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Border Bulldogs
The Border Bulldogs is a South African professional rugby union team based in East London that participates in the annual Currie Cup competitions. They are governed by the Border Rugby Union (BRU).
History
The Border Rugby Football Union governs rugby in the eastern third of the Eastern Cape province, including two former homelands, Transkei and Ciskei. The team is based in East London and play at the Buffalo City Stadium. They form part of the Southern Kings Super Rugby franchise.
Border were one of the founding members of the Currie Cup, having been established in 1891, but have only won the prestigious competition twice, in 1932 and 1934. They also won the Vodacom Shield in 2003.
In 1995, following the introduction professionalism in rugby, the team adopted the nickname the Bulldogs. The team have struggled since they were relegated to the Currie Cup First Division in 2000, never being promoted to the Premier Division. They average crowds of 3,500 to Currie Cup first division games, however they can attract much larger crowds when they take on their fiercest and closest rivals, the Eastern Province Elephants.
In-fighting and financial crisis
In 2013, a dispute arose between the Border Rugby Union and the Border Rugby (Pty) Ltd, the professional arm of the BRFU which administers the Bulldogs. The dispute was in relation to a perceived lack of transformation at the Bulldogs, who claimed local amateur black players were not good enough for the professional side. As a result, in June of that year, the BRFU refused to release any of their club players to play for the Bulldogs. In September and October, television broadcasting money paid by SARU to the BRFU was not given to the Bulldogs, resulting in players' salaries not being paid, coach Paul Flanagan leaving and the Border Academy being shut down. At the start of 2014, the BRFU announced that it was bankrupt. In March 2014, the South African Rugby Union withdrew their financial support due to a lack of audited financial records. It culminated in the South African Rugby Union taking control of the team's financial and administrative affairs in December 2014, with the intention of handing control back to BRFU officials once the situation has been normalised.
Honours
Vodacom Shield Bankfin Nite Series
* champions 2003 Vodacom Shield
* runner-up 1996
Current squad
The following players were included in the Border Bulldogs squad for the 2022 Currie Cup First Division:
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Page:Dictionary of National Biography volume 03.djvu/459
Baynard which made a gentleman of no small parts and learning say of her:— Annam gens Solymæa, Annam gens Belgica jactat: At superas Annas, Anna Baynarda, duas.’ She earnestly urged the ladies of her acquaintance to live serious lives and abandon ‘visits, vanity, and toys’ for ‘study and thinking.’ The last two years of her life were mainly spent in meditation in the churchyard at Barnes, Surrey. She died at Barnes on 12 June 1697, aged about 25, and was buried there a few days later. At her funeral John Prude, curate of St. Clement Danes, London, preached a biographical sermon, which was printed with a dedication to her female friends.
[J. Prude's Sermon on Eccl. ii. 16, at the funeral of Mrs. Ann Baynard, 1697; Collier's Dictionary, s.v. ‘Ralph Baynard,’ ad fin.; Ballard's Memoirs of Learned Ladies; Wilford's Memorials; Chalmers's Biog. Dict.; Palatine Notebook, ii. 212.] BAYNARD, EDWARD, M.D. (b. 1641, fl. 1719), physician and poet, was born in 1641, probably at Preston, Lancashire. In 1665, at the time of the great plague, he was sometimes at Chiswick and sometimes in London. He entered the university of Leyden for the study of medicine in 1671, and most likely graduated there. He became an honorary fellow of the College of Physicians of London in 1684, and a fellow in 1687. Previously to this he had commenced practice at Preston. From about the year 1675, and onward for twenty-six years, it was his custom to visit the hot baths at Bath. He was established there as a physician, as well as in London, which was his home, his address in 1701 being the Old House, Ludgate Hill. Dr. Baynard is said to have been the ‘Horoscope’ of Garth's ‘Dispensary.’
Sir John Floyer's treatise on cold bathing, entitled ‘The ancient Psychrolousia revived’ (1702), has appended to it a letter from Dr. Baynard ‘containing an Account of many Eminent Cures done by the Cold Baths in England; together with a Short Discourse of the wonderful Virtues of the Bath Waters on decayed Stomachs, drank Hot from the Pump.’ Dr. Baynard's popular work entitled ‘Health, a Poem. Shewing how to procure, preserve, and restore it. To which is annex'd The Doctor's Decade,’ was published at London in 1719, 8vo. The fourth edition appeared in 1731; the fifth, corrected, in 1736; the seventh in 1742; the eighth without date; and the ninth at Manchester in 1758. Another edition, also called the ninth, was published at London in 1764. The preface, partly in verse and partly in prose, is mainly directed against drunkenness; and the poem itself is made up of homely medical advice. Dr. Baynard has two papers in the ‘Philosophical Transactions,’ one of them being on the ‘Case of a Child who swallowed two Copper Farthings.’
His only daughter was Ann Baynard [see ].
[Palatine Note-book, ii. 210, 250; Nichols's Lit. Anecd. i. 180; Phil. Trans. xix. 19, xx. 424; Munk's Coll. of Physicians, 2nd edition, i. 450.] BAYNARD, FULK (fl. 1226), itinerant justice, was seated at Merton, Norfolk, and was specially constituted a justice for a single occasion in November 1226.
[Foss's Judges of England, 1848, ii. 228.] BAYNARD, ROBERT (d. 1331), judge, was son of Fulk Baynard [q. v.] He was elected knight of the shire for Norfolk several times between 1289 and 1327, and had the custody of the county in 1311–12. In January and July 1313 he was summoned to parliament, and at the accession of Edward III was made a justice of the king's bench 9 March 1327.
[Foss's Judges of England, 1848, iii. 395; Lords' Reports on the Dignity of a Peer, App. i. part i. 223, 230.] BAYNBRIGG, CHRISTOPHER (1464?-1514), cardinal. [See .]
BAYNE, ALEXANDER, of Rires (d. 1737), first tenant of the chair of Scots law in the university of Edinburgh, the son of John Bayne of Logie, Fife, to whom he was served heir in general on 8 Oct. 1700, and descended from the old Fifeshire family of Tulloch, was admitted advocate on 10 July 1714, but seems to have had little or no practice. In January 1722 he was appointed curator of the Advocates' Library, and on the establishment of the chair of Scots law in the university of Edinburgh in the same year the town council elected him (28 Nov.) to fill it. He had already for some time been engaged in lecturing on that subject in an unofficial capacity. Early in 1726 he retired from the office of curator of the Advocates' Library, the usual term of holding that position having then expired. In the same year he published an edition of Sir Thomas Hope's ‘Minor Practicks,’ a work which is said to have been dictated by its author to his son while dressing, and which had lain in manuscript for nearly half a century, but which, in the opinion of the most competent judges, is a masterpiece of legal erudition, acuteness, and
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WIKI
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Combining HTML Forms
hi all
i need a little help with this i have to forms:
<form name="form1" method="post" action="$PHPSELF?action=A">
<input name="name" type="text">
<input type="submit" name="Submit" value="first name">
</form>
<form name="form1" method="post" action="$PHPSELF?action=B">
<input name="name" type="text">
<input type="submit" name="Submit" value="Last name">
</form>
i would like to combine these so the textbox only appears once on the form and is sent to a different url based on which of the two submit buttons is pressed
any help is gratefully received
loppyrabitAsked:
Who is Participating?
Diablo84Commented:
The PHP approach would be something like:
<form name="form1" method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHP_SELF']; ?>">
<input name="name" type="text">
<input type="submit" name="SubmitA" value="first name">
<input type="submit" name="SubmitB" value="Last name">
</form>
Then:
<?php
if (array_key_exists('SubmitA',$_POST)) {
//firstname button was clicked
}
elseif (array_key_exists('SubmitB',$_POST)) {
//lastname button was clicked
}
?>
Or the same using isset.
The alternative would be using JavaScript to change the forms action onClick but this isn't a reliable method given that JS may be disabled in the users browser.
Diablo84
0
ldbkuttyCommented:
Have two different textboxes for firstname and lastname and two submit buttons with same name but different value. Only the submitted button value will be passed with the form.
Example:
<?php
if(isset($_POST["Submit"]))
{
if($_POST["Submit"] == "First name"]) {
// First name submit button was hit.
echo $_POST["first_name"];
}
else if($_POST["Submit"] == "Last name"]) {
// Last name submit button was hit.
echo $_POST["last_name"];
}
}
?>
<form name="form1" method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHPSELF']; ?>">
<input name="first_name" type="text">
<input name="last_name" type="text">
<input type="submit" name="Submit" value="First name">
<input type="submit" name="Submit" value="Last name">
</form>
0
ldbkuttyCommented:
Ah ok, you want only one textbox!
<?php
if(isset($_POST["Submit"]))
{
if($_POST["Submit"] == "First name") {
// First name submit button was hit.
}
else if($_POST["Submit"] == "Last name") {
// Last name submit button was hit.
}
}
?>
<form name="form1" method="post" action="<?php echo $_SERVER['PHPSELF']; ?>">
<input name="name" type="text">
<input type="submit" name="Submit" value="First name">
<input type="submit" name="Submit" value="Last name">
</form>
Diablo: I thought two submit buttons with different names will be passed irrespective of the button submitted. Or am I wrong? :=)
0
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ldbkuttyCommented:
Ok, I was wrong!
0
Diablo84Commented:
For the sake of example, this would be the JS approach if you *really* need to use it, as i said it is not as reliable though... and is also pointless if you are submitting the data to the same page (with a different flag) anyway..
<form name="form1" method="post" action="pagea.php">
<input name="name" type="text">
<input type="submit" name="button1" value="first name" onClick="this.form.action = 'pagea.php';">
<input type="submit" name="button2" value="Last name" onClick="this.form.action = 'pageb.php';">
</form>
>> Diablo: I thought two submit buttons with different names will be passed irrespective of the button submitted. Or am I wrong? :=)
hmm, i will have to check this, i had thought it was the same principle as checkboxes... they will only exist in the post array if they are clicked...
0
Diablo84Commented:
>> Ok, I was wrong!
oh ok, made me wonder then =D
loppyrabit,
please be sure to give joint credit in this thread with the split button, we have two sets of good contributions. :)
Diablo84
0
ldbkuttyCommented:
Thats alright, no problem Diablo. Have a nice sunday. :=)
0
Diablo84Commented:
Thank you, you too :)
0
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Penguinofhonor
Last words of Thomas Grasso, executed in 1995: "I did not get my Spaghetti-O's, I got spaghetti. I want the press to know this"
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WIKI
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Page:Farmer - Slang and its analogues past and present - Volume 7.pdf/216
1653. Urquhart, Rabelais, i. xi. He had already begun to exercise the tools and some of the women would give these names, my Roger my smell-smock, trouble-gusset, etc. ibid., i. lii. Ill-bred louts, simple sots, or peevish trouble-houses.
1821. Scott, Kenilworth, xxxvii. But once more to this same trouble-mirth, this Lady Varney.
Trounce, verb. (once literary: now colloquial).—To vex, trouble, punish; now to beat severely. [B. E.: 'Trounc'd, troubled, cast in Law, Punisht; I'll trounce the Rogue, I'll hamper him': Grose: 'to punish by course of law.'] Whence trouncing = a drubbing.
1551. Bible, Judges iv. 15. The Lord trounsed [Auth. Ver. 'discomfited'] Sisara and all his charettes.'
c. 1614. Faithful Friends, i. 2. Well, sir, you'll dearly answer this: My master's constable; he'll trounce you for't.
1772. Bridges, Homer, 184. By Jove, for all their bouncing, I'll give their rogueships such a trouncing.
1887. Scribner's Mag., July, 283. We threatened to trounce him roundly when he got sober.
Trout. See Norloch Trout and Peculiar River.
Trowel. To lay on with a trowel, verb. phr. (old).—1. To flatter or exaggerate grossly; to butter (q.v.). Also (2) to lie (Ray); and (3) to use powder, paint, or the like, without stint.
1600. Shakspeare, As You Like It, i. 2. Well said: that was laid on with a trowel.
1694. Congreve, Double Dealer, iii. 10. Paints, d'ye say? Why she lays it on with a trowel has a great beard that bristles through it, and makes her look as if she were plastered with lime and hair.
Trub, subs. (old colloquial).—A slattern; 'a short squat woman' (Ainsworth). Also truba-gully = 'a short dirty ragged fellow, accustomed to performing the most menial offices' (Halliwell).
Truck, subs. (colloquial).—1. Intercourse, dealing: e.g. 'I'll have no truck with you.' Orig. (and still colloquial American), exchange, trading, espec. the barter of small commodities; whence (in contempt) odds and ends, rubbish, and spec. bad food, cagmag (q.v.), mullock (q.v.). Also (now recognised) truck-system (truck-shop), etc. = the payment of wages in kind instead of money: illegal since 1870-5. As verb (originally and still literary) = 'to swop, barter, or exchange' (B. E. and Grose).
c. 1608. [Capt. John Smith, Works, i. 82.] Much other trucke we had, and after two dayes he came aboord, and did eate and drinke with vs very merrily.
1622. Mourt, Journal [App. New England's Memorial, 360]. Retaining Tisquantum to send from place to place to procure truck for us.
1716. Church, Indian War. Now they passed down into Punkatees Neck; and in their march they found a large wigwam full of Indian truck, which the soldiers were for loading themselves with.
1778. Annals of Salem [Bartlett]. About this time family stores were usually called truck She looked out of the window for the market people, to ask them if they would take truck for their produce.
18[?]. Chronicles of Pineville, 40. They purchased homespun, calico, salt, rum, tobacco, and such other truck as their necessities called for.
1844. Major Jones's Travels. If the people of Georgia don't take to makin' homespun and sich truck for themselves, and quit their everlastin' fuss about the tariff and free trade, the first they'll know, the best part of their population will be gone to the new States.
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When I joined the world of Ruby on Rails development and testing I was quite happy with all the tools and testing frameworks available, I was using a lot of them during development process. Words like Rspec and Cucumber quickly became part of my vocabulary, along with other 'magic' words like Kanban and Scrum. BDD, or 'Behaviour Driven Development' became a permanent part of my life!
It's crucial for a project, that the features that a customer would like to have implemented into the finished product are captured as well defined stories early on. We'll eventually use these stories as a template for our tests. Cucumber is an especially good tool for using these stories as templates for testing. So what is Cucumber and what does it look like?
Here's the explanation on Cucumber's own wiki.
Cucumber is a tool that executes plain-text functional descriptions as automated tests. The language that Cucumber understands is called Gherkin.
Here is an example:
As you can see, Cucumber allows you to easily describe the behaviour of your new feature. In fact, it's that good that some of our customers are using Cucumber descriptions as the acceptance criteria on their project's stories. So where's the catch? Well, not everything in cucumber is as easy as it may look. Even though cucumber has lot of pre-defined "phrases" to describe the behaviour of an application, you soon find out that sometimes it can be really tricky to preserve the readability of stories that are more complex than just: "And I should see 'a yellow box" for example. When it gets tricky it gets really time consuming. And even if you know that implementing the related functionality is really easy - writing the proper, readable cucumber test that makes sense is sometimes very hard.
I'm not complaining about writing tests in general. I'm complaining about how hard it is sometimes to achieve basic readability of tests! Does the average customer really have to understand the tests we use? If they do, then ok - I'm here and I'm prepared to write those nice, readable tests for them.
But what if they don't care? Well there is another way around: the solution is called Steak.
So what is Steak?
Steak is an Acceptance BDD solution (like Cucumber) but in plain ol' Ruby. This is how an acceptance spec looks in Steak...
As you can see, there is a Feature description and a Scenario description, but the rest is Ruby language with Capybara syntax. But why do I think this is so special, and why do I think you should use it? Well it's much, much faster to write those complex, yet readable tests, and it's easy to maintain.
Recently, I was working on a tough project where I was the only back-end developer and there was one front-end developer; let's call him Tom. At the start of this project we were using Cucumber. It took such a long time to write some of the tests, and because there were a lot of front end changes, we had to fix and re-write a lot of these Cucumber tests. Tom found he wasn't that comfortable writing Cucumber scenarios, so it took him longer to fix them. At the start of the new iteration, I decided to use Steak instead of Cucumber. I discussed with Tom how Steak works, and he preferred it immediately. We started implementing new stories and development suddenly went really well and much quicker. I was writing Steak stories much faster, and Tom was faster too. So, by the end of the iteration there was no complaining about fixing Cucumber stories, and there was a lot more delivered functionality; them were some good times.
Is it Steak final solution?
Maybe, maybe not. It really depends on you and your customer's needs, but what you really should do is to try it out yourself. You will see how much faster your development process can became.
Written by Petr Zaparka
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907
The Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 was made between the Empire of Japan and the Korean Empire in 1907. Negotiations were concluded on July 24, 1907.
Treaty provisions
The treaty provided that Korea should act under the guidance of a Japanese resident general. The effect of the treaty's provisions was that the administration of internal affairs was turned over to Japan.
The Korean Empire had become a protectorate of Japan under the terms of the earlier Eulsa Treaty on 1905, and had thus lost the right to conduct diplomatic exchanges with other countries. Korean Emperor Gojong sent an envoy in secret to the Hague Conference on World Peace to protest Japan's actions. In retaliation, on July 18, 1907, Japan made Emperor Gojong abdicate in favor of his son Sunjong.
Six days later, a new agreement was forced on the Korean government. Provisions in this new treaty gave the Japanese Resident-General the right to appoint and dismiss high-ranking officials (article 4) and stipulated that all high-ranking officials appointed to the Korean government must be Japanese (article 5). This brought the internal government of Korea fully under the control of Japan. The unpublished section of the treaty also placed the Korean army under Japanese leadership, and handed over judicial and policing powers.
Translation of full text
"The Governments of Japan and Korea, with a view to the early attainment of prosperity and strength in Korea and the speedy promotion of the welfare of the Korean people, have agreed upon and concluded the follow stipulations:
* Article I. The Government of Korea shall follow the directions of the Resident General in connection with the reform of administration.
* Article II. Korea shall not enact any law or ordinance or carry out any administrative measure unless it has previous approval of the Resident General.
* Article III. The judicial affairs of Korea shall be kept distinct from ordinary administrative affairs.
* Article IV. No appointment or dismissal of Korean officials of high grade shall be made without the consent of the Resident General.
* Article V. Korea shall appoint to official positions such Japanese as are recommended by the Resident General.
* Article VI. Korea shall not engage any foreigner without the consent of the Resident general.
* Article VII. The first clause of the agreement between Japan and Korea, dated Aug 22, 1904, is hereby abrogated."
* Lord Itō Hirobumi [Marquess], Resident-General, July 24, 40th year of the Meiji era [1907] (seal)
* Sir Lee Wan-Yong, Prime Minister, July 24, 11th year of the Gwangmu era [1907] (seal)
Diplomatic Memorandum (unpublished)
Based on the import of the Japan-Korea treaty of the 40th year of the Meiji era, the following items shall be enacted.
(1) The following courts, composed of people from both Japan and Korea, shall be newly established.
The President (院長) and Attorney General (檢事總長) of the Court shall be Japanese. Two of the Justices (判事) and five of the secretaries (書記) shall be Japanese.
* 1 One Supreme Court (大審院) located in Gyeongseong Seoul or Suwon.
One shall be located in the central region, and one each in the northern and southern regions. Two of the Justices, one of the attorneys (檢事) and five of the secretaries shall be Japanese.
* 2 Three Courts of Appeal (控訴院)
One of these shall be located at each of the locations of the prosecutor's offices (觀察府所在地) in the eight former provinces (道) The chief prosecutors (所長) and head attorneys (檢事正) shall be Japanese. 32 of all attorneys and 80 of all secretaries shall be Japanese, and shall be allocated as appropriate given the degree of work required.
* 3 Eight District Courts (地方裁判所)
Thesе are to be located in the locations of important regional offices (郡衙) One of the attorneys and one of the secretaries is to be Japanese.
* 4 103 Ward Courts｜區裁判所 (ku saibansho)
(2) The following prisons shall be newly established.
One prison shall be located in the same area as each of the district courts, and one prison on one of the islands. The governor (典獄) shall be Japanese. Half the prison staff, consisting of the head warden (看守長) and levels below, shall be Japanese.
* 1 Nine prisons
(3) Military forces shall be arranged as follows.
* The first battalion (一大隊) of the army, assigned to guarding the Emperor and other duties, shall be disbanded.
* Educated officers (士官) shall be assigned to the Japanese army for training in the field, except where it is necessary for them to remain in the Korean army.
* Appropriate provisions shall be made in Japan for training Korean soldiers to become officers.
(4) All those currently in the service of Korea with the position of advisor (問顧) or parliamentary councillor (參與官) shall be removed from their duties.
(5) The following Japanese shall be appointed as officials in the Korean central government (中央政府) and local authorities (地方廳).
* Vice ministers (次官) for each department
* The chief of the internal police (内部警務局長)
* One police commissioner (警務使) and one deputy commissioner (副警務使)
* For the cabinet, several secretaries (書記官) and assistant secretaries (書記郎)
* For each department, several secretaries and assistant secretaries
* An administrator (事務官) for each province
* One head of the police (警務官) for each province
* Several local secretaries (主事) for each province
The matter of other appointments of Japanese as officials in the areas of finance, policing and technology shall be set down by a later agreement.
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British Airways, Air France halting flights to Iran from next month
LONDON/PARIS (Reuters) - British Airways and Air France said on Thursday they would halt flights to Iran from September for business reasons, months after U.S. President Donald Trump announced he would re-impose sanctions on Tehran. British Airways said it was suspending its London to Tehran service “as the operation is currently not commercially viable”. BA, which is owned by Spanish-registered IAG, said its last outbound flight from London to Tehran will be on Sept. 22 and the last inbound flight from Tehran will be on Sept. 23. Air France will stop flights from Paris to Tehran from Sept. 18 because of “the line’s weak performance,” an airline spokesman said. “As the number of business customers flying to Iran has fallen, the connection is not profitable any more,” the spokesman said. German airline Lufthansa said it had no plans to stop flying to Tehran. “We are closely monitoring the developments ... For the time being, Lufthansa will continue to fly to Tehran as scheduled and no changes are envisaged,” it said in an emailed statement. The European Union has tried to keep an international deal on the Iranian nuclear program alive despite Trump’s decision in May to withdraw the United States from the agreement. Some new U.S. sanctions on Iran took effect this month. The EU, which is working to maintain trade with Tehran, agreed 18 million euros ($20.6 million) in aid for Iran on Thursday, including for the private sector, to help offset the impact of U.S. sanctions. Despite this, a number of European companies have announced they are pulling out of projects or scrapping investment plans in Iran. Air France is the French arm of Franco-Dutch airlines group Air France KLM. KLM, the group’s Dutch arm, had previously announced it was halting flights to Tehran. The airlines’ decision was welcomed by Israeli Prime Benjamin Netanyahu on Thursday. “Today we learned that three major carriers, BA, KLM, and Air France, have discontinued their activities in Iran. That is good, more should follow, more will follow, because Iran should not be rewarded for its aggression in the region, for its attempts to spread terrorism far and wide ...,” he told a news conference during a visit to Lithuania. The BA route was reinstated in the wake of the 2015 accord between western powers and Iran under which most international sanctions on Iran were lifted in return for curbs on the country’s nuclear program. Air France had re-opened the Paris-Tehran route in 2016. Iran’s ambassador to Britain expressed regret at BA’s decision. “Considering the high demand ... the decision by the airline is regrettable,” Hamid Baeidinejad wrote on his official Twitter account. Reporting by Noor Zainab Hussain in Bengaluru, Costas Pitas in London, Parisa Hafezi in Ankara, Inti Landauro in Paris, Andrius Sytas in Vilnius and Emma Thomasson in Berlin; Editing by Stephen Addison and Adrian Croft
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Page:Randolph, Paschal Beverly; Eulis! the history of love.djvu/40
Rh side of such people that gives them power, genius, mental pith, and enables them to write their names in adamantine letters upon the grand facade of the universal human temple! It is equally true, that those are the most glorious and glorified of the other gender, who were, or are, not the most electric, masculine and intellectual, but the most tender, pure, loving and feminine in all respects.
XIII. But you say, "We women are not perfect yet. We want perfect offspring! Some of us have not just such husbands as we wish. We are too pure to sully our souls, no matter how great the temptation may be. We prefer to abide in marriage as we have found it. Some children, the results of such marriage, are not what we would have them; therefore, pray tell us how to improve upon them hereafter."
The answer is simple, the method easy. Never run the risk of conception, except you be mentally and physically prepared,—not for it—but to utterly banish everything but the pure desire of your soul to give him all the love then—at the marriage—that you can, and wish, will, pray, desire, decree, that the result, if such there be, may be modelled after your soul's loftiest ideal. Keep up this all the time of gestation if possible, and the operation of the law just revealed will convince you and the world that nothing equal to it ever fell from human lips or pen.
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UPDATE 1-Every Fed policymaker was on board for Sept rate hike -minutes
(Adds detail on neutral rate, suggestion for framework review) By Jason Lange and Pete Schroeder WASHINGTON, Oct 17 (Reuters) - Every Federal Reserve policymaker backed raising interest rates last month in a meeting where they also generally agreed borrowing costs were set to rise further, according to minutes from the meeting released on Wednesday. The hike was the third of this year and the display of unanimity at the Sept. 25-26 meeting could bolster expectations the central bank’s rate-setting committee will raise rates again in December. “All participants expressed the view that it would be appropriate for the committee to continue its gradual approach to policy firming by raising the target range for the federal funds rate,” according to the minutes. Compared to the minutes of Fed’s previous meeting held in August, the September minutes appeared to show less discussion around the prospects that a recession might be lurking around the corner. Rather, some of the central bankers appeared to see some indications of a stronger U.S. economy. “Almost all participants saw little change in their assessment of the economic outlook, although a few of them judged that recent data pointed to a pace of economic activity that was stronger than they expected earlier in the year,” according to the minutes. Still, policymakers noted that the relative weakness of the international economy could create “potential for further strengthening of the U.S. dollar,” a factor that could weigh on U.S. exports. They also noted that some businesses said they were investing less in the energy sector due to tariffs on steel and aluminum imports, part of an array of trade conflicts the Trump administration has pursued with trading partners. The U.S. economy has been growing more quickly this year than many economists believe is possible without generating higher inflation, with the jobless rate at its lowest level in decades. The Fed has been raising interest rates since 2015 and after the rate hike last month it stopped describing the stance of monetary policy as “accommodative,” meaning that it no longer thought the level of interest rates was stimulating the economy. The minutes showed that “almost all” policymakers agreed it was time to stop saying they were stimulating the economy. Policymakers said, however, that their estimates of a “neutral rate” for the economy would only be “one among many” factors going into monetary policy decisions. A couple of policymakers said the Fed should hold a “periodic and systematic review of the strengths and weaknesses” of the Fed’s monetary policy framework. Reporting by Jason Lange and Pete Schroeder; Editing by Andrea
Ricci
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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ORT-NODEJS(1) General Commands Manual ORT-NODEJS(1)
ort-nodejsgenerate node.js module
ort-nodejs [config...]
Accepts ort(5) config files, defaulting to standard input, and generates a Node module in TypeScript.
The output requires only the "typescript" and "better-sqlite3" dependencies. The output is documented using the typedoc(1) language.
A ort-nodejs context is initialised using the (dbname: string): ortdb function from the application as follows.
const db: ortdb = ort('path/to/data.db');
The path/to/data.db must be an existing SQLite3 database usually created with ort-sql(1). There should be one ortdb module instanced per application. It has the following members:
(): ortctx
Connect to the database. This should be invoked for each request. In applications not having a request, this corresponds to a single operator sequence.
version: string
The version of ort-nodejs used to create the module.
vstamp: number
The numeric version of ort-nodejs used to create the module.
Database manipulation occurs with ortctx objects, which consist of the following:
(newrole: string): void
If roles are enabled, move from the current role to newrole. If the role is the same as the current role, this does nothing. Roles may only transition to ancestor roles, not descendant roles or siblings, or any other non-ancestor roles. The only exception is when leaving "default" or entering "none". This does not return failure: on role violation, it invokes ().
(id: number): string
If roles are enabled, get the currently-assigned role. If db_role() hasn't yet been called, this will be "default". Throws an exception on database error.
(id: number): void
Open a transaction with a unique identifier id. This is the preferred way of creating database transactions. The transaction immediately enters unshared lock mode (single writer, readers allowed). Throws an exception on database error.
(id: number): void
Open a transaction with a unique identifier id. The transaction locks the database on first access with shared locks (no writes allowed, reads allowed) on queries and unshared locks (single writer, reads allowed) on modification. Throws an exception on database error.
(id: number): void
Open a transaction with a unique identifier id. The transaction locks exclusively, preventing all other access. Throws an exception on database error.
(id: number): void
Commit a transaction opened by db_trans_open_immediate(), db_trans_open_deferred(), or () with identifier id. Throws an exception on database error.
(id: number): void
Roll-back a transaction opened by db_trans_open_immediate(), db_trans_open_deferred(), or db_trans_open_exclusive() with identifier id. Throws an exception on database error.
Each structure has a number of operations available in ortctx. These are all stipulated as count, delete, insert, iterate, list, search, and update statements in the configuration. Let "foo" be the name of the exemplar structure. All of these functions will throw an exception on database error.
(ARGS): void
Run the named delete function "xxxx". The ARGS passed to this function are the fields that constrain which rows are deleted. Parameters are only specified for operations for binary-operator constraints, i.e., those not checking for null status.
(ARGS): void
Like db_foo_delete_xxxx(), but using an un-named delete statement constrained by "yy" with operation "op".
(ARGS): ortns.foo|null
The search statement named "xxxx". The function accepts variables for all binary-operator fields to check (i.e., all except for those checking for null).
(ARGS): ortns.foo|null
Like db_foo_get_xxxx(), but for (possibly-nested) structures. In the given example, "xxxx" is a field in the given structure with operation "op1" and "yy_zz" means a field "zz" in the nested structure "yy" with operation "op2".
(ARGS): BigInt
Insert a row and return its identifier or -1 on constraint failure. This accepts all native fields ARGS as parameters excluding rowid, which is automatically set by the database. If any fields are specified as null, they are passed into this functions as pointers. The null values must then be specified as NULL pointers. This function is only generated if the insert statement is specified for the given structure.
(ARGS, cb): void
Like () but iterating over all rows.
db_foo_iterate_xxxx(ARGS, cb): void
Like db_foo_get_xxxx(), but invoking a function callback per row. The cb callback accepts a single parameter of type ortns.foo and does not have a return value.
void (ARGS, cb): void
Like db_foo_get_by_xxxx_op1_yy_zz_op2(), but invoking a function callback for each retrieved result.
(): BigInt
Like () but returning a count of all rows.
db_foo_count_xxxx(ARGS): BigInt
Like db_foo_get_xxxx(), but returning a count of responses.
(ARGS): BigInt
Like db_foo_get_by_xxxx_op1_yy_zz_op2(), but returning a count of responses.
(): ortns.foo[]
Like () but allocating and filling a queue of all rows.
db_foo_list_xxxx(ARGS): ortns.foo[]
Like db_foo_get_xxxx(), but producing an array of responses.
(ARGS): ortns.foo[]
Like db_foo_get_by_xxxx_op1_yy_zz_op2(), but producing a queue of responses.
(ARGS): boolean
Run the named update function "xxxx". The update functions are specified with update statements. The parameters passed to this function are first the fields to modify, then the fields that constrain which rows are updated. Update fields are only specified for operations for binary-operator constraints, i.e., those not checking for null status. Returns true on success, false on constraint failure.
(ARGS): boolean
Like db_foo_update_xxxx(), but using an un-named update statement modifying "xx" with modifier "mod" constrained by "yy" with operation "op". Either or both modifiers and constraints may be empty. If modifiers are empty, all fields are modified by setting. If constraints are empty, they and the preceding "by" are omitted.
The data objects returned by these functions are in the ortns namespace and are named as in the configuration. Letting "foo" be an exemplar structure name, the object consists of the following.
obj: ortns.fooData
The read-only data itself.
(): any
Create an exportable object. Export rules are governed by the role in which the object was created. This is usually used with () to output JSON objects.
The exported object, when converted into a string, is readable by applications using the ort-javascript(1) tool.
Assuming the exemplar structure "foo", the data in Data access may be manipulated with the ortns.fooData obj object interface in ortns.foo. This consists of all fields in the structure with types mapped as follows:
BigInt
BigInt
BigInt
BigInt
number
Buffer
string
string
string
BigInt
Structures are mapped to their interfaces, such as ortns.barData for a structure named "bar". Enumerations are mapped to enumerations defined similarly, such as ortns.baz for an enumeration named "baz". The enumeration values are all string literals of their numeric value.
If a field is marked as null, it will also be given the null type.
The ort-nodejs utility exits 0 on success, and >0 if an error occurs.
The following example is a full web-server running on port 3000 using the Node framework. It uses the "express", framework for web requests, "bcrypt" for passwords, and "better-sqlite3" for the database. It mandates the use of TypeScript instead of JavaScript. It needs only the npm(1) system installed and (depending on the operating system) a C/C++ compiler for "better-sqlite3".
