its application in the context of water. We will explore the formulae governing specific heat, its units, and its importance in various fields. Introduction: Specific heat (c) is defined as the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one unit. It is a measure of a substance’s thermal capacity or ability to absorb and release heat. The concept of specific heat is crucial in understanding thermodynamic processes, such as heating and cooling, phase transitions, and chemical reactions. Formula: The formula for specific heat (c) is: c = ΔQ / (m * ΔT) where: c = specific heat (J/g°C or cal/g°C) ΔQ = amount of energy transferred (J) m = mass of the substance (g) ΔT = change in temperature (°C) Units: Specific heat is typically measured in units of joules per gram-degree Celsius (J/g°C) or calories per gram-degree Celsius (cal/g°C). Water’s Specific Heat: Water has a specific heat capacity of approximately 4.184 J/g°C or 1 cal/g°C at standard temperature and pressure conditions. This means that it takes 4.184 joules of energy to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius. Significance of Water’s Specific Heat: Water’s high specific heat capacity has significant implications in various fields: 1. Thermal Regulation: Water’s ability to absorb and release heat helps regulate Earth’s climate, as it plays a crucial role in the global energy balance. 2. Heat Transfer: Water’s high specific heat capacity enables efficient heat transfer during processes like cooking, cooling systems, and power generation. 3. Biological Systems: Water’s specific heat is essential for biological processes, such as temperature regulation in living organisms. Conclusion: In conclusion, specific heat is a fundamental thermodynamic property that measures the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by one unit. Water’s specific heat capacity has significant implications in various fields, including thermal regulation, heat transfer, and biological systems. Understanding specific heat is essential for designing efficient heating and cooling systems, as well as predicting and mitigating the effects of climate change. References: 1. Atkins, P. W., & De Paula, J. (2010). Physical chemistry. Oxford University Press. 2. Halliday, D., Resnick, R., & Walker, J. (2005). Fundamentals of physics. John Wiley & Sons. 3. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). (n.d.). Thermodynamic Properties of Water. Retrieved from https://www.nist.gov/pml/weights-and-measures/thermodynamic-properties-water ASCII Art: _______ / \ / \ \| c = ΔQ / (m * ΔT) \| _\|___________\| \| \| \| Water's \| \| Specific \| \| Heat: 4.184 J/g°C \| \|_\| Note: The ASCII art is a simple representation of the formula and water’s specific heat value, using plain text characters to create a visual representation. Calculators	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Page:Hill - Salads, Sandwiches, and Chafing-Dish Dainties.djvu/173 Bake chou paste in long, slender shapes, like éclairs, but narrower and shorter; when cold split apart on the ends and one side and fill with chicken salad. Put the top back in place, after inserting a celery plume at each end. Garnish the serving-dish with celery leaves and pim-olas or olives. Serve other salads in the same way. Cut the bread, white, brown and graham, as thin as possible, and use four or five pieces in each sandwich, putting them together so that the colors will contrast. Either butter or other filling is admissible. Chop fine the white meat of a cooked chicken and pound to a paste in a mortar. Season to taste with salt, paprica, oil and lemon juice and spread upon thin bits of bread. Spread other bits of bread, corresponding in shape to the first, with butter; press into the butter English walnuts, pecan nuts or almonds, blanched and sliced very thin. Press corresponding pieces together. Soak one box (two ounces) of gelatine in one cup of cold chicken liquor until thoroughly softened. Add to three cups of chicken stock, seasoned with 127	WIKI
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 108 Part 3.djvu/358 108 STAT. 2110 PUBLIC LAW 103-322—SEPT. 13, 1994 (5) by striking "subject to imprisonment" and inserting "fined under this title or imprisoned"; and (6) by inserting ", or both" after "life". (d) DAMAGE TO RELIGIOUS PROPERTY. — Section 247 of title 18, United States Code, is amended— (1) in subsection (c)(1) by inserting "from acts committed / in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill" after "death results"; (2) in subsection (c)(2)— (A) by striking "serious"; and (B) by inserting "from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire" after 'Tsodily injury results"; and (3) by amending subsection (e) to read as follows: "(e) As used in this section, the term 'religious property' means any church, synagogue, mosque, religious cemetery, or other religious property.". (e) FAIR HOUSING ACT. — Section 901 of the Fair Housing Act (42 U.S.C. 3631) is amended— (1) in the caption by striking "bodily injury; death;"; (2) by striking "not more than $1,000," and inserting "under this title"; (3) by inserting "from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include the use, attempted use, or threatened use of a dangerous weapon, explosives, or fire" after "bodily injury results"; (4) by striking "not more than $10,000," and inserting "under this title"; (5) by inserting "from the acts committed in violation of this section or if such acts include kidnapping or an attempt to kidnap, aggravated sexual abuse or an attempt to commit aggravated sexual abuse, or an attempt to kill," after "death results"; (6) by striking "subject to imprisonment" and inserting "fined under this title or imprisoned"; and (7) by inserting ", or both" after "life". SEC. 320104. PENALTIES FOR TRAFFICKING IN COUNTERFEIT GOODS AND SERVICES. (a) IN GENERAL. — Section 2320(a) of title 18, United States Code, is amended— (1) in the first sentence— (A) by striking "$250,000 or imprisoned not more than five years" and inserting "$2,000,000 or imprisoned not more than 10 years"; and (B) by striking "$1,000,000" and inserting "$5,000,000"; and (2) in the second sentence— (A) by striking "$1,000,000 or imprisoned not more than fifteen years" and inserting "$5,00,000 or imprisoned not more than 20 years"; and (B) by striking "$5,000,000" and inserting " $15,000,000 ". �	WIKI
IPVS: ftp: loaded support on port[0] = 21 kasan: CONFIG_KASAN_INLINE enabled kasan: GPF could be caused by NULL-ptr deref or user memory access general protection fault: 0000 [#1] PREEMPT SMP KASAN CPU: 0 PID: 18510 Comm: syz-executor.2 Not tainted 5.0.0-rc7+ #79 Hardware name: Google Google Compute Engine/Google Compute Engine, BIOS Google 01/01/2011 RIP: 0010:ip6erspan_set_version+0x5c/0x350 net/ipv6/ip6_gre.c:1726 Code: 07 38 d0 7f 08 84 c0 0f 85 9f 02 00 00 49 8d bc 24 b0 00 00 00 c6 43 54 01 48 b8 00 00 00 00 00 fc ff df 48 89 fa 48 c1 ea 03 <80> 3c 02 00 0f 85 9a 02 00 00 4d 8b ac 24 b0 00 00 00 4d 85 ed 0f RSP: 0018:ffff88805f43f168 EFLAGS: 00010202 RAX: dffffc0000000000 RBX: ffff8880217f90d8 RCX: ffffc90005a65000 RDX: 0000000000000016 RSI: ffffffff86215234 RDI: 00000000000000b0 RBP: ffff88805f43f180 R08: 1ffff110042ff21b R09: ffff8880217f90d8 R10: ffffed10042ff225 R11: ffff8880217f912f R12: 0000000000000000 R13: ffff8880a4128440 R14: ffffffff86224150 R15: ffff8880217f90d8 FS: 00007f8d9084f700(0000) GS:ffff8880ae800000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 0000000000000000 CR3: 0000000071437000 CR4: 00000000001426f0 DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400 Call Trace: ip6erspan_newlink+0x66/0x7b0 net/ipv6/ip6_gre.c:2210 __rtnl_newlink+0x107b/0x16c0 net/core/rtnetlink.c:3182 rtnl_newlink+0x69/0xa0 net/core/rtnetlink.c:3240 rtnetlink_rcv_msg+0x465/0xb00 net/core/rtnetlink.c:5130 netlink_rcv_skb+0x17a/0x460 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:2477 rtnetlink_rcv+0x1d/0x30 net/core/rtnetlink.c:5148 netlink_unicast_kernel net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1310 [inline] netlink_unicast+0x536/0x720 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1336 netlink_sendmsg+0x8ae/0xd70 net/netlink/af_netlink.c:1917 sock_sendmsg_nosec net/socket.c:621 [inline] sock_sendmsg+0xdd/0x130 net/socket.c:631 ___sys_sendmsg+0x806/0x930 net/socket.c:2114 __sys_sendmsg+0x105/0x1d0 net/socket.c:2152 __do_sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2161 [inline] __se_sys_sendmsg net/socket.c:2159 [inline] __x64_sys_sendmsg+0x78/0xb0 net/socket.c:2159 do_syscall_64+0x103/0x610 arch/x86/entry/common.c:290 entry_SYSCALL_64_after_hwframe+0x49/0xbe RIP: 0033:0x457e29 Code: ad b8 fb ff c3 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 00 66 90 48 89 f8 48 89 f7 48 89 d6 48 89 ca 4d 89 c2 4d 89 c8 4c 8b 4c 24 08 0f 05 <48> 3d 01 f0 ff ff 0f 83 7b b8 fb ff c3 66 2e 0f 1f 84 00 00 00 00 RSP: 002b:00007f8d9084ec78 EFLAGS: 00000246 ORIG_RAX: 000000000000002e RAX: ffffffffffffffda RBX: 0000000000000003 RCX: 0000000000457e29 RDX: 0000000000000000 RSI: 0000000020001340 RDI: 0000000000000003 RBP: 000000000073bf00 R08: 0000000000000000 R09: 0000000000000000 R10: 0000000000000000 R11: 0000000000000246 R12: 00007f8d9084f6d4 R13: 00000000004c5469 R14: 00000000004d92b0 R15: 00000000ffffffff Modules linked in: net_ratelimit: 15 callbacks suppressed protocol 88fb is buggy, dev hsr_slave_0 protocol 88fb is buggy, dev hsr_slave_1 ---[ end trace d3c8c8060b6ec494 ]--- RIP: 0010:ip6erspan_set_version+0x5c/0x350 net/ipv6/ip6_gre.c:1726 Code: 07 38 d0 7f 08 84 c0 0f 85 9f 02 00 00 49 8d bc 24 b0 00 00 00 c6 43 54 01 48 b8 00 00 00 00 00 fc ff df 48 89 fa 48 c1 ea 03 <80> 3c 02 00 0f 85 9a 02 00 00 4d 8b ac 24 b0 00 00 00 4d 85 ed 0f RSP: 0018:ffff88805f43f168 EFLAGS: 00010202 RAX: dffffc0000000000 RBX: ffff8880217f90d8 RCX: ffffc90005a65000 RDX: 0000000000000016 RSI: ffffffff86215234 RDI: 00000000000000b0 IPVS: ftp: loaded support on port[0] = 21 RBP: ffff88805f43f180 R08: 1ffff110042ff21b R09: ffff8880217f90d8 R10: ffffed10042ff225 R11: ffff8880217f912f R12: 0000000000000000 R13: ffff8880a4128440 R14: ffffffff86224150 R15: ffff8880217f90d8 FS: 00007f8d9084f700(0000) GS:ffff8880ae900000(0000) knlGS:0000000000000000 CS: 0010 DS: 0000 ES: 0000 CR0: 0000000080050033 CR2: 0000000001ebb040 CR3: 0000000071437000 CR4: 00000000001426e0 DR0: 0000000000000000 DR1: 0000000000000000 DR2: 0000000000000000 DR3: 0000000000000000 DR6: 00000000fffe0ff0 DR7: 0000000000000400	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
has function has role immunizes against disease immunizes recipient prostate cancer urinary bladder cancer breast cancer melanoma hepatocellular carcinoma Homo sapiens melanoma vaccine therapeutic vaccine function peptide vaccine peptide vaccine role prostate cancer vaccine breast cancer vaccine bladder cancer vaccine hepatocellular carcinoma vaccine ESO-1 (161-180) Peptide Vaccine A recombinant 19-residue peptide vaccine consisting of amino acids 161 through 180 of the cancer/testis (CT) antigen. ESO-1 (161-180) peptide vaccine may stimulate the host immune system to mount a cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response against tumor cells positive for ESO-1, resulting in decreased tumor growth. ESO-1 is expressed in a variety of cancers, including melanoma, breast, bladder, prostate, and hepatocellular cancers. (NCI04) (NCIT_C28775). Penny Pan Oliver He Justin Song 1485 Gene name: NY-ESO-1 https://github.com/vaccineontology/VO/issues/66 5264 Clinical trial Jie Zheng VIOLIN: https://violinet.org/canvaxkb/vaccine_detail.php?c_vaccine_id=5264 therapeutic cancer vaccine	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Dansguardian with transparent pfSense • I've scoured the forums looking for an answer to my problem, but everything I've found has said my setup should work. I have pfSense setup and working in transparent mode (WAN, LAN, and BRIDGE). I have squid and dansguardian installed. I've tried every combination of listening interfaces I can think of for squid and dansguardian, but I can't get it to work transparently. Currently, I have this: dansguardian -> WAN (10.1.1.80:8080), proxy 127.0.0.1:3128 (explicitly filled in) squid -> loopback When I configure the client to proxy to 10.1.1.80:8080 I do get filtering via dansguardian. When I try to create a NAT port forward to do this transparently I can't get any HTTP traffic to pass. Here's my current NAT port forward rule: If - LAN Proto - TCP Src. addr - * Src. ports - * Dest. addr - * Dest. ports - 80 NAT IP - 10.1.1.80 NAT Ports - 8080 So, I want to forward all traffic from the LAN destined for port 80 to 10.1.1.80:8080 (the WAN IP, where dansguardian is currently listening). I've read in several places that in order to get this to work I should have Dansguardian listening on the LAN, and have squid on the loopback. When you're using the Bridge the LAN doesn't have an IP address, so I can't create a port forwarding rule that points to the LAN. Maybe it's not possible with a transparent (bridged) setup, but it seems like other folks have gotten it to work. I have to think I'm missing a step somewhere. Any ideas? Thanks, e • Dans should be on the LAN interface… not the WAN. What do you mean that the bridge doesn't have an IP? What address is the pfSense Web GUI on? • Sorry, should have had more detail in the first post. Here's the setup: WAN - DHCP (just for testing) 10.1.1.80 LAN - IPv4 and IPv6 types set to none (That's as per the Transparent Firewall/Filtering Bridge document) Bridge - Contains WAN and LAN interfaces. IPv4 and IPv6 types set to none (as above) So, the webgui is on the WAN ip of 10.1.1.80. With the LAN not having an IP in this scenario, maybe it's not possible to setup dansguardian the way I want? • remove the bridge.. WAN should be connected to your ISP. Set an ip address for the LAN… setup the NAT rule for the LAN interface dans upstream to proxy via loopback is fine, this is what I do today • I can take a look at how to setup your bridge. I assume you have two NIC's bridged that should be on the same subnet and serving up DHCP, etc. for the LAN? Someone else may be able to chime in and tell you off the top of their head… Regardless... as Cino pointed out... your current config is wrong. The WAN should connect to the ISP (most likely getting its IP via DHCP from your ISP). The webgui should run on the LAN and Dans should listen on the LAN • Cino, I want to apply this filtering to only a segment of my network. I also don't want to make any configuration changes to the affected clients. DHCP, etc. will be served by other devices on the WAN side of pfSense. Those requirements seem to necessitate using pfSense in a transparent setup. If I understand correctly (which I clearly may not), and I remove the bridge I will no longer be using pfSense transparently. That would mean I'd need to make changes to the clients to use the pfSense box as their gateway. So, can I use dansguardian with pfsense and still keep pfsense transparent? If not, that's fine, I'll just have to go back to the drawing board and figure something else out. e • rjcrowder, Yeah, I want this to sit on one segment of the network and not need any client changes to work. Both the WAN and LAN sides will be on a 10.1.1.x network. On a lark, I did try giving the LAN a 10.1.1.x address and tried setting up the NAT port forwarding to point there, but still no luck. Nothing gets served back to the client machine. e • On most tests I did, bridge is not the best setup for packages. If you use it only as a firewall, try to create a forward rule to send http traffic to a third gateway/machine with dansguardian and squid. clients –-> pfsense bridge ---> lan ---> \|---> second pfsense as a server with dansguardian and nat rule to transparent proxy. Remember that a lot of sites today uses https, so this setup will not work for them. Log in to reply	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Tuesday, August 7, 2018 What is Blockchain and The Use of Blockchain Technology in Cybersecurity Think you're secure just by virtue of the fact that you're using "blockchain technology"? Think again! However, before you dive into the article at the end of my post, I think it's important to reiterate what "blockchain" is and what it isn't. Because I'm always hearing the words "decentralized" and "immutable" when someone explains or tries to define blockchain. It also seems as though everyone looks at blockchain technology as the solution to all problems. The short response to both of the preceding sentences is - it's not. At least not always. Here's my rudimentary brain's understanding: Simply put, a blockchain is a digital ledger that can be programmed to record almost anything (of value). So where do the words, "decentralized" and "immutable" (unchangeable), come into play? These two concepts are really intertwined or at least they should be to actually work. You see, "decentralized" means there is no owner or controlling entity in place to dictate validation or recording of transactions or records - it's distributed amongst many computers, known as nodes or, more popularly, miners, that solve extremely difficult math problems (known as cryptography) all over the world and owned by various individuals and entities. The immutable part comes into play with the structure of the blockchain. Each block contains information from the previous block. In order to change a block, you would have to (1) change the rules of the particular blockchain in question and (2) change all the blocks after the block you want to change. In order to change the rules, you need control or, in the case of Bitcoin's blockchain, 51% (lovingly referred to as a 51% attack). Therefore, while change is NOT impossible, it's extremely improbable. As you can see, the immutability is directly tied to a blockchain being decentralized. If the blockchain is not controlled by one person or entity, change is improbable. Which brings me to my last question, which is NOT rhetorical - I'd actually like an answer or two. If a company (let's pick on JP Morgan) decides to develop its own internal "blockchain" which it controls and for which it solely validates and records all transactions - is it really a blockchain? Or is it just another database being called a blockchain? Also, please feel free to correct any statements I'm making that are wrong. As always, these are my personal opinions and observations, not to be relied on by anyone. :) Thanks for being patient. Now, here's that article I promised: Blockchain only as strong as its weakest link 12 comments: 1. I wanted to thank you for this in your liking ensnare!! I particularly enjoying all tiny little bit of it I have you ever bookmarked to check out delivered stuff you pronounce. Guest Post ReplyDelete 2. I portt any phrase to understand this pronounce.....really i'm impressed from this publicize....the person who make this claim it became a pleasurable human..thank you for shared this in the back of than us. Facial Treatment ReplyDelete 3. That's almost 75 hours of technology use each week, and I am sure these results are mediated by parental controls and interventions. Imagine how much technology children use when left to their own defenses!tablets ReplyDelete 4. Wow! Such an amazing and helpful post this is. I really really love it. It's so good and so awesome. I am just amazed. I hope that you continue to do your work like this in the future also Bolt Posts ReplyDelete 5. I wanted to thank you for this great read!! I definitely enjoying every little bit of it I have you bookmarked to check out new stuff you post. legal entity identifier ReplyDelete 6. I think this is an informative post and it is very useful and knowledgeable. therefore, I would like to thank you for the efforts you have made in writing this article. soutien technique ReplyDelete 7. As a free IT expert, you can step in and assume control over these employments, profiting while you help to facilitate the migraines of over-focused on entrepreneurs. information technology ReplyDelete 8. You there, this is really good post here. Thanks for taking the time to post such valuable information. Quality content is what always gets the visitors coming. Legal Entity Identifier Number ReplyDelete 9. I read that Post and got it fine and informative. Click here ReplyDelete 10. This is my first time i visit here and I found so many interesting stuff in your blog especially it's discussion, thank you. Learn about crud php, go to phpcrudgenerator.com ReplyDelete #Crypto Winter Could Be Beneficial For Sellers of Picks and Shovels This #Bloomberg article takes an interesting look at the #cryptowinter and how it may not affect or could even be good for those selling t... Popular Posts	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Wine problem Ok, Wine works fine, BUT… when i click on “autodetect drives” it doesn’t give me /media/cdrom0 thing, nothing comes out at all. You see, i did it on Debian, and that helped me running some games, which are usually rips but they require the presence of cdrom formally, not that they really need it. On openSUSE it’s kinda different, and such games just don’t run saying that there’s no CD-ROM detected. Any ideas how to solve that?.. Again, telling next to nothing about your environment will irritate people to the point thatthey will ignore you. Do NOT use a title such as “X problem”. Make a short but telling title. You have to lure people into reading your thread. It is you that want help. There are a lot of people here who want to give help in their free time. But the joy this gives is soon turned into irritation when they have to ask again and again for the most obvious needed technical information. How do i put a sign after my posts saying what kinda stuff i’m using? I can’t find it. Top-right on every page is Settings. Click on it and you get a personal page. Left down is again Settings and below it is Edit Signature. Wine won’t detect an optical drive unless there’s a disc mounted in it. If you are talking about mounted isos, they, too, have to be mounted before you run winecfg. But if you are talking about running a game from a mounted iso, and Wine detects the iso as a drive in winecfg but the game still complains about not finding the cd, you are probably looking at a copy protection issue.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Page:The collected works of Theodore Parker volume 7.djvu/53 Rh but they did. I think the conscience of New England did not trust the reformed men; that also is a pity. They seem now to have relaxed their efforts in a great measure, perhaps discouraged at the coldness with which they have in some quarters been treated. I know not why it is, but they do not continue so ably the work they once begun. Besides, the State, it was thought, favoured intemperance. It was for a long time doubted if the licence-laws were constitutional; so they were openly set at nought, for wicked men seize on doubtful opportunities. Then, too, temperance had gone, a few years ago, as far as it could be expected to go until certain great obstacles were removed. Many leading men in the land were practically hostile to temperance, and, with some remarkable exceptions, still are. The sons of the pilgrims, last Forefathers’ day, could not honour the self-denial of the Puritans without wine! The Alumni of Harvard University could never, till this season, keep their holidays without strong drink. If rich men continue to drink without need, the poor will long continue to be drunk. Vices, like decayed furniture, go down. They keep their shape, but become more frightful. In this way the refined man who often drinks, but is never drunk, corrupts hundreds of men whom he never saw, and, without intending it, becomes a foe to society. Then, too, some of our influential temperance men aid us no longer. Beecher is not here; Channing and Ware have gone to their reward. That other man, benevolent and indefatigable, where is he? He trod the worm of the still under his feet, but the worm of the pulpit stung him, and he too is gone; that champion of temperance, that old man eloquent, driven out of Boston. Why should I not tell an open secret?—driven out by rum and the Unitarian clergy of Boston. Whatsoever the causes may be, I think you see proofs enough of the fact, that drunkenness has increased within the last few years. You see it in the men drunken in the streets, in the numerous shops built to gratify the intemperate man. Some of these are elegant and costly, only	WIKI
tencent cloud Feedback Last updated: 2023-09-28 11:42:50 On macOS, TRTC supports screen sharing via the primary stream and substream: Substream sharing In TRTC, you can share the screen via a dedicated stream, which is called the substream. In substream sharing, an anchor publishes camera video and screen sharing images at the same time. This is the scheme used by VooV Meeting. You can enable substream sharing by setting the TRTCVideoStreamType parameter to TRTCVideoStreamTypeSub when calling the startScreenCapture API. To play substream video, call startRemoteSubStreamView. Primary stream sharing In TRTC, the channel via which camera images are published is the primary stream (bigstream). In primary stream sharing, an anchor publishes screen sharing images via the primary stream. As there is only one stream, an anchor cannot publish both camera video and screen sharing images. You can enable this mode by setting the TRTCVideoStreamType parameter to TRTCVideoStreamTypeBig when calling the startScreenCapture API. Supported Platforms iOS Android macOS Windows Electron Chrome Getting Sharable Sources You can call getScreenCaptureSourcesWithThumbnailSize to enumerate sharable sources. Each sharable source is a TRTCScreenCaptureSourceInfo object. The desktop of macOS is also a sharable source. The type of sharable windows on macOS is TRTCScreenCaptureSourceTypeWindow, while that of the desktop is TRTCScreenCaptureSourceTypeScreen. You can find the following information, including type, for each TRTCScreenCaptureSourceInfo object: Parameter Type Description type TRTCScreenCaptureSourceType Capturing source type, which may be window or screen sourceId NSString Capturing source ID. If a window is captured, the value of this parameter is the window handle. If a screen is captured, the value of this parameter is the screen ID. sourceName NSString Window name. If a screen is captured, the value of this parameter is Screen0, Screen1, and so on. extInfo NSDictionary Extra information Thumbnail NSImage Window thumbnail Icon NSImage Window icon Based on the information, you can display a list of sharable sources on the UI for users to choose from. Selecting Sharing Source The TRTC SDK supports three sharing modes, which can be specified via selectScreenCaptureTarget. Share an entire screen: You can share an entire screen by selecting a source whose type is TRTCScreenCaptureSourceTypeScreen and setting rect to {0, 0, 0, 0}. This mode is supported when you split the screen onto multiple monitors. Share a portion of a screen: You can share a specific portion of a screen by selecting a source whose type is TRTCScreenCaptureSourceTypeScreen and setting rect to a non-null value, such as {100, 100, 300, 300}. Share a window: You can share a window by selecting a source whose type is TRTCScreenCaptureSourceTypeWindow and setting rect to {0, 0, 0, 0}. explain Two additional parameters: capturesCursor: specifies whether to capture the cursor. highlight: specifies whether to highlight the window being shared and remind the user to move the window when it is covered. The relevant UI design is implemented within the SDK. Starting Screen Sharing After selecting a sharing source, you can call startScreenCapture to start screen sharing. The API pauseScreenCapture differs from stopScreenCapture in that it stops screen capturing and displays the image captured at the moment of pausing. As a result, remote users will see a still image until resumeScreenCapture is called. /** * 7.6 Screen Sharing Start screen sharing * @param view Parent control of the rendering control / - (void)startScreenCapture:(NSView )view; /** * 7.7 Screen Sharing Stop screen sharing * @return `0`: successful; negative number: failed / - (int)stopScreenCapture; /* * 7.8 Screen Sharing Pause screen sharing * @return `0`: successful; negative number: failed / - (int)pauseScreenCapture; /* * 7.9 Screen Sharing Resume screen sharing * * @return `0`: successful; negative number: failed / - (int)resumeScreenCapture; Setting Video Quality You can use setSubStreamEncoderParam to set the video quality of screen sharing, including resolution, bitrate, and frame rate. We recommend the following settings: Clarity Resolution Frame Rate Bitrate FHD 1920 × 1080 10 800 Kbps HD 1280 × 720 10 600 Kbps SD 960 × 720 10 400 Kbps Watching Shared Screen Watch screens shared by macOS/Windows users When a macOS/Windows user in a room starts screen sharing, the screen will be shared through a substream, and other users in the room will be notified through onUserSubStreamAvailable in TRTCCloudDelegate. Users who want to watch the shared screen can start rendering the substream image of the remote user by calling the startRemoteSubStreamView API. Watch screens shared by Android/iOS users When an Android/iOS user starts screen sharing, the screen will be shared through the primary stream, and other users in the room will be notified through onUserVideoAvailable in TRTCCloudDelegate. Users who want to watch the shared screen can start rendering the primary stream of the remote user by calling the startRemoteView API. //Sample code: watch the shared screen - (void)onUserSubStreamAvailable:(NSString )userId available:(BOOL)available { if (available) { [self.trtcCloud startRemoteSubStreamView:userId view:self.capturePreviewWindow.contentView]; } else { [self.trtcCloud stopRemoteSubStreamView:userId]; } } FAQs Can more than one user in a room share their screens at the same time? Currently, a TRTC room can have only one screen sharing stream at a time. When a specified window (SourceTypeWindow) is shared, if the window size changes, will the resolution of the video stream change accordingly? By default, the SDK automatically adjusts encoding parameters according to the size of the shared window. If you want a fixed resolution, call the setSubStreamEncoderParam API to set encoding parameters for screen sharing or specify the parameters when calling the startScreenCapture API. Contact Us Contact our sales team or business advisors to help your business. Technical Support Open a ticket if you're looking for further assistance. Our Ticket is 7x24 avaliable. 7x24 Phone Support	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
3d cartoon hands holding a phone Unlock full course by purchasing a membership Lesson 3 An Overview of the Ionic Ecosystem How does everything fit together? STANDARD An Overview of the Ionic Ecosystem The easiest way to think of Ionic is as a UI component library for Angular (it isn’t actually specific to Angular, that is just the framework we are using). It gives us the kinds of UI elements you would expect to see in native iOS and Android applications out of the box - including all the fancy screen transition animations that are unique to each platform. Although this is the key part of Ionic, and what allows us to create native quality applications with the web, the Ionic team also provides a lot more to us than just a set of UI components. A Broader Overview of Ionic Ionic has come a long way and grown into a big company with an ever-expanding set of goals to help the developers using their technology. In the early days of Ionic it was built just for Angular and the entire ecosystem was a bit simpler. Since the release of Ionic 4, Ionic has been based on web components that work just about everywhere. If you are not familiar with the concept of a web component, it is essentially a way to create your own custom HTML elements that work anywhere on the web. As opposed to building an Angular component, or a React component, or a Vue component, which only work within their own framework. The key difference here is that since Ionic is now built on top generic web technologies, it doesn’t require the Angular framework anymore - we can now use Ionic wherever we like. We can still use Ionic/Angular just as we could before, but because of web components now we can also use those same Ionic components in other frameworks (like Vue or React), or with no framework at all. This is fantastic for people who want to develop with Ionic, but now that there are so many options it does lead to some confusion initially. There are now so many “players” in the Ionic ecosystem now. Some terms you might come across in your learning journey are: • Ionic • StencilJS • Web components • Angular • @ionic/angular • @ionic/core • React • Vue • ..and so on It can be hard to figure out what you should be using, which frameworks or tools are necessary for the approach you take, and which ones are not. To help explain how everything fits together, I made this little chart: Ionic ecosystem Although there are a lot of different parts that make up the Ionic ecosystem, the only bits we really need to worry about or learn anything about are the sections highlighted in green above. Even though we may not need to use parts of the ecosystem, it does help to have a broad understanding of what is going on. Web Components Let’s focus a little on this idea of web components and what they enable for us. Describing web components is also a good way to understand the concept of a “component” in general. The difference between a “web” component and an “Angular” component or a “React” component is that web components are native to the web and will run wherever the web does - including inside of many different frameworks. Components designed for specific frameworks have a lot of the same benefits, but they can only be used within that framework. One of the key benefits of using Ionic is how easy it is to add complex mobile interface elements to the pages in your application. In Ionic, the templates that create the pages/views in your application will look something like this: <ion-header> <ion-toolbar color="primary"> <ion-buttons slot="end"> <ion-button (click)="doSomething()"> <ion-icon slot="icon-only" name="play"></ion-icon> </ion-button> </ion-buttons> </ion-toolbar> </ion-header> <ion-content> <ion-list> <ion-item-sliding ngFor="let photo of photoService.photos"> <ion-item> <img [src]="photo.path" /> <ion-badge slot="end" color="light">{{photo.dateTaken \| daysAgo}} days ago</ion-badge> </ion-item> <ion-item-options> <ion-item-option color="light" (click)="photoService.deletePhoto(photo)"> <ion-icon slot="icon-only" name="trash"></ion-icon> </ion-item-option> </ion-item-options> </ion-item-sliding> </ion-list> </ion-content> What are all these strange non-HTML standard tags? These are the web components that Ionic provides. The basic idea is that we can build our own custom HTML tags to easily drop in functionality in a web page. This is what the core Ionic framework provides, a bunch of web components that provide the user interface elements required to create a mobile application like toolbars, lists, buttons, and so on. Instead of spending days coding up a high-performance scrollable list that works well on mobile, we just drop in <ion-list>. There is also some Angular-specific syntax included in the example above like ngFor and (click) but we will discuss that later in the Angular concepts module. First, let’s talk a little bit more about Web Components before we move on, as they are kind of a big deal. Web Components are not specific to Ionic or Angular, they are becoming a new standard on the web to create modular/self-contained chunks of code that can easily be inserted into a web page (kind of like Widgets in WordPress). “In a nutshell, they allow us to bundle markup and styles into custom HTML elements.” - Rob Dodson Rob Dodson wrote a great post on Web Components where he explains how they work and the concepts behind it. He also provides a really great example, and I think it really drives the point home of why Web Components are useful. Basically, if you wanted to add an image slider as a web component, the HTML for that might look like this: <img-slider> <img src="images/sunset.jpg"> <img src="images/arch.jpg"> <img src="images/grooves.jpg"> <img src="images/rock.jpg"> </img-slider> instead of (without web components) this: <div id="slider"> <input checked="" type="radio" name="slider" id="slide1" selected="false"> <input type="radio" name="slider" id="slide2" selected="false"> <input type="radio" name="slider" id="slide3" selected="false"> <input type="radio" name="slider" id="slide4" selected="false"> <div id="slides"> <div id="overflow"> <div class="inner"> <img src="images/rock.jpg"> <img src="images/grooves.jpg"> <img src="images/arch.jpg"> <img src="images/sunset.jpg"> </div> </div> </div> <label for="slide1"></label> <label for="slide2"></label> <label for="slide3"></label> <label for="slide4"></label> </div> Rather than downloading some jQuery plugin and then copying and pasting a bunch of HTML into your document, you could just import the web component and add something simple like the image slider code shown above to get it working. All of the tricky stuff will be handled behind the scenes. Although web components are a general concept that applies to all of the web, this is exactly the concept behind Ionic - Ionic handles all the tricky stuff behind the scenes and we just drop the web components into our application. I want to stress again that we will not be building web components in this course. We will be building standard Angular components, which provide basically the same benefits. For example, that image slider web component we just talked about could also easily be built as an Angular component: <img-slider> <img src="images/sunset.jpg"> <img src="images/arch.jpg"> <img src="images/grooves.jpg"> <img src="images/rock.jpg"> </img-slider> The reason that it is important that Ionic’s components are delivered as web components is that it allows them to be used anywhere - not just with Angular. Angular is my preferred framework, and it is for many Ionic developers, but there are plenty of people out there who want to use different approaches (e.g. React, Vue, Svelte) and this is what Ionic’s components being delivered as web components allow. If we are just working within an Angular context, there isn’t really any benefit to using web components specifically. However, that might not always be the case. Maybe you work at a company that has one team working on Angular applications and another on React applications. It then might become beneficial to build some of your components as web components that could be used by both Angular and React without changes. This is where StencilJS comes into the picture. We will not be using StencilJS in this course, but it is useful to understand its role in the Ionic ecosystem. StencilJS StencilJS is a tool that creates web components, and the Ionic team has created a collection of web components with Stencil which have been packaged as Ionic Core. The @ionic/core package contains the set of web components that make up Ionic’s user interface library (lists, buttons, cards, and so on). You will use this core set of components no matter where you are using Ionic (Angular, React, Vue, no framework, etc.), but you don’t need to use or understand Stencil itself in order to use the components created by Stencil. The resulting web components that StencilJS creates are just generic web components. As the graph shows, we have the web components created by Stencil going into this “Ionic Core” package, but Stencil can also be used to create web components for any purpose. You might want to use Stencil to create your own web components to use in your Ionic applications, or you might just want to create web components for some other purpose. Although Stencil is a very cool tool for building web components (and entire applications), you don’t need to know how to use Stencil in order to use Ionic. It is an entirely separate thing that is optional to learn, and we will not be covering it in this course. The bundle of web components that is known as “Ionic Core” can then be used by any framework, and it can also be used without a framework at all. There is also a special library called @ionic/angular which is the Ionic package that is specific to Angular (the one that Ionic developers have been using for a long time). I will often use “Ionic/Angular” to refer to this package, or also just to Ionic applications built using Angular. This package provides extra functionality that can only be used in Angular, but it will still use the same Ionic web components under the hood. You can consider the general purpose of the @ionic/angular package to be to make using Ionic with Angular much smoother and nicer. To clarify all of this, if we are building an Ionic application without a framework we would use @ionic/core directly. If we are using Angular to build Ionic applications we would use @ionic/angular which makes use of @ionic/core behind-the-scenes. If we are using React, we would use @ionic/react which also uses @ionic/core behind-the-scenes (and so on). This explanation may still leave you a little confused, especially if you aren’t already familiar with these tools and frameworks. It is not really important to understand all of this. We will be building Ionic/Angular applications, so there are only three parts of that chart that we need to worry about: • Ionic Core (@ionic/core) • Ionic/Angular (@ionic/angular) • Angular (@angular/...) If you like, you can just pretend the rest of it doesn’t even exist. Since Angular has always been the “default” framework for Ionic, there is a lot of support for this particular approach and that is how most Ionic applications are currently made. You might wonder why we would bother to use a framework like Angular when we can use Ionic without a framework. Ionic provides the user interface components to make building a mobile application easier, but we often still want to use a framework to help build the event/data/logic side of the application itself. Frameworks give us a nice and organised structure to work within, as well as a bunch of built-in features to make development easier. A lot of the time, developers have a preference for a particular framework for various reasons, and Ionic can generally be incorporated no matter what that preference is. You don’t really need to know about the other options out there, but I do want to briefly cover some of the different options available and when you might use them. This should also help clarify why we are specifically using Ionic with the Angular framework. Capacitor We have mentioned Capacitor a few times already, and we will be talking about it in detail later. This is an important part of the ecosystem as it is what allows us to access native functionality and build for iOS and Android. Although Capacitor was built for Ionic, it isn’t actually specific to just Ionic. Capacitor can be used generically with any kind of web project. AppFlow, Premium Plugins, and Enterprise Support The Ionic framework is free and open source and always will be. But the company that built and maintains Ionic needs to make money to stay operational (we want this, as this is how the framework is able to be maintained and upgraded by a ton of skilled engineers). The Ionic team makes money by offering additional services on top of the open source Ionic framework. Most notably, these paid services are: • Appflow - a service that can build and deploy your apps for you • Premium plugins - enterprise grade plugins including payments and biometrics that are supported by the Ionic team • Enterprise support - paid support from engineers on the Ionic team Recap This doesn’t quite cover everything there is to know about the Ionic ecosystem, but hopefully, it should paint a reasonably clear picture. It isn’t actually that important to know all this stuff, I just want to give you some context as to what exactly “Ionic” is (because it isn’t really just one thing).	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
-- Polish Stocks: KGHM, PGE Shares Are Active on the Warsaw Bourse Poland’s WIG20 Index (WIG20) rose 0.6 percent to close at 2,311.89 in Warsaw, snapping a two-day decline. The following are among the most active stocks on the Warsaw Stock Exchange today. Stock symbols follow company names. KGHM Polska Miedz SA (KGH) , the copper producer with the biggest European mine output, jumped to a three-week high and traded up 3.6 percent at 143.50 zloty as the metal advanced after a report showed January U.S. new homes sales were higher than expected. PGE SA (PGE) , the country’s largest power utility, rebounded from a three-month low and traded 1.7 percent higher to 19.70 zloty after the government sold a stake in the company for 2.52 billion zloty ($810 million) yesterday. “The impact of this transaction was one-time and now the stock should recover from early losses,” Kamil Kliszcz, a Warsaw-based analyst at BRE Bank SA, wrote in a note to clients. To contact the reporter on this story: Piotr Bujnicki in Warsaw pbujnicki@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story: Gavin Serkin at gserkin@bloomberg.net	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
-- MetLife CEO Says Bernanke’s Easy Money a Tax on Savers The Federal Reserve should pay more attention to the harm inflicted on savers by record-low interest rates, said Steven Kandarian, the chairman and chief executive officer of MetLife Inc. (MET) , the largest U.S. life insurer. “A policy of artificially low interest rates is a form of taxation on savers,” Kandarian, 61, said in his annual letter to shareholders. “This social cost should be considered more explicitly in debates over monetary stimulus.” Fed Chairman Ben S. Bernanke has kept interest rates near record lows and started a bond-buying program to cut unemployment and boost the pace of growth after the deepest recession since the Great Depression. Low yields contribute to higher prices and reduced guarantees on some products offered by New York-based MetLife, Kandarian said. “The current environment of extremely low interest rates is starting to have a meaningful impact on the ability of life insurance companies to offer certain guarantees,” the CEO said. The Fed “penalizes savers directly through low returns on bank deposits and other fixed-income instruments, and indirectly through lower crediting rates” on insurance products. Bernanke has said that low returns for savers are a necessary cost of the central bank’s efforts to lead the economy out of the recession. Policy makers have held the main interest rate near zero since December 2008 and they estimate that the first increase will be appropriate in 2015. Growth is still too weak for higher rates, and raising borrowing costs prematurely would “throw our economy back into recession,” further hurting savers, Bernanke told lawmakers Feb. 26 in his semiannual monetary policy report to Congress. ‘Only Way’ “The only way to get interest rates up for savers is to get a strong recovery,” Bernanke told the Senate Banking Committee. “And the only way to get a strong recovery is to provide adequate support to the recovery.” Insurers invest premiums from customers in bonds and other assets to back future payouts. Yield from the instruments that exceeds customer payments can add to profits. MetLife’s $517 billion portfolio includes more than $370 billion of fixed-maturity securities, and the insurer has hedges that have helped guard income against low bond yields. The company had an investment income yield of 6.99 percent on variable and universal life products in the Americas retail unit in the three months ended Dec. 31, which was 2.45 percentage points higher than the average crediting rate for clients. The so-called spread for deferred annuities was 3.02 percent. Kandarian said in the letter that MetLife has raised prices and lowered guarantees on savings products including variable annuities and some forms of universal life insurance. The insurer’s new variable annuity, which lowered payout rates, may generate higher returns on capital, Kandarian said. Kandarian’s Bonus MetLife boosted Kandarian’s bonus by 40 percent to $4.2 million in his first full year as CEO, the insurer said in a separate document today. Kandarian’s total compensation rose to $13.7 million last year from $10.6 million in 2011. MetLife gained 0.3 percent to $38.18 at 11:51 a.m. in New York. The shares have advanced 16 percent this year. Insurance executives including the head of Berkshire Hathaway Inc.’s General Re unit and Alleghany Corp. CEO Weston Hicks have cited the risks of low rates. Hedge-fund manager David Einhorn has said the stimulus efforts aren’t useful and may lead to inflation. Kandarian, who became CEO in May 2011, is focusing on products that are less risky and have lower capital requirements. He’s scaled back from savings products such as variable annuities while focusing on protection offerings such as accident and health insurance. “In a period of prolonged low interest rates and potentially higher capital requirements for large life insurance companies, we must achieve the correct balance” between savings and protection products, Kandarian said in the letter. To contact the reporters on this story: Zachary Tracer in New York at ztracer1@bloomberg.net ; Jeff Kearns in Washington at jkearns3@bloomberg.net To contact the editors responsible for this story: Dan Kraut at dkraut2@bloomberg.net ; Chris Wellisz at cwellisz@bloomberg.net	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Women’s Health (Lusby Location only) - Incontinence, Pelvic Pain, Pregnancy, and Post-Partum Urinary Incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine. There are many causes and the problem is extremely common. Twenty-five to thirty percent of women up to the age of 59 and 40-50% of women 60 and over suffer from this problem. When patients report a loss of urine when coughing, laughing, sneezing or exercising, it is usually due to weakness in the muscles at the base of the pelvis. These muscles can be stretched and weakened over time and the problem is increased with pregnancy, vaginal deliveries, high impact physical activity, smoking, obesity and diabetes. The good news is that these muscles can be strengthened just like any other muscle in your body. It is extremely important that the muscles be strengthened appropriately. Many women do not perform 'Kegel' contractions correctly. Many have lifestyle habits that reverse the effects of the exercises they are performing to try and improve their condition. As a licensed physical therapist with specialized training in the area of women's health, we have the knowledge, experience and tools to help women decrease and/or eliminate the problem of urinary incontinence. The process is easy, painless and usually fully covered by insurance with a prescription from a physician. Countless women were very limited in their physical activity due to urinary incontinence, that are now back on the racquetball court or aerobics floor without concern about leaking. If urinary incontinence is limiting your life, there is a way to regain control. Please call our Lusby Office (410) 326-3432 and ask for Lindsay Lavato to schedule an appointment.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Updated: 2021/Apr/14 SQLITE3_WAL_CHECKPOINT(3) Library Functions Manual SQLITE3_WAL_CHECKPOINT(3) NAME sqlite3_wal_checkpoint - Checkpoint a database SYNOPSIS int sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(sqlite3 db, const char zDb); DESCRIPTION The sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(D,X) is equivalent to sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2(D,X,SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE,0,0). In brief, sqlite3_wal_checkpoint(D,X) causes the content in the write- ahead log for database X on database connection D to be transferred into the database file and for the write-ahead log to be reset. See the checkpointing documentation for addition information. This interface used to be the only way to cause a checkpoint to occur. But then the newer and more powerful sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2() interface was added. This interface is retained for backwards compatibility and as a convenience for applications that need to manually start a callback but which do not need the full power (and corresponding complication) of sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2(). SEE ALSO sqlite3(3), sqlite3_wal_checkpoint_v2(3), SQLITE_CHECKPOINT_PASSIVE(3) NetBSD 9.99 December 19, 2018 NetBSD 9.99	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
The first dynasty of the Islamic Caliphate, the Umayyad Caliphate extended from 661 to 750. The dynasty begins Caliph Muawiya, whose reign began with the death of Ali. Upon satisfying himself with the security of his rule, Muawiya had the center of government moved to Damascus, where it would remain for the duration of the Umayyad Dynasty. Aside from doing battle with the Byzantines, and maintaining internal security, his main achievement seems to be that of having established hereditary succession for the Caliphate. Muawiya was succeeded by his son Yazid in 680. And then by Muawiya II in 683 when Yazid inexplicably died. In 684, Muawiya II was gone as well. As Muawiya II managed to leave no successor, there was a brief struggle before Marwan took over as Caliph in 684. Upon his death in 685, rule of the Caliphate passed on to his son, Abd al-Malik. With the accession of Abd al-Malik as Caliph, stability was restored to the growing empire. During his reign (685-705), Arabic became the language of government, and a new coinage was introduced. This was also the time when the Dome of the Rock was built in Jerusalem. Over the course of the 45 years following his death in 705, his descendants continued the process of expanding the empire, with only the occasional revolt. That changed in 747 when the Abbasids began the final revolt. In 750, the Umayyads were defeated in their entirety, and the males of the family killed almost to a person. - The Outline of the History, H.G. Wells \|<< The Caliphs Abu Bakr and Umar\|\|Timeline\|\|The Abbasids >>\|	FINEWEB-EDU
'The whole thing is a wild card, let’s be honest' Will Bernie Sanders burn down the stage? Will Joe Biden be able to fend off a barrage of attacks? Will the 1-percenters throw bombs at their rivals to get attention, or play it safe in their first introduction to a national audience? Even the most plugged-in Democrats have no idea what to expect from the first debates of the 2020 campaign, which kick off Wednesday at 9 p.m. “The whole thing is a wild card, let’s be honest,” said Dan Sena, former executive director of the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee. Politico interviewed nearly 20 Democratic elected officials, party chiefs, labor leaders, activists and operatives, including several in early primary states, to find out what questions they’re looking to have answered once all is said and done Wednesday and Thursday nights. Here’s what they told us. The overarching question on the minds of Democratic insiders is how candidates attack — and handle attacks by — their opponents. They expect Sanders, who has already bashed Biden for supporting the Iraq War and free trade deals, to take more swipes at the front-runner. But he’s hardly alone. They predict Biden could be on the receiving end of subtle and not-so-subtle hits from everyone from Pete Buttigieg (on “generational change”), to Kirsten Gillibrand (over his Hyde Amendment flip-flop), to Kamala Harris (for his comments about working with segregationists in the Senate). “He’ll probably be the second-most popular name used in the debate after Trump,” said Douglas Herman, a California-based strategist. “People are starting to get comfortable contrasting themselves with Joe Biden.” But there’s also another school of thought going into the debate: That some of the more viable candidates will be driven primarily by the imperative to “do no harm” and therefore resist launching attacks. Since it’s only the first debate, advisers to several campaigns said they’re far more focused on ensuring their contender make a good impression in the seven to 10 minutes of speaking time they expect to have than on squandering it talking about somebody else. But the incentives are different for the low-polling candidates. A memorable moment on Wednesday or Thursday night could determine whether they qualify for later debates. For them, going after Biden or Sanders will probably be a lot more tempting. If the field does mostly play nice, the expected Biden pile-on could turn out to be a boon to the former vice president, allowing him to keep up the contrast he’s trying to project with President Donald Trump. A sharp attack line on Trump by the front-runner (triggering a Trump tweet in response?) could end up being a big story line. Others like Sanders, Buttigieg and Harris risk giving Biden that running room if they don’t forcefully confront him. Viral moments aside, bottom line Democrats want a candidate they’re confident can beat Trump. They admit it’s tough to put a finger on exactly what that means, but think they’ll probably know it when they see it. “I’m looking for whether people can go nose to nose and toes to toes with Donald Trump,” said Troy Price, chairman of the Iowa Democratic Party. “It’s about message. It’s how they’re carrying themselves on the stage. It’s looking to show that they can be a good contrast with Donald Trump.” Todd Rutherford, leader of South Carolina’s state House Democrats, said one of his key criteria for a Trump vanquisher is someone who “would do well in the black barbershop.” “It’s being quick-witted. It’s taking the facts and wrapping them in punchlines,” he said. “It’s somebody that take hits and responds not necessarily with ad hominem attacks, but certainly with attacks that make their point.” With sitting senators and former governors wading in the bottom of the polls, many candidates are desperate for a viral performance. Democrats said they can’t wait to see what they do to try to stage their “breakout moment.” “It is a remarkable dance that particularly those polling below a few percent are going to have to perform,” said Scott Mulhauser, a former aide to Biden. “You have a limited number of minutes to make your case and stand out, but you have to do so in a way that is not too forced or unnatural.” Intentionally setting out to appear genuine and natural: It’s not an easy thing to pull off. But if they can manage to do it, Julián Castro, Michael Bennet and Andrew Yang — yes, Andrew Yang — were named by Democrats as lesser-known candidates who might catch fire in front of a national audience. The media’s coverage of the 2016 election left an especially big dent in the psyches of Democrats. Now, party leaders, elected officials and operatives are hyperfocused on how journalists will report on the debates. “I’ll be closely monitoring the media coverage surrounding the debate and candidates,” said Carolyn DeWitt, president of the youth voting organization Rock the Vote. “Media companies played a major role in setting the tone and shaping [the] narrative during the 2016 election.” Democrats, unsurprisingly, are not optimistic. They suspect the debate moderators will give the top-tier candidates much more time to speak than lesser-known hopefuls. They believe the press will anoint two or three candidates as the winners. And they’re skeptical that journalists will resist the urge to analyze the two nights through the lens of personality. Women, in particular, worry that the female candidates won’t be treated fairly. “Do people say so-and-so was too shrill and she didn’t seem likable, or have we learned our lesson from 2016?” asked Karen Finney, a former spokeswoman for Hillary Clinton’s 2016 campaign. “I’m looking for what language is used to describe women’s ideas.” The party’s base is increasingly looking for 2020 candidates to prove they’re genuinely committed to an issue and not just paying lip service — by using the bully pulpit to shame corporations, for example, or unionizing their own campaigns. That means using their speaking time to talk about their pet issue — immigration, climate change, income inequality, “Medicare for All,” racial justice, you name it — regardless of what question they’re asked. How candidates devote their precious minutes in the spotlight will offer a window into what they might prioritize in the White House, activists say. “If Democratic presidential candidates do not see fit to discuss climate change in the 8½ minutes they have on the debate stage, then why should I trust them to dedicate an even more precious resource, which is the legislative calendar, to that issue?” asked Sean McElwee, co-founder of the liberal think tank Data for Progress. “Anyone who doesn’t talk about climate change should be considered dead on arrival for progressive Democrats.” The days after the debates might be as important as the debates themselves. The 48 hours after they end will offer a whole new list of metrics by which to judge the field: How much money did they raise? How many volunteers held watch parties for them? How often did Facebook users share clips of their performances? The figures will help assess not only how the candidates resonated with voters, but their level of grassroots support. They’ll also serve as a test of whether the Democrats are running campaigns prepared to take their best seconds, package them for social media, and raise money off them. “If you suddenly have your moment, do you have the staff, the resources, the capability to keep it going? Do you have validators in Iowa and New Hampshire?” asked Kelly Dietrich, founder of the National Democratic Training Committee. “If you don’t, then OK, great. I hope you frame the nice articles about you in the office.” Christopher Cadelago contributed to this report.	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
AI shows one line for outlines, SVG doubles it Sooo… my original AI designs are double-cutting on the GF. I found out that what is showing as a single-line path in the .ai file has mysteriously doubled, when saving as an SVG. Here is a zoomed in Outline view on the .ai file: And here it is after saving it as an SVG: These are my export settings: I’m using the most recent version of AI CC for Windows. I’m stumped! 1 Like In AI, switch to Outline mode before saving the file, and zoom WAY in close. You’ll find the double tapped lines that way and can adjust them before saving the file. 1 Like That first screenshot is in Outline mode, zoomed in to 1200% The lines are not doubled up there. Oh sorry…missed that part. Hang on… Its almost like it is tracing the edges of the stroke, which… I dunno why it would do that. Is the stroke centered? It’s one thing we’ve noticed before with the interpretation of the file contents…if the stroke is inside or outside it does tend to expand the results before saving the SVG. Other than that…maybe uncheck the Use Textpath Element box. (I have a different version of AI but that might be doing something to it.) 4 Likes Someone else just suggested that… I’m not familiar with stroke alignment, so I’m taking a look :slight_smile: It was the stroke alignment :slight_smile: I change it to center, and no more double-lines. Woot! :slight_smile: Thanks!! 3 Likes Great! :grinning: 1 Like And now I know a dirtyway to get heavier lines - just by setting a thicker stroke and setting the alignment to either inner or outer. Devil is in the details for sure! 2 Likes You didn’t trust me to fix it!? :wink: 1 Like LOL! You got to it first. I wandered over here after googling symptoms before I sent you the .ai file - saw similar things, but none of the solutions fit, so figured I’d crowdsource an answer :wink: 1 Like Since you’re using the current version of AI you could avoid the SVG interpretation errors altogether with the copy/paste method :slightly_smiling_face:. Using the keyboard copy selected artwork in AI then paste with keyboard into the dashboard page of the GFUI. I’ve never had a design misinterpreted when imported this way. 1 Like Oh now THAT sounds useful! Thanks :slight_smile: 1 Like Oh was @jbmanning5 the other person who suggested it? (Man, you can’t trust that guy. He has zero experience with this.) :smile::wink: 1 Like LOL, yes! I was mining his expertise elsewhere, hahaha. I haven’t tested, but I don’t know if that will solve the issue with having a stroke set to other than center, since SVG doesn’t support a non-center stroke. 2 Likes Interesting, I hadn’t encountered it yet but you are correct. Copy/pasted from AI: Square set to inside and circle set to outside on left, centered on right, 1/8" stroke on all. This could be quite a time saver when iterating if one can keep it straight. image 1 Like Yeah, there’s no way to specify stroke alignment in SVG so pretty much every drawing program does the same thing when exporting to SVG: they expand the stroke into a filled shape if it’s not center-aligned. Stroke alignment was being worked on by the SVG people but they couldn’t agree on the details of how to handle some weird edge cases so instead they just dropped it entirely and decided it will have to wait for some future version. (This would be called the stroke-position property. It appeared in early drafts of SVG 2 but it doesn’t look like it will end up in the final spec. But it seems like something that could be likely to return in 2.1.) 1 Like I love this forum because there are people here who know this stuff. 2 Likes	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
U.S. stocks off highs after sentiment data NEW YORK (MarketWatch) -- U.S. stocks lost a bit of steam in morning trade Tuesday, after a report showed consumer confidence rose less than the market expected in December. The Dow Jones Industrial Average gained 17 points, or 0.2%, to 10,564. The S&P 500 index rose 0.5 points to 1,128, while the Nasdaq Composite fell 2 points, or 0.1%, to 2,288. The Conference Board said its consumer confidence index rose to 52.9 in December from a revised 50.6 in November. Economists surveyed by MarketWatch expected the index to rise to 54.0 compared to November's original reading of 49.5.	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Page:The Emigrants.pdf/30 Nor listens with delight to sighing winds, That, on their fragrant pinions, waft the notes Of birds rejoicing in the trangledtangled [sic] copse; Nor gazes pleas'd on Ocean's silver breast, While lightly o'er it sails the summer clouds Reflected in the wave, that, hardly heard, Flows on the yellow sands: so to his mind, That long has liv'd where Despotism hides His features harsh, beneath the diadem Of worldly grandeur, abject Slavery seems, If by that power impos'd, slavery no more: For luxury wreathes with silk the iron bonds, And hides the ugly rivets with her flowers, Till the degenerate triflers, while they love The glitter of the chains, forget their weight. But more the Men7, whose ill acquir'd wealth	WIKI
Page:Analysis and Assessment of Gateway Process.pdf/3 The Gateway Experience: Brain Hemisphere Synchronization in perspective. 1. In order to describe the Monroe Institute technique for achieving altered states of consciousness(the "Gateway Experience") involving brain hemisphere synchronization or "Hemi-Sync", the most effective way to begin is to briefly profile the basic mechanics which underlay operation of related methods such as hypnosis, transcendental meditation, and biofeedback. It is easiest to effectively describe what Gateway is by beginning with a short description of those associated techniques that share some common aspects with the Gateway Experience but which are nevertheless different. In this way we can develop a frame of reference at the outset which will provide useful concepts to explain and understand Gateway by comparison, as we proceed. 2. According to the theories of psychologist Ronald Stone and the biomedical engineering models of Itshak Bentov, hypnosis is basically a technique which permits acquisition of direct access to the sensory motor cortex and pleasure centers, and lower cerebral(emotional) portions(and associated pleasure centers) of the right side of the human brain following successful disengagement of the stimulus screening function of the left hemisphere of the brain. The left hemisphere of the brain is the self-cognitive, verbal and linear reasoning component of the mind. It fulfills the function of screening incoming stimuli by categorizing, assessing and assigning meaning prior to allowing passage to the right hemisphere of the mind. The right hemisphere, which functions as the noncritical, holistic, nonverbal and pattern-oriented component of the brain appears to accept what the left hemisphere passes to it without question. Consequently, if the left hemisphere can be distracted either through boredom or through reduction to a soporific, semi-sleep state, external stimuli to include hypnotic suggestions are allowed to pass unchallenged into the right hemisphere where they are accepted and acted upon directly. The result may involve an emotional reaction originating in the lower cerebral region, sensory/motor responses requiring involvement of the cortex, and so on. Both the sensory and the motor cortices of the right cerebral portion of the brain contain a sequence of points known as the "homunculus" which corresponds to points in the body(see Exhibit 1, next page). Stimulation of the corresponding area on the cortex causes intermediate response in the associated portion of the body. Consequently, induction of the suggestion that the left leg is numb, if it reaches the right hemisphere unchallenged and is referred to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex, will result in an electrical reaction being generated that will induce the feeling of numbness, Similarly, the suggestion that the person is experiencing a general feeling of happiness and well being would be referred to the appropriate pleasure centers located in the lower cerebral portion or in the cortex of the right hemisphere, thereby inducing the suggested feeling of euphoria. Finally, suggestions such as one that informs the hypnotic subject that he enjoys enhanced concentration or powers of memory would be responded to in the right hemisphere by accessing unused information storage capacity normally held in reserve as a result of left hemisphere selection and control processes. This aspect will become significant in the context of the Gateway process when attention is given to examining the way that hypnosis may be used to accelerate progress in the early stages of the Gateway Experience. 3. On the other hand, transcendental meditation works in a distinctly different fashion. In this technique, intense and protracted single minded concentration on the process of drawing energy up the spinal cord ultimately results in what appears to be creation of acoustical standing waves in the cerebral ventricles which are then conducted to the gray matter in the cerebral	WIKI
How can one detect airplane mode on Android 0 votes I have code in my application that detects if Wi-Fi is actively connected. That code triggers a RuntimeException if airplane mode is enabled. I would like to display a separate error message when in mode is activated. How can I reliably detect if an Android device is in airplane mode? May 26, 2020 in Java by kartik • 37,510 points 410 views 1 answer to this question. 0 votes Hello, When registering the Airplane Mode BroadcastReceiver (@saxos answer) I think it makes a lot of sense to get the state of the Airplane Mode setting right away from the Intent Extras in order to avoid calling Settings.Global or Settings.System : @Override public void onReceive(Context context, Intent intent) { boolean isAirplaneModeOn = intent.getBooleanExtra("state", false); if(isAirplaneModeOn){ // handle Airplane Mode on } else { // handle Airplane Mode off } } Hope this work!! answered May 26, 2020 by Niroj • 82,720 points Related Questions In Java 0 votes 1 answer How to pass an object from one activity to another on Android One option could be letting your custom ...READ MORE answered Jun 25, 2018 in Java by Rishabh • 3,640 points 2,919 views 0 votes 1 answer How can one day be added to a date? One possible solution could be using calendar ...READ MORE answered Jun 8, 2018 in Java by Daisy • 8,110 points 129 views 0 votes 2 answers How can I Copy files from one directory to another in Java Java 8 Path sourcepath = Paths.get("C:\\data\\temp\\mydir"); ...READ MORE answered Aug 10, 2018 in Java by samarth295 • 2,220 points 2,268 views 0 votes 1 answer How can we run the .jar file by double clicking on windows 7 (64)? Use the following method to run the ...READ MORE answered Jun 28, 2018 in Java by sharth • 3,350 points 834 views 0 votes 1 answer Are arrays equivalent to objects in Java ? Yes; the Java Language Specification writes: In the Java ...READ MORE answered May 10, 2018 in Java by Rishabh • 3,640 points 301 views 0 votes 1 answer Remove objects from an array in Java? We can use external libraries: org.apache.commons.lang.ArrayUtils.remove(java.lang.Object[] array, int ...READ MORE answered Jun 26, 2018 in Java by scarlett • 1,290 points 289 views 0 votes 1 answer Performance difference of if/else vs switch statement in Java The thing you are worried about is ...READ MORE answered Jul 26, 2018 in Java by geek.erkami • 2,680 points 1,495 views 0 votes 1 answer How to pass an object from one activity to another on Android? Hello @kartik, Implement your class with Serializable. Let's ...READ MORE answered Apr 8, 2020 in Java by Niroj • 82,720 points 138 views 0 votes 1 answer How can we activate JMX on my JVM for access with jconsole? Hello @kartik, Run your java application with the ...READ MORE answered Apr 9, 2020 in Java by Niroj • 82,720 points 298 views	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Page:Marvin, Legal Bibliography, 1847.djvu/765 YEA. followed by the counsel for the defendant; and so on, till the pleadings on both sides are brought to an issue ; and here the report often ceases, conclurling with the whole that was done that day, without the least intimation what afterwards became of the cause." Pref. Heath's Max. ; 2 Reeves' Hist. 358; Brooke's Bib. Leg. Ang. 79, 198; Pref. Davis' Reports; Hale's Hist. C. L., c. 7 ; 4 Co. Inst. 4; Seld. dis ad Fleta, c. 8, § 3 ; 2 Dibden's Ames, 476; Nic. Eng. Hist. Lib. 179. YEAR-BOOKS. Les Reports del' Cases en Ley, que furent argues en le Temps de Roy Edward le Tierce. Corriges et amendes, avec les Notations et References a I'Abregment de Brook et Filz- herbert. 2 Parts, fol. London. 1679. The old Abridgments contain some of the Cases of the wanting*years of Edward HL Lord Coke assigns to this period the first appointment of stipendiary Reporters; " when," he observes, " the law being in its height, the causes and reasons of judgment, in respect of the multitude of them, are not set down in the records ; but, then, the great casuists and reporters of Cases (certain grave and sad men,) published the Cases, and the reasons and causes of the judgments and resolutions, which, from the beginning of Edward HL, and since, we have in print." Who all of these " grave and sad men" were, is not known, but, at the end of M. T., 21 Edw. HL, it appears that Horewode was one of them. Icy se finissent les reportes du Mons. Horewode ; and afterwards. Icy s'en- suivent certains Cases pris de hors un autre report qui ii'ont etc dans les reports du Mons. Horewode, par ci devani imprimes. MS. reports of several of the wanting years in this reign, in the printed Year-Books, are in the Inner Temple Library. 4 Co. Inst. 4; Brooke, 200 ; Mer. & Steph. Corp. 557; M. T.21 E. III. 50. . Les Reports del Cases en Ley, que furent argues a quadragesimo ad quinquagesimum Annum de Roy Edward le Tierce. Corriges et amendes, avec les Notations et References al Brook, Fitz-herbert et Statham. fol. London. 1679. The cases in the Quadragesms, as this Year-Book is called, are fully argued, but no authorities are adduced by the counsel in support of their positions. The Court rarely set forth the grounds and reasons upon which they proceed, and the Reports are merely statements of facts and arguments, with dicta of law. Every thing is to be taken upon the bare authority of the person pronouncing it. The law is delivered by its oracles the Judges, not by Precedents, but for Precedents in future times. A large share of the Cases in this volume, are occupied with discussions settling forms of writs, pleadings, practice, and proceedings in real actions. 3 Reeves' Hist. 151. 48 753	WIKI
Russian Twist: A Comprehensive Guide to Improve Your Core Strength How to Ab Twist/Russian Twist Properly: Correct Form, Mistakes, and Variations - A Step-By-Step Guide - Boardgains Introduction The Russian twist is a classic core exercise that targets the muscles of the abdominal region, especially the obliques, and is an excellent addition to any workout routine focused on improving core strength and stability. At Boardgains, we love incorporating this fun and challenging exercise into our fitness board game. Here, we'll cover all you need to know about this exercise, including its benefits, proper form, common mistakes, and tips for maximizing your results. The Importance of Core Strength Benefits of a Strong Core A strong core comes with numerous benefits, such as: 1. Improved posture and spinal stability 2. Enhanced balance and coordination 3. Reduced risk of lower back pain 4. Increased power and efficiency in physical activities 5. Better support for the spine during heavy lifting What is the Russian Twist? The Russian twist is a dynamic core exercise that targets your obliques, abdominals, and lower back muscles. It involves twisting your torso while holding a weight, such as a medicine ball or a dumbbell. This movement challenges your core stability and helps develop rotational strength, making it a perfect addition to any workout routine. How to Perform the Russian Twist Correctly To perform the Russian twist, follow these steps: 1. Sit on the floor with your knees bent and feet flat. 2. Lean back slightly, maintaining a straight spine. 3. Hold a weight with both hands in front of your chest. 4. Lift your feet off the ground and balance on your sit bones. 5. Rotate your torso to the right and touch the weight to the floor beside your hip. 6. Rotate to the left and do the same on the other side. 7. Continue alternating sides while maintaining control and balance. Variations and Progressions As you become more proficient with the Russian twist, you can challenge yourself by: 1. Increasing the weight 2. Extending your legs for added difficulty 3. Incorporating a stability ball for an unstable surface Common Mistakes to Avoid To prevent injury and ensure proper technique, avoid these common mistakes: 1. Rounding your back: Keep your spine straight and engage your core throughout the exercise. 2. Moving too quickly: Focus on controlled, deliberate movements to maximize muscle engagement. 3. Using momentum: Avoid using your arms to swing the weight; instead, initiate the movement from your core and use your obliques to rotate your torso. 4. Not twisting enough: Ensure you are getting a full range of motion by twisting your torso as far as you comfortably can. 5. Neglecting proper breathing: Breathe out as you twist and breathe in as you return to the center position. 6. Benefits of the Russian Twist Targeted Muscles The Russian twist effectively targets the following muscles: 1. Obliques (internal and external) 2. Rectus abdominis (upper and lower abs) 3. Transverse abdominis (deep core muscles) 4. Lower back muscles (erector spinae) Improved Performance By strengthening these muscles, the Russian twist can enhance your performance in various physical activities, such as: 1. Sports that involve twisting and turning, like tennis, golf, or basketball 2. Functional movements like lifting, pushing, and pulling 3. Compound exercises like squats, deadlifts, and lunges Incorporating the Russian Twist into Your Workout Routine Warm-Up Before starting the Russian twist, it's essential to warm up your core muscles with some light cardio and dynamic stretching exercises. This will help prevent injury and ensure your muscles are primed for the workout. Frequency and Sets For optimal results, include the Russian twist in your workout routine 2-3 times per week. Start with 2-3 sets of 10-12 repetitions per side and gradually increase the volume as you become stronger and more comfortable with the movement. Conclusion The Russian twist is an excellent exercise for developing core strength and stability. By incorporating it into your regular workout routine, you can enhance your performance in various sports and daily activities while reducing the risk of injury. Just remember to maintain proper form, warm up before exercising, and be consistent with your training to experience the full benefits of this versatile and effective core exercise. FAQs 1. Can I do the Russian twist without any equipment? Yes, you can perform the Russian twist without equipment by simply clasping your hands together in front of your chest. However, adding a weight will increase the challenge and effectiveness of the exercise. 1. Is the Russian twist suitable for beginners? The Russian twist can be modified to accommodate different fitness levels. Beginners can start by performing the exercise without any weight and with their feet on the ground, gradually progressing as they become stronger. 1. Can the Russian twist help me lose belly fat? While the Russian twist can help strengthen your core muscles, it is important to remember that spot reduction is a myth. To lose belly fat, focus on a well-rounded fitness routine that includes a mix of cardio, strength training, and a healthy diet. 1. How often should I perform the Russian twist? Incorporate the Russian twist into your workout routine 2-3 times per week for optimal results. Ensure you are allowing your muscles enough time to recover between sessions. 1. Is it normal to feel lower back discomfort during the Russian twist? Feeling some discomfort in your lower back could be a sign of poor form or weak core muscles. Ensure you are maintaining a straight spine, engaging your core throughout the exercise, and not using too much weight. If the discomfort persists, consult a fitness professional or healthcare provider. Leave a comment This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
SECURITIES INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION, Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., Donaldson, Lufkin & Jenrette Securities Corporation, Drexel Burnham Lambert, Incorporated, Fidelity Brokerage Services Inc., Kidder Peabody & Co., Incorporated, Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., Paine-webber Incorporated, Prudential-Bache Securities Inc., Shearson Lehman Hutton Inc., and Smith Barney, Harris Upham & Co., Incorporated, Plaintiffs, v. Michael J. CONNOLLY, Secretary of State, and Barry C. Guthary, Director, Massachusetts Securities Division, Defendants. Civ. A. No. 88-2153-WD. United States District Court, D. Massachusetts. Dec. 19, 1988. Gerald Rath, Steven Hansen, Bingham, Dana & Gould, Boston, Mass., for plaintiffs. Thomas A. Barnico, Richard M. Brunell, and James Shannon, Atty. Gen., Boston, Mass., for defendants. MEMORANDUM AND ORDER FOR JUDGMENT WOODLOCK, District Judge. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts, acting under its Blue Sky law authority over brokers and dealers in securities, has issued prospective regulations seeking to control the circumstances under which a broker may require a non-institutional customer located in Massachusetts to agree to arbitration of disputes between them. The plaintiffs — the trade association for securities dealers and ten brokerage firms registered to do business as securities broker-dealers in Massachusetts — challenge these regulations on federal constitutional grounds, contending they are preempted by the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq. The Act requires that in matters affecting the validity, revocability, and enforceability of arbitration agreements, those agreements must be treated no differently than other contracts. Without adopting any view on the advisability of such provisions, I find that the Massachusetts Blue Sky authorities are without power to enforce them. The Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations are not merely state law supplementation concerning matters collateral to the validity and enforceability of arbitration agreements. Rather, they go to the heart of the process of forming contracts to arbitrate. In doing so, they single out arbitration agreements for more demanding standards than are imposed by the general law of contracts in Massachusetts. Consequently, I will grant the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment and declare the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations preempted by the Federal Arbitration Act. I In the wake of Skearson/American Express, Inc. v. McMahon, 482 U.S. 220, 107 S.Ct. 2332, 96 L.Ed.2d 185 (1987), in which the Supreme Court upheld the use of predispute arbitration clauses to govern resolution of controversies between brokers and their customers, officials of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts moved quickly to crest the tide of proposals to control the circumstances in which such arbitration could be used. While the North American Securities Administrators Association was calling for reform, while the United States Securities and Exchange Commission was seeking further study and encouraging rule making by the broker/dealer self-regulatory organizations, while the United States Congress was failing to enact proposed legislation regarding securities dispute arbitration, the defendant Secretary of State of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, through the defendant Director of the Massachusetts Securities Division, was taking definitive action. The defendants’ action came on September 21, 1988, in the form of a singular Massachusetts regulatory definition of “dishonest or unethical practices in the securities business” by broker-dealers. See Mass.Regs.Code tit. 950, § 12.204-(a)(2)(G)l.a.-c. This regulatory definition forbids broker-dealers licensed in Massachusetts from requiring Massachusetts customers to sign a mandatory pre-dispute arbitration agreement as a non-negotiable condition to opening a brokerage account. The definition also requires broker-dealers to disclose fully the legal effects of arbitration agreements before entering into a negotiated contract with a customer. What constitutes negotiability, and what full disclosure of legal effects would consist of, are left undefined by the definition. Under the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations, non-negotiability of, and lack of full disclosure of legal effects regarding, arbitration agreements do not become dishonest or unethical until January 1, 1989. Proscriptions against such “dishonest or unethical practices” by broker-dealers are enforced by the power of the defendant Secretary of State to deny, suspend, or revoke the registration of a broker or brokerage firm. Mass.Gen.L. ch. 110A, § 204. Because an unregistered broker may not transact business in Massachusetts, id. § 201, any broker who wishes to do business in Massachusetts must observe the securities arbitration contract regulations which the definition establishes. Moreover, if a broker — or for that matter a customer — were to attempt to enforce a contract formed without compliance with the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations, that attempt would be unavailing. Under Chapter 110A, § 410(f), [n]o person who has made or engaged in the performance of any contract in violation of any provision of this chapter or any rule or order hereunder, or who has acquired any purported right under any such contract with knowledge of the facts by reason of which its making or performance was in violation, may base any suit on the contract. If implemented in January, these proscriptions will have an immediate effect on the contracts used by broker-dealers transacting business with customers located in Massachusetts. The affidavits submitted by the plaintiff brokerage firms indicate some variety in their use of arbitration agreements, but certain elements are common. Mandatory written pre-dispute arbitration agreements in some form are used by all the plaintiffs. And these pre-dispute agreements do not purport to advise customers of the “legal effects” of the arbitration clauses. Each of the plaintiff brokerage firms uses arbitration agreements in its standard margin and option account contracts, with the exception of Shearson Lehman Hutton Inc., which has no arbitration clause in its option account contract. A bare majority of the plaintiffs, however, do not use arbitration agreements in standard cash accounts for individuals, although one member of that majority, Donaldson Lufkin & Jenrette Securities Corporation, does have an arbitration agreement for corporate customers. In addition, Smith Barney, Harris Upham & Co., which has an arbitration agreement in its standard cash account, avers that execution of that arbitration agreement is not a requirement for opening a Smith Barney cash account. The plaintiffs are unanimous in asserting a desire to require certain customers to agree to arbitrate disputes as a condition to opening an account. The Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations would change this practice by establishing additional disclosure requirements in an as yet undefined format. The Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations would also prevent broker-dealers from implementing the apparently universal practice of requiring at least certain customers to enter into arbitration agreements for their disputes. II In confronting a preemption claim, the “sole task” of the court is to determine the intent of Congress. Massachusetts Medical Soc’y v. Dukakis, 815 F.2d 790, 791 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S. —, 108 S.Ct. 229, 98 L.Ed.2d 188 (1987) (quoting California Fed. Sav. & Loan Ass’n v. Guerra, 479 U.S. 272, 280, 107 S.Ct. 683, 689, 93 L.Ed.2d 613 (1987)). The Federal Arbitration Act preempts the Massachusetts broker arbitration regulations “if and only if Congress intended it to do so.” Id. The question to be addressed is “whether Congress (expressly) did or (impliedly) meant to displace state law or state law concepts in enacting ... the federal scheme set up by Congress.” Palmer v. Liggett Group, Inc., 825 F.2d 620, 625-26 (1st Cir.1987). In answering that question, the principal consideration is whether state regulation creates a material disturbance in the field of federal concern. “If the state law disturbs too much the congressionally declared scheme — whether denominated as ‘occupying the field’ or ‘actually conflicting with federal law’ — it will be displaced through the force of preemption." Id. at 626. The question whether the Massachusetts broker arbitration regulations at issue here materially disturb the federal arbitration scheme may be answered by reference to the history and the logic of the Arbitration Act. -A- At its enactment in 1925, the Act was intended to “revers[e] centuries of judicial hostility to arbitration agreements.” Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co., 417 U.S. 506, 510, 94 S.Ct. 2449, 2453, 41 L.Ed.2d 270 (1974). In 1953, the courts still harbored reservations about full applicability of the Arbitration Act. The decision that year in Wilko v. Swan, see supra note 1, “reflected] a general suspicion of the desirability of arbitration and the competence of arbitral tribunals.” Shearson/American Express, Inc. v. McMahon, 482 U.S. 220, 107 S.Ct. 2332, 2340, 96 L.Ed.2d 185 (1987). In the years after Wilko, however, the Supreme Court systematically rejected the reasons supporting Wilko’s suspicion of the arbitration process. By 1987, the Supreme Court could observe that “the mistrust of arbitration that formed the basis for the Wilko opinion in 1953 is difficult to square with the assessment of arbitration that has prevailed since that time.” Id., 107 S.Ct. at 2341. Recent history has found the Supreme Court offering forceful endorsements of the arbitration process by expansive state-merits of the intent of Congress in passing the Federal Arbitration Act. In the last five years, the Court has variously found in the statute an embodiment of “Congress’ intent to provide for the enforcement of arbitration agreements within the full reach of the Commerce Clause,” Perry v. Thomas, 482 U.S. 483, 107 S.Ct. 2520, 2526, 96 L.Ed.2d 426 (1987); an “emphatic federal policy in favor of arbitral dispute resolution,” Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 631, 105 S.Ct. 3346, 3356-57, 87 L.Ed.2d 444 (1985); “a national policy favoring arbitration,” Southland Corp v. Keating, 465 U.S. 1, 10, 104 S.Ct. 852, 858, 79 L.Ed.2d 1 (1984); and “a liberal federal policy favoring arbitration agreements, notwithstanding any state substantive or procedural policies to the contrary,” Moses H. Cone Memorial Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24, 103 S.Ct. 927, 941, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983). That policy has been set loose with hydraulic pressure, sweeping away any state law purporting to “override the parties’ choice to arbitrate rather than litigate in court.” New England Energy Inc. v. Keystone Shipping Co., 855 F.2d 1, 4 (1st Cir.1988). Of course, “the Federal Arbitration Act has never been construed to preempt all state law on arbitration.” Id. Nevertheless, as the First Circuit recently observed in New England Energy, “the Supreme Court’s decisions support a conclusion that all state laws seeking to limit the use of the arbitral process are superseded by federal law.” Id. (emphasis in original). -B- As a matter of logic, analysis of whether state regulations affecting the arbitration choice are preempted focuses on whether the state regulations “single out arbitration agreements” for special treatment. Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 723 F.2d 155, 158 (1st Cir.1983), aff'd in part, rev’d in part, 473 U.S. 614, 105 S.Ct. 3346, 87 L.Ed.2d 444 (1985). The anti-singularity premise has been articulated with both pedestrian and intestinal metaphors. Because the fundamental purpose of the Federal Arbitration Act “was to place an arbitration agreement ‘upon the same footing as other contracts, where it belongs’,” Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 219, 105 S.Ct. 1238, 1241, 84 L.Ed.2d 158 (1985) (quoting H.R.Rep. No. 96, 68th Cong., 1st Sess. 1 (1924)), the courts have been vigilant to ensure that state law concepts specially directed at arbitration contracts are not permitted to “eviscerate” that purpose, even indirectly. Southland Corp. v. Keating, 465 U.S. at 16 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. at 861 n. 11; see, e.g., N & D Fashions, Inc. v. DHJ Indus., 548 F.2d 722, 727-28 (8th Cir.1976); Medical Dev. Corp. v. Industrial Molding Corp., 479 F.2d 345, 348 (10th Cir.1973); Michael v. NAP Consumer Elec. Corp., 574 F.Supp. 68, 70 (D.P.R.1983) (Torruella, J.). The formation of arbitration contracts can be wholly a matter of state law “i/that law arose to govern issues concerning the validity, revocability, and enforceability of contracts generally.” Perry v. Thomas, 107 S.Ct. at 2527 n. 9 (emphasis in original). However, “[a] state law principle that takes its meaning precisely from the fact that a contract to arbitrate is at issue does not comport with [§ 2 of the Federal Arbitration Act].” Id. As a consequence, “§ 2 of the Act preempts state statutory and case law that treats arbitration agreements differently from any other contract.” Cook Chocolate Co. v. Salomon, Inc., 684 F.Supp. 1177, 1182 (S.D.N.Y.1988). The metaphor of “equal footing” is expressly embodied in § 2, which provides that written agreements “to settle by arbitration a controversy thereafter arising out of such contract ... shall be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the revocation of any contract.” (emphasis supplied). The inherent logic of § 2 was succinctly summarized by Judge Weinfeld in Avila Group, Inc. v. Norma J. of Cal, 426 F.Supp. 537, 541 (S.D.N.Y.1983): “Courts applying federal law under the Arbitration Act have rejected cases that purport to apply special rules and requirements to agreements to arbitrate that are not applicable to other contracts” (footnote omitted). Ill The defendants concede that the regulations single out arbitration agreements: “It is true,” defendants note in their Memorandum of Law on Summary Judgment, “that the regulations themselves apply only to arbitration agreements.” Id. at 46. In this sense, the defendants recognize that the securities arbitration regulations are the paradigm of “[a state law principle that takes its] meaning precisely from the fact that a contract to arbitrate is at issue.” Id. at 46-47 (quoting Perry v. Thomas, 107 S.Ct. at 2527 n. 9). The defendants justify the regulations, however, by an appeal to another purpose evident in the legislative history of, and case law construing, the Federal Arbitration Act: the concern to implement voluntary agreements to arbitrate. Alternatively, they rely upon the overall pattern of securities broker regulations, which they contend has effectively modified the Arbitration Act so as to permit their regulations. -A- The defendants’ appeal to the voluntariness concern of the Federal Arbitration Act is a semantic sleight of hand. There is no question that the Federal Arbitration Act was designed to give full force to the agreement of the parties — a presumptively voluntary undertaking. But, as used by the defendants, the concept of voluntariness addresses the fundamental principles of contract formation upon which questions of validity, revocability, and enforceability of arbitration agreements turn. As used in that way, the concept of voluntariness is not a matter subject to idiosyncratic rules or definitions. Massachusetts is not free under the Federal Arbitration Act to develop a definition of voluntariness applicable only to the negotiation of arbitration agreements and not to other contracts generally. That, of course, is precisely what the defendants’ purported voluntariness enhancements do. There is no general contractual duty in Massachusetts requiring one party to describe fully — or for that matter, at all — the legal effect of a contractual provision to another party with whom the first party proposes to contract. Nor is there any general restriction requiring specific provisions to be “negotiable.” Thus there can be no question that the new arbitration provisions represent a radical departure from the treatment of contracts generally in the State’s common law. To be sure, Massachusetts law does contain a variety of idiosyncratic statutory provisions which require special treatment of— and disclosure regarding — certain types of contractual provisions. But the short and sufficient answer to this point is that these provisions — whether styled voluntariness enhancements or not — are the exceptions which prove the rule. For example, when Massachusetts wanted to require certain disclosures in the consumer credit context, a special truth-in-lending law, Mass.Gen.L. ch. 140D, was necessary, because the Act represented a significant departure from the law which affects contracts generally in Massachusetts. And, of course, neither the Massachusetts truth-in-lending provisions, nor any of the other exceptions cited by the defendants as authority, purports to single out arbitration agreements. The Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations are not concerned with “matters collateral to the agreement to arbitrate,” such as the procedural issues relating to consolidation of arbitration proceedings dealt with by the First Circuit in New England Energy Inc. v. Keystone Shipping Co., 855 F.2d 1, 4 n. 2 (1st Cir.1988). It is difficult to imagine regulation more central to the arbitral decision. The defendants’ regulations assume this central position by establishing hurdles to the formation and execution of securities arbitration agreements that are not found in the general contract law of Massachusetts. Because the voluntariness concerns expressed in the unique Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations impose conditions on the formation and execution of arbitration agreements which are not part of the generally applicable contract law of Massachusetts, they cannot be given effect under the Federal Arbitration Act. -B- But analysis does not stop with the Arbitration Act alone. As the Supreme Court observed in McMahon: Like any statutory directive, the Arbitration Act’s mandate may be overridden by a contrary congressional command. The burden is on the party opposing arbitration, however, to show that Congress intended to preclude a waiver of judicial remedies for the statutory rights at issue. 107 S.Ct. at 2337. Defendants suggest that the role of state Blue Sky law in securities regulation as expressed in the various savings clauses of the federal securities statutes provides that contrary command. This argument finds no support in the case law. The Seventh Circuit in Kroog v. Mait, 712 F.2d 1148 (7th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1007, 104 S.Ct. 1001, 79 L.Ed.2d 233 (1984), rejected the proposition that general savings language which permits concurrent state and federal regulation of the securities business could sustain a special treatment of arbitration agreements under Wisconsin Blue Sky law. In Kroog, the court declined to indulge a Wisconsin effort to import special arbitration regulation under cover of Blue Sky law. The court found that there was no conflict between Congressional protection of state securities regulation through the savings clauses and the federal law of arbitrability maintained under the Federal Arbitration Act: [T]he conflict we face is plainly not one of federal arbitration procedures versus Wisconsin substantive securities regulation. The conflict is rather between two procedural demands — one that commands, and the other that prohibits, the arbitration of brokerage contract claims. If the Arbitration Act prevails, Wisconsin substantive securities law remains intact, and would indeed have to be considered by the arbitrator of the dispute here. Id. at 1153 (emphasis in original). Needless to say, the Federal Arbitration Act prevailed in Kroog. Thus, even giving full scope to the appropriate role of state Blue Sky law, the savings provisions of the various federal securities statutes do not provide a “contrary Congressional command” permitting state Blue Sky regulators to establish special conditions applicable to arbitration contracts in" derogation of the directions of the Federal Arbitration Act. Cf. Osterneck v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, Inc., 841 F.2d 508, 512 (3d Cir.1988) (holding preempted § 507 of the Pennsylvania Securities Act when applied to preclude arbitration that falls within the FAA because “[t]he overwhelming weight of precedent militates against ... finding that Congress intended to exempt state securities claims from the general command of the [FAA]”). The defendants point to the treatment given arbitrability by the District of Columbia Blue Sky provisions as authority for the Massachusetts arbitration regulations. See Levin v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 3 Blue Sky L.Rep. (CCH) ¶ 71,812 (D.D.C. 1983). But Levin rested on a Congressional enactment concerned with the District of Columbia as a federal enclave. This provided Congressional authorization for the District’s Blue Sky regulation separate from the savings clauses. Thus, the question in Levin was not whether a state legislature could create a Wilko -type exception to § 2 of the Arbitration Act, but rather whether Congress, in enacting the District of Columbia Blue Sky provisions, had done so. Cf. Southland Corp. v. Keating, 465 U.S. at 16 n. 11, 104 S.Ct. at 861 n. 11. At issue in Levin was a specific Congressional anti-waiver provision of the type the Supreme Court had found sufficient to override the Arbitration Act in Wilko v. Swan, 346 U.S. 427, 74 S.Ct. 182, 98 L.Ed. 168 (1953). Massachusetts Blue Sky law, however, is not supported by such an independent Congressional enactment. Moreover, taking a broader view of the authority of securities regulators to address arbitration agreements, it is uncertain whether Wilko itself remains authoritative even on its limited facts. See supra note 1. It is clear that the Supreme Court has had second thoughts about the role of anti-waiver provisions of the type used in Wilko and Levin to override the Federal Arbitration Act. In part, the careful restriction of Wilko to its specific facts, see Shearson/American Express, Inc. v. McMahon, 482 U.S. 220, 107 S.Ct. 2332, 96 L.Ed.2d 185 (1987), and the pending reconsideration of the narrowed holding itself, see Rodriguez de Quijas v. Shearson/Lehman Bros., Inc., 845 F.2d 1296 (5th Cir.), cert. granted, — U.S. —, 109 S.Ct. 389, 102 L.Ed.2d 379 (1988), appear to be premised on supervening Congressional action regarding the arbitrability of securities law claims. As the Supreme Court noted in McMahon, “[s]ince the 1975 amendments to § 19 of the Exchange Act [15 U.S.C. § 78s, the United States Securities and Exchange] Commission has had expansive power to ensure the adequacy of the arbitration procedures employed by [the national securities exchanges and registered securities associations].” 