Begin a project (if not already begun) as follows:
% cd myproject
% npm init -y
% npm install typescript better-sqlite3 express bcrypt
% npm install @types/express @types/bcrypt @types/better-sqlite3
% npx tsc --init
If installing "better-sqlite3" or "bcrypt" on OpenBSD, you may need to specify an alternate compiler:
% CXX=/usr/local/bin/clang++ \
CC=/usr/local/bin/clang \
npm install better-sqlite3 bcrypt
Modify package.json to mandate the use of TypeScript instead of JavaScript:
[...]
"main": "index.ts",
"scripts": {
"test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1",
"tsc": "tsc"
}
[...]
Next, modify tsconfig.json to use a more up-to-date output type for JavaScript, otherwise many TypeScript security idioms will not be available.
"target": "es2015",
Now use the following toy ort(5) configuration installed as myproject.ort:
roles {
role user;
};
struct user {
field name text;
field id int rowid;
insert;
search id: name id;
roles default { all; };
};
Compile the configuration as a module:
% mkdir modules
% ort-nodejs myproject.ort > modules/ort.ts
Use the following simple application:
import express, { Request, Response } from 'express';
import { ort, ortns, ortctx, ortdb } from './modules/ort';
const app = express();
const db: ortdb = ort('test.db');
app.get("/put", function(req: Request, res: Response) {
const ctx: ortctx = db.connect();
const id: BigInt = ctx.db_user_insert('name');
res.send(id.toString());
});
app.get("/get", function(req: Request, res: Response) {
const ctx: ortctx = db.connect();
const obj: ortns.user|null =
ctx.db_user_get_id(BigInt(1));
if (obj !== null)
res.send(JSON.stringify(obj.export()));
else
res.send('not found');
});
app.listen(3000, function() {
console.log('Server is running.');
});
Compile the application. This will create index.js.
% npm run tsc
Make sure that the database exists. This should only be run once.
% ort-sql db.ort | sqlite3 test.db
Lastly, run the project itself:
% node index.js
Server is running.
Making an HTTP request to "localhost:3000" will result in a display of the created user's identifier.
node(1), npm(1), ort(5)
September 1, 2020 OpenBSD 6.7
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Treatment-Associated Disorders
March 1, 2003
A 74-year-old man presented with generalized itching and mild jaundice. A year earlier, he had undergone a laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Case 1 Postcholecystectomy Obstruction A 74-year-old man presented with generalized itching and mild jaundice. A year earlier, he had undergone a laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Laboratory test results included total bilirubin, 4.2 mg/dL; direct bilirubin, 3.6 mg/dL; alkaline phosphatase, 503 IU/L; aspartate aminotransferase, 841 IU/L; and alanine aminotransferase, 561 IU/L. Serum immunoelectrophoresis showed diffuse hyperglobulinemia; the IgG level was 2220 mg/dL. The level of tumor marker CA19-9 was elevated to 550 U/L as a result of chronic cholangitis. Findings of a CT scan of the abdomen were normal. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography showed a surgical clip obstructing the common biliary tract. Residual stones are the leading cause of biliary obstruction; they occur in up to 2% of post-laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. The clip was surgically removed; the patient's clinical and laboratory findings gradually improved after the operation. There has been no recurrence of biliary obstruction 1 year after clip removal. Minimally invasive laparoscopic cholecystectomy generally is associated with a shorter hospital stay, fewer complications, less trauma, and a lower incidence of cardiac and respiratory complications than open cholecystectomy.1-5 It is therefore often the procedure of choice for patients who are at high operative risk, such as elderly persons and those with cardiac and respiratory disease.2,6 Jaundice occurs rarely after the laparoscopic procedure.7 However, an increased incidence of common bile duct or hepatic duct injury exists with laparoscopic cholecystectomy. 2,4 Furthermore, these bile duct injuries tend to be higher in the duct system and more extensive than those that occur in traditional cholecystectomy; thus, the likelihood of successful reconstruction is reduced.8
References:
REFERENCES:1. McMahon AJ, Russell IT, Baxter JN, et al. Laparoscopic versus minilaparotomy cholecystectomy: a randomized trial. Lancet. 1994;343:135-138. 2.Hannan EL, Imperato PJ, Nenner RP, Starr H. Laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy in New York State: mortality, complications, and choice of procedure. Surgery. 1999;125:223-231. 3. Peterli R, Schuppisser JR, Herzog U, et al. Prevalence of postcholecystectomy symptoms: long-term outcome after open versus laparoscopic cholecystectomy. World J Surg. 2000;24:1232-1235. 4. The Southern Surgeons Club. A prospective analysis of 1518 laparoscopic cholecystectomies. N Engl J Med. 1991;324:1073-1078. 5. Holohan TV. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Lancet. 1991;338:801-803. 6. Dubois F, Berthelot G, Levard H. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy: historic perspective and personal experience. Surg Laparosc Endosc. 1991;1:52-57. 7. Niranjan B, Chumber S, Kriplani AK. Symptomatic outcome after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Trop Gastroenterol. 2000;21:144-148. 8. Branum G, Schmitt C, Baillie J, et al. Management of major biliary complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Ann Surg. 1993; (Case and photograph courtesy of Drs K. Haritos and N. Akritidis.)
Related Content:
Geriatrics
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Gum disease: Get the facts
Gum disease: Get the facts
Posted by ROSEMONT DENTAL CENTER on Feb 6 2021, 09:32 AM
Gum disease is often ignored, as patients may feel that it would eventually die down and heal on their own. In reality, gum disease is one of the most devastating oral conditions that can have a drastic effect on the oral tissues. A lack of awareness about gum disease and its symptoms is perhaps one of the main reasons it stays untreated for a long time. Here are a few facts about gum disease which will help you get a better idea about it.
• The difference between gingivitis and periodontitis
Gum disease can be in the form of gingivitis or periodontitis. The microbes in the mouth adhere to the teeth in the form of plaque - a transparent or yellowish layer that wouldn’t be too apparent. Over time, it can turn into dark patches that are predominantly found near the intersection of teeth or near the gum line. They release toxins that can inflame the soft gum tissues. During this stage, it would be gingivitis - a mild gum disease characterized by redness, inflammation, discharge of pus, and bleeding gums. But, when the condition intensifies over time, it can result in decay of tissues, loss of bone, loosening of teeth from their sockets, severe pain, etc.
• Does periodontitis affect only aged individuals?
It is a common misconception that periodontal disease affects only the elderly due to deteriorating oral health. In reality, periodontitis can affect any individual who doesn’t practice optimum oral hygiene and neglects their oral health. Hence, we emphasize routine dental consultations as they allow the dentist to check your mouth regularly for oral conditions and provide suitable treatment if required.
• Does periodontitis lead to other health conditions?
Periodontitis is known to be one of the driving factors behind health conditions, such as diabetes, heart ailments, stroke, etc. It also intensifies existing health concerns, as the microbes in the mouth tend to get dispersed throughout the body via the blood vessels. Patients with diabetes are especially affected by gum disease, as it could worsen due to the low tissue healing ability in these individuals.
• Gum disease is contagious.
The microbes causing gum disease can be transmitted from one individual to another by various means, such as sharing spoons and forks without washing them, kissing, drinking from the same utensils, taking a bite from the same food, etc. It is best to sterilize utensils frequently and avoid food sharing if you have a family member who has gum disease.
• Gum disease can cause bone loss.
One of the most upsetting symptoms of periodontitis is bone loss. When the disease is left untreated for a long time, the microbes in the mouth can reach the jawbone. The bone could gradually deteriorate, leading to a change in facial shape, loosening of teeth from their sockets, and ultimately leading to tooth loss.
If you observe the symptoms of gum disease, please do not delay getting the necessary treatment.
Please schedule a consultation with Dr. Askari by calling us or reaching us through an online query, and we’ll be happy to guide you further.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Human Torch (android)
The Human Torch, also known as Jim Hammond (originally, Hamond), is a superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer and artist Carl Burgos, he first appeared in Marvel Comics #1 (October 1939), published by Marvel's predecessor, Timely Comics.
The "Human" Torch was an android created by scientist Phineas Horton, off of the tutelage of Victor Timely. He possessed the ability to surround himself with fire and control flames. In his earliest appearances, he was portrayed as a science fiction monstrosity, but quickly became a hero and adopted a secret identity as a police officer for the New York City Police Department.
The Human Torch was one of Timely Comics' three signature characters, along with Captain America and Namor the Sub-Mariner. Like many superheroes, the Human Torch fell into obscurity by the 1950s. In 1961, Stan Lee and Jack Kirby repurposed his name and powers for a new character, Johnny Storm, a member of the Fantastic Four who is a mutate instead of an android. Unlike Captain America and the Sub-Mariner, the original Human Torch has had only a small presence in the post-1950s Marvel comic books and is closely associated with the Golden Age.
Publication history
Following his debut in the hit Marvel Comics #1, the Human Torch proved popular enough that he soon became one of the first superheroes to headline a solo title. Through the 1940s, the Torch starred or was featured in Marvel Mystery Comics (the book's title beginning with issue #2), The Human Torch (premiering with issue #2, Fall 1940, having taken over the numbering of the defunct Red Raven Comics), and Captain America Comics #19, 21–67, 69, 76–77, as well as appearing in several issues of All Select Comics, All Winners Comics, and Young Allies Comics.
Seeing a natural "fire and water" theme, Timely was responsible for comic books' first major crossover, with a two-issue battle between the Human Torch and the Sub-Mariner that spanned Marvel Mystery Comics #8–9—telling the same story from the two characters' different perspectives.
Marvel Mystery Comics ended its run with #92 (June 1949), and The Human Torch with #35 (March 1949), as superheroes in general had faded in popularity. Timely Comics publisher Martin Goodman—who by the early 1950s had transitioned the company to its next iteration, as Atlas Comics—attempted to revive superheroes with the anthology comic Young Men #24–28 (Dec. 1953 – June 1954), starring the Human Torch (art by Syd Shores and Dick Ayers, variously, with covers and initially some panels featuring the Torch redrawn by Burgos for style consistency), along with the Sub-Mariner and Captain America. The solo title The Human Torch returned for issues #36–38 (April–Aug. 1954) before again being canceled. The Torch also appeared in stories in the briefly revived Captain America Comics and Sub-Mariner Comics, and in the anthology Men's Adventures #28 (July 1954).
The original Human Torch debuted in present-day Marvel Comics continuity in Fantastic Four Annual #4 (Nov. 1966).
Human Torch appeared as a regular character in the 2010–2013 Secret Avengers series, from issue #23 (April 2012) through its final issue #37 (March 2013).
Starting in 2014, the Human Torch began appearing as a main character in the Marvel NOW! relaunch of The Invaders.
Early life
The Human Torch was an android created by Professor Phineas Horton in his lab in Brooklyn, New York for "scientific" purposes. At a press-conference unveiling, however, Horton's creation burst into flames when exposed to oxygen. The android showed human-like sentience, personality, and awareness, but the spectators feared that he posed a safety threat. Public outcry led to the Torch being sealed in concrete, though he escaped due to a crack that let oxygen seep in. The Torch then inadvertently caused parts of New York City to burn and, after dealing with a mobster who wanted to gain advantage of his abilities for fire insurance (and accidentally causing the mobster's death in an explosion), he eventually learned to control his flame, rebelled against his creator, and vowed to help humanity.
The Torch later first encountered and battled Namor the Sub-Mariner.
He would join other heroes as war broke out in Europe, and later in the Pacific, to fight the Axis powers. In his solo title's debut issue, he acquired a young partner, Thomas "Toro" Raymond, the mutant son of two nuclear scientists whose exposure to radiation gave him the ability to control fire. The Human Torch also joined the New York City police force as part of his "human cover" under the name James "Jim" Hammond. He would later drop the human name and serve the police force outright as the Human Torch, fighting villains and his off-and-on foe, the Sub-Mariner.
Both the Torch and the Sub-Mariner joined with Captain America and his partner Bucky as the core of the superhero team the Invaders, fighting Nazis during World War II (in retcon stories that premiered in 1970s comics). With the Invaders, he was soon brainwashed by the Red Skull and battled the Liberty Legion. He later gave a blood transfusion to Jacqueline Falsworth, giving her superhuman powers to become Spitfire.
The Torch, the Sub-Mariner, Captain America, and Bucky banded together with the Whizzer, and Miss America in post-war America in a subsequent super-team, the All-Winners Squad (the original Captain America and Bucky's membership were later retconned as having been the second Captain America and Bucky). In Marvel continuity, the Human Torch was responsible for the death of Adolf Hitler. When the Russians were invading Berlin, the Torch and Toro broke into Hitler's bunker just as he was about to commit suicide, to offer him the chance to surrender himself to the Americans, rather than the Russians. Hitler lunged for a red switch, presumed by the Torch to be a bomb. In return, the Human Torch blasted fire at Hitler, burning him alive.
Sometime afterward, the Torch was placed in deactivation sleep in the Mojave Desert; an atomic bomb test awoke him. Learning that Toro had been captured by the Soviets and brainwashed, the Torch rescued his old partner and learned that the nuclear bomb's radiation had made his powers both much stronger and more unstable.
To keep Toro a young boy, the writers retconned the character slightly, claiming the Torch met him after World War II rather than at the beginning of the war. The revival lasted five issues. Later writers explained how fearing he would become a danger to those around him, the Torch flew back out into the desert and went nova, using up his energy reserve and effectively deactivating himself.
Reactivation and joining Avengers West Coast
In modern-day continuity, the supervillain the Mad Thinker reactivated the Torch to have him battle the Fantastic Four, deactivating him when the Torch refused to kill the heroes. In a storyline in the Avengers that dealt with the secret background of its android member, the Vision revealed that the Torch's body had been found by a renegade robot named Ultron 5, and modified to become the Vision, his mind wiped of past memories and his powers altered with the coerced help of the Human Torch's original creator, Phineas Horton. The seed of this idea was planted by artist Neal Adams and worked out in detail in The Avengers #133–135 (May–June 1975) by writer Steve Englehart.
A later story by Roy Thomas in What If? #4 (Aug. 1977), planted the suggestion that the Vision was actually made from a second android created by Horton, named Adam II. This freed up the Human Torch for a possible revival. This was followed up by John Byrne, who had the Scarlet Witch revive the Torch in Avengers West Coast, seeking answers about her husband, the Vision, and to help Ann Raymond, wife of Tom "Toro" Raymond. In these stories, it was determined that the Vision had been made by Ultron out of the Torch's spare parts, which explained their physical similarities. The Torch served the Avengers for many issues before losing his powers to save the former superheroine Spitfire in the 1990s series Namor. His powers gone, the Torch settled down with Ann Raymond.
He became the Chief of Security for Oracle, Inc., and would appear later as the CEO of Oracle, Inc., a company run by Namor. There he ran the mercenary team Heroes for Hire, and his mysterious connection to the Vision was furthered when Ant-Man (Scott Lang) declared that his internal mechanisms were not merely similar, but identical to the Vision's, despite the profound differences in their appearance and powers. During the time-travel adventure Avengers Forever, the Avengers subsequently discovered Immortus, the custodian of Limbo, had used a device called the Forever Crystal to diverge the Torch's personal timeline while keeping the two outcomes concurrent. According to this explanation, the Human Torch is the Vision, but also continues to exist as himself.
When Oracle, Inc., was closed down and Heroes for Hire disbanded, Hammond was soon asked to head Citizen V's V-Battalion upon the retirement of Roger Aubrey, the Destroyer. While on leave from the V-Battalion as field leader of the New Invaders, he became attached to Tara, a female android based on him, whom he came to regard as a daughter of sorts. He also renewed acquaintances with Spitfire, to the dismay of her beau, Union Jack (Joey Chapman). Tara was revealed to have been created by the Red Skull; overrides on her developing personality allowed the Invaders' enemies, the Axis Mundi, to use her as a weapon against the team. As Tara heated toward overload to kill the Invaders, the Torch channeled her heat to prevent her meltdown. With his own systems then overloading, he flew high into the atmosphere, away from where he could cause harm, and detonated.
The Torch's remains were recovered by the United Nations and sequestered for research. They were subsequently stolen by professor Zhang Chin, who used the Torch's chemistry to create a virus weapon that caused infected persons to immolate. Captain America (Barnes) and the Sub-Mariner stopped the attack, and were able to pressure the U.S. Government into burying the Torch with full military honors.
The superhuman training camp created in the aftermath of the Civil War is named Camp Hammond, in the Torch's honor. A statue of Hammond on the grounds bears the inscription "JIM HAMMOND, THE FIRST OF THE MARVELS: He showed us that heroes can be made". When the camp was shut down by Norman Osborn, an angry mob tore down the statue.
Avengers/Invaders
The original Human Torch appears in the Avengers/Invaders maxi-series alongside his fellow Invaders when an incident takes them from the battlefields of World War II to the present Marvel Universe, where they encounter both the New Avengers and Mighty Avengers. During his time in the future, the Torch briefly attempts to 'lead' S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Life Model Decoys against the organization in the belief that they are sentient machines that have been enslaved by the agency, but it is revealed that he has been deceived by Ultron, who had infiltrated the Helicarrier.
Weaponization
Some time after his destruction, the pieces of his body are gathered and reassembled in a secret UN lab, until stolen by a squad of mercenaries led by Batroc the Leaper, at the behest of the Chinese science-villain Professor Pandemic. As a young boy, the Professor was rescued from Japanese authorities by the Invaders, and was fascinated by the Torch. Now, he intends to use the technology to further his goals. Captain America (James Barnes), Black Widow, and the Sub-Mariner race to prevent this from happening. The Professor used the Torch's chemistry and cell structure to create an airborne virus that can spontaneously kill people. The Professor plans to use this virus to eradicate half of Earth's population. Luckily, Cap is able to stop this and made sure that Jim received a proper burial.
The Torch
At the beginning of Dark Reign, the recently resurrected Toro is captured by A.I.M. during an attempt to kill the Mad Thinker. Initial experimentation on Toro makes the Mad Thinker realize that he can reconstruct the Torch. A.I.M. steals the Torch's body from Arlington National Cemetery for experimentation.
After the Mad Thinker and A.I.M. spent months experimenting on the Torch's corpse and on the captive Toro they are able to resurrect the Torch, but it seems all memories of his past have disappeared. The Mad Thinker gains complete control of the Torch using "Compound D", a synthetic molecule he adapted from the Torch's cells (H42N2C2O6), which he dubs "Horton cells". Meanwhile, Toro's powers begin to manifest themselves again and a startling discovery proves that Toro's mutation may have been created as a result of his mother working for Horton.
Torch is now a weapon of mass destruction, and quickly reduces an entire town to debris, killing everyone and everything in sight after destroying several Estonian air force jets. An escape attempt by Toro damages the control mechanism and sets the Torch free. He immediately returns to the A.I.M. carrier and he begins murdering everyone in sight (again). The Mad Thinker reveals that he has managed to synthesize more of the Compound D which can interact with living organisms and control them. As he teleports to safety from the Torch killing spree the compound starts pouring into the ocean. It reaches an Atlantean settlement below, as it was being visited by Namor, and infects the population.
As the Compound D infection spreads through New York, the Torch battles an infected Sub-Mariner and learns the nature of Compound D after Sub-Mariner attempts to infect him. Sub-Mariner is defeated and while Reed Richards can create an antidote, he cannot create enough of it fast enough. The Torch, Toro, and Johnny Storm team up and attack the Mad Thinker's base and the Thinker at first refuses to cooperate until the Torch threatens that he will scorch the Earth clean to defeat Compound D, starting with the Thinker. The Thinker realizes that the Torch is telling the truth as the Torch's emotions, memories, and humanity are still recovering from his recent demise and restoration and provides the antidote but warns them of it and teleports away. The antidote is released and all infected victims are cured but Reed Richards determines that the antidote breaks down all Horton cells, not just Compound D and that the Torch has only a few days before he is destroyed.
Toro attempts to investigate his past to learn of his parents' association with Professor Horton and learns that some Horton cell prototypes were stolen long ago. The Torch is visited by the Golden Age Vision who advises him to seek out Toro and aid him while he still can. Their quest takes them across the world to where an underground society called "New Berlin" exists and the population is educated under the premise that the Axis powers won WW2; people who leave the underground city burst into flames and are incinerated. The leader of this colony lures the Mad Thinker to it and then holds him captive to coerce him to cooperate. It is revealed that all citizens of New Berlin are in fact androids created from the unstable prototype Horton cells and that the atmosphere of the colony is saturated with anti-combustion chemicals to keep the citizens intact, however this also prevents Toro and the Torch from using their powers and they are captured.
The Thinker helps stabilize the New Berlin leader's weapon, the android Inhuman Torch so that it can function without destroying itself due to the prototype Horton cells. However the Thinker also aids in freeing the Torch and Toro, and despite the Torch still dying from the Compound D antidote engages the Inhuman Torch in battle. The Inhuman Torch however can easily control, absorb, and manipulate all flame and siphons the flame from the Torch and Toro. However the Torch bids Toro farewell and reignites himself and engages the Inhuman Torch in a final fight. The Torch at first offers to aid the Inhuman Torch in learning about itself and humanity but it refuses and the Torch then channels his nova flame into the Inhuman Torch which overloads it and renders it a fused and inert statue, however a side effect of using his nova flame this time was that it deactivated the enzyme that breaks down Horton cells and thus the Torch's life is saved. They bid farewell to New Berlin and the Golden Age Vision takes them back to New York. The Thinker escapes and reveals that the leader of "New Berlin" is himself an android due to the actual founder of the city being unable to have children of his own. The leader of New Berlin didn't believe this until he left the city and exploded into flame and was incinerated.
Secret Avengers
The Torch is later offered membership in the Secret Avengers by Captain America after Hawkeye takes over as the team's leader. During his first mission with the group, the Secret Avengers travel to the Core, a subterranean city inhabited by an advanced race of robots called Descendants. The Torch finds that he is worshiped by the Descendants, who respectfully refer to him as "Grandfather". During an encounter with a cyborg resembling the original Miss America, the Torch learns that the city was created by a man known as the Father, who created the Descendants back in the 1940s as part of a failed attempt to replicate Professor Horton's work. The Torch is badly damaged during the Avengers' escape from the Core, and is placed in stasis until his body can be repaired.
Black Ant later frees the Torch and teleports him back to the Core, where he is repaired by Father. There, the Torch sides with the Descendants, realizing that he never quite fit in with humans. He then leads an army of robots during a raid on New York City, with the goal of forcibly assimilating the human race through the use of nanotechnology. The Torch eventually realizes that he had been brainwashed, and destroys the Orb of Necromancy, the mystical artifact that granted life to the descendants. Although the human race is saved, the Descendants are all killed as a result. Distraught, the Torch quits the Avengers and flies off to parts unknown.
All-New Invaders
A number of months after his resignation from the Avengers, Hammond is shown living in a small town called Blaketon, now working as a mechanic. He is forced to abandon his new life after being attacked by a squadron of Kree soldiers, resuming his identity as the Human Torch once again. After being saved by the intervention of Captain America and the Winter Soldier, the Torch joins the newly reformed Invaders.
When the Fantastic Four are declared to be unfit guardians for the children of the Future Foundation, Hammond offers to take custody of the children to provide a guardian that the FF can trust who they know will do all that he can to reunite them with their parents, even threatening to leave S.H.I.E.L.D. if he is forced to make a choice between the agency and his promise to protect the children. During the final confrontation with the forces of Counter-Earth – unleashed by the mysterious Quiet Man as part of his plan against the FF – Sleepwalker revealed that Hammond had a soul despite his artificial origin.
Physiology
Earlier writers portrayed the Torch's body as anatomically identical to human, but made out of synthetic material. Correspondingly, the Torch was shown to have human needs and human weaknesses; he has been felled by drugs, poison gas, hypnotic and telepathic attacks in both Golden Age stories and the Invaders series from the 1970s. The Torch has a heart, lungs, circulatory and digestive systems, and has been shown sleeping, eating, and drinking on more than one occasion. Toro has humorously implied that the Torch has normal human excretory functions. This concept of a living, artificial human made of synthetic flesh and blood was unique in comics, as opposed to the much more common theme of a mechanical automaton that only externally resembles a human being.
After the Mad Thinker's modification and reactivation of the Torch, writers began to portray him as clearly mechanical, containing circuits, relays, and motors, much like a traditional robot. This variable presentation of his anatomy remains an unresolved issue, whether an overlooked continuity error or explained within the fictional context of the stories. After his creation by Phineas Horton, many others have examined and experimented on the Torch's body, including the Mad Thinker, Zhang Chin, Henry Pym, and unspecified scientists working for the United Nations. It is unclear if any of these entities have made additions to the Torch's original body design that could explain the appearance of his mechanical components. Captain America #47 describes the Torch's anatomy as biologically based, moving the pendulum back in the other direction: the Torch's body has both DNA and a cellular structure, according to Zhang Chin. Other writers have continued to emphasize the Torch's mechanical aspects, both in terms of showing metallic body components and references to the Torch having 'programming' that can be altered.
The Mad Thinker has stated that the Torch's organs are composed of "Horton cells" – synthetic replicas of human cells using plastic and carbon polymers that duplicate the structures found in organic human cells. These cells can be grown in a culture, and are compatible with human and mutant physiology. Even in small clusters, they are capable of generating and storing a remarkable amount of power:
* While traveling inside the Human Torch in miniaturized form, Scott Lang temporarily gained a version of the Torch's powers after coming in contact with one of the cells that powers the Torch. This is a homage to a similar incident in which Hank Pym entered the Vision's body and was temporarily rendered intangible.
* The Pyronanos, a type of nanomachine-based artificial beings, were created using cells secretly extracted from Jim Hammond.
* Compound D, a mind control substance created by the Mad Thinker, is made from Horton cells.
* Thomas "Toro" Raymond, the Torch's teenaged sidekick, is a mutant who was exposed to Horton cells as a child. The cells bonded to his nervous system and caused his powers to manifest as an exact duplicate of the Torch's.
Of particular note is the Torch's synthetic blood, which in addition to being a universal blood type has been shown to have restorative properties:
* A "blood transfusion" from the Torch gave Spitfire her superspeed powers, and prevented her conversion to one of the undead; a second transfusion decades later saved her life and restored her youth. Aware of the initial transformation, the Hyena obtained a blood specimen from the Torch in the hopes of creating an army of Nazi speedsters. A similar transfusion to Warrior Woman reversed much of her brain damage and restored her health and power.
* The robot Ultron reported he could "taste life" after drinking the Torch's blood.
Powers and abilities
The Human Torch is a synthetic being designed and constructed of artificial materials. He has the capacity for creative intelligence, unlimited self-motivated activity, and human-like emotions. The Torch has the ability to envelop his body in fiery plasma without harm to himself and to utilize this heat energy for various effects, including flight, formation of fiery shapes, energy releases in the form of heat blasts, "nova flame bursts" (highest intensity heat blasts, similar to the heat-pulse of a nuclear warhead), and concussive force blasts. The Torch has the ability to control ambient heat energy in his immediate environment, which allows him to control flames not of his own generation, makes him immune to the effects of external heat and to absorb heat from other sources. The Torch's flame can be extinguished by lack of oxygen, or by smothering materials such as water, sand, fire-fighting foam, or heat-resistant blankets unless his flame is at such intensity that it immediately vaporizes such materials on contact.
While in flame form, the original Human Torch has engaged in hand-to-hand combat with Namor, the Sub-Mariner. He has also dug underground and through vessels like a human missile.
The upper limit of his resistance has been undefined over the years, having once walked out stronger from a nuclear blast, and on another time considered destroyed by another nuclear blast, this last one happening in the last issue of New Invaders.
The Torch was a member of the NYPD in the 1940s, and has police academy training. He has received some training in unarmed combat by Captain America, and is an expert in the combat use of his superhuman powers. The Torch is also an accomplished street fighter.
The Torch can live without oxygen, entering a stasis mode.
Reception
In 2012, Hammond was ranked 28th in IGN's list of "The Top 50 Avengers".
Television
* The android Human Torch makes a cameo appearance in a flashback in the Fantastic Four episode "When Calls Galactus".
* The android Human Torch appears in The Super Hero Squad Show episode "World War Witch!", voiced by Jim Cummings. This version is a member of the Invaders.
Film
The android Human Torch makes a cameo appearance in Captain America: The First Avenger as a synthezoid dubbed the "Synthetic Man" on display at the 1943 Stark Expo.
Video games
* Jim Hammond appears as an unlockable playable character in Lego Marvel's Avengers, voiced by Sam Riegel.
* Jim Hammond appears as a playable character in Marvel Puzzle Quest.
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Karen Clark (bassoonist)
Karen Clark (Geoghegan) is a Scottish classical bassoonist and music educator. Clark appeared on the 2007 BBC Two reality show, Classical Star.
Education
Clark began studying the bassoon at the age of twelve at West Calder High School in West Calder with Russell Cowieson, having previously played the violin since the age of five. She later studied at the Junior Academy of the Royal Scottish Academy of Music and Drama with Janet Bloxwich. She won the Gilbert Innes Prize for woodwind and the 2004 Concerto competition, and in 2004 and 2005 was awarded the Wolfson Scholarship.
Clark went on to study with John Orford at the Royal Academy of Music, where she received the Queen's Commendation for Excellence, the Louise Child Prize for Academic Achievement and the Irene Burcher Prize for Woodwind.
Career
In 2006 Clark gave a recital on BBC Radio Scotland, and also performed the Hindemith Trumpet and Bassoon Concerto with John Wallace. She was a member of the National Youth Orchestra of Scotland for four years and in 2007 performed with Camerata Scotland NYOS Futures.
Clark was runner-up in the BBC Two programme Classical Star for her performance of the Hummel Bassoon Concerto with the City of London Sinfonia at LSO St Luke's. On 5 August 2009 she performed the Mozart Bassoon Concerto with the BBC Philharmonic at the BBC Proms.
Clark has made four solo and contributed to three other recordings with Chandos Records.
Since 2012, Clark has focused on music education, delivering Kodály method workshops in schools across Scotland. She teaches musicianship and conducting at the National Youth Choir of Scotland West Lothian Choir and musicianship at the Royal Conservatoire of Scotland Junior Conservatoire.
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Bible (Wycliffe)/2 Tymothe
Chapter 1
Poul, apostle of Jhesu Crist, bi the wille of God, bi the biheest of lijf that is in Crist Jhesu,
to Tymothe, his moost dereworthe sone, grace, merci, and pees of God the fadir, and of Jhesu Crist, oure Lord.
I do thankyngis to my God, to whom Y serue fro my progenytouris in clene conscience, that with outen ceessyng Y haue mynde of thee in my preyeris,
niyt and dai, desirynge to se thee; hauynge mynde of thi teeris, that Y be fillid with ioye.
And Y bithenke of that feith, that is in thee not feyned, which also dwellide firste in thin aunte Loide, and in thi modir Eunyce. And Y am certeyn, that also in thee.
For which cause Y moneste thee, that thou reise ayen the grace of God, that is in thee bi the settyng on of myn hondis.
For whi God yaf not to vs the spirit of drede, but of vertu, and of loue, and of sobrenesse.
Therfor nyl thou schame the witnessyng of oure Lord Jhesu Crist, nether me, his prisoner; but trauele thou togidere in the gospel bi the vertu of God;
that delyueride vs, and clepide with his hooli clepyng, not after oure werkis, but bi his purpos and grace, that is youun in Crist Jhesu bifore worldli tymes;
but now it is opyn bi the liytnyng of oure sauyour Jhesu Crist, which destriede deth, and liytnede lijf and vncorrupcioun bi the gospel.
In which Y am set a prechour and apostle, and maistir of hethene men.
For which cause also Y suffre these thingis; but Y am not confoundid. For Y woot to whom Y haue bileuyd, and Y am certeyne that he is miyti for to kepe that is take to my keping in to that dai.
Haue thou the fourme of hoolsum wordis, whiche thou herdist of me in feith and loue in Crist Jhesu.
Kepe thou the good takun to thi kepyng bi the Hooli Goost, that dwellith in vs.
Thou wost this, that alle that ben in Asie ben turnyd awey fro me, of whiche is Figelus and Ermogenes.
The Lord yyue merci to the hous of Onesyforus, for ofte he refreischide me, and schamyde not my chayne.
But whanne he cam to Rome, he souyte me bisili, and foond.
The Lord yyue to hym to fynde merci of God in that dai. And hou grete thingis he mynystride to me at Effesi, thou knowist betere.
Chapter 2
Therfor thou, my sone, be coumfortid in grace that is in Crist Jhesu.
And what thingis thou hast herd of me bi many witnessis, bitake thou these to feithful men, whiche schulen `be also able to teche othere men.
Trauele thou as a good knyyt of Crist Jhesu.
No man holdinge knyythod to God, wlappith hym silf with worldli nedis, that he plese to hym, to whom he hath preuyd hym silf.
For he that fiytith in a batel, schal not be corowned, but he fiyte lawfuli.
It bihoueth an erthetiliere to resseyue first of the fruytis.
Vndurstonde thou what thingis Y seie. For the Lord schal yyue to thee vndurstonding in alle thingis.
Be thou myndeful that the Lord Jhesu Crist of the seed of Dauid hath rise ayen fro deth,
aftir my gospel, in which Y trauele `til to boondis, as worching yuele, but the word of God is not boundun.
Therfor Y suffre alle thingis for the chosun, that also thei gete the heelthe, that is in Crist Jhesu, with heuenli glorie.
A trewe word, that if we ben deed togidere, also we schulen liue togidere;
if we suffren, we schulen regne togidere; if we denyen, he schal denye vs;
if we bileuen not, he dwellith feithful, he mai not denye hym silf.
Teche thou these thingis, witnessinge bifore God. Nyle thou stryue in wordis; for to no thing it is profitable, but to the subuerting of men that heren.
Bisili kepe to yyue thi silf a preued preisable werkman to God, with oute schame, riytli tretinge the word of treuthe.
But eschewe thou vnhooli and veyn spechis, for whi tho profiten myche to vnfeithfulnesse,
and the word of hem crepith as a canker. Of whiche Filete is, and Ymeneus,
whiche felden doun fro the treuthe, seiynge that the rising ayen is now doon, and thei subuertiden the feith of summen.
But the sad foundement of God stondith, hauynge this marke, The Lord knowith whiche ben hise, and, Ech man that nameth the name of the Lord, departith fro wickidnesse.
But in a greet hous ben not oneli vessels of gold and of siluer, but also of tree and of erthe; and so summen ben in to onour, and summe in to dispit.
Therfor if ony man clensith hym silf fro these, he schal be a vessel halewid in to onour, and profitable to the Lord, redi to al good werk.
And fle thou desiris of yongthe, but sue thou riytwisnesse, feith, charite, pees, with hem that inwardli clepen the Lord of a clene herte.
And eschewe thou foltische questiouns, and without kunnyng, wytynge that tho gendren chidyngis.
But it bihoueth the seruaunt of the Lord to chide not; but to be mylde to alle men, able to teche,
paciente, with temperaunce repreuynge hem that ayenstonden the treuthe, that sum tyme God yyue to hem forthenkyng, that thei knowen the treuthe,
and that thei rise ayen fro the snares of the deuel, of whom thei ben holdun prisoneris at his wille.
Chapter 3
But wite thou this thing, that in the laste daies perelouse tymes schulen neiye, and men schulen be louynge hem silf,
coueitouse, hiy of bering, proude, blasfemeris, not obedient to fadir and modir, vnkynde,
cursid, with outen affeccioun, with out pees, false blameris, vncontynent, vnmylde,
with out benygnyte, traitouris, ouerthwert, bollun with proude thouytis, blynde, loueris of lustis more than of God,
hauynge the licknesse of pitee, but denyynge the vertu of it. And eschewe thou these men.
Of these thei ben that persen housis, and leden wymmen caitifs chargid with synnes, whiche ben led with dyuerse desiris, euere more lernynge,
and neuere perfitli comynge to the science of treuthe.
And as Jannes and Mambres ayenstoden Moises, so these ayenstonden treuthe, men corrupt in vndirstonding, repreuyd aboute the feith.
But ferthere thei schulen not profite, for the vnwisdom of hem schal be knowun to alle men, as hern was.
But thou hast getun my teching, ordinaunce, purposing, feith, long abiding, loue,
pacience, persecuciouns, passiouns, whiche weren maad to me at Antioche, at Ycony, at Listris, what maner persecucyouns Y suffride, and the Lord hath delyuered me of alle.
And alle men that wolen lyue feithfuli in Crist Jhesu, schulen suffre persecucioun.
But yuele men and disseyueris schulen encreese in to worse, errynge, and sendinge in to errour.
But dwelle thou in these thingis that thou hast lerud, and that ben bitakun to thee, witinge of whom thou hast lerud;
for thou hast knowun hooli lettris fro thi youthe, whiche moun lerne thee to heelthe, bi feith that is in Crist Jhesu.
For al scripture inspirid of God is profitable to teche, to repreue, to chastice, to lerne in riytwisnes, that the man of God be parfit, lerud to al good werk.
Chapter 4
I witnesse bifore God and Crist Jhesu, that schal deme the quike and the deed, and bi the comyng of hym, and the kyngdom of hym,
preche the word, be thou bisi couenabli with outen rest, repreue thou, biseche thou, blame thou in al pacience and doctryn.
For tyme schal be, whanne men schulen not suffre hoolsum teching, but at her desiris thei schulen gadere `togidere to hem silf maistris yitchinge to the eeris.
And treuli thei schulen turne awei the heryng fro treuthe, but to fablis thei schulen turne.
But wake thou, in alle thingis traueile thou, do the werk of an euangelist, fulfille thi seruyce, be thou sobre.
For Y am sacrifisid now, and the tyme of my departyng is nyy.
Y haue stryuun a good strijf, Y haue endid the cours, Y haue kept the feith.
In `the tothir tyme a coroun of riytwisnesse is kept to me, which the Lord, a iust domesman, schal yelde to me in that dai; and not oneli to me, but also to these that louen his comyng.
Hyye thou to come to me soone. For Demas, louynge this world, hath forsakun me, and wente to Tessalonyk,
Crescens in to Galathi, Tite in to Dalmacie;
Luk aloone is with me. Take thou Mark, and brynge with thee; for he is profitable to me in to seruyce.
Forsothe Y sente Titicus to Effesi.
The cloth which Y lefte at Troade at Carpe, whanne thou comest, bringe with thee, and the bookis, but moost parchemyne.
Alisaundre, the tresorer, schewide to me myche yuele; `the Lord schal yelde to hym aftir his werkis.
Whom also thou eschewe; for he ayenstood ful greetli oure wordis.
In my firste defence no man helpide me, but alle forsoken me; be it not arettid to hem.
But the Lord helpide me, and coumfortide me, that the preching be fillid bi me, and that alle folkis here, that Y am delyueride fro the mouth of the lioun.
And the Lord delyueride me fro al yuel werk, and schal make me saaf in to his heuenly kingdom, to whom be glorie in to worldis of worldis.
Amen. Grete wel Prisca, and Aquila, and the hous of Oneseforus.
Erastus lefte at Corynthi, and Y lefte Trofymus sijk at Mylete.
Hiye thou to come bifore wyntir. Eubolus, and Prudent, and Lynus, and Claudia, and alle britheren, greten thee wel.
Oure Lord Jhesu Crist be with thi spirit. The grace of God be with you. Amen.
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Harrison Dunham and Hiram Aikens v. Solomon Downer and Daniel Aikens.
[in chancery.]
Principal and surety. Judgment. Chancery.
The payment of interest in advance upon a debt, or the purchase by the debtor of the creditor, at the latter’s request, of property at a stipulated price, and the execution by the former to the latter of his note therefor, secured by mortgage, are, either of them, a sufficient consideration to support a promise to delay the collection of the original debt; and such a promise upon either of these considerations, when made by the creditor to the principal, will discharge the surety; Marshall v. Aiken et al., 25 Vt. 328.
In cases of a debt on specialty, or of record, where the undertaking of the surety is on the face of the contract direct and not merely collateral, neither a parol agreement between the creditor and principal for an extension of time, nor an actual extension in fulfilment of such an agreement, will have the effect at law to discharge the surety; but aMter in equity.
In equity, a judgment at law against a principal and surety does not affect the rights of the surety, but they remain the same as before, both as against the principal and the creditor.
• In matters where the jurisdiction of the courts of law and equity is entirely concurrent, the adjudication of the former is conclusive upon the latter; and a court of equity will not interfere to relieve a party from such adjudication except on account of new matter discovered subsequent to the trial at law, or of fraud by the opposite party, or of inevitable accident or mistake. But where a party has equitable rights not cognizable in a court of law, which would, in a court of equity, prevent such an adjudication as that made by the court at law, a court of equity will grant him relief from such adjudication.
A. and B. signed a note with C., as his sureties, to M. M. recovered judgment against the makers of the note, and assigned the judgment to D., who, knowing that A. and B. were merely sureties for C, made a parol agreement with C. for a good consideration, to extend the time of payment of the j udgment, and did extend it accordingly; and afterwards brought a suit against A., B. and O. upon the judgment. A. and B. defended this action upon the ground of the extension of time to the principal, but the court rendered judgment against them on the ground that the facts, above set forth, constituted no defence at law. They then brought a bill in chancery to enjoin further proceedings against them upon the last judgment, and the court held that they were discharged in equity, though not at law; and that the adjudication against them in the court of law was not conclusive, and granted a perpetual injunction according to the prayer of their bill.
Appeal from the decree of the court of chancery. The bill was brought April 4, 1853, and set forth that on the 10th of August, 1844, the orators executed with one Daniel Aikens, and as sureties for him, a joint and several promissory note for five hundred and fifty dollars, payable to John Marshall, or order, in one year from date, with interest annually; that the fact of their being merely sureties upon the note was fully shown to Marshall at the time of its execution; that Marshall commenced a suit against Daniel Aikens and the orators upon this note after its maturity, and recovered judgment against the three at the November Term, 1846, of the Windsor County Court, for six hundred and fifty-two dollars and eleven cents, including costs; that on the 23d of December, 1846, the defendant Downer, at the request of Daniel Aikens, purchased this judgment from Marshall, and still remains the owner thereof; that Downer, at the time of this purchase, knowing that the orators were merely sureties for Daniel Aikens, made a written agreement with him, that in consideration of such purchase of this judgment, and in part consideration of the purchase of Downer,' by Daniel Aikens, of certain personal property at a stipulated price, and the execution and delivery by Aikens to Dower of a note therefor, payable in five years thereafter, with interest annually, and a mortgage of certain real estate to secure the payment thereof, he, the said Downer, would delay the collection of said judgment for three years from that date, if Daniel Aikens should pay the interest thereon yearly during that time; and if the interest was not so paid, Downer should be at liberty to collect the judgment; that Daniel Aikens, in addition to the purchase of such property and the execution and delivery to Downer of the said note and mortgage therefor, paid to Downer the interest on said judgment yearly in advance during the said three years; and that Downer, in accordance with said agreement, delayed the collection of the judgment during that time; that on the 17th of December, 1849, Downer agreed with Daniel Aikens to delay, and did accordingly delay, the collection of the judgment until the 23d of December, 1850, in consideration of the payment to him by Aikens of one year’s interest in advance thereon; that from the 23d of December, 1846, till the autumn of 1850, Daniel Aikens was possessed of attachable property amply sufficient to secure the amount due upon the judgment, and that the orators, during all that time verily believed that said judgment was fully paid; that in the year 1850, Daniel Aikens became and still remains insolvent, and that, if the orators should be compelled to pay said judgment they must wholly lose the amount so paid; that on the 28th of December, 1850, Downer commenced a suit in the name of Marshall, upon this judgment, against Daniel Aikens and the orators, returnable to the Windsor County Court, at the May Term, 1851; that such proceedings were had in said suit, that at the March Term, 1853, of the Windsor County Supreme Court, Downer recovered judgment therein, in the name of Marshall, against Daniel Aikens and the orators for eight hundred and twenty dollars and thirty-two cents, including costs, and had taken out execution thereon and placed it in the hands of an officer for collection; that after the commencement of the suit upon the original judgment, above mentioned, the orators brought their bill in chancery against Solomon Downer and Daniel Aikens, returnable to the May Term, 1851, of the Windsor County Court of chancery, for the purpose of procuring an injunction against all further proceedings at law against the orators upon said judgment, but that the chancellor, after being made acquainted with the facts herein before set forth, decided that the orators had a complete defence at law against said action upon said judgment, and therefore refused to grant an injunction; that the orators thereupon appeared in court and pleaded to said action the matters in defence substantially as above set forth; and that the supreme court decided in said suit that the orators could have no relief in a court of law, but solely in a court of equity, if anywhere, and that thereupon judgment was rendered by the supreme court against the orators, as above mentioned.
The bill prayed that Solomon Downer, his attorneys, agents and officers, might be enjoined from proceeding in any manner at law to enforce collection from the orators of the amount due upon the judgment recovered in the supreme court, as aforesaid, and for other relief, etc.
The defendant Downer answered the bill, denying the truth of most of its material statements, and insisting upon the adjudication at law as conclusive, and alleging also a want of equity generally in the bill. The orators filed a general replication, and testimony was taken upon both sides, which it is immaterial to report, as the court in their opinion find the material statements of the bill, above set forth, to be true.
The court of chancery for Windsor County, at the August adjourned term, 1856, Underwood, chancellor, granted a perpetual injunction in accordance with the prayer of the bill, from which decree the defendants appealed.
P. T. Washburn, for the orators.
1. The agreement for the extension of the time of payment of the judgment, was founded upon a good consideration. This is fully decided, virtually between the same parties, in Marshall v. Aiken et al., 25 Vt. 328.
2. The relation of principal and surety was not changed in equity by the judgment; but the giving of the extension dis charged the sureties; United States v. Howell, 4 Wash. C. C. 620 (2 Am. Lead. Cases 271); Bulteel v. Jarrold, cited in 7 Eng. Com. Law 63; Bowmaker v. Moore, 3 Price 214; S. C., 7 Price 223; King v. Baldwin, 17 Johns. 384; Dana v. Nelson, 1 Aik. 256; Bangs v. Strong, 10 Paige 11; S. C. 7 Hill 250 and 4 Comst. 315; Hubbell v. Carpenter, 5 Barb. 520; Boughton v. Bank of Orleans, 2 Barb. Ch. 458; Delapierre v. Hitchcock, 4 Edwards Ch. 321; Rathbone v. Warren, 10 Johns. 589; Archer v. Douglass, 5 Denio 513; Carpenter v. Devon, 6 Ala. 718; Dixon v. Ewings Adm’rs., 3 Ohio 280; Commercial Bank v. Western Reserve Bank, 11 Ohio 444; Carpenter v. King, 9 Met. 511; Commonwealth v. Miller, 8 S. & R. 452; 2 Am. Lead. Cases 319, 320; 2 Lead. Cases in Equity, part 2, 369; Bank of Ireland v. Beresford, 6 Dow 233; Mayhew v. Crickett, 1 Wils. 418 ; S. C. 2 Swanst.
3. The very fact that a court of law has refused to give relief to the orators, is a sufficient reason why the court of chancery should entertain the application ; Farquharson v. Pitcher, 2 Russ. 89; Davey v. Pendergrass, 5 B. & Aid. 187; Dana v. Nelson, 1 Aik. 256; King v. Baldwin, 17 Johns. 384; Bellow v. Mahill, 1 Atk. 126.
The cases, in which a decision at law is conclusive in chancery, are those where, upon the same facts, the same relief is administered in both courts, and do not govern a case like this, where courts of law refuse to grant any relief; Bennett, J., in Marshall v. Aiken, 25 Vt. 328; Rees v. Berrington, 2 Ves. 542; U. States v. Howell, 4 Wash. C. C. 620.
Converse & French, for the defendant Downer.
We insist that the defence, attempted to be made in this case to the enforcement of the judgment against the orators, can not be made available, even in equity, as against a judgment of a court of record. The original cause of action is merged in the judgment, and tbe debtors thereby all become principals. This case is analogous to the case where all promise to pay “ each as principal,” which is held to preclude the sureties from setting up the defence of an extension given to the principal in fact; Claremont Bank v. Wood, 10 Vt. 582; Spriggs v. Bank of Mt. Pleasant, 10 Peters 257; Bay v. Talmadge, 5 Johns. Chan. 305; King v. Baldwin, 2 id. 554, 557; Findley’s Ex’r. v. Bank of U. S., 2 McLean 44; Lafarge v. Herter, 3 Denio 157; Hubbell v. Carpenter, 2 Barb. 484; Schroeppel v. Shaw, 3 Comst. 446; Lenox v. Prout, 3 Wheat. 520; Bull v. Adams, 19 Conn. 101; Lock v. U. States, 3 Mason 446; Tale v. Wymond, 7 Blackford 240; Stephens v. Harvey, 7 Leigh 541; U. States v. Howell, 4 Wash. C. C. 620.
2. If this defence is available to the orators in any tribunal, it is so at law. It is well settled that whatever will discharge a surety in equity, is a good defence at law. 2 Lead. Cases in Equity 390, and cases there cited; 2 Am. Lead. Cases 282, 293, 295, and cases there cited; King v. Baldwin, 2 Johns. Ch. 554; Miller v. McCain, 7 Paige 451; Hays v. Ward, 4 Johns. Ch. 123; Schroeppel v. Shaw, 3 Comst. 446, 452; Herrick v. Bent, 4 Hill 650; People v. Jansen, 7 Johns. 322.
3. This question, having been decided between these parties at law, can not again be drawn into controversy, even in equity. It is res adgudicata, and conclusive ; 2 Story’s Eq. sec. 887; Marine Ins. Co. v. Hodgson, 7 Cranch 332; Schroeppel v. Shaw, 3 Comstock 446, 452; Hall v. Dana, 2 Aik. 381; Briggs v. Shaw, 15 Vt. 78; Day v. Cummings, 19 Vt. 496; Fletcher v. Warner, 18 Vt. 45.
See Marshall v. Aiken et al., 25 Vt. 328.
Bennett, J.
This is a case involving principles of very considerable practical importance, and we have endeavored to give it a careful consideration.
The case made by the orators in their bill is briefly this. They aver that they executed with, and as sureties for, Daniel Aikens, one of the defendants in this bill, their joint'and several promissory note to one John Marshall, he at the time of taking of the note well knowing that they were but sureties for the said Daniel, and that upon the note becoming due it was prosecuted by Marshall to final judgment, and that Marshall sold and transferred the judgment to Solomon Downer, at the instigation of Daniel Aikens, and that Downer knowing of the relation in which the orators stood upon the noté when he purchased the judgment, and without the consent or knowledge of the orators, agreed with Daniel Aikens for a valuable consideration, to extend the time of payment on the judgment, then also well knowing they were but sureties on the note.
The orators then set up in their bill the institution of the suit on the judgment by Downer in the name of Marshall, and against Daniel Aikens, the principal, and themselves, and their attempt to defend the suit at law upon the matter set up in their bill, and that their defence was overruled and judgment rendered against them.
The defendant Downer, in his answer, denies many of the material facts stated in the bill, and insists upon the adjudication at law as being conclusive, and a want of equity generally in the bill. The answer has been traversed, and very considerable testimony taken and filed in the case. It is hardly expedient in the report of the case that time should be taken up in the discussion of the litigated facts of the case. It may be sufficient for the court to state, that upon a careful examination of the whole testimony, we think the material facts stated in the bill are established, and we have no doubt the agreement on the part of Downer to extend the time of payment on the judgment, was made upon a sufficient consideration. In this case, at law, 25 Vt. 332, it was held that payment of interest in advance, was a sufficient consideration to support a promise to give time, and we think it is sound law. See Austin v. Dorwin, 21 Vt. 44; 5 N. H. 99; 10 N. H. 162; 11 N. H. 335; 2 Metcalf 176. It is in fact the same principle that applies when part of a debt is paid before it becomes due. If there is a usage to extend the time of payment for a part of the principal upon the payment of interest on it in advance, as is sometimes the case with banks, this, under certain circumstances, might be evidence of assent on the part of the surety to give time. So the consideration that the principal debtor would buy of Downer, at Ms request, certain property at a stipulated price, and secure the payment of the same by his note and mortgage, and had so done, will be a sufficient consideration to make a binding contract. It was so held when this case was before us at law. It may have been that the property was sold at an extravagant price, or it may have been property which one had occasion to sell and the other no occasion to buy. It is claimed in this case on the part of the defence, that the adjudication at law is conclusive, and their proposition seems to be, that where a surety has been sued at law, and makes a defence which has been overruled as insufficient, he can not afterwards on the same state of facts only, obtain relief in equity. This position is evidently based upon the doctrine, that the decision of a court of competent authority is binding upon all courts of concwrrent power, which we admit is a doctrine that does, or should, pervade every well regulated system of jurisprudence, and should be a rule of universal law, having for its foundation the wisest policy, and dictated from 'the necessity of the case. The interests of suitors, as well as the body politic, imperiously demands that when legal controversies have been once heard and passed upon by a competent tribunal, there should be, an end to litigation.
If we assume that a court of law and a court of equity had clearly concurrent jmisdicbive power to grant relief to the surety in this case, upon the same state of facts, it would seem to be somewhat difficult, in my mind, to maintain that a court of equity is not bound by the adjudication at law. If the matter set up in this bill was cognizable at law, and should have availed the surety as a defence in that forum, I should apprehend it could hardly be maintained that the adjudication at law is any the less conclusive, even though it should be conceded that that adjudication was unsound. It is often said that a court of chancery can, and will in many cases, relieve against the effects of an adjudication at law, which is no doubt true, but upon well established principles of equity, the relief must however arise from new matter, proved to have been discovered subsequent to the trial at law. If this was not the rule, a door would be open to great vexation, and a cause would never be at rest. Lord Redesdale well said, that “it was more important that an end should be put to litigation, than that justice should be done in every case,” and in Bateman v. Welloe, 1 Sell. & Lefroy, 204, he lays the rule down that “it is not sufficient to show that injustice has been done, but it must appear that it has been done under circumstances which authorize the court to interfere, because,” he adds, “ if a matter has already been investigated in a court of justice according to the common and ordinary rules of investigation, a court of equity can not take upon itself to enter into it again.” Lord Chancellor Talbot says, “ the relief must be confined to new matter proved to have been discovered since the trial.”
If this was a case where the orators had failed to obtain redress in a suit at law, by the fraud of the opposite party, or by inevitable accident or mistake without any fault on their part, or of their counsel, there might be some reason to hold that the adjudication at law should not be conclusive, but no such case is attempted to be made by the bill or the evidence. See Bwton v. Wiley, 26 Vt. 432, and the cases there cited, for the rule as established in our own courts.
In Pettes et al. v. The Bank of Whitehall, 17 Vt. 435, it was expressly held, that a court of chancery has no power to enjoin a judgment of the supreme court, where the ground of relief set up in the orator’s bill was, that the supreme court, through haste and inaclvertance, rendered an erroneous decision. If this was not so, it would make the court of chancery a court for the correction of the errors of the supreme court, Unless there was some peculiar equity which could not have availed the party at law, the orators must, I apprehend, be concluded by that judgment, and they can not avoid the conclusive effect of it, by maintaining that it was erroneous. If the orators have equitable rights which wore not really cognizable in a court of law, the way is open for their relief in chancery, and this is a matter, as has been well said by the defendant’s counsel, which lies at the threshold of this controversy.
It is unquestionably true, as a general rule, that a court of law gives the same effect to the extension of time by the creditor to the principal, as would be given in a court of equity, and holds the surety dischared thereby, though this principle was first adopted in a court of equity. Still, the agreement with the principal to extend the time, must always be ineffectual as a legal discharge in a court of law, whenever it is legally inoperative, whatever the cause may be which interferes with its operation. It is no doubt sound law, that where the principal and surety both enter into a joint, or a joint and several direct undertaking for the payment of a sum of money, “as principals,” the giving of time to the principal can not avail the surety as a defence at law, whatever the rule may be in equity, and such is the law in this State. See Sprigg v. The Bank of Mt. Pleasant (10 Peters U. S. 263; Claremont Bank v. Wood), 10 Vt. 582. In such a case, the doctrine of estoppel operates upon the surety. It has also been maintained, that to enable the surety to be let in to this defence at law, it must appear upon the face of the bond that he is such surety, and such is the opinion of Lord Loughborough, in Rees v. Berrington, 2 Vesey, Jr. 540, where he maintains that the surety can not aver by pleading that he is bound as a surety, and consequently that it was the form of the security that forced those cases into equity. Lord Abinger, in Ashbee v. Pidduck, 1 M. & W. 568, expresses a similar opinion, which is also put forth in other cases; but it strikes me that the weight of authority at the present time is, that though the surety is bound by a direct undertaking under seal, and on the face of the instrument appears as primarily liable, but does not expressly contract as principal, yet he is not precluded from averring and proving that he was but a surety, but the objection in this case, as it appears to me, rather is, that if averred and proved, the defence would still be inoperative al law. Whatever the rule may be in New York and possibly in some of the other States, I apprehend the English common law is, that it is not at law a defence to an action on a bond against a surety, that by a parol executory agreement, time has been given to the principal.
The ground assumed is, that the general rule of the common law requires that the obligation, created by an instrument under seal, shall be discharged by force of an instrument of equal validity, and that the rule of law should not be broken down, because there may be cases in which a court of equity should relieve against its operation. The existence of the rule at law is, in effect, recognized in the decisions which have taken place in courts of equity, relieving against this general rule of the common law, in cases where it was found to operate harshly. The cases must have proceeded upon the ground that, at law, the things prayed for could not be done. See Davy v. Prendergrass, 5 Barn. & Alderson 187; Rees v. Berrington, 2 Vesey, Jr. 540.
It is said by Ruffin, Ch. J., in Shaw v. McFarlane, 1 Iredell 216, “that an agreement for indulgence to the principal does not amount to satisfaction, and nothing, in pais, can discharge an obligation or a judgment, but performance or satisfaction.” The same principle will apply to a debt of record. This was fully settled in England, in the ease of Bulteel v. Jarrold, 8 Price 467, where it was held in an action of debt on a recognizance for bail, that a plea, that time had been given to the principal, was no defence for the surety at law. This was so held in the court of Exchequer, in the court of Exchequer Chamber, and also upon a writ of error in the House of Lords. The case of Clark v. Niblo, 6 Wend. 236, has not escaped my notice, in which it was held in an action of debt on a recognizance of bail, that a plea setting up an agreement made by the plaintiff before a breach of the condition, that the defendant in the original action might depart the State, and that no proceedings should be had in such action until his return, was a good bar.
Chancellor Walworth, who gives the opinion of the majority of the court sustaining the plea, admits that the plea can not be sustained as the law is settled in England, and concedes the rule there to be as laid down in Davey v. Prendergrass, and in Bulteel v. Jarrold; and grounds himself upon three American decisions, United States v. Howell, 4 Wash. C. C.; The People v. Jansen, 7 John.; and Miller v. Stewart, 4 Wash. C. C., and same case reported in 9 Wheaton.
I apprehend the learned chancellor mistook the force of these decisions as being opposed to the rule of the English common law. In the case of The United States v. Howell, the undertaking of the surety was not direct for himself, but it was what is sometimes! called collateral, that is, it was an undertaking for the perform-! anee of certain acts by the principal. In such a case, the law is clear that a parol dispensation of the performance of a bond by 'the principal, before breach, will discharge a surety, and the court put that case upon the ground that the surety stood in the light simply of a guarantor, and as not in any way disturbing the case of Davey v. Prendergrass, or Bulteel v. Jarrold. In the other two cases the bonds were given to secure the performance of certain official duties by the principals.
It appeared in those cases upon the face of the bonds, that the defendants were but sureties, and their undertaking but collateral, and a parol dispensation of the performance of the conditions of the bonds before breach, in all such cases, is a good plea for the surety.
The case in the 7 Johnson is put upon the ground of the laches of the supervisors in not calling the loan officer more seasonably to an account for his defaults, and though this ground has repeatedly been held unsound in subsequent adjudications, yet if the evidence in that case had been held sufficient to establish a parol evidence of performance by the principal before breach of the bond, the defence of the surety would have been ample at law, and would have stood on unquestioned ground.
In the case of Miller v. Stewart, the territory of the deputy collector was extended after the giving of the bond, without the consent or knowledge of the surety, and the case is put on the ground that there was a legal change in the appointment of the deputy collector. This of course, as matter of law, would supersede the performance of any further duties under the original appointment, to secure which the bond was taken, and would to every intent and purpose, so far as the surety was concerned, be a waiver of the conditions of the bond.
In Rathbone v. Warren, 10 John. 587, the relief was applied for and granted in chancery. It must have been considered that there was no remedy at law, or at best that it was doubtful. It is a principle of the common’ law that a duty arising by record must be discharged by matter of as high a nature. So of a bond or other deed. See 5 Bacon’s Ab., Title Release, p. 682, and authorities there cited.
This principle does not imply that a jpy arising by record or bond may not be discharged by a pa-RQFexecuted contract which operates as a satisfaction.
It is well settled that matters which are a defence in equity can not be pleaded at law. 1 Saunders’ Plead, and Evi. 191, and cases there cited. In Beddome v. Holbrook, 1 B. & P. 454, Bulker, J., expressed an opinion that the bankruptcy of the principal can not be pleaded by the bail as a defence at law, but might be the ground for a motion on the equity side of the court; and in Donnally v. Dunn, 2 B. & P. 45, the point was decided, and Buller, J., uses this decisive language: “ it is of importance to the public and the profession, to put an end to attempts to introduce upon the record questions of practice which can not be considered as legal defences, but which belong to what may be considered, the equity side of the courtand he added, “the defendant is called upon to state a legal defence on record, and not merely to say he has equity in his favor.” I am of the opinion that the ease of Clark v. Niblo is not in accordance with the common law principles, and that the better opinion is with the minority in the court of errors, it having been decided by a vote of eleven to eight.
• If the obligee of a bond accepts of the performance of another thing from what was stipulated for, or of a performance at a different time in lieu of what was stipulated for, it would be a good defence to an action on the bond, but no executory parol agreement, I apprehend, can on principle be plead in bar to such action, or to debt oil judgment, and if a parol agreement to give time, supposing it not to be the case of a surety, but a common bond for the payment of money at a given day, is no bar to the bringing an action immediately at law, though there be a good consideration for the agreement, I can not see how the giving of time to the principal upon a bond, can be used at law by the surety as a defence. If a declaration on the original contract would be good against the principal, and could not be defeated by the evidence offered to show an alteration in the contract by the parties, the result at law, it would seem, must be the same, where the proceedings were against the surety, and in either case, such a defence at law would be a nullity. It can hardly be claimed, I think, if the suit on the judgment had been against the principal alone, he could have set up the parol extension of time for payment, as a temporary bar to the action at law.
It has sometimes been held in courts of equity, that a judgment against the principal and surety, so terminated the equites of the surety in regard to the creditor, by means of the prior contract being merged in the new obligation created by law, so as to have led to a refusal in courts of equity, to give effect to the relations of principal and surety, as they existed on the original contract. But I apprehend the equities of the surety should not be effected by the meger. A merger is not favored in equity, and will never be allowed to take place, unless there be special reasons why it should, and it be necessary to carry out the intention of the party, while at law the intention of the party is not made the governing principle, though it is usually considered in questions of merger•
In other cases it has been held, that in courts of law the equities of the surety were cut off by the merger, so as to disenable courts of law to grant relief to the surety growing out of the relation of principal and surety on the original contract, and such are the cases of Pole v. Ford, 2 Chitty 125; Lafarge v. Herton, 3 Denio, 157, and others which might be referred to.
This court held in Marshall v. Aiken et al. 25 Vt. 328, that in a joint action of debt against the principal' and sureties on the judgment, the- matter set up in this bill could not be set up by the sureties as a valid bar to the action in a court of law, and this it appears to me is directly in accordance with the case of Bulteel v. Jerrold, 8 Price 467, and with the principles of the case of Davey et al. v. Prendergrass, 5 Barn. & Ald. 187, and other like cases. The effect of the merger is to make the creditor’s debt a debt of record, and subject it to the operation of laws applicable to the discharge of debts of that description, as in Bulteel v. Jerrold. The judgment in one State is even a conclusive merger in another State, and extinguishes the original ground of action, as was held in Green v. Sarmiento, Peters C. C. 74, and in the case of McGilvray & Co. v. Avery, 30 Vt. 538. The agreement to give time does not profess to act, and could not act upon the original cause of action. The discharge of the surety is now put as it was in the case at law, upon the sole ground of the extension of time of payment, and if it is operative at law, it must be upon the ground that a new contract has been made with the creditor, varying the judgment contract, and that involves the question whether a debt of record can be controlled or varied at law by an executory parol contract. fThe relation of the principal and surety, as between themselves, creates a contract collateral to the one with the creditor, and hence that relation may be shown by parol as between themselves, although they contract expressly as principals, by the instrument itself. Though the original cause of action was merged in the judgment as between the parties, yet it has no effect upon the collateral relation of principal and surety, and if a surety pays a judgment, he may, at law, show he was but surety on the demand upon which the judgment was predicated, and recover at law j/mit does it follow from this, that the surety can set up as a defence at law, the fact that time has been given the principal, when sued by the creditor ou the judgment.?
It is true the contract with the creditor is made as with principals, and the creditor’s duty to respect the rights of the surety arises out of the relation of principal and surety known to the creditor to exist between the co-obligors or promissors, yet it by no means follows that the obligation or duty of the creditor to respect the rights of a surety upon a simple contract, can he enforced at law when turned iuto a debt of record, upon the same state of evidence as might he operative, so long as it remained in simple contract./ Courts of law, it was well said by Ch. J. Ruffin, in Shaw v. McFarlane, 1 Ire. 216, “ deal only with legal liabilities and legal discharges.” It was said by Justice McLean, in 1839, in the case of Findley’s Executors v. Bank of United States et al. 2 McLean 54, which was in chancery, that his researches had not enabled him to find a single case where relief had been given on the ground that the relation of surety subsists after judgment, with the exception of the one cited from the Ohio reports (referring to the case of Dixon & Hawke v. Admr’s. of Ewing, 3 Ham. 280). The cases of Lenox v. Prout, 3 Wheat. 520; Bay v. Talmadge, 5 John Ch. 305; Hubbell v. Carpenter, 2 Barb S. C. 484, and others to the same effect, are all cases in chancery, where relief was denied the surety after the demand had passed into judgment, and it is quite apparent in those cases, that no well founded distinction was supposed to exist at law and in equity.