107 S.Ct. at 2341. The Commission is now treading gingerly in this area and is encouraging rulemaking by the affected self-regulatory organizations. See supra note 3. Especially given what the Ninth Circuit recently observed is the “virtually plenary authority [of the SEC] over the arbitration procedures adopted by the national securities exchanges and securities associations,” Cohen v. Wedbush, Noble, Cooke, Inc, 841 F.2d at 286, there is nothing in the pattern of Congressional enactments regarding securities regulation which can fairly be read to contemplate a peculiar Massachusetts role in the regulation of written arbitration agreements concerning the purchase and sale of securities in interstate commerce. -IV- The defendants seek to avoid definitive resolution of this action before the January 1, 1989 effective date for the arbitration regulations. They do so by interposing a motion under Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(f) requesting further discovery before the plaintiffs’ summary judgment motion is resolved. To be sure, the First Circuit has been careful to note that in looking to the effect the allegedly preemptive state action “will have on the federal scheme set up by Congress,” courts must require that “[t]he harm of the state law on the federal scheme ... be actual, not potential.” Palmer v. Liggett Group, 825 F.2d at 626 & n. 11. But nothing in Palmer, or the line of cases it represents, provides justification for delay in entering summary judgment for the defendants. The grounds for preemption are as apparent here as they were in Palmer. The actual harm inflicted on the federal scheme for arbitration by the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations is manifest in the conditions they impose on the validity and enforceability of securities dispute arbitration agreements, conditions not generally applicable to contracts in the Commonwealth. No further factual development is necessary to deal with the legal consequences of that circumstance. In pressing this motion, the defendants have adopted seemingly inconsistent official positions. After conducting what they presumably consider sufficient proceedings to have a rational basis for promulgating the Massachusetts securities arbitration rules, the defendants now pose as incapable of demonstrating facts sufficient to defeat the plaintiffs’ motion because the effect of the regulations is alleged by them to be in dispute. Given this purported inability to join issue with plaintiffs’ motion, the defendants contend that no further action on their regulations — now that they have put them in place — should be taken until additional inquiry — which the defendants themselves did not feel obliged to undertake before promulgating the regulations — has been completed. The defendants’ position is laid out in a highly artificial manner. As a matter of semantics, they contend that the regulations are not addressed to the validity or enforceability of arbitration contracts. This contention can be maintained only by assuming that no provision of state law other than one directly governing contract validity or enforceability comes within the preemptive reach of the Arbitration Act. But, as Palmer suggests, indirect regulation through a system of sanctions can be every bit as “potent [a] method of governing conduct and controlling policy” as direct proscriptions regarding arbitration. Cf. id. at 627-28 (quoting San Diego Bldg. Trades Council v. Garmon, 359 U.S. 236, 247, 79 S.Ct. 773, 780, 3 L.Ed.2d 775 (1959)). Justice Holmes, while sitting on the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, described the system of sanctions as the essence of the law. “If you want to know the law and nothing else, you must look at it as a bad man, who cares only for the material consequences which such knowledge enables him to predict. . . . .” O.W. Holmes, The Path of the Law, in Collected Legal Papers 167, 171 (1920). The material consequences are plain here. Should a securities broker attempt to deal with arbitration agreements in Massachusetts after January 1, 1989, in the manner applicable to Massachusetts contracts generally, she will find herself la-belled “dishonest” and “unethical” and have her license to do business put in jeopardy. Indeed, as noted above, a contract in violation of the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations is, as a matter of Massachusetts Blue Sky law, unenforceable. Mass.Gen.L. ch. 110A, § 410(f). Massachusetts could not have been clearer in its intention — despite its oblique means of execution — to make securities arbitration contracts subject to different rules regarding validity and enforceability from those that govern other contracts. It takes no further factual development to reach that conclusion. The specific additional discovery defendants seek does not appear to address any genuine issues of material fact. The defendant Guthary in his Third Affidavit submitted in support of the defendants’ Rule 56(f) motion seeks to develop additional information on “the marginal impact of the arbitration regulations on individualization [of customer accounts],” 114; whether “a two-tiered commission scheme” to reflect different costs of pre-dispute and non-predispute arbitration contracts “could be implemented in ordinary compliance and training materials,” ¶ 5; “the degree to which negotiation over arbitration clauses currently impairs broker-customer relationships,” ¶ 6; “how often securities customers who do not sign arbitration agreements currently choose arbitration over litigation in the absence of a pre-dispute agreement,” ¶18; and “the application of plaintiffs’ commodities experience to securities” and “how many commodities customers arbitrate even in the absence of a pre-dispute arbitration agreement,” ¶ 9. None of these areas of inquiry — even if likely to produce some genuine dispute, a matter defendants do not address — concerns any issues material to my determination. Thus defendants’ motion pursuant to Rule 56(f) will be denied. See generally Paterson-Leitch Co. v. Massachusetts Mun. Wholesale Elec. Co., 840 F.2d 985, 988-89 (1st Cir.1988); Taylor v. Gallagher, 737 F.2d 134, 137 (1st Cir.1984). -V- Although I am prepared to grant plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment in this matter as a predicate to entry of the dispositive order, an excess of caution prompts me to offer in the alternative reasons for entering an interim order of preliminary injunction invalidating the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations, should entry of summary judgment be ruled premature because of the denial of defendants’ Rule 56(f) motion. In response to my scheduling conference observation that denial of the motion for summary judgment would not constitute a final order permitting appeal, plaintiffs filed a motion for a preliminary injunction in order to have a serviceable back-up vehicle for immediate appeal. If called upon to rule in this matter only on an interim basis, I would grant such a motion, as plainly satisfying the traditional four-pronged inquiry necessary to support a summary judgment determination in the First Circuit. See generally Planned Parenthood League of Mass. v. Bellotti, 641 F.2d 1006, 1009 (1st Cir.1981). A. Success on the Merits My treatment of the motion for summary judgment makes clear my views regarding the plaintiffs’ all but certain success on the merits. To the degree that additional positive findings of an adverse effect on arbitration are necessary, the materials presented by the plaintiffs in support of their summary judgment motion supply such additional evidence. The experience of certain of the plaintiffs with commodities accounts, for which pre-dispute arbitration agreements are subject to special disclosure rules and may not be made a condition of doing business, indicates that a significant number of commodity account customers decline to enter into such agreements. In the experience of plaintiff Shearson Lehman Hutton, 34 percent fewer commodities customers execute predispute arbitration agreements than do securities customers. Affidavit of Theodore A. Krebsbach 119. A random survey by plaintiff PaineWebber found that 58 percent of commodities account customers refuse arbitration under the non-mandatory scheme. Affidavit of John A. Borgese 113. To the degree that the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations are modelled on the CFTC arbitration regulations, 17 C.F.R. pt. 180, the affidavits submitted in support of a preliminary injunction demonstrate that the special Massachusetts securities arbitration contract rules will have a limiting effect on the formation of arbitration agreements. B. Harm to Plaintiffs The harm to the plaintiffs is irreparable if enforcement of the regulations is not enjoined. The patterns and practices of contract formation regarding securities arbitration will, of course, need costly revision during the pendency of the litigation in the absence of an injunction. More significantly, the evidence demonstrates that the costs of dispute resolution itself will increase in direct proportion to the number of claims in which arbitration is rejected. These are costs which cannot be recovered from the defendant state officials. Cf. Na tional Tank Truck Carriers, Inc. v. Burke, 608 F.2d 819, 824 (1st Cir.1979). Moreover, they are substantial costs. A report prepared by Deloitte Haskins & Sells for the New York Stock Exchange indicates that on average the legal costs to brokerage firms from arbitration are $12,-000 less than the legal costs for litigation in court. Affidavit of Paul J. Dubow ¶ 11. In the aggregate, while the extent of the plaintiffs’ monetary loss is difficult if not impossible to calculate with any precision, it appears reasonable to assume that imposition of the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations will add between one-quarter to one-half million dollars annually to the legal fees of certain of the plaintiffs. C. Harm to Defendants The harm to the defendants if their regulations are suspended before this litigation reaches conclusion is modest and highly speculative at best. The defendants are in the peculiar posture of defending a set of regulations the effect of which they contend (by their Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(f) submissions) they are not now in a position to describe by admissible evidence. If additional evidence is necessary to demonstrate the interference of these regulations with the Federal Arbitration Act — a proposition 1 do not accept but which the defendants forward — then a further period of time during which the impact of the singular Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations is studied and analyzed through discovery and full trial would cause little harm. That is the general approach taken by the Securities and Exchange Commission, see supra note 3, the federal agency the courts recognize as having virtual plenary power to govern the arbitration contracts of brokers, see Cohen v. Wedbush, Noble, Cooke, Inc., 841 F.2d at 286. The reasons adduced by the plaintiffs for special securities arbitration rules do not demonstrate that there will be any significant harm if the rules are held in suspension pending a definitive determination of the merits of this case. The suggestion that litigation over the unconscionability of mandatory pre-dispute arbitration agreements will be reduced is hardly persuasive. The law that such agreements are not unconscionable per se is so consistent that a contention that they are should not require any court to linger long over the issue in any event. To be sure, disclosure as a general proposition is difficult to fault. Certainly, full and fair disclosure is the Zeitgeist of securities regulation. A case can be made that the fuller the disclosure the better. But the defendants have not undertaken to describe with particularity what precise disclosure is necessary. Unlike the CFTC disclosure requirements, see supra note 17, the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations give no direction about what full disclosure of the “legal effects” of pre-dispute arbitration agreements will entail. The disclosure concerns of the defendants have not been crystallized. In the unformed state in which they are presented by the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations, these generalized concerns for disclosure do not lend immediacy to the speculative claim of harm to the defendants if interim injunctive relief is granted. The defendants’ interest in “negotiability” is no more compelling as a basis for finding injunctive harm. The defendants speak broadly of unidentified benefits and inducements that brokers will be encouraged to offer to secure pre-dispute arbitration agreements with customers. To the degree these benefits and inducements are specified, however, they seem to center around commission rates. This potential impact on commission rates involves a secondary effect of the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations which, far from suggesting harm to the defendants, raises troubling questions about the anticipated regulatory scope of defendants’ treatment of arbitration by brokers and their customers. The defendant Guthary, while professing to believe that the effect of his regulations on the plaintiffs’ business as evidenced in plaintiffs’ affidavits is “speculative, without substantive factual support,” offers his own “opinion [that] it would be practical for brokers to adopt a two-tiered commission scheme” to compensate for the cost differential between arbitrable customer accounts and those which are not. Third Affidavit of Barry C. Guthary ¶¶ 2, 5. This reference to the influence the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations will have on commission rate structure suggests insinuation by local Blue Sky authorities into brokerage commission rate making, an area in which the SEC exercises full authority. See generally 17 C.F.R. § 240.19b-3; Adoption of Securities Exchange Act Rule 19b-3, Exchange Act Release No. 11,203, [1974-75 Transfer Binder] Fed.Sec.L.Rep. (CCH) If 80,067, at 84,955-57 (Jan. 23, 1975). Moreover, it is by no means clear that such a two-tiered rate structure will be of economic benefit to customers. To the degree that arbitration constitutes a more economical form of dispute resolution, it may be anticipated that regulations which discourage arbitration will have the effect of raising commission rates — at least on non-arbitration contracts — to absorb the costs. It is difficult to conceive what harm there will be to defendants if an interim injunction prevents (at least until completion of this litigation) institution of the “two-tier commission scheme” contemplated by defendants. D. Public Interest With respect to the question of the public interest, the Congress and the Supreme Court have offered the definitive word. In enforcing the “emphatic federal policy in favor of arbitral dispute resolution” implemented by the Federal Arbitration Act, Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. at 631, 105 S.Ct. at 3356-57, the Supreme Court described the benefits of arbitration favorably in the antitrust context: [Adaptability and access to expertise are hallmarks of arbitration. The anticipated subject matter of the dispute may be taken into account when the arbitrators are appointed, and arbitral rules typically provide for the participation of experts either employed by the parties or appointed by the tribunal. Moreover, it is often a judgment that streamlined proceedings and expeditious results will best serve their needs that causes parties to agree to arbitrate their disputes; it is typically a desire to keep the effort and expense required to resolve a dispute within manageable bounds that prompts them mutually to forgo access to judicial remedies. Id. at 633, 105 S.Ct. at 3357 (footnote omitted). This is a form of dispute resolution Congress intended to facilitate in the securities context as well, where the Supreme Court has recently held that “agreements to arbitrate Exchange Act claims [are] ‘enforce[able] ... in accord with the explicit provisions of the Arbitration Act’.” McMahon, 107 S.Ct. at 2343 (quoting Scherk v. Alberto-Culver Co., 417 U.S. at 520, 94 S.Ct. at 2457). The evidence adduced in plaintiffs’ affidavits in support of a preliminary injunction tends to show that arbitration is a benefit both to public customers and to brokers like plaintiffs. Customer legal expenses are likely to mirror broker legal expenses; the finding of the Deloitte Has-kins & Sells study that broker-dealer legal expenses are significantly less in arbitration than in court litigation may accordingly also be interpreted as predicting relative economic benefit favoring arbitration for the customer. The Deloitte study shows that customers receive on average a significantly higher percentage of their original claims by pursuing their disputes in arbitration (19.57 percent of claim recovered) than in court litigation (2.60 percent of claim recovered). Affidavit of Paul J. Dubow ¶ 11. The plaintiff Dean Witter reports an even more favorable recovery for customer claimants who pursued arbitration in cases completed in 1987; for those Dean Witter claimants, arbitration yielded 37 percent of total compensatory damages sought, compared with 17.20 percent of such damages for those pursuing litigation. Id. ¶ 12. In short, on the evidence before me it appears that court litigation affords customers the opportunity to pay more in legal costs to get less in recovery. Moreover, this opportunity will apparently be preserved only after paying for brokerage services at the higher level of the “two-tiered commission scheme” the defendant Guthary opines will be the likely industry response to the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations. Finally, it should be noted that shifting securities disputes from arbitration to court litigation will bring these disputes to a federal court system already overburdened by a heavy caseload. It is a rare securities claim which cannot be styled as a federal question under § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b), 17 C.F.R. § 240.10b-5. Such a case can be brought in the federal courts without regard to the amount in controversy under 28 U.S.C. § 1337 and 15 U.S.C. § 78aa. It would be ironic — and hardly in furtherance of the public interest in efficient federal courts — if such actions by non-institutional customers were now to come into federal court in greater numbers at precisely the time that Congress has moved to limit smaller claims in federal court litigation by raising to $50,000 the amount in controversy minimum for diversity actions. Judicial Improvements and Access to Justice Act, Pub.L. No. 100-702, § 201, 102 Stat. 4642 (1988) (to be codified at 28 U.S.C. § 1332). On the evidence before me, I find significant functional benefits to the public generally, and to the structuring of efficient and economic dispute resolution, if the likely limits on securities dispute arbitration proposed through the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations are deferred pending conclusion of this case on the merits. E. Conclusion Evaluating these four prongs to preliminary injunction analysis inter se, I conclude that given the plaintiffs’ clear likelihood of ultimate success on the merits of their preemption claim, the prospect of substantial irreparable harm to the plaintiffs if the injunction is not granted — as balanced against the potential for minimal harm to the defendants if the injunction is granted —and the public interest on the part of both customers as a class and the public at large in furthering the emphatic national policy in favor of the efficiencies of arbitral dispute resolution, an interim injunction staying implementation of the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations until conclusion of this litigation would be appropriate. -VI- I fully recognize the importance of permitting states to experiment with reforms in economic regulation. Federal courts must be reticent about interposing their powers to prevent such experimentation. The principles were stated with plain spoken eloquence by Justice Brandéis: To stay experimentation in things social and economic is a grave responsibility. Denial of the right to experiment may be fraught with serious consequences to the Nation. It is one of the happy incidents of the federal system that a single courageous State may, if its citizens choose, serve as a laboratory; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the country. New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, 285 U.S. 262, 311, 52 S.Ct. 371, 386-87, 76 L.Ed. 747 (1932) (Brandeis, J., dissenting). This reticence has been given expression by the First Circuit in the preemption context. The court has noted that the federal courts have an obligation to control preemption doctrine for two basic reasons rooted in principles of federalism and separation of powers fundamental to our system of government. First, “diffusion of power to the states is said to further democracy,” and second, “a finding of no preemption is regarded as preferable because Congress can overrule it by appropriate legislation, while a finding of preemption cannot be changed by the states.” Agency Rent-A-Car, Inc. v. Connolly, 686 F.2d 1029, 1038 (1st Cir.1982). The key, however, is Congress — and here, the agency Congress has selected for supervision of securities arbitration: the United States Securities and Exchange Commission. Where Congress has been heard to have spoken as emphatically as it has been heard by the Supreme Court concerning the broad preemptive intent of the Federal Arbitration Act in the area of securities disputes, any modification of that intent must come from Congress itself. The courts cannot evade the principles established by broadly preemptive legislation in order to permit state experimentation. Until Congress establishes exceptions to the Federal Arbitration Act permitting states to adopt singular legal principles for the formation and execution of arbitration agreements, state law provisions like the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations cannot stand. Finding that the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations disturb too much the Congressionally declared scheme of treating the formation, validity, and enforceability of arbitration contracts in the same manner as contracts generally, I conclude that I must order the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations displaced by the force of preemption and allow the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment. Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED that a judgment enter 1. declaring that the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations, Mass.Regs. Code tit. 950, § 12:204(a)(2)(G)l.a.-c. are preempted by the Federal Arbitration Act, 9 U.S.C. § 1 et seq.; and 2. enjoining the defendants from enforcing the Massachusetts securities arbitration regulations in any manner. . Strictly speaking, McMahon addressed arbitration of statutory securities law claims only under § 10(b) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. § 78j(b), and did not expressly overrule Wilko v. Swan, 346 U.S. 427, 74 S.Ct. 182, 98 L.Ed. 168 (1953), which had held that a predispute agreement could not be enforced to compel arbitration under § 12(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, 15 U.S.C. § 771(2). The expansive preemptive scope accorded the Federal Arbitration Act in McMahon, however, has placed the continued vitality of Wilko in doubt. A split has appeared in the Circuits on the question. Compare Rodriguez De Quijas v. Shearson/Lehman Bros., Inc., 845 F.2d 1296 (5th Cir.1988) (McMahon effectively overruled Wilko), cert. granted, — U.S. —, 109 S.Ct. 389, 102 L.Ed.2d 379 (1988) with Chang v. Lin, 824 F.2d 219 (2d Cir.1987) (Wilko remains good law in absence of express overruling by the Supreme Court). Presumably the Supreme Court’s grant of the petition for certiorari in Rodriguez will resolve this question. . NASAA, in a Briefing Paper entitled "Oversight of Securities Arbitration” (June 1988), reported that it had "unveiled in early June a detailed proposal for reform of securities arbitration.” Id. at 6. NASAA also announced that it "is exploring the possibility of developing model language for state laws or rules to govern mandatory arbitration clauses in written customer agreements.” Id. In October 1988, after this litigation was commenced, NASAA adopted a “Resolution Concerning the Execution of Compulsory Pre-Dispute Arbitration Agreements as a Condition Precedent to Obtaining Brokerage Services,” in which it expressed "support [for] the goals and policies of the Massachusetts rules as being consistent with NASAA's purpose of advancing the principle of investor protection and affording choice to investors in their decisions to participate in the securities markets.” Second Affidavit of Barry C. Guthary, Exhibit A. . In letters dated July 8, 1988, SEC Chairman David S. Ruder requested that all the self-regulatory organizations in the brokerage industry "review the issues raised by the current use of mandatory predispute arbitration agreements” and "report back to the Commission by October 15, 1988.” Statement of David S. Ruder Before the Subcomm. on Telecommunications and Finance of the House Comm, on Energy and Commerce Concerning the Securities Arbitration Process and the Voluntariness of Agreements to Arbitrate Broker-Dealer/Investor Disputes, July 12, 1988 [hereinafter Ruder Statement], Attachment 3. The proposals of the self-regulatory organizations have apparently been received and are under consideration by the Commission. See Wurczinger, SEC Faces Mandatory Arbitration Issue, Nat’l L.J., Nov. 14, 1988, at 21, col. 1. . Legislation introduced by Congressmen Boucher, Dingell, and Markey, H.R. 4960, 100th Cong., 2d Sess. (June 30, 1988), see generally 134 Cong.Rec. E 2233 (remarks of Cong. Boucher); E 2239-41 (remarks of Cong. Dingell); E 2245-46 (remarks of Cong. Markey) (daily ed. June 30, 1988), died in Committee during the last Congress. 2 Congressional Index (CCH) at 35,-106 (100th Cong.). . The new definition provides as follows: (G) Dishonest or unethical practices in the securities business. 1. Broker-dealers. Each broker-dealer shall observe high standards of commercial honor and just and equitable principles of trade in the conduct of its business. Act and practices, including but not limited to the following, are considered contrary to such standards and constitute dishonest or unethical practices which are grounds for denial, suspension or revocation of registration or such other action authorized by law: a. Requiring on or after January 1, 1989, that a customer located in Massachusetts, other than a customer that is an institutional investor or financial institution specified in 950 CMR 14.401(e), execute either a mandatory pre-dispute arbitration contract or a customer agreement containing a mandatory predispute arbitration clause that is a non-negotiable precondition to effecting transactions in securities for the account of the customer or opening a securities cash account or margin account by the customer with such broker-dealer; b. Requesting on or after January 1, 1989, that a customer located in Massachusetts execute either a mandatory pre-dispute arbitration contract or a customer account agreement containing a pre-dispute arbitration clause where the contract or agreement fails to conspicuously disclose that the execution of the contract or agreement cannot be made a non-negotiable precondition to the opening by the customer of a securities account with the broker-dealer; c. Requesting on or after January 1, 1989, that a customer located in Massachusetts execute either a mandatory pre-dispute arbitration contract or a customer account agreement containing a pre-dispute arbitration clause without fully disclosing to the customer in writing the legal effect of the pre-dispute arbitration contract or clause; . The written brokerage contracts in which these agreements are contained plainly concern transactions involving interstate and international commerce. For the most part, the purchase and sale of securities is conducted over national exchanges or through traders who are located in New York. The instrumentalities of interstate commerce — telephones and the mails —are used to execute and report brokerage trades. Thus, the agreements at issue here fall within the broad construction, see Societe Generale de Surveillance, S.A v. Raytheon European Management and Systems Co., 643 F.2d 863, 867 (1st Cir.1981), given the reach of the Federal Arbitration Act, which applies to any "written [arbitration] provision in ... a contract evidencing a transaction involving Commerce." 9 U.S. C. § 2. . The plaintiffs' present practice appears to be fairly representative of the brokerage business generally. The Division of Market Regulation of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission in a 1987 study of the 65 firms which account for 90 percent of the brokerage customer trading accounts, see Ruder Statement, supra note 3, at 8, found that arbitration agreements were all but universal for margin accounts (89 percent of the firms used such agreements) and for option accounts (83 percent of the firms used such agreements). With respect to straight cash accounts, however, the percentage of total accounts using arbitration agreements is only about 40 percent. However, 30 percent of the firms surveyed in the SEC study reported that they had under active consideration plans to expand the number of accounts for which an arbitration agreement would be required. See SEC, Summary of Staff Findings with Respect to the Use of Predispute Arbitration Clauses, Ruder Statement, Attachment 4. . The Supreme Court has characterized “[t]he preeminent concern of Congress in passing the Act [as] enforcefment of] private agreements into which parties ha[ve] entered." Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc. v. Byrd, 470 U.S. 213, 221, 105 S.Ct. 1238, 1242, 84 L.Ed.2d 158 (1985). . Federal courts have refused to apply similar state voluntariness enhancements specially directed toward arbitration agreements. The Eighth Circuit in Collins Radio Co. v. Ex-Cell-O Corp., 467 F.2d 995 (8th Cir.1972), declined on preemption grounds to enforce a Texas law which allegedly required the advice and signature of a Texas attorney for each party to the arbitration agreement. In Webb v. R. Rowland & Co., 800 F.2d 803 (8th Cir.1986), that court declined on preemption grounds to apply a choice of law provision in an arbitration agreement which would have invalidated the agreement for failure to provide a statutorily required special ten-point capital letter notice regarding the binding character of the arbitration provision and would possibly have rendered unenforceable as a contract of adhesion the preprinted arbitration form contract. And in Wydel Associates v. Thermasol, Ltd., 452 F.Supp. 739 (W.D.Tex.1978), Chief Judge Spears of the Western District of Texas refused to apply a provision of Texas’ version of the Uniform Partnership Act to invalidate an arbitration agreement signed by only one of the partners. The two cases cited by defendants as examples of singular state treatment of arbitration contract formation countenanced by the federal courts are, respectively, inapposite and nonpersuasive. In Hull v. Norcom, Inc., 750 F.2d 1547 (11th Cir.1985), the court understood itself to be applying "the general provisions of state contract law to the determination of 'the making of [the] arbitration agreement’.’’ Id. at 1551 (quoting 9 U.S.C. § 4). Eassa Properties v. Shearson Lehman Bros. Inc., 851 F.2d 1301 (11th Cir.1988), disposed of the issue by a brief footnote offering dicta. Finding that a single partner "had been vested with actual authority by the remaining partners to bind the partnership to the arbitration agreements," id. at 1305, the court had no occasion to consider the effect of Perry and Wydel on its general observation that “state law governs the question of whether [an arbitration] agreement exists in the first instance,” id. at 1304 n. 7. .Indeed, as the Ninth Circuit noted recently: We know of no case holding that parties dealing at arm’s length have a duty to explain to each other the terms of a written contract. We decline to impose such an obligation where the language of the contract clearly and explicitly provides for arbitration of disputes arising out of the contractual relationship. Cohen v. Wedbush, Noble, Cooke, Inc., 841 F.2d 282, 287 (9th Cir.1988); cf. Page v. Moseley, Hallgarten, Estabrook & Weeden, Inc., 806 F.2d 291, 295 n. 6 (1st Cir.1986) ("Despite ... statement by the Wilko Court that certain investors may operate at a disadvantage vis a vis their more sophisticated brokers, we do not believe that it requires the invalidation of all customer-broker arbitration agreements ab initio") (emphasis in original). . Massachusetts follows the Restatement position that contracts of adhesion are not unenforceable unless they are unconscionable. See Zapatha v. Dairy Mart, Inc., 381 Mass. 284, 291-95 & 292 n. 12, 408 N.E.2d 1370 (1980); Restatement (Second) of Contracts § 208 & comment d. Federal courts have consistently held that agreements to arbitrate are, as a matter of law, not unconscionable. See, e.g., Cohen v. Wedbush, Noble, Cooke, Inc., 841 F.2d at 286 (rejecting conclusion of California state courts that doctrine of unconscionability applies to standard securities arbitration contracts); Pierson v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 742 F.2d 334, 339 (7th Cir.1984) (rejecting unconscionability claim in absence of showing that arbitration clause is commercially unreasonable or that plaintiffs lacked reasonable opportunity to understand it); Surman v. Merrill Lynch, Pierce, Fenner & Smith, 733 F.2d 59, 61 n. 2 (8th Cir.1984) (rejecting contention that standard brokerage agreement arbitration clauses are unconscionable); Hurlbut v. Gantshar, 674 F.Supp. 385, 392 (D.Mass.1987) (holding that agreement to arbitrate securities brokerage disputes before independent, though industry-related, panel of arbitrators pursuant to standard form contract is not unconscionable). . And even in those circumstances, statutory state law must not interfere with the broader federal scheme. Thus, under the federal Truth in Lending Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq., for example, inconsistent state disclosure requirements are preempted by the federal statute. See, e.g., Truth in Lending: Determinations of Effect on Mississippi, New lersey, Oklahoma, and South Carolina State Laws, 48 Fed.Reg. 43,672 (1983); Mason v. General Finance Corp. of Va., 542 F.2d 1226 (4th Cir.1976); Trustees Loan & Discount Co. v. Carswell, 435 So.2d 114 (Ala.Civ.App.1983); Public Finance Corp. v. Riddle, 83 Ill.App.3d 417, 38 Ill.Dec. 712, 403 N.E.2d 1316 (1980). . See, e.g., 15 U.S.C. § 77r (1933 Act); 15 U.S.C. § 78bb(a) (1934 Act); 15 U.S.C. § 80b-18a (Investment Advisers Act of 1940). . For the same reason, the authority granted by Congress to the Commodities Futures Trading Commission to regulate pre-dispute arbitration agreements involving commodities futures, see 17 C.F.R. pt. 180; see generally Ingbar v. Drexel Burnham Lambert Inc., 683 F.2d 603 (1st Cir.1982), is inapposite. Nothing in that separate authority suggests that Congress has empowered Massachusetts to create similar regulations to govern pre-dispute arbitration agreements for securities disputes. . Recognizing the limited vitality of Wilko v. Swan after McMahon, the SEC itself has actually withdrawn the mandatory disclosure regulations it had earlier required in connection with securities arbitration agreements. Barely three months after the Supreme Court handed down McMahon, the Commission reversed its previous rulemaking proceeding, see Recourse to the Courts Notwithstanding Arbitration Clauses in Broker-Dealer Customer Agreements, 48 Fed. Reg. 53,404 (1983), and determined that a regulation requiring disclosure of the inapplicability of arbitration agreements to federal securities law claims, 17 C.F.R. § 240.15c2-2, was "no longer appropriate or accurate and, accordingly, should be rescinded.” Rescission of Rule Governing Use of Predispute Arbitration Clauses in Broker-Dealer Customer Agreements, [1987 Transfer Binder] Fed.Sec.L.Rep. (CCH) ¶ 84,163 (Oct. 15, 1987). . The SEC declined an invitation I extended to file an amicus brief in this case on grounds that "the underlying preemption claim is based on the Federal Arbitration Act, not the federal securities laws." Letter of SEC General Counsel Daniel L. Goelzer to the Court (Nov. 14, 1988). The stated reason appears less than candid in light of the defendants’ reliance on federal securities law for its opposition to the motion for summary judgment. I recognize, however, that various prudential and strategic considerations, including an interest in permitting the case law to ripen and a desire not to become committed even indirectly on an issue as yet unresolved within the agency, may govern the decision whether to file an amicus brief. Cf. P. Irons, The New Deal Lawyers 4-5 (1982). I draw no inferences one way or the other from the lack of a formal expression of the SEC’s position on the issues presented to me by this case. . It should be noted that the CFTC regulations are significantly more precise than the Massachusetts rules. The required disclosure is set forth in the CFTC regulations expressly. 17 C.F.R. § 180.3(b)(4)-(6). And rather than requiring negotiability, the CFTC regulations do not permit a pre-dispute arbitration agreement to be a condition of opening a commodities account. 17 C.F.R. § 180.3(b)(1). . Of course, to the degree that individual brokerage firms perceive a demand for non-arbitration customer agreements, it may also be assumed that such agreements will be offered— and priced accordingly — by some brokers irrespective of whether state regulations encourage such agreements or not.	CASELAW
User:Nucleusboy * First-year cadet at the Royal Military College of Canada * Graduate of Lisgar Collegiate Institute * Captain of Lisgar's 2008 national-champion Reach for the Top team * 2008 Mission Commander of the OCESS * Severely interested in: * Civilization IV * Rise of Nations * Freeciv * Axis and Allies * October 2008 MacBook Pro * Simutrans * Battle for Wesnoth * Guitar Hero 3: Legends of Rock As regards Wikipedia: I was significantly involved in the creation of articles such as * One Big Union (Canada) * The Second World War (Churchill) I also regularly patrol articles like * Longest word in English * English words with unusual properties * Lisgar Collegiate Institute Quote of the Indeterminate Period of Time (Borrowed from BalkanFever's userpage): Balkan Fever describes what happens when you put Albanians, Aromanians, Bosniaks, Bulgarians, Croats, Greeks, Istro-Romanians, Macedonians, Meglenites, Montenegrins, Romanians, Roma, Serbs, Slovenes and Turks on a peninsula. Similar to Cabin fever and Cabin Fever. Not similar to Saturday Night Fever.	WIKI
User:Sachin shinde75/St. Francis Xavier's High School St. Francis Xavier's High School, Kanjur Marg is a private school for girls and boys located in Kanjur Marg East, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. Established in 19XX by XXXXXX of the Jesuits, the school is named after St. Francis Xavier (7 April 1506 – 3 December 1552), a Basque Roman Catholic missionary born in Xavier, Kingdom of Navarre (now part of Spain), and co-founder of the Society of Jesus. Notable alumni include XXX. Academics The school year, which begins in June and ends in April, comprises 2 terms: June to October and October to April. The course of school studies extends from the KG Class to Class 10. It is designed to prepare students for the SSC Examination, conducted by the Maharashtra State Board. In addition to English which is the primary language of instruction, Hindi is taught from Class 4 and Marathi, the regional language of the state of Maharashtra is compulsory from Class 4 to Class 8. School organisations The original four houses of the school are: Boys are assigned to a house when they join the School. School organizations include:	WIKI
Uber strikes self-driving deal with Daimler Uber and German automaker Daimler today announced an agreement whereby Daimler will begin producing self-driving Mercedes-Benz vehicles that will operate on Uber's global ride-sharing network. Why it matters: This is the first time that Uber has contracted with an auto OEM to put a fleet on its rider network ― self-driving or otherwise ― and it sounds unlikely to be the last (this is a non-exclusive agreement on both sides). It also reflects a bit of strategy shift, or at least strategy broadening, from an existing program to outfit cars with Uber's self-driving "kit."Expect to see a mix going forward. Is it unique? No. Lyft and General Motors (a major Lyft shareholder) struck a similar agreement last year. Open questions: No word on the financial terms, nor if the agreement involves any sort of equity. We also don't know the timing of roll-out nor where initial markets will be. Quotable: "Auto manufacturers like Daimler are crucial to our strategy because Uber has no experience making cars—and in fact, making cars is really hard. This became very clear to me after I visited an auto manufacturing plant and saw how much effort goes into designing, testing and building cars." ― Uber CEO Travis Kalanick.	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Claiton (footballer, born 1978) Claiton Alberto Fontoura dos Santos, (born 25 January 1978) better known as Claiton, is a Brazilian football manager and former player who played as a midfielder. Honours * Internacional * Rio Grande do Sul State Championship: 1997, 2002, 2003 * Vitória * Bahia State Championship: 2000 * Bahia * Bahia State Championship: 2001 * Nordeste Cup: 2001 * Santos * Brazilian League: 2004 * Flamengo * Guanabara Cup: 2007 * Rio de Janeiro State Championship: 2007	WIKI
IT Shop URL Hello all, I need to change the URL for the IT Shop.... bit of background.. we have it behind a load balancer with 2 web servers. I have got a new CNAME for the load balancer with the new URL, I also have a new certificate. Where are all the places I need to change the URL in? I have created a new QBMWebApplication... do I just need to change it in the web.config on the 2 servers? Is there anywhere else? what is the best process for doing this? • Hi Paul, Probably doesn't help much but I think you have captured all the areas, all I can say is test in a lower environment if possible (even if its using a single server). If you are using the application server then there might be changes required there also, check in the web.config. Also, try running webconfigfileeditor.exe (or somethng similarly named), have a look if the URL's show up in there somewhere.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Page:1860 Fizeau en.djvu/8 the preceding formula becomes $\Delta=4L\frac{u}{v}m^{2}$ and the numerical calculation being performed, we find $\Delta$ = 0.0002418 millim. Such is the difference of path which, under the present hypothesis, ought to exist between the two rays. Strictly speaking, this number has reference to a vacuum, and ought to be divided by the index of refraction for air; but this index differs so little from unity, that, for the sake of simplicity, the correction, which would not alter the last figure by a unit, may be neglected. The above quantity being divided by the length of an undulation, will give the displacement of the bands in terms of the breadth of one of them. In fact, for a difference of path amounting to 1, 2,. . . $$m$$ undulations, the system of bands suffer a displacement equal to the breadth of 1, 2,. . . $$m$$ bands. For the ray E the length of an undulation is $$\lambda$$ = 0.000526, and the rays about it appear to preserve the greatest intensity after the light has traversed a rather considerable thickness of water. Selecting this ray, then, we find for the displacement the value $\frac{\Delta}{\lambda}=0.4597.$ Had, therefore, the æther participated fully in the motion of the water, in accordance with the hypothesis under consideration, a displacement of 0.46 of a band would have been observed in the foregoing experiments. But the mean of our observations gave only 0.23; and on examining the greatest particular values, it will be found that none approached the number 0.46. I may even remark that the latter number ought to be still greater, in consequence of a small error committed in the determination of the velocity of the water; an error whose tendency is known, although, as will soon be seen, it was impossible to correct it perfectly. I conclude, then, that this hypothesis does not agree with experiment. We shall next see that, on the contrary, the third, or Fresnel's hypothesis, leads to a value of the displacement which differs very little from the result of observation. We know that the ordinary phænomena of refraction are due to the fact that light is propagated with less velocity in the interior of a body than in a vacuum. Fresnel supposes that this change of velocity occurs because the density of the æther within a body is greater than that in a vacuum. Now for two media	WIKI
Wikipedia:Possibly unfree files/2014 January 27 File:Tan howe liang.jpg The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by AnomieBOT ⚡ 16:14, 9 March 2014 (UTC) * File:Tan howe liang.jpg ([ delete] \| talk \| [ history] \| [ logs]). * No explanation as to why this is in the public domain. The uploader used a generic PD which was later changed into PD-release by User:Monkeybait, although without evidence that the author released this to the public domain. Stefan2 (talk) 01:10, 27 January 2014 (UTC) File:Amma.jpg The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by A file with this name on Commons is now visible. AnomieBOT ⚡ 16:14, 9 March 2014 (UTC) * File:Amma.jpg ([ delete] \| talk \| [ history] \| [ logs]). * Overwritten file. New version uploaded by User:Sandeepdharans and then the page description was blanked by User:Sandeepdharans (later reverted by a bot) which seems to indicate they are not releasing under the licence previously visible on the page. Cube00 (talk) 06:22, 27 January 2014 (UTC) * Is the old revision by User:SwarupaRahul a scan from a printed publication? It looks a bit like that when looking at the image at a high resolution. --Stefan2 (talk) 15:48, 27 January 2014 (UTC) File:Ses.jpg The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted by A file with this name on Commons is now visible. AnomieBOT ⚡ 16:14, 9 March 2014 (UTC) * File:Ses.jpg ([ delete] \| talk \| [ history] \| [ logs]). * Overwritten file - found at [] and server reports Last-Modified:Mon, 08 Mar 2010 12:39:45 GMT . Other sites credit copyright to WWE. Cube00 (talk) 08:20, 27 January 2014 (UTC) * Delete both User:Starlightprince credits the image to William Blythe. The words "Solar Element Saga" on the image appears to be the title of a book by William Blythe. --Stefan2 (talk) 15:52, 27 January 2014 (UTC) File:SONG01.mid The result of the discussion was: Previous revision deleted. -- TLSuda (talk) 15:04, 9 March 2014 (UTC) * File:SONG01.mid ([ delete] \| talk \| [ history] \| [ logs]). * First revision of "unknown tune 1" needs to be deleted as there is no way to determine licencing. Cube00 (talk) 13:30, 27 January 2014 (UTC) File:Pavel Datsyuk, Detroit Red Wings 2008.jpg The result of the discussion was: Previous revisions Deleted. 15:07, 9 March 2014 (UTC) * File:Pavel Datsyuk, Detroit Red Wings 2008.jpg ([ delete] \| talk \| [ history] \| [ logs]). * Two overwrite revisions from May 2010 and July 2011, neither has any licence information so they can't be split to their own files. Cube00 (talk) 13:33, 27 January 2014 (UTC) * The revision by User:Eugen Abramov appears to be a copyright violation of and should be deleted. ru:Файл:Paveturcu.jpg should be deleted for the same reason. I tagged it with {{subst:npd}} on Russian Wikipedia as I couldn't find any kind of PUF process there. * User:Georg.Erlich mentions Facebook, so maybe his file comes from there. Apparently used as the cover of a Japanese magazine, see . Delete this revision too. --Stefan2 (talk) 16:01, 27 January 2014 (UTC) File:Ness Point Sunrise.jpg The result of the discussion was: Previous revisions Deleted. 15:11, 9 March 2014 (UTC) * File:Ness Point Sunrise.jpg ([ delete] \| talk \| [ history] \| [ logs]). * Delete all revisions from 2006; none have any licencing information so they can not be split into their own files. Cube00 (talk) 13:54, 27 January 2014 (UTC) File:Mascots.jpg The result of the discussion was: Previous revisions Deleted. 15:12, 9 March 2014 (UTC) * File:Mascots.jpg ([ delete] \| talk \| [ history] \| [ logs]). * Revision at 04:06, 13 September 2011 unsourced and lacking licence information Cube00 (talk) 14:24, 27 January 2014 (UTC) File:Texaco13.jpg The result of the discussion was: Delete; deleted as F8 by AnomieBOT ⚡ 17:14, 9 March 2014 (UTC) * File:Texaco13.jpg ([ delete] \| talk \| [ history] \| [ logs]). * Permission at source is non-commercial. January ( talk ) 16:14, 27 January 2014 (UTC) * I received and posted an email from the late Brett Daniels regarding this image. I have, however, a replacement that I took myself; it was an homage to Brett that I used his original image. FWiW Bzuk (talk) 18:21, 27 January 2014 (UTC) * There is also another copy (but smaller file size) at Commons:File:Texaco_No.13.jpg. Maybe the uploader would consider uploading the best copy to Commons and this en.wiki copy can be deleted. Cube00 (talk) 14:14, 29 January 2014 (UTC) * That appears to be my image as well. FWiW Bzuk (talk) 15:31, 29 January 2014 (UTC) Please close this discussion. FWiW Bzuk (talk) 17:45, 3 February 2014 (UTC)	WIKI
Atsushi Okamoto Atsushi Okamoto (岡本篤志) is a Japanese former professional Nippon Professional Baseball player. He played his entire career for the Saitama Seibu Lions in Japan's Pacific League.	WIKI
Codecademy Logo Learn JavaScript: Classes Static Methods Within a JavaScript class, the static keyword defines a static method for a class. Static methods are not called on individual instances of the class, but are called on the class itself. Therefore, they tend to be general (utility) methods. class Dog { constructor(name) { this._name = name; } introduce() { console.log('This is ' + this._name + ' !'); } // A static method static bark() { console.log('Woof!'); } } const myDog = new Dog('Buster'); myDog.introduce(); // Calling the static method Dog.bark(); Class JavaScript supports the concept of classes as a syntax for creating objects. Classes specify the shared properties and methods that objects produced from the class will have. When an object is created based on the class, the new object is referred to as an instance of the class. New instances are created using the new keyword. The code sample shows a class that represents a Song. A new object called mySong is created underneath and the .play() method on the class is called. The result would be the text Song playing! printed in the console. class Song { constructor() { this.title; this.author; } play() { console.log('Song playing!'); } } const mySong = new Song(); mySong.play(); Class Constructor Classes can have a constructor method. This is a special method that is called when the object is created (instantiated). Constructor methods are usually used to set initial values for the object. class Song { constructor(title, artist) { this.title = title; this.artist = artist; } } const mySong = new Song('Bohemian Rhapsody', 'Queen'); console.log(mySong.title); Class Methods Properties in objects are separated using commas. This is not the case when using the class syntax. Methods in classes do not have any separators between them. class Song { play() { console.log('Playing!'); } stop() { console.log('Stopping!'); } } extends JavaScript classes support the concept of inheritance — a child class can extend a parent class. This is accomplished by using the extends keyword as part of the class definition. Child classes have access to all of the instance properties and methods of the parent class. They can add their own properties and methods in addition to those. A child class constructor calls the parent class constructor using the super() method. // Parent class class Media { constructor(info) { this.publishDate = info.publishDate; this.name = info.name; } } // Child class class Song extends Media { constructor(songData) { super(songData); this.artist = songData.artist; } } const mySong = new Song({ artist: 'Queen', name: 'Bohemian Rhapsody', publishDate: 1975 }); Learn More on Codecademy	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Talk:mobile phone Early American uses of 'mobile phone' A good example of an early use of ‘mobile’ in the U.S where normally they would say ‘cell’ is in the 1990 episode of Columbo, entitled ‘Columbo Cries Wolf’. Overlordnat1 (talk) 21:36, 3 October 2021 (UTC) * Also Harrison Ford says 'it's a mobile phone' 58 mins into the 1992 film 'Patriot Games' --Overlordnat1 (talk) 21:00, 12 April 2023 (UTC)	WIKI
Yashpal Yashpal - 8 months ago 52 Node.js Question Using Graphql to query Stardog server having rdf data I am trying to query a stardog server using graphql below is my code. import { GraphQLSchema, GraphQLObjectType, GraphQLInt, GraphQLString, GraphQLList, GraphQLNonNull, GraphQLID, GraphQLFloat } from 'graphql'; import axios from 'axios'; var stardog = require("stardog"); let Noun = new GraphQLObjectType({ name: "Noun", description: "Basic information on a GitHub user", fields: () => ({ "c": { type: GraphQLString, resolve: (obj) => { console.log(obj); } } }) }); const query = new GraphQLObjectType({ name: "Query", description: "First GraphQL for Sparql Endpoint Adaptive!", fields: () => ({ noun: { type: Noun, description: "Noun data from fibosearch", args: { noun_value: { type: new GraphQLNonNull(GraphQLString), description: "The GitHub user login you want information on", }, }, resolve: (_,{noun_value}) => { var conn = new stardog.Connection(); conn.setEndpoint("http://stardog.edmcouncil.org"); conn.setCredentials("xxxx", "xxxx"); conn.query({ database: "jenkins-stardog-load-fibo-30", query: `select ?c where {?s rdfs:label '${noun_value}'. ?c rdfs:subClassOf ?s}`, limit: 10, offset: 0 }, function (data) { console.log(data.results.bindings); return data.results.bindings; }); } }, }) }); const schema = new GraphQLSchema({ query }); export default schema; Query is executed successfully and I am able to see the result on console but return data.results.bindings; inside function(data) is not returning this result to the Noun type system under the resolve: (obj) => { console.log(obj); } and the obj returned is showing null instead of the result bindings returned from the query of GraphQL. It would be great if someone could help me to figure out what I am missing here. Thanks in advance, Yashpal Answer In your query, the resolve function of noun field is an asynchronous operation (the query part). But your code is synchronous. So, nothing actually gets returned immediately from the resolve function. This results in nothing passed to the resolve function of Noun GraphQL object type. That's why you're getting null when you print obj. In case of asynchronous operations in resolve functions, you have to return a promise object that resolves with your intended result. You can also use ES7 async/await feature; in that case, you have to declare resolve: async (_, {noun_value}) => { // awaited code}. With Promise, the code will look like below: resolve: (_,{noun_value}) => { var conn = new stardog.Connection(); conn.setEndpoint("http://stardog.edmcouncil.org"); conn.setCredentials("xxxx", "xxxx"); return new Promise(function(resolve, reject) { conn.query({ database: "jenkins-stardog-load-fibo-30", query: `select ?c where {?s rdfs:label '${noun_value}'. ?c rdfs:subClassOf ?s}`, limit: 10, offset: 0 }, function (data) { console.log(data.results.bindings); if (data.results.bindings) { return resolve(data.results.bindings); } else { return reject('Null found for data.results.bindings'); } }); }); }	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Enright, Texas Enright is a ghost town in Brazos County, in the U.S. state of Texas. It is located within the Bryan-College Station metropolitan area. History Enright began as a railroad stop on the International-Great Northern Railroad in the early 1900s. County maps showed only several scattered houses and a quarry in the area in the 1930s. It never had a population recorded. Geography Enright was located on Farm to Market Road 2154, 13 mi southeast of Bryan in southern Brazos County. Education Today, Enright is located within the College Station Independent School District.	WIKI
Jennifer Rankine Jennifer Mary Rankine (born 22 September 1953) is a former Australian politician. She represented the South Australian House of Assembly seat of Wright for the Australian Labor Party from the 1997 election until her retirement in 2018. Prior to entering parliament, Rankine was an Australian Services Union workplace delegate for staffers of parliamentary offices. The 2006 election saw Rankine increase her margin to 15.3 points. As of the 2014 election, Rankine holds Wright with a margin of 3.0 points. Rankine has served in a range of ministerial positions. She is from the Labor Left faction. Rankine's long-term and current de facto partner is fellow state Labor MP Michael Atkinson. Rankine announced in February 2017 that she would be retiring from parliament as of the 2018 election.	WIKI
Article Text Download PDFPDF Correlation between endurance of deep cervical flexors and lower scapular stabilisers in computer users with chronic neck pain 1. Deepti Arora1, 2. Zubia Veqar2 1. 1Max Super Speciality Hospital, Delhi, India 2. 2Centre for Physiotherapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi, India Abstract Chronic neck pain is becoming increasingly prevalent among computer users. Recent studies have identified impaired activation of the deep cervical flexor muscles, in people with chronic neck pain. According to Janda's hypothesis of muscle imbalance, deep cervical flexors and lower scapular stabilisers become inhibited in a predicted pattern (upper crossed syndrome). But the relationship between these muscle groups has not been investigated by a study so far. The study was aimed at investigating the correlation between endurance of deep cervical flexors and lower scapular stabilisers in computer users with chronic neck pain. Fifty computer users (22 males and 28 females) in the age group of 20–30 years participated in the study. The endurance of deep cervical flexors was measured using cranio cervical flexion test. Endurance of lower scapular stabilisers was measured using modified version of the grade 3 standard lower trapezius clinical muscle test position. The endurance of deep cervical flexor muscles correlated significantly with the endurance of lower scapular stabilisers of both the right (r=0.666, p≤0.001) and the left (r=0.662, p≤0.001) side. Results also showed that endurance of deep cervical flexor muscles correlated significantly with VAS scores (r = −0.444, p≤ 0.001) but it had no correlation with the duration of neck pain. There is a positive correlation between the endurance of deep cervical flexors and right and left lower scapular stabilisers in computer users with chronic neck pain. Statistics from Altmetric.com Request Permissions If you wish to reuse any or all of this article please use the link below which will take you to the Copyright Clearance Center’s RightsLink service. You will be able to get a quick price and instant permission to reuse the content in many different ways.	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Essays Tagged: "Covalent bond" IB Chemistry - Intermolecular Bonding Essay: r the existence of each. Comment on their strengths in relation to the types of atoms involved; the covalent bond and relative to each other. Use the concepts of different types and strengths of inter ... nds to explain the following:There exists four types of intermolecular bonding, they include ionic, covalent, Van der waals and hydrogen bonding. In order to describe the existence of such bonding you ... (6 pages) 89 0 4.3 Jan/1997 Subjects: Science Essays > Chemistry Describing how Hydrogen Bonding is done. tramolecular force as in the common use of the word "bond.When hydrogen atoms are joined in a polar covalent bond with a small atom of high electronegativity like O, F, or N, the positive charge on th ... ttraction or now called "hydrogen bond" can have about 5 percent to 10 percent of the strenght of a covalent bond.Hydrogen bonding has a very important effect on the properties of water and ice. Hydro ... (1 pages) 31 0 3.0 May/2003 Subjects: Science Essays > Chemistry Identifying bond type with physical properties the test tube, there was no bubbling reaction. So we concluded that it was network solid, which is covalent bond, because it had high melting point and was not a metal and it was not soluble in water ... ubstance A, we concluded that this substances (substance B and C) to be a network solid, which is a covalent bond. It had high melting points with no reactions (Bubbling) to HCl and is not soluble in ... (4 pages) 54 1 4.1 Mar/2004 Subjects: Science Essays > Chemistry Chemistry 10 Study Notes for Matter and Bonding / Bond Types. e Compound (2 or more atoms joined 2gether chemically [bond] to get stable structure) Covalent (aka molecular) Ionic Element (can't be broken down, 1 type of atom) M ... Forms a highly structure Crystalline lattice Metal donates electron(s) to non-metal Covalent Compounds Non-metal & Non-metal Electrons are Charged Doesn't cond ... (3 pages) 28 0 0.0 Sep/2004 Subjects: Science Essays > Chemistry AP Biology: The Properties of Water iquid state of matter, the hydrogen bonds are very frail and weak, about one-twentieth as strong as covalent bonds. The bonds are made, broken, and remade very quickly. Each hydrogen bond lasts only a ... meaning that the opposite ends of the molecule of opposite charges. In a water molecule, the polar covalent bonds allow the oxygen region of the molecule to have a partial negative charge and the hyd ... (4 pages) 42 1 4.6 Dec/2004 Subjects: Science Essays > Biology Bond Notes ements (d orbitals) lose their s orbital electrons first and then one or more d orbital electron(s).Covalent bonds: formed from sharing of two electrons, usually one donated from each of the two bondi ... rons to form an electron-pair bond, can acquire a stable, noble-gas structure".There are 3 kinds of covalent bonds based on number of pairs of electrons shared between the two atoms: single cov ... (4 pages) 29 0 3.0 Dec/2004 Subjects: Science Essays > Chemistry The Periodicity of Hydrides in Groups 4 to 7 ride is the name given to any hydrogen compound. There are three types of hydrides: ionic hydrides, covalent hydrides and transitional metal hydrides. Ionic hydrides consist of hydrogen and an electro ... onds with an electropositive metal by acquiring an electron from the metal to complete its S-shell. Covalent hydrides however consist of a covalent bond between hydrogen atoms and electronegative meta ... (3 pages) 21 0 0.0 Apr/2005 Subjects: Science Essays > Chemistry Splitting of d-Orbitals s, complex ions form dative bonds, rather than the usual ionic bonds. A dative bond is similar to a covalent bond, but rather than forming a bond with one electron from each atom, the bond is created ... n metal ion, it "donates" its lone pair of electrons to the transition metal ion, creating a dative covalent bond with the transition metal.Aqua is the ligand name for a water molecule. A water molecu ... (6 pages) 22 0 0.0 Apr/2005 Subjects: Science Essays > Chemistry Hydrogen Bonding including BRIEF mentions to forces between non-metals and application of hydrogen bonding. does not take into account the reasons behind the attraction or why dipole-dipole attraction occurs.Covalent molecular substances do not carry a whole charge since no atoms within the molecule lose or ... on involves the ability of an atom within a molecule to attract the electrons that is involved in a covalent bond. The bonding pairs of electrons will be attracted to one side of the atom greater than ... (3 pages) 21 0 0.0 Aug/2005 Subjects: Science Essays > Chemistry Electronegativity. lds two atoms together in a compound. This energy can be further broken down into ionic bonding and covalent bonding. An ionic bond is a chemical bond characterized by attraction between ions of oppos ... een atoms, and can be predicted when one atom has a much higher electronegativity than the other. A covalent bond is a very strong chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons. Multiple covalent b ... (1 pages) 11 0 0.0 Sep/2005 Subjects: Science Essays > Chemistry Ap Biology notes. , the carbonyl group as opposed to two hydrogen atoms bonded to a carbon in choice a would make the covalent bond between oxygen more polar and therefore would give the molecule more acidic properties ... er - d - 5'-A-T-G-C-3' with 5'-G-C-A-T-3'8) Enzymes that break down DNA catalyzes hydrolysis of the covalent bonds that join nucleotides together. What would happen to DNA molecules treated with these ... (4 pages) 40 0 3.7 Sep/2005 Subjects: Science Essays > Biology Hydrogen Bonding Essay. e hydrogen has a partial positive charge.Hydrogen bonding is generally stronger than most bonds bar covalent bonds.Water:Bonding within water molecules occur between oxygen and hydrogen. These covalen ... ule, as shown below:Hydrogen bonding is not a type of intramolecular force. Eg. Ionic, metallic and covalent bonding, it is an intermolecular force. An intramolecular force is one that exists between ... (3 pages) 31 1 4.0 Sep/2005 Subjects: Science Essays > Chemistry Chemistry of Life. ically combinedCharacteristics of a compound are different than those of the individual elementsHow covalent bonds form-Most matter is in the form of compoundsMost elements are stable when their outer ... els are full, one way to fill the outer shell is to share electronsMost compounds in organisms have covalent bondsCovalent bonds- the force that holds two atoms together when they share electronsMolec ... (1 pages) 18 0 3.0 Feb/2006 Subjects: Science Essays > Biology Compounds And Reactions atom to form ions. These bonds are between metals and non-metals. Potassium oxide is one example.* Covalent bonds are formed by atoms sharing electrons to form molecules. This type of bond usually fo ... (1 pages) 20 0 1.0 Apr/2006 Subjects: Science Essays > Chemistry Allotropes of Carbon own natural mineral which makes it very rough. In the structure of the diamond, each carbon atom is covalently bonded to four other carbon atoms and has a tetrahedral shape, meaning it is a nonpolar m ... embered rings and each carbon atom is connected to three others. Two of the three bonds is a single covalent bond and the other bond is a double covalent bond. Graphite is very soft and slippery becau ... (3 pages) 9 0 3.0 May/2007 Subjects: Science Essays > Chemistry Antibiotics o the active site of the enzyme that was to catalyze such a reaction. As the penicillin attaches, a covalent bond complex is formed that cannot be removed.Antibiotics can also affect enzymes which cat ... (1 pages) 921 0 0.0 Nov/2001 Subjects: Science Essays > Biology Biotechnology ule thus formed moves away. Then the lone electrons of both oxygen and hydrogen join and form a new covalent bond.The reverse reaction is also possible and it is called a hydrolysis reaction. Using th ... (3 pages) 2744 0 0.0 Jan/2008 Subjects: Science Essays > Biology Chemical bonding at may have new physical and chemical properties. There are two main kinds of bonds, they ionic and covalent. In bonding the goal of the atoms involved is to reach a level of stability with less energ ... o this, which concludes in an ionic bond or the sharing of electrons with other atoms which makes a covalent bond.Ionic bonds, as you can probably surmise form from ions. Ions are made when an atom ga ... (2 pages) 8 0 0.0 Feb/2008 Subjects: Science Essays > Chemistry Biological Importance of Water bonds between water molecules.Structure of Water1.Hydrogen bonds because water molecules are polar covalent molecules, it has a slight positive and slight negative charge on opposite ends. Like the p ... refore ice is less dense than liquid water.2. Water as a solventWater is a good solvent. As a polar covalent compound, water can dissolve many substances. It is in fact called “the universal solv ... (2 pages) 13 0 3.0 Mar/2008 Subjects: Science Essays > Biology Chemical Bonds (Download PDF attachment for full document with pictures) s with opposite charges.Examples of Electrostatic Attractive Forces:1. Metallic Bond2. Ionic Bond3. Covalent Bond1. Metallic BondStructure of Metal:-Many electrons are attached to each Cation by Metal ... med between Metals and Non-Metals.- Ionic Bonds are formed through ‘Electron Transfer’.3. Covalent Bond- From the combination of the words: “Co” – sharing; and “Valent ... (8 pages) 13 0 0.0 Oct/2009 Subjects: Social Science Essays > Education	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Category talk:Catholic poets earlier comments What is the rational for this cat, were persons notability has nothing to do with religion. See this discussion.. --Domer48 10:11, 17 September 2007 (UTC) * There has been entire volumes of Catholic poetry. If you want to remove names as inappropriate feel free.--T. Anthony 17:39, 2 December 2007 (UTC)	WIKI
To enforce a generic type parameter to be an enum, you can use TypeScript's conditional types and the keyof operator to restrict the generic type to only accept enum types. Here's how you can achieve this: typescript enum ExampleEnum { Value1 = 'VALUE1', Value2 = 'VALUE2', Value3 = 'VALUE3', } // Define a type that checks if T is an enum type type IsEnum<T> = T extends Record<infer Key, infer Value> ? Key extends keyof typeof T ? Value extends string \| number ? T : never : never : never; // Define your function with the generic type constrained to an enum function doSomethingWithEnum<T extends IsEnum<T>>(value: T): void { // Your function logic here } // Usage doSomethingWithEnum(ExampleEnum.Value1); // Valid doSomethingWithEnum('invalid'); // Error: Argument of type '"invalid"' is not assignable to parameter of type 'ExampleEnum' doSomethingWithEnum(42); // Error: Argument of type '42' is not assignable to parameter of type 'ExampleEnum' In this example, we define a type IsEnum<T> that checks if the provided type T is an enum. The type uses conditional types to ensure that T is an object with key-value pairs, and the values are either strings or numbers (typical for TypeScript enums). If the condition is met, it returns T, otherwise, it returns never. Then, we use this IsEnum<T> type to constrain the generic type T in the doSomethingWithEnum function. Now, the function only accepts enum types as its argument, and any other types will result in a compilation error. By using this approach, you can enforce that a generic type parameter must be an enum and prevent misuse of the function with other types. Have questions or queries? Get in Touch	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
VH1 VH1 (originally an initialism for Video Hits One) is an American Basic Cable television network that launched on January 1, 1985, and is currently owned by the BET Media Group subsidiary of Paramount Global's CBS Entertainment Group based in New York City. The network was originally owned by Warner-Amex Satellite Entertainment; a division of Warner Communications, and the original owner of then-sister channel MTV at the time. It was launched in the channel space of Turner Broadcasting System short-lived Cable Music Channel. VH1 was originally conceived to build upon the success of MTV by playing music videos targeting a slightly older demographic focusing on the lighter, softer side of popular music. Like MTV,VH1 ultimately drifted away from music and into reality television programming, albeit with a focus on music personalities and celebrities, and shows targeting African-American audiences. VH1 is best known for franchises such as Behind the Music, the I Love… series, the Celebreality block, Love & Hip Hop, and Basketball Wives. As of December 2023, VH1 is available in approximately 67,481,000 American households; down from 90.2 million in January 2016. Format and VJs (1985–89) VH1's aim was to focus on the lighter, softer side of popular music, including American and foreign musicians such as Olivia Newton-John, Kenny Rogers, Carly Simon, Tina Turner, Elton John, Billy Joel, Eric Clapton, Sting, Donna Summer, Rod Stewart, Kenny G, Michael Bolton, Anita Baker, Chicago, and Fleetwood Mac, in hopes of appealing to people aged 18 to 35, and possibly older. Also frequently featured in the network's early years were "videos" for Motown and other '60s oldies consisting of newsreel and concert footage. It was introduced on January 1, 1985, with the video performance of "The Star-Spangled Banner" by Marvin Gaye, who died a year before the network launched (the national anthem was also played at the launch of Cable Music Channel) It was programmed to fit many of the radio formats popular with adults at the time including soft rock, smooth jazz, oldies and adult contemporary. From the start, Video Hits One was branded as an urban version of its sister/parent channel. It played more jazz and R&B artists than MTV and had a higher rotation of urban-contemporary performers. Its early on-camera personalities were New York radio veterans Don Imus (then of WNBC), Frankie Crocker (then program director and DJ for WBLS), Scott Shannon (of WHTZ), Jon Bauman ("Bowzer" from Sha Na Na), and Rita Coolidge. Later VJs included Bobby Rivers, who joined in 1987, Tim Byrd of WPIX-FM (the current day FM rebroadcast of WFAN), a station whose eclectic ballad-and-R&B oriented format mirrored that of VH-1, Roger Rose - Actor and comedian (Ski Patrol), and Alison Steele ("The Nightbird" of WNEW-FM). Rosie O'Donnell later joined the outlet's VJ lineup. O'Donnell would also host a comedy show featuring several comedians each episode. As an added touch to make the network more like a televised radio station, the early years of the network featured jingles in their bumpers produced by JAM Creative Productions in Dallas, who had previously made jingles for radio stations worldwide. The format left room for occasional ad-libs by the VJ, a godsend for emcees such as Imus and O'Donnell. In true Imus style, he used a 1985 segment of his VH-1 show to jokingly call smooth-jazz icon Sade a "grape" for her oval-shaped head. Typical of VH1's very early programming was New Visions, a series which featured videos and in-studio performances by smooth jazz and classical and new-age bands and performers, including Spyro Gyra, Andy Narell, Mark Isham, Philip Glass, and Yanni. At first many different musicians guest-hosted the program, but eventually musician/songwriter Ben Sidran became the permanent host. New Age music videos continued to play on the channel into the 1990s. They would be seen on the Sunday morning two-hour music video block titled Sunday Brunch. Early programming (1989–1994) Once VH1 established itself a few years later, they catered to Top 40, adult contemporary, classic rock, and 1980s mainstream pop. For a time, even country music videos aired in a one-hour block during the afternoons. They started out using MTV's famous Kabel-based credits for their music video credit tags. It was later replaced in 1991 by a larger, vertically oriented font, with the year the video was made added to the lower column that identified the label on which the album was released. In 1993, the name of the videos' director was included at the bottom of the credits. During this time, they also had some non-music programming, such as a comedy hour hosted by Rosie O'Donnell with various amateur and veteran comedians, called Stand Up Spotlight, an in-depth look at current movies called Flix, and reports on good civilians and volunteers in the community, called Good News People. Every week, the Top 21 Video Countdown usually had a different guest host. Occasionally, they had themed countdowns as well, such as Elvira hosting creepy videos for Halloween in 1991. Long blocks of music videos by a particular artist or band, theme, or years were also very popular in this era. One popular weekend program was called Video Rewind, in which blocks of 1980s videos from one particular year would play for an hour. There was also a short-lived hour-long program called By Request in which viewers could call a 1–900 hotline number to request their videos. Another program was "History of Music Videos A to Z", which would include mini-marathons of videos mostly centered around artists based on a given alphabetical letter. During Independence Day weekends all the way to 1998, a large percentage of their library of music videos would be shown. A weeknight 11p.m. hour-long broadcast of Madonna videos, titled The Madonna Show, aired around that era. The videos were aired without introduction by a VJ and the program was soon shortened to thirty minutes, and then scrapped altogether. Also in 1991, a popular morning program was introduced called Hits News & Weather that ran from 7am to 9am ET. (It later expanded to 10am ET.) It was composed of music videos both past and present along with a 90-second update of the day's news & weather provided by All News Channel. The updates were typically shown twice an hour during the program. A box displaying the minutes past the hour was shown below the logo during the period. It was discontinued a week before the channel was re-branded in the Fall of 1994. During the week prior, classic music videos from forgotten artists/bands aired, titled Whatever Happened To...? The channel's playlist was gradually expanding, and, by 1994, included contemporary musicians such as Ace of Base, Melissa Etheridge, Sheryl Crow, Lisa Loeb, Amy Grant, Seal, and other slightly heavier, or more alternative rock-influenced music than what it had originally played, although favorites such as Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Rod Stewart, Cher, Elton John, Madonna, Phil Collins, Janet Jackson, and Céline Dion still continued to receive heavy play for several more years as well. VH1 to One was a program in the Video Hits One era that was very similar to Behind The Music. It profiled artists such as Phil Collins, Michael Bolton and Paul McCartney, plus other various artists of interest at the time that were playing the network's chosen style of music at the time and their music careers. It was one of the programs that would continue into the incoming Music First era. VH1 Corvette Give-away Sweepstakes In order to reach a wider and younger audience, VH1 announced in late 1989 that in 1990 they would be holding a contest where the grand prize was a collection of 36 Chevrolet Corvettes, one for every model year from its introduction year of 1953, to the then current model year of 1989 (there is no model for 1983), all going to a single grand winner. All cars were to be certified as roadworthy and in "good" to "excellent" condition. The collection at the time had an estimated worth of over US$1 million. Contestants entered by calling a 1-900 number and registering, at $2 per call. VH1 received over 4 million call-in entries. The winner was a man from Long Island, New York, who immediately sold the entire collection to artist Peter Max for $500,000. Max intended to use the cars for an art project, but it never got started and the entire collection was left in an underground parking lot in New York City for over 20 years, and deteriorated into poor condition. VH1: Music First (1994–2003) On October 17, 1994, VH1 re-branded itself as VH1: Music First, following a slight ratings decline in the early 1990s. By 1996, VH1 was heading down the same path as its sister channel, MTV, choosing to focus more on music-related shows rather than just music videos. Additionally, the network began to expand its playlist of music videos to include more rock music. Old episodes of American Bandstand could regularly be seen on the channel. By that time, the channel's ratings were beginning to fall. Video Countdown As part of VH-1's re-branding as "VH1: Music First" in 1994, the channel launched a new series, the VH1 Top 10 Countdown, replacing the old Top 21 Countdown, that counted down the top 10 music videos played on VH1 each week. A combination of record sales, radio airplay, video spins, message board posts, and conventional mail would decide the order of the countdown. A rotating cast of VJs picked up hosting duties for the show over the years. The series expanded from 10 to 20 music videos, becoming the VH1 Top 20 Video Countdown, in 2001. In early 2015, the show was renamed The 20 and discontinued later that year. Pop-Up Video In Fall 1996, VH1 premiered Pop-Up Video, in which music videos were accompanied by "pop-ups" (also known as "bubbles" or "info nuggets")—small enclosed areas of the screen containing facts about the band artists, and videos such as career highlights, discography, biographical details, quotes, and anecdotes. For a time, this was VH1's highest rated show. VH1 Storytellers In February 1996, VH1 again hit it big with the premiere of the first of the network's flagship shows, VH1 Storytellers. The show began with a broadcast of Ray Davies, during his "Storyteller" tour, and took its name from this first show. In each hourlong episode, artists appear in front of a (mostly small and intimate) live audience, interspersing musical performances with anecdotes related to the songs' meaning, the songwriting process, audience reaction, etc. Along with Davies, the series has featured a widely diverse list of artists, including Culture Club, Stone Temple Pilots, Willie Nelson, Johnny Cash, Kanye West, Tom Waits, and Def Leppard. Meat Loaf enjoyed the show's format so much that he bought the stage decorations from VH-1 and went on to do a "Storytellers" tour in 1998/1999. Behind the Music VH1 scored another hit in August 1997 with the debut of Behind the Music. The hour-long show features interviews and biographies of some of popular music's biggest stars qualified to be profiled on the series. The premiere episode featured Milli Vanilli. Episodes have ranged from Aaliyah to Stryper to Keith Moon, as well as others such as, Meat Loaf, Tori Amos, MC Hammer, Cher, Oasis, Steppenwolf, Fleetwood Mac, TLC, "Weird Al" Yankovic, Megadeth, Britney Spears, Selena, Petra, Pantera, and Eminem, with more episodes being produced periodically. By the late 1990s, the show began to run out of artists to profile, leading to the short-lived BTM2 program, half-hour looks into bands and artists whose popularity was rising, but not yet at its peak. Legends Shortly after, VH1 created a companion series, Legends (originally sponsored by AT&T), profiling artists who have made a more significant contribution to music history to qualify as "Legends" (that is, those artists who have gone beyond the category of Behind the Music biographies). The artists profiled so far have included Aerosmith; the Bee Gees; David Bowie; Johnny Cash; Eric Clapton; The Clash; George Clinton; Sam Cooke; Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young; The Doors; John Fogerty; Aretha Franklin; Marvin Gaye; The Grateful Dead; Guns N' Roses; Jimi Hendrix; Michael Jackson; Eminem; Elton John; Janis Joplin; B.B. King; Led Zeppelin; John Lennon; Curtis Mayfield; Nirvana; Pink Floyd; The Pretenders; Red Hot Chili Peppers; Queen; Bruce Springsteen; Tina Turner; U2; Stevie Ray Vaughan; The Who, and Neil Young. Save The Music Foundation Founded in 1997 (until 2017) by John Sykes as VH1 Save The Music and funded by the first Divas concerts, the Save The Music Foundation became a standalone 501(c)(3) nonprofit in 2008. The mission of the organization is to help students, schools, and communities reach their full potential through the power of making music. Save The Music partners with school districts and raises funds to restore music programs in public schools. Since inception, STM has donated over $60 million worth of new musical instruments, equipment, and technology to 2,201 schools in 277 school districts around the country, reaching hundreds of thousands of students. VH1 Divas In 1998 (until 2016), VH1 debuted the first annual VH1 Divas concert and featured the "divas" Aretha Franklin, Mariah Carey, Shania Twain, Gloria Estefan, and Celine Dion, and the "special guest" Carole King. The second installment of these "diva" shows was produced in 1999 featuring Whitney Houston, Tina Turner, Cher, LeAnn Rimes, Mary J. Blige, Billy Joel, Chaka Khan, Brandy, and special "divo" Elton John. It became a huge success and was featured in the following years starring Diana Ross, Donna Summer, Destiny's Child, Kelly Clarkson, Jordin Sparks, Miley Cyrus, Jennifer Hudson, Shakira, Deborah Harry, Anastacia, Dixie Chicks, Gladys Knight, Patti LaBelle, and Jessica Simpson. Also in 1999, Donna Summer who was asked to do the "diva" concert, was given her own concert special by VH1 "Donna Summer Live and More: Encore". Some female artists such as Whitney Houston, Mariah Carey, Aretha Franklin, Mary J. Blige, Celine Dion, Cher, Chaka Khan, and Billy Joel were featured in two or more VH1 divas concerts, with Cyndi Lauper appearing the most times, having been featured in four concerts. In 2000, Diana Ross, who has been asked several times to appear on previous editions, appeared in her own edition of the special, "VH1 Divas 2000: A Tribute To Diana Ross". Movies That Rock In 1999, VH1 aired its first original movie, a biopic on Sweetwater. Their third original movie (which aired in 2000), Two of Us, focused on a fictional meeting between John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Over the next three years, they made over a dozen movies, including bio-pics on Jim Morrison and The Doors, Ricky Nelson, MC Hammer, The Monkees, Meat Loaf, and Def Leppard. VH1 continues to air "Movies That Rock" on a regular basis, expanding to include movies not produced by VH1. The subject matter remains mostly focused on music and musicians. Diversification In the late 1990s, VH1's music choices became more diversified and teen-oriented. The network would update its 1994 "Big 1" logo during this period. Various late-night rock shows have been shown on VH1, featuring alternative rock and metal videos from the 1980s and 1990s. VH1 eventually warmed up to harder rock acts such as the Red Hot Chili Peppers, the Foo Fighters, the Stone Temple Pilots, and Metallica. Their new videos began being added into VH1's playlist right away. Two spinoff channels, VH1 Smooth (later to be known as VH1 Classic and MTV Classic) & VH1 Country (later to be known as CMT Pure Country and CMT Music), launched on August 1, 1998. Around late 2002, VH1 began to play mainstream rap musicians. The latest videos by Eminem, Nelly, Jay-Z, Snoop Dogg, Busta Rhymes, Missy Elliott, and Eve began to be shown in VH1's rotation and even started to cut up on VH1's top 20 countdown. VH1 also plays music from Latin artists such as Ricky Martin, Marc Anthony, Enrique Iglesias, Thalía, and Shakira. Other past trends rockDocs was the title under which VH1 aired various music documentaries, both those produced by VH1 and those produced by third parties. Such documentary series produced by VH1 include "And Ya' Don't Stop", a five-part series on the history of hip-hop and rap, a four-part series on the history of heavy metal, Heavy: The Story of Metal, and The Drug Years, which tells the story of different drug cultures that changed America. Films produced by other studios have also been aired as rockDocs, including Woodstock, Madonna: Truth or Dare, Tupac: Resurrection, Metal: A Headbanger's Journey, Awesome; I Fuckin' Shot That!, a documentary on the Beastie Boys, and most recently Last Days of Left Eye which documented the last month of Lisa Lopes's life from the band TLC, and N.W.A.: The World's Most Dangerous Group, featuring the narration of comedian Chris Rock, which chronicled the rise and fall of N.W.A. VH1 endured criticism for Music Behind Bars, which mainly focuses on musicians in custody. Critics have claimed prisoners, mainly those convicted of murder, should not be entitled to any exposure, especially nationally. The channel aired Where Are They Now? from 1999 to 2002. It featured former celebrities and their current professional and personal status. Each episode was dedicated to a specific genre, ranging from past child stars to Aaron Spelling's notable productions, to controversial news figures. VH1 also aired a series of promos in 2003, featuring animated kittens from the online animation website Rathergood, lip-synching popular songs such as "I Love Rock n' Roll" written & performed by Alan Merrill of the Arrows since 1975 (US cover hit by Joan Jett in 1982), Culture Club's "Karma Chameleon" and Guns N' Roses' "Welcome to the Jungle". These spots were done by London-based animator Joel Veitch. Box logo era (2003–2013) In August 2003, the network changed its focus again, dropping "Music First" from its name, and introducing a box logo. Having saturated its Behind The Music series (and spinoff BTM2, a 30-minute version that told the stories of current chart-toppers), gotten past the point of showing music videos on a regular basis, the network began to target the pop culture nostalgia market. Following the controversy over the murder-suicide of a contestant from Megan Wants a Millionaire, the channel toned down its reality programming. On July 1, 2007, VH1 and MHD simulcast the entire Concert for Diana live from London, England, on the birthday of Princess Diana, Princess of Wales. VH1 would continue to air its music video blocks despite its decreasing reliance on such programming. Their main program block was seen from 3a.m. to 11a.m. ET. The overnight block was called Insomniac Music Theater, later renamed Nocturnal State in August 2005. At of the beginning of October 2008, Nocturnal State was cut down to one hour, and Fresh: New Music was supplanted by additional hours of Jump Start. In 2010, VH1 retired Nocturnal State. Music Videos continued to be branded under Jump Start until January 5, 2013. I Love… series (2002–2014) In 2002, VH1 broadcast a ten-part series entitled I Love the '80s. The series was adapted from a BBC series, first broadcast in 2000, in which current entertainers and pop-culture figures offered their take on the trends, events, and personalities of another decade. The success of VH1's I Love the '80s, coupled with the growing nostalgia for ever-more-recent times, led the network to create an array of similarly themed programs. These ranged from 2003's I Love the '70s, to further variants like I Love the '80s Strikes Back, I Love the '90s, and I Love the '90s: Part Deux. More recently, VH1 premiered I Love the '80s 3-D and I Love the '70s: Volume 2. So eager was the network to capitalize on the trend while it was hot, that it devoted a series to the 2000s, despite the fact that the decade had not yet ended (I Love the New Millennium, broadcast in 2008, covered only the years 2000–2007). This was thought to be the final installment of the series until 2014, when I Love the 2000s continued the format. The concept was broadened to include non-decade based installments, I Love the Holidays and I Love Toys. The format of these shows has also been reused for the weekly program Best Week Ever and the four-part series Black to the Future that focuses on African-American topics. The Greatest series VH1 also produces its The Greatest series in which a similar format is used to countdown lists like "100 Greatest Artists of Rock and Roll", "The 50 Sexiest Video Moments", "100 Greatest Songs of Rock 'N' Roll", "100 Greatest Songs from the Past 25 Years", "100 Greatest One-hit Wonders", "100 Greatest Kid Stars", and "100 Greatest Teen Stars". In 2001, Mark McGrath hosted VH1's miniseries "100 Most Shocking Moments in Rock 'N' Roll", which compiled a list of the moments in music history that changed its course and shook its foundations. Recently in late December 2009, an updated series titled "100 Most Shocking Music Moments" aired on VH1. In 2008 and early 2009, the channel premiered the "100 Greatest Hip-Hop Songs", "100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs", "100 Greatest Songs of the 90s", and "100 Greatest Songs of the 80s". 40 Most Awesomely Bad In 2004, VH1 began this mini-series category with "50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs...Ever", counting down the songs that were deemed horrible. Additional series in this group include "40 Most Awesomely Bad Dirrty Songs...Ever", "40 Most Awesomely Bad Break-up Songs...Ever", "40 Most Awesomely Bad #1 Songs...Ever", "40 Most Awesomely Bad Metal Songs...Ever", and "40 Most Awesomely Bad Love Songs". Celebreality In January 2005 VH1 launched its Celebreality programming block of reality shows featuring celebrities, anchored by The Surreal Life, which mimics MTV's The Real World, instead placing celebrities from the past into a living environment. The word "celebreality" is blend of the words "celebrity" and "reality" and is generally used to describe reality TV shows in which celebrities participate as subjects. The term appears to have been coined by Michael Gross, writing for The Toronto Star on May 12, 1991. In his article, entitled "Celebrity's New Face," Mr. Gross used a hyphenated form of the word ("celeb-reality") to describe the tendency of certain contemporary celebrities to downplay the traditional trappings of Hollywood glamour. "You could see the new celeb-reality on display at this year's Oscars," wrote Gross. "It is Kathy Bates and Whoopi Goldberg, not Kim Basinger and Michelle Pfeiffer. It is Jeremy Irons in black tie and the sneakers he says keep his feet on the ground. It is Kevin Costner, fighting small, important battles, winning big, but reacting with modesty and going off to party privately. The new celebrities are human first, famous second." The next known citation of the word is by Joyce Millman, writing for The New York Times on January 5, 2003. In an article entitled, "Celebreality: The 'Stars' Are Elbowing Their Way In," Ms. Millman wrote: "Celebreality, the junk genre du jour, turns the notion of reality TV upside down. Instead of real people acting like celebrities on shows like "Survivor", "Big Brother" and "The Bachelor", celebreality gives us celebrities acting like real people on shows like "The Osbournes", "The Anna Nicole Show" and "Celebrity Boot Camp." I'm using the term "celebrity" loosely here—we're not talking about Russell Crowe, Julia Roberts and Dame Judi Dench eating bugs and scrubbing latrines. No, the celebrities of celebreality are a motlier crew, like, well, Mötley Crüe's Vince Neil, the former rap superstar M. C. Hammer and the wee ex-Michael Jackson ornament Emmanuel ("Webster") Lewis. Those three will be setting up housekeeping together on Thursday in "The Surreal Life" on WB, a celebreality spin on MTV's "Real World." Not to be outdone, ABC sends a Baldwin brother (Stephen), a supermodel (Frederique) and a former "L.A. Law" star (Corbin Bernsen) to Hawaii for "Celebrity Mole Hawaii", beginning Wednesday." The VH1 Celebreality block has also aired shows such as: * 2003: Surviving Nugent sent eight individuals to Ted Nugent's house to compete in various games and activities. One of the contestants was future reality show star Tila Tequila. * 2005–2007: Hogan Knows Best is Hulk Hogan's reality show. * 2005–2010: Celebrity Fit Club is a show where celebrities get in shape. * 2005: Strange Love is a spin-off of The Surreal Life, following the relationship between Brigitte Nielsen and Flavor Flav. * 2005–2008: My Fair Brady is another spin-off from The Surreal Life, which follows the relationship of Christopher Knight, who played Peter Brady on The Brady Bunch, and Adrianne Curry, who won the first season of America's Next Top Model. * 2005-2006: Breaking Bonaduce covers the therapy and life of Danny Bonaduce. * 2006–2007: Celebrity Paranormal Project features celebrities placed in haunted locations to explore and perform tasks. * 2006–2008: Flavor of Love is a spin-off of Strange Love, where Flavor Flav tries to find love. * 2007–2009: I Love New York, New York Goes to Hollywood, and New York Goes to Work feature Tiffany "New York" Pollard, from Flavor of Love. * 2007: Flavor of Love Girls: Charm School is a spin-off of Flavor of Love * 2007–2009: Rock of Love features Bret Michaels searching for love. * 2007: Ego Trip's The (White) Rapper Show is a reality contest hosted by MC Serch. * 2007–2008: The Salt-N-Pepa Show is a reality series following the 1990s rap duo Salt-N-Pepa. * 2008–2009: Rock of Love: Charm School is a spin-off of Rock of Love with Bret Michaels * 2008–2010: I Love Money is a spin-off of Flavor of Love, I Love New York, Real Chance of Love, and Rock of Love with Bret Michaels. There were four seasons of this show made altogether (seasons 1, 2, 3* and 4). The third season was cancelled due to contestant Ryan Jenkin's involvement in the murder of Jasmine Fiore, which took place in August 2009. * 2008: ¡Viva Hollywood! featured Hispanic actors competing for a chance to star in a telenovela, hosted by Carlos Ponce and María Conchita Alonso. * 2008: Ego Trip's Miss Rap Supreme is another reality contest hosted by MC Serch. * 2008–2009: Real Chance of Love is a spin-off of I Love New York and I Love Money. * 2008–2012: Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew, which chronicled a group of celebrities as they're treated for alcohol and drug addiction by Dr. Drew Pinsky and his staff at the Pasadena Recovery Center in Pasadena, California. * 2008: Glam God with Vivica A. Fox is a reality show with red carpet diva Vivica A. Fox. * 2008: The Cho Show is a reality sitcom following the antics of comedian Margaret Cho. * 2009: Daisy of Love features Daisy de la Hoya, the runner-up of Rock of Love 2, in her own dating show spin-off. * 2009: My Antonio is a reality series based on Antonio Sabato Jr.'s search for love. * 2009: Charm School with Ricki Lake is a spin-off of Rock of Love Bus with Bret Michaels and Real Chance of Love. * 2009: Megan Wants a Millionaire features Megan Hauserman from Rock of Love 2, I Love Money, and Rock of Love: Charm School in her own reality dating spin-off. The program was canceled in mid-August 2009, a third of the way through its run, due to show contestant Ryan Jenkins's involvement in the murder of Jasmine Fiore. * 2010: Frank the Entertainer in a Basement Affair features Frank Maresca, a contestant from I Love New York 2, I Love Money, and I Love Money 2, in his own dating show spin-off. * 2010: The Price of Beauty is a reality/documentary show featuring singer Jessica Simpson traveling the world. Hip-Hop and Rock Honors Since 2004, VH1 has showed their appreciation for hip-hop and rock music by honoring pioneers and movements. Hip-hop musicians honored include Eazy-E, LL Cool J, The Notorious B.I.G., 2Pac, and Public Enemy. All of the shows have been taped in the Hammerstein Ballroom in New York City. On May 25, 2006, Queen, Judas Priest, Def Leppard, and Kiss were the inaugural inductees into the VH1 Rock Honors in Las Vegas. The ceremony aired on VH1 six days later. In 2007, ZZ Top, Heart, Genesis, and Ozzy Osbourne were inducted into the VH1 Rock Honors. 2008's only Rock Honors inductees were The Who. For What It's Worth For What It's Worth premiered on February 21, 2013, and only lasted the length of one season. The show featured hosts Gary Dell'Abate and Jon Hein appraising music and pop-culture memorabilia. The first episode featured musician Jack White at Third Man Records in Nashville, Tennessee, discussing a format of vinyl record he invented called the "Triple Decker Record". The show also chose Gary Sohmers, an appraiser from Antiques Roadshow, to be an expert appraiser on all six episodes. Breakfast television Starting in 2011, VH1 has broadcast Big Morning Buzz Live, a daily morning news and pop culture talk show hosted by Carrie Keagan, Jason Dundas and VH1 music expert Jim Shearer and, later, Nick Lachey. The show features entertainment news, celebrity interviews and musical performances. On June 3, 2013, VH1 premiered The Gossip Table, another live daily entertainment news program featuring five entertainment columnists presenting entertainment news and gossip. Both shows have since been cancelled. VH1 Best Cruise Ever From April 28 to May 2, 2011, from Tampa to Cozumel music fans could experience non-stop music performances from headliners Train, Lifehouse, Colbie Caillat, and The Script. Other bands include Alpha Rev, Civil Twilight, Mat Kearney, One eskimO, SafetySuit, Thriving Ivory, Trailer Park Ninjas, and Ryan Star. The cruise is on The Carnival Cruise Line ship Carnival Inspiration. "Plus" logo era (2013–2022) On January 5, 2013, VH1 introduced a new logo that closely resembles their first. The logo has a "plus" sign in it, representing VH1's focus on music-related shows and events and pop culture-based reality programming. The network's main video block was VH1 + Music, seen weekday mornings between 6a.m. and 11a.m. The new Nocturnal State block aired Mondays through Sundays between 3a.m. and 6a.m. Since 2014, VH1 programming was noted to be shifting towards shows focused around African-American personalities, similar to BET and its sister networks. On December 28, 2015, oversight of spin-off music video channel VH1 Soul was moved to BET Networks, with the channel rebranding as BET Soul. In the first quarter of 2016, VH1 announced its highest ratings in six years and it was then the fastest-growing subscription channel in that same period. Thanks to the success of shows like Love & Hip Hop, Stevie J & Joseline Go Hollywood, K. Michelle: My Life, and Mob Wives, the channel has moved ahead as a Top Five network for adults. Conversely, VH1 + Music was discontinued and replaced by reruns of 1990s–2000s sitcoms shared with Paramount's other networks. Since then, the channel only carries music videos in continuity between shows. During the same year, VH1 would also revive the former CW reality competition series America's Next Top Model. VH1 has seen further shifts to its programming as part of its parent company's 2017 restructuring plan. Beginning with its ninth season, Logo TV original series RuPaul's Drag Race was moved to VH1. In 2019, as part of an expansion of MTV's Wild 'n Out, new episodes premiered on VH1 from July 7, 2019, to September 15, 2019. Shift to BET (2022–present) On November 9, 2022, it was announced that oversight of VH1 would move to the BET Media Group under Scott Mills. The move reunited the network with BET Soul, while also splitting them from MTV and its siblings (including the formerly-named VH1 Classic and VH1 Country). On December 12, 2022, it was announced that future Drag Race seasons would move to MTV, though the Celebrity edition would remain on VH1. Programming Original programming currently seen on VH1 includes the Love & Hip Hop and the Basketball Wives franchises. Other notable shows and franchisees that have aired on the network include Black Ink Crew, The Impact: New York (a spinoff of BET+'s The Impact: Atlanta), RuPaul's Drag Race (which was moved over from Logo, and aired on VH1 from 2017–2022), reruns and new episodes of Nick Cannon Presents: Wild 'N Out (which originated on MTV), and Martha & Snoop's Potluck Dinner Party. Since the 2010's, and prior to its move to BET, VH1's programming had shifted towards urban music genres and African-American personalities. VH1 HD VH1 HD (launched in 2005) is a 1080i high-definition feed, with all major providers carrying the network; as of 2016 this feed is downgraded at a provider's headend to provide the network's standard definition channel on systems. Sister channels in the U.S. VH1 has launched spinoff digital networks as part of The MTV Suite. Initially, four VH1 spinoff networks were formed, with another being made later on. By August 2016, all of VH1's spinoffs had been realigned with either MTV, BET, or CMT or were shuttered altogether. * VH1 Classic: Music videos primarily from the 1970s and 1980s, but also the 1960s and 1990s, concert footage, vintage movies, and original programming focused on adult hits, classic hits and classic rock music. Rebranded as MTV Classic on August 1, 2016, in honor of MTV's 35th anniversary. * VH1 MegaHits: A channel which played mostly top 40 adult contemporary videos from throughout VH1's history, from the 1980s to the early 2000s. Due to low viewership, the network was discontinued. The satellite space was utilized by corporate parent MTV Networks to launch the LGBTQ network Logo. * VH1 Soul: Classic and neo-soul music videos from the past and today. Rebranded as BET Soul under the control of BET Networks on December 28, 2015. * VH1 Uno: A Spanish language channel which mostly composed of music videos of Latin pop, rock, and traditional ballads, tropical, salsa and merengue music. Discontinued February 2, 2008, by MTV Networks to expand normal distribution of MTVU beyond college campuses. * VH1 Country: Continuous country music videos; moved under CMT's editorial control and renamed CMT Pure Country on Memorial Day 2006. Internet VH1's website launched in the mid-1990s. In 2003, MTV Networks VSPOT, a broadband video channel that followed the model of MTV Overdrive, containing the shows aired by VH1 and music videos. Like Overdrive, it was coolly received due to a heavy reliance on broadband and advanced web technologies. VH1 returned to a traditional-style website in late 2007. International networks As with other MTV channels, Paramount Global has broadcast international versions of VH1, besides VH1 India they all closed down however: * VH1 Adria: By the end of September 2012, Serbia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Montenegro and Croatia got their regional version of VH1 called VH1 Adria. However, due to financial issues, the channel closed in January 2015 and was replaced by the feed of VH1 Europe. * VH1 Australia: Since March (April for Optus customers) 2004, VH1 has been available in Australia on Foxtel, Optus Television and Austar. It is also available on the SelecTv pay-TV platform. On May 1, 2010, VH1 Australia was re-branded as MTV Classic. * VH1 Brasil: The Portuguese-language version of VH1 was launched in Brazil on May 1, 2004. However, VH1 Soul had been available to digital cable subscribers since 2004. In 2007 VH1 Soul stopped being available in Brazil. In 2009 the version HD of VH1 was launched. It closed down on November 14, 2014. * VH1 Mega Hits Brazil: Replaced the Brazilian version of MTV Hits. The channel plays 24h chart hits non-stop. Closed down on July 31, 2020. * VH1 Christmas: A special channel that played Christmas music videos. VH1 Christmas aired on MTV Rocks in the UK and Ireland during the Christmas period annually. * VH1 Denmark: The Danish version of VH1 was launched in Denmark on March 15, 2008. Today the programming still consist of music videos unlike its American counterpart. This was the only international VH1 under Paramount's responsibility, since the Italian version closed in January 2024 until 1 April 2024 and it has been replaced by NickMusic. * VH1 Europe: The Pan-European VH1 channel has broadcast in the European continent as well as Africa and the Middle East. This channel also airs in Russia and many countries of Latin America, albeit only in Russia it has the "16+" icon on the bottom-right, due to Russia's broadcasting laws. VH1 Europe was replaced with MTV 00s on August 2, 2021. * VH1 Export: VH1 Export is the technical name used for the version of VH1 European available in the Middle East, Africa, and the Levant territories broadcasting via satellite, exclusively from the OSN pay-TV network. In Africa (on DStv), the channel is exactly the same as VH1 European, but with different adverts. Also VH1 Export has ceased existing on August 2, 2021, and has been replaced by MTV 00s. * VH-1 Germany: In 1995 to 2001, a German-language version of VH-1 was broadcast, featuring more adult music than MTV, and using the original 1985 to 1987 US logo. It proved unsuccessful and eventually had to make way for a non-stop music channel aimed at teenagers called MTV2 Pop. * VH1 India: In December 2004, MTV India and Zee-Turner teamed up to bring VH1 to India (later owned by Viacom18). It is the only version of VH1 that currently uses the 2003 branding. It also airs MTV international shows due to MTV India only airing Indian originals. * VH1 Indonesia: In Indonesia, VH1 programming were aired on MTV Indonesia at 4 until 8pm, and on local terrestrial channels such as JakTV, Jakarta, STV Bandung, TV Borobudur, Semarang, TATV, Solo, Batam TV, Batam, and Makassar TV, Makassar and also a full link channel seen on satellite PALAPA C2. * VH1 Italy: Launched in July 2016, which replaced MTV Music on DTT, which sold the main MTV station to Sky Italia on August 1, 2015. The channel ceased its broadcast on January 7, 2024. * VH1 Latin America: On April 1, 2004, VH1 Latin America joined MTV and Nickelodeon Latin America targeting audiences 25–49 years old. Until then, the VH1 main channel available for Latin America was the original US version. The Spanish-language channel is tailored for the market and feature a mix of music and entertainment with local and international-recording artists, as well as original programming. VH1 Latin America closed down on October 7, 2020, being replaced by its European counterpart. * VH1 Pakistan: It was launched in 2008 by Viacom as a joint venture with ARY Digital Network. However, in 2009, the channel was closed due to low ratings and repeated shows. * VH1 Polska: Launched (or rather renamed) on December 1, 2005. The channel was aimed at people in Poland over 25. The channel was formerly known as "MTV Classic" and (especially in its last months) was the same as present VH1, airing the same programs for the same target group. VH1 Polska closed down in March 2020 being replaced by VH1 Europe. * VH1 Russia: VH1 Russia launched on December 2, 2005. It ceased broadcasting on July 1, 2010, and was replaced by the European VH1 feed. * VH1 UK: VH1 UK targeted 25–44 years old and had much of the same content as the main U.S. channel. From 2008 until the last few years of its existence, the channel played music videos, mostly prominently countdowns and artist playlists. However, it shifted its focus to reality and travel shows, ending up with re-runs of Are You the One? and Channel 5 's Cruising With Jane McDonald, when it closed down on January 7, 2020. In addition to VH1, there were two sister stations in the UK: VH1 Classic (now MTV Classic) and VH2 (now closed). * VH1 UK: VH1 UK targeted 25–44 years old and had much of the same content as the main U.S. channel. From 2008 until the last few years of its existence, the channel played music videos, mostly prominently countdowns and artist playlists. However, it shifted its focus to reality and travel shows, ending up with re-runs of Are You the One? and Channel 5 's Cruising With Jane McDonald, when it closed down on January 7, 2020. In addition to VH1, there were two sister stations in the UK: VH1 Classic (now MTV Classic) and VH2 (now closed). In Canada, CHUM Limited launched MuchMoreMusic, a sister channel to MuchMusic (which was considered to be MTV's Canadian counter-part), in 1998. The channel would air the majority of VH1's music and reality programming until 2013.	WIKI
Mountain jet Mountain jets are a type of jet stream created by surface winds channeled through mountain passes, sometimes causing high wind speeds and drastic temperature changes. Central America jets The North Pacific east of about 120°W is strongly influenced by winds blowing through gaps in the Central American cordillera. Air flow in the region forms the Intra-Americas Low-Level Jet, a westward flow about 1 km above sea level. This flow, trade winds, and cold air flowing south from North America contribute to winds flowing through several mountain valleys. Along Central America are three main wind jets through breaks in the American Cordillera, on the Pacific Ocean side due to prevailing winds. * Tehuano wind blows from the Gulf of Mexico through Chivela Pass in Mexico's Isthmus of Tehuantepec and out over the Gulf of Tehuantepec on the Pacific coast. Chivela Pass is a gap between the Sierra Madre del Sur and the Sierra Madre range to the south. * Papagayo wind shrieks over the lakes of Nicaragua and pushes far out over the Gulf of Papagayo on the Pacific coast. The Cordillera Central Mountains rise to the south, gradually descending to Gatun Lake and the Isthmus of Panama. * Panama winds slice through to the Pacific through the Gaillard Cut in Panama, which also holds the Panama Canal. Cause The air flow is due to surges of cold dense air originating from the North American continent. The meteorological mechanism that causes Tehuano and Papagayo winds is relatively simple. In the winter, cold high-pressure weather systems move southward from North America over the Gulf of Mexico. These high pressure systems create strong pressure gradients between the atmosphere over the Gulf of Mexico and the warmer, moister atmosphere over the Pacific Ocean. Just as a river flows from high elevations to lower elevations, the air in the high pressure system will flow "downhill" toward lower pressure, but the Cordillera mountains block the flow of air, channeling it through Chivela Pass in Mexico, the lake district of Nicaragua, and also Gaillard (Culebra) Cut in Panama. Many times, a Tehuano wind is followed by Papagayo and Panama winds a few days later as the high pressure system moves south. The arrival of these cold surges, and their associated anticyclonic circulation, strengthens the trade winds at low latitudes, and this effect can last for several days. The wind flow over Central America is actually composed of the confluence of two air streams; one from the north, associated with cold surges, and the other from the northeast, associated with trade winds north of South America. Local effects The winds blow at speeds of 80 km/h or more down the hillsides from Chivela Pass and over the waters of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, sometimes extending more than 500 miles (800 km) into the Pacific Ocean. The surface waters under the Gulf of Tehuantepec wind jet can cool by as much as 10 °C in a day. In addition to the cold water that is detectable from other satellite sensors, the ocean's response to these winds shows up in satellite estimates of chlorophyll from ocean color measurements. The cold water and high chlorophyll concentration are signatures of mixing and upwelling of cold, nutrient-rich deep water. Fish converge on this food source, which supports the highly successful fishing industry in the Gulf of Tehuantepec.	WIKI