But I apprehend that there is good ground for a distinction, and that a court of' equity should and will keep the original relation of surety on fool, for the purpose of giving relief to the surety. In the case of Bulteel v. Jarrold, 8 Price, no question was made but what the surety was entitled to equitable relief. So in Davey v. Prendergrass, 5 Barn. & Ald., Abbott, Ch. J., says, “ there may indeed be such a consideration for the agreement, as may induce a court of equity to direct that the party shall not proceed to enforce his remedy at law, though the agreement to give time would not control the obligee of the bond in a court of law. So Tindall, Ch. J., in Combe v. Woolf, 8 Bingham 156, says the relief in such a case must be had in equity. See also Bray v. Manson, 8 Mees. & Wels. 668. The same reasons which induce a court of equity to grant relief to sureties who are bound by a specialty, and in actions of debt upon recognizances of bail, upon the ground of a parol agreement to give time, should induce equity to give relief for a similar cause, where there has been a judgment against the principal and surety. In both cases, the relief to the surety is based upon rights which are acknowledged and protected in courts of equity, and which are not recognized, and can not be protected by the rules of the common law. In Bangs v. Story, 10 Paige 11, it was held by the chancellor that a surety was discharged in equity by dealings with the principal after judgment against the principal and surety, in derogation of the rights of the surety and without his consent. This was a case where time had been given the principal. This case was affirmed in the court of errors, 7 Hill 250, A court of equity will not regard the merger, but will go behind the judgment to protect the rights of the surety. See Strones v. Thorn, 3 Barbour S. C. 314; Hubbell v. Carpenter, 5 Barbour S. C. 520; Bangs v. Strong, 4 Comstock 315.
In the case in the 5 Barbour, Judge Harris fully admits that relief could not be had for the surety at law, though the soundness of the position is somewhat questioned by Allen, J., in the case in 3 Barbour In the case of McHaney v. Crabtree, 6 Monroe 104, it was held that the defence of a surety on account of the giving of time to the principal was exclusively within the cognizance of a court of equity, and could not be set up as a bar to an action at law. It is undoubtedly true that the courts of Ohio hold that the surety can claim his privileges, after judgment, in chancery, and the case of the Bank of Steubenville v. The Administrators of Robert Carrol, 5 Hammond 207, holds, that in that case he could have relief at law as well as in chancery. The suit there was agains't the representatives of the surety on his bond, and the defence set up was a confession of judgment by the principal and a stay of execution against him entered of record. C. Here was something more than a parol executory agreement. The hands of the creditor were tied up by matter of record. ^
In The United States v. Howell, 4 Wash. C. C. 420, Judge Washington fully accords with the case of Davey v. Prendergrass, and in the application of the principles stated to the case itself, and it should be remarked that that was a cas,e where the undertaking of the surety was direct, that he himself would pay, etc., while in the case in 4 Washington the undertaking of the surety was collateral, that is, that the principals should pay, etc., and the distinction is an important one, and in that case Judge Washington well held, that the giving of time by the United States to the principals, without the consent of the surety, before there had been a breach of the principal’s obligation, was a discharge of the surety, and that he might set up the defence at law. That case goes on the ground, as has already been said, that the undertaking of the surety was in the nature of a technical guaranty, and that a parol dispensation with the terms of the contract as to the principal, would discharged the surety, and to this effect the decisions are numerous. In such a case, a consideration is of no importance, a mere license would be operative. But it was held by Judge Washington, that as there had been a breach of the principal’s bond before time was given, there could be no ground to claim that the contract of the surety had been varied by the subsequent agreement giving time, and that in such a case the surety could only find relief in equity. In the case of Carpenter. v King, 9 Metcalf, 511, the relief was given to the surety in a court of law after judgment, and the question as to the effect of the judgment upon the rights of the surety somewhat discussed. But it may he remarked that that case in no way raises the question as to what should be the effect of a parol executory agreement with the principal, giving time for payment of the judgment. The injury complained of by the surety, was a false though mistaken representation to him by the creditor, that the debt was paid in full by the principal, when such was not the fact, and by means of which the surety was induced to give up to the principal security which he held. The principal had subsequently died insolvent.
So in Harris v. Brooks, 21 Pick. 195, the represetation by the creditor to the surety was, that he would look to the principal for payment, by reason of which the surety omitted to obtain security of the principal. In this latter case, however, the suit was on the note. In each of these cases the surety was held discharged, not upon the ground of any new contract with the principal varying the original agreement, for no valid contract of any kind had been made by the creditors, but the sureties having been induced to act upon the representations, to their injury, they amounted to a moral estoppel on the part of the creditor, and to hold otherwise would be to enable the party to commit a fraud, and I do not think it strange that the court gave effect to this estoppel in a court of law to relieve the surety after judgment, especially as they had at that time no court of general equity jurisdiction. The courts of Pennsylvania held, that separate judgments against a principal and a surety do not extinguish the relation between them, and in an opinion of Judge Gibson, in the case of the Manufacturers’ and Mechanics’ Bank v. The Bank of Pennsylvania, 7 Watts & Sergeant, 339, 343, in which the question received a somewhat full consideration, he remarks, that it is to be regretted that the opinion of Chancellor Kent, in Bay v. Tahnadge, should have given currency to the doctrine establishing it as a rule of general equity, that a judgment against, principal and surety extinguishes the relation between them as to every one but themselves, and that such a rule has no place in the jurisprudence of Pennsylvania.
Judge Gibson, in the course of his opinion, p. 342, remarks, “ a judgment may perhaps fix an indorser (a surety) al law, as a court of equity is a surety’s peculiar forum, though that does not seem,” lie says, “ to have been the ground of the decision in Pole v. Ford.” It is quite evident that courts of equity have many times held, that a judgment extinguished the relation of principal and surety, without having their attention called to a distinction between the rules of law and equity. So courts of law have not unfrequently held that the relation was extinguished, without considering whether the rule should he different in equity. In Sprigg v. The Bank of Mount Pleasant, 14 Peters U. S. 201, relief in equity was denied to the surety, on the ground that all the obligors in the bond were bound, “ as principals,” and that though it should be admitted that in a court of equity no technical estoppels are allowed to operate as in courts of law, and though the court in the 10 Peters, when that case was before them at law, put it on the ground that the sureties were estopped from setting up their defence, yet they held that the effect of the parol evidence was to vary the operation of the bond, and that this could no more be done in chancery than at law, and denied the relief on that ground. For the purposes of this controversy, the decision in the 25 Vt. must at all events be taken to be the law of the case.
On the whole, then, we think that the defendant Downer can not claim to succeed in his defence, upon the ground that the adjudication at law is a bar to the orator’s bill, and we think that, upon reason and upon the weight of authority, he is entitled to the relief prayed for in a court of equity.
The decree of the chancellor, allowing a perpetual injunction, is affirmed, with costs.
Poland, J.,
concurred, as follows:
I concur in the result arrived at by the court in this case. I am unwilling, however, to have it understood that in my opinion, the grounds, upon which relief is granted to the orators in equity, are not equally valid and available as a defence to an action at law against them, upon the judgment which they undertook to defend.
But inasmuch as the court held that their defence was not a matter of proper legal cognizance, and therefore disallowed it, I consider that the recovery against them at law, should not prevent thei'r availing themselves of it in equity, and that therefore, the judgment at law is no bar.
If it were true that a judgment at law, upon a note signed by sureties, merges the debt in the judgment, so that the relation of principal and surety no longer exists, as was said by the court in the suit at law, then of course it would equally preclude them from any remedy in equity, because they are allowed relief in equity wholly upon the ground that the relation of surety still subsists.
But I consider the assumption without any just foundation in either court, and think that the courts of law should, equally with courts of equity, take cognizance of such defences.
I am aware that there is some conflict of authority on this subject, but I think the great balance of American authority sustains my view.
I am authorized to say that at least one other member of the court who has heard this argument, concurs with me in this view.
|
CASELAW
|
Database Connection
Introduction
The Database Connection module makes connecting to databases much more reliable — and as a bonus it simplifies the process.
The module automatically handles database connections and re-connections, and improves performance by keeping the connection open between queries.
Using the Code [top]
• Import the Database Connection channel from the Interfaceware Support repository
• Decide your database connection options:
• Option 1: persisted database connection that does not require connection close.
• Option 2: new database connection that requires to initiate and close connection in side the Main function.
• Decide database retry time period (default 16 minutes) in db2.lua module
This is the github code for the main module:
How it works [top]
The db.Connect module handles database connections to a database and re-connections automatically. It does this by keeping this database connection object open in the background whenever the channel is running. This connection object is automatically created by the first query the channel runs (e.g. db.Connect.query or db.Connect.Execute) and thereafter whenever a query is run the connection is checked and re-opened if necessary.
This approach improves performance because you no longer need to open a connection each time you run a query. It also simplifies your code as you no longer need to use the db.connect{} command to create a database connection object, as this is now handled behind the scenes.
The db.Connect module contains equivalents for most of the familiar builtin “conn:xxx{}” database functions — with a few exceptions such as conn:check(). You also never need to use the db.connect{} function (this is because connections/re-connections are handled automatically).
The sample code in main() is very simple: It queries the patient table, inserts a new row and then deletes the inserted row:
More information [top]
Tagged:
Leave A Comment?
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Gallon
Also found in: Dictionary, Thesaurus, Medical, Acronyms, Idioms, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia.
GALLON, measures. A gallon is a liquid measure, containing two hundred and thirty-one cubic inches, or four quarts.
References in classic literature ?
Gallon puffed at his cigar, and at the conclusion of the panegyric regarded the other curiously; but Daylight, ordering cocktails, failed to note this curious stare.
"Going in with him on some deal, I suppose," Gallon remarked.
We had but half a pint a head, and each of us could have drunk a gallon.
"Or," I continued, "the size of the Nautilus being 1,500 tons; and one ton holding 200 gallons, it contains 300,000 gallons of air, which, divided by 480, gives a quotient of 625.
Besides a sufficient stock of pure brandy, he arranged two water-tanks, each of which contained twenty-two gallons.
'I'll drink it all up at a gulp, see if I don't.' And sure enough, when the forty casks of wine containing forty gallons each were brought alongside of the ship, they disappeared down the thirsty comrade's throat in no time; and when they were empty he remarked:
Their horns are so large, the inhabitants use them for pitchers, and each will hold about five gallons. One of these oxen, fat and ready to be killed, may be bought at most for two crowns.
a sulk and pout, by carpenter's measurement, about twenty feet long and five feet deep; a sulk and pout that will yield you some 500 gallons of oil and more.
Stop this moment, I tell you!' But she went on all the same, shedding gallons of tears, until there was a large pool all round her, about four inches deep and reaching half down the hall.
These were filled with water from the stream, and each of them might hold from four to five gallons.
Similarly, 8 million gallon water got from the tube wells installed at Rakh Branch Canal while 3 million gallon water was produced by the tube wells working at Jhal Water Works and 1.5 million gallons water by the tube wells of Millat Town Water Works.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Patricio Colón
Patricio Colón was Mayor of the city of Ponce in 1838.
Biography
Colón was born in Ponce, Puerto Rico, around 1793. In 1838 he was an hacienda owner in Barrio Vayas, and owned five slaves. He married Marcelina Manfredi y Figueroa, with whom he had five children: Angela (ca. 1810) Joseph (ca. 1820), Joseph de Jesus (ca. 1824), Carmen (ca. 1826), and Eduviges (ca. 1829).
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Padelford Riverboats
The result was keep. Nomination withdrawn. After recent edits depth of coverage is established. Kudos to everyone who participated in improving the article. (non-admin closure) Bbarmadillo (talk) 18:06, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
Padelford Riverboats
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
I don't think the company is notable. Only 10 mentions at Google news (including Chicago Trubune), but no depth of coverage. Also the style of the article is quite promotional. Bbarmadillo (talk) 10:26, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Companies-related deletion discussions. MT Train Talk 11:23, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Minnesota-related deletion discussions. MT Train Talk 11:23, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
* Keep per substantial coverage in reliable independent source. Numerous articles about the company and its founder already cited in article. FloridaArmy (talk) 14:46, 4 March 2018 (UTC)
* Keep. This is not a close case; mention in the largest newspapers in St. Paul, Minneapolis (and the entire state of Minnesota); Minnesota Public Radio, one of the premiere public radio radio services in the United States; the Chicago Tribune; and the New York Times. And we are to conclude that a search on Google News trumps these actual news sources? Kablammo (talk) 01:20, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
* Keep lots of good coverage; my own Google News search uncovered more than 10 sources, as it apparently also goes by "Padelford Packet Boat". SportingFlyer talk 05:27, 5 March 2018 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Page:The Complete Poetical Works of John Milton.djvu/430
388
��APPENDIX
��424. Infamous ; of evil fame.
426. Mounta iner ; mountaineer is in Shake- speare and his contemporaries almost always used in a bad sense.
429. Horrid; Latin horrldus, rough, bris- tling.
430. Unblencked ; unfaltering. Cf. Sir Henry Wotton's letter to Milton, " You will not blanch Paris in your way ; " blanch and blench are the same.
451. Dashed ; put out of countenance, shamed.
454. Sincerely = entirely ; Latin sincerus, pure, unalloyed.
455. For " liveried angels " compare the line in Nativity Ode, " bright-harnessed angels sit in order serviceable." Lackey = attend.
471-475. This passage is adapted from the Phaedo of Plato ; see Jowett's translation, vol. i. p. 429.
474. Sensualty ; i. e. sensuality, and often un- warrantably so emended by editors.
480. Crude = undigested, a derived meaning from the original one of " unripe."
483. Night-foundered ; plunged in night, night-bound.
494-496. A pretty compliment to Lawes.
495. Huddling ; hurrying, one wave crowding upon another.
509. Sadly; seriously.
517. Chimeras ; the Chimera, slain by Beller- ophon, was a beast with a lion's head, dragon's tail, and woman's body.
520. Navel; centre.
531, 532. Crofts that brow, etc. ; small enclosed pieces of land near to the houses on the hill, sloping up from the valley.
548. Ere a close; "close" is probably used in the technical musical sense of "cadence;" if so, the meaning is, " Ere I had reached the first cadence."
552-554. This is a much-discussed passage. All three early editions, that of Lawes, 1637, and those of Milton, 1645 and 1673, read ' drow- sie frighted ; " the Cambridge manuscript alone gives drowsy flighted " (the hyphen has been put in by the editors). " Drowsy-flighted " is certainly the more picturesque ; but what is to be done with " gave respite to " ? The " stop of sudden silence" could give to the steeds of Sleep respite from fright, and allow them to proceed in their course undisturbed ; but could it give them respite in any other sense ? It is possibly this difficulty which caused Milton to leave the picturesque phrase in the one place, and the logical one in the o+her.
567. " Near" modifies "thou," not "snare."
568. Lawns ; cleared spaces in the wood. 607. Purchase ; booty.
610. / love thy courage yet ; the force of "yet" is either "still as of old," or "although it is of no avail."
620. Of small regard to see to ; colloquially, " not much to look at." One wonders if Milton has his friend Diodati in mind.
fi34. Unknown, and like esteemed, i. e. nnes- taemed.
��635. Clouted ; patched. The derivation from French clou, nail, has been disproved.
636, 637. Cf. Odyssey, x. 281-306: "Therewith the slayer of Argos gave me the plant that he had plucked from the ground, and he showed me the growth thereof. It was black at the root, but the flower was like to milk. Moly the gods call it, but it is hard for mortal men to dig ; howbeit with the gods all things are possible" (Butcher and Lang).
638. Hcemony; a word of Milton's creation, from Ha^monia, or Thessaly. the land of magic.
646. Limetwigs of his spells ; a reference to the practice of catching birds by smearing bird- lime on the twigs of trees.
655. Virgil (^Eneid, viii. 251, 252) attributes this action to Cacus, Vulcan's son.
661. Daphne, fleeing from the embraces of Apollo, prayed to be changed into a laurel- tree. The tree was ever afterward sacred to Apollo.
675-676. Odyssey, iv. 219-229: " Helen, daugh- ter of Zeus, presently cast a drug into the wine whereof they (Menelaus and Telemachus) drank, a drug to lull all pain and anger, and bring forgetfulness of every sorrow. Whoso should drink a draught thereof, when it is mingled in the bowl, on that day he would let no tear fall down his cheeks, not though his father and mother died. . . . Medicines of such virtue had the daughter of Zeus, which Polydamna, the wife of Thon, had given her, a woman of Egypt " (Butcher and Lang).
685. Unexempt condition ; condition from which no exemption is given.
694. Aspects; apparitions, objects.
698. Vizored ; concealed or disguised, as with a vizor.
700. Lickerish; tempting to the palate, but used in a bad sense. The word is connected with " lecherous."
707, 708. The " Cynic tub " is the tub in which Diogenes, the cynic philosopher, used to sit, in scorn of the comforts and luxuries of life. "Budge doctors of the Stoic fur" means of course, in general, "Stoic philosophers;" but the phrase is not easy to explain. Budge has two meanings, "fur" (cf. Budge-row, the Lon- don street where furriers had their shops) and an adjectival meaning = " solemn," "formal." The second meaning would fit here exactly, but seems not to have been in use before the end of the 17th century. "Budge" was especially used of the fur employed in the trimming of academic gowns, and in writing the line Milton doubtless had in mind some of the solemn big- wigs of Cambridge whose pedantry and lifeless- ness he had had occasion to know.
714. Curious : critical, discriminating.
719. Hutched ; stored. Hutch = bin or shed ; cf. rabbit-hutch.
722. Frieze ; a coarse woolen cloth, imported originally from Friesland.
732-736. Can it be that Milton believed that diamonds were found, like pearls, in the sea, or does he refer to diamonds which have been cast there from shipwrecks? Or is diamond
�� �
|
WIKI
|
Tag tooltip text
Description
This issue is related to the tag aware Ocelot version (branch: amake:tagAwareCnP-squash)
The tags tooltip text contains '&lt;' string instead of '<' symbol.
Example:
tag: <Xpt1>
tooltip text: <bpt id="1">&lt;h2></bpt>
tag: <ph51187>
tooltip text: <ph id="2bc" ctype="x-label-tag">&lt;&lt;placeholder>></ph>
Environment
None
Activity
Show:
Aaron Madlon-Kay
November 3, 2016, 12:16 PM
Edited
The raw issue description contained the "less-than" symbol XML entity &lt; but when rendered this showed as the symbol itself, <. I understand the issue to be that Ocelot shows the XML entity instead of the symbol, so I edited the description to reflect that.
We of course can show the symbol instead of the XML entity, but is that really what is desired? The tooltip shows literally what the Ocelot visual representation (<Xpt1> etc.) represents in the source file, which will correctly have XML entities in place of reserved XML characters such as <. Unescaping the tooltip text seems misleading to me, but I don't feel that strongly about it.
Given the above, if you still prefer to unescape the tooltip text please let me know.
Marta Borriello
November 3, 2016, 12:24 PM
Edited
That's perfect then. I apologize for opening this issue.
I thought it was a bug just because the closing symbols '>' are displayed and not the entities "&gt;".
Thanks for the explanation.
Aaron Madlon-Kay
November 3, 2016, 12:26 PM
No worries Closing symbols are not reserved characters in XML because as long as < is properly escaped then you can have all the > you want without making the markup ambiguous.
Marta Borriello
November 3, 2016, 12:30 PM
It is not an actual bug.
Won't Fix
Assignee
Aaron Madlon-Kay
Reporter
Marta Borriello
Labels
None
Components
Priority
Trivial
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Java Data & Java What Is Functional Programming in Java?
What Is Functional Programming in Java?
Every programming language is defined by certain syntactical and structural norms. These norms are called programming paradigms. There are different paradigms available: imperative, object-oriented, functional, logic, and so forth. Modern programming languages are complex enough to be built upon one or more paradigms. Functional programming is one of many such paradigms. It emphasizes on declarative aspects of programming where business logic is composed of pure functions, an idea that somewhat contrasts the essence of object-oriented methodology. Intriguingly, Java imbibed this technique within the syntactic structure of the language pretty well. Developers now can weave the functional aspect of their code seamlessly with lambda without breaking the existing architecture or even worrying about backward compatibility. Here, in this article, we’ll detour the fad about functional programming from the perspective of Java.
An Overview of the Programming Paradigm
To put it simply, a programming paradigm is a mode of thinking or abstraction effectively used to model a problem domain. This is what a programming language imbibes into its veins and allows it to be used by the programmer strictly according to that principle. There may be different types of problems that need to be addressed differently varied modes of thinking. This led to the evolution of various programming paradigms and their corresponding programming languages.
The evolution of various programming languages
Figure 1: The evolution of various programming languages
For example, if we look back into the 1940s when machine language was in vogue, a programmer literally had to lay down every instruction in absolute detail. These instructions usually contained states and variables and manipulated memory like an open book. The instructions were minute elaborations of a simple task, such as addition or a logical calculation. Some modern programming languages follow a similar pattern of imperative delineation, maybe not be in entirety, but the principle is there. These types of languages are very good for low-level programming such as building things from scratch or interacting directly with hardware.
Some programming languages follow the principle of declaration rather than delineation. Here, the consistency of representation of what the declaration actually means rests on the interpretation of the declarative norms. This is mostly followed by high-level languages that are mainly focused on getting the job done rather than spending time in the process of describing how it is to be done. A fine example of this type is SQL, where we focus only on, say, fetching the record, rather than describing every detail of how it is to be fetched.
It is, however, intriguing how Java assimilated the functional paradigm into the mainstream of the object-oriented style without any major changes in the design of the language. This not only initiated the use of lambda but also provided the necessary ingredients to a whole new way of expressing a solution statement in Java. However, functional programming is still an optional feature in Java. One can do absolutely everything that one intends to do without using the slightest hint of it, but in doing so, we’ll definitely be deprived of its benefit along the way.
Functional Programming and Lambda Calculus
Functional programming has its origin in the mathematical model called Theory of Functions and lambda in the Lambda Calculus. Lambda expression leverages the functional programming feature. The most visible experience of using lambda in Java is that it simplifies and reduces the amount of source code needed to create certain constructs, such as anonymous classes. But, note that lambda is more than just simplifying the coding construct that meets the eye. In this process, Java introduced a new syntax element—a new operator (the ->)—and the concept of type inference. Many programming languages use this phenomenon in their syntactical structure because it often allows one to write simpler and cleaner code. One of the most common and popular programming languages that leverages the concept of functional programming is JavaScript.
An Overview of OOP vs. Functional Programming
For more than a decade, OOP languages featured almost every need of the programmer and would continue to do so in many years to come, no doubt. However, there are certain situations where functional programming seems to provide a better construct of the solution.
In OOP, everything is represented as an object; therefore, every solution to a problem must be defined as a scheme of classes and their properties even if we need only to implement the behaviour. This type of situation is the niche for functional programming, where we define only the behaviour through functions and not objects. This means in functional programming we directly implement a function rather than an class that contains a function. This is the basic difference between OOP and functional programming.
Realizing Functional Programming with Lambda
Lambda expression is perfect for working out functional programming in Java. This may be explained better with an example. Let’s walk through one to get a better idea.
Suppose we need to implement a simple operation, such as displaying the areas of shapes. One of the ways to do that is as follows.
package org.mano.example;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double value = 4.7;
Main m=new Main();
Square sqr = new Square(value);
m.area(sqr);
Circle circ = new Circle(value);
m.area(circ);
public areaOfSquare(double s){
System.out.println(s*s);
}
public areaOfCircle(double rad){
System.out.println(Math.PI*rad*rad);
}
}
But, this does not seem to be an elegant design of OOP. What we can do instead is leverage the concept of Polymorphism and rewrite the code.
We create an interface with an abstract method area() and subsequently provide the implementation of this interface as follows.
package org.mano.example;
public interface Shape {
public void area();
}
package org.mano.example;
public class Square implements Shape{
private double side;
public Square(double s) {
this.side=s;
}
@Override
public void area() {
System.out.println(side*side);
}
}
package org.mano.example;
public class Circle implements Shape{
private double rad;
public Circle(double r){
this.rad=r;
}
@Override
public void area() {
System.out.println(Math.PI*rad*rad);
}
}
package org.mano.example;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double value = 4.7;
Main m=new Main();
Shape shp1 = new Square(value);
m.area(shp1);
Shape shp2 = new Circle(value);
m.area(shp2);
}
public void area(Shape s){
s.area();
}
}
But, the problem here is that we are writing a lot of unnecessary boilerplate code. We can, however, further reduce the code by using anonymous classes as follows.
package org.mano.example;
public interface Shape {
public void area();
}
package org.mano.example;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double value = 4.7;
Main m=new Main();
Shape innerSquareArea = new Shape() {
@Override
public void area() {
System.out.println(Math.PI*value*value);
}
};
Shape innerCircleArea = new Shape() {
@Override
public void area() {
System.out.println(value*value);
}
};
m.area(innerSquareArea);
m.area(innerCircleArea);
public void area(Shape s){
s.area();
}
}
This would have been fine since Java 7. But, with the advent of Java 8, we have a better option of writing code that is simpler, more elegant, and more maintainable. Now, observe what we can do to solve our problem by using simple lambda expression in Java 8.
package org.mano.example;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double value = 4.7;
LambdaType1 circleArea =
val -> System.out.println(Math.PI*val*val);
LambdaType1 squareArea =
val -> System.out.println(val*val);
circleArea.xyz_nameDoesNotMatter(value);
squareArea.xyz_nameDoesNotMatter(value);
}
}
interface LambdaType1{
void xyz_nameDoesNotMatter(double val);
}
Here, we are literally defining the inline functionality exactly in the place where it is needed. This is the essence of functional programming in Java, where we think in terms of an action rather than an object that contained an action. Let’s add a few more functionalities.
package org.mano.example;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
double value = 4.7;
LambdaType1 circleArea =
val -> System.out.println(Math.PI*val*val);
LambdaType1 squareArea =
val -> System.out.println(val*val);
circleArea.xyz_nameDoesNotMatter(value);
squareArea.xyz_nameDoesNotMatter(value);
LambdaType2 rectangleArea =
(val1, val2) -> System.out.println(val1*val2);
LambdaType3 toCelcius = f -> (f - 32) * 5 / 9;
LambdaType3 toFahrenheit = c -> 9 * (c / 5) + 32;
System.out.println
(toCelcius.xyz_nameDoesNotMatter(100));
System.out.println
(toFahrenheit.xyz_nameDoesNotMatter(37.77777777777778));
}
}
interface LambdaType1{
void xyz_nameDoesNotMatter(double val);
}
interface LambdaType2{
void xyz_nameDoesNotMatter(double val1, double val2 );
}
interface LambdaType3{
double xyz_nameDoesNotMatter(double val);
}
Observe that each time we add lambda expression that signifies a specific method signature; we also add an interface with a lone function that matches that signature. The name of the method declared within the interface does not matter. This means we can always reuse an interface that matches lambda expression with the method signature declared within it. Another characteristic of a lambda interface is that it must have only one method declaration; otherwise, the compiler cannot infer what method signature to match with the lambda expression type. This gives a clue to understanding how type inference works with lambda expression in Java. Type inference is an important factor associated with lambda. Refer to the type inference Java documentation for more detail. Also, refer to the lambda expression documentation for details on lambda, specifically.
Conclusion
In a way, we can say that programming paradigms are the hypothesis behind their prototype called a programming language. As a general purpose programming language, Java imbibed the functional paradigm where interface and lambda expression played a crucial role in collaborating new rules of functional programming within the DNA of Object-Oriented Java.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Question about direct proxies syncing their targets
David Bruant bruant.d at gmail.com
Fri Jan 13 17:08:09 PST 2012
Le 14/01/2012 01:57, Tab Atkins Jr. a écrit :
> In the direct proxies proposal at
> <http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:direct_proxies>,
> there's the following line:
>
> get:
> * Invariant checks:
> * if property exists on target as a data property, updates the
> target’s property with the returned value
There is also the following line in introduction:
"A proxy ensures that its handler and its target do not contradict each
other as far as non-configurability and non-extensibility are concerned."
> Consider an xrange object like from Python, which represents a numeric
> range (with a start, stop, and step) and exposes both an iterator and
> get traps.
>
> Am I correct in assuming that, since the target of an xrange proxy is
> an empty object, iterating through the xrange or getting specific
> values from it will *not* fill up the target in an attempt to
> synchronize it with the returned values from the get trap?
My understanding is that as long as the iteration and property gets
don't create or report non-writable and non-configurable properties,
nothing will be done to the target.
It seems that the case you describe would be a good candidate for
"virtual objects" [1]
David
[1] http://wiki.ecmascript.org/doku.php?id=harmony:virtual_object_api
More information about the es-discuss mailing list
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Closing the active tab in the destination pane
I tried to create a command to close the active tab in the destination pane.
Unfortunately this one doesn't work as expected ...
Go TABCLOSE OPENINDUAL
Do the docs say openindual works when closing tabs? I'm not at my computer to double-check but I think openindual is only for opening tabs. (Apologies if I am wrong.)
Try this instead:
Set source=toggle
Go tabclose
To be honest I was in front of a portable edition without helpfile installed. But I have had in mind that OPENINDUAL works for other commands (e.g. Go UP) also. But it's not mentioned in the help for TABCLOSE (I just had a look).
After I figured out that "Go TABCLOSE OPENINDUAL" doesn't have any effect I tried the following ...
Set source=toggle
Go TABCLOSE
Set source=toggle
... but unfortunately the tab of the source pane is closed (as if the toggle command isn't there).
Since there isn't a "CLOSEINDUAL" argument there is no obvious solutions anymore.
Here you go:
dopusrt /acmd Set SOURCE=Toggle dopusrt /acmd Go TABCLOSE dopusrt /acmd Set SOURCE=Toggle
Or just click the close button on the tab.
:slight_smile:
It's part of an automatism that depends on a script that needs to create and close a destination tab to work accordingly.
Are there any chances to make the DOpus internal solution working in one of the next betas?
Set source=toggle
Go TABCLOSE
Set source=toggle
If you're automating something that requires opening and closing tabs, there is probably a better way to do whatever you are doing.
It's part of creating and maintaining virtual file collections. One of these collections is something like a virtual basket having a certain name (e.g. "scratch") to collect several files for later processing (e.g. mailing, packing, etc.). This "scratch" collection resides in the destination pane most times. Thus I have shortcuts to show, clear and clear+close this collection (which tab resides in the destination pane).
Since I often have reusable collections with temporary files that needs to be cleared and closed it would be convenient for me to have a shortcut for that.
That's only one of my simplest use-cases for such a command.
There's no need to mess around with tabs, or show the collection in a window at all, just to modify a collection.
See the Scrap Collection toolbar for examples.
[quote="leo"]There's no need to mess around with tabs, or show the collection in a window at all, just to modify a collection.
See the Scrap Collection toolbar for examples.[/quote]
Yes, thanks for the hint.
But I need the collection on the screen (in the destination pane) when collecting files (in the source pane) since the collection is created incrementally/manually.
However, your solution based on dopusrt.exe works fine for me. Thanks again for the quick answer.
We've added Go TABCLOSE=dest and some related commands to the forthcoming update.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
User:Sims01
Simon O'Neill (born 1987-07-05) is an Australian student and studying about photography
I go for Port Adelaide Power (Australian Football League) and Liverpool F.C. (English Premier League)
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WIKI
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AJcodez AJcodez - 3 months ago 22
Git Question
Git master branch simply does not have new files after merge
Suppose I have 2 branches,
master
and
other
.
I go in the
other
branch, add 2 files, commit and push.
Now I go into the
master
branch, add files to a different directory, and commit them. Then I merge
other
.
The problem is that the files I added in
other
are not showing up. Git says it is up-to-date, but its not! Files are missing.
How can I force
master
to add the files in
other
or somehow manually add them?
Edit for Karl:
I did the following to the best of my knowledge, although the changes that are not showing up are several weeks old. I just realized they weren't there today.
$ git branch
*other
master
$ git add .
$ git commit -m 'cool new features'
$ git push origin other
$ git checkout master
$ git merge other
$ git add .
$ git commit -m 'merged cool new features from other'
$ git push origin master
I go on Github, and the files aren't there. Other files were committed and show up, but two folders do not have matching content. The files exist in
other
but not in
master
. To clarify, the files were not new. But I thought that merging would at least copy files to
master
if they dont exist!
Answer
Like this:
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ git init .
Initialized empty Git repository in /home/karl/stackoverflow/.git/
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ touch common_file_a
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ touch common_file_b
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ git add .
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ git commit -m "commit common files"
[master (root-commit) 89a5cd0] commit common files
0 files changed
create mode 100644 common_file_a
create mode 100644 common_file_b
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ git checkout -b other
Switched to a new branch 'other'
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ mkdir other
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ touch other/other_file_a
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ touch other/other_file_b
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ git add .
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ git commit -m "commit other files"
[other 9c7409c] commit other files
0 files changed
create mode 100644 other/other_file_a
create mode 100644 other/other_file_b
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ touch master_file_a
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ touch master_file_b
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ git add .
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ git commit -m "commit master files"
[master 3558768] commit master files
0 files changed
create mode 100644 master_file_a
create mode 100644 master_file_b
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ ls
common_file_a common_file_b master_file_a master_file_b
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ git merge other
Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy.
0 files changed
create mode 100644 other/other_file_a
create mode 100644 other/other_file_b
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ ls
common_file_a common_file_b master_file_a master_file_b other
karl@Bielefeldt-Server:~/stackoverflow$ ls other
other_file_a other_file_b
If you're getting different results, you're either missing a step, putting an extra step somewhere, or you're getting some sort of error you're not telling us about, like a merge conflict. We have no way of knowing why something so basic isn't working for you unless you post the exact commands and output you're getting, like I did above.
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Israel at the European Baseball Championship
The result was keep. Nomination withdrawn. No prejudice towards relisting separately depending on outcome of ongoing DRV. (non-admin closure) Smartyllama (talk) 13:52, 2 February 2017 (UTC)
Israel at the European Baseball Championship
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
This article duplicates information that exists at the national team page of Israel. Therefore its unnecessary. Nations at the xxx pages are also reserved for events with multiple sports or disciplines. This one focuses on just one sport. Also quoting Peter Rehse, from another similar AFD, There is nothing demonstrating that [the country] performed anywhere near notable."
We did have an earlier AFD discussion with all similar articles grouped under one and in a complete oversight I forgot this article and the ones below. Sportsfan 1234 (talk) 13:56, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* Delete all Except Hopman Cup As I stated in the prior AfD, most of these these fail WP:SPORTSEVENT and WP:NOTSTATS. They should have been included in that one, but a simple oversight doesn't justify their continued inclusion. However, we do appear to have articles on other teams which have qualified for the Hopman Cup (see, for instance France at the Hopman Cup), so those should probably be taken to a separate AfD if we want to establish consensus. Also, seeing as the Hopman Cup is essentially the national tennis team, similar to Davis Cup and Fed Cup, I'm not sure the same circumstances apply. Smartyllama (talk) 14:06, 31 January 2017 (UTC) Delete European Baseball Championships article, Keep others - given the existence of other similar articles and the comments by below, if nominator feels they are all not notable, they should be nominated as a group, not like this. However, those articles are only for tournaments that the teams have actually qualified for. Israel has never qualified for the Israel Baseball Championship, and to my knowledge no similar articles exist for that tournament anyway as it is a relatively minor one compared to the other two so the means of doing the AfD is not an issue. Smartyllama (talk) 13:58, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* Note Nominator has withdrawn the Hopman Cup article since I wrote this. As that part is now moot, I have clarified my !vote is now to delete all of the remaining articles. Smartyllama (talk) 14:15, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* Keep - Countries at the AFC Asian cup is not uncommon. You have not stated what WP policy you are basing your conclusion on only multiple sports competitions should have their own page. See Australia at the AFC Asian Cup, Iraq at the AFC Asian Cup, South Korea at the AFC Asian Cup for some AFC Asian Cup examples. Additionally there is tons of information on the WBC page not found elsewhere so your argument makes no sense - Galatz Talk 14:30, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS is not an argument to keep. The ones you mentioned should probably be deleted too. Smartyllama (talk) 14:33, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* You and Nifitz have managed to convince me on retaining the AFC and WBC ones, but I'm still not convinced the European Baseball Championships one should be kept. First of all, it's a much more minor tournament than the other two. Second, the article is much less developed than the other two (or at least the WBC one) and is basically WP:NOTSTATS. Third of all, Israel has never actually qualified for the European Baseball Championship, unlike the other two tournaments. Fourth of all, there are no similar articles for other countries at that tournament, even those who have qualified, so Nfitz's argument that they should all be nominated together and not like this doesn't apply. Why do you think that one specifically should be kept? I notice you didn't mention it above. Smartyllama (talk) 14:03, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Baseball-related deletion discussions. Smartyllama (talk) 14:41, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Football-related deletion discussions. Smartyllama (talk) 14:42, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Sports-related deletion discussions. Smartyllama (talk) 14:43, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Israel-related deletion discussions. Smartyllama (talk) 14:44, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* Keep L3X1 My Complaint Desk 14:49, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* Please specify a reason for your !vote. Smartyllama (talk) 15:12, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* What do you want to me say? I disagree nearly completly with OTHERSTUFFEXISTS. L3X1 My Complaint Desk 15:16, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* You mean you disagree with it in principle or you disagree that it applies here? If it's the former, that's completely irrelevant - the principles apply whether you like it or not. While there can be discussion on whether the principles should continue to apply, this is not the appropriate place to have it. If it's the latter, explain why it doesn't apply here. Smartyllama (talk) 15:19, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* Then what does all this stuff at the top of OSE mean: "This unofficial guidance essay contains comments and advice of one or more Wikipedia contributors. It is not a Wikipedia policy or guideline, although it may be consulted for assistance. It may contain opinions that are shared by few or no other editors;"??? L3X1 My Complaint Desk 20:57, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* Well either way, deletion discussion guidelines require a reason for your vote. Smartyllama (talk) 14:00, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* Keep - I'm uncomfortable deleting Israel at the AFC Asian Cup when looking at Template:Countries at the UEFA European Championship there's over 30 articles for various countries at the comparable UEFA European Championship. Other stuff exists sometimes for a good reason. Also, I'm not sure why Israel is being singled out here, in various sports - rather than tackling it on a sport-by-sport basis - or at least not massing together multiple sports. It doesn't lead to a very clean process. I'm aware that Israel at the UEFA European Championship was deleted in the referenced Articles for deletion/Israel at the FIBA Basketball World Cup, however the example is not comparable, as Isreal has never qualified for the UEFA tournament, but has qualified for the similar AFC one. Nfitz (talk) 22:47, 31 January 2017 (UTC)
* I am sorry if it feels like Israel is being singled out. I saw one article and then through clicking saw the various other ones (therefore I grouped them). I am sure I will be proceeding with AFD's for the other sports... Sportsfan 1234 (talk) 03:20, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* So you think that there should be an AFD for England at the UEFA European Championship? Nfitz (talk) 06:13, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* Comment Israel has never qualified for the European Baseball Championship. Should that be kept as well? That being said, you've convinced me on the tournaments Israel actually has qualified for (AFC and WBC) and I'm going to alter my !vote above accordingly. I still think the European Baseball one should be deleted as a) Israel has never qualified for it, and b) it's a much more minor tournament compared to the other two. If you are only referring to the AFC page in your !vote, which it seems like you might be given you specifically referenced it and not the others, and that some of the arguments don't even apply to the others, please alter it accordingly to make it more clear to the closing admin. Smartyllama (talk) 13:52, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* Personally, in a mass AFDs, when they are poorly thought out, I think they should all be kept, and some should be resubmitted to AFD later, individually, or in smaller, more sensible groups. Every AFD in the football area I've seen from this person has been problematic, starting with Articles for deletion/List of Luxembourg women's international footballers which was shocking, and was a snow keep in hours. Even in the Articles for deletion/Israel at the FIBA Basketball World Cup referenced above, it managed to sneak in Israel at the FIFA World Cup, but then failed to notify any of the WP:FOOTBALL community that it was going on - surely at a mininum, that should have been a redirect to Israel national football team; I'm not sure why you supported that deletion, rather than a redirect, given what else exists (i.e. Template:Countries at the FIFA World Cup), and I'm not sure why User:CambridgeBayWeather went along with it. I remain concerned, that there seems to be an attempt to strictly remove Isreali articles; we all know that and AFD for Brazil at the FIFA World Cup would fail. Nfitz (talk) 14:54, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* You failed the answer the question at hand! Instead of accusing someone of attempting to remove Israeli articles please provide valid reasons why they should be kept (especially the European Baseball Championship). It was mentioned earlier OTHERSTUFFEXISTS is not a valid argument. Sportsfan 1234 (talk) 15:04, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* I did answer it. I think the AFD is fatally flawed, all articles should be kept, and if necessary, do a new AFD for the baseball one (which I'm not really qualified to comment on) individually. Nfitz (talk) 15:28, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* I'm not sure why you didn't bring that template up in that AfD, considering it would have led me and possibly others to change my vote on that article. But that has nothing to do with this AfD, especially with an article that has nothing whatsoever to do with the sport. Answer the question concerning the European Baseball Championship, and stop ignoring it and making excuses. You're always welcome to contact the closing admin or take it to deletion review if that fails. I, for one, would support restoring the World Cup article in light of the new information. However, this AfD is not the place to discuss a previous one. Baseball isn't football, so stop using football arguments about baseball as they are irrelevant. Smartyllama (talk) 15:15, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* Also, when we make separate AfD's for each article, people complain that there are too many and it's unfair to make people deal with all of them. When we propose them together, people complain about that too. You can't have it both ways. Smartyllama (talk) 15:22, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* Because I was unaware that the AFD was underway. It wasn't listed at WikiProject Football/Nominations for deletion and page moves, WikiProject Deletion sorting/Football, or the WP:Football article alerts, which I keep an eye on (thank you though for listing this one!). If I saw the name of the AFD itself, there was nothing in the title to make me think it was something I should look at. Had I been aware of the AFD, I would have commented on this issue; this is the problem of trying to mass AFD unrelated articles. I don't think I've ever complained about separate AFDs. I can't fathom putting FIFA World Cup deletions inside an article about Baseball, and then failing to notify any of the Football deletions areas. Nfitz (talk) 15:28, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* There is already a deletion review in progress for that AfD, which started earlier today. That is the place to discuss concerns with that AfD, not here. This page should deal only with the articles in this AfD. Please move all further discussion on the earlier AfD over there. If you have anything more to say on the articles in question in this AfD, go ahead, but keep this one on-topic please. Smartyllama (talk) 15:33, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* Is there? Thanks, I wasn't aware of that. Shouldn't a DRV be mentioned at the top of Articles for deletion/Israel at the FIBA Basketball World Cup - perhaps I've forgotten the procedure. I wouldn't have mentioned it here, had I known of the DRV. Won't mention it again. Nfitz (talk) 15:46, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* Again you refuse to answer the question at hand here. Can you please explain why the baseball article should be kept? Sportsfan 1234 (talk) 15:44, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* I have answered the question twice now. Because I feel the entire AFD is flawed, with unrelated articles, that are no way in the same category. I see no reason to keep asking me the same question that I've already answered. Nfitz (talk) 15:49, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* Comment - The European one was also discussed here Articles for deletion/Israel at the 2016 European Baseball Championship (2nd nomination) resulting in keep. - Galatz Talk 15:48, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* No, that was a specific instance of the European Baseball Championship, which has since been deleted in the aforementioned AfD. As I told Nfitz, if you object to that, the appropriate place to discuss it is the DRV you created, which it looks like you already have. I would suggest striking your comment here as it is misleading. Smartyllama (talk) 15:50, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* I disagree completely. I brought it up here because I believe the tournament is notable, as that discussion shows. If when looked at individually an individual year is notable, how could the tournament not be? Its completely relevant. - Galatz Talk 16:10, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* Except that that page was ultimately deleted for not being notable in a later AfD. Which is why your statement that it was kept is misleading. If you feel it should have been kept, that's what deletion review is for, but this is not the place to discuss that.Smartyllama (talk) 16:11, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* And I disagree with that. I think it being lumped with everything else was misleading. My comment stands and let someone who is looking at it determine if its relevant or misleading. - Galatz Talk 16:13, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* And again, that's a discussion for DRV, not here. At the very least, I recommend you edit it to note the fact that it was later deleted in a mass AfD, while voicing your concerns about the process in which that happened, so people are aware of the totality of the circumstances without having to read all the ways down the comment tree. Smartyllama (talk) 16:15, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* The AFD isn't entirely irrelevant here, as it was mentioned in the nominating statement, as justification for deleting these articles. However the AFD has been challenged at DRV, in particular on the basis that the articles like those here, should have been kept; and no one seems to be disagreeing with that. Nfitz (talk) 17:11, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* And I've said the AFC and WBC articles should be kept. To date, nobody has made a similar argument for the European Baseball Championship except one person who said "Keep" without specifying any reason at all, which shouldn't be counted. And we're talking about that here, that's what's relevant. I encourage the closing admin to keep that in mind. Smartyllama (talk) 17:29, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
* Comment Perhaps it would be best for the nominator to withdraw this temporarily and reopen it again as necessary depending on the results of the DRV. We're having discussions in too many places here and it's causing unneeded confusion. Also, some people might change their votes depending on the outcome of the DRV. If the FIFA World Cup article stays deleted after review, I can see no rational argument for keeping the article about a continental tournament. I think they should both be kept, but the FIFA World Cup one is clearly more notable, and if that were to stay deleted, I would be reluctant to keep the AFC one for consistency's sake. Given the small number of articles compared to last time, I would also suggest the nominator nominate them separately when he reopens it if he chooses to do it that way. Smartyllama (talk) 17:33, 1 February 2017 (UTC)
Per Smartyllama, I am going to withdraw this afd. I do not believe articles should exist for events a country has not qualified for so the baseball one will come up again in the future. Sportsfan 1234 (talk) 01:50, 2 February 2017 (UTC)
* Per WP:CLOSEAFD non-admin closure for withdrawal is only if no one else voted to delete. Not really sure in this situation since and nominator are the two who voted delete and both say to close. Perhaps Smartyllama could close? - Galatz Talk 02:24, 2 February 2017 (UTC)
* Comment Can't the nominator withdraw at anytime for any reason? L3X1 My Complaint Desk 02:31, 2 February 2017 (UTC)
* It says at WP:CLOSEAFD As mentioned above, the AfD nominator can withdraw the nomination and close a discussion as speedy keep reason #1, if all other viewpoints expressed were for Keep and doing so does not short-circuit an ongoing discussion. In essense with Smartyllama closing it takes away his delete vote, making only the nominator voting delete. - Galatz Talk 02:53, 2 February 2017 (UTC)
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Talk:Jamie Milam
Untitled
Please do not update statistics until the end of the season. I will probably be doing all of this anyway, since I handle the Atlanta Thrashers and their farm teams...
Tsani Jones (talk) 16:43, 23 February 2008 (UTC)
Regarding Soo Indians and the NAHL
On 2/23/08 3:21 AM, "Tsani Jones" wrote:
Message From: Tsani Jones Sent to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Subject: Fact Checking- Jamie Milam ============================================================== Sirs- I have record of a forward here in Gwinnett that is listed as having played for the "Soo Indians" of the NAHL in 2001.
Did this team exist in the league then? Thank you, Tsani Jones, Editor, The Thrashers 411
=
====================================================
Yes, the Soo Indians did exist. Regards, Brian @ NAHL
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Talk:Farmall 340
farmall 404
The Farmall 404 was not a replacement for the Farmall 340 as previously stated. The horsepower ratings are similar,but the 340 had independent pto and the T/A. The 404 replaced the Farmall 240. The 340 was replaced by the Farmall 504. The 340 preceded the 404 and was much more useful than the 404 because of its' features which the 404 lacked. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:45, 6 March 2023 (UTC)
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Page:West of Dodge (1926).pdf/244
little note of meanness in her voice, a little squint of meanness in her eyes.
If she expected to hurt him that way, or urge him by such nagging to abandon the calm attitude of indifference toward the quarrel which he held to be contemptuous and of small account, it was proof that she had not plumbed him any deeper than the rind. He grinned, untouched by her innuendo, bending the toes of his polished shoes as if he tried the flexibility of their soles for a race he was about to enter, lifting his heels slightly from the floor, legs spread a little, his whole attitude benignant, patronizing, tolerant.
"As long as I'm not in debt to you for it, I don't give a damn," he replied, so unexpectedly, so surprisingly out of his character, as to make her start, much as if somebody had sneaked up behind her and shot off a gun.
Whatever Elizabeth had in mind to say, and it was certain from her bridling look that she had plenty, was cut off by the arrival in the square of the young men who had ridden out on the Simrall road a little while before. They had gone a little sheepishly, like men who expected to be sold, making a joke of it, with light words and humorous quips; they had come back with the humor wrung out of them, feeling more like going on than stopping, if there had been any place to go.
Simrall was coming, every able-bodied man in the place, it seemed, approaching deliberately, the riders holding back to keep with the wagons. They were not more than three miles away.
Major Cottrell had been laying his plan of defense before the men gathered around him at the court house steps. The fervor that had seemed to animate this crowd
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Page:The Laws and Acts of Parliament of Scotland.djvu/171
SEXT PARLIAMENT. XX. of Junij. i Sss. i 5 i Crowne or ony part thereof, alfweill given be our faid umquhile father, quhom God aflbilzie, as be us to ony perfon, or perfons , contrair the ads maid thereupon of before , to be reduced to us againe, and our Crowne, be vertew oi the aftes and ftatutes, maid upon annexationes, and after the forme of the iamin. ITEM, Wee revoke all alienationes of ony rentes, landes and heritages annexed to principalitie, and to ?rincip«. die Prince, Second perfon of the Realme, maid be us, in maner forefaid. lit,e - ITEM, In likewife wee revoke, cadis, andannullis, all donariones, alienationes, few-ferme, andgiftes quhat-fum-ever in life-rent, or uthervvaies in our none-age, of the landes, rentes, annuelles, or uthe'r reve- nues, that our faid umquhile Father had in his pofieffion the time oi his deceafe, be giit , or utherwaies : And ' offices ofall offices, like as Chalmerlanries, Baillieries, and Cuftomaries, maid for maazeires, bot fra ane Checker, and "f^*- quhill the compt bee maid in the nixt Checker after following, and of tackes and afledationes maid for langer i'°" p s e %^ e termes, nor five zeires. ITEM, In likewife wee revoke, caflis and an nullis, all tailzies maid fra the aires in General, to the aires raises. maill, or ony landes within our Realme , againft the Law and gude confcience. ITEM, Wee revoke all new infeftmentes of landes, given in blanch-ferme, thatwerehaldenofusof *'««*- before, be fervice of waird and reliete. ITEM, Wee revoke all Regalities, confirmationes of Regalities, and ofall offices given be us in heritage, legalities. or be our Father, againft the acts and ftatutes, that na Regalities fuld be given in heritage without advife and deliberation of the haill Parliament. I r F M, Wee revoke all maner of alienationes be infeftmentes, or ony utherwaies maid or granted of ony heretages in our none-age, that become lauchfiillie in our handes, be reafon of fore-fakour , baftardrie , or Baftardy. utherricht, and life-rents given thereof, in our minoritie. F °jJ« l - ITEM, Wee revoke all new creationes of lands in Barronnies, annexationes, and uniones of diverfe vn'ions of lands in fee, in prejudice of our dew fervice audit to us, and our maift Noble Ptogenitoures of before. narronmes. AND Sik-lik, wee revoke all difcharges of fervice ol fuites ot Courtes, audit of auld to our Progeni- Smtes of toures forefaid. comes. ITEM, Wee revoke all new infeftmentes given of creation of Barronnies in landes and Lord-fhippes Vnion of annexed to our Crowne. mL/Ito- ITEM, Wee revoke all giftes and confirmationes, given be us, of quhat-fum-ever landes and heri- ftry. -. tages, be falfe fuggeftion, be expreeming of falfe caufes , quhair gii they had bene expreemed ane trew caaie, .-?'»*«■ and the ventie, w e had not given the fame, and there-throw we ar greatumly and enormelie hurte. foppilflT" AND Generallie, we revoke, caffis, andannullis, all and quhat-fum-ever thinges done be us in our lefle caufx vc- age forefaid, in detriment and harme of our faule and confcience , hurting ot the pnviledge of our Crowne, "™ r ^ M / prejudicial to the fame, and to us in our patnmonie thereof , and all and findry things, that the Law and con- revocation. fuetude of our Realme leavis us to revoke. And als will and declaris, that this our Revocation extend to all thinges alfweill not fpecified, as fpecified therein, quhilkis perteined to us and our faid Crowne, be deceafe of our laid deareft Father , and to be extended fra his deceafe , in all thinges forefaidis, to us and our behoofe, alslargelie, as the Revocation maid be our faid maift Noble Father, micht be extended to, fra the deceafe of our maift Noble Gud-fchir King James the Fourth, to the time, daie, and dait of his faid revocation : And as the revocation maid in King 'James the Seconds time, micht have bene extended to, fra the deceafe of our maift Noble Progenitour, King James the Firft , to the making thereof: Declarand that albeit , we of our i he Kings favour and benevolence, fufTer ony perfon or perfones to ufe, pofleid, or bruik ony priviledges, pofleffiones of '*"« f a - landes , rentes and offices , or of ony thing quhat-fum-ever failand under this our revocation : It fall make na judge's »« richt to the ufers , halders , or polleidars thereof, bot it fall be leiifull to us to put our handes thereto , quhen h ' s ww*- wepleafe, bot ony contradiction , and that bee vertew of this our Revocation , A<ftes, andconftitutionesof """' our Realme. Proteftand folemnedlie, that our abfence foorth of our faide Realme at this time, and the folem • nities required in that be-halfe (gif onie bee) not being done, bee na prejudice to us , anent our fore-faide re- vocation, with the quhilkis we difpenfe and fupplies all faultes thereof, gif onie be , be our Queenelie power and authoritie Royal. AND That this Revocation be intimat, infinuat, and declared in the nixt Parliament , to be halden ill our Burgh of Edinburgh, within our Realme, in the Moneth oiMaij or Junij, nixt thereafter. 29. Anent the fealing and Jiibfcriftionofreverfiones, and writes belangand thereto. ITEM, In likewife it is ftatute and ordained, that all reverfiones to be maid in time to-cum, and all bandes and obligationes, for making, fealing, and delivering of reverfions, be maid under the fealc and fubfcription of the promittar aud giver thereof : And gif the partie cannot fubfcrive, to fubfcrive the fame with his hand, led at the pen be ane Notar. And gif ony inftrument, or uther kinde of writing be maid for giving of rever- fiones, or bearand and conteinand reverfion : that writing or inftrument fall make na faith, bot gif it be infert with confent of the parties in judgement, in the buikes of fome ordinar Judge : except gif it happenis within Burgh, that the time of refignation of landes in the Baillies handes, the Clerk of the Burgh, Notar to the faifing giving be the faid refignation, be required then inftantlie of inftrument in his handes ol the reverfion , before the famin witnefle required in the inftrument of faifing, and gives his inftrument thereupon : Quhilkfall make faith as fufficient reverfion. And als, that all difcharges of reverfiones in all times to-cum , be fealed and
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2004 Oklahoma Democratic presidential primary
The 2004 Oklahoma Democratic presidential primary, part of the process of selecting that party's nominee for President of the United States, took place on February 3, one of the seven nominating contests of 2004's "Mini-Tuesday". The primary election chose 40 pledged delegates to represent Oklahoma at the 2004 Democratic National Convention. The remainder of Oklahoma's 47 delegates consisted of unpledged superdelegates not bound by the results of the primary. The election was a closed primary, meaning that only registered Democrats could vote in this election. Wesley Clark won the primary by a razor-thin margin over John Edwards.
Candidates
* General Wesley Clark of Arkansas
* Former Governor Howard Dean of Vermont
* Senator John Edwards of North Carolina
* Senator John Kerry of Massachusetts
* Representative Dennis Kucinich of Ohio
* Senator Joe Lieberman of Connecticut, 2000 Democratic Party vice-presidential candidate
* Reverend Al Sharpton of New York
Withdrawn
* Representative Dick Gephardt of Missouri, former House Minority Leader
* Former Senator and Ambassador Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois
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"I am just a phone call, text, email or message away from assisting you anyway I can."
What is a Doula?
Labor support doulas are trained and experienced labor support persons, who attend to the emotional and physical comfort needs of laboring women to smooth the labor process. They do not perform clinical tasks such as heart rate checks, or vaginal exams, but rather use massage, aromatherapy, positioning suggestions, etc. to help labor progress as quick and safe as possible.
A labor support doula joins a laboring woman, either at her home or in hospital or birth center and remains with her until a few hours after the birth. In addition to emotional support, doulas work as advocates of their client's wishes and may assist in communicating with medical staff to obtain information for the client to make informed decisions regarding medical procedures. A doula can do what you need to make the birth experience as close to what you want as possible for you and your partner.
A doula can also help keep the father or support person calm and help them help mom in the best way possible.
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-- Korea Hydro Yet to Decide Restart of Uljin Reactor After Alarm
Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power Co. is
investigating how an alarm was wrongly programmed and went off
yesterday at a reactor under maintenance in the Uljin nuclear
plant. The safety alarm at a pressurizer in reactor No. 6 rang at
around 1 a.m. yesterday, the Seoul-based company said in an e-
mailed response to Bloomberg. The alarm was caused by a wrongly
programmed alert ceiling, rather than mechanical or human
operational failure, it said. The operator and the Nuclear Safety and Security Committee
will determine a restart date of the reactor after completing
the investigation, it said, without giving an estimated
timeline. The 1,000-megawatt reactor is off-line for planned
maintenance until Nov. 30, according to its website . To contact the reporter on this story:
Sangim Han in Seoul at
sihan@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Jason Rogers at
jrogers73@bloomberg.net
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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The Sixth Battalion
The Sixth Battalion is a 1998 documentary film that examines the history of Jewish soldiers who fought for the Slovak Republic, a puppet state created by Nazi Germany, during World War II. The documentary combines interviews with archival footage and photographs of the Slovak Republic in order to provide a brief history of the state, exploring the rise of antisemitism and how it affected these Jewish soldiers.
Summary
“Everywhere there were fleas and bugs. We slept in barns,” remembers one former soldier, “the work was very hard—I worked with a pick ax and shovel. The foreman threatened that we would be sent away to Poland if we didn't achieve the quota.” Forced to take on grueling construction projects for the army, these Jews were treated as a lower class of soldiers who constantly faced the possibility of being deported to Nazi concentration camps.
In 1939, Adolf Hitler suggested that the Slovak Republic split from Czechoslovakia or be occupied by German forces. After a unanimous vote in their parliament, the Slovak Republic was formed. But the new nation, small and impressionable, became a puppet for Nazi Germany.
The first Prime Minister, Jozef Tiso, spouted anti-Semitic statements that echoed Hitler. “Is it not humane if the Slovak people want to get rid of their perpetual enemy—the Jew? Is it not Christian?” Answering his own question, he continued “The precept of love to thy self is God given, and this command for love for myself commands me to get rid of everything that is harmful to me—everything that threatens my life... We act according to God's will. Slovak! Get rid of thy pest!”
Strong antisemitic propaganda was also spread in newspapers and magazines, paving the way for deportations and the systematic extermination of Eastern European Jewry during the Holocaust.
Then, young, able bodied Jewish men were forced to serve in the army. They were discriminated against and most of their service was spent building infrastructure for the state. “We took the pick axes and shovels we had cleaned the day before and went to dig the canal,” remembers one soldier, “it was a hard and exhausting job.” Many of the bridges and streets they built are still in use.
The documentary shares their private stories. Often, instead of being applauded for good deeds, the soldiers were simply subject to more antisemitism. While off duty, one young soldier leaped into a river to save a girl from drowning. Once she was safe and on shore, a crowd formed around the two of them. When the mob began to whisper that he was a Jew, and grew suspicious of his association with the girl, the soldier became fearful for his own life, refused to disclose his name, and ran away.
The Jewish soldiers of the Sixth Battalion witnessed the atrocities of war from many angles. In addition to facing the grueling hardships of military life, they experienced prejudice themselves and watched helplessly as their friends and family members were deported. Their ability to work and remain useful to the state saved their own lives, but experiencing incredible inhumanity filled them with rage and sorrow.
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WIKI
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Swatch Group expects sales growth this year as Asia recovers
ZURICH (Reuters) - Omega watch maker Swatch Group (UHR.S) said it expected strong demand in Asia and America to keep driving sales growth this year after first-half net profit bounced back from weak year-ago levels. Swiss watchmakers have seen sales and margins recover this year after a prolonged downturn caused by a meltdown in Chinese demand. Swatch Group, which took fewer cost-cutting measures to protect margins than peer Richemont (CFR.S), was hit harder during the lean years, and is now in for a stronger recovery. “The month of July continues the very positive trend. The second half of the year offers excellent opportunities for continued strong growth and further expansion of market share,” the world’s biggest watchmaker, said in a statement on Wednesday, without giving more details. It said sales rose 12.6 percent at constant currency to 4.266 billion Swiss francs ($4.25 billion), driven by “very high growth rates” in Asia and a “double-digit sales increase” in North America, while growth in Europe was more variable. But analysts pointed to more challenging comparables in the second half and said they expected growth to decelerate then. Shares in Swatch, which have risen over 19 percent so far this year, were 1.1 percent higher at 0758 GMT, slightly ahead of the European sector index .SXQP. The company-based in Biel in western Switzerland whose portfolio spans expensive Breguet, more affordable Longines and plastic Swatch timepieces-said it had seen strong demand from younger “millennial” consumers across regions and price segments. Stirring the next generation’s interest in mechanical watches that work without a battery is key for the future of the Swiss watch industry as omnipresent mobile phones tell the time more accurately than any mechanical watch. “Consumers want real values, not only materially but also emotionally,” said Swatch Group, as its flamboyant Chief Executive Nick Hayek seeks to explain why Swiss watches would keep their appeal in a world “where everything is interchangeable and quickly loses its value”. The company also highlighted the increasing interest in pre-owned products, a recent trend in the industry, but did not say whether it would actively enter the category as some peers have done. Rival Richemont in May reported disappointing annual results, notably due to inventory buybacks of unsold watches, but also mentioned the recovery in Hong Kong, the biggest export market for Swiss watches. Swatch said inventory levels increased to 6.7 billion francs in the first half, leading some analysts to criticize the ongoing deterioration of working capital as a share of sales. Net profit jumped by 67 percent to 468 million Swiss francs and the operating margin also improved to 14.7 percent. Reporting by Silke Koltrowitz; Editing by John Miller, Vyas Mohan and Emelia Sithole-Matarise
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Krang
Krang (also spelled Kraang) is a supervillain appearing in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles-related media, most frequently in the 1987 animated series and its associated merchandise, such as the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures comic book and many TMNT video games. The character has endured as one of the franchise's most prominent antagonists and a major foe of the Ninja Turtles.
Krang's first comics appearance was in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures vol. 1, #1, published by Archie Comics in August 1988. In the 1987 TV series, Krang was voiced by Pat Fraley. He also appeared as General Krang in the 2012 IDW comic publication. Krang made his first live action appearance in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, which was a sequel to the 2014 film, with his voice provided by Brad Garrett.
Krang was created by David Wise, with inspirations from the Utroms, to supply the Shredder with extraterrestrial technology.
In the 2012 series, Krang is referred to as Kraang Prime, and is a deranged Utrom who had mind-controlled most of the Utrom populace into becoming a subservient, rogue hive mind faction known as "the Kraang".
In Rise of the TMNT: The Movie, Krang is referred to as Krang Leader (credited as Krang One), who leads his siblings, Krang Sister (credited as Krang Two) and Krang Brother (credited as Krang Three).
Abilities
In the final season of the 1987 animated series, Krang showed signs of psychic powers when he hypnotized one of Lord Dregg's soldiers into obeying his and Shredder's commands, saying it would only work on weak-willed people.
Throughout the rest of the show, as well as most other appearances, Krang's most notable combat ability is weaponry which he can switch his android bodies hands out for - his most commonly seen weapons are swords, maces, and blasters.
Relating to the Utroms
Krang's physical appearance was inspired by the Utroms from the original TMNT comic book. In several subsequent series, such as the 2012 IDW comic series, he is himself a member of the Utrom species.
1987 series
Prior to the start of the 1987 cartoon, Krang was a reptilian creature in command of an army of Rock Soldiers under the leadership of General Traag, and took the completed station called the Technodrome, a powerful mobile battle fortress, and banished Von Drakus, who helped Krang build it, to Earth. When he was banished from Dimension X, Krang was stripped of his body and reduced to a brain-like form forced to use small android walkers and/or small platforms to move.
While on Earth, Krang allied himself with the Shredder, who, along with his robotic Foot Soldier army, moved into the Technodrome. In exchange, the Shredder had to design and build a new body for Krang, a human-shaped exo-suit referred to as his "android body", which he eventually turns giant and uses to attack the turtles. Shredder lived up to his part of the bargain in the season 1 episode "Shredder & Splintered", in no small part because he was unable to deal with the Turtles and needed Krang's help. In the season 3 episode "Shredderville", the Turtles have a dream of a parallel world in which they never lived, and Shredder had no problem taking over the world; in that world, Shredder abandoned Krang after his conquest was complete, leaving him with no body and a heavily-damaged Technodrome.
Krang's ultimate goal is to take over the Earth; it probably only became his objective after he was exiled on the Earth, but this point is never made clear. Every plan Krang conceives is either aimed at that goal, or towards the short-term objective of powering-up the Technodrome. He does not share Shredder's obsession with the Turtles and Splinter; while Shredder sees them as mortal enemies, Krang seems to regard them more like annoyances to be destroyed when they interfere in his plans. He does have his own "version" of the turtles, however- a rebellious group of teens from Dimension X named the neutrinos seem to have a very similar relationship to Krang as Shredder has to the TMNT.
Counting from the first meeting between the Turtles and Shredder and Krang, Krang spent seven seasons in the Technodrome, either somewhere on Earth or in Dimension X, scheming to power up his battle fortress and take over the Earth. Eventually the Turtles managed to banish the Technodrome back to Dimension X without Krang and Shredder. At that point they began operating out of an old science building. Krang and Shredder eventually returned to the Technodrome in the season 8 episode Turtle Trek, but the Turtles destroy the engines of the Technodrome, trapping it and its inhabitants in Dimension X and putting an end to Krang's plans.
Krang spent the next two years in Dimension X, until he was contacted by Dregg. Dregg arranged for him and Shredder to come back to Earth, to help him fight the Turtles. However, Dregg betrays them, and drains Krang's intelligence. Shredder escapes and restores Krang, but Dregg captures them again. Finally, the Turtles spoil his plan and transport Shredder and Krang back to Dimension X.