Is having 23 chromosomes normal? Can a human have 23 chromosomes? Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes–22 pairs of numbered chromosomes, called autosomes, and one pair of sex chromosomes, X and Y. What does chromosome number 23 represent? The 23rd pair of chromosomes are two special chromosomes, X and Y, that determine our sex. What body has only 23 chromosome? *except sperm cells and egg cells in the ovaries which are “haploid” and have 23 chromosomes (with the 23rd being an X in the eggs, and either an X or a Y in the sperm), and not 46 “diploid” like other cells. Why do you think humans have two sets of 23 chromosomes? Humans have two sets of 23 chromosomes because you get a set from your mother and the other set from your father, resulting in two sets. … Sex is determined by the presence or absence of a Y chromosome. Males have Y chromosomes while females do not. Is Turner syndrome only in females? Turner syndrome, a condition that affects only females, results when one of the X chromosomes (sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing. What animals have 23 pairs of chromosomes? Humans are not the only animal with 23 pairs, either–the Chinese subspecies of Muntiacusmuntjac, a small kind of deer, also has 23 pairs of chromosomes. Is Klinefelter syndrome trisomy? Klinefelter syndrome (KS), also known as 47,XXY, is a syndrome where a male has an additional copy of the X chromosome. The primary features are infertility and small, poorly functioning testicles. Often, symptoms are subtle and subjects do not realize they are affected. IT IS INTERESTING: What is the ICD 10 code for Aspergers? Klinefelter syndrome Specialty Medical genetics	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
BRIEF-Haldex says Swedish Securities Council to rule on bid extension matter ahead of EGM Aug 4 (Reuters) - Haldex AB * The Swedish Securities Council intends to rule on Haldex’ submission before the extraordinary general meeting * Says Swedish Securities Council has informed Haldex that it intends to rule on application that Haldex submitted earlier this week at a meeting on August 16 * Haldex has requested that the acceptance periods should not be extended after September 26 * An extraordinary general meeting (EGM) in Haldex will take place on August 17 at the request of Knorr-Bremse * Knorr-Bremse has proposed that the EGM resolve to instruct the board to change its decision and to recommend the Swedish Securities Counsel to approve an extension of the acceptance period until February 2018 Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage: (Stockholm Newsroom)	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
How to pivot and unpivot using Python? Rajnilari2015 Posted by Rajnilari2015 under Python category on \| Points: 40 \| Views : 904 Let's say we have the below RecordSet Product Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10 Product1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Product2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Product3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Product4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 The processed output should look as under YKey = Y1 Year = 2016 Product1 = 1 Product2 = 2 Product3 = 3 Product4 = 4 YKey = Y2 Year = 2017 Product1 = 2 Product2 = 3 Product3 = 4 Product4 = 5 YKey = Y3 Year = 2018 Product1 = 3 Product2 = 4 Product3 = 5 Product4 = 6 YKey = Y4 Year = 2019 Product1 = 4 Product2 = 5 Product3 = 6 Product4 = 7 YKey = Y5 Year = 2020 Product1 = 5 Product2 = 6 Product3 = 7 Product4 = 8 YKey = Y6 Year = 2021 Product1 = 6 Product2 = 7 Product3 = 8 Product4 = 9 YKey = Y7 Year = 2022 Product1 = 7 Product2 = 8 Product3 = 9 Product4 = 10 YKey = Y8 Year = 2023 Product1 = 8 Product2 = 9 Product3 = 10 Product4 = 11 YKey = Y9 Year = 2024 Product1 = 9 Product2 = 10 Product3 = 11 Product4 = 12 YKey = Y10 Year = 2025 Product1 = 10 Product2 = 11 Product3 = 12 Product4 = 13 The below program will help us to do so from System import * from System.Collections.Generic import * class Program(object): def Main(args): #unpivot records unpivotRecords = (Product1 = Program.Unpivot(0), Product2 = Program.Unpivot(1), Product3 = Program.Unpivot(2), Product4 = Program.Unpivot(3)) #pivot records pivotRecords = Program.Pivot(unpivotRecords) #display the records pivotRecords.ForEach() Console.ReadKey() Main = staticmethod(Main) #Source Records def GetSourceRecords(): source = List[InputData]() source.Add(InputData(ProductName = "Product1", Year1 = 1, Year2 = 2, Year3 = 3, Year4 = 4, Year5 = 5, Year6 = 6, Year7 = 7, Year8 = 8, Year9 = 9, Year10 = 10)) source.Add(InputData(ProductName = "Product2", Year1 = 2, Year2 = 3, Year3 = 4, Year4 = 5, Year5 = 6, Year6 = 7, Year7 = 8, Year8 = 9, Year9 = 10, Year10 = 11)) source.Add(InputData(ProductName = "Product3", Year1 = 3, Year2 = 4, Year3 = 5, Year4 = 6, Year5 = 7, Year6 = 8, Year7 = 9, Year8 = 10, Year9 = 11, Year10 = 12)) source.Add(InputData(ProductName = "Product4", Year1 = 4, Year2 = 5, Year3 = 6, Year4 = 7, Year5 = 8, Year6 = 9, Year7 = 10, Year8 = 11, Year9 = 12, Year10 = 13)) return source GetSourceRecords = staticmethod(GetSourceRecords) #Unpivot records def Unpivot(row): source = Program.GetSourceRecords() yearwiseProductValues = List[int]() multiKeyDictionary = Dictionary[str, List]() yearwiseProductValues.Add(source[row].Year1) yearwiseProductValues.Add(source[row].Year2) yearwiseProductValues.Add(source[row].Year3) yearwiseProductValues.Add(source[row].Year4) yearwiseProductValues.Add(source[row].Year5) yearwiseProductValues.Add(source[row].Year6) yearwiseProductValues.Add(source[row].Year7) yearwiseProductValues.Add(source[row].Year8) yearwiseProductValues.Add(source[row].Year9) yearwiseProductValues.Add(source[row].Year10) multiKeyDictionary.Add(source[row].ProductName, yearwiseProductValues) return multiKeyDictionary Unpivot = staticmethod(Unpivot) #Pivot records def Pivot(unpivotRecords): count = 10 startYear = 2016 pivotRecords = List[OutputData]() i = 0 while i < count: pivotRecords.Add(OutputData(YKey = "Y" + (i + 1), Year = startYear + i, Product1 = unpivotRecords.Product1["Product1"][i], Product2 = unpivotRecords.Product2["Product2"][i], Product3 = unpivotRecords.Product3["Product3"][i], Product4 = unpivotRecords.Product4["Product4"][i])) i += 1 return pivotRecords Pivot = staticmethod(Pivot) class OutputData(object): def get_YKey(self): def set_YKey(self, value): YKey = property(fget=get_YKey, fset=set_YKey) def get_Year(self): def set_Year(self, value): Year = property(fget=get_Year, fset=set_Year) def get_Product1(self): def set_Product1(self, value): Product1 = property(fget=get_Product1, fset=set_Product1) def get_Product2(self): def set_Product2(self, value): Product2 = property(fget=get_Product2, fset=set_Product2) def get_Product3(self): def set_Product3(self, value): Product3 = property(fget=get_Product3, fset=set_Product3) def get_Product4(self): def set_Product4(self, value): Product4 = property(fget=get_Product4, fset=set_Product4) class InputData(object): def get_ProductName(self): def set_ProductName(self, value): ProductName = property(fget=get_ProductName, fset=set_ProductName) def get_Year1(self): def set_Year1(self, value): Year1 = property(fget=get_Year1, fset=set_Year1) def get_Year2(self): def set_Year2(self, value): Year2 = property(fget=get_Year2, fset=set_Year2) def get_Year3(self): def set_Year3(self, value): Year3 = property(fget=get_Year3, fset=set_Year3) def get_Year4(self): def set_Year4(self, value): Year4 = property(fget=get_Year4, fset=set_Year4) def get_Year5(self): def set_Year5(self, value): Year5 = property(fget=get_Year5, fset=set_Year5) def get_Year6(self): def set_Year6(self, value): Year6 = property(fget=get_Year6, fset=set_Year6) def get_Year7(self): def set_Year7(self, value): Year7 = property(fget=get_Year7, fset=set_Year7) def get_Year8(self): def set_Year8(self, value): Year8 = property(fget=get_Year8, fset=set_Year8) def get_Year9(self): def set_Year9(self, value): Year9 = property(fget=get_Year9, fset=set_Year9) def get_Year10(self): def set_Year10(self, value): Year10 = property(fget=get_Year10, fset=set_Year10) At first we are flattening the records by using a Multikey dictionary (Dictionary<string, List<int>>) inside the Unpivot function. That record we are passing into the Pivot function to get the desired output. Comments or Responses Login to post response	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Democrat Warren says she would pick a public school teacher for education post LOS ANGELES (Reuters) - Democratic presidential candidate Elizabeth Warren pledged on Monday that if she wins the White House in 2020, her education secretary will be “a former public school teacher who is committed to public education.” In remarks Warren planned to deliver to a teachers union in Philadelphia, the U.S. senator from Massachusetts described Republican president Donald Trump’s education secretary, Betsy DeVos, as “the worst secretary of education we’ve seen.” Liz Hill, press secretary at the U.S. Department of Education, said: “The accusations lobbed at the secretary are nothing more than political pandering.” DeVos is a reviled figure among many Democrats and teachers unions. She is a proponent of school vouchers, school choice and charter schools, options critics see as undermining public education. DeVos, who has no teaching experience, has also eased regulations on for-profit colleges. Warren, a former educator, vowed to take a different course. “Let’s get a person with real teaching experience,” Warren said in an email ahead of the town hall. “A person who understands how low pay, tattered textbooks, and crumbling classrooms hurt students and educators. A person who understands the crushing burden of student debt on students and young professionals and who is committed to actually doing something about it.” The Education Department did not immediately respond to Warren’s comments. Warren was appearing before a gathering of the American Federation of Teachers, the country’s second-largest teachers union. Her remarks come as many of her Democratic rivals court America’s teachers, an important constituency in the party’s nominating contest, in their battle to become the candidate to take on Trump in next year’s presidential election. U.S. Senator Kamala Harris of California, another Democratic candidate, has pledged $315 billion over 10 years to increase teacher pay. It was the first major policy proposal Harris rolled out after she declared her candidacy. Reporting by Tim Reid; Editing by Colleen Jenkins and Jonathan Oatis	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Although Curiosity landed recently on Mars, the rover is already proving its usefulness, beaming back all sort of interesting information; this time, Curiosity has snapped photos of rocky outcroppings which seem to be stream beds where water once flew on the Red Planet. The rock is quite eroded and it consists of rounded gravel consolidated in a sandy matrix, the entire thing looking much like broken slabs of cement sidewalk. Some of the smooth pebbles have fallen into a pile, something we often see here on Earth too. After analyzing the pictures, scientists were clear: "This is a rock that was formed in the presence of water," says John Grotzinger, project scientist for the mission at the California Institute of Technology. Also, it's not just any water, but flowing water. But how could they have known? Well, it's not really that hard. The two main indicators here are the rounded pebbles and the cemented sandstones: they look just like the ones found on earth in streams or down in small canyons. These are all telling us that there was water really flowing across the surface there, and probably pretty deep water — ankle-deep, knee-deep water — like you'd have in an occasional desert flood on the Earth, in the Southwest, for example. In order to become this round, pebbles were subject to some sort of erosion, and considering how big and heavy they are, it's practically impossible to be rounded by wind, so that only leaves one culprit: water. This is consistent with previous research, which also claimed there was water on Mars, but the evidence was somewhat indirect, and while convincing, not completely reliable. "Before, we never really saw a rock on Mars where we could tell whether it was wind or water that was doing the transport," Peter Doran, University of Illinois at Chicago says. "And now we have a clear sign of flowing water on Mars and we can get estimates of the size of the flow and so on. It's really fascinating." This is also the first evidence of flowing water, as opposed to occasional groundwater that occasionally bubbles up, which is very important, because water is vital for life as we know it; it's not yet clear how flowing water changes the picture, but exobiologists are thrilled by the prospects. "Something happened on Mars that simply doesn't happen today," Andrew Knoll, a planetary sciences professor at Harvard University, says. "And that is, there was water flowing at high rates over the Martian surface. That's really what they've found."	FINEWEB-EDU
User:TF2MD TheJoker PS3 user. Account is TF2MD_TheJoker. Add me im a good help guide for Resident Evil 5, i know all emblim locations and i have a mic and im willing to help. I like books, i write books allot and i may just post small sections of them on one of my pages. I am 16 and i live in England.	WIKI
version 0.003; 2010-11-21 * bugfix: on Perl 5.13.3 and above, maintain CvSTASH backrefences correctly * include a reserve implementation of the ptr_table data structure, because prior to Perls 5.9.5 and 5.8.9 it was not made available by the core if Perl is not configured for ithreads version 0.002; 2010-10-24 * bugfix: when applying a filter to a Perl sub, avoid letting the core munge entersub ops, which was causing allocation of target slots in the wrong pad * bugfix: on Perl 5.13.3+, correctly manage the CVf_CVGV_RC flag when applying a filter to an xsub * bugfix: correctly maintain PL_sv_objcount when applying a filter to a blessed xsub * bugfix: require bugfixed version of Sub::Mutate (for PL_sv_objcount correctness) * in XS, factor out Perl version variations into macros for greater readability * give the internal function _test_xs() a prototype * in XS, declare "PROTOTYPES: DISABLE" to prevent automatic generation of unintended prototypes * jump through hoops to avoid compiler warnings * use full stricture in test suite * in Build.PL, complete declaration of configure-time requirements version 0.001; 2010-07-20 * bugfix: in XS, check SvOBJECT before looking at SvSTASH, because the latter isn't guaranteed to be meaningful otherwise * bugfix: require bugfixed version of Sub::Mutate (for SvSTASH safety) * bugfix: require bugfixed version of Attribute::Lexical (for passing package through to required code in pure-Perl version of Lexical::SealRequireHints) * port to Perl 5.13.3: use CvGV_set() * in XS, use PERL_NO_GET_CONTEXT for efficiency * check for required Perl version at runtime * in Build.PL, explicitly declare configure-time requirements * remove bogus "exit 0" from Build.PL * add MYMETA.yml to .cvsignore version 0.000; 2009-08-28 * initial released version	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
User:Aswarp Babel {\| style="width: 242px; border: #99B3FF solid 1px" * Babel * \|} * \|} * \|} * \|} * \|} * \|} * \|} * \|} * \|} * \|} Más sobre mí I'm an spanish PhD in Engineering Research, also Master of Engineering in Computer Sciences, Master (MBA) in Information Technologies Management, and EHEA Postgraduate in Mathematic Engineering. Further details at: my LinkedIn webpage. Contributions in the spanish Wikipedia	WIKI
Europeans seek 'digital sovereignty' as US tech firms embrace Trump By Thomas Escritt BERLIN (Reuters) -At a market stall in Berlin run by charity Topio, volunteers help people who want to purge their phones of the influence of U.S. tech firms. Since Donald Trump's inauguration, the queue for their services has grown. Interest in European-based digital services has jumped in recent months, data from digital market intelligence company Similarweb shows. More people are looking for e-mail, messaging and even search providers outside the United States. The first months of Trump's second presidency have shaken some Europeans' confidence in their long-time ally, after he signalled his country would step back from its role in Europe's security and then launched a trade war. "It's about the concentration of power in U.S. firms," said Topio's founder Michael Wirths, as his colleague installed on a customer's phone a version of the Android operating system without hooks into the Google ecosystem. Wirths said the type of people coming to the stall had changed: "Before, it was people who knew a lot about data privacy. Now it's people who are politically aware and feel exposed." Tesla chief Elon Musk, who also owns social media company X, was a leading adviser to the U.S. president before the two fell out, while the bosses of Amazon, Meta and Google-owner Alphabet took prominent spots at Trump's inauguration in January. Days before Trump took office, outgoing president Joe Biden had warned of an oligarchic "tech industrial complex" threatening democracy. Berlin-based search engine Ecosia says it has benefited from some customers' desire to avoid U.S. counterparts like Microsoft's Bing or Google, which dominates web searches and is also the world's biggest email provider. "The worse it gets, the better it is for us," founder Christian Kroll said of Ecosia, whose sales pitch is that it spends its profits on environmental projects. Similarweb data shows the number of queries directed to Ecosia from the European Union has risen 27% year-on-year and the company says it has 1% of the German search engine market. But its 122 million visits from the 27 EU countries in February were dwarfed by 10.3 billion visits to Google, whose parent Alphabet made revenues of about $100 billion from Europe, the Middle East and Africa in 2024 - nearly a third of its $350 billion global turnover. Non-profit Ecosia earned 3.2 million euros ($3.65 million) in April, of which 770,000 euros was spent on planting 1.1 million trees. Google declined to comment for this story. Reuters could not determine whether major U.S. tech companies have lost any market share to local rivals in Europe. DIGITAL SOVEREIGNTY The search for alternative providers accompanies a debate in Europe about "digital sovereignty" - the idea that reliance on companies from an increasingly isolationist United States is a threat to Europe's economy and security. "Ordinary people, the kind of people who would never have thought it was important they were using an American service are saying, 'hang on!'," said UK-based internet regulation expert Maria Farrell. "My hairdresser was asking me what she should switch to." Use in Europe of Swiss-based ProtonMail rose 11.7% year-on-year to March compared to a year ago, according to Similarweb, while use of Alphabet's Gmail, which has some 70% of the global email market, slipped 1.9%. ProtonMail, which offers both free and paid-for services, said it had seen an increase in users from Europe since Trump's re-election, though it declined to give a number. "My household is definitely disengaging," said British software engineer Ken Tindell, citing weak U.S. data privacy protections as one factor. Trump's vice president JD Vance shocked European leaders in February by accusing them - at a conference usually known for displays of transatlantic unity - of censoring free speech and failing to control immigration. In May, Secretary of State Marco Rubio threatened visa bans for people who "censor" speech by Americans, including on social media, and suggested the policy could target foreign officials regulating U.S. tech companies. U.S. social media companies like Facebook and Instagram parent Meta have said the European Union's Digital Services Act amounts to censorship of their platforms. EU officials say the Act will make the online environment safer by compelling tech giants to tackle illegal content, including hate speech and child sexual abuse material. Greg Nojeim, director of the Security and Surveillance Project at the Center for Democracy & Technology, said Europeans' concerns about the U.S. government accessing their data, whether stored on devices or in the cloud, were justified. Not only does U.S. law permit the government to search devices of anyone entering the country, it can compel disclosure of data that Europeans outside the U.S. store or transmit through U.S. communications service providers, Nojeim said. MISSION IMPOSSIBLE? Germany's new government is itself making efforts to reduce exposure to U.S. tech, committing in its coalition agreement to make more use of open-source data formats and locally-based cloud infrastructure. Regional governments have gone further - in conservative-run Schleswig-Holstein, on the Danish border, all IT used by the public administration must run on open-source software. Berlin has also paid for Ukraine to access a satellite-internet network operated by France's Eutelsat instead of Musk's Starlink. But with modern life driven by technology, "completely divorcing U.S. tech in a very fundamental way is, I would say, possibly not possible," said Bill Budington of U.S. digital rights nonprofit the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Everything from push notifications to the content delivery networks powering many websites and how internet traffic is routed relies largely on U.S. companies and infrastructure, Budington noted. Both Ecosia and French-based search engine Qwant depend in part on search results provided by Google and Microsoft's Bing, while Ecosia runs on cloud platforms, some hosted by the very same tech giants it promises an escape from. Nevertheless, a group on messaging board Reddit called BuyFromEU has 211,000 members. "Just cancelled my Dropbox and will switch to Proton Drive," read one post. Mastodon, a decentralised social media service developed by German programmer Eugen Rochko, enjoyed a rush of new users two years ago when Musk bought Twitter, later renamed X. But it remains a niche service. Signal, a messaging app run by a U.S. nonprofit foundation, has also seen a surge in installations from Europe. Similarweb's data showed a 7% month-on-month increase in Signal usage in March, while use of Meta's WhatsApp was static. Meta declined to comment for this story. Signal did not respond to an e-mailed request for comment. But this kind of conscious self-organising is unlikely on its own to make a dent in Silicon Valley's European dominance, digital rights activist Robin Berjon told Reuters. "The market is too captured," he said. "Regulation is needed as well." (Additional reporting by Riham Alkousaa in Berlin, Charlie Devereux in Madrid, Toby Sterling in Amsterdam and AJ Vicens in Detroit; Editing by Catherine Evans)	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Huntington's disease (HD), the most common adult onset heritable neurodegenerative disease, is caused by a polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in the huntingtin (htt) protein and characterized by aggregation of htt into visible intracellular structures called inclusion bodies (IBs). When this project began, the field was divided about the role of IBs in HD;conventional approaches could not resolve the issue. To advance our understanding of HD pathogenesis, we developed a robotic microscope to observe htt induce degeneration and to relate specific molecular changes in each neuron to its ultimate fate. We discovered that levels of diffuse mutant htt predict when neurons degenerate. Remarkably, IB formation led to an abrupt drop in levels of diffuse mutant htt and improved survival compared to similar neurons that did not form IBs. We concluded that IB formation can be a coping response to toxic species of diffuse mutant htt. If IB formation is not the source of HD pathology, what is? Our preliminary data show that some neurons clear IBs altogether and that levels of diffuse mutant htt remain low even after IBs are gone. We hypothesize that IB formation is one part of a broad beneficial adaptive response by neurons to toxic species of malfolded proteins. This response upregulates proteasome- and autophagy-dependent turnover pathways that shorten the half-life of htt, reducing levels of toxic htt species and leading to the clearance of IBs. In Aim 1, we will test this idea by identifying pathways that govern htt metabolism and determining if IB formation is associated with beneficial adaptive changes in htt turnover. We will exploit new technology and our robotic microscope to optically pulse-label htt in individual neurons and follow their fates. In Aim 2, we will determine the extent to which mutant htt induces autophagy in neurons and if the induction of autophagy predicts which neurons will survive. Finally, since htt is required for survival, what htt species is toxic? Does it have a structure that could reveal how it causes degeneration? During the previous period, we made a monoclonal antibody, 3B5H10, that binds a species of diffuse mutant htt and strongly predicts degeneration. To surpass the ability of our robotic microscope to resolve these species, we used crystallography and small-angle x-ray scattering to find that 3B5H10 recognizes a compact structure of polyQ within a monomer of mutant htt. In Aim 3, we will define the structure of the compact conformation of disease-associated polyQ that is recognized by 3B5H10 and use a single-chain version of 3B5H10 expressed in neurons to begin to relate this structure back to the neurodegenerative processes that are the focus of the first two aims. This project is significant because it will elucidate pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets for HD, as it did during the previous period;the findings should also be relevant to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Public Health Relevance This project aims to understand mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Huntington's disease (HD). During the previous funding period, we invented a robotic microscope that is helpful for unraveling the causes and effects of disease processes. We applied it to a neuron model of HD and made the surprising discovery that the abnormal protein deposits seen in brains of HD patients may be coping responses to more toxic forms of the protein. We also generated an antibody that binds to a version of htt that predicts degeneration very well and may be a toxic species of htt. We used that antibody to uncover features of the structure of mutant htt to which it binds. We hope to continue this research program, and we have proposed experiments that will help us understand if these protein deposits might be part of a broader beneficial adaptive response of neurons to malfolded proteins. We also want to use more targeted approaches to understand the structure of mutant htt that we have discovered. We expect that this program will reveal important pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets that may be relevant to HD and other more common diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Agency National Institute of Health (NIH) Institute National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) Type Research Project (R01) Project # 5R01NS045191-10 Application # 8417673 Study Section Cellular and Molecular Biology of Neurodegeneration Study Section (CMND) Program Officer Sutherland, Margaret L Project Start 2003-02-15 Project End 2014-01-31 Budget Start 2013-02-01 Budget End 2014-01-31 Support Year 10 Fiscal Year 2013 Total Cost $395,126 Indirect Cost $188,254 Name J. David Gladstone Institutes Department Type DUNS # 099992430 City San Francisco State CA Country United States Zip Code 94158 Finkbeiner, Steven; Frumkin, Michael; Kassner, Paul D (2015) Cell-based screening: extracting meaning from complex data. Neuron 86:160-74 Tsvetkov, Andrey S; Arrasate, Montserrat; Barmada, Sami et al. (2013) Proteostasis of polyglutamine varies among neurons and predicts neurodegeneration. Nat Chem Biol 9:586-92 Tsvetkov, Andrey S; Ando, D Michael; Finkbeiner, Steven (2013) Longitudinal imaging and analysis of neurons expressing polyglutamine-expanded proteins. Methods Mol Biol 1017:1-20 Korb, Erica; Wilkinson, Carol L; Delgado, Ryan N et al. (2013) Arc in the nucleus regulates PML-dependent GluA1 transcription and homeostatic plasticity. Nat Neurosci 16:874-83 Peters-Libeu, Clare; Miller, Jason; Rutenber, Earl et al. (2012) Disease-associated polyglutamine stretches in monomeric huntingtin adopt a compact structure. J Mol Biol 421:587-600 Sharma, Punita; Ando, D Michael; Daub, Aaron et al. (2012) High-throughput screening in primary neurons. Methods Enzymol 506:331-60 Arrasate, Montserrat; Finkbeiner, Steven (2012) Protein aggregates in Huntington's disease. Exp Neurol 238:1-11 Skibinski, Gaia; Finkbeiner, Steven (2011) Drug discovery in Parkinson's disease-Update and developments in the use of cellular models. Int J High Throughput Screen 2011:15-25 Peebles, Carol L; Yoo, Jong; Thwin, Myo T et al. (2010) Arc regulates spine morphology and maintains network stability in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 107:18173-8 Miller, Jason; Arrasate, Montserrat; Shaby, Benjamin A et al. (2010) Quantitative relationships between huntingtin levels, polyglutamine length, inclusion body formation, and neuronal death provide novel insight into huntington's disease molecular pathogenesis. J Neurosci 30:10541-50 Showing the most recent 10 out of 20 publications	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Skip to main content Version: 2.4.x Prometheus Woodpecker is compatible with Prometheus and exposes a /metrics endpoint if the environment variable WOODPECKER_PROMETHEUS_AUTH_TOKEN is set. Please note that access to the metrics endpoint is restricted and requires the authorization token from the environment variable mentioned above. global: scrape_interval: 60s scrape_configs: - job_name: 'woodpecker' bearer_token: dummyToken... static_configs: - targets: ['woodpecker.domain.com'] Authorization An administrator will need to generate a user API token and configure in the Prometheus configuration file as a bearer token. Please see the following example: global: scrape_interval: 60s scrape_configs: - job_name: 'woodpecker' + bearer_token: dummyToken... static_configs: - targets: ['woodpecker.domain.com'] As an alternative, the token can also be read from a file: global: scrape_interval: 60s scrape_configs: - job_name: 'woodpecker' + bearer_token_file: /etc/secrets/woodpecker-monitoring-token static_configs: - targets: ['woodpecker.domain.com'] Metric Reference List of Prometheus metrics specific to Woodpecker: # HELP woodpecker_pipeline_count Pipeline count. # TYPE woodpecker_pipeline_count counter woodpecker_pipeline_count{branch="main",pipeline="total",repo="woodpecker-ci/woodpecker",status="success"} 3 woodpecker_pipeline_count{branch="mkdocs",pipeline="total",repo="woodpecker-ci/woodpecker",status="success"} 3 # HELP woodpecker_pipeline_time Build time. # TYPE woodpecker_pipeline_time gauge woodpecker_pipeline_time{branch="main",pipeline="total",repo="woodpecker-ci/woodpecker",status="success"} 116 woodpecker_pipeline_time{branch="mkdocs",pipeline="total",repo="woodpecker-ci/woodpecker",status="success"} 155 # HELP woodpecker_pipeline_total_count Total number of builds. # TYPE woodpecker_pipeline_total_count gauge woodpecker_pipeline_total_count 1025 # HELP woodpecker_pending_steps Total number of pending pipeline steps. # TYPE woodpecker_pending_steps gauge woodpecker_pending_steps 0 # HELP woodpecker_repo_count Total number of repos. # TYPE woodpecker_repo_count gauge woodpecker_repo_count 9 # HELP woodpecker_running_steps Total number of running pipeline steps. # TYPE woodpecker_running_steps gauge woodpecker_running_steps 0 # HELP woodpecker_user_count Total number of users. # TYPE woodpecker_user_count gauge woodpecker_user_count 1 # HELP woodpecker_waiting_steps Total number of pipeline waiting on deps. # TYPE woodpecker_waiting_steps gauge woodpecker_waiting_steps 0 # HELP woodpecker_worker_count Total number of workers. # TYPE woodpecker_worker_count gauge woodpecker_worker_count 4	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
-- Iran Signs $200 Million Oil Deal With Local Company, Times Says Iran ’s Petroleum Engineering and Development Co. signed a $200 million contract today with a domestic company, Dana Energy, to develop the Changooleh oil field, Tehran Times reported. Based on the agreement about 15,000 barrels of crude a day will be produced in the first phase of the development and as much as 65,000 barrels at a later stage, Naji Seydouni, the managing director of Petroleum Engineering and Development said, according to a report published on the newspaper’s website. Iran is the second-largest oil producer in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries after Saudi Arabia . To contact the reporter on this story: Ladane Nasseri in Dubai at lnasseri@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story: Andrew J. Barden at barden@bloomberg.net	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
GLOBAL MARKETS-Yields rise, stocks flat as Yellen signals rate rise (Updates to afternoon trading after Yellen comments) * Yellen signals rate hike this month; Wall St flat * U.S. yields flat, dollar down * Oil rebounds from recent weakness, remains range bound By Sinead Carew NEW YORK, March 3 (Reuters) - U.S. Treasury yields hit session highs before flattening while stocks were largely unchanged on Friday after Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen said the Fed is set to raise its benchmark interest rate this month as long as economic data on jobs and inflation holds up. Yellen was widely expected to signal for a rate hike after a week of hawkish comments from several Federal Reserve officials. After her comment, the implied probability of a March rate hike surged to about 82 percent from 77.5 percent the previous day, according to CME Group’s FedWatch tool. The dollar index, which measures the greenback’s strength against a basket of six major currencies, fell to a session low of 101.66 before clawing back some losses. It was last down 0.3 percent. The index was still on track for its fourth straight weekly gain. “Equities can handle hikes when it’s in the face of stronger growth. It’s the investment-grade corporate market and Treasury market that will have to reckon with hikes more than equities will,” Brian Jacobsen, Chief Portfolio Strategist at Wells Fargo Funds Management in Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin. Before flattening out, U.S. 7-year Treasury yields briefly hit their highest point since Dec. 29, rising to 2.354 percent while U.S. 5-year Treasury yields hit the highest since Dec. 28, 2.061 percent, before easing. At 1:26 p.m. ET, the Dow Jones Industrial Average was down 23.31 points, or 0.11 percent, to 20,979.66, the S&P 500 had lost 3.59 points, or 0.15 percent, to 2,378.33 and the Nasdaq Composite had dropped 5.87 points, or 0.10 percent, to 5,855.36. The MSCI global stock index was down 0.2 percent. Oil prices rose as the weaker dollar encouraged buying, though gains were capped by unchanged Russian output for February, a sign of its weak compliance with a global deal to cut supplies. Benchmark Brent crude futures were up 0.9 percent at $55.57 a barrel after closing down 2.3 percent in the previous session. WTI futures gained 1 percent, to $53.14. The Mexican peso rallied to its strongest level since the day following the U.S. presidential election after U.S. Secretary of Commerce Wilbur Ross said a new mechanism should be created to stabilize the exchange rate. (Additional reporting by Rodrigo Campos, Saqib Iqbal Ahmed and Dion Rabouin in New York, Vikram Subhedar in London, Dhara Ranasighe and Wayne Cole in SYDNEY; Editing by Bernadette Baum and Nick Zieminski)	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Alvin Ray WHITE v. GREGG AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES CA 99-1124 37 S.W.3d 649 Court of Appeals of Arkansas Divisions I and II Opinion delivered January 24, 2001 Frederick S. “Rick” Spencer, for appellant. Ledbetter, Cogbill, Arnold & Harrison, LLP, by; E. Diane Graham and Rebecca D. Hattabaugh, for appellee Gregg Agricultural Enterprises. Terry Pence, for appellee Second Injury Fund. Sam BIRD, Judge. This appeal is before this court for a second time. Appellee Gregg Agricultural Enterprises (hereinafter Gregg Farms) originally appealed a finding by the Commission that the appellant, Alvin Ray White, was entitled to a permanent anatomical rating of 26 percent. In the first appeal, we held that we could not reach the merits of White’s argument because the Commission had failed to make sufficient findings of fact in support of its conclusion. We remanded with directions to the Commission to include an explanation of why it disregarded White’s previous injury in Texas and its effect on White’s current disability. See Doug Gregg Farms v. Alvin R. White, CA97-1424 slip op., (Ark. App. May 27, 1998). Following our remand, the administrative law judge rendered findings and reached the same result. The law judge found that White’s 13 percent impairment to the body as a whole, in combination with his 14 percent loss of cervical range of motion, resulted in a 26 percent disability to the body as a whole. Gregg again appealed to the full Commission. The Commission then considered at length the medical evidence relating to the Texas injury and concluded that White had not proven that he sustained any new loss of cervical motion, instead of the 14 percent, and that he had sustained only an additional 2 percent impairment rating (instead of 13 percent). White brings this appeal. This case had been the subject of two hearings before the administrative law judge. The first hearing involved only the issues of compensability and temporary total disability. At the hearing on those issues, White testified that his first workers’ compensation injury, a pinched nerve in his shoulder, occurred in 1978, while he was working as a heavy-duty mechanic in Texas, and that he suffered another compensable injury to his back in November 1988. The 1988 injury led to a fusion surgery at C5-6, C6r-7 in 1989. White testified that he settled his claim for workers’ compensation for approximately $45,000. On cross-examination, he denied being told by his treating physician for the 1988 injury, Dr. Stockton, that he was precluded from returning to work. White began working part time for Gregg Farms in October 1991, at first on a part-time basis to see if he could handle the work. In February 1992, he began working full time. He testified that the job included a lot of bending and stooping. He said that prior to working for Gregg Farms, he was not having any trouble with his neck nor was he on any medication. On cross-examination, he testified that he saw a doctor approximately eight months before going to work for Gregg Farms. He also stated that he had attempted to see a doctor for follow up from his surgery, but could not get the paperwork from Texas straightened out in order to do so. He said that he began to experiencé pain, similar to pain he had experienced from his previous injuries, in December 1992, and he would occasionally wear a neck brace, which had been prescribed for him after his neck injury in 1988. He presented to Dr. Foster in April 1993. He stated that Dr. Foster’s office billed his Texas compensation carrier for some of the bills. He said he worked at Gregg Farms until approximately two weeks before he had surgery in June 1993. After his surgery, Dr. Foster assigned White a 13 percent impairment rating. White also testified that Dr. Foster considered it to be a new injury. White ’ testified that his fusion surgery was successful, and he returned to fight-duty work for Gregg Farms on December 17, 1993, and worked a little more than one month before he was terminated. He applied for temporary total disability and medical benefits from May 25, 1993 through December 17, 1993. Gregg Farms denied all liability. Doug Gregg, owner of Doug Gregg Farms, testified that when he hired White in late 1991, he was aware of White’s back and neck problems. He said that White began to complain about pain in his back and neck shortly after he began working full-time, and that White attributed the pain to a previous injury. He also stated that he remembered White wearing a neck brace shortly after he began working full time, in the spring of 1993. Gregg testified that at no time did White ever report that he had sustained a work-related injury. The first time Gregg realized that White was claiming workers’ compensation benefits was when he received a letter from White’s attorney. In that letter, White’s attorney wrote: “At the time of the injury, Alvin Ray White was working on a truck on a creeper straining with a bar and injured his back. Copy of the letter from the orthopedic surgeon confirming a compensable injury is attached.” The description of the injury matched the injury White received in Texas. Gregg also testified that after he terminated White for leaving the job without notifying him or their immediate supervisor, White mentioned that he had fallen on the job and that he needed to fill out a workers’ compensation form in order to report the injury. Gregg argued that White was not entitled to such benefits because White’s injury was a recurrence of a previous injury for which he was compensated under Texas workers’ compensation law. On March 25, 1994, the law judge issued an opinion in that case awarding White temporary total disability from May 25 until December 17, 1993, medical benefits, and attorney’s fees. The law judge wrote: Claimant testified that he was virtually asymptomatic when he went to work for Gregg and that his disabling condition came on gradually over time. I conclude that this is not a case where claimant remained symptomatic for a period of time following his first surgery and then sustained a recurrence of the initial injury. Dr. Foster’s testimony that claimant’s permanent impairment has increased by 13 percent is also evidence that claimant sustained a new injury or aggravation causing distinct, new, anatomical deficits rather than a simple recurrence of a previous condition. Gregg appealed to the full Commission, and White cross-appealed. The Commission affirmed and adopted the law judge’s opinion, and this order was not further appealed by either party. In a subsequent hearing, White sought compensation for permanent disability. At that hearing, the specific issue-was whether White was entitled to a permanent anatomical impairment rating, which is the issue of this appeal. Gregg denied liability for any of White’s anatomical impairment, arguing that “all anatomical impairment is a result of White’s preexisting or prior injury that occurred in 1988.” At that hearing, White testified again to when he began working for Gregg Farms and when his aggravation started. He also testified to the complications experienced after his June 10, 1993, surgery, which included having trouble turning his neck and sitting for a long period of time. He stated that he has continual pain. He stated that despite his problems, he returned to work in June 1994 and is working full time at Micro Plastics in Flippin. On cross-examination, White denied informing one of his doctors that he had been in constant pain since his injury in 1988. White also denied seeing any medical reports that classified him as totally and permanently disabled as a result of the Texas injury. Dr. Robert Foster testified in a deposition that he first saw White in April 1993. He said White presented to him, complaining of persistent neck pain, headaches, and occasional pain in his arms. Dr. Foster’s x-rays of White revealed pseudoarthrosis at C5-6. Dr. Foster attributed the fusion failure at C5-6 to White’s smoking and the fact that White underwent two-level fusion surgery, as opposed to a one level. When asked if the job at Gregg Farms caused White’s pseudoarthrosis, Foster replied “No.” However, Foster also stated that if he had been White’s treating physician in Texas, he would have told White “that if you engage in any type of heavy work or activity, it may become symptomatic enough that you require surgery.” He also rated him with a 13 percent impairment rating representing his previous surgeries as well as his previous fusions. He stated that he would not have been able to give him an impairment rating after his surgery in Texas because, at that time, White was not medically maximized in that he did not completely fuse. He stated that the job at Gregg Farms made White symptomatic in that it caused him more pain, “[h]e had already stated that he had pain.” On May 27, 1996, Dr. Foster then included an additional 14 percent rating for loss of range of motion, making a combined anatomical rating of 26 percent. The administrative law judge issued an opinion stating that White had proven by a preponderance of the evidence that he was entitled to a 26 percent permanent impairment rating as assigned by Dr. Foster. In addition, the law judge found that White had sustained a gradual onset injury while working for Gregg Farms. Gregg Farms appealed to the full Commission, which affirmed and adopted the findings and the opinion of the law judge. Gregg Farms then appealed to this court, at which time this court remanded the case to the Commission, who in turn remanded it to the administrative law judge to make further findings of fact. As stated above, upon remand, the administrative law judge again found that White had proven by a preponderance of the evidence that he was entitled to the 26 percent permanent impairment rating as assigned by Dr. Foster. The administrative law judge failed to make findings of fact regarding Dr. Stockton’s opinion that appellee was permanently and totally disabled due to the failure of the fusion at C5-6. The Commission reversed the law judge. It agreed that White has experienced a gradual onset injury that resulted in disability in May 1993. It cited the medical records resulting from his Texas injury that stated that White could neither get and keep employment nor engage in any substantial gainful activity. It found that White had sustained a compensable aggravation of his preexisting injury, causing him to undergo a second fusion at the C5-6 level. In addition, the Commission repeated that Dr. Foster had stated “unequivocally” in his deposition that the 13 percent anatomical impairment rating included everything that had been done to White, including the previous fusion surgery in 1989 as well as the re-fusion performed in 1993. It noted that the record reflected that the 13 percent anatomical impairment rating assigned by Dr. Foster was based upon and took into consideration White’s preexisting condition. Furthermore, as explained by Dr. Foster, 11 percent of the 13 percent was attributed to the original two-level fusion surgery made necessary by the Texas injury. Therefore, Dr. Foster only assigned, and the AMA Guidelines only allowed, an additional 2 percent impairment rating for the second surgical procedure to repeat the fusion that was required as a result of the compensable aggravation. In addition, the Commission found that White had not proven by a preponderance of the evidence that he was entitled to a 14 percent permanent impairment rating for loss of range of motion. It found that although the record revealed that White did suffer a loss of range of motion after undergoing his first surgical procedure, there was insufficient evidence to determine the extent of his motion in his cervical spine prior to and subsequent to the 1993 repeated fusion. It did not dispute that White suffered a loss of range of motion, but found that it was unable to determine how much of that loss preexisted his compensable injury. Therefore, the Commission reversed the law judge’s award of 26 percent and awarded White a 2 percent impairment rating. White brings this appeal. Law of the case In the first hearing in this case, determining whether White had sustained a compensable injury in the course and scope of his employment, the administrative law judge made a factual finding that White had not remained symptomatic for a period of time following his first surgery and then sustained a recurrence of the initial injury. For his first point on appeal, White argues that that finding became the law of the case because it was affirmed and adopted and not appealed to this court. He argues that if the Commission is allowed to reverse itself after a final order — that being the order determining whether White was entitled to temporary total disability — it would give a party “two bites at the apple instead of just one.” We do not agree with this argument. The issue of permanent impairment rating was never before the law judge at the first hearing. The only issue presented by White at that hearing concerned the issue of temporary total disability. In fact, White’s counsel stated to the law judge at the first hearing the issue being considered was that of temporary total disability and that the parties were not arguing the issue of permanent impairment rating. Before the hearing on the issue of temporary total disability the following exchange took place: Law JUDGE: ... Now, are we trying the permanent impairment or Mr. SPENCER (attorney for White): No, Your Honor. Diane (counsel for Gregg) and I talked yesterday, and I wanted to add that as an issue, but Diane has some other things she had to do before that becomes an issue. This will probably clearly be Second Fund case since he did have a previous workers’ comp, injury. Law Judge: Okay. Mr. Spencer: However, you know, we are able to introduce by agreement the reports that were just received from Doctor Foster which indicates another 13 percent in addition to what he already had. Res judicata applies where there has been a final adjudication on the merits of the issue by a court of competent jurisdiction on all matters litigated and those matters necessarily within the issue that might have been litigated. Castleberry v. Elite Lamp Company, 69 Ark. App. 359, 13 S.W.3d 211 (2000). The doctrine of res judicata is applicable to decisions by the Commission. Castleberry v. Elite Lamp Company, supra. The doctrine of res judicata applies only to final orders or adjudications. White v. Air Systems, Inc., 33 Ark. App. 56, 800 S.W.2d 726 (1990). The filing of a petition for review with the full Commission within thirty days prevents the order of the administrative law judge from becoming final. White v. Air Systems, supra. The key question regarding the application of res judicata is whether the party against whom the earlier decision is being asserted had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in question. Castleberry v. Elite Lamp Company, supra. Whatever is before the supreme court and disposed of in the exercise of its jurisdiction must be considered settled, and the lower court must carry that judgment into execution according to its mandate. Bussell v. Georgia Pacific Corp., 64 Ark. App. 194, 981 S.W.2d 98 (1998). The trial court, and by analogy the Commission, has no power to change or extend the mandate of the appellate court. Bussell v. Georgia, supra. In Bussell v. Georgia, we stated: Whatever was before the Court, and is disposed of, is considered as finally settled. The inferior court is bound by the judgment or decree as the law of the case, and must carry it into execution according to the mandate. The inferior court cannot vary it, or judicially examine it for any other purpose than execution. It can give no other or further relief as to any matter decided by the Supreme Court even where there is error apparent; or in any manner intermeddle with it further than to execute the mandate and settle such matters as have been remanded, not adjudicated by the Supreme Court. ... The principles above stated are, we think, conclusively established by the authority of adjudged cases. And any further departure from them would inevitably mar the harmony of the whole judiciary system, bring its parts into conflict, and produce therein disorganization, disorder, and incalculable mischief and confusion. Besides, any rule allowing the inferior courts to disregard the adjudications of the Supreme Court, or to refuse or omit to carry them into execution would be repugnant to the principles established by the constitution, and therefore void. 64 Ark. App. at 199-200, 981 S.W.2d at 100 (quoting Fortenberry v. Frazier, 5 Ark. 200, 202 (1843)). The Commission cannot change its findings of fact on remand. Lunsford v. Rich Mountain Elec. Coop., 38 Ark. App. 188, 832 S.W.2d 291 (1992). Matters decided on prior appeal are the law of the case and govern our actions on the present appeal to the extent that we would be bound by them even if we were now inclined to say that we were wrong in those decisions. Lunsford v. Rich Mountain Elec. Coop., supra. The supreme court has long adhered to the rule that when a case has been decided by it and, after remand, returned to it on a second appeal, nothing is before it for adjudication except those proceedings had subsequent to its mandate. Ouachita Hospital v. Marshall, 2 Ark. App. 273, 621 S.W.2d 7 (1991). White seems to argue that the Commission and this court are bound by the findings made by the administrative law judge after the hearing on whether White had suffered a compensable injury. We disagree. What this court is reviewing is whether White is entitled to permanent disability benefits based upon an assigned anatomical impairment rating. That issue was not before the administrative law at the first hearing (and, thus, not before the Commission), and both parties agreed that the issue of any permanent impairment would be taken up at a later hearing. Furthermore, Dr. Foster’s deposition testimony in which he discussed how he arrived at White’s 13 percent anatomical impairment rating was not even taken until after the first hearing. It was not until after the 13 percent impairment rating was assigned and the deposition taken that Foster assigned an additional 14 percent impairment rating for loss of range of motion. Further, we are not bound by the Commission’s findings in the first appeal to this court on the issue of permanent disability benefits because we instructed the Commission to take into account more testimony, testimony that we thought was relevant to the outcome of the case, that the Commission had not considered in making its original determination. In our remand, we told the Commission to consider White’s previous injury, his pain from that injury, and Dr. Stockton’s analysis of White’s condition. That is exactly what the Commission has done. In addition, one of the factors to be considered in determining the applicability of the doctrine of res judicata is whether the party against whom the earlier decision is being asserted had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in question. Castleberry v. Elite Lamp Company, supra. In the case at bar, the Second Injury Fund was not made a party to the case until the second hearing before the administrative law judge involving whether White was entitled to a permanent anatomical rating of 26 percent. Substantial evidence On appellate review, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the findings of the Commission and give the testimony its strongest probative force in favor of the action of the Commission. Buford v. Standard Gravel Co., 68 Ark. App. 162, 5 S.W.3d 478 (1999). Our standard of review on appeal is whether the Commission’s decision is supported by substantial evidence. Buford v. Standard Gravel Co., supra. Substantial evidence is such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. Buford v. Standard Gravel Co., supra. We do not reverse a decision of the Commission unless we are convinced that fair-minded persons with the same facts before them could not have arrived at the conclusion reached. Buford v. Standard Gravel Co., supra. In cases where the Commission’s denial of relief is based upon the claimant’s failure to prove entitlement by a preponderance of the evidence, the substantial-evidence standard of review requires us to affirm the Commission’s action if its opinion displays a substantial basis for the denial of relief. Moser v. Arkansas Lime. Co., 40 Ark. App. 108, 842 S.W.2d 456 (1992), supp. op. on denial of rehearing, 40 Ark. App. 108, 846 S.W.2d 188 (1993). Questions concerning the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to their testimony are within the exclusive province of the Commission. Arkansas Dep’t of Health v. Williams, 43 Ark. App. 169, 863 S.W.2d 583 (1993). We defer to the Commission’s findings on what testimony it deems to be credible. Arkansas Dep’t of Health v. Williams, supra. When there are contradictions in the evidence, it is within the Commission’s province to reconcile conflicting evidence and to determine the true facts. Arkansas Dep’t of Health v. Williams, supra. The Commission is not required to believe the testimony of the claimant or any other witness, but may accept and translate into findings of fact only those portions of the testimony that it deems worthy of belief. Jordan v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 51 Ark. App. 100, 911 S.W.2d 593 (1995). It is undisputed that White suffered a compensable injury in 1988 in Texas and that he underwent a two-level fusion at C5-6 and C6-7. It is also undisputed that the fusion at C5-6 did not succeed. In addition, there was testimony that Dr. Stockton, the treating physician in Texas, found that White was permanently and totally disabled. White went to work for Doug Gregg Farms in October 1991, and in December 1992, began experiencing pain. Both the Commission and the law judge relied upon Dr. Foster’s testimony that White suffered from pseudoarthrosis. The Commission correctly noted that in his deposition testimony, Dr. Foster unequivocally explained that the 13 percent anatomical impairment rating included everything that had been done to the claimant, including his previous two-level fusion surgery in 1989 and the repeated fusion in 1993. In a letter to White’s attorney, Dr. Foster stated that based upon AMA Guidelines, White’s impairment rating was 13 percent to his cervical spine as a whole. Dr. Foster wrote, “This is based on an anatomical impairment rating since the patient has had three spinal surgeries for this level.” As mentioned previously, 11 percent of the 13 percent was based upon and took into consideration White’s preexisting condition, and, therefore, the Commission determined that only 2 percent was attributable to White’s 1993 surgery, which was required as a result of the compensable aggravation he sustained from working at Doug Gregg Farms. Even though Dr. Foster assigned White a 14 percent impairment rating to the cervical spine, he was unable to apportion this loss of range of motion to White’s 1989 two-level fusion surgery or the re-fusion surgery in 1993, or a combination of both. In fact, in his deposition testimony, he admitted that he never tested White in order to assign him a 14 percent impairment rating. The Commission found that White had suffered a loss of range of motion, but it simply said that White had not proven that the entire 14 percent was due to the aggravation he sustained from working at Doug Gregg Farms or the surgery in 1993 that the aggravation precipitated. It found that: Dr. Foster merely arrived at the 14 percent functional impairment rating for loss of range of motion by comparing claimant’s post-surgical motion with that of a normal person.Therefore, it is mere speculation that the entire 14 percent resulted from claimant’s compensable injury. Without medical evidence establishing a baseline range of motion after claimant’s first surgical procedure, we cannot determine the extent, if any, of claimant’s loss of range of motion as a result of bis compensable injury. Based upon the foregoing, we affirm. Stroud, C.J., Robbins, and Neal, JJ., agree. Roaf, J., concurs. Griffen, J., dissents. Andree Layton Roaf, Judge, concurring. I agree with the that this case should be affirmed on all points. With regard to the issue on which this court is in disagreement, whether Alvin Ray White is entitled to an award for more than the two percent anatomical rating sustained during his employment with the appellee, it needs to be clearly said that we must affirm on this issue for the simple reason that the case involves only anatomical impairment. There is no evidence of any wage loss award by the Commission in the record before us, nor even any discussion of wage loss in the Commission’s opinion. As pointed out by the majority, all of the 26 percent disability awarded to White by the Commission in its first opinion was based on an anatomical rating, of which a portion was sustained during White’s previous employment in Texas, and a portion' sustained during White’s employment with the Appellee. After this court reversed, on remand, the Commission found that there was insufficient evidence to support 14 percent of this rating, and that only two percent of the proven 13 percent anatomical impairment was sustained during his employment with appellee Gregg Agricultural Enterprises. I agree that there is substantial evidence to support these findings. Consequently, under these facts, there is no issue of apportionment and no Second Injury Trust Fund liability because the fund is liable only for wage-loss benefits, not anatomical loss. Most importantly, there can be no liability to either Gregg Agricultural Enterprises or the Second Injury Trust Fund for' the anatomical loss suffered by White in his previous employment. In Weaver v. Tyson Foods, 31 Ark. App. 147, 790 S.W.2d 442 (1990), this court affirmed a decision in which the Commission found that a preexisting 15 percent anatomical impairment combined with the new 5 percent anatomical impairment rating to result in an additional 30 percent wage loss disability for a total award of 50 percent, and that there was thus Second Injury Trust Fund liability. Flowever, the Commission further found that the second employer was only responsible for the 5 percent anatomical impairment Weaver sustained while under its employ, and that the Second Injury Trust Fund was entitled to a credit for the preexisting 15 percent impairment. On appeal, Weaver objected to the credit allowed to the Second Injury Trust Fund. In affirming the Commission’s decision, this court stated: When it is determined that through the combination of a preexisting condition and a current compensable injury the claimant has sustained a disability greater than would have resulted from either of them alone, the statute provides that the claimant shall be fully compensated for his current disability. But the statute does not provide that the Second Injury Fund shall compensate the claimant for his preexisting condition. There are several obvious reasons for this. If the preexisting condition was the result of a compensable injury, the claimant has presumably already been fully compensated for it. But if the preexisting condition was from a nonwork-related injury, a congenital defect or disease process, it is not covered by the workers’ compensation law and neither the employer nor the Second Injury Fund is liable. To hold otherwise would make workers’ compensation general disability insurance. (Emphasis added.) Moreover, in Nelson v. Timberline Int’l, Inc., 332 Ark. 165, 964 S.W.2d 357 (1998), this court stated that the legislature clearly intended that “any employer who employs a handicapped or disabled worker is responsible only for such actual anatomical impairment as may result from the last injury, and the Second Injury Trust Fund is obligated to provide compensation for any greater disability that may result from a combination of injuries.” Unlike in Weaver, this case has no wage-loss component. Clearly, there can be no combination of a preexisting condition and a current compensable injury which results in a disability greater than would have resulted from either of them alone when, as in the instant case, there is no additional award of wage loss, and it matters not whether the current injury is characterized as an “aggravation” of a preexisting condition as asserted by the dissent, or a new injury. This is simple math; the current employer, Gregg Agricultural Enterprises, is liable only for the 2 percent anatomical impairment sustained by White while in its employ, and no one is liable for payment on account of the preexisting 11 percent anatomical loss. It has already been paid for by White’s previous employer. Wendell L. GRIFFEN, Judge, dissenting. Once again, the Workers’ Compensation Commission has improperly employed an Act 796 analysis to a claim that is governed by pre-Act law. Its decision awarding a 2% anatomical impairment in this case results from the same flawed “major cause” analysis that we reversed in Ellison v. Therma Tru, 66 Ark. App. 286, 989 S.W.2d 927 (1999). In addition, the Commission failed to follow the law pertaining to aggravation of preexisting conditions as stated in Bearden Lumber Co. v. Bond, 1 Ark. App. 65, 644 S.W.2d 321 (1983), and other cases arising under the law that existed in 1992. Furthermore, the Commission either forgot or simply refused to apply the law on apportionment .that has governed workers’ compensation claims involving successive disabilities and impairments for four decades, which has long been part of our Second Injury Fund statute, Arkansas Code Annotated § 11-9-525 (Repl. 1996). Because I disagree with the majority decision affirming what I consider to be a plain and recurring error, I must respectfully dissent. I. Major-Cause Analysis Like the worker in Ellison, supra, Alvin Ray White had preexisting conditions that were aggravated by a subsequent compensa-ble injury. The record shows that the preexisting problems with White’s cervical spine, although asymptomatic when White’s current claim arose, were aggravated by the work-related injury sustained in the last employment with appellee resulting in a combined permanent anatomical impairment of 27% to the body as a whole. As was true in Ellison, supra, the Commission’s employment of a “major cause” analysis is not explicit in the present case. Nowhere does the Commission use the term “major cause” or otherwise intimate that Act 796 reasoning is employed. Nonetheless, it is implicit that the Commission used a major cause analysis by its refusal to include White’s impairment attributable to his preexisting condition and thereby limiting his benefits to a 2% anatomical impairment, as is shown by the following excerpt from its opinion: As explained by the Court of Appeals in its opinion remanding our prior award of 26% impairment we must determine whether the 26% impairment rating assigned by Dr. Foster is causally related to claimant’s aggravation of his pre-existing condition while taking into consideration claimant’s pre-existing condition. The record reflects that the 13% anatomical impairment rating assigned by Dr. Foster is based upon and takes into consideration claimant’s preexisting condition. As explained by Dr. Foster 11% of the 13% rating is based upon the original two level fusion surgery. The AMA Guides only allow and Dr. Foster only assigned an additional 2% for the second surgical procedure to re-do the fusion which was required as a result of the compensable aggravation. Accordingly, we cannot find that respondent is responsible for the impairment which directly attributable to claimant’s first fusion surgery which took place prior to claimant’s compensable injury. Respondent is not liable for claimant’s original compensable injury for which he received compensation benefits in Texas as well as a lump sum settlement. Using the AMA Guides, we find that claimant did sustain and has proven entitlement to a 2% anatomical impairment rating to the body as a whole. This impairment is directly related to claimant’s compensable injury with respondent for which he underwent a second surgical procedure to refuse the C5-6 level. With regard to the functional impairment rating assigned for claimant’s loss of motion, we cannot find that claimant has proven by a preponderance of the evidence entitlement to any permanent impairment due to loss of range of motion based upon the evidence presented. The record reveals that claimant did suffer a loss of range of motion after undergoing his first surgical procedure. This is confirmed not only in the reports from claimant’s Texas physicians but also in Dr. Foster’s first examination of the claimant noting a loss of range of motion in the cervical spine. While there may have been some motion in the cervical spine due to the first fusion which failed, there is insufficient evidence in the record to determine the extent of claimant’s motion in his cervical spine prior to and subsequent to the 1993 re-do fusion which was required as a result of claimant’s compensable injury. Dr. Foster candidly admitted in his deposition that there is no way to determine based upon the evidence before him the degree of claimant’s decreased range of motion following the 1989 fusion, at the time of the 1992 compensable injury, or at the time Dr. Foster first examined claimant prior to performing the repeat fusion in June of 1993. Although the medical evidence does reveal that claimant presently has a loss of range of motion as a result of the two cervical fusion surgeries combined, we are unable to determine how much of that loss predated claimant’s compensable injury. Dr. Foster merely arrived at the 14% functional impairment rating for loss of range of motion by comparing claimant’s post-surgical motion with that of a normal person. Clearly, claimant’s cervical spine was not normal after his first surgical fusion. Therefore, it is mere speculation that the entire 14% resulted from claimant’s compensable injury. Without medical evidence establishing a baseline range of motion after claimant’s first surgical procedure, we cannot determine the extent, if any, of claimant’s loss of range of motion as a result of his compensable injury. Accordingly, we find that claimant has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence to an increase in his physical impairment rating based upon a loss of range of motion. Any finding based on loss of range of motion would be based upon speculation. Conjecture and speculation, even if plausible, cannot take the place of proof. [Citations omitted, emphasis added.] Our decision last year in Ellison, supra, invalidated similar reasoning. See 66 Ark. App. at 291-92, 989 S.W.2d at 930. While Ellison involved a dispute over the extent of a worker’s loss of capacity to earn wages and this case involves a dispute over the employer’s liability for the extent of Alvin White’s successive permanent impairments, the rationale we employed in Ellison is properly applicable now. II. Aggravation Not only did the Commission erroneously apply a major cause analysis to a pre-Act claim, it also failed to apply the law pertaining to aggravations in effect when White was injured. As in Ellison, the Commission in this case recognized that the medical evidence abundantly demonstrated the functional impairment for which Alvin White seeks to be compensated. As in Ellison, Arkansas law at the time of White’s 1992 injury did not limit permanent disability benefits “for the resultant condition only if the compensable injury is the major cause of the permanent disability or need for treatment” as currently prescribed by Ark. Code Ann. § 11-9-102(5)(F)(ii)(b). Rather, the law in effect when White suffered the compensable injury for which benefits are sought in this case provided that the employer “takes the employee as he finds him” so that employment circumstances that aggravate preexisting conditions are compensable. See Public Employee Claims Div. v. Tiner, 37 Ark. App. 23, 822 S.W.2d 2d 400 (1992); see also, Wade v. Mr. C. Cavenaugh’s, 25 Ark. App. 237, 756 S.W.2d 923 (1988); Little v. Delta Rice Mill, Inc., 11 Ark. App. 114, 667 S.W.2d 373 (1984); McGeorge Constr. Co. v. Taylor, 234 Ark. 1, 350 S.W.2d 313 (1961); McGregor & Pickett v. Arrington, 206 Ark. 921, 175 S.W.2d 210 (1943). Dr. Foster issued a report dated February 9, 1994, in which he assigned a 13% permanent anatomical impairment rating because White had undergone three spinal surgeries. Dr. Foster explicitly stated that the 13% impairment assessment “is based on an anatomical impairment rating since the patient has had three spinal surgeries for this level. This impairment rating stands regardless of any previous impairment rating.” In other words, regardless of previous assessments of White’s impairment, Dr. Foster opined that the AMA Guidelines to Evaluation of Permanent Impairment prescribed a 13% rating because White had sustained three surgeries to the area of his cervical spine involved in this claim. There is no question that the 1993 surgery performed by Dr. Foster was necessitated by White’s injury while employed by the last employer. Hence, this employer is liable for the consequences flowing from White’s injury, including his 13% impairment that he now has suffered due to three surgical insults to the affected area of his cervical spine, as well as his loss of range of motion. This result is compelled by the holding in Bearden Lumber Co. v. Bond, 7 Ark. App. 65, 644 S.W.2d 321 (1983), where our court cited Professor Larson’s treatise on workers’ compensation law as follows: In § 95.12 Larson stated the rule applicable to second medical complication cases which are “work-related” as follows: If the second injury takes the form merely of a recurrence of the first, and if the second incident does not contribute even slightly to the causation of the disabling condition, the insurer on the risk at the time of the original injury remains liable. . . . On the other hand, if the second incident contributes independently to the injury, the second insurer is solely liable, even if the injury would have been less severe in the absence of the prior condition, and even if the prior injury contributed to the major part of the final condition. This is consistent with the general principle of the compensability of the aggravation of a preexisting condition. Id. at 73, 664 S.W.2d at 325 (emphasis added). The Commission’s decision in this case is remarkably similar to the one we reversed in Ellison. Pursuant to Bearden Lumber Co., supra, we should give it the same treatment. III. Apportionment The problem presented by this case really arises from the Commission’s unchallenged failure to apportion White’s permanent impairment attributable to his last employment and the aggregate impairment attributable to that injury and his workers’ compensation injury in Texas. The answer to this problem is based on law that Arkansas courts enunciated thirty-two years before Act 796 was enacted, in McDaniel v. Hilyard Drilling Co., 233 Ark. 142, 343 S.W.2d 416 (1961), and that later made its way into our workers’ compensation statute as part of the Second Injury Fund law, found at Arkansas Code Annotated § 11-9-525 (Repl. 1996). McDaniel involved a workers’ compensation claim by a man who suffered a back injury on February 7, 1958, when he fell from a water truck. The only controversy was the amount of permanent partial disability due the worker. The employer argued that the worker was only entitled to 10% permanent partial disability due to the aggravation of the worker’s preexisting deformity of his back. Medical evidence established that the worker’s permanent partial disability was 20% to the body, with 10% attributable to the preexisting deformity that produced no symptoms before the work injury, and 10% attributable to the work injury. The Arkansas Supreme Court reversed a circuit court’s decision that affirmed the Commission’s award of 10% permanent partial disability benefits. In its decision, the supreme court addressed the apportionment issue for the first time as follows, quoting Section 59 of Volume 2, Larson’s Workmen’s Compensation Law: “Nothing is better established in compensation law than the rule that when industrial injury precipitates disability from a latent prior condition, such as heart disease, cancer, back weakness and the like, the entire disability is compensable, and except in three states having special statutes on aggravation of disease, no attempt is made to weigh the relative contribution of the accident and the pre-existing condition to the final disability. Apportionment does not apply in such cases, nor in any case in which the prior condition was not a disability in the compensation sense ... To be apportionable then, an impairment must have been independently producing some degree of disability before the accident, and must be continuing to operate as a source of disability after the accident.” We agree with the logic of the general rule relative to apportionment as set forth above from Larson, and inasmuch as this is a case of first impression in Arkansas, we adopt it as our own. Arkansas is not one of the three states referred to by Dean Larson as “having special statutes on aggravation of disease.” Id. at 233 Ark. 147-148, 343 S.W.2d at 419 (emphasis added). Thus, apportionment is only proper where an impairment independently produces some degree of disability before the accident, and continues to operate as a source of disability after the accident. In Chicago Mill & Lbr. Co. v. Greer, 270 Ark. 672, 606 S.W.2d 72 (1980), the supreme court held that the apportionment statute was amended by Act 253 of 1979 to provide that the Second Injury Fund would be liable for any disability above that attributable to the last employer. In Harrison Furniture et al. v. Chrobak, 2 Ark. App. 364, 620 S.W.2d 955 (1981), our court reversed and remanded a case to the Commission so that a worker’s disability could be apportioned between his employer and the Second Injury Fund for disability resulting from a prior injury where the prior injury consisted of a withered left hand, arm and leg attributable to a congenital condition. Thus, it is plain that the supreme court had firmly established the law when Alvin White’s claim arose that where a worker suffered from a preexisting impairment or disability and sustained a subsequent work-related injury that increased that impairment or disability, the second employer was only responsible for that portion of the disability or impairment created by the second accident. See International Paper Co. v. Remley, 256 Ark. 7, 505 S.W.2d 219 (1974). Had the Commission properly applied the apportionment law, it would have held the Second Injury Fund liable for all impairment beyond that attributable to the last injury. It is undisputed in this case that White’s preexisting impairment to his cervical spine independently produced disability before the last injury. Dr. Foster’s testimony was uncontradicted that the preexisting impairment continued and was aggravated by the last injury. Hence, the apportionment principle should have governed this case. However, the Second Injury Fund was absolved from liability. Neither party has appealed the Commission’s decision that absolved the Second Injury Fund from liability. Apparently, White chose to challenge the Commission’s decision by arguing that it violated the law of the case. I agree with the majority that this challenge is unwarranted because, as the majority opinion correctly observes, the extent of White’s permanent impairment was not adjudicated when this claim was previously litigated. If the Second Injury Fund had not been absolved of its liability, the burden would have been on appellee and the Second Injury Fund, not appellant, to prove what portion of his impairment was due to his second injury. But the Commission’s decision absolving the Fund of liability must now mean that the employer is “solely liable” for the combined effect of White’s preexisting condition and his injury sustained while in its employment, and not merely that portion of his impairment that is due to his second injury. Because the Commission resorted to the “major cause” analysis of Act 796 rather than the proper legal standard prescribed by Bearden Lumber Co. v. Bond, supra, when it absolved the Fund from liability, I do not understand why the majority now affirms the Commission’s failure to hold the employer “solely liable” for White’s combined permanent impairment produced after his preexisting condition .was unquestionably aggravated by the subsequent compensable injury. It is true that Dr. Foster could not apportion White’s functional loss of range of motion between his Texas work injuries and the injury sustained in the last employment. But Dr. Foster plainly testified that the last injury aggravated White’s preexisting condition. Hence, there is no evidentiary justification for denying White workers’ compensation benefits for the combined effect of the successive impairments. Arkansas law governing this claim plainly made the last employer “solely liable” for the full extent of the injury suffered in its employment even if that injury and its ffect would have been less severe had no previous injury and disability occurred. See Bearden Lumber Co. v. Bond, supra. Moreover, a previous determination of total disability and the fact that he received workers’ compensation benefits did not make White less entitled to compensation for combined disabilities or impairments after he later managed to return to work. See Davis v. Stearn-Rogers Const. Co., supra. I would reverse the Commission’s 2% permanent partial disability award and remand the case to the Commission with instructions that it enter an award against the employer for 27% permanent anatomical impairment (13% based on Dr. Foster’s 1994 report plus the 14% impairment for loss of range of motion), and for such additional proceedings as may be necessary. Second Injury Fund was a party to the case before the administrative law judge on the issue of temporary total disability. However, neither party appealed the finding by the law judge absolving the Second Injury Fund of liability, so we do not consider it to be a party on appeal. It did file a brief, but none of the parties argue Second Injury Fund’s liability in this case on appeal. This is ascertainable despite the less than helpful abstract submitted by appellant, which failed to include the medical records from appellant’s Texas workers’ compensation injury as well as numerous other medical records that would have shed more light on the issues before us. The supreme court again applied the apportionment principle announced in Hily-ard when it decided Wilson Hargett Const. Co. v. Holmes, 235 Ark. 698, 361 S.W.2d 634 (1962). Arkansas eventually made the Hilyard standard part of our workers’ compensation statute at Arkansas Statutes Annotated § 81-1313(f)(2)(h) (Repl. 1960 and Supp. 1969). The supreme court applied the statute to a claim of successive disabilities in Davis v. Stearns-Rogers Const. Co., 248 Ark. 344, 451 S.W.2d 469 (1970). In Death and Permanent Total Disability Trust Fund v. Whirlpool Corp., 39 Ark. App. 62, 837 S.W.2d 293 (1992), Judge James Cooper of our court observed that the apportionment statute was omitted “improperly or erroneously” from the Arkansas Code of 1987 but remained in effect pursuant to Ark. Code Ann. § 1-2-103(b) (1987). It is now part of our law at Arkansas Code Annotated § 11-9-525(b)(1)-(4) (Kepi. 1996). The Davis court stated: The capacities of a human being cannot be arbitrarily and finally divided and written off by percentages. The fact that a man has once received compensation as for 50 percent of total disability does not mean that ever after he is in the eyes of compensation law but half a man, so that he can never again receive a compensation award going beyond the other 50 percent of total. After having received his prior payments, he may, in future years, be able to resume gainful employment. In the words of the Colorado court, he may have resumed employment as a ‘working unit’. If so, there is no reason why a disability which would bring anyone else total permanent disability benefits should yield him only half as much. Id., 248 Ark. at 347-49, 451 S.W. 2d at 471-72 (emphasis added).	CASELAW
Missing and mysterious new flows #1 When I just logged into my node-red server, some of my flows are missing and I see a ton of new random flows that that all look like the below. Any idea what's going on here? 0 Likes Have I got a virus in Node-red? #2 Nevermind ... I just noticed this post. Crypto Miner Abuse/Malware 0 Likes #3 @johntalbott 1. is your NR device connected to the internet? 2. What is the device? 3. did you add any contrib nodes lately? Just want to make sure that none of the nodes are corrupt 0 Likes #4 Also, did you have AdminAuth set. ie. Did you secure your interface with a password? 0 Likes #5 You can see from the screenshot that adminAuth is not enabled - there's no usermenu in the title bar. 1 Like #6 Good and valid point I think!!! Who is checking that? Or could anyone just create a set of 'contrib' nodes and publish/share them without them undergoing some kind of investigation? If so • would it make sense to introduce such revision & control • what kind of "bad things" could such a set of nodes achieve in worst case? I read somewhere in this forum, there are multiple Q&A's about flows/nodes being packaged, distributed and self-deployed. Is that such a threat that needs deeper thoughts and eventual protection? If it is possible to embed some kind of malicious code into the node code, at I get a bit scared about that since until today I did not consider installing nodes via the palett manager as a possible security risk. Some thoughts from those knowing better is very much appreciated... 0 Likes #7 The only known issue right now is the cryptominer hack and that is a straightforward entry into an incorrectly secured instance of Node-RED exposed to the Internet. In terms of Nodes themselves, there are some risks associated with the use of GitHub and npm but in general, as long as you have properly secured both, it is very unlikely that you will ever see an issue here. Both are such big targets with far more juicy options than a Node-RED node. They are well monitored and protected. In short, only install nodes where you can have some confidence that they are from a reputable source. Check on the flows site to see how long they've been around and how people are rating them and the authors. There are also tools on the web that will review npm modules for security issues if you are not sure. I use them to monitor my own nodes, for example, so that I know if a dependent library has an issue. It is, of course possible to write a script that will auto-install a rogue node and restart NR. Someone would still need to hack your platform and get that script run. If they can do that then there are too many ways to count to hack your system. Now you can see why we recommend keeping Node-RED away from the Internet unless you really know what you are doing. But let's be clear, although I've repeatedly said that Node-RED has not be security certified in any way, it is a solid piece of software running over Node.JS and using some very widely-used and robust tools. There are plenty of ways to secure Node.JS services. It could be argued that Node-RED, being a generic programming platform, might be more open to hacking than some systems. This might be true but not by any problematic margin in my view. Bottom line is that, if you have a platform that can be reached - even indirectly - from the Internet, you need to learn how to secure it. If connecting directly, you will need to learn more. If doing so for profit or on behalf of others, please consider getting a professional security expert (or team) to at least do penetration testing on the whole environment. Don't be scared but do be sensible. 1 Like #8 Dear Julian, thanks for a very informative answer! For sure, I have all my Pi's and other computers isolated from internet. My worries were more related to "what could be caused by myself" when actively deciding to download & install nodes At the same time, as you said, be careful when selecting what you actually "bring home" I assume it would be way to far to wish having a kind of certification of each node set before it can be shared (like apps are, or should be!??, certified by Apple & Google before they are available in Apple Store and Google Play) So far, so good, no mysterious flows found here! Kind regards, Walter 0 Likes #9 We simply don't have the resources to do the sort of testing and verification that would entail. 0 Likes #10 A nice wish to be sure. But unless Node.JS and npm change quite dramatically, unlikely I'm afraid. In any case, that requires a cast of thousands to review apps and the Google Play Store in particular is notorious at getting it wrong and allowing thousands of rogue apps through. So no easy fix I'm afraid. Having said that, at least we have some feedback tools on the flows site now so please do go through and support the nodes you rely on so others know which can be relied on. 0 Likes #11 1. Yes (I locked down by incoming IP after this occurred) 2. Windows VM in Azure 3. I just started using Node-Red and installed a number of contrib nodes. I have installed: 0 Likes #12 I also had installed node-red-node-swagger-ddm. I believe the day this occurred, it was throwing errors when I opened the admin UI so I removed it. 0 Likes #13 I've had a lot of disk IO since installing node-red & nodejs on 9/8/2018. Especially the day I created this thread which aligns with the big spike (39.4 GB). image It appears I need to scrap this VM which is zero fun. 0 Likes #14 This is where your DevOps skills come into play :wink: While a pain to do the first time round, using a build tool to set up and configure your VM enables you to rebuild it very quickly by running a script. 0 Likes	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Stansbury (surname) Stansbury is a surname. Notable people with the surname include: * Ele Stansbury (1861–1929), American politician * Elijah Stansbury Jr. (1791–1883), American politician and soldier * Howard Stansbury (1806–1863), U.S. Army Corps of Topographical Engineers officer, and leader of the Stansbury Expedition to Utah in 1851 * Jack Stansbury (1885–1970), American baseball player * John Stansbury (1788–1814), American naval officer * Melanie Stansbury (born 1979), American politician and scientist * Rick Stansbury (born 1959), American college basketball coach * Terence Stansbury (born 1961), American basketball player * Tiffany Stansbury (born 1983), American basketball player * Timothy Stansbury, New York City teenager shot dead by a police officer in 2004 * Todd Stansbury, Canadian–American athlete and university sports administrator * William B. Stansbury (1923–1985), mayor of Louisville, Kentucky, US * Fictional characters * Cheryl Stansbury, fictional character on the ABC soap opera General Hospital	WIKI
A Singleton Configuration Class in Python Posted in Python permalink Overview In this post we cover a strategy for managing configurations for programs using a Singleton pattern to create a static Config class. This allows the user to create an instance of the Config class, pointing it to a specific config file, which it loads into memory. The Config class provides several static methods for accessing configuration options from the config file. Here's an example of its usage: Config('/path/to/config.json') if Config.get_foo() == "bar": do_stuff() The principle is to define one configuration file location, and be done with it. The configuration file is JSON formatted, but the pattern can be adapted to use any format. The Config class can also be used to wrap and process both variables in the configuration file and environment variables. The Config class implements a separation of concerns by only processing top-level configuration variable options, and leaving more detailed configuration file parsing to the classes that need it. This allows for more flexible config files. The Singleton Pattern The Singleton pattern involves the use of instance variables, which the variables _CONFIG_FILE and _CONFIG are. These are shared across all instances of class Config and can be accessed via Config._CONFIG_FILE, etc. The location of the config file can be set in the constructor, or can be provided via the CONFIG_FILE environment variable. The config class also provides a method for accessing environment variables that are required by the Config class, and raising a custom exception if it is not present. The constructor starts by checking that the configuration file exists, then loads the configuration file into memory (at Config._CONFIG as a dictionary): class Config(object): ######################### # Begin Singleton Section ######################### _CONFIG_FILE: typing.Optional[str] = None _CONFIG: typing.Optional[dict] = None def __init__(self, config_file = None): if config_file is None: config_file = Config.get_required_env_var("CONFIG_FILE") # Check that specified config file exists assert os.path.exists(config_file) # Use singleton pattern to store config file location/load config once Config._CONFIG_FILE = config_file with open(config_file, 'r') as f: Config._CONFIG = json.load(f) @staticmethod def get_config_file() -> str: return Config._CONFIG_FILE @staticmethod def get_required_env_var(envvar: str) -> str: if envvar not in os.environ: raise ConfigException(f"Please set the {envvar} environment variable") return os.environ[envvar] Aside from the constructor, every method in the Config class is a @staticmethod or a @classmethod. Get Variable Functions We add two additional methods to get configuration variables: one to get variables from the config file, one to get environment variables. Here they are: class Config(object): ... @staticmethod def get_required_env_var(envvar: str) -> str: if envvar not in os.environ: raise Exception("Please set the {envvar} environment variable") return os.environ[envvar] @staticmethod def get_required_config_var(configvar: str) -> str: assert Config._CONFIG if configvar not in Config._CONFIG: raise Exception(f"Please set the {configvar} variable in the config file {Config._CONFIG_FILE}") return Config._CONFIG[configvar] We saw the get_required_env_var()function in action in the constructor. Theget_required_config_var()` can be useful for config variables that are dependent on other config variables. Config Functions Continuing with the Config class defined above, we now define methods that implement logic for specific configuration variables. Here are two example config variables. The variable foo is set using the configuration file. The configuration file is a dictionary, meaning it consists of key-value pairs, so the variable foo is set by the value corresponding to the foo key in the config file. For example, using the following simple configuration file: { "foo": "hello world" } if the Config class is initialized with that configuration file, Config.get_foo_var() will return the string hello world. Similarly, the barvariable is set using the environment variable BAR. If the BAR variable is not set, the program will raise an exception when Config.get_bar_var() is called. class Config(object): ...see singleton section above... ############################# # Begin Configuration Section ############################# _FOO: typing.Optional[str] = None _BAR: typing.Optional[str] = None @classmethod def get_foo_var(cls) -> str: """Example variable that is set in the config file (preferred)""" if cls._FOO is None: cls._FOO = Config.get_required_config_var('foo') return cls._FOO @classmethod def get_bar_var(cls) -> str: """Example variable that is set via env var (not preferred)""" if cls._BAR is None: cls._BAR = Config.get_required_env_var('BAR') return cls._BAR @classmethod def get_wuz(cls) -> str: if cls._WUZ is None: if 'wuz' not in cls._CONFIG: cls._WUZ = Config.get_required_env_var('WUZ') else: cls._WUZ = cls._CONFIG['wuz'] if not os.path.isdir(cls._WUZ): raise Exception(f"Error: Path {cls._WUZ} is not a directory") return cls._WUZ The wuz variable, in this example, is a variable that can be set with a config file variable, or (if it is not present in the config file) with an environment variable. The wuz variable msut also be a path, so there is logic for checking whether the path exists. Reset method It can be useful to clear out an existing config file in order to load a new config file - specifically, when testing. Here we define a reset() method that clears out variable values. We will show an example of how to use the reset() method below. @classmethod def reset(cls) -> None: cls._CONFIG_FILE = None cls._CONFIG = None cls._FOO = None cls._BAR = None cls._WUZ = None This could be done more gracefully by iterating over each attribute of the Config class and only nullifying those attributes whose variable name matches the given pattern (start with an underscore, only contain capital letters and underscores) using a regular expression. Creating a configuration context manager To make tests more convenient, we define a context manager that takes a dictionary as an input. The context manager creates a temporary file with the contents of that dictionary, and resets the Config class using the temporary file as the new config file. This allows tests to be written using different configurations on the fly, very useful when testing different configuration options: cfg = {"peanut_butter": "jelly"} with TempConfig(cfg) as config_file: print(f"Temporary configuration file is at {config_file}") val = Config.get_required_config_var("peanut_butter") assert val=="jelly" Here is the context manager class to temporarily replace the configuration wrapped by the Config class: class TempConfig(object): """ Temporarily patch the Config class to use the config dictionary specified in the constructor. """ def __init__(self, config_dict, args, kwargs): """This is the step that's run when object constructed""" super().__init__() # This is the temp configuration the user specified self.config_dict = config_dict # Make a temp dir for our temp config file self.temp_dir = tempfile.mkdtemp() # Make a temp config file _, self.temp_json = tempfile.mkstemp(suffix=".json", dir=self.temp_dir) # Set the wuz variable to the temporary directory self.config_dict['wuz'] = self.temp_dir def __enter__(self, args, *kwargs): """This is what's returned to the "as X" portion of the context manager""" self._write_config(self.temp_json, json.dumps(self.config_dict)) # Re-init Config with new config file Config(self.temp_json) return self.temp_json def __exit__(self, args, *kwargs): """ Close the context and clean up; the args are needed in case there is an exception (we don't deal with those here) """ # Delete temp file os.unlink(self.temp_json) # Delete temp dir shutil.rmtree(self.temp_dir) # Reset all config variables Config.reset() def _write_config(self, target: str, contents: str): """Utility method: write string contents to config file""" with open(target, "w") as f: f.write(contents) Next steps That's it for now. This singleton configuration class is being written into a new version of centillion, which will be centillion version 2.0. This is still a pull request in a centillion fork, though, so it's a work in progress. Stay tuned! Tags: python programming patterns design patterns registry computer science	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
UNITED STATES, Appellee v. Dwayne K. BROWN, Specialist U.S. Army, Appellant. No. 95-0376. Crim.App. No. 9100880. U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces. Argued March 25, 1996. Decided Sept. 30, 1996. For Appellant: Captain Matthew A. Myers (argued); Lieutenant Colonel Michael L. Walters (on brief). For Appellee: Captain John W. O’Brien (argued); Colonel John M. Smith and Lieutenant Colonel Eva M. Novak (on brief). Judge William W. Wilkins, Jr., of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, sitting by designation pursuant to Article 142(f), Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 942(f).. Opinion CRAWFORD, Judge: Contrary to his pleas, appellant, a member of the Third Battalion, 156th Infantry Regiment (Mechanized), was convicted of conspiracy to organize a strike, “organiz[ing] and attempt[ing] to organize” a strike, and soliciting soldiers to strike in violation of Articles 81 and 184, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC §§ 881 and 934, respectively. The convening authority approved the sentence of a dishonorable discharge, confinement for 1 year, total forfeitures, and reduction to the lowest enlisted grade. The Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the findings and sentence. 41 MJ 504 (1994). We granted review of the following issues: I WHETHER THE FEDERAL ANTI-UNION STATUTE, TITLE 10, UNITED STATES CODE, SECTION 976, IS FATALLY OVERBROAD IN VIOLATION OF THE FIRST AMENDMENT BOTH FACIALLY AND AS APPLIED TO APPELLANT. II WHETHER THE FINDINGS AND SENTENCE MUST BE SET ASIDE AND THE CHARGES DISMISSED BECAUSE THE ATMOSPHERE OF UNLAWFUL COMMAND INFLUENCE IN THIS CASE EFFECTIVELY PREVENTED BG SOLOMON FROM EXERCISING UNFETTERED AND INDEPENDENT DISCRETION IN DISPOSING OF APPELLANT’S CASE. We decide both issues against appellant. FACTS — ISSUE I In November 1990, appellant was a member of the Louisiana National Guard which was mobilized for Desert Shield/Desert Storm and deployed to Fort Hood, Texas. In January 1991, the Iraqi leader Sadam Hussein was notorious for threatening that his forces would use nuclear, chemical, and biological warheads, and was predicting that much blood would be shed by the Allies. See, e.g., Rich Atkinson and Barton Gehlman, Iraq Trying to Shelter Jets in Iran, U.S. Says, Wash. Post, Jan. 29, 1991, at A4; Hussein warns Iraq may employ ‘equitable’ arms, Baltimore Sun, Jan. 29, 1991, at A1; Peter Honey, Shift to ground war likely to prompt Iraqi use of chemical arms, Baltimore Sun, Jan. 29,1991, at A1. On February 3,1991, after the air war had started, appellant met in the barracks with several other soldiers. They discussed their concerns and organized a battalion-wide meeting on February 5 to consider their complaints concerning living conditions, long hours, inadequate time off, pay problems, and perceived poor leadership. Appellant did not attend the battalion-wide meeting because of guard duty. He subsequently joined the group of soldiers from the meeting and arranged for charter bus transportation from Fort Hood to back home. They also agreed that they would alert the media and publicize their complaints. There had been two previous meetings by these soldiers. Their plans to go home were interrupted when Brigade Commander Colonel Catalano decided to meet with the soldiers. He stood on top of a Bradley Fighting Vehicle and addressed the soldiers about their concerns. He urged them not to go home and stressed that by staying and training, they would have their best chance to survive in combat. When the bus company was told about what was happening, they canceled the charter bus that was to have taken the soldiers home. After he addressed the soldiers, Colonel Catalano was informed that a number of them were still unhappy. After the discussion with Colonel Catalano, appellant arranged for another meeting with approximately 40 soldiers. At that time, he made arrangements for another soldier to drive a truck to take the soldiers to the bus the next morning, not knowing that the bus trip had been canceled. He then left the meeting to inquire why soldiers from other companies had not attended. As a result of his actions, appellant was charged with a violation of 10 USC § 976, which provides: (c) It shall be unlawful for any person— (3) to organize or attempt to organize, or participate in, any strike, picketing, march, demonstration, or other similar form of concerted action involving members of the armed forces that is directed against the Government of the United States and that is intended to induce any civilian officer or employee, or any member of the armed forces, to— (C) make any change with respect to the terms or conditions of service in the armed forces of individual members of the armed forces; ... (g) Nothing in the section will limit the right of any member of the armed forces— (1) to join or maintain membership in any organization or association not constituting a “military labor organization” (2) to present complaints or grievances concerning the terms or conditions of the service of such member in the armed forces in accordance with established military procedures; (3) to seek or receive information or counseling from any source; (4) to be represented by counsel in any legal or quasi-legal proceeding, in accordance with applicable laws and regulations; (5) to petition Congress for redress of grievances; or (6) to take such other administrative action to seek such administrative or judicial relief, as is authorized by applicable laws and regulations. The defense challenges the statute as being vague and overly broad and, as applied, interfering with appellant’s First Amendment freedom of association and speech. The Court of Criminal Appeals found that the statute, as applied in this case, is a “reasonable effort to limit impermissible bargaining activities between soldiers and then-commanders.” 41 MJ at 509. The court noted that appellant was not charged with anything related to the content of the meetings. Id. The court also found it “obvious” from the face of the statute that its goal was to prohibit traditional labor relations actions within the military. Id. at 509-10. The court further found that, although there may be some imprecision in the sweep of the statute, “there is no possibility that the appellant was surprised to learn” that it was against the law to conspire to organize a walk out or attempt to see the walk out through to completion. Id. at 510. The court then held that, even if the statute could be applied to constitutionally protected activity, courts have traditionally construed statutes to avoid an overbroad reach. 41 MJ at 510. DISCUSSION — ISSUE I Congress has been vested with the responsibility under Article I, section 8, clause 14, of the Constitution for establishing rules for the regulation of the land and naval forces. The Supreme Court has recognized that Congress, in performing its role in making these regulations, is entitled to deference in its exercise of the “plenary control over rights, duties, and responsibilities in the framework of the Military Establishment, including regulations, procedures, and remedies related to military discipline.” Chappell v. Wallace, 462 U.S. 296, 301, 103 S.Ct. 2362, 2366, 76 L.Ed.2d 586 (1983). This Court has been sensitive to performing its obligation and ensuring First and Sixth Amendment rights of servieemembers. But we are mindful that [jjudges are not given the task of running the Army____ The military constitutes a specialized community governed by a separate discipline from that of the civilian. Orderly government requires that the judiciary be as scrupulous not to interfere with legitimate Army matters as the Army must be scrupulous not to intervene in judicial matters. Orloff v. Willoughby, 345 U.S. 83, 93-94, 73 S.Ct. 534, 540, 97 L.Ed. 842 (1953). In Chappell v. Wallace, supra at 302, 103 S.Ct. at 2366, citing Gilligan v. Morgan, 413 U.S. 1, 10, 93 S.Ct. 2440, 2446, 37 L.Ed.2d 407 (1973), the Supreme Court commented: “[I]t is difficult to conceive of an area of governmental activity in which the courts have less competence. The complex, subtle, and professional decisions as to the ... eontrol of a military force are essentially professional military judgments.” Sixth Amendment — Notice The Sixth Amendment to the Constitution provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right ... to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation[.]” Fairness requires appropriate notice that the act would be criminal. The Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment also demands that a statute not be so vague or overbroad that one cannot determine its meaning. See, e.g., Osborne v. Ohio, 495 U.S. 103, 110 S.Ct. 1691, 109 L.Ed.2d 98 (1990); Lanzetta v. New Jersey, 306 U.S. 451, 59 S.Ct. 618, 83 L.Ed. 888 (1939); Parker v. Levy, 417 U.S. 733, 94 S.Ct. 2547, 41 L.Ed.2d 439 (1974); United States v. Boyett, 42 M.J. 150 (1995); United States v. Dear, 40 MJ 196 (CMA 1994). This is especially true when viewed in light of First Amendment protections. Similar charges of vagueness and over-breadth were made in Parker v. Levy, supra (implicit in Levy that Article 133, UCMJ, 10 USC § 933, was not constitutionally infirm because of no intent requirement). There, Captain Howard Levy, a physician training Special Forces aide personnel, had made a number of anti-war statements to patients and enlisted personnel while on duty. Additionally, he had urged servicemembers to refuse to fight in Vietnam. He was charged, inter alia, with conduct unbecoming an officer and conduct prejudicial to good order and discipline. The Court of Appeals held that Articles 133 and 134 as applied were unconstitutional. Levy v. Parker, 478 F.2d 772, 789-90 (3d Cir.1973). The opinion below suggested that the Articles were overly broad. Id. at 794-95. The Supreme Court recognized that, in examining a statute under “the vagueness doctrine,” there is a requirement of “more precision” when the case involves “regulation of expression.” 417 U.S. at 756, 94 S.Ct. at 2561. “Void for vagueness simply means that criminal responsibility should not attach where one could not reasonably understand that his contemplated conduct is proscribed.” Id. at 757, 94 S.Ct. at 2562, citing United States v. Harriss, 347 U.S. 612, 617, 74 S.Ct. 808, 812, 98 L.Ed. 989 (1954). Another case involving First Amendment rights and overbreadth is Avrech v. Secretary of the Navy, 477 F.2d 1237, 1240 (D.C.Cir.1973), rev’d, 418 U.S. 676, 94 S.Ct. 3039, 41 L.Ed.2d 1033 (1974). While in Vietnam, Avrech typed up a stencil critical of America’s involvement in the war. He requested permission to duplicate his stencil, but his immediate supervisor denied him permission and turned the stencil over to authorities. He was convicted by court-martial of attempting to publish his statement, which was “disloyal to the United States,” with the intention of promoting “disloyalty and disaffection among the troops.” 477 F.2d at 1239. A Federal District Court rejected his contentions that his conviction was unconstitutional and that Article 134 was overbroad in violation of the First Amendment and vague in violation of the Fifth Amendment. The Court of Appeals reversed the District Court decision. Retired Supreme Court Justice Tom Clark found it unnecessary to address the overbreadth claim but said that the statute, as applied, was vague. Justice Clark said that the statute was void for vagueness if its wording was so indefinite that a reasonable person would have to guess as to its meaning. Then, applying civilian specificity standards, he found Article 134 void for vagueness. He rejected the government argument that the military cases furnished a saving but narrow construction of Article 134’s scope. 477 F.2d at 1241-44. The Government then sought review in the United States Supreme Court. Over the dissents of three Justices, the Court issued a per curiam decision reversing the Court of Appeals, citing Parker v. Levy, supra. See Avrech, 418 U.S. at 678, 94 S.Ct. at 3040. Like Levy and Avrech, there should be little doubt that appellant’s organizing battalion-unde meetings to discuss living conditions, long hours, and inadequate time off, then arranging for transportation home would be improper. Cf. United States v. Howe, 17 USCMA 165, 37 CMR 429 (1967) (upheld 2LT Howe’s conviction for conduct unbecoming an officer by participating in civilian clothes in a public demonstration off post carrying a sign urging “end Johnson’s Facist agression [sic] in Vietnam”); Culver v. Secretary of the Air Force, 559 F.2d 622, 630 (D.C.Cir.1977) (held service regulation did not violate First Amendment in prohibiting Air Force member from participating in a demonstration in London). In fact, had appellant not been charged under Article 134 with violating 10 USC § 976, but just charged with conduct that was prejudicial to good order and discipline, there would be no question that such an allegation would not be vague or a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. Thus, we agree with Chief Judge Cox’s separate opinion. An alternative ground for upholding appellant’s conviction would be to affirm the conviction for an offense “closely related” to the offense charged. See, e.g. United States v. Hoskins, 29 MJ 402, 405 (CMA 1990); United States v. Epps, 25 MJ 319, 323 (CMA 1987). While there might be a few situations in which the statute might be invalidly applied, there are a number of circumstances where it could “be validly applied” without suffering from “overbreadth” which is so “substantial” that it interferes with First Amendment rights. Levy, 417 U.S. at 760, 94 S.Ct. at 2563. First Amendment — Freedom of Speech and Association In the civilian community, there are certain categories of speech not protected by the First Amendment: obscenity, Roth v. United States, 354 U.S. 476, 77 S.Ct. 1304, 1 L.Ed.2d 1498 (1957); fighting words, Cohen v. California, 403 U.S. 15, 91 S.Ct. 1780, 29 L.Ed.2d 284 (1971); and dangerous speech, Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire, 315 U.S. 568, 62 S.Ct. 766, 86 L.Ed. 1031 (1942). “Fighting words” are “those which by their very utterance inflict injury or tend to incite an immediate breach of the peace.” Chaplinsky, supra at 572, 62 S.Ct. at 769. In order to be fighting words, the words must constitute a direct personal insult. Cohen v. California, supra. Are there fighting words left? In Buffkins v. City of Omaha, Douglas County, Nebraska, 922 F.2d 465, 472 (8th Cir.1990), the Court held that calling a police officer an “asshole” was not considered fighting words. The test for dangerous speech in the civilian community is whether speech presents a clear and present danger. “The question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree.” Schenck v. United States, 249 U.S. 47, 52, 39 S.Ct. 247, 249, 63 L.Ed. 470 (1919). In Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U.S. 444, 447, 89 S.Ct. 1827, 1829, 23 L.Ed.2d 430 (1969), the Court defined “clear and present danger” as extending to incidents “directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action ... likely to incite or produce such action.” The test in the military is whether the speech interferes with or prevents the orderly accomplishment of the mission or presents a clear danger to loyalty, discipline, mission, or morale of the troops. See, e.g., United States v. Hartwig, 39 MJ 125, 128 (CMA 1994); United States v. Priest, 21 USCMA 564, 570, 45 CMR 338, 344 (1972). This is a lower standard not requiring “an intent to incite” or an “imminent” danger. There are competing values and interests in a free society. A fundamental right in such a society is freedom of speech and association protected by the First Amendment. The right to express ideas is essential to a democratic government. McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, 514 U.S. 334, 115 S.Ct. 1511, 131 L.Ed.2d 426 (1995) (the Court held that Ohio’s requirement of self-identification of campaign literature is an unconstitutional limitation of free speech). Both military servicemembers and civilians have the right to criticize the Government and to express ideas to influence the body politic. But the right of free speech is not absolute. Kingsley Books, Inc. v. Brown, 354 U.S. 436,441, 77 S.Ct. 1325,1328, 1 L.Ed.2d 1469 (1957); see 405 U.S. LII. There is a difference between the rights of a civilian and the rights of a servieemember. Cf. United States v. McCreight, 43 MJ 483, 486 (1996). The same concept was articulated earlier by the Supreme Court in Levy, 417 U.S. at 758, 94 S.Ct. at 2563: “The fundamental necessity for obedience, and the consequent necessity for imposition of discipline, may render permissible within the military that which would be constitutionally impermissible outside it.” In a democratic society there is competition between security and democracy. These may be balanced, but there are both international and domestic implications to be considered in determining such a balance. To ensure an adequate discussion of the competing interests, servicemembers as well as the public in general have a right to voice their views so long as it does not impact on discipline, morale, esprit de corps, and civilian supremacy. The countervailing government interest in maintaining discipline, morale, esprit de corps, and civilian supremacy has been addressed in the past. Discipline. As this Court stated in Priest, 21 USCMA at 569-70, 45 CMR at 343-44: First Amendment rights of civilians and members of the armed forces are not necessarily coextensive, but, in speech eases, our national reluctance to inhibit free expression dictates that the connection between the statements or publications involved and their effect on military discipline be closely examined. The weighing of First Amendment considerations within the military is such that “the right of free speech in the armed services is not unlimited and must be brought into balance with the paramount consideration of providing an effective fighting force for the defense of our Country.” Priest, 21 USCMA at 570, 45 CMR at 344. In Levy, 417 U.S. at 744,94 S.Ct. at 2556, the Court repeated this observation from In re Grimley, 137 U.S. 147, 153, 11 S.Ct. 54, 55, 34 L.Ed. 636 (1890): “An army is not a deliberative body. It is the executive arm. Its law is that of obedience. No question can be left open as to the right to command in the officer, or the duty of obedience in the soldier.” The military may restrict the soldier’s right to free speech in peace time because speech may “undermine the effectiveness of response to command.” 417 U.S. at 759, 94 S.Ct. at 2563. In Goldman v. Weinberger, 475 U.S. 503, 507, 106 S.Ct. 1310, 1313, 89 L.Ed.2d 478 (1986) the Supreme Court stated: “[T]o accomplish its mission the military must foster instinctive obedience, unity, commitment, and esprit de corps.” Because of the hostile environment faced by servicemembers, there must be an instinctive obedience to orders from superiors. This instinct must be internalized to accomplish the military mission of protecting the nation to deter war, and if necessary, to successfully fight wars. The interest in maintaining good order and discipline has few counterparts in the civilian community. Thus, Courts will “not overturn a conviction unless it is clearly apparent that, in the face of a First Amendment claim, the military lacks a legitimate interest in proscribing the defendant’s conduct.” Avrech v. Secretary of the Navy, 520 F.2d 100,103 (D.C.Cir.1975). Military Mission. In addition to responsiveness to orders and the need for discipline, we will also examine the military mission. As to the mission of the military, Senator Nunn stated: The primary mission of the armed forces is to defend our national interests by preparing for and, when necessary, waging war, using coercive and lethal force. Responsibility for the awesome machinery of war requires a degree of training, discipline, and unit cohesion that has no parallel in civilian society. The armed forces must develop traits of character, patterns of behavior, and standards of performance during peacetime in order to ensure the effective application and control of force in combat. Members of the armed forces are subject to disciplinary rules and military orders, twenty-four hours a day, regardless of whether they are actually performing a military duty. Military service is a unique calling. It is more than a job. Our nation asks the men and women of the armed forces to make extraordinary sacrifices to provide for the common defense. While civilians remain secure in their homes, with broad freedom to live where and with whom they choose, members of the armed forces may be assigned, involuntarily, to any place in the world, often on short notice, often to places of grave danger, often in the most spartan and primitive conditions. Nunn, The Fundamental Principles of the Supreme Court’s Jurisprudence in Military Cases, 29 Wake Forest L.Rev. 557, 558 (1994), reprinted in The Army Lawyer 27, 28 (DA PAM 27-50-266) (Jan. 95). Civilian supremacy. The purpose of our military is to defend our national security as well as to project power as a part of our national strategy in international polities. This rationale must recognize the supremacy of civilian authority over military authority. Foreign policy and the projection of force is the function of the Executive and Legislative Branches. The heart of a free society depends upon national security and the ability to project power worldwide. Servicemembers are sworn to protect our national security. The security of the United States is dependent upon international order. The role the United States plays in international politics will determine the security of the nation, particularly with the shift in distribution of power after the Cold War. There is always a political question as to exactly what extent the United States should use its military force. Because of the political debate over the United States’ role in international politics, the supremacy of civilian authority is essential. Continuity of power and the distribution of use of power may determine not only the security interests of the United States but also of many other nations. The imposition of force will depend on motivation, attitudes, and the internal composition of the domestic structure of the United States. In one sense, a nation’s security is not only dependent upon its reputation for power, but its willingness to project power to preserve peace. Peace and power are not mutually exclusive but may be considered as part of a continuum. The military must be subordinate to its civilian superiors. This does not mean that servieemembers may not express their views. However, they do not have an absolute right to express their views. “[F]reedom of expression upon public questions is secured by the First Amendment.” The right to freedom of speech “was fashioned to assure unfettered interchange of ideas for the bringing about of political and social changes desired by the people.” New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U.S. 254, 269, 84 S.Ct. 710, 720, 11 L.Ed.2d 686 (1964). In fact “public discussion is a political duty.” Id. at 270, 84 S.Ct. at 720, quoting Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357, 375-76, 47 S.Ct. 641, 648, 71 L.Ed. 1095 (1927) (Brandéis, J., concurring). To carry out this duty and exercise this right, there must be freedom to think as you will, to speak as you think. However, this right must be tempered in a military setting based on the mission of the military, the need for obedience of orders, and civilian supremacy. Article 88, UCMJ, 10 USC § 888, makes it an offense for “[a]ny commissioned officer [to] use[ ] contemptuous words against the President” and other senior officials. One of the rare instances of prosecution under this clause involved an individual who used contemptuous expressions about President Lincoln. Vagts, Free Speech in the Armed Forces, 57 Colum.L.Rev. 187, 193 (1957). Likewise, servieemembers may be charged with disrespect towards officers and noncommissioned officers under Articles 89 and 91, UCMJ, 10 USC § 889 and 891, respectively. Whether there is a violation of free speech requires the balancing of the mission of the military, when, where and how the alleged incident took place, and whether there are practical outlets to reinforce democratic values. A corollary to this is that servieemembers do not have an absolute right to freedom of speech and freedom of association in the military. The importance of the United States’ role in the Gulf War cannot be over-emphasized. Had there been a failure of the projection of power, the impact on national security interests could have been dire. While appellant was meeting with soldiers to protest their working and living conditions, other servieemembers were sleeping in the Saudi desert in their tents, in their tanks, in their trucks, and, in some cases, on the sand with only the stars above. Appellant had many outlets for his complaints, The Inspector General, members of the command, the Secretary of the Army (Art. 138, UCMJ, 10 USC § 938), and members of Congress (10 USC § 1034). The statute did not directly regulate free speech which “occupies the core of the protection afforded by the First Amendment.” McIntyre v. Ohio Elections Commission, 514 U.S. at-, 115 S.Ct. at 1518. Even if we treated this speech as political speech, it was not protected under these circumstances. The talk by appellant did not coincide with the public’s need for an effective and informed electorate. Likewise, the interests involved here did not deal with the difficult reconciliation required for the accommodation between political discourse and the.right to vote. Burson v. Freeman, 504 U.S. 191, 198, 112 S.Ct. 1846, 1851, 119 L.Ed.2d 5 (1992). The statute in question did not completely curtail free speech. In fact, where a soldier has grievances, there are various means to air these grievances and complaints specifically set forth in the statute. Art. 138. Article 138 of the Code provides that a complaint may be made through the chain of command to the service secretary. In addition, all the services have Inspector Generals who could entertain these types of complaints. While Congress sought to limit an outcome in particular cases, there was no strategic manipulation of the ability to inform other servieemembers or the public concerning a certain perspective. The comments of the concurring Justices in Parker v. Levy, supra, are just as appropriate to this case: “[T]imes have not changed in the area of moral precepts____ The general articles are essential not only to punish patently criminal conduct, but also to foster an orderly and dutiful fighting force____ [Undisciplined rank and file can decimate a fighting force.” 417 U.S. at 763, 94 S.Ct. at 2565 (Blackmun, J., concurring). This was not only an undisciplined fighting force that appellant was seeking to lead, but also one that was actually going to quit. The statute here seeks to make it unlawful to organize, strike, or commit “any other similar form of concerted action ... directed against the Government.” 10 USC § 976(c)(3). These were not just gripe sessions; rather, they were meetings to assist soldiers in abandoning their units during the largest mobilization since World War II. In contrast to Levy, appellant urged the servieemembers in his unit to abandon their duty and return home. FACTS — ISSUE II A meeting on February 7, 1991, was followed by a mass AWOL of servieemembers from the First Battalion, 156th Infantry Regiment (Mechanized) that left Fort Hood, Texas, as a group and returned to their hometown of Shreveport, Louisiana. Upon returning home, some of the soldiers from that unit complained to the local media. The return home of Shreveport servieemembers followed an earlier incident at Fort Hood in which approximately 15 to 20 Louisiana National Guard troops stopped working for the entire afternoon and refused to obey the Battalion Commander’s orders. These three events led the Brigade Commander, Brigadier General (BG) Gary J. Whipple, to appear on local television and condemn the actions of members of his command who had “brought shame on the Brigade ... [and who] didn’t represent the people nor the soldiers that were staying and doing their patriotic duty.” As a result of BG Whipple’s television appearance, the Staff Judge Advocate, Colonel James D. Mogridge, advised the Fort Polk Commander, Major General (MG) Crouch, that BG Whipple had lost his impartiality. Colonel Mogridge recommended that the Louisiana National Guard cases be transferred “to a Brigade Commander who is not familiar with the facts.” Eventually, Colonel Billy K. Solomon, now Major General Solomon, Commander of Division Support Command, inherited the cases. During the investigation, Colonel Solomon was advised by Colonel Mogridge and two trial counsels appointed for these cases, specifically Captain (CPT) Andra Sparks and CPT Thomas Berg. Colonel Solomon dismissed the initial mutiny charges on the advice from his two trial counsels. No motion was made at trial to dismiss the charges or for other appropriate relief based on command influence. The court below found: After carefully considering the record of trial, the briefs, and affidavits submitted from the participants, we hold that there was no unlawful command influence in this case that limited the discretion of Brigadier General (BG) Solomon. We note that BG Solomon was not a commander who had been directly involved or personally embarrassed by the incidents. He was advised in the matter by the assigned trial counsel, Captain S, an officer in the office of the staff judge advocate. Significantly, BG Solomon denied that any persons had attempted to influence his disposition decision improperly. Although the facts of the case may have supported a mutiny charge, he was convinced that the charge alleging a violation of Section 976 would more accurately reflect exactly what happened in the incident. 41 MJ at 510 (footnote omitted). We agree. Colonel Solomon was not influenced or pressured by anyone. No one from the Staff Judge Advocate’s Office contacted him as to an appropriate disposition, and Colonel Solomon indicated he had complete independence and control over his jurisdiction. DISCUSSION — ISSUE II While recognizing that command influence has been a problem for years, United States v. Weasler, 43 MJ 15, 16-17 (1995), this Court has drawn a “distinction between the accusatorial process and the adjudicative stage, that is, the difference between preferral, forwarding, referral, and the adjudicative process, including interference with witnesses, judges, members, and counsel.” Id. at 17-18 (footnotes omitted). Failure to raise the issue of’ command influence as to the accusatorial process, as in this case at the trial, waives the issue. Id.; see also United States v. Hamilton, 41 MJ 32 (CMA 1994). The decision of the United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals is affirmed. Judge WILKINS concurs. COX, Chief Judge (concurring in the result): I do not view this case as a First Amendment case; accordingly I concur in the result. Article V, American Articles of War of 1775 (enacted June 30,1775), provided: Any officer or soldier, who shall begin, excite, cause, or join in any mutiny or sedition, in the regiment, troop, or company ... of the continental forces, either by land or sea, or in any part, post, detachment, or guard, on any pretense whatsoever, shall suffer such punishment, as by a general court-martial shall be ordered. Quoted from W. Winthrop, Military Law and Precedents 954 (2d ed. 1920 Reprint). Likewise, 220 years later, Article 94, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 894, proscribes mutiny as a crime against military good order and provides for the death penalty or other such punishment as a court-martial may direct. Appellant and his confederates clearly, deliberately, and collectively set about to disobey the orders of their superiors and to organize a mutiny against the command and its mission. Luckily, the Government chose a less sensational and onerous charge upon which to prosecute appellant for his misconduct. Although I find it highly unusual for the Govemment to rely upon a statute (10 USC § 976) outside the Uniform Code of Military Justice but still within the bounds of Title 10, United States Code, for its prosecution of appellant, it is quite clear that appellant’s conduct was prejudicial to good order and discipline in the military and punishable as such. Art. 134, UCMJ, 10 USC § 934; see Parker v. Levy, 417 U.S. 733, 94 S.Ct. 2547, 41 L.Ed.2d 439 (1974). Accordingly, I join in affirming the decision of the Court of Criminal Appeals. GIERKE, Judge (concurring in part and in the result): I agree with the majority’s resolution of the command-influence issue. It is easy to see why it was not raised at trial: it was patently without merit. In my view this case is not about protection of “fighting words” under the First Amendment or civilian supremacy over the military. Accordingly, I see no need to agree or disagree with those parts of the majority opinion. . Similarly, I see no need to address the importance of the Gulf War, the threat of nuclear, chemical, and biological warfare, or the adverse living conditions endured by those who served. There is no issue of “important service” or “hazardous duty” before us. I reach the same result as the majority on Issue I, but by a different route. I agree with the majority that the statute in question is not overly broad and that it does not violate appellant’s First Amendment rights. What the majority fails to address, however, is appellant’s argument that United States v. Pete, 39 MJ 521 (ACMR 1994), should control this case. Pete stands for the proposition that the statute prohibits only “union related” activities. Appellant argues, therefore, that the statute does not apply to the informal action taken by appellant and his comrades. Both Pete and this case were decided by the same panel of the court below, but with different results. Both Pete and this case involved “the same episode at Fort Hood with similar charges” against both soldiers. 41 MJ at 508. In Pete the court below clearly framed the pivotal issue in both eases: “[Wjhether the appellant’s activities were the type of ‘concerted action involving members of the armed forces’ that the statute proscribes.” 39 MJ at 525. The court below construed 10 USC § 976(c) “as proscribing disruptive concerted activity in the military that is indubitably bound with union organizational, representational, or bargaining objectives.” Id. at 527. The court below found that the Government failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Sergeant Pete’s actions violated the statute. In appellant’s case the court below found that appellant and other soldiers “banded together in an informal group that attempted to organize and implement a seven-day-long-‘strike’ within the military • context for the purpose of forcing a change in their training conditions.” The court concluded that appellant’s conduct violated the statute. 41 MJ at 509. The court distinguished the Pete decision, noting that it “should not be misconstrued to indicate that participation in a ‘military labor organization’ is a prerequisite for a violation of Section 976(c)(3)(C).” 41 MJ at 508 n. 2. The finding of a violation of the statute in this case is difficult to reconcile with the finding by the very same panel of the court below that Sergeant Pete, a participating member of the same “informal group,” did not violate the statute. At first blush, the literal language of the statute would appear to undermine appellant’s argument that his conduct was not proscribed by the statute. The statute makes it— unlawful for any person ... to organize, or attempt to organize, or participate in, any strike, picketing, march, demonstration, or other similar form of concerted action involving members of the armed forces that is directed against the Government of the United States and that is intended to induce any civilian officer or employee, or any member of the armed forces, to ... make any change with respect to the terms or conditions of service in the armed forces of individual members of the armed forces____ 10 USC § 976(c). The uncertainty arises not from the literal language of the statute, but from the legislative history reflecting congressional intent. The legislation was enacted in response to efforts by the American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE) to add military personnel to their ranks. House Committee on Armed Services, H.R.Rep. No. 894, 95th Cong., 2d Sess. 6-7 (1978), reprinted in 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News (hereafter USCCAN) 7575, 7578. The purpose of the legislation was “to promote the readiness of the Armed Forces by prohibiting the membership of military personnel in military labor organizations, prohibiting the enrollment of military personnel in such organizations and prohibiting the recognition of such unions by members of the Armed Forces or by civilian officers and employees of the Government.” House Report, supra at 5, reprinted in 1978 USCCAN at 7577. The statute prohibits organizational and collective bargaining activity by “any person.” Appellant would appear to be included in the phrase, “any person.” However, in the section-by-section analysis of the House Report, “any person” is followed by the parenthetical “(i.e. a labor organization or association as well as its representatives),” House Report, supra at 9, reprinted in 1978 USCCAN at 7581, thus limiting the term “any person” to persons associated with a labor organization or association. Since there was no evidence that appellant was associated with any labor organization, and no evidence that he was trying to form any kind of organization, he would not appear to be included in the term “any person” as that term was intended by Congress. Since criminal statutes must be narrowly construed, I would give appellant the benefit of the ambiguity and hold that appellant’s acts did not violate the statute because he was not acting as a representative of any labor organization or association. Nevertheless, I believe that appellant’s conviction of unlawful concerted action can be upheld. Even if appellant does not qualify as “any person” within the meaning of the statute, his conduct was prejudicial to good order and discipline, an included offense under Article 134, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 934. Accordingly, I join the majority in affirming appellant’s eonviction of violating Article 134, but I would affirm on the basis of a Clause 1 violation instead of a Clause 3 violation. See para. 60c, Part IV, Manual for Courts-Martial, United States (1995 ed.). I decline to join the majority’s holding that appellant’s conduct violated 10 USC § 976(c). I am satisfied that appellant was not prejudiced on sentencing by the mischaracterization of his conduct as a violation of 10 USC § 976(c). Accordingly, I join the majority in affirming appellant’s sentence. SULLIVAN, Judge (dissenting): In The Caine Mutiny by Herman Wouk, the defense attorney, Lieutenant Greenwald, tells the accused, Lieutenant Maryk, before trial: I better tell you one more thing. I’d rather be prosecuting you than defending you. I don’t know yet how guilty you are. But you’re either a mutineer or one of the dumbest goofs in the whole Navy. There’s no third possibility. Id. at 356. In this ease, the Government has come up with that “third possibility” — a violator of an anti-union law. Such a prosecution must fail, however, because there is no evidence of any union activity or union organizing activity in this case. The words in the name of the statute at issue here give us our initial guidance: Membership in military unions, organizing of military unions, and recognition of military unions prohibited. 10 USC § 976. Thus, it is clear that this command statute is directed against anti-union activity. In fact, the clause under which appellant was prosecuted — 10 USC § 976(c)(3) — was explained in this light in the “Section-by-Section Analysis” part of House Report No. 894, 95th Cong., 2d Sess., on the basic legislation of the statute (Pub.L. No. 95-610): Subsection (c) — Prohibited union activities. This subsection describes the activities which are unlawful for any person (i.e. a labor organization or association as well as its representatives), who is engaged in organizing or collective bargaining activity. Subsection (c)(3) prohibits concerted labor union activities which are intended to induce a members of the Armed Forces ... to (A) negotiate or bargain concerning the terms or conditions of military service[.] 1978 U.S.Code Cong. & Admin.News at 7581-82 (emphasis added). The record in this case shows .no union activity whatsoever. No dues collecting, union organizing, etc. All we have is a group of griping national guard soldiers called to active duty in a hot, dusty, Texas Army base for some hard training. This group obviously did not like the hard soldiering and felt they were being treated unfairly and harshly. What they wanted to do was to leave the post, go to their home community, expose the harsh training to what they hoped would be a sympathetic media, and then return to duty. It was wrong. In a court of law, a clear-headed prosecution team may well have proved that this was mutiny by refusing to obey orders or perform duties or any of the lesser-included offenses under Article 94, Uniform Code of Military Justice, 10 USC § 894. Additionally, appellant could not have known that his action of lining up bus transportation for his Mends would be viewed as the criminal action of an agent of a labor union. There was no union to be an agent for. Thus, the statute under which appellant was prosecuted is not applicable in the circumstances of this case. Even if the majority, by assuming facts (i.e., existence of a labor union) not in evidence, coukj’iqsply this statute to this case, application of 10 USC § 976 would be unconstitutionally void for vagueness. If we were to allow such prosecutions under this statute, who knows how far such a statute could be stretched. Could three soldiers who decide to go off base without a pass for a beer with a reporter to discuss the evil things done by their harsh first sergeant likewise be prosecuted? Clearly, the common sense approach to handle the discipline of appellant would be to use the age old mutiny statute and its list of lesser-included offenses. Moreover, on leadership grounds but not on legal grounds, I question the command decision to give Article 15, UCMJ, 10 USC § 815, punishment to white soldiers for leaving their post and going home, but giving federal criminal convictions to black soldiers who tried to do the same thing at the same post during the same time period. Let us use common sense and fairness. For the above legal reasons, I would reverse the decision below and remand it for a possible rehearing under the appropriate statutory provisions. The various opinions of the judges of this Court indicate that there are not three votes for upholding the lower appellate court’s decision that the military anti-union statute (10 USC § 976) was violated in this case.	CASELAW
Elmarie Gerryts Elmarie Gerryts (born 25 August 1972 in Cape Town) is a retired pole vaulter from South Africa. She finished tenth at the 1999 World Championships and won the silver medal at the 1999 All-Africa Games. She represented her native country at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney, Australia, where she reached the final but had no valid jumps. A seven-time national champion, she set her personal best of 4.42 metres in June 2000 at a meet in Wesel. This is (as of 2023) still the African record.	WIKI
TRANSACTIONS MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL American League BALTIMORE ORIOLES--Placed OF Jay Gibbons on the 15-day DL. Recalled OF Ed Rogers from Ottawa of the IL. CLEVELAND INDIANS--Released LHP Scott Sauerbeck. TAMPA BAY DEVIL RAYS--Placed RHP Tyler Walker on the 15-day DL. Purchased the contract of RHP Tim Corcoran from Durham of the IL. Transferred RHP Dan Miceli from the 15-to the 60-day DL. National League LOS ANGELES DODGERS--Purchased the contract of RHP Chad Billingsley, from Las Vegas of the PCL. Optioned INF/OF Joel Guzman to Las Vegas. PHILADELPHIA PHILLIES--Recalled RHP Scott Mathieson from Reading of the Eastern League.	NEWS-MULTISOURCE
Template:AfC submission/comments/testcases These are the possible automated comments when using the sandboxed version of template:	WIKI
Table of contents Previous: CLEAR Next: COLORS CM Circulates the graphics color table. Format CM blevel elevel [keywords] Parameters blevel beginning graphics color level to loop elevel ending graphics color level to loop Keywords GO= YES starts looping immediately NO does not loop immediately (default) INT= interval between steps, in milliseconds; the range is 5 to 5000 (default=100) TIMeout= number of steps to complete before stopping (default=500) Remarks CM circulates the graphics colors through the specified graphics levels. Press the middle mouse button to begin, the right button to pause, and both buttons to stop the program. CM remains active until you press both mouse buttons or the program times out. You can animate wind flow using the CM command to process the streamline output from the GRDDISP or the PTCON commands. You must use the PARAM=MOVIE keyword with these commands. Examples CM 1 3 INT=500 When you press the middle mouse button, the graphics will loop between color levels 1 and 3, pausing 500 msec (0.5 sec) between steps. Time (sec) 0 0.5 1 1.5. . . Level 1 red blue green red . . . 2 green red blue green . . . 3 blue green red blue . . . CM 2 4 This entry loops graphics color levels 2 to 4. Table of contents Previous: CLEAR Next: COLORS	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Thread:User talk:Rua/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/agrom Hi Rua. Could you take a look at the inflection section of Proto-Celtic *agrom. I'm no expert on Proto-Celtic, but the table appears to be from the wrong word. I could be wrong, but as you were the creator of the page (albeit about 3 years ago), I thought you might have some better insight. Thank you!	WIKI
Page:Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan.djvu/218 144 flight. Hundreds of people did so, and the roads were crowded with processions of mules, horses, and Indians loaded with luggage. On Sunday everybody was going, and early on Monday morning guards were placed at the barriers. Hundreds of passports were applied for, and refused. Again a decree was published that all should take up arms. The militia were again mustered. At ten o'clock on Tuesday night it was said that Carrera was at Palencia, at eleven that he had gone to suppress an insurrection of his own bandits, and on Wednesday night that he was at a place called Canales. On Sunday, the 4th of March, a review took place of about 700 men. The Antigua sent 350 muskets, and ammunition, which they did not consider it prudent to keep, as there had been cries of "muera Guatimala, y viva Carrera!" and placards bearing the same ominous words had been posted on the walls. At this time a letter was received from Carrera by the government, telling them to disband their troops, and assuring them that he was collecting forces only to destroy a party of 400 rebels, headed by one Galvez (the former chief of the state, whom he had deposed), and requesting two cannon and more ammunition. At another time, probably supposing that the government must be interested in his fortunes, he sent word that he had narrowly escaped being assassinated. Monreal had taken advantage of an opportunity, seduced his men, tied him to a tree, and was in the very act of having him shot, when his brother Laureano Carrera rushed in, and ran Monreal through with his bayonet. The government now conceived the project of inducing his followers, by the influence of the priests, to surrender their arms on paying them five dollars apiece; but very soon he was heard of stronger than ever, occupying all the roads, sending in imperious proclamations to the government, and at length the news came that he was actually marching upon the city. At this time, to the unspeakable joy of the inhabitants. General Morazan, the president of the republic, arrived from San Salvador, with 1,500 men. But even yet party spirit was dominant. General Morazan encamped a few leagues from the city, hesitating to enter it or to employ the forces of the general government in putting down a revolution in the state except with the consent of the state government. The state government was jealous of the federal government, tenacious of prerogatives it had not the courage to defend, and demanded from the president a plan of his campaign; passed a decree offering Carrera and his followers fifteen days to lay down their arms, which General Morazan would not permit to be published at his headquarters; two days afterwards annulled it, and authorized the president of the republic to act as circumstances might require.	WIKI
Page:Men of Mark in America vol 2.djvu/517 Rh the Southern History Association, of which he is president. Among his writings are "Life of General Winfield Scott," published by D. Appleton and Company in their "Great Commander" series and adopted as a textbook at the service college of the United States army at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas; "Life of Governor William Blount"; "Sketch of the Life of the Duke of Kent"; sketches of the lives of about fifty Confederate generals for "Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography"; a "History of McNairy County, Tennessee," and articles in various magazines. In politics he has always been a Democrat. His religious connection is with the Protestant Episcopal church. He finds his principal relaxation in reading and conversation. His choice of a profession was governed in part by his personal preference and in part by circumstances which were beyond his control. From early life he had a strong taste for military affairs. This was stimulated by his appointment as brigadier-major in a military organization in his native county when he was only eighteen years of age, and the Civil war furnished an opportunity for the exercise of his talents in this direction. The influences of his home life were strong and helpful. The books which he has found most useful are the Bible, histories, and the works of Shakespeare and Doctor Samuel Johnson. To the young who desire to reach true success in life he recommends "truth, honesty and industry," as the great essentials for its attainment.	WIKI
Talk:Tongguan District Subdistricts The list of nine subdistricts contains 10 items. --A1AA1A (talk) 22:11, 15 May 2021 (UTC)	WIKI
Thomas Harney vs. William Pack and C. R. Clifton. If a deed of trust, void on its face, is offered in evidence in a court of law, it is competent for the court to declare it invalid. "W., being guardian for B.’s child, and executor of B.’s will, and also executor of the will of G. W., and guardian of his children, executed bonds to the probate court with J. W. and P., as his sureties in large penalties for the faithful discharge of his duties, and long afterwards, to indemnify his sureties, conveyed to P. and C., by deed of trust, his land and negroes, all his household and kitchen furniture, his horses, mules, farming utensils, and crops of cotton to be after-wards raised, with a reservation to himself of possession of the property ; Held, that the deed of trust was not void on its face ; but that the circumstances cited were strong badges. of fraud. A deed of trust, made with the intent by the grantor, to hinder, delay, and de" fraud creditors, even though neither the trustee or the cestui que trust, participated in the design, may be void or valid, according to the circumstances. A deed of trust made to secure an antecedent debt, may be void, if made with fraudulent intent by the grantor, although neither the trustee nor the cestui que trust participated in the fraudulent intent, and the fraud of the grantor is not disclosed upon the face of the deed. The question whether or no it is fraudulent in fact, should be submitted to a jury ; and if found to be fraudulent, the law condemns the deed as fully as if fraudulent on its face. On appeal, from the Hinds circuit court. Thomas Harney, on 3d May, 1842, sued out his fieri facias against William S. Parham, Willis M. Gibson, Michael Wall, and James M. Wall, which was levied on sundry slaves as the property of Michael Wall. The slaves were claimed by William Pack and C. R. Clifton. Issue was joined to try the right, and on the trial a verdict and judgment were given for claimants. Harney appealed. By the bill of exceptions it appears that the plaintiff read to the jury a judgment of the high court of errors and appeals of the January term, 1842, against Parham and Gibson, and also against Michael Wall and James M. Wall, as their securities in the writ of error bond, also the fieri facias before named, which issued on the judgment of the court of appeals. He also proved by the deputy sheriff who levied the fieri facias, that the negroes levied on were at the time on the plantation and in the possession of Michael Wall. Here the plaintiff’s evidence ended. The claimants, Pack and Clifton, then offered to read a deed of trust from Michael Wall to them, dated the 20th of April, 1840, to the reading of which Harney objected, and the objection being overruled, he excepted to the opinion of the court. The deed is made part of the bill of exceptions, and recites that "William M. Birdsong, on the 9th of September, 1836, published his will, devising and bequeathing his estate, a specific legacy excepted, to his daughter, Ann E. Birdsong, then about four years old, to be received by her on marriage, or at eighteen years of age, and constituting Michael Wall and George Birdsong her guardians, and also making Michael Wall executor. That the testator having died, Michael Wall, qualified as executor, and with William S. Parham and James M. Wall, his sureties, entered into bond in the penalty of eighty thousand dollars, for the faithful discharge of his duties. That he had reduced to possession estate to the value of between twenty-five and thirty-five thousand dollars, out of which the debts of the decedent were to be paid. And also that George "Wyche, on the 16th of November, 1838, made his will, wherein he left his whole estate (consisting of above thirty slaves, lands, &e.) subject to the superintendence and direction of said Michael Wall, his executor and testamentary guardian to his children, for the -boys till eighteen, and the girls till seventeen years old. Said Wyche having departed this life, the will was admitted to record, and letters testamentary granted to said Michael Wall, who entered into bond with said James M. Wall and William S. Parham, sureties, in the penalty of forty-four thousand dollars, for the due execution of said trusts. That said Michael Wall had ever since been in possession of said Wyche’s estate, and had the custody of his children, except one who was married. . That said Wall was desirous of saying said sureties harmless in consequence of their said suretyships, and especially to have each of the shares of his wards forthcoming and paid, as each shall be entitled to the same; great part of the estates having been therefore converted into money, and received by the said Wall as executor and guardian, therefore the said Michael Wall conveyed to Pack and Clifton lands and negroes in the deed specified, also ten beds, bedsteads, and furniture, four tables, two dozen chairs, one dressing-glass, a burean, a secretary, and his other household and kitchen furniture ; also sixteen mules, four horses, and the farming utensils of the grantor, and the crops of cotton to be grown on the lands thereby conveyed, for the year 1841 and such years as shall succeed, &c., until the full exoneration of said sureties. The trusts expressed are, that whenever the share of any heir or ward becomes due, on request of either surety the trustees shall sell so much of the property as may be necessary to produce the sum so due and unpaid and the costs of sale, and pay the heir or ward the sum to which he or she may be entitled. 2. They are thus to proceed from time to time, as any sum may fall due and be unpaid, until the sureties are fully exonerated, or the trust property exhausted. 3. If either of the sureties become chargeable with any debt of the estates aforesaid, sale to be made for their indemnification. 4. The crops it shall be the duty of the trustees to take and receive when gathered, and sell the same, and out of the proceeds deduct the necessary expenses of sale, and actual expenses incurred in planting, growing, gathering, and preserving the crop, so far only as may regard the slaves, and other of the conveyed property used in said crop, and not including any personal or family expenses of said Michael Wall; and shall presently pay the net products of said sale into the probate , court, or to its order,' towards the extinction of the debts due said Wards; and so proceed annually in reference to the crops conveyed, until said debts shall be extinguished. 5. Until sale of the property, Michael Wall to retain possession and have such use of the property, as may be consistent with the purposes of the trust; and when'the purposes of the trust shall be fully satisfied, conveyance to cease, and be of no further effect. The defendants then read the following bonds and wills, namely, the will of William M. Birdsong; the will of George Wyche; the bond of Michael Wall, with James M. Wall and William S. Parham as sureties, as executor of Birdsong; the bond of Michael Wall, with same sureties, as executor of Wyche. It is not deemed necessary to set out these bonds; they are the same described in the deed of trust to Pack and Clifton, to indemnify the sureties. Defendants then read a mortgage, dated 3d July, 1838, by Michael Wall, to the Real Estate Banking Company of Hinds county, conveying most of the land embraced in the deed of trust. They next read the record' of a judgment confessed by Michael Wall and William S. Parham, in Hinds circuit court, on 23d December, 1839, for $82/8 in favor of James Ford. A ji. fa., issued on said judgment, was levied on slaves, forthcoming bond given and forfeited 16th March, 1840, fi. fa. issued thereon, under whidh a large quantity of the property of M. Wall, including a considerable portion of the land and sixteen of the slaves embraced in the deed of trust, was sold 1st November, 1841, and proceeds applied in full of said execution. Also, read a judgment of Hinds circuit court, of 16th April, 1840, against Michael Wall and others, in favor of the Commercial and Railroad Bank of Yicksburg, for $2366 which was replevied by defendants giving bond, with G. Kyle, surety; bond forfeited 3d May, 1841. Jacob F. Fout was sworn. Amongst other things, not material, he stated that he prepared an inventory for Wall of the estate of Birdsong; that it was duly filed in probate court, could not now be found; that the estate inventoried amounted to $53,772 That upon a settlement ’ by Wall of Wyche’s estate, made 23d February, 1841, balance against Wall was $6,917 Inventory mostly consisted of debts due Wyche’s estate, and some cash on hand, say five or six thousand dollars; there was included notes of Michael Wall to his testator, amounting to $38,400, in three notes, payable 1st March, 1836, 1837, 1838. These notes of Wall were to be satisfied by paying to one Simmons notes of Birdsong for equal amounts due on same days. That the debts due Wyche’s estate, with the exception of a small amount, were then considered good and collectable. Knew of none of said debts having been collected by Wall, except that he has paid his own notes by satisfying Birdsong’s debts to Simmons. Birdsong had also lent to Michael Wall $22,500, which Wall owed, lent for a term of years, perhaps ten ; that he did not include that sum in the inventory, being of opinion that it was not chargeable to Wall as executor; that he knows the principal part of the debtors, whose debts were included in the inventory. They are now insolvent. That he prepared for Michael Wall an inventory of the estate of George Wyche, deceased, consisting of notes and accounts, amounting to $10,480, and also account of sales of estate of said George Wyche, amounting to $3194 63. That neither the inventory or sale embraced any of the slaves. That on settlement with the probate court, Wall was found to be indebted as Wyche’s executor, $8012 87. Most of the debtors then were, and yet are insolvent. He prepared M. Wall’s settlement as guardian of Wyche’s children, in 1841. Wall was indebted $2483. That amongst the debts due the estate was one of Rev. John Lane, of 5 or $6000, who satisfied the same by a bill of exchange on a house in New Orleans, which Wall sent to some other house in that place for collection. The latter house collected and uséd the proceeds, and have not paid it to said Wall. James M. Wall and William S. Parham are in very embarrassed circumstances. S. B. Simmons, sworn, states he sold to Birdsong a plantation and negroes for 60 or $70,000. That afterwards, by agreement of parties, Michael Wall was substituted for Birdsong. Wall paid witness $24,500, afterwards the contract was can-celled and witness took back the property and surrendered all the notes, except the $24,500, which had been paid. This was Wall’s loss. He is Wall’s neighbor. Knows no one who ships Wall’s cotton, except Wall himself, who manages and controls the property and cotton on the plantation. 1840 and 1841, raised 130 or 140 bales per annum. B. M. Mason sworn, stated that the negroes in controversy were a part of those embraced in the deed of trust. This was all the evidence. The plaintiff moved for the following instructions : 1. By the terms of the deed from Michael Wall to the claimants Tie has an interest in the property which is liable to the execution of the plaintiffs, and should be valued by the jury, subject only to the conditional sale in the deed provided for. 2. Against a judgment creditor, as the plaintiffs in this case, the deed from Michael W all, under which the claimants set up their right, is not good and sufficient on its face to protect the property from the plaintiff’s execution. 3. That a deed made by a grantor to- indemnify sureties against the future violation of his duty in a fiduciary character, is illegal and void, as against subsequent judgment creditors. .4. The deed of trust being to indemnify sureties against a contingent liability, the claimants must prove that the liability still exists, and the deed is not evidence of the fact. These instructions the court refused. The defendants moved for these instructions': 1. That unless they, the jury, believe from the evidencé that the deed of trust read by the-claimants, was made to hinder, delay or defraud - creditors, they ought to find for the claimants. 2. That if the deed was made with such intent by the grantor, yét his intention cannot invalidate the deed. To render it void it is necessary that the trustees or cestuis que trust should participate in the fraudulent design. 3. That although the deed is made to the claimants in trust, for the purposes therein declared, it entires to the benefit of the legatees, distributees, and creditors of Wyche and Birdsong, and is, if valid, their security. 4. A debtor has a right in law to indemnify his sureties ' against loss, or provide for the payment of sums due, or to become, due from him, as executor or.guardian, and to prefer them to other creditors, if others he has, and his doing so is no badge of fraud. 5. That the deed of trust' is valid on its face, and unless they believe it fraudulent, as stated in the second instruction, from evidence out of the deed, they ought to find for the claimants, • 6. That no act of Michael Wall, not known to, and concurred in by the trustees, or cestuis que trust can invalidate their right. 7. That in estimating the amount of liability of Michael Wall to the estate of Birdsong as executor of his will, the $22,500 mentioned by the witness, J. F. Fout, Esq., should be included as part of his liability, although not returned in the inventory, and charged to the executor as part of the estate of the testator. All which instructions the court gave, and the plaintiff excepted to the opinion of the court refusing his instructions, and • giving those of defendants. Lea and Lea, for appellant. For the appellant we make a few suggestions, on the character of the deed of trust, and the practice under it. 1. A deed, fraudulent in part, is fraudulent in toto ; and this general rule is not impugned by the cases which allow some deeds to be good in part, although ineffectual in some particulars. 2. This deed of trust appears to be fraudulent on its face; for, although it is not necessárily fraudulent to- convey all the grantor’s property, yet it must be done so as to commit it fairly, for the avowed purpose, and not with design to secure a secret benefit to the grantor. Now this deed manifestly conveys all the grantor’s property, professedly excluding him and family from all benefit of subsistence, currently from the proceeds. Yet it effectually gives him the whole proceeds for years, and of whatever may remain from year to year, not applied to paying his wards, as they arrive at ages, to receive their respective shares; and so the proof shows he has received it, by common acquiescence of all concerned. And this is the practical meaning of the instrument. First, the grantor is to keep and use the property, until sold under the trust, and with it he may raise the crops of cotton subjected to the deed nominally ; or he may omit such crops, using the property otherwise. In the latter alternative, the crops or proceeds are not subject to the terms of the deed, the cotton crops only being conveyed, and subject to sale, “ while such crops shall be grown ; ” but the other alternative amounts to the same thing precisely. For suppose the cotton crop raised and sold, what was .to become of the,money? To be paid to the probate court. But the court would have no right to receive it nor dispose of it. Wall himself being guardian, it was his right and duty to keep the money of his wards; and the deed is nugatory and deceptive, in pretending to exonerate him from legal liability and duty, by pretending to constitute the probate court a particular guardian, to receive and pay over the money, especially when it could not be paid to the wards, and ought to be at interest for years to come. This duty of keeping and managing such funds belongs, by law; to the guardian alone, and the deed could not have changed the law; but it did not attempt it, and no provision is there found for any practical disposition of the money, except as the law had previously fixed — to let it be with the guardian ; and so it has been, without any provision for securing it, or any attempt to do so, leaving him the absolute use of all the proceeds of the property, as if the deed had never been made, only secured in it by the delusive covering of the deed. If this desideratum had been the principal object, could there have been a better contrivance ? Harney, for appellant. The deed of trust, in this case, was executed by M. Waif, as guardian and executor, <fcc., to indemnify J. M. Wall and William S. Parham, also defendants in the execution, as his securities in his guardian and executor bonds. It does not recite any fixed indebtedness, or accrued defalcation, on the part of Wall, the executor and guardian ; but it purports to be intended to indemnify against future waste, or other dereliction of duty, by the executor and guardian. The court below erred, 1st. Because such a consideration, based upon such future possible contingency, is fraudulent and void. It is admitted, that an indemnity against any debt, or fixed, specific, existing liability, if bona fide made, is valid. An indemnity given by a person acting in a fiduciary character, to indemnify against the consequences of future acts of dereliction of duty, is void, and will not be enforced. In the case of the Assignees of iSlader v. de Mattos iSlader, 1 Burr. 467, Lord Mansfield decided, “ That the conveyance of the bankrupt’s, whole substance to de Mattos, though by way of security, and for a valuable consideration, is fraudulent” The decision in that case turned upon the assignment of all the goods, &c., of the grantor. It will be perceived, by inspecting the deed of trust in this case, now before the court, that this objection of assigning all the goods, &c. of Wall, is equally apparent. The case of Unwin v. Oliver, examined in the case of iSlader v. de Mattos, goes to show, that in order to support the indemnity, the liability to be secured must be a definite, existing liability. Unwin had been appointed a receiver of a lunatic’s estate ; had given security for the faithful performance of his duty, &c. Two years afterwards, it was ascertained that he was indebted to that estate, in the sum of £604. To discharge this debt, or to indemnify his securities against their liability under it, he made the assignment, &c. Lord Hardwick held, “ that it could not be set aside as fraudulent, in chancery, unless it was fraudulent in a court of laxo, and an act of bankruptcy.” In the case of Slader v. de Mattos, fyc., Lord Mansfield says : “ The indemnity, which is the consideration of the deed in question, I allow to be a good, valuable, and true consideration. And I allow this deed to be a valid transaction, as betxoeen the parties.” The court , will here bear in mind that this indemnity, of which his lordship speaks, is not an indemnity given by a person acting in a fiduciary character at all, much less to indemnify against future acts of official misconduct. In 11 Mod. R. Chief Justice Holt says : “ A bond to save a man harmless from an unlawful act already done, is not void.” Evidently implying, that" if such a bond were given, to save harmless from such an act to be done in future, it would be void. In Kneeland v. Rogers, 2 Hall’s N. Y. R. 579, the court de- cided, “that an agreement, made as an ¡indemnity against the consequences of an illegal or immoral act, to be done at a future period, is void.” See also Hodson v. Wilkins,' 7 Green. 113. 4 Mass. 370. 14 Johns. R. 378. 1 Caines’s R. 460. 6 Mod. 225{ In Martyn v. Blithman. Yelv. 197, the court say: “ A promise to pay so much to J. S., for his labor and pains about .the business of the Lady Darby, is not good, for it is maintenance. The same law, (say the court) if it had been a condition to save the jailer harmless from an escape, it makes the bond void: because it is a condition against law.” See that case, and the notes. See also Illegality of Consideration, 2 Kent, 466. “ An agreement, the natural effect of which is to induce a public officer (and why not an executor ?) to neglect his duty, is invalid.” Chit, ón Cont. 525. It may here be remarked that the sole object of Wall, in executing that deed, was to indemnify against his own future acts of official misconduct. No sufficient inducement appears on the face of that deed for Wall to .give that deed. . He, with his securities, executed his guardian and executor bonds on the 23d day of May, 1837, and 29th of November, 1838; and afterwards, without any ostensible cause or inducement, he executes this deed, on the 20th of April, 1840. It is true the deed recites that Wall, at the testator’s death, received possession of tangible estate of the decedent, being in amount between $25,000 and «$35,000, out of which the decedent’s debts were to be paid ; but what debts or to what amount, the deed is wholly silent. It is equally true, that the deed states that great portions of those estates had already been converted into money, and received by the said Wall, as executor and guardian. But the amount, or sums so received by him, is not stated. If, however, he had received the whole amount of both estates, he had the proceeds ready to be paid over to the heirs, or to the order of the probate court. The deed recites no defalcation, no indebtedness of Wall, to either of the estates. It does not even state that he was in fail ing circumstances, or that there was the least danger that the securities were about to be damnified. In the case of the United States v. Hooe, et al. 3 Cranch, 73, a decision was made upon the validity of a deed of trust, to secure Hooe against his securityship for Fitzgerald, the grantor, on his bond, as collector. But this deed was given to indemnify against certain notes indorsed by Hooe, for the accommodation of Fitzgerald ; and also against an ascertained existing defalcation of Fitzgerald, to wit, $57,157, which was made a part of the consideration in the deed of trust. So in the case of Wilkes, et al. v. Ferris, 5 Johns. 335, the deed of trust was based upon the indebtedness of Cheriot, the grantor, “ in the several debts in the schedule B, thereto attached ; ” which debts were ascertained, existing liabilities. The case of Hendricks v. Robinson, 2 Johns. Ch. 284, involved the question of the validity of a conveyance of real estate, from Abram and John Franklin to H. Franklin. In 'collating the several items in the consideration of the deed, the Chancellor says : “ The contingent responsibilities were considered and liquidated as so much actual debt, though there is no proof that any responsibility was ever incurred. Thus,, for instance, one item in the account is $7000, the amount of an administration bond, in which Henry was surety for J. Franklin j but we have no evidence that there was any breach of the condition of that bond.” The deed was declared fraudulent and void. In that case it was admitted, and it is doubtless the law, that a debtor in failing circumstances may prefer one creditor to another ; and an assignment to him of part of his property in trust, to pay the debt, is valid. But Wall, the grantor in this case, assigned all his property to the trustees, including even household goods, kitchen furniture, farming utensils, stock, &c. ; such perishable property, as could be of no permanent security to the cestui que trust. Besides, can Wall, under the circumstances, be regarded as the debtor of the cestui que trust ? It is true the court say, in that case of Hendricks v. Robin son, “Nor is an assignment, if honestly made, bad, though made to se'cure against future as well as present responsibilities.” But it is manifest, that the court here allude to •assignments between persons acting in their private capacity, for the security of ascertained existing debts; for in the same case the court say, “These assignments were made to procure a loan of money, and for the security of existing responsibilities.” Again, say the court, “ There were large existing responsibilities, affording sufficient aliment to support the assignments.” If the court meant such assignments as may be made by a person to indemnify against the consequences of his fiduciary acts, they must have meant, by referring to the case of the United States v; Hooe, that the assignment, to be valid, must be predicated upon existing ascertained liabilities, on the part of the securities of the fiduciary. 2. The deed of trust operates as an entail. It ties up the whole property for the space of eight years, until all the children in succession of Wyche and Birdsong shall arrive at a certain age. These children are not parties to the deed. The deed itself in the beginning points out who the parties are. Their rights were amply protected by the probate court, and if their property had been considered as in danger, the court would have required Wall to give new or additional security, or on failure he ought to have been removed. If property may be thus tied up for eight years, may it not for similar reasons be tied up for twenty-one years and a fraction, the utmost length of time allowed in cases of executory devises? See Thellusson v. Woodford, 4 Ves. 227. That property cannot be tied up for that length of time by deed is well established by that case and all subsequent cases involving that principle. Besides, if the court shall sanction such a principle, it is not difficult to perceive that half the property in the state of Mississippi may be thus covered, by executors, administrators, guardians, &c., and thus exempted from the payment of their just debts for the space of twenty-one years and more. 2d. If, however, the court shall be of opinion that an executor or guardian may give a valid indemnity to protect his sureties in his bond against future acts of his official mismanagement, without any ascertained existing liabilities or actual debts, and that therefore the deed of Wall is not void for those reasons, I contend it is void for the following badges of fraud, namely : 1. The deed conveys all the property of Wall, including even household, kitchen furniture, stock, farming utensils, &c. perishable property that could be of no permanent security to his sureties and could only have been inserted to hinder, delay or defraud creditors. The case in 1 Burr. 467, already alluded to, declares the deed fraudulent simply on the ground that it conveyed all the goods, &c. of the grantor. In the case in 2 Johns. Ch. 284, the'Chancellor recognizes the invalidity of an assignment of all the grantor’s property, and on that ground' alone. Again, at the time of executing that deed M. Wall had committed no waste, no defalcation, had committed no breach of the condition of his bond, no responsibility incurred by his securities, nor any act of official misfeasance recited in the bond. It is true it contains a general statement that great portions of those estates had already been converted into money and received by Wall as executor and guardian. But this money and property had not been squandered, but was ready to be paid to the heirs, or to the order of the probate court. In this condition of things, without being ruled for additional seeurity, or without being required by his securities, as far as we can gather from the deed or other testimony, Wall executes this deed, conveying about sixty negro slaves, about one thousand acres of land, including a plantation in full blast, the then present crop, and all future crops, household, kitchen furniture, &c., already mentioned. If such a deed is permitted to stand judicial scrutiny, it is not difficult to foresee the consequences of the enormous frauds which may be practised on creditors with the utmost impunity. By sustaining such a principle as law, A, an executor or guardian, gives a bond with sureties in the penalty of $10,000, but he has assets only to the amount of $5000; but he possesses property in his own right to the amount of one hundred thousand dollars, and by a deed of trust like the present, while he is in the full discharge of his duty as executor, he conveys this immense amount'of property to trustees to secure this $5000 to his sureties, while it is apparent, on the face of the deed, that this $5000 is in no danger of being squandered or misapplied. Can sucha deed, under these circumstances, protect this large amount of property from the judgment creditors of A ? 2. Wall, the grantor, had the control and received the proceeds of the crop of 1841, which is inconsistent with the deed. 3. Not only did the grantor retain possession of the entire property, but he controlled the entire proceeds thereof and applied them to his own private purposes and not to the objects of the grant, which is inconsistent with the purposes of the grant. t 4. The trustees, Pack and Clifton, never attempted to execute the objects of- the grant, or in any manner interfered with the .property or its- proceeds, but left the whole to the entire control of M. Wall from the execution of the deed, April 20,1840, to the levy in this case June 7, 1842, near two years. 5. Such perishable property, horses, stock, household furniture, &c. &c. were included in the deed as could be of no petmanent security of the cestui que trusts, and could only have been inserted “ to hinder, delay or defraud creditors.” In 1 Johns. Ch. 484, the court say “ the very diminished control which the creditor now has over the person of the debtor, greatly enfeebles the common law remedy of imprisonment, as a means of coercion to justice, and it becomes important to guard with increased anxiety against every possible contrivance to cover or withdraw property from the payment of debts.” The bill of sale of the household furniture, I- consider as absolutely void. 6. The deed does not mention any indebtedness on the part of Wall to his sureties, no pecuniary embarrassment, no present or future danger, if any, no default'accrued, or waste committed, and no specific object of appropriation of the property or the proceeds; but only a general, possible contingency that may not happen and which the law presumes will not happen. 7. All the parties to the deed were intimate blood and family ■connexions. See Roberts on Fraud. Con. 452 ; 4 Johns. 583. 8. The deed works like a tub mill, receiving the entire proceeds into the buckets of M. Wall, to be arrested only on a contingency which had not happened, and which the law presumes never will happen, to wit, the official dereliction of Wall as ■executor and guardian. 9. The deed was not executed at the time of, but long subsequent to the securityship of the cestui que trusts, and that too, without any new consideration, inducement or ostensible cause whatever. 10. The whole deed, on its face, shows a “ trick and contrivance ” of Wall, the grantor, to retain possession of the entire property and to appropriate the proceeds to his own private use, in defiance of creditors. 3d. The circuit court erred in not giving the instructions asked for by the plaintiff in the execution. Without specifying the three.first of these instructions, as the principle's involved in them have already been considered, I will here only notice the 4th, namely: 4. “The deed of trust being to indemnify sureties against a contingent liability, the claimant must prove' that the liability still exists and the deed is not evidence of the fact.” This instruction is certainly in strict accordance with law. The deed is evidence only of its own existence, and is only binding on the parties to it. The deed might exist, and yet the liability of the sureties might have been removed by Wall having fully accounted, paid up, and settled with the heirs. Nay more, Wall may have resigned as executor and guardian, and thus the object of the indemnity may have been accomplished, and had ceased to exist. And, to negative these fair and reasonable inferences, the proof surely devolved upon the claimants. They ought to have adduced some proof that the contingent liability in the deed still existed; that there was at least some remote danger of converting this contingent liability into a specific and •certain liability. As agents both of the grantor and the cestui •que trusts, they were bound to know that the grantor had or had not performed his duty as executor and guardian; and hence it devolved on them to prove these facts. 4th. The circuit court also erred in giving the instructions asked for by the claimants. These instructions are the following, viz. : 1. “ That unless they, the jury, believe from the evidence that the deed of trust read by the claimants, was made ‘ to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors/ they ought to find for the claimants.” This instruction is manifestly erroneous. The deed may have been made with no intention of 11 hindering, delaying, or defrauding creditors; ” and yet it might be void as I contend it is, as against the general policy of the law; oras against the constitution of the federal or state constitution; or, with the most honest intentions of the parties in creating it, the deed may bcome void by the subsequent conduct of the parties; or the grantor may have used the property or its proceeds inconsistently with the objects and purposes of thé grant, as was the fact with the grantor in his appropriation of the crops, &c. And hence it is manifest, that the jury might have found no intention in the parties to the deed of “hindering, delaying, or defrauding creditors,” and yet they ought not to have found for the claimants. 2. “That if such deed was made with such intent by the grantor, yet his intention cannot invalidate the deed; to render it void, it is necessary that the trustees, or cestui que trusts, should participate in the fraudulent design.” In the first place, it may here be remarked that these trustees were mere naked trustees, without any beneficial interest whatever ; that deeds of trusts are often made without the previous knowledge or consent of the trustees; that having no interest whatever in the property granted, they cannot have any inducement to perpetrate a fraud., Nay, more, it is apprehended that a deed of trust may be valid without their signature, or perhaps without their previous knowledge or consent. But, that this instruction is erroneous on other grounds, see 2 Johns. Ch. R. 35, and 8 Term Rep. 521. 3. “ That although the deed is made to the claimants in trust for the purposes therein declared, it enures to the benefit of the legatees, distributees, and children of Wyche and Birdsong, and is, if valid, their security.” That this instruction is contrary to law, is apparent from these positions, to wit: That those heirs are not made parties in the deed. The deed itself clearly specifies the parties ; these three parties could, unquestionably, at any time, cancel and annul the deed; and the heirs would surely have no legal right to interpose their objection to such cancellation. 4. “ A debtor has a right in law to’ indemnify his sureties against loss, or provide for the payment of sums due or to become due from him as executor or guardian, and to prefer them to other creditors, if others he has, and his doing so is no badge of fraud.” However correct this instruction may be in the abstract, and however much it might, and probably did influence the jury, it had no application to the case before them. For if Wall, the executor and guardian, without committing any waste, or other dereliction of duty, can be regarded as a-debtor to the heirs or the estate of his testator, he surely cannot be a debtor to his sureties without such dereliction, and hence they cannot be his creditors. Under the cireums¿ánces of the parties at the time of the execution of the deed, his sureties were-certainly not his creditors; and the deed could not have been given to secure them as creditors. Consequently, the court below manifestly erred in giving the instruction. 5. This instruction is erroneous, for reasons and law assigned and quoted in references contained in and annexed to the second instruction. 6. This instruction must share the same fate as that of the preceding. In conclusion, I will add that I have diligently searched for authorities tending to sanction the principles contained in the deed of trust now before the court; but I have searched in vain. If the court shall sustain the deed,'it will authorize all the administrators, executors and guardians, &c. in the state of Mississippi, to cover their property, and then to place it beyond the reach of- executions of their judgment creditors for the space of twenty-one years. For it will be borne in mind that this deed continues its prospective operation, until the youngest child of the testator shall arrive at the age of eighteen years; and if at eighteen, why not until he arrives at lawful age % If such indulgence shall be allowed to administrators, executors, guardians, &c. to cover their property by such a trick and contrivance, it is easy to see what a door for fraud will be opened to unscrupulous men “to hinder, delay and defraud” their judgment creditors. Mayes and Clifton, for appellees. The first question is, did the court err in permitting the deed, under which claimants set up title, to go to the jury as evidence ? It was contested only on the ground that it was void, on its., face, and is said to be void on its face for the following reasons, as will appear from the argument on the part of the appellant. 1. That it was a conveyance to indemnify against a contingent future liability, and was therefore fraudulent and void. In support of this objection certain authorities are referred to, which I respectfully suggest have no application to this case. The principal case relied on is that of Sluder’s Assignees v. de Maitos, 1 Burr. 467. That case only decides that a conveyance made of all a trader’s effects was an act of bankruptcy, and turned exclusively on the doctrines applicable to bankruptcy. The opinion of Lord Mansfield shows that the leading features of ;the case were wholly different from those now under consideration. That was a conveyance by a trader of all his effects to secure for future advances. This is a conveyance by a planter to indemnify his sureties in his bonds as executor, &c. That was a secret conveyance. This was public and notorious, and duly recorded. The conveyance was there made in contemplation of bankruptcy, and the necessary consequence of a conveyance by a trader, of all his effects, to secure one for future advances is an act of bankruptcy, as he cannot pay existing debts, having divested himself of the control of means. Finally, there the question was, whether a trader was a bankrupt. Here, it is whether a certain conveyance is void upon its face, for fraud apparent. 2. It is contended that it is void, because it is to indemnify against a future breach of duty. Here again, it seems to me the authorities have -no application. A bond given me, or a security to' me of any kind to indemnify me for doing an illegal act is void, but it is too plain to admit of remark that a bond given by me or a security of any kind to assure others that I will not commit an illegal act, or if I do that they, as my sureties, shall be indemnified, is valid. All the cases of indemnity against illegal acts are to indemnify the wrong-doer, and they proceed on principles which seem to me so wholly inapplicable to the present case that I will drop this part of the subject. 3. The third position of the counsel for plaintiff is, that the deed of trust “ operates as fin entail,” and so is void. I pass over this without remark. 4.' The next ground taken is, that the deed is void, because it conveys all the property of Wall, including farming tools, household goods, &c. The answer to this is twofold. I deny the. fact; the deed does not convey, or purport to convey all the property of Michael Wall. There is nothing in the record to show it, the deed does not so declare it, and the court cannot presume it. But if the deed did convey all his property, I deny the legal conclusion. It does not render the deed fraudulent and void in point of law. The plaintiff here relies on the case before noticed in Burrow. It has been shown to have no application. He also relies on Hendricks v. Robinson, 2 Johns. Ch. R. 284. That case is considered directly against him. The reasoning and authorities of Chancellor Kent, 306, 307, are conclusive. He lays it down, that “indemnity is a. good consideration,” and quotes, with approbation, Munn v. Whittemore, 8 T. R. 521, in which it was held, that a grantor, who conveyed a lease of his farm, and all his effects and debts in trust, in consideration of a sum to be paid by one of the trustees, and out of the \Sale the trustee to be reimbursed, and to pay. him other sums, and then to pay such of his debts as the trustees should, in their discretion, think proper, and the surplus to be held for the use of his wife, was not guilty of a fraud ; that “ it was neither fraudulent! in fact, nor voluntary, from which the law infers fraud, and that putting the bankrupt laws out of the case, a debtor may assign all his effects, for the benefit of particular creditors.” He asserts that the conveyance, &c., “ must be devised of malice and fraud, to bring it within the statute.” That “ the object of the statute was to prevent deeds, &c., fraudulent in their inception and intention, and not merely such as in their effect might delay or hinder other creditors.” He further says, “It is altogether a question of intention; and if that be free from fraud, the assignment is not void,” &c. See also Dey v. Dunham, 2 Johns. Ch. R. 189. The numerous authorities referred to, prove the foregoing positions to have been fully established, in equity and at law. How then the naked fact, that Michael Wall conveyed all his effects, (if such fact appeared,) constitutes even a badge of fraud, I am at a loss to conceive. But to enable the plaintiff to sustain his position, it would not be sufficient that it is a badge of fraud. He must prove that it is fraudulent and void, in and of itself, and conclusively so, for he is endeavoring to prove that the court erred, in permitting the deed to be read to the jury. And no odds how many badges of fraud there might be apparent on the face of the deed, it should go to the jury, that they might decide whether it was or was not fraudulent. The court could not, because of a badge of fraud, if it existed, decide upon those evidences, and reject the deed. The deed should go to the jury, that they might weigh the evidences, and pronounce on the existence or non-existence of the fraud, which the badge or evidence conduced to prove. , The grounds taken by plaintiff, and numbered 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, commencing with a statement that Wall had the control of the property, &c., constitute no reason why the court should have refused to permit the deed to be read. Make the most of them, and they could only be, as far as the action of the court is involved, ground for certain hypothetical instructions to the jury. This brings me to the instructions refused and given. The first instruction was rightfully refused. The equity which Michael Wall had was not the subject of execution. The property levied on was personal; and that an equity of redemption in personal property is not subject to execution, is too universally admitted to be discussed. Freeman’s Chan. R. 729. But if M. Wall’s equity was subject to execution, that was not a question raised by the issue. The sheriff did not levy on M. Wall’s equity; the 'equity in M. Wall was not claimed by Pack and Clifton. The issue did not involve that equity. The levy was on the slaves, as the property of Wall ; they were claimed by Pack and Clifton, as their property, and the issue was made on, and only involved the legal right. Where a sheriff may by law sell under a fi. fa. an equity of redemption, it should appear that he levied on that equity. Walford v. Phelps, 2 J. J. Marshall, 33. The second instruction asked and refused, only involves the validity of the deed on its face. This has already been remarked on. The same may be said of the third instruction asked and refused. The fourth and last instruction refused, is so palpably not law, that no remark need be made respecting it. The first instruction given on motion of the defendants is fully sustained by the statute, which is but an affirmance of the common law. It only makes void deeds made to hinder, delay, or defraud creditors; and the third section expressly provides, that “this act shall not extend to any estate or interest in any lands, goods, or chattels, or any rents, common, or profit, out of the same, which shall be upon good consideration, and bona fide lawfully conveyed or assured to any person or persons, bodies politic or corporate.” Rev. Code, 193. That this was upon good consideration has already been shown, and will be further shown hereafter, and the very terms of the construction refer to the jury the bona fides of the transaction. The second instruction is attacked, and Hildreth v. Sands, 2 Johns. Chan. R. is referred to, as standing opposed to it. It is sufficient to remark, (although it admits of other answers,) that the case of Hildreth v. Sands came before the court of errors, and Spencer, J., in delivering the opinion of the court, says : “ It has been incidentally stated by his honor, the Chancellor, in the opinion given by him in this cause, that if the deed sought to be avoided as fraudulent, was to be considered fraudulent on the part of C. Sands, the grantor, there would be great difficulty in supporting it, even if the grantee was innocent of any fraud.” “ I do not understand his honor as intending to give a decided opinion on this point, nor was it necessary; I cannot, however, refrain from expressing a different inclination of opinion.” He then proceeds, at some length, to show that the Chancellor’s opinion, or rather the dictum, was incorrect. Sands v. Hildreth, 14 Johns. R. 498, 499. And in Roberts v. Anderson, 3 Johns. Chan. R. 378, Chancellor Kent acknowledges and apologizes for his error, saying that “ such a conveyance is supported by the proviso, (to 13th Elizabeth) however fraudulent the intention of the grantor might be; and ,the contrary opinion which I had once received on this point from some of the English cases, without at the time' adverting to this proviso, and which led me to the dictum in Hildreth v. Sands, 2 Johns. Chan. R., was properly corrected by Mr. J. Spencer, when that case was afterwards before the court of errors.” The proviso to our statute, before referred to in this argu-r xnent, is the same with that of 13th Elizabeth, and therefore the case of Hildreth v. Sands is for, and not against the instruction. The third instruction given is fully warranted by the authorities and by reason. 1 Story’s Eq. 481, and authorities cited. Rhillips v. Thompson, 2 Johns. Chan. R. 418. On this point references might be greatly multiplied, but there beingno diversity, it is unnecessary. The fourth instruction is supported by the authorities before cited. So also as to the fifth. The sixth and seventh require no remark. Mr. Justice Sharkey delivered the opinion of the court. Harney, on the 19th of April, 1842, recovered a judgment against William S. Parham, Willis M. Gibson, Michael Wall and James M. Wall, and sued out a writ of fieri facias, which was levied on certain slaves as the property of Michael Wall. The slaves were claimed, according to the provisions of the statute, by Pack and Clifton, who gave bond to try the right. On the trial of the issue, the plaintiff in execution introduced his judgment and execution, and proved by a witness that the slaves were in possession of Michael Wall at the time of the levy, and here rested his case. To rebut the prim,a facie case made out by the plaintiff, the claimants introduced a deed of trust, as the foundation of their title, made to them as trustees, by Michael Wall, anterior to the date of the judgment; by which he conveyed a quantity of land, a considerable number of slaves, including those levied on; his stock of horses and cattle; a quantity of household and kitchen furniture, and the crops of cotton thereafter to be grown. The history of this deed of trust, as gathered from the recitals and other evidence, seems to be in substance this: Some four or five years before it was executed, Wall had become guardian to’the infant daughter of one Birdsong, then about four years of age, and he was also .executor of Birdsong’s will. He received a considerable amount of property, and executed bond with James M. Wall and William S. Parham as sureties, in the penalty of eighty thousand dollars. He was also appointed executor of the will of George Wyche, and guardian to his children; and for the faithful discharge of this trust, he executed another bond with J. M. Wall and Parham as sureties. To indemnify and save harmless the two sureties, Wall and Parham, the conveyance in trust was made, giving power to the trustees to sell, if it became necessary. But of the crops of cotton to be raised, the necessary expenses of planting, gathering and selling the same, were to be first deducted, and the net proceeds paid into the probate court. The deed contains a clause reserving the right of possession to the grantor. The plaintiff objected to the introduction of the deed, but the deed was admitted. The defendants or claimants next introduced the copy of a mortgage of most of the land conveyed in the deed of trust, to the Real Estate Bank of Hinds county, bearing date 3d of July, 1838, which was executed by Michael Wall. They also read the transcript of a judgment confessed by M. Wall and William S. Parham on the 23d of December, 1839, in favor of James Ford, for $8218, under which a Ji. 'fa. issued, and part of the land and sixteen of the slaves conveyed in the deed of trust, were sold on the first of November, 1841. Another judgment in favor of the Railroad Bank, against M. Wall and others, rendered on the 16th of April, 1840, for $2366. Proof was also introduced in reference to the amount of inventories of property, which had come to Wall’s hands in his fiduciary capacities, and also in reference to his liabilities thereon at the time of trial, by which it appeared to be a sum greatly less than the amount of his bond. Under the charges of the court, the jury found a verdict for the claimants, and the plaintiif in execution has appealed to this court, having taken exceptions to the refusal of the court to grant certain charges, and to the granting of certain others on the part of the claimants. It is deemed unnecessary to undertake an investigation of all the points raised, either by the charges refused, or those which • were given. The most important are selected for comment. The plaintiif in execution requested the court to instruct the jury, that as against a creditor the deed of trust was not sufficient on its face to protect the property from the execution. If the deed was void on its face, it presented a question of law, and it was competent for the court to declare it invalid. In the case of Hyslop & Campbell v. Clark, 14 Johns. R. 458, an assignment for the benefit of creditors, was held void in law, because of the restrictions imposed on some of the creditors, and the benefits secured to the grantor. And in the case of Harris v. Sumner, 2 Pick. 129, a deed of assignment which preferred certain creditors, was held void, because the grantor had reserved a sum of money for himself. Both of these cases established the principle, that an assignment for the benefit of creditors, preferring some to others, which secures a lasting and material benefit to the grantor, is void in law. The objection to the validity of this deed, as being void on its face, is one of great force. It was made long after the responsibility was incurred; it conveys all the household and kitchen furniture of the grantor, his horses and mules, and all his farming utensils, together with the crops of cotton to be afterwards raised, with a reservation of possession. It is manifest that a portion of the property thus conveyed must be consumed by the use of it, and this circumstance is sometimes regarded as making the conveyance void on its face. 4 Yerg. R. 541. This conveyance was made to indemnify sureties, whose liability was remote, and depended on a mere contingency, and there was no proof introduced to show any act from which an actual present liability could have arisen. Strong as these circumstances may seem, I am disposed to regard them, in this instance, only as badges of fraud, and being such, the court could not properly have declared the deed void on its face. At the request of the claimants the court charged the jury, that if the deed was made with intent to hinder, delay, and defraud creditors by the grantor, yet his intention cannot invalidate the deed. To render it void it is necessary that the trustees or cestui que trust should participate in the fraudulent design.” In giving this instruction the court announced the general proposition, that a deed of trust is valid unless the trustee or cestui que tnisl has participated in the fraudulent design of the grantor, which is believed to be a mistaken notion of the law, by which the jury may have been misled. It is believed that a deed of trust, designed to defraud creditors, may be void, although neither the trustee nor the cestui que trust knew anything of the design or object of the grantor. That deeds of trust so executed may also be valid is no doubt equally true. This question must depend upon the construction of the statute of frauds and perjuries in its application to such instruments as this deed. By the second section every gift, grant, or conveyance of lands, or of goods and chattels, contrived or made with malice, fraud, covin or collusion, with intent to hinder, delay or defraud creditors, or -to defraud or deceive those who shall purchase, is declared void. The third section provides that the act shall not extend to any estate in lands, goods or chattels, which shall be upon good consideration and bona fide, lawfully conveyed to any person or body politic. This statute embraces in substance the provisions of the 13th and 27th of Elizabeth, which have received a settled construction, protecting bona fide purchasers for a Valuable consideration, and the same construction has been given to similar statutes in most, or perhaps all, of the States of the Union ; and it is immaterial, says Chancellor Kent, whether he purchases from a fraudulent grantor, or a fraudulent grantee; and there is no difference between a deed to defraud creditors, and one to defraud subsequent purchasers. 4 Kent’s Com. 5th ed. 464. This construction has been given in reference to absolute conveyances, and when we are called on to apply our statute to such a conveyance, we may adopt the same rule. There is certainly a very just distinction between an absolute conveyance, and a deed of trust, the latter being but a security for the payment of a debt, whilst by the former, the entire estate passes. The legal title, it is true, is said to vest in the trustee, but it does so subject to a condition or a defeasance. These instruments have come into very general use in this state in the place of mortgages. Elsewhere they do not seem to be so generally used, hence there are but few adjudged cases, except those which have taken place on absolute assignments in trust for the benefit of creditors. As a security taken at the time of contracting a debt, they may be useful and valid, and may be entitled to be regarded as coming within the proviso of the statute; but when they are executed to secure the payment of a preexisting debt, or to indemnify against loss on account of a preexisting responsibility, other principles must be kept in view. The effect of such an instrument, and its object, may then be to give a preference to one creditor over others ; and whether this can be validly done under any or all circumstances, becomes the important question. This deed was given for the indemnity of the sureties of the grantor, on account of a preexisting liability, the actual liability depending on a mere contingency. It is not to be doubted that a debtor may, by assignment, give a preference to one creditor, or to one class of creditors. It is often morally right that he should do so. But his motive must be dictated by a moral'sense. If the act is conceived and perpetrated in fraud, it becomes vicious. It is true that every preference tends to hinder or delay other creditors, but this is the mere consequence of a pure purpose. But when the conveyance originated in a scheme of designed fraud, it comes within the condemnatory provisions of the statute, and is void. Chancellor Kent, in commenting on the right of a debtor to prefer creditors, said, “ It is altogether a question of intention, and if that be free from fraud, the assignment is not void within the statute.” Hendricks v. Robinson, 2 John. Ch. R. 283. The same principle was recognized in the case of Estwick v. Cailland, 5 Term Rep., and by Lord Ellenborough, when he said that it was not every conveyance that might have the effect 'to hinder and delay creditors that is fraudulent within the statute, but it must be devised of malice and fraud to bring it within the statute. Cited 2 Johns. Ch. R. 308. And again in the case of Nicoll v. Mumford, 4 Johns. Ch. R. 522, it was held that such assignments must be bona fide, and referable to an act of duty on the part of the debtor. The case of Hyslop and Campbell v. Clark, before referred to, is decided on the same principle. That was an assignment for the benefit of creditors, giving a preference to some, and exacting a condition from others who should claim under the assignment, on which account it was held void. It was not pretended that the preferred creditors had participated in the fraud; their claim was undoubtedly just, and they had done no act from which a fraudulent design could be imputed to them. The case of Harris v. Sumner, 2 Pick. R. 129, was also on an assignment giving a preference amongst creditors. The grantor reserved a certain sum of money to himself, on which account the assignment was held void, although the preferred creditors had not participated in the fraudulent' design, in any other way than by being a party to the instrument, which was not in fact signed by them until after the attachment was made. It was insisted that the question of fraud was one of fact, and ought to be left to the jury, and the court admitted that this would be proper where the fraud did not appear on the face of the instrument. These two last cases must settle beyond question that a deed of trust which prefers creditors may be void for fraud in law, although the creditors may be innocent of any fraudulent intent. And if such a deed may be fraudulent in law, why may it not be in fact? Reference to a few legal principles will show that it may be so. I apprehend that it will not be pretended that the trustee must know of the fraud, or participate in the design. The trustee is often a party without any consideration : a mere third person interposed to fill the legal requisites of a deed of trust, often without any participancy in the design, or knowledge of the intention of the grantor, as doubtless were the trustees in this instance, even if the grantor contemplated fraud, which is not a question for us to determine. The cestui que trust is the person beneficially interested, and clearly,, if he participate in the fraud, the deed is void, although the trustee be innocent. On the other hand, if the innocence of the cestui que trust must in all cases make the deed valid, it is difficult to say that it would be void for the fraud of the grantor and trustee. If the jaw will in all cases protect an innocent person, will it not protect him notwithstanding the grantor and trustee may both have participated in the fraud ? He is the party beneficially interested, and yet I apprehend that it would not be seriously contended that a deed made by a fraudulent grantor to a fraudulent trustee was valid. Still in such a case the cestui que trust, being the party whose debt was the consideration, if all deeds are within the proviso of the statute, might claim his protection. If a deed so made would not be valid, it seems to follow that the innocence of the cestui que trust does not necessarily make the conveyance valid. But, further to illustrate the principle I contend for: the creditor may be ignorant that his debt has been secured by deed of trust. It may be made in favor of an absent creditor. This point was settled by Chief Justice Marshall, in the case of Brooks v. Marbury, 11 Wheaton; and again in the case of Nicoll v. Mumford, above cited. In such a case the grantor might create secret trusts in his own favor, by conveying to the use of others, and the deed would be valid becáuse of its provision in favor of the bona fide creditor; for part cannot be rejected and another part retained. If a deed is void as to part, it is void as to the whole. In this way it is easy to perceiv'e how a debtor may lock up his property, or the greater part of it, in defiance of his creditors. A deed disclosing such a purpose, would undoubtedly be declared void on its face, but they may be so framed as to keep the deformity out of view; in which case it becomes necessary that a jury should find the fact; and when the fact is found by a jury, the law condemns it, just as it does when it appears on the face of the deed. I am thus led to the conclusion that the proposition laid down by the court in the charge was too broad, and that a deed of trust made to secure an antecedent debt, may be void,' although neither the trustee nor the cestui que trust, participated in the fraudulent intent. The statute protects a bona fide purchaser because he parts with his money under a belief that he is getting a title uncontaminated by fraud ; but the creditor parts with nothing. The giving of the deed of trust does not extinguish his debt, nor did he contract on the faith of such a security. He is not a purchaser, nor does he part with his money for an interest in the land. But his situation is that of a mere creditor, and he is not entitled to have his debt preferred, when such preference is given with a design to defraud other creditors. If such be its purpose it is void under the statute of frauds. The judgment must be reversed and the cause remanded.	CASELAW
Type of Comments in PhP 0 185 Comment in computer programming is a programmer-readable explanation or annotation in the source code of a computer program. They are added with the purpose of making the source code easier for humans to understand, and are generally ignored by compilers and interpreters. It is a non-executable line. comment is used to write the description for your own understanding.Browser doesn’t read the comments.There are two types of comments used in There are two types of comments used in PhP 1. Single line comments: Single line comment used for short explanations. Declaration of Single line comment are two types Either Begin with (#) or backslash (//) <?php # This is the single line comment # This is the next line comment // This is also a single line comment. ?> In the above example, First and second line comments begin with the hash (#) and the third one begins with (//). If we check the output of the given example. Browser show blank page. Because comments are always non-executable. Another Example of Single line Comment <?php $str= "welcome "; //$str. =" student"; echo $str; ?> Output: welcome In the above example, we declare a variable to store the String (“welcome”). In the second line, we concatenate string (“student”) with the Previous string (“welcome”). In the third line, we check the output. It shows Welcome Only because the second line statement has already specified a comment statement. So it can’t take the string (“student”) as a declaration. 2. Multi-lines comments: Multi lines comments used to comment multiple lines. Here we can give comments in bulk. The bulk comments are enclosed within (/…../) <?php /* This is a comment with multiline Developer : Study Warehouse view : Multiline Comments Demo / ?> All lines which are defined in PHP environmental are Multiline comments. it is non-executable because it encloses with Multiline comments statement. Another example of Multi-line comments <?php / $str = "welcome "; $str.= "users "; */ echo "Hello user how are you? "; ?> Output: Hello user how are you? LEAVE A REPLY Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here	ESSENTIALAI-STEM
Cabauw Cabauw is a village in the Dutch province of Utrecht. It is part of the municipality of Lopik, and lies about 12 km southwest of IJsselstein. Cabauw consists of a small village centre, and a ribbon of farms along the Lopikerwetering canal, between Zevender and Lopik. Cabauw used to be a separate municipality. In 1857, it became a part of the municipality of Willige Langerak, which in its turn was merged into Lopik in 1943. Cabauw is and has long been a catholic enclave within a predominantly Protestant region. History It was first mentioned in 1254 as inden Cabbau, and means dispute. The reason why the land was disputed is unknown. Cabauw is a linear settlement which started as a peat excavation concession. In 1840, it was home to 121 people. The Catholic church was built in 1928. The KNMI-mast Cabauw is a 213 m tall meteorological tower from 1972 and is located near the village. The wind mill Middelste Molen also known as Cabauwse Molen is a polder mill from 1773. It was a replacement of an earlier wind mill. There used to 41 polder mills in the polder, however the Middelste Molen is the only one remaining. In 1962, it was replaced by a Diesel powered pumping station, however it remained as a backup, and is still occasionally in service.	WIKI
-- Euro-Area Confidence Drops, German Jobless Increases: Economy Economic confidence in the euro area fell more than economists forecast in August as leaders struggled to rein in the sovereign debt crisis and the region’s slump deepened. An index of executive and consumer sentiment in the 17- nation euro area dropped to 86.1 from 87.9 in July, the European Commission in Brussels said today. That’s the lowest since August 2009. Economists had forecast a decline to 87.5, the median of 26 estimates in a Bloomberg News survey showed. In Germany, jobless claims rose for a fifth month in August. European consumers and executives are growing more pessimistic about the outlook as officials try to contain the debt turmoil that’s showing little sign of abating. Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy meets with French President Francois Hollande today as he considers seeking a second European bailout. “The economy might have contracted slightly more than previously forecast in the third quarter,” said Christoph Weil , an economist at Commerzbank AG in Frankfurt . “We still expect the economy to stabilize toward year-end but for that to happen, indicators would have to improve over the coming months. The problem is that the core of the euro area is weakening as well, pushing the economy deeper into recession.” Downside Risks The euro traded at $1.2542 as of 12:02 p.m. in London , up 0.1 percent on the day. It has depreciated 3.2 percent against the dollar this year after Spain and Cyprus were both forced to ask for external aid in June, joining Greece , Ireland and Portugal . The Stoxx Europe 600 Index dropped for a third straight day, declining 0.4 percent. Moody’s Investors Service said today that downside risks to the global recovery this year and next have increased. Growth in 2012 will be “materially lower” than last year, with the euro region’s fiscal crisis posing the biggest risk to the outlook, the ratings company said. Global leaders have also signaled concern about the turmoil. Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao told visiting German Chancellor Angela Merkel that Spain, Italy and Greece must take “comprehensive measures” to prevent a worsening of the region’s fiscal crisis. Troika Report Still, euro-area leaders have said they will await a report from Greece’s troika of creditors -- the European Central Bank , the European Commission and the International Monetary Fund -- before making a decision on whether to ease the terms of the country’s $240 billion lifeline. The ECB is also working out a plan to help support indebted nations by purchasing their bonds in tandem with the region’s rescue fund. Still, governments may find it more difficult to plug their budget gaps without economic growth. The euro-area shrank 0.2 percent in the second quarter and indicators have since shown signs of a deepening slump. Services and manufacturing output shrank for a seventh month in August, Markit Economics in London said on Aug. 23. Euro-region unemployment probably rose to a record 10.3 percent in July from 10.2 percent the previous month, according to a Bloomberg survey. The European Union’s statistics office will release the report tomorrow at 11 a.m. in Luxembourg. Today’s confidence report showed that a gauge of sentiment among manufacturers fell to minus 15.3 in August from minus 15.1 in July. That’s the lowest since December 2009. Services confidence dropped to minus 10.8 from minus 8.5, while consumer sentiment slipped to minus 24.6 from minus 21.5, a three-year low. Sentiment in the construction industry also worsened. German Slowdown In Germany, Europe’s largest economy, which helped counter the euro area’s slowdown in the first half of the year, business confidence fell for a fourth straight month in August. The number of people out of work increased a seasonally adjusted 9,000 to 2.90 million in August, the Federal Labor Agency in Nuremberg said today. Economists forecast a gain of 7,000. In a separate report, the VDMA machine-makers’ association said German plant and machinery orders declined for a ninth month in July as domestic demand slumped. Orders, adjusted for inflation, fell 2 percent from a year earlier after dropping an annual 1 percent in June. Bayerische Motoren Werke AG (BMW) , the world’s biggest maker of luxury cars, on Aug. 1 reported its first drop in quarterly operating profit in almost three years. Chief Executive Officer Norbert Reithofer said global conditions may “deteriorate in the face of the euro crisis and high government debt.” Australia Housing In Australia , a government report today underscored a slowdown in the nation’s housing market, with building approvals tumbling 17.3 percent in July from June, the most in almost a decade. A separate release showed that business investment rose 3.4 percent in the second quarter from the previous three months, less than half the prior gain. The Philippines today reported that gross domestic product rose 5.9 percent in the second quarter from a year before, down from 6.3 percent in January-to-March. In Japan , retail sales fell more than economists forecast in July. In the euro area, gauges on the outlook also weakened in August. A measure of manufacturers’ production expectations decreased to minus 8.6 from minus 7.7 in July, today’s report showed. An indicator of order books fell to minus 29.4 from minus 28.3, while an index of employment expectations also declined from the previous month. “The sustained fiscal austerity and muddling through approach to the crisis is increasingly taking its toll on economic confidence across the region,” said Martin van Vliet, an economist at ING Group in Amsterdam. ECB President Mario Draghi said on Aug. 2 that the central bank may intervene in bond markets to lower borrowing costs of Italy and Spain if those governments request aid from the European Stability Mechanism. Policy makers, who cut borrowing costs to 0.75 percent in July, will hold their next meeting on Sept. 6 in Frankfurt. To contact the reporter on this story: Simone Meier in Zurich at smeier@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story: Craig Stirling at cstirling1@bloomberg.net	NEWS-MULTISOURCE

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.