In the series finale, Divide and Conquer, the Turtles return to the Technodrome to take Krang's android body, which they need to fight Dregg. Krang is nowhere to be seen, but it is assumed that he is still somewhere in Dimension X.
IDW Comics
In the IDW Comics, Krang is both an Utrom and a denizen of Dimension X. He is the heir of Quanin, the former Prime Minister of the Utroms' ruling council who appointed himself Emperor and aggressively expanded the Utrom domain into an empire. However, his megalomanic expansion drive both deprived his home planet of its most essential natural resource, the Ooze, and incited rebellion among the subjugated people of Dimension X, eventually leading to the destruction of Utrominon. Krang, who was as brutal as his father but opposed his uncautious politics, fled with a few survivors of his people through an interdimensional portal to Burnow Island on Earth, where he established a base from which he intended to terraform this world into a new home for his people, which he calls "new Utrominon".
In order to augment his troops, Krang, initially disguised as a despotic human warlord, forms a business relationship with Baxter Stockman, head of the genetics research institute Stock Gen, and supplies him with Ooze, which could be used as a natural mutagen on Earth's organisms. Krang seeks this mutagen to use in healing the surviving utroms he took with him from Utrominon. It is through Stockman's experiments that the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and Splinter evolve into intelligent, humanoid mutants. When the Turtles learn of Krang's genocidal plans thanks to their human friend April O'Neil, a former intern at Stock Gen, they, together with their ally, the Fugitoid (a former Neutrino scientist whose mind is trapped in a robot body and who was forcibly conscripted by Krang to complete his terraforming machine, the Technodrome), and the Foot Clan stop Krang from destroying the Earth, and the Utrom warlord is surrendered to the Neutrinos for trial for his numerous war crimes.
While imprisoned on Neutrino, Kraang hires the bounty hunter Hakk-R to eliminate several material witnesses in order to get the trial cancelled, but Hakk-R fails thanks to the efforts of the Turtles. Eventually, Krang is found guilty and sentenced to permanent exile from Dimension X on Earth. However, Leatherhead, one of his former victims and a key witness in the trial, refuses to accept the mild verdict and kills Krang by devouring him. However, as the Fugitoid belatedly realizes, the Utroms possess a natural parasitic physiology, enabling Krang to regenerate himself and take possession of Leatherhead's body.
2003 series
Krang makes a small cameo appearance in the episode "Secret Origins Part 3" of the 2003 series. As the Utroms are all walking to the transmat to go back home, one of them complains, "I hate walking on my tentacles," to which another Utrom replies, "Oh, shut up, Krang!". This Krang was voiced by Wayne Grayson. Ch'rell the evil Utrom serves as a sole heartless version of Krang and Oroku Saki.
Krang also appears in the 2009 crossover film, Turtles Forever, in which he, Shredder and the Turtles from the 1987 show end up in the 2003 universe. Although Shredder was able to find his 2003 counterpart, he was unable to find Krang's, even though he exists in this universe (albeit as a regular, non-evil Utrom). Krang is voiced here by Bradford Cameron.
2012 series
An alien species based on both Krang and the Utroms appear in the 2012 Nickelodeon show, named The Kraang. Kraang Prime is the leader of the hive mind and was a normal Utrom scientist until he made the mutagen, which he used to mutate himself into Kraang Prime. He then used his powers to enslave most of the Utroms into becoming hive mind slaves.
Given the series introduces the 1987 show as an alternate universe, the original Krang makes an appearance, still voiced by Pat Fraley, being said to be a cousin of Kraang Sub-Prime that wound up exiled to that dimension because he was a screw-up. He attempted to destroy the Mirage, 1987 and 2012 universes, the latter of which the Kraang had especially been trying to conquer, using Sub-Prime's desire to "wipe out the Turtles at any cost" as leverage. Sub-Prime banishes him back to the 1987-universe once this is revealed, as this incompetence was why Krang was banished in the first place (the fact about the 1987 Krang being a cousin and his exile is non-canon to the 1987 series).
2018 series
In the series Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles and its Netflix film sequel Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: The Movie, the Krang is an alien species that landed on ancient Earth bringing with them a mutagen known as Empyrean, which created the Yōkai race. During feudal times in Japan, the Krang gifted Oroku Saki, leader of the Foot Clan, with the dark armor Kuroi Yōroi, which allowed Saki to defeat the Foot's enemies, but ended up possessing and transforming him into the evil Shredder and leading the Foot clan into worshiping them. Eventually a group of warriors who created the mystic weapon key and used it to banish them into another realm for a thousand years. During the series finale, Shredder unearths the remains of a Krang inside a buried ship while looking for Empyrean to fulfill his goals. By the time the Foot opens the portal to set them free, only three of them have survived their exile, they then possess the members of the Foot Clan and turn them into monstrous minions (with the same fate later befalling Raph, until Leo snaps him out of it) and proceed to take over the highest building of the city in order to open a portal big enough for their ship Technodrome to crossover.
Unlike the previous versions of the Krang who mostly relied on their intellect, this version is more powerful and deadly and is capable of fighting without the use of any kind of tech and are virtually unstoppable in their suits. Their method of mutation also greatly differs from prior incarnations in that they utilise a form of bio-growth that usually takes over or otherwise transmutates anything it touches, to the point that it can puppeteer inorganic matter. Their members include the mastermind behind their plan who leads the other two, a female Krang who leads the possessed slaves into battle and has a temper, and a silent one who is in charge of spreading the bio-growth, creating the portal and piloting the Technodrome (Which in this series is techno-organic). The female one lost her right eye at the hands of April and was defeated by her, Splinter and Casey Jones and later captured by humans, the silent one was restrained by Donatello when he seized control of Technodrome and presumably destroyed with the ship and the leader was exiled again at the hands of Leonardo.
Krang Leader is voiced by Jim Pirri and Krang Sister is voiced by Toks Olagundoye.
Film
Brad Garrett voices Krang in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, where it was the first official live-action appearance of the character. This version looks accurate to his comics version in terms of him being a large brain with facial features, though his robot is more gray and robotic. It also has thin strips of plating that look like skin, a reference to the extremely humanoid design employed by the comics version. Fred Armisen was originally going to voice the character, but scheduling conflicts made him unavailable.
In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutant Mayhem, a woman scientist by the name of Cynthia Utrom (voiced by Maya Rudolph) is the CEO of TCRI, she seeks to use Baxter Stockman's formula of mutagen to create a army of mutant soldiers. After the Turtles save New York from the destruction of Superfly, Cynthia believes it would be difficult to re-capture them now that they're no longer outcasts by humanity, to which she hires the Shredder to hunt them down. While it is likely that the intention is for her to reveal herself as Krang in an upcoming release, she has not been confirmed to be an actual Utrom yet.
Video games
In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Smash-Up, one of the players is a Utrominator drone, a Utrom enslaved by Shredder in the 2003 series, despite not actually being Krang, he acts as a stand-in for him.
The Kraang are one of the enemies in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows, where the Turtles infiltrate the TCRI building in search for the Shredder, who has been stealing their technology for Baxter Stockman to invent him a telepathic helmet as a way to defeat the Turtles.
General Krang is the secondary antagonist in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutants in Manhattan, where he teams up with Shredder to distract the Turtles so his Foot Soldiers and mutant allies can collect alien parts to construct a giant portal to Dimension X, to which Krang will initiate a invasion against Earth.
In Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Shredder's Revenge, Krang's android body parts are scattered for the villains try to repair, however this was actually a distraction to where he is actually turning the Statue of Liberty into a new body called the "Statue of Tyranny".
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WIKI
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User:H-ko/sandbox
Testing formats-- H-ko (Talk) 00:32, 6 February 2007 (UTC)
Project Subpages
* Aylesbury duck
* Bourbon Red Turkey
* Slate Turkey
* American Livestock Breeds Conservancy
* Kerry Bog Pony
format for ref:
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WIKI
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History of Realistic Victorian Novels
Realism began as a literary movement in response to and as a departure from the idealism of the Romantic period. Realism emerged in literature in the second half of the nineteenth century, most predominantly in novels. Realism was characterized by its attention to detail, as well as its attempt to recreate reality as it was. As a result, plot was no longer the central to the focus of the author, but rather creating interesting and complex characters took precedence. Realism also placed an emphasis on describing the material and physical details of life, as opposed to the natural world as characterized by the Romantic period. Realism emphasizes accurate descriptions of setting, dress, and character in ways that would have appeared inappropriate to earlier authors. Realism, which emphasizes the importance of the ordinary person and the ordinary situation, generally rejects the heroic and the aristocratic and embraces the ordinary working class citizen.
The Rise of the Novel
Prior to the Victorian Era, poetry had been the dominant form of literature. However, changes in class structure saw the novel rise in popularity. As the middle class expanded and more people became literate, the popularity of the novel exploded. These works also became more accessible as a result of the Industrial Revolution and the expansion of newspapers and the periodical press. Most notably, the works of Charles Dickens were frequently serialized in newspapers or journals, his first being Pickwick Papers in 1836. As a result of this serialization and a focus on character rather than plot, Dickens’ works are sometimes criticized for having weak plots. The subject matter of realistic Victorian novels also helped increase their popularity. Dickens particularly would portray the lives of working class people, creating characters that the new rising middle class audience could relate to. The realistic Victorian novel focused on characters and themes such as the plight of the poor and social mobility that was being afforded to a new middle class and the rising middle class were eager to consume these novels.
During the Victorian Era there was also a rise in female writers. Many of them published under a male pseudonym to ensure that their works would be given the same merit as male authors were granted.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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多
Derived characters
* 侈, 𠀲, 哆, 垑, 姼, 㡅, 恀, 拸, 陊, 䏧, 栘, 㶴, 迻, 眵, 移, 䇋, 蛥, 袳, 誃, 趍, 跢, 䡔, 𮠨, 鉹, 夥, 䬷, 夦, 䮈 (𬳾), 黟, 卶, 㩼, 夠(够), 翗, 夡, 㷇, 㚊, 㚌, 㚋, 䫂, 郺, 㚍, 㚉, 奓, 㝖, 爹, 𣆚, 茤, 㗬, 袲, 𭅚, 㞔, 㢁, 扅, 痑
Descendants
* ( character derived from )
Glyph origin
– two pieces of meat. In the bronze script, was corrupted into due to visual similarity, making into a. The form with was inherited in later scripts.
suggests that meat is scarce in ancient times, so two pieces of meat is a lot, citing a passage from :
Chang Ping-chuan suggests that it is the duplicative nature of the character that gives the meaning of "many", just like in, from.
Etymology 1
Etymology unclear. suggests that it is in the same word family as and.
compares it to 🇨🇬,, 🇨🇬. STEDT derives the latter two from 🇨🇬, whose Chinese comparandum is instead; has also compared it to this etymon.
propose that there may be a prefix in this word that gives a mass noun reading, which may nullify the connection to 🇨🇬. However, may have withdrawn from this theory since they no longer indicate the *t as a prefix.
Also compare 🇨🇬, whence 🇨🇬 and 🇨🇬, and 🇨🇬. considers the Chinese word to be from 🇨🇬, but others suggest that the direction of borrowing may have been the other way.
Definitions
* 1) many; much; a lot of; numerous
* 2) over; and more; more than
* 3) as much as
* 4) multiple
* 5) much more; a lot more; far more
* 6) more
* 7) extra; in excess
* 8) how; how much; what
* 9) so; how; what
* 10) to have a lot
* 11) to have more; to have too much; to have too many
* 12) few; little
* 1) much more; a lot more; far more
* 2) more
* 3) extra; in excess
* 4) how; how much; what
* 5) so; how; what
* 6) to have a lot
* 7) to have more; to have too much; to have too many
* 8) few; little
* 1) how; how much; what
* 2) so; how; what
* 3) to have a lot
* 4) to have more; to have too much; to have too many
* 5) few; little
* 1) to have a lot
* 2) to have more; to have too much; to have too many
* 3) few; little
* 1) to have more; to have too much; to have too many
* 2) few; little
* 1) few; little
* 1) few; little
Usage notes
* When the number is smaller or equal to 10, 多 can be put after the measure word. If it is bigger than ten, 多 has to be put before the measure word.
* In Mandarin, 多 is usually placed before the verb, but in Cantonese, it is usually placed after the verb.
Descendants
Others:
Kanji
* 1) many, much
Prefix
* 1) multi-
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WIKI
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Page:Journal of American Folklore vol. 12.djvu/379
Annual Meeting of the American Folk-Lore Society. 47
��ELEVENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN FOLK-LORE SOCIETY.
The Eleventh Annual Meeting was held in rooms of Yale Uni- versity, New Haven, Conn., on Thursday and Friday, December 28 and 29, at the same time with other affiliated societies, namely, the American Society of Naturalists, the Association of American Ana- tomists, the American Physiological Society, the American Psycho- logical Association, the Society for Plant Morphology and Physio- logy, Section H, Anthropology, of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
The Society met for business on Thursday, at 11 a. m., the Presi- dent, Prof. Charles L. Edwards, in the chair. The Permanent Sec- retary presented the Annual Report of the Council, which was adopted.
REPORT OF THE COUNCIL.
At the conclusion of the twelfth year of the organization of the American Folk-Lore Society, the usual duty devolves upon the Council, to point out the inadequacy of the means of recording primitive tradition as compared with the magnitude of the oppor- tunity now rapidly vanishing. The number of qualified workers in this field is all too few, while every year has brought the loss of some eminent collector or investigator, whose place remains unfilled. On this occasion we have to lament the absence of one of those who have been most prominently identified with the Society from its origin, the honored Daniel Garrison Brinton. The advance of an- thropological research, and its rapid extension in the universities, will indeed supply a number of qualified and enthusiastic young stu- dents ; but a few brief years will end the chance which still exists, to observe aboriginal life in its survivals, and to obtain new material for solving the most important facts of mental history, problems which are difficult only on account of the lack of adequate informa- tion, and which in the absence of such record will forever remain the uncertainties of philosophical conjecture.
Even in the closing years of the century, a rich gleaning remains for the collector ; but the value of such gathering depends upon its accomplishment by capable and trained workers, possessed of lin- guistic knowledge. On the other hand, the remnants of the Indian tribes have now arrived at the point where contributions to ethno- granhy may be expected from educated members of those tribes. The Council would suggest, that in view of the importance to local history of proper acquaintance with the races that our forefathers
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Page:The guilt of William Hohenzollern.djvu/91
Rh grounds. He asked for a unanimous decision on this point. As a Magyar, he wished for no increase in the number of Serbians in the Monarchy.
Count Berchtold was of a different opinion. He thought it was only with certain reserves that he could associate himself with this conception of the matter. He was also of the opinion that Austria-Hungary should annex no territory belonging to Serbia, but, on the other hand, should assign as large pieces as possible to Bulgaria, Greece and Albania, and possibly also to Rumania. Serbia must be so reduced in size " that she would no longer be a source of danger." The situation in the Balkans might, however, change. It might be " that at the end of the war it will no longer be possible for us to avoid annexation."
One can see that the views which Count Hoyos had unfolded in Berlin on July 5th were not only his own personal views, but were just as much those of Count Berchtold.
Count Tisza, however, did not admit the reservations of Count Berchtold. Count Stiirgkh thought that, even if the occupation of Serbian territory were out of the question, security could be obtained by the deposition of the dynasty, by a military convention, or by other suitable measures. As the Minister of War showed himself to be willing to guarantee the limitation of the annexation to strategic rectifications of the frontier and to the permanent occupation of a bridge-head across the Save, it was unanimously decided by the Ministers assembled:
That immediately at the beginning of the war it shall be declared to the Foreign Powers that the Monarchy is not waging a war of conquest, and has
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WIKI
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0
Hey guys.... Just wondered if anyone can help me, I'm busy writing an application with a login form using SQL Server, if the user logs into the specific for i want a lable saying logged in as : .... But how do you code that part?
Hope you understand
thanks
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Last Post by SyncMaster170
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I'm not sure I understand the difficulty. You already have the login credentials and know if they were legit or not, so it should be trivial to toss the user name into a label:
labelLoggedIn.Text = _authenticated ? "Logged In As: " + userName : "Not Logged In";
Edited by deceptikon
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This is a shot in the dark as you have not specified any code that you are using to validate the users login credentials, but under the method in which your code validates the users credentials(username and password) simply set the label1.Text = usernameTextBox.Text.
So after the validating is complete and the user is logged in(I am talking about in your code) you should have a statement after your validating code executed that assigns your label1.Text to your usernameTextBox.Text.
Hope this helps.
This question has already been answered. Start a new discussion instead.
Have something to contribute to this discussion? Please be thoughtful, detailed and courteous, and be sure to adhere to our posting rules.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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What is the BRA Initiative?
Hi, I’m Doctor Kathleen O’Neil,Medical Director of St. Mark’s Women’s Diagnostic Center. Now there are multiple sets of guidelines that are conflicting and creating confusion among women and the medical community.
Some organizations, like the American College of Radiology,the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists are recommending annual screening mammograms beginning at age 40. The American Cancer Society recently changed their guidelines to recommend beginning at age 45. And the U. S. Preventative Services Task Force is now recommending beginning at age 50. So this has created a confusing landscape for women when they’re trying to decide when they should or would begin screening mammograms.
So we wanted to create a solution for that. We felt that it was not in everyone’s best interest to try and navigate these guidelines when, in fact, it’s difficult for us to navigate these guidelines. And this is what we do for a living. It became more and more of a worry for me because I did not want women to potentially sacrifice breast health because there was this confusion in the medical community and the media.
And so I wanted to try to come up with something that could help answer questions for people and help them learn about themselves and their own breast risks, or their breast health. And it felt right. It felt like we might be able to help people. The Breast Risk Assessment or BRA initiative at St. Mark’s is a program to help women understand their own risk for breast cancer and to develop a personalized breast cancer screening plantailored to those risks and also based on their own preferences for screening.
A BRA appointment is very different than a regular screening mammogram appointment. This appointment involves a mammogram, yes. But it involves much, much more than that. In terms of building a picture of each woman and her history and her risk and helping develop potentially a lifelong plan for breast screening. It is not a cookie cutter plan. It is not based on one size fits all. In fact, our goal is to move away from the one size fits all approach and build plans that are unique, unique to every woman and that can change as her life history changes.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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How to impl "Send" for trait object
Hi everyone, I am a beginner of Rust. And now I encounter a problem on impl "Send" for trait object when using with tokio.
The code is the following:
use async_trait::async_trait;
use tokio::io::{AsyncRead, AsyncWrite};
#[async_trait]
pub trait Handler {
async fn handle(&self) -> Result<(), std::io::Error>;
}
async fn serve( handler: std::sync::Arc<dyn Handler + Send>) {
tokio::spawn(async move {
let handler = handler;
Ok(())
});
}
fn main(){}
The error message is
error[E0277]: `dyn Handler + std::marker::Send` cannot be shared between threads safely
--> src/main.rs:10:5
|
10 | tokio::spawn(async move {
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^ `dyn Handler + std::marker::Send` cannot be shared between threads safely
|
::: /Users/fbzhong/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1ecc6299db9ec823/tokio-0.2.21/src/task/spawn.rs:127:21
|
127 | T: Future + Send + 'static,
| ---- required by this bound in `tokio::task::spawn::spawn`
|
Can anyone help me on this?
Thanks.
The solution offered by https://github.com/dtolnay/async-trait#dyn-traits is to add Send as a supertrait of the trait you're making into a trait object, rather than to add it as a bound. I think that'd look roughly like
...
#[async_trait]
pub trait Handler: Send {
async fn handle(&self) -> Result<(), std::io::Error>;
}
async fn serve( handler: std::sync::Arc<dyn Handler>) {
...
Does this work for your use case / is this bound acceptable? If so, I think that's the best solution.
1 Like
Hi @daboross Thanks for replying. And I did try this method, and it have errors too:
error[E0277]: `dyn Handler` cannot be shared between threads safely
--> src/main.rs:9:5
|
9 | tokio::spawn(async move {
| ^^^^^^^^^^^^ `dyn Handler` cannot be shared between threads safely
|
::: /Users/fbzhong/.cargo/registry/src/github.com-1ecc6299db9ec823/tokio-0.2.21/src/task/spawn.rs:127:21
|
127 | T: Future + Send + 'static,
| ---- required by this bound in `tokio::task::spawn::spawn`
|
Can you please take a look at this again? Really appreciate!
The code is
use async_trait::async_trait;
#[async_trait]
pub trait Handler: Send {
async fn handle(&self) -> Result<(), std::io::Error>;
}
async fn serve( handler: std::sync::Arc<dyn Handler>) {
tokio::spawn(async move {
let handler = handler;
Ok(())
});
}
fn main(){}
I believe this is referring to the Sync trait, not Send.
Hi @CAD97,
I just tried "Sync" trait, same error :frowning:
tokio::spawn requires both Send and Sync, so if you only specify one (regardless of which one) you'll get a similar error. Requiring both should work:
pub trait Handler: Send + Sync {
There's another error in compilation, but that should also be easy to resolve. It can't tell the error type for the closure, so you need to specify it explicitly with Ok::<(), ()>(()) (using () for the error type) rather than Ok(()), or otherwise give it that information. With that change and Send + Sync, the example compiles for me.
2 Likes
Awesome! It works! Thank you so much!
Note that it is not true that tokio::spawn requires both; in fact it requires only Send. It's just that an Arc<T> is not Send unless T is both Send and Sync.
2 Likes
Oh, that explains the error [E0277]
127 | T: Future + Send + 'static,
| ---- required by this bound in `tokio::task::spawn::spawn`
|
Great to know! Thank you very much!
1 Like
This topic was automatically closed 90 days after the last reply. We invite you to open a new topic if you have further questions or comments.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Skip to main content
Cross Crawling – Switching on for Parents and Kids
child and books
Cross Crawling – At the moment we have a tonne of parents at home playing the role of employee and teacher. Many parents recently had to take on this role of educating their kids at home instantly, and, keeping them switched on and focused can be chaos.
We talk often about setting up an environment around food, and exercise that is calm and welcoming… How you gel with learning is also another entirely individual aspect. How one person learns is so different from the next and no two children are the same, let alone having two different learners in the same house during the lockdown.
Cross Crawling – what is it?
• The crossing of limbs to opposite upper and lower limb naturally.
• crossing off the left and right brain hemispheres.
• Motor skill and co-ordination development.
This happens in multiple parts so I will attempt to step through the phases correctly and clearly for better understanding.
Infants to toddlers:
Crawling is an innate mechanism in infants, they start to establish crawling around 10 months of age and are normally up and starting to walk at around 12 months. What’s happening during this crawling stage?
cross crawling – Infants that begin to crawl are building connections. Their coordination and motor skills on a physical level as well as hand and eye coordination etc. but on a deeper level, this is crucial for neural development. Both the left and right brain have to cross over for communication and implementation of these actions, this midline in the brain is called the “corpus callosum”. There is so much that builds in terms of circuits and memory retention from these actions of the left and right cross over.
They are taking in their environment, coordinating their movements and eye movement to a goal, you know they are setting a goal for something when they scuffle all of a sudden at 100 miles an hour towards something. They have decided they want to know what that item is and navigate their way to it. It’s crucial for physical and mental development, any good physician will tell you the importance of letting infants crawl.
Growing beyond the cross crawling to an upright march
Now, when you go from crawling to walking you still incorporate the same opposite limb to limb cross crawling type movements, but into more of a march type style. Right arm swings with left leg and vice versa. This is still building that cross-connection of the left and right brain hemispheres, all while taking in your environment and surroundings, stress, alertness, etc.
Learning and memory are not singular units of function, they are consistent with multi-components, for example, you have encoding, retrieval, and consolidation as well as audio, visual, olfactory and motor all happening simultaneously. This is happening without our need for conscious attention to it from birth to death.
These all happen from within different regions of the brain to retain a memory, information storage, and recall action – this communication must be able to fluidly cross midbrain.
Cross Crawling – Why is all of this important to know?
Cross crawling or marching is important to incorporate because we are chronic sitters. We sit to eat, we sit to read, we sit to drive for hours, we sit to learn in class and this constant sitting does a few things –
1. Limits crossing of the hemispheres right and left. Our legs and arms do not perform this action of input to allow this crossover to happen as easily as it normally would.
2. We limit circulation while sitting, cerebral spinal fluid acts like a flowing river between the brain and spinal cord, it’s constantly flushing back and forth and removing stagnant fluid and toxins from these areas that can accumulate over the course of the day. When we sit and hunch, this movement of the spine to encourage the flushing action as well as deep breathing to open up the spine more and help this along is drastically limited and what do we do all day at school and work… sit and hunch over books, computers, and iPads…
What can we do to combat the concentration crash?
Crosswalk/march – Before you sit down for an hour, do five minutes of cross walking. This can look like a March to many.
1. Lift your knees up one at a time as high as you can in a March type position and touch the opposite hand to the top of that knee. So, right-hand crosses over to touch the top of the left knee and again with the left hand to the right knee. Do this on one spot while looking straight ahead, not at your knees! Can you do it? Do this for 1 to 2 minutes.
2. Now, add some more complexity and move your eyes side to side at the same time. In the opposite direction to the knee being touched. Look left while you touch the right knee and look right when you touch the left knee.
3. Do it while rolling your eyes around in circles one way and then around the opposite way. So clockwise and anti-clockwise.
See how fast you can get the hang of this. An activity that works great as a reward system for a work break and helps with concentration and memory recall for the items they have just spent time learning about. Makes for a good giggle too when you realize it’s a little harder than it sounds.
Let us know how you go!
References:
1. You’ll never crawl alone: Neurophysiological evidence for experience-dependent motor resonance in infancy Author links open overlay panel.van ElkaH.T.van SchiebS.Hunniusa C.Vesperc H.Bekkering a https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.07.057
2. Crawling experience is related to changes in the cortical organization during infancy: Evidence from EEG coherence. Martha Ann Bell Nathan A. Fox First published: November 1996 https://doi.org/10.1002/
3. Infant language development is related to the acquisition of walking. Developmental psychology, 50(2) Walle, Eric A Campos, Joseph J. 2014-02-01. 10.1037/a0033238.
4. Motor development: A new synthesis. By Thelen, Esther
American Psychologist, Vol 50(2), Feb 1995, 79-95
5. Neural mirroring systems: Exploring the EEG mu rhythm in human infancy. Author links open overlay panel Peter J.Marshalla Andrew N.Meltzoffb https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcn.2010.09.001
6. Q. L. Xiong et al., “Inter-Limb Muscle Synergy of Hands-and-Knees Crawling in Typical Developing Infants and Infants with Developmental Delay,” 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), Honolulu, HI, 2018, pp. 4697-4700.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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what is division property of equality ?
Division property of equality
Division property of Equality
Equality is a property of an equation. An equations says that two expressions are equal and the symbol ‘=’ appears between those two expressions.
In such cases the equality is not affected by adding or subtracting the same number on each sides. The number can also be 0 and still the equality is not disturbed.
Similarly the equality of an equation is not affected by multiplying or dividing both sides, again, by the same number. But an important point in the cases of multiplication or division the number cannot be 0.
So with the restriction of 0, the equality of an equation is maintained when divided by the same number on both sides. This is what is known as division property of equality or simply as division property.
So, the division property of equality definition is, any equation maintains its equality status when divided on each sides by the same number except zero .
Let us illustrate some cases as division property of equality examples.
1) 4 = 4. When you divide by 2 on both sides you get 2 = 2 and when divided by 4 on both sides the result is 1 = 1. The answers are true in both cases. Also, the equality is not affected even when you divide by same negative numbers. For example, 4/(-2) = 4/(-2)?
-2 = -2.
2) Let us try an equation involving simple variables. Say 3x = 6. When divided by 3 on both sides you get the solution as (3x)/(3) = (6)/(3)
or
x = 2.
Same way,
(3x)/(-3) = (6)/(-3)
or
-x = -2,
x= 2
which is also true.
3) Now let us discuss an example where many students tend to commit a mistake by not properly applying the division property.
Let, x2 = 4x
be an equation.
Now I divide both sides by x and solve x = 4.
But x2 = 4x can be rewritten as a quadratic equation form as,
x2 – 4x = 0.
A quadratic equation has always two solutions whereas we found only one solution.
How and why the other solution is missing? What is the fallacy here?
The myth is, the step of dividing both sides of the equation x2 = 4x by x.
Because if x = 0, the equation x2 = 4x is true and hence the variable can also take the value of 0.
When such being the case, the division by x is not valid and hence one should not have gone ahead with that step. The correct method of solving is x2 = 4x ?
x(x – 4) = 0.
Now as per the zero product property there are two solutions as x = 0 and x = 4.
1 thought on “what is division property of equality ?”
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Maxim Aleshin
Maxim Aleshin (Максим Алёшин; born 7 May 1979 in Ulyanovsk) is a Russian acrobat and former gymnast who won a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. He toured with the Moscow State Circus in the United Kingdom in 2008.
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最新消息：自律使人变得更强大
python怎么实现IP定位
admin 1909 次 0 条
调用第三方接口查询ip归属地
https://open.onebox.so.com/dataApi?type=ip&src=onebox&tpl=0&num=1&query=ip&ip=123.123.47.11
import httplib, json
ip = '123.123.47.11'
ip = raw_input("请输入一个Ip:")
httpClient = None
try:
httpClient = httplib.HTTPSConnection('open.onebox.so.com', 443, timeout=30)
requestURL = '/dataApi?type=ip&src=onebox&tpl=0&num=1&query=ip&ip={}'.format(ip)
httpClient.request('GET', requestURL)
response = httpClient.getresponse()
if response.status == 200:
obj = json.loads(response.read())
#print obj
if obj['0']:
print obj['0'], obj['1'], obj['3'], obj['5']
else:
print obj['4']
except Exception, e:
print e
finally:
if httpClient:
httpClient.close()
#将ip转换成整形数字
def ipToLong(ip):
arr = ip.split('.')
return (int(arr[0]) << 24) + (int(arr[1]) << 16) + (int(arr[2]) << 8) + (int(arr[3]) << 0)
ip = '100.4.5.6'
num = ipToLong(ip)
print num
110.96.0.0 110.127.255.255
print ipToLong('110.96.0.0')
print ipToLong('110.127.255.255')
print '---------------'
print ipToLong('110.127.1.255')
print ipToLong('110.96.1.1')
print ipToLong('110.97.0.0')
print '----------'
print ipToLong('0.0.0.0')
print ipToLong('0.255.255.255')
dict = {}
#读取数据
ipline = '58.211.91.56,58.211.91.63,江苏省苏州市 东山精密制造股份有限公司(吴中区东山镇工业园凤凰山路8号)'
arr = ipline.split(',')
sindex = ipToLong(arr[0])
eindex = ipToLong(arr[1])
#创建索引
for index in range(sindex, eindex+1):
dict[index] = arr[2]
#print dict
#ip
uip = ipToLong('58.211.91.57')
#直接查询Ip
print dict[uip]
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Saudi Equity Movers: Dar Al Arkan, Saudi Fisheries, Tihama
The Tadawul All Share Index (SASEIDX) rose 0.5
percent to 6,522.52 at the 3:30 p.m. close in Riyadh. The following stocks rose or fell in Saudi Arabia’s market. Dar Al Arkan Real Estate Development Co. (ALARKAN)
dropped the most since July 19, losing 0.7 percent to 7.45
riyals. Saudi Arabia’s biggest property company by assets said
second-quarter profit dropped 32 percent to 297.8 million riyals
($79 million) on lower sales. Mohammad Al-Mojil Group (MMG) rose for a second day,
adding 0.5 percent to 21.70 riyals. The provider of services to
the construction industry said second-quarter profit almost
tripled to 31.7 million riyals from 11.8 million riyals. Saudi Fisheries (SFICO) Co surged the most in two
months, climbing 4.3 percent to 46.60 riyals. The fish-
processing company narrowed its second-quarter loss to 4.95
million riyals from 6.5 million riyals a year earlier. Tihama (TAPRCO) Advertising & Public Relations Co. (TAPRCO AB)
declined to the lowest in a week, slipping 1.3 percent to 39.20
riyals. The publisher of the pan-Arab al-Hayat newspaper posted
a loss of 2.6 million riyals in the three months ended June 30,
compared with a profit of 6.8 million riyals a year earlier. To contact the reporter on this story:
Mourad Haroutunian in Riyadh at
mharoutunian@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Shaji Mathew at shajimathew@bloomberg.net
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Talk:Birdengine
Notability
I'm not sure about the notability of Birdengine. I've a little bit of time reading up on him and I'm not entirely convinced that he reaches the requirements of notability on Wikipedia. It's interesting that these days it's relatively easy to get music released by very small record labels or indeed self-published. I'm not making any comment about the quality of the music, it's more about the notability. I've added the notability template to see what other editors think. Seaweed (talk) 20:05, 10 December 2015 (UTC)
* The only thing that stopped me adding a 'notability' template were the couple of features in his local newspaper. But I agree, his notability is very borderline. Sionk (talk) 01:51, 11 December 2015 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just added archive links to 1 one external link on Birdengine. Please take a moment to review my edit. If necessary, add after the link to keep me from modifying it. Alternatively, you can add to keep me off the page altogether. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/20100328213156/http://www.birdengine.com:80/about.php to http://www.birdengine.com/about.php
Cheers.—cyberbot II Talk to my owner :Online 21:07, 31 January 2016 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 6 one external links on Birdengine. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110721115517/http://www.americana-uk.com/auk/modules.php?op=modload&name=Reviews&file=index&req=showcontent&id=2642 to http://www.americana-uk.com/auk/modules.php?op=modload&name=Reviews&file=index&req=showcontent&id=2642
* Added tag to http://birdengine.tumblr.com/post/1058208993/03-09-10-birdengine-album-finished-recorded-last
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110714005927/http://www.lynchedrecordings.com/?page_id=18 to http://www.lynchedrecordings.com/?page_id=18
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110717112729/http://birdengine.tumblr.com/post/7645101631/15-07-11-uncut-magazine-review-of-forthcoming to http://birdengine.tumblr.com/post/7645101631/15-07-11-uncut-magazine-review-of-forthcoming
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110717112251/http://birdengine.tumblr.com/ to http://birdengine.tumblr.com/
* Added tag to http://www.danielmichaelclark.com/recording/birdengine-set/
* Added tag to http://www.theargus.co.uk/leisure/music/musicpreview/4265892.Mortis_Tobias__Red_Roaster__Kemp_Town__Brighton/
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20090207065936/http://blogs.myspace.com:80/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view to http://blogs.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=blog.view&friendId=25767921&blogId=519471030
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20110717112251/http://birdengine.tumblr.com/ to http://birdengine.tumblr.com/
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 02:09, 3 November 2016 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 3 external links on Birdengine. Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20100123213159/http://www.abeardofsnails.com/discography.html to http://abeardofsnails.com/discography.html
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20120313000701/http://birdengine.tumblr.com/post/12154795627/31-10-11-the-crooked-mile-is-now-avaialble-to to http://birdengine.tumblr.com/post/12154795627/31-10-11-the-crooked-mile-is-now-avaialble-to
* Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.theargus.co.uk/leisure/music/musicpreview/4265892.Mortis_Tobias__Red_Roaster__Kemp_Town__Brighton/
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 21:37, 20 July 2017 (UTC)
A Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page has been nominated for deletion: Participate in the deletion discussion at the. —Community Tech bot (talk) 12:06, 5 December 2019 (UTC)
* Birdengine.westhill.jpg
* ✅ This file has been removed above. Regards, Jkg 1997 (talk • contribs • CA) 16:43, 5 December 2019 (UTC)
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GREENPEACE, AMERICAN OCEANS CAMPAIGN, and Sierra Club, Plaintiffs, v. NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE, and Donald L. Evans, in his official capacity as Secretary of the Department of Commerce, Defendants, AT-SEA Processors Association, United Catcher Boats, Aleutians East Borough, and Westward Seafoods, Inc., et al., Defendant-Intervenors.
No. C98-492Z.
United States District Court, W.D. Washington at Seattle.
Dec. 18, 2002.
Todd D. True, Adam J. Berger, Patti A. Goldman, Earthjustice Legal Defense Fund, Seattle, WA, Eric Paul Jorgensen, Douglas A. Ruley, Janis Searles, Juneau, AK, Peter Van Tuyn, Jack K Sterne, Trustees for Alaska, Anchorage, AK, for Plaintiff.
Brian C. Kipnis, U.S. Attorney’s Office, Seattle, WA, Samuel D. Rauch, III, US Department of Justice, ENRD Wildlife & Marine Resources, Washington, DC, Michael J. Robinson, Anthony P. Hoang, US Department of Justice, ENRD General Litigation, Washington, DC, Charles R. Shockey, Lyn Jacobs, Wayne D. Hetten-bach, US Department of Justice Environment & Natural Resources Division, Washington, DC, for Defendant.
ORDER
ZILLY, District Judge.
I. INTRODUCTION
Plaintiffs Greenpeace, American Oceans Campaign, and the Sierra Club originally filed suit in 1998 challenging the National Marine Fisheries Service’s (NMFS) North Pacific Fishery Management Plans for the groundfish fisheries in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. Plaintiffs claim these fisheries are harmful to the endangered Steller sea lion and seek relief under the Endangered Species Act, the National Environmental Policy Act, and the Administrative Procedure Act. This litigation has resulted. in several prior motions and court rulings on various issues. For a detailed description of the relevant legal and factual background in this case, see Greenpeace v. National Marine Fisheries Service, 55 F.Supp.2d 1248 (W.D.Wash. 1999) (hereinafter Greenpeace (I)); Greenpeace v. National Marine Fisheries Service, 80 F.Supp.2d 1137 (W.D.Wash.2000) (hereinafter Greenpeace (II) ); and Greenpeace v. National Marine Fisheries Service, 106 F.Supp.2d 1066 (W.D.Wash.2000) (hereinafter Greenpeace (III) ). This litigation has a long history which is outlined later in this Order. The matters presented at this time represent the latest disputes relating to the Steller sea lions.
This matter now comes before the Court on cross-motions for summary judgment related to Plaintiffs’ Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth claims stated in Plaintiffs’ Supplemental Complaint, docket no. 526. Plaintiffs’ Eighth claim challenges the no jeopardy conclusion of the October 19, 2001 biological opinion (2001 BiOp) issued by NMFS. Plaintiffs’ Ninth claim challenges the no adverse modification conclusion of the 2001 BiOp. Plaintiffs’ Tenth claim challenges the no jeopardy or adverse modification conclusion as to global fishing rates in the November 30, 2000 biological opinion issued by NMFS (FMP BiOp) and the 2001 BiOp. Plaintiffs move for summary judgment on their Eighth, Ninth, and Tenth claims. See docket no. 544. Federal Defendants, the National Marine Fisheries Service and Donald L. Evans, Secretary of Commerce, cross-move for summary judgment on these claims. See docket no. 551. Defendant-Intervenors Aleutians East Borough, At-sea Processors Association, Fishing Company of Alaska, Inc., Groundfish Forum, Westward Seafoods, Inc., et al., and United Catcher Boats also cross-move for summary judgment on the same claims. See docket no. 553.
The Court has reviewed the documents filed in support of and in opposition to the motions together with the relevant administrative record. On October 30, 2002, the Court heard oral argument from the parties on the issues presented by the pending motions. After oral argument, the Court took the matter under advisement. Being fully advised, the Court now GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to Claims Eight and Nine and DENIES Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to Claim Ten. For the same reasons, the Court DENIES Defendants’ and Defendant-Intervenors’ Motions for Summary Judgment as to Claims Eight and Nine and GRANTS Defendants’ and Defendant-Intervenors’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to Claim Ten. The Court remands the 2001 BiOp to the National Marine Fisheries Service for further action in compliance with this Order.
II. BACKGROUND
The Gulf of Alaska (GOA) and the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands region (BSAI), collectively referred to as the North Pacific ecosystem, is home to the largest commercial fishery in the United States. The ecosystem is also home to the western population of Steller sea lions. In 1990, the western population of Steller sea lions was listed under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) as a threatened sp'ecies and in 1997 was reclassified as endangered. This case arises out of the attempt to regulate this fishery in light of the presence of an endangered species and the legal dictates of the ESA and the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (Magnuson Act), 16 U.S.C. § 1801 et seq. Regulation of this fishery under these dictates has been far from a simple task, as the extensive litigation history of this case, extending back to the filing of the original complaint on April 15, 1998, and the voluminous administrative record, comprising more than 50,000 pages of documents, amply demonstrate. It is clear to the Court that a tremendous amount of time, energy, and resources have been expended in attempting to end the decline of the western population of Steller sea lions, while maintaining the fishing industry that is so important to the region, on the basis of ever-changing scientific knowledge.
A. A Brief Review of the Procedural Process
Under the Magnuson Act, the North Pacific Fishery Management Council (Council) prepares Fishery Management Plans (FMPs) that regulate all aspects of the commercial fisheries in the North Pacific ecosystem. See 16 U.S.C. §§ 1852(a)(1)(G), (h). The promulgation of FMPs constitutes “agency action” under the ESA.
The ESA imposes upon the National Marine Fisheries Service the duty to “insure” that any proposed action by the Council does not “jeopardize” the continued existence of any threatened or endangered species or result in the destruction or “adverse modification” of the critical habitat of such species. See 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2). A species is “endangered” when it is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. See 16 U.S.C. § 1532(6). The designated critical habitat of a species is intended to protect those geographical areas occupied by the species which contain the physical and biological features essential for the survival and recovery of the species. See 16 U.S.C. §§ 1532(3), 1532(5)(A)(i); see also 58 Fed.Reg. 45,269 (August 27, 1993) (final rule designating Steller sea lion critical habitat).
In order to avoid jeopardy and adverse modification, the ESA requires that the “action” agency consult with an “expert” agency to evaluate the effects a proposed agency action may have on a listed species. If the action agency determines that a proposed agency action may adversely affect a listed species, the action agency is required to perform a formal consultation with the expert agency. 50 C.F.R. § 402.14(a). The final product of a formal consultation is a biological opinion (BiOp) which states the expert agency’s conclusions regarding the possibility of any jeopardy or adverse modification that the proposed action would cause. See 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(2). When jeopardy or adverse modification is found, the expert agency must propose “reasonable and prudent alternatives” (RPAs), by which the action can proceed without causing jeopardy or adverse modification. See 16 U.S.C. § 1536(b)(3)(A).
B. A Brief Review of the Agency Actions and Litigation History
In April 1998, Plaintiffs filed suit in this Court initially alleging that NMFS was implementing a North Pacific fishery management plan without a comprehensive Environmental Impact Statement or adequate biological opinions addressing the effect of the fisheries on the Steller sea lion. See Complaint, docket no. 1. Plaintiffs specifically challenged biological opinions issued by NMFS in' January 1996 for the BSAI and in March 1998 for the GOA. On October 9, 1998, this Court stayed the pending litigation because NMFS represented to the Court that it was in the process of preparing a Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement and a new biological opinion that would address all federally managed fisheries in the BSAI and GOA. In December of 1998, NMFS issued two biological opinions addressing the potential effects of the North Pacific groundfish fisheries on the Steller sea lion. The first opinion (BiOpl) discussed the effects of the pollock and Atka mackerel fisheries on the Steller sea lion. The second opinion (BiOp2) considered the effects of the FMP in their entirety. Plaintiffs challenged both of these opinions.
In BiOpl, NMFS concluded that the mackerel fishery was not likely to jeopardize the Steller sea lion population but that the pollock fishery was likely to result in jeopardy. The Court upheld these findings under the ESA. See Greenpeace (I), 55 F.Supp.2d 1248, 1269 (W.D.Wash.1999). However, the Court ruled that the RPA adopted by the Council and approved by NMFS with respect to the pollock fishery was arbitrary and capricious and remanded to NMFS for preparation of a revised RPA. Id. at 1276. In October, 1999, NMFS issued Revised Final Reasonable and Prudent Alternatives for the pollock fishery.
In BiOp2, NMFS analyzed the effects of its entire fishery management scheme on the Steller sea lion. The Court ruled on January 25, 2000 that BiOp2 was inadequate under the ESA because it was not a comprehensive opinion and failed to analyze the full scope of the FMP. Greenpeace (II), 80 F.Supp.2d 1137, 1150 (W.D.Wash. 2000). Thereafter, on July 19, 2000, this Court enjoined all groundfish trawl fishing within Steller sea lion critical habitat in the oceans of the BSAI and GOA west of 144 "W longitude. The Court concluded that NMFS was in continuing violation of the ESA and plaintiffs had proven both “irreparable harm” and that continued fishing posed “a reasonably certain threat of imminent harm” to the Steller sea lion. Greenpeace (III), 106 F.Supp.2d 1066, 1080 (W.D.Wash.2000).
On November 30, 2000, NMFS issued a new biological opinion on the North Pacific groundfish fisheries (FMP BiOp) and the Court dissolved the injunction. See Order, docket no. 486. The FMP BiOp also concluded that the FMP in existence was likely to jeopardize endangered Steller sea lions and adversely modify their designated critical habitat. See S6-249 at 268, 270. Accordingly, NMFS included an RPA to the FMP in the FMP BiOp. Id. at 271-300. The RPA contained within the FMP BiOp imposed a series of heightened regulations on the North Pacific fisheries including the complete closure of two-thirds of Steller sea lion critical habitat to all fishing for pollock, Pacific cod, and Atka mackerel, seasonal catch limits within the remainder of critical habitat to spatially distribute the fishing, and a system of four seasons inside critical habitat and two seasons outside critical habitat to temporally redistribute the fishing. Id. at 271-72.
After the issuance of the FMP BiOp, a rider was placed on an appropriations bill limiting the implementation of the RPA. See Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2001, Pub.L. No. 106-554, § 1(a)(4), [Div. A, § 209], 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A-176 (2000). The legislation required NMFS and the Council to consult and review the measures necessary to protect the Steller sea lion and its critical habitat. As a result of this legislation the Council proposed a number of changes to the RPA in the FMP BiOp to be implemented through the Magnuson Act procedures (Amended RPA). The Amended RPA reopened areas of critical habitat to fishing previously closed by the RPA, eliminated the four season dispersal of fishing within critical habitat except for pollock, and removed many of the spatial distribution measures implemented in the RPA. S8-549, Table 3.1 at 39-42, Table 5.4 at 153.
Because of the passage of legislation, and its effect on implementation of the RPA in the FMP BiOp, the parties agreed to temporarily stay litigation. On March 6, 2001, the Court entered a Stipulation and Order staying this litigation until June 15, 2001. NMFS subsequently announced that it intended to reinitiate consultation on the FMPs and release a new biological opinion on October 19, 2001. The Court therefore entered a Stipulation and Order continuing the stay until November 1, 2001.
NMFS reviewed the Amended RPA and issued a new biological opinion on October 19, 2001 (2001 BiOp). The 2001 BiOp was limited to a review of the Amended RPA and did not reconsider the original jeopardy and adverse modification conclusion of the FMP BiOp. The 2001 BiOp found that the Amended RPA was not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the western population of Steller sea lions or adversely modify their critical habitat. See id. at 185. The 2001 BiOp states in part that the FMP BiOp “will remain in effect as NMFS’ coverage at the plan level, and this opinion will address the project level effects on listed species that would be likely to occur if the Council’s preferred action were implemented.” Id. at 8. Thus, the 2001 BiOp supplements, but does not replace the FMP BiOp. Therefore, the Court must review both biological opinions to resolve the pending motions.
III. ANALYSIS
A. Standard of Review
Challenges to biological opinions issued pursuant to Section 7 of the ESA, 16 U.S.C. § 1536, are reviewed under the Administrative Procedures Act (APA) to determine whether the biological opinion was “arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A). A biological opinion is arbitrary and capricious if it fails to articulate a satisfactory explanation for its conclusions, relies on factors which Congress did not intend for it to consider, or fails to consider an important aspect of the problem. See Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983). Courts "will defer to an agency’s technical or scientific expertise. See Central Ariz. Water Conservation Dist. v. United States EPA, 990 F.2d 1531, 1540 (9th Cir.1993); United States v. Alpine Land & Reservoir Co., 887 F.2d 207, 213 (9th Cir.1989). However, this deference is not unlimited, and the presumption of expertise may be rebutted if the agency’s decisions are based on science but are shown to be not reasonable. Defenders of Wildlife v. Babbitt, 958 F.Supp. 670, 679 (D.D.C.1997); N. Spotted Owl v. Hodel, 716 F.Supp. 479, 482 (W.D.Wash.1988).
B. Claim Ten of the Supplemental Complaint
Claim Ten of the Supplemental Complaint alleges that the FMP BiOp and the 2001 BiOp are arbitrary and capricious because they determined that jeopardy and adverse modification would not result until key Steller sea lion prey populations were reduced below the target population level established in current FMPs. Plaintiffs make two arguments in their motion for summary judgment as it relates to Claim Ten of the Supplemental Complaint. Plaintiffs argue that the FMP BiOp’s conclusion that the overall harvest rates set forth in the FMP will not cause jeopardy or adverse modification to the Steller sea lion critical habitat is arbitrary and capricious. Second, Plaintiffs contend that the global control rule as set forth in the RPA is arbitrary and capricious because it will not prevent jeopardy or adverse modification. Defendants contend that Plaintiffs’ claims are without merit and that Claim Ten of the Supplemental Complaint should be dismissed.
1. Overall Harvest Rates
Plaintiffs’ first challenge is to the conclusion of the FMP BiOp, which is incorporated in the 2001 BiOp, that the overall level of fishing allowed under the status quo fishery management plan does not jeopardize the continued existence of Steller sea lions or adversely modify their critical habitat. The FMP BiOp concluded that there was “no significant, relevant evidence that the current exploitation strategy (which reduces the biomass to between 40 and 60% of the predicted unfished biomass) adversely affects listed species by reducing their likelihood for survival and recovery in the. wild.” S6-249 at 250. Plaintiffs contend that this conclusion is arbitrary and capricious because it is not supported by data within the FMP BiOp and runs contrary to the FMP BiOp’s concomitant finding that “biomass reductions of Steller sea lion prey species, along with other factors such as climate change, natural predators, etc., were a significant contributing factor of the reduction and current decline of the population of Steller sea lions.” Id. at 259. Nonetheless, the FMP BiOp goes on to state that “the current strategy maintains biomass at acceptable levels.” Id. These two statements appear at first glance to be contradictory, but are not necessarily irreconcilable.
Although the Court “may not supply’ a reasoned basis for the agency’s action that the agency itself has not given,” Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas-Best Freight System, Inc., 419 U.S. 281, 285-86, 95 S.Ct. 438, 42 L.Ed.2d 447 (1974) (citing SEC v. Chenery Corp., 332 U.S. 194, 196, 67 S.Ct. 1575, 91 L.Ed. 1995 (1947)), the Court should “uphold a decision of less than ideal clarity if the agency’s path may reasonably be discerned.” Bowman, 419 U.S. at 286, 95 S.Ct. 438. Plaintiffs contend that the FMP BiOp’s analysis of total catch rates is “limited to a single paragraph.” Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment, docket no. 544, at 15. This argument fails to view the FMP BiOp as a complete document and fails to take into consideration the other conclusions of the FMP BiOp. The FMP BiOp extensively reviewed the population trends of the Steller sea lion and the overall fishing rates, and concluded that the manner in which the- current fishing strategy contributed to the decline of the species was not by reducing overall biomass, but by causing localized depletions, temporally and spatially within the Steller sea lion’s critical habitat, which nutritionally stresses Steller sea lions.
The conclusion that the harm to the Steller sea lion derives from concentrated localized fishing in critical habitat areas and not from global depletion of prey species has been the assumption and conclusion of NMFS beginning with the Steller sea lion critical habitat designation in 1993. See AR 5 at 3, 58 Fed.Reg. 45,269, 45,271 (Aug. 27, 1993) (“At present, NMFS believes that the exploitation rates in federally managed fisheries are unlikely to diminish the overall abundance of fish stocks important to Steller sea lions. However, spatial and temporal regulation of fishery removals in some areas has been determined to be necessary to ensure that local depletion of prey stocks does not occur.”); AR 114 at 236, Report by National Research Council (stating that it is unlikely that the total rate of depletion of pollock has been responsible for a decrease in mammals and that “[i]t is more likely that marine mammals and birds have been affected by the distribution in space and time of fishing effort on pollock .... ”). These assumptions were reviewed and challenged as part of the process of developing the FMP BiOp. See, e.g., S6-99 at 2 (discussing the assumptions made regarding overall harvest in the 1998 BiOp and concluding that the assumption that total allowable catch is irrelevant “dramatically underestimated the potential adverse effects of the fisheries on the marine ecosystem of the North Pacific”); S6-123 (asking, “On what basis does sustainable fisheries insure that such a reduction in prey does not have serious effects on listed species, critical habitat, or the ecosystems?”).
In light of the questions raised regarding this baseline presumption that the 40-60% reduction in spawning biomass was not detrimental to the Steller sea lions, an Analytical Team was formed to analyze this and other presumptions of the FMP BiOp. See S6-126. The Analytical Team concluded that as “the current groundfish prey stock size is at 58% of the unfished level while the abundance of [Steller sea lion] is about 22% of their assumed original carrying capacity ... it is unlikely that the current overall abundance levels of groundfish are restricting [Steller sea lion] carrying capacity.” S6-160 at 6. Additionally, the Analytical Team considered ecosystem wide effects of prey removal and concluded that current science indicates that “under the status quo regime, there has not been clear evidence of fishing as the cause of species fluctuations through food web effects” and “no evidence that groundfish fisheries caused declines” in diversity. Id. at 32, 36. The conclusions of the Analytical Team support the FMP BiOp’s assumption that overall harvest rates are not the cause of Steller sea lion population decline.
The FMP BiOp also includes a Steller sea lion case study estimating prey availability for Steller sea lions based on the 1999 prey biomass estimates. S6-249, App. 3. The case study supports the conclusion that the current overall harvest rates do not adversely affect the Steller sea lions. It concluded, in part, that estimates of food requirements for the sea lion population “are below available biomass even at current fishing mortality .... ” S6-249 at 226. This conclusion was reached by estimating the monthly amount of prey availability in the North Pacific Ecosystem and comparing it to monthly estimates of sea lion prey consumption. See S6-249, App. 3 at 1-2. The comparison demonstrated that “the available data on monthly consumption requirements relative to the total biomass of three important prey species in critical habitat are consistent with the conclusion that forage availability (without consideration regarding species composition or spatial distribution) is adequate to support the recovery of Stellar sea lions to optimal population levels.” Id. at 2. The case study’s ultimate conclusion was that:
Based on the available information, it is reasonable to expect the groundfish fisheries do compete with non-human consumers in the marine ecosystem in the BSAI and GOA. However, this competition occurs as a result of the temporal and spatial behavior of the fishing fleet, and removals by this fleet on a local level, not as a result of a decrease in total prey availability due to the reduction of total fish biomass.
Id. at 4. The 2001 BiOp continues this discussion and states that a review of the current estimates of Steller sea lion population and prey availability “could lead one to conclude that there is sufficient forage in the Gulf of Alaska, Bering Sea, and Aleutian Islands, combined, to support a healthy stock of Steller sea lions.” S8-549 at 166.
Plaintiffs direct the Court to remarks by other contributors and reviewers challenging this assumption and conclusion of the FMP BiOp. One reviewing scientist criticizes the finding by arguing that it does not account for the fact that a reduction of overall prey will force predators to expend greater resources catching prey even where there is sufficient prey to be caught. S8A1-851 at 1-2. Although this criticism may be valid, it does not make NMFS’s decision to rely on the opposite conclusion arbitrary and capricious. Marsh v. Or. Natural Res. Council, 490 U.S. 360, 378, 109 S.Ct. 1851, 104 L.Ed.2d 377 (1989) (“When specialists express conflicting views, an agency must have discretion to rely on the reasonable opinions of its own qualified experts even if, as an original matter, a court might find contrary views more persuasive.”).
Accordingly, the Court concludes that the FMP BiOp’s determination that the Overall Harvest Rates do not cause jeopardy or adverse modification is not arbitrary and capricious.
2. Global Control Rule
Plaintiffs contend that even if NMFS’s no jeopardy or adverse modification conclusion regarding the overall harvest rates is not arbitrary and capricious, the global control rule set out in the Amended RPA is arbitrary and capricious. The global control rule is a protective measure that alters the allowable biological catch (“ABC”) of pollock, Pacific cod, and Atka mackerel on a sliding scale basis as projected prey stocks drop. The goal of the global control rule is to prevent a decline in total biomass to a level that would jeopardize Steller sea lions. The dispute between Plaintiffs and Defendants is whether the global control rule set out in the Amended RPA is sufficiently stringent to keep prey stocks from dropping to an overall level that would cause jeopardy- or adverse modification.
The global control rule in effect at the time of the FMP BiOp began reducing fishing when prey stocks fell below 40% of unfished levels, and prohibited fishing when prey stocks fell to a projected theoretical level of 2% of unfished levels. S6-249 at 212, 259; S6-160 at 26-28. In the Amended RPA, NMFS set out a revised global control rule which starts limiting the amount of fishing when estimated prey stocks are less than 40% of unfished biomass, and bans all fishing when stocks drop to 20% of unfished levels. S8-549 at 24-25. Plaintiffs argue that this rule is inadequate because the FMP BiOp and the 2001 BiOp conclude that fishing which reduces prey biomass to below 40% of un-fished levels will not insure protection of the Steller sea lion. Defendants assert that the biological opinions never concluded that a drop below 40% would cause jeopardy or adverse modification. Defendants argue that the global control rule in the Amended RPA is consistent with the conclusion that jeopardy or adverse modification would occur only if fishing stocks drop to an unknown level that is below 20% of unfished levels.
The FMP BiOp states that “biomass reductions of important groundfish species below 40% of their unfished level would not insure the protection of listed species or their environment.” S6-249 at 250-51. The FMP BiOp also states that although current fishing strategies had maintained biomass at acceptable levels, “the current harvest control rule in use by NMFS allows for significant variation below the target biomass level.... [T]he fishery could be conducted to the point that only 2% of the unfished biomass remained.” Id. at 259. Accordingly, in the FMP BiOp RPA, the FMP BiOp concluded that the global control rule had to be revised to prevent “directed fishing for a species when the spawning biomass is estimated to be less than 20% of the projected un-fished biomass.” Id. at 271. The FMP BiOp RPA concluded that because “fishing for pollock, Pacific cod and Atka mackerel under this control rule would cease at a population size 10 times larger than under current practices,” it should “ensure that adequate levels of each prey species are maintained for Steller sea lions.” Id. at 273.
Plaintiffs contend it was arbitrary and capricious for NMFS not to ban all fishing when projected spawning biomass falls below 40% of unfished levels. Plaintiffs’ argument hinges on the statement in the FMP BiOp that “biomass reductions of important groundfish species below 40% of their unfished level would not insure the protection of listed species or their environment.” Id. at 250-51. Plaintiffs, however, take this statement out of context. The previous sentence states that the current fishing strategy (referring to the 1999 plan), which sought to maintain prey stocks at an average of 40% of unfished levels, did not adversely affect Steller sea lions. Id. at 250. The statement on which Plaintiffs rely was summary language placed at the start of a lengthy discussion regarding the current harvest strategy. The FMP BiOp concluded that the current harvest strategy maintained target biomass at an acceptable level. Id. at 259. Thus, the statement does not say that any reduction of biomass below 40% would cause jeopardy or adverse modification, but that a fishing strategy that attempted to have a target fishing level below 40% would not be sufficiently protective. Plaintiffs’ attempt to conflate the FMP BiOp’s conclusion regarding the lowest target fishing level needed to insure protection with a conclusion that all fishing must be banned when stocks drop below 40% of unfished levels is faulty. The goal of the global control rule is to have the “forage base of a particular prey item [be] on average above 40% of unfished biomass,” S6-864 at 2, and thus the conclusion that a modified amount of fishing can continue after stocks fall below 40% of unfished levels is not arbitrary and capricious. Although NMFS stated that “take” of Steller sea lions could be expected to occur below a biomass level of 40%, S6-249 at 259, “take” is not the same as a jeopardy or adverse modification conclusion, which requires a separate inquiry. See id. at 258-59. Moreover, scientists discussing the global control rule worked from the assumption that the 40% line was not a jeopardy or adverse modification line. S6-854; S6-855.
Plaintiffs argue that the ban on fishing when prey stocks reach 20% of unfished levels is arbitrary and capricious because NMFS failed to explain why it drew the line at 20%. Defendants argue that the 20% line is adequate to insure against jeopardy and adverse modification. Defendants argue that 20% was chosen because it was so high that jeopardy or adverse modification could not possibly result. Transcript, docket no. 571, at 69.
The administrative record provides some support for Defendant’s argument. The FMP BiOp states in the RPA that a global control rule that requires fishing to stop at a population size 10 times larger than under current practices “should ensure that adequate levels of each prey species are maintained for Steller sea lions.” S6-249 at 273. One member of the RPA team stated in an email that “the [Steller sea lion] population will be in jeopardy of continued existence from a perspective of the ‘F40’ strategy alone should the forage level drop to where it would no longer support a population as large as 20,000 animals (i.e., a 0.2 ratio of fish biomass current to un-fished biomass).” See S6-864 at 2 (Email from Dr. DeMaster). Although the administrative record does not clearly state when jeopardy or adverse modification would occur, Plaintiffs acknowledged at oral argument that the ESA does not require NMFS to actually declare such a line. Transcript, docket no. 571, at 92. Therefore, given that the global control rule at the time of the FMP BiOp did not prohibit fishing until prey stocks reached 2% of unfished levels while the Amended RPA bans fishing at a figure ten times the previous amount, and given that no jeopardy or adverse modification could be expected to occur until prey stocks fell below 20% of unfished levels, the Court finds that the 20% line chosen by NMFS is not arbitrary and capricious. The Court finds that the 20% line is sufficiently high to insure that no jeopardy or adverse modification will occur. The Court notes that currently no prey stocks are even near 20% of their unfished levels.
Because the Court has determined that the FMP BiOp’s conclusion that the overall harvest rates will not cause jeopardy or adverse modification to the Steller sea lion critical habitat was not arbitrary and capricious, the Court does not find that the global control rule violates the ESA. This strategy is a prudent and reasonable action in light of the uncertainties surrounding the impacts of overall decreased prey availability.
For the foregoing reasons, the Court DENIES Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment and GRANTS Defendants’ and DefendanNIntervenors’ Cross-Motions for Summary Judgment as to Claim Ten of the Supplemental Complaint, docket no. 526.
C. Claims Eight and Nine — 2001 BiOp Conclusions Regarding Jeopardy and Adverse Modification
The ESA requires NMFS to “insure that any action ... is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of any endangered species ... or result in the destruction or adverse modification of habitat or such species.” 16 U.S.C. § 1536(a)(1). Plaintiffs argue that NMFS acted arbitrarily and capriciously in concluding in the 2001 BiOp that the 2001 proposed amendments to the FMP BiOp RPA are not likely to adversely modify the designated critical habitat of the western population of Steller sea lions or jeopardize the continued existence of the Steller sea lions. First, Plaintiffs contend that the “zonal approach” applied in the 2001 BiOp is arbitrary and capricious because it relies upon conclusions that scientific data does not support. Plaintiffs further argue that insofar as the no jeopardy and no adverse modification findings relied on the DeMas-ter Study, S8-650, they are arbitrary and capricious. Second, Plaintiffs argue that the 2001 BiOp failed to assess or analyze the likely effects on Steller sea lions and their prey that the level of fishing allowed under the Amended RPA in critical habitat causes. Each of these arguments relates equally to claims Eight (relating to the no jeopardy conclusion of the 2001 BiOp) and Nine (relating to the no adverse modification conclusion of the 2001 BiOp) of the Supplemental Complaint.
1. Zonal Approach
The driving force behind the Amended RPA was a determination that different areas of critical habitat are of varying levels of importance to Steller sea lions, based on how much Steller sea lions use each area. See S8-549 at 18 (“This opinion focuses on the modifications to the FMP because they were developed to be in lieu of the previous RPA.... [Gjiven the new biological information of Steller sea lions, [the conclusion was reached] that there were other possible ways to avoid jeopardy and adverse modification for sea lions and their habitat.”). The Amended RPA was developed and reviewed under a “zonal approach” to management. This zonal approach was developed in large part on the basis of telemetry data. Id. at 139 (“The results from current telemetry analyses ... provide a basis to begin evaluating sea lion foraging ecology at a level of detail not previously possible.”).
Using telemetry data to track Steller sea lion locations, NMFS concluded that 75% of Steller sea lion foraging effort occurs within 10 nm of shore and only 25% occurs beyond the 10 nm zone. Based on this data, NMFS for the first time designated varying importance levels to different areas of critical habitat. Id. at 142-144, Table 5.2 at 145. Thus, critical habitat from 0-3 nm was rated as of “high” concern, 3-10 nm was also of “high” concern, 10-20 nm was of “low to moderate” concern, and beyond 20 nm was of “low” concern. Id., Table 5.2 at 145. The 2001 BiOp also re-evaluated the importance of spatial, temporal, and global effects of fishing. Id. Spatial dispersion (outside 10 nm) was rated of “low” concern, temporal dispersion (outside 10 nm) was rated of “low to moderate” concern, and global fishing effects were rated of “moderate” concern. Id.
Plaintiffs challenge the development and use of the “zonal approach” as an effective tool to evaluate conservation methods. Plaintiffs contend that the data NMFS relies upon does not support the conclusions drawn under the “zonal approach” regarding the relative importance of each segment of critical habitat. Plaintiffs argue, therefore, that any fishing plan which relies upon the varying importance of different areas of critical habitat is arbitrary and capricious. Defendants assert that the new telemetry data is sufficient to support the conclusions drawn in the 2001 BiOp, and that the Court is required to give deference to the conclusions of the agency’s experts in regard to this data. Plaintiffs raise two arguments regarding the telemetry data: (a) the telemetry data relied upon by NMFS did not present any new insight into Steller sea lion behavior but simply confirmed facts already known and therefore cannot be rationally related to a different view of critical habitat, and (b) NMFS ignored the significant caveats placed on the data by the scientists presenting the data and therefore failed to rationally relate the facts found in the data to the choices made in developing the Amended RPA. Defendants respond that the data provided more insight and knowledge as to Steller sea lion foraging habits and is rationally connected to the conclusions drawn. Defendants also argue that NMFS discussed and properly evaluated each of the caveats connected to the data.
a. Is the Telemetry Data Sufficiently “New” in Order to Support the New Conclusions Regarding Critical Habitat?
Plaintiffs argue that the zonal approach is arbitrary and capricious because it is based on information that was previously known to NMFS. Plaintiffs contend that when the agency alters its earlier conclusions, it must produce evidence that supports a change, and if there is no new data or evidence, any change is arbitrary and capricious. Plaintiffs rely on Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co., 463 U.S. 29, 42, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983), in which the Court held that “an agency changing its course by rescinding a rule is obligated to supply a reasoned analysis for the change beyond that which may be required when an agency does not act in the first instance.” Plaintiffs admit, however, that all of the telemetry data considered in the 2001 BiOp was not available to NMFS in earlier opinions. See Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment, docket no. 544, at 29. Plaintiffs’ argument is that the additional data did not “provide[ ] a substantiaby different picture of Steller sea bon use of habitat than that previously known and understood by NMFS ... [and] simply served to reinforce the agency’s previous conclusions.” Id.
Plaintiffs’ argument lacks merit because the zonal approach does not fundamentally alter any prior conclusions NMFS made. In prior biological opinions, NMFS treated all critical habitat in the same manner, although NMFS recognized that there was a possibility that not all critical habitat was of the same importance to Steller sea bons. See, e.g., S6-249 at 95-96. The additional cumulative knowledge presented in the telemetry data for the first time in the 2001 BiOp' led NMFS to conclude that critical habitat ought to be divided into sections. NMFS did not reverse or rescind earlier scientific conclusions, but merely concluded on the basis of additional knowledge— which did not contradict earlier considerations — that a more refined approach to reviewing impacts on critical habitat was possible.
The administrative record demonstrates that the satelbte telemetry data available in 2001 was sufficiently “new.” The 2001 BiOp states:
There is considerable information contained in the telemetry data already collected, and more coming in daily from recent deployments. Numerous manuscripts are in preparation, which reflect a range of hypotheses and opinion on the utility of such data. In many ways this biological opinion is on the leading edge, utilizing all of the newly available data to make the best determination we can to provide for the survival and recovery of Steller sea bons.... NMFS must use the best available scientific and commercial data to determine whether the proposed action is likely to jeopardize the continued existence of Steller sea bons or destroy or adversely modify their critical habitat.
S8-549 at 142. The 2001 BiOp acknowledges that satelbte telemetry data was considered in the FMP BiOp, but “the level of analysis at that time was very coarse.” Id. at 135; see S6-249 at 87-88. The 2001 BiOp goes on to state that at the time of the FMP BiOp, the “level of detail for the analysis was at a fairly broad level of critical habitat, and provided little information for treating different parts of critical habitat in different ways. This information was crucial in making the determination that ab of critical habitat should be protected in a substantial way.” ' S8-549 at 137. During the RPA Committee process used to develop the Amended RPA, several presentations regarding telemetry data were given to the RPA Gommittee. Id. at 137-39. These presentations included analyses of data that had not been available earber. Id. at 139. The conclusions that led to the zonal approach were based “on these new preliminary reports” that analyzed the data. Id.
The 2001 BiOp provides a rational explanation for how the new analysis led to the further refinement of conclusions to be drawn from telemetry data. It clearly states in conclusion that:
The results from current telemetry anal-yses by NMML, ADF & G, and Dr. Andrews provide a basis to begin evaluating sea bon foraging ecology at a level of detail not previously possible. Although most of this data was avabable during the drafting of the FMP biological opinion, the analyses described here were not. As described above, NMFS previously considered all critical habitat to be equally as important to sea lion foraging. In other words, we knew animals spent a lot of time close to shore, but weren’t able to quantify that amount. Preliminary analyses of the frequency and distribution of sea lion locations is described in ADF & G and NMFS (2001), which provides a rudimentary attempt to relate sea lion distribution with foraging effort in order to estimate competitive overlap with fisheries.
Id. Accordingly, the Court concludes that using telemetry data in the 2001 BiOp to evaluate impacts on critical habitat was not arbitrary and capricious.
b. Did NMFS Properly Review the Caveats Placed on the Telemetry Data?
Plaintiffs argue that the 2001 BiOp improperly concluded that the telemetry data represents foraging sites of the Steller sea lions. There does not appear to be any dispute that the telemetry data is the “best available science” for tracking where Stel-ler sea lions are located. The dispute is whether it is sufficient evidence to make a rational determination of where Steller sea lions forage. In addition, Plaintiffs contend that the conclusions reached ignore the limitations placed on the data by the nature of satellite telemetry. Plaintiffs’ argument is that NMFS ignored the caveats that the scientists placed on the data and analyses, thereby making NMFS’s conclusions arbitrary and capricious.
(i) Location vs. Foraging
The 2001 BiOp notes that the author of the telemetry studies “pointed out the danger of using the telemetry data to estimate the percentage of time the instrumented sea lions may have spent at specific distances from shore, and then further inferring from that information the spatial distribution of foraging bouts.” S8-549 at 137-38. Additionally, the 2001 BiOp notes that another “preliminary study demonstrated that observations of where sea lions travel and dive do not necessarily allow one to distinguish productive feeding areas from unproductive ones.” Id. at 138. In using the telemetry data to make conclusions regarding the importance of different areas of critical habitat, NMFS recognized that contrary to these caveats, “[t]he critical assumption that must be made here is that the observed at-sea distributions are indicative of sea lion foraging” and as “NMFS has no indication that disproportionate benefits would accrue from foraging at various distances from land, therefore drawing from the information above that roughly 75% of the át-sea distributions occur within 10 nm from shore, we can then speculate that about 75% of the foraging effort occurs within 10 nm from shore ....” Id. at 139. Basically, NMFS recognized that the telemetry data does not necessarily describe foraging behavior accurately. However, because there is no information that Steller sea lions forage more extensively or successfully further from shore, NMFS found it reasonable to attribute equal foraging success to each of the areas where Steller sea lions are found. Thus, if Steller sea lions forage equally successfully in both the areas of 0-10 nm and 10-20 nm from shore, and spend approximately three times longer in the 0-10 nm zone, NMFS found it reasonable to conclude that the 0-10 nm zone is three times as important to the Steller sea lions. Id.
The fundamental disconnect between Plaintiffs and Defendants is in their interpretation of the telemetry studies. Defendants state that they are acting conservatively by equating every site with foraging, and that clearly Steller sea lions could not be foraging where they never go. Plaintiffs argue that because there is no evidence that nearshore locations constitute foraging areas, it is equally likely that all foraging takes place outside the 0-10 nm zone or that equal amounts of foraging take place in each zone, so NMFS should not assume that every location is a foraging location. In response to this caveat that location does not necessarily equate with foraging, Defendants have supplied a rational explanation for how and why they chose to ignore the caveat. NMFS states that the telemetry data is the best science available for evaluating foraging areas and that there is no science available to show whether “there are areas of ocean, a time of day or distance from land that is more or less important or effective for a foraging Steller sea lion.” Id. Plaintiffs argue that the Court should find their reading of the data to be more reasonable; however, that is not the Court’s responsibility. The Court concludes that NMFS’s conclusions are supported in the record and were not arbitrary and capricious.
(ii) Nearshore Bias
The caveat that location does not necessarily correspond to successful foraging is only the first of the caveats regarding the telemetry data. The caveat NMFS described in the 2001 BiOp as “one of the most confounding” is that “Steller sea lion at-sea behavior is considered to be different near haulouts and rookeries than it is further offshore.” Id. at 139. Steller sea lion nearshore behavior involves spending a great deal of time on the surface, allowing the telemetry transmitters to transmit data. Jd.-at 139-40.' The offshore activity tends to include more deep- diving behavior, during which-the transmitters would be unable to transmit location data. Id. at 140. Thus, this differing behavior pattern creates a bias in the data because of the nature of satellite telemetry. Steller sea lion location data will only be recorded for those areas in which -a Steller sea lion stays above water or resurfaces repeatedly during a ten-minute period. Telemetry data will thus fail to record location data for much offshore activity. Accordingly, “the probability of obtaining at-sea locations near haulouts and rookeries is likely higher than when [the Steller sea lions are] further offshore,” thereby biasing the data towards a finding that more foraging occurs nearshore. S8-576 at 13.- In an effort to account for this bias, the. authors of the telemetry study filtered the data by discounting 90% of the at-sea locations from the 0-2 nm zone. Id.; S8-549 at 140.
This filtered data was considered in the 2001 BiOp, but ■ did' not alter the 2001 BiOp’s conclusion that the 0-10 nm zone was of greater importance to Steller sea lions. S8-549 at 141 (stating that both the filtered and unfiltered data demonstrate that the 0-3 and- 3-10 nm zones were the most important based on St'eller sea lion locations, “except for adults in winter and pups and juveniles in summer”). However, a .closer look at the filtered data in fact demonstrates that in summer the 3-10 nm zone and the 10-20 nm zone are of approximately the same importance (14,. 9% of ob servations vs. 12.6% of observations) for pups and juveniles, and that more than 50% of the at-sea locations for pups and juveniles in the summer were outside of the 0-10 nm zone. Id. at 142, Table 5.1b. Similarly, for adult Steller sea lions in winter the amount of time spent in the 3-10 nm zone (14.7%) was roughly equivalent to the amount spent in the 10-12 nm zone (11.8%), and more than 50% of the at-sea locations were outside the 0-10 nm zone. Id.
Defendants argue that the categories of pups and juveniles in summer and adults in winter should not be considered when drawing conclusions from telemetry data. Id. at 140-41; Transcript, docket no. 571, at 48-55. Excluding this data means that much of the telemetry data is not considered. In the summer, excluding pups and juveniles reduces the amount of telemetry data by over two-thirds. S8-549 at 142, Table 5.1b. Defendants further argue that telemetry data for adults need not be considered at all because pups and juveniles are the key population segment that is driving the Steller sea lion decline. Transcript, docket no. 571, at 52-54. The 2001 BiOp states that juveniles that have been weaned are “the age class likely to be a critical factor in the current decline of the western population” and that “pups and juveniles are the most likely part of the sea lion population affected by nutritional stress, localized depletions, and predation ....” S8-549 at 140-41, 139. Telemetry research has focused on pups and juveniles because the leading hypothesis is that their survival is central to the decline of Steller sea lions. Id. at 136. Although the record also indicates that “considerable evidence suggests that decreased reproductive success” and “changes in adult survival may also have contributed to the decline,” S6-249 at 82, 83, NMFS’s focus on the telemetry data for pups and juveniles is not arbitrary and capricious.
Defendants also argue that an evaluation of the telemetry data should focus on only the winter months. The 2001 BiOp states that the winter months are the most important for Steller sea lions because of harsher environmental conditions and increased Steller sea lion metabolic needs. S8-549 at 78, 94-95. However, the 2001 BiOp also states that Steller sea lions “need more or less continuous access to food resources throughout the year,” and that “food availability is surely critical year round, although it may be particularly important for young animals and pregnant-lactating females in the winter.” Id. at 94, 95. Furthermore, the 2001 BiOp explains that the increased number of at-sea locations for pups and juveniles in the summer is likely the result of the fact that “most of the pups/juveniles instrumented during the fall and winter were still nursing,” and therefore “would be less likely to travel far from shore.” Id. at 140. The at-sea location data for pups and juveniles in summer is therefore more representative of foraging than the winter data because “by spring and early summer, some of these animals are weaned and they begin to forage on their own further from shore.” Id. Thus, the filtered data actually demonstrates that the 3-10 nm zone and the 10-20 nm zone are of more or less equal foraging importance for the most critical population segment, in contrast to NMFS’s conclusion that the 3-10 nm zone is of “high” concern and the 10-20 nm zone is of “low to moderate” concern. Id. at 145, Table 5.2. Therefore, the conclusion that the filtered data equally supports the zonal approach is not rationally related to the data the expert scientists presented.
Defendants argue that if either the unfiltered or filtered data supported the conclusions the 2001 BiOp reached, the Court would not have to find that NMFS’s decision was not rational. Transcript, docket no. 571, at 47. However, NMFS is required to use the “best available scientific and commercial data.” S8-549 at 142. Given that the agency recognized that the unfiltered data contained a “confounding” bias, id. at 139, NMFS’s reliance on unfiltered telemetry data to support its conclusions would be arbitrary and capricious. Agency action is arbitrary and capricious where the agency has failed to “articulate a satisfactory explanation for its action including a ‘rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.’ ” Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n v. State Farm Mut. Auto., Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983). Although “an agency must have discretion to rely on the reasonable opinions of its own qualified experts,” Marsh v. Or. Natural Resources Council, 490 U.S. 360, 378, 109 S.Ct. 1851, 104 L.Ed.2d 377 (1989), the presumption of agency expertise can be rebutted if the decision is not reasonable. See Defenders of Wildlife v. Babbitt, 958 F.Supp. 670, 679 (D.D.C.1997). In this case, the experts stated that the unfiltered data contained a significant bias and in order to better equate the location data with foraging, the experts filtered the data. The filtered data demonstrates that Steller sea lions use the 3-10 nm zone and the 10-20 nm zones almost equally. S8-549 at 142, Table 5.1b. NMFS has failed to provide any rational explanation for its choice to ignore significant portions of the filtered data. NMFS has also failed to provide any rational connection between the filtered data and its implementation of the zonal approach.
The Court notes that when the percentage of time the Steller sea lion spends in the 0-3 nm zone is added to the time spent in the 3-10 nm zone, the filtered data demonstrates that the 0-10 nm zone is approximately three times more important than the 10-20 nm zone. Nonetheless, this sum does not support the differing ranking of importance of the 3-10 nm and 10-20 nm zones, id. at 145, Table 5.2; id. at 170 (describing the 3-10 nm zone as “one of the highest areas of concern for foraging Steller sea lions” and the 10-20 nm zone as “of low to moderate concern”), because the relevant filtered data shows that Steller sea lions use the 3-10 nm and the 10-20 nm zones almost equally. See supra note 18; S8-549 at 142, Table 5.1b. Thus, NMFS cannot rationally rely on the difference in the ranking of the zones in developing the Amended RPA, which allowed fishing in portions of the 10-20 nm zone but continued to prohibit fishing in the 3-10 nm zone.
Accordingly, the Court finds that the 2001 BiOp’s no jeopardy and no adverse modification conclusions are arbitrary and capricious because they rely on the zonal approach to management which is not rationally connected to the data presented.
2. Failure to Analyze the Likely Effects on Steller Sea Lions, Their Prey, and Their Critical Habitat Under the Amended RPA.
In the alternative, even if the zonal approach were rationally related to the telemetry data presented, NMFS must still analyze the likely effects of the Amended RPA on Steller sea lions, their prey, and their critical habitat before reaching a no jeopardy or adverse modification conclusion in the 2001 BiOp. The Court finds that Defendants failed to perform the appropriate analysis of the Amended RPA before reaching the no jeopardy and no adverse modification conclusions in the 2001 BiOp. Plaintiffs concede that the FMP BiOp addressed the relevant factors under the ESA for determining whether the fisheries would adversely affect the Steller sea lion’s critical habitat or jeopardize the Steller sea lion’s continued existence. See, e.g., S6-249 at 232-33 (setting out seven questions to be answered by the BiOp in order to evaluate the effect of fisheries on Steller sea lion critical habitat). Plaintiffs contend that in evaluating the Amended RPA, NMFS failed to properly conduct the necessary seven-question analysis set forth in the FMP BiOp at 232-33. Defendants argue that they were not required to duplicate the seven-question analysis in the 2001 BiOp. Defendants also argue that the 2001 BiOp incorporates the findings of the FMP BiOp and that sufficient analysis exists in the administrative record to support the Amended RPA. See Defendant-Interve-nor’s Reply, docket no. 560, at 19 (“[The 2001 BiOp] did not abandon or ignore the analyses performed in the FMP BiOp, but neither did it re-invent the wheel, as Plaintiffs seem to think it should have.”); Federal Defendants’ Reply, docket no. 558, at 12 (“Plaintiffs’ ‘lead’ argument then simply boils down to a request that NMFS restate the analyses and conclusions that it had already presented in the FMP BiOp even though the 2001 BiOp incorporates, without supplanting, the FMP BiOp.”).
a. Was the Method NMFS Used to Determine No Jeopardy and No Adverse Modification Proper Under the ESA?
Plaintiffs argue that Defendants were required to answer the seven questions, especially the last one because it is weighted twice as much as the others, before reaching a no jeopardy or no adverse modification conclusion. S6-249 at 232-33; Transcript, docket no. 571, at 14. Defendants claim that the purpose of the questions was to look at overlap in time, space, and species of concern to Steller sea lions, and that the narrow proposed action of the 2001 BiOp dealt only with three prey species for which the seven-question analysis had already been done in the FMP BiOp. Transcript, docket no. 571, at 64-65. Thus, Defendants argue it was logical not to go back and reevaluate. Id. at .64.
The purpose of the seven-question test set forth in the FMP BiOp was “to determine which fisheries may be adversely affecting Steller sea lions and whether or not those affects [sic] are likely to jeopardize their continued existence or adversely modify their critical habitat.” S6-249 at 232. Thus, Defendants’ argument that these seven questions went only to the issue of overlap is faulty. However, the ESA does not require that Defendants conduct this particular seven-question analysis, as long as there is some analysis to support the conclusions drawn in the 2001 BiOp. The Court notes that NMFS’s use of a three-step inquiry in the 2001 BiOp to determine whether the proposed action would cause jeopardy to Steller sea lions is an alternative method which satisfies the ESA requirements regarding the analysis required regarding jeopardy. S8-549 at 16, 132, 178. For the inquiry regarding adverse modification of critical habitat, NMFS engaged in “a more qualitative analysis using all available scientific and commercial information.” Id. at 16. The Court finds that this method of evaluating adverse modification is also sufficient under the ESA, as long as NMFS explains its analysis as it did in the 2001 BiOp. Id. at 182-84. The Court must therefore determine whether the content of the analysis in the 2001 BiOp, coupled with the previous analysis in the FMP BiOp that the 2001 BiOp incorporated, is sufficient under the ESA to support the conclusions drawn in the 2001 BiOp.
b. Does Sufficient Analysis Exist in the Administrative Record to Support the No Jeopardy or Adverse Modification Conclusion of the 2001 BiOp?
The 2001 BiOp is limited to a review of the Amended RPA, which was necessary because of the jeopardy and adverse modification conclusions of the FMP BiOp. The Council found that the Amended RPA could replace the FMP BiOp RPA because “given the new biological information on Steller sea lions, ... there were other possible ways to avoid jeopardy and adverse modification for sea lions and their habitat.” Id. at 18. Initially, in order to avoid the effects of competition between the fisheries and the Steller sea lion for prey, the FMP BiOp set forth an RPA that required sections of critical habitat from 0-20 nm to be closed year-round to directed fishing for pollock, Pacific cod, and Atka mackerel. S6-249 at 274. The major change presented by the Amended RPA and challenged by Plaintiffs is the increase of allowable fishing in the 10-20 nm zone of critical habitat. The specific reopenings in the 10-20 nm zone of critical habitat that the Amended RPA contemplates are outlined in Table 3.1 of the 2001 BiOp. S8-549 at 39^42. Table 5.4 presents a comparison of the FMP BiOp RPA measures and the Amended RPA. Id. at 153.
Plaintiffs argue that because NMFS provided no explanation of the catch levels occurring in critical habitat, the Court cannot find that NMFS’s determination of no jeopardy and no adverse modification in the 2001 BiOp was not arbitrary and capricious. Transcript, docket no. 571, at 87-88. The FMP BiOp concluded that the amount of fishing within critical habitat caused adverse modification of critical habitat and jeopardy to the continued existence of Steller sea lions, partly because of nutritional stress. S6-249 at 251, 268, 270. The FMP BiOp did not, however, consider whether nutritional stress was due to overfishing within the 0-10 nm zone or the 10-20 nm zone because it was treating all areas of critical habitat alike, since the zonal approach to management had not been developed. See, e.g., id. at 274. Because the FMP BiOp did not utilize a zonal approach in concluding that fishing within critical habitat caused jeopardy and adverse modification, if all of the fishing within critical habitat were occurring within the 10-20 nm zone, the Amended RPA would not eliminate the cause of the nutritional stress. The Amended RPA will not avoid jeopardy and adverse modification unless it actually alters fishing patterns within critical habitat. The administrative record contains no information as to whether the Amended RPA will alter the fishing patterns that were found to cause jeopardy and adverse modification in the FMP BiOp. The FMP BiOp notes that under the 1999 fishing regulations, the “portion of critical habitat that remained open to the pollock fishery consisted primarily of the area between 10 and 20 nm from rookeries and haulouts in the GOA and parts of the eastern Bering Sea special foraging area.” Id. at 256. In addition, the 1999 fishing regulations maintained the 10 nm trawl exclusion zone around important rookeries and haulouts, reduced the amount of allowable catch of Atka mackerel that could come from within critical habitat, and closed portions of critical habitat between 10-20 nm. Id. at 255. The FMP BiOp determined that these fisheries, which permitted some level of fishing in the 10-20 nm zone, reduced the likelihood of Steller sea lion foraging effectiveness and reduced the likelihood of Steller sea lion survival. Id. at 258. The Amended RPA neither assesses the level of fishing it allows in this zone of “low to moderate” importance, nor explains how it will change the negative impact on Steller sea lions that the FMP BiOp found.
Although the 2001 BiOp compares the RPA to the Amended RPA, the 2001 BiOp does not compare the Amended RPA to the FMP previously evaluated in the FMP BiOp. The 2001 BiOp presents no information regarding where fishing takes place in critical habitat or where prey are located within critical habitat. Thus, there is no information known as to how much the Amended RPA will reduce fishing within critical habitat. See S6-249 at 277 (describing the reductions in fishing that will occur because of closures of critical habitat under the FMP BiOp RPA). Although the 2001 BiOp presents new data regarding where Steller sea lions are located, an evaluation of where Steller sea lions forage does not present a complete picture of the effects of the Amended RPA. Fishing outside the forage zones may cause localized depletions within the forage zones, which could then cause adverse modification of the “high” importance areas of critical habitat and impact the Steller sea lions. For example, the 2001 BiOp concluded that “the use of closure areas in the most important foraging zones alleviates the need for small catch limits in areas outside of 10 nm from shore that were previously considered to be integral to the RPA in the FMP biological opinion.” S8-549 at 143. However, there is no analysis of how the newly opened fishing areas will impact the “most important foraging zones.” Id. Unless and until it is determined that it is fishing within the 0-10 nm zone that is the cause of the nutritional stress, or the agency explains in the administrative record why the proposed modifications in the 10-20 nm zone will not cause jeopardy or adverse modification, any conclusion that closures of only the 0-10 nm zone will remedy the jeopardy and adverse modification found in the FMP BiOp is arbitrary. Therefore, even if the Court found that the 2001 BiOp correctly evaluated the differing importance of the zones of critical habitat, nowhere does the 2001 BiOp evaluate the differing effect of the current and proposed level of fishing on those zones of critical habitat and the Steller sea lions. Without an analysis of how the fishing within critical habitat impacts the differing zones of importance, or an explanation in the record of why such an analysis was not required, it is not possible for the Court to find that the agency has “articulated a rational connection between the facts found and the choice made.” Friends of Endangered Species, Inc. v. Jantzen, 760 F.2d 976, 982 (9th Cir.1985) (quoting Baltimore Gas & Elec. Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 462 U.S. 87, 105, 103 S.Ct. 2246, 76 L.Ed.2d 437 (1983)). In short, the 2001 BiOp does not contain a viable analysis of cause and effect, which is exactly what the ESA requires. This failure is fatal to the 2001 BiOp.
Defendant-Intervenors Pacific Cod Freezer Longliners argue that the hook- and-line gear method of fishing is passive and does not result in any concentrated removal of prey so as to jeopardize Steller sea lions or adversely modify their critical habitat. Although evidence in the administrative record supports the position that hook-and-line fishing may be less likely to cause localized depletion, there is a lack of sufficient scientific evidence to support a conclusion that the hook-and-line fishery does not cause jeopardy or adverse modification. S6-249 at 215; S8-549 at 148-49. The 2001 BiOp states:
These data suggest that the hook- & - line fishery in the BSAI Pacific cod fishery is more dispersed than the trawl fishery, and may be less likely to cause localized depletions of prey for Steller sea lions. However, to stress again, the critical link between fisheries removals ... and the effects on sea lions is so poorly understood that we cannot unequivocally [sic] say that these gear types do or do not adversely affect Stel-ler sea lions.
S8-549 at 149. Thus, the Court cannot find that the hook-and-line fishery does not cause jeopardy to Steller sea lions or adverse modification of Steller sea lion critical habitat. Moreover, NMFS did not analyze the hook-and-line fishery as a separate fishery, and it is beyond the Court’s role to conduct such an analysis.
Accordingly, in the alternative, the Court concludes that the 2001 BiOp’s finding of no adverse modification of critical habitat and no jeopardy to the continued existence of Steller sea lions is arbitrary and capricious because the necessary analysis of the impact of the Amended RPA on Steller sea lions, their prey, and their critical habitat was not performed.
For the foregoing reasons the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment and DENIES Defendants’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to Claims Eight and Nine of the Supplemental Complaint.
IV. CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons the Court GRANTS Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to Claims Eight and Nine and DENIES Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to Claim Ten, docket no. 544. For the same reasons the Court DENIES Defendants’ and Defendant-In-tervenors’ Motions for Summary Judgment as to Claims Eight and Nine and GRANTS Defendants’ and Defendant-In-tervenors’ Motion for Summary Judgment as to Claim Ten, docket nos. 551, 553.
The Court REMANDS the 2001 BiOp to the National Marine Fisheries Service for further action in compliance with this Order.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
. "Jeopardize” means "to engage in an action that reasonably would be expected, directly or indirectly, to reduce appreciably the likelihood of both the survival and recovery of a listed species in the wild by reducing the reproduction, numbers, or distribution of that species.” 50 C.F.R. § 402.02. "Adverse modification” means "a direct or indirect alteration that appreciably diminishes the value of critical habitat for both the survival and recovery of a listed species.” Id.
. In this case, NMFS's Office of Sustainable Fisheries is the "Action” Agency and NMFS's Office of Protected Resources is the "Expert” Agency.
. Critical habitat for Steller sea lions consists of all major rookeries and haulouts in Alaska west of 144"W longitude, including the associated waters within 20 nautical miles (nm) of these sites, and three special aquatic foraging areas. S6-249 at 60-61.
. The 40-60% reduction in spawning biomass (spawning biomass excludes juvenile fish because they do not aid in the reproductive success of the population) from unfished levels is an extrapolation of what the fish population would look like if there were no commercial fishery, compared to the current population.
. Plaintiffs challenge NMFS's reliance on the conclusions of the Analytical Team because they are the views of the Action Agency rather than the Expert Agency. A conclusion by the Expert Agency that the Action Agency has properly analyzed the data is not, however, foreclosed under the review process required by the ESA.
. This conclusion is based on the assumption that a Steller sea lion needs between 22 times to 46 times more forage than it is capable of consuming in a single year. These figures are known as the "forage ratio." S8-549 at 164.
.. The Amended RPA slightly changed the global control rule NMFS proposed in the FMP BiOp RPA. The global control rule in the RPA started limiting fishing at a linear rate when stocks reached 40% of unfished levels and banned fishing when stocks reached 20% of unfished levels. S6-249 at273. Under the Amended RPA, the global control rule limits fishing when prey stocks are between 40% of unfished levels and 20% of unfished levels at a slightly slower rate, and bans fishing when prey stocks reach 20% of unfished levels. S8-549 at 24-25. The changes between the RPA and the Amended RPA do not significantly affect Plaintiffs' challenges to the global control rule. Thus, the Court need not consider the justification for the rule separately under the FMP BiOp and the 2001 BiOp.
. Other than this sentence, Plaintiffs do not direct the Court to any discussion within the administrative record regarding a threshold global level of prey necessary for the protection of the Steller sea lions.
. The ESA defines “take” as to "harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct” and does not require that actual death occur or that the species population declines. 16U.S.C. § 1532(19).
. See, e.g., Review of the November 2000 Biological Opinion and Incidental Take Statement with respect to the Western Stock of the Steller sea lion, S8-176 at 48-49 (concluding that review of the effect of global fisheries on the Steller sea lion population results in a determination that "there is no justification for altering the current control rule for pollock, cod, and Atka mackerel.”).
. While the concepts of jeopardy and adverse modification overlap considerably, they are two separate standards and are to be analyzed separately. Conservation Council for Haw. v. Babbitt, 2 F.Supp.2d 1280, 1287 (D.Haw.1998). Plaintiffs' challenges to the no jeopardy and no adverse modification con-elusions, however, are based on the same arguments.
. Satellite telemetry is a method of tracking the movements of Steller sea lions. A satellite linked time-depth recorder (“SDR”), which is composed of a small package of electronics, is glued to a sea lion's back. S8-549 at 135. The SDR transmits depth information from the unit up to orbiting satellites which then triangulate the source beam to estimate a location of the animal. Id. Between 1990 and March 2001, 98 SDRs were deployed on Stel-ler sea lions in the western stock. Id.
. Plaintiffs allege that this conclusion itself is arbitrary and capricious. This argument will be discussed further below.
. The RPA Committee was created by the Council to review scientific and commercial data, provide recommendations for Steller sea lion protection measures, and develop the Amended RPA. S8-549 at 12.
. An SDR must be above the water in order to provide a signal to the orbiting, satellite. S8-549 at 135. An SDR will attempt to send a signal to a satellite every forty seconds if the sensor determines that the instrument is above the surface. Id. If the instrument is not above water it will attempt to send a signal the next time it is above water. Id. Multiple transmissions must be received within a ten-minute period in order for a satellite to estimate a location. S8-576 at 13.
. For example, the telemetry data for adult females in the GOA during the summer breeding season shows that Steller sea lions "made distant offshore trips > 100 nm from shore, yet locations were not obtained between 8 and 100 nm.” S8-576 at 13. Additionally, other data demonstrates that because "the first prey ingestion event occurs at least 0.9 hours after departure from a rookery.... a portion of nearshore at-sea locations do not represent locations where animals successfully obtained prey.” Id.
. The record indicates that reproduction places increased metabolic demands on adult females, which winter conditions exacerbate. S8-549 at 94; S6-249 at81.
. The filtered data for the most important Steller sea lion population group during the season that they are foraging demonstrates that they spend approximately equal amounts of time in the 3-10 nm zone and the 10-20 nm zone. S8-549 at 142, Table 5.1b._
ZONE_PUPS/JUVENILES (summer)
0-3 nm_22.1%_
3-10 nm_14.9%_
10-20 nm_12.6%_
beyond 20 nm_50.4%
. Because the Court concludes that the zonal approach is not rationally connected to the telemetry data presented, the Court also finds that the DeMaster Study, S8-650, cannot independently support the Amended RPA. The DeMaster Study attempted to make a qualitative comparison between the FMP BiOp RPA and the Amended RPA in order to determine whether they were roughly equivalent in their effect on the Steller sea lion population. S8-549 at 161; S8-650 at 2. The DeMaster Study compared the FMP BiOp worst case scenario (0.77% annual decrease) with a more realistic scenario under the FMP BiOp (0.05% annual increase), and with the projected scenario under the Amended RPA (0.25% annual decrease). S8-549 at 156, Table 5.6. One of the basic assumptions of the study was that different areas of critical habitat were more important than others. Id. at 161-62; S8-650 at 12.
The Court notes that because the FMP BiOp found that a 0.7% estimated annual decrease did not cause jeopardy or adverse modification, S6-249 at 300, it was rational for the 2001 BiOp to conclude that a lower estimated annual decrease of 0.25% would not cause jeopardy or adverse modification. S8-549 at 162 ("Given the uncertainty in the available data and the qualitative nature of this analysis, ... the difference in the expected trajectories is insignificant and ... it is reasonable to conclude that the [RPA and Amended RPA] are approximately equal in avoiding adverse effects with Steller sea lions.”). Plaintiffs cannot demonstrate that the no jeopardy or adverse modification conclusion of the 2001 BiOp is arbitrary and capricious based on the choice of a less conservative alternative.
. The seven questions in the FMP BiOp at 232-233 are:
(1) Do Steller sea lions forage on the target fish species?
(2) Do Steller sea lions forage on the target fish species at a rate of at least 10% occurrence?
(3) If yes to Number 2, does the size of Steller sea lion prey overlap with the size caught by commercial fisheries?
(4) If yes to Number 2, does the fishery overlap spatially with the area used by Stel-ler sea lions to forage on this species?
(5) If yes to Number 2, [d]oes the fishery operate at the same time Steller sea lions are foraging on the fish species?
(6) If yes to Number 2, [d]oes the fishery operate at the same depth range that Steller sea lions are using to forage on the fish species?
(7) If yes to 1-6, does that fishery operate in a spatially or temporally compressed manner in Steller sea lion critical habitat?
. This three-step inquiry required NMFS to: (1) Identify the probable direct and indirect effects of the proposed action on the action area, (2) Determine whether reductions in Steller sea lion reproduction, numbers, or distribution would reasonably be expected, and (3) Determine if any reductions in Steller sea lion reproduction, numbers, or distribution could be expected to appreciably reduce the Steller sea lion's likelihood of surviving and recovering in the wild. S8-549 at 16, 178.
. The RPA closed areas where “approximately 16% of GOA pollock and 28% of GOA Pacific cod catches, 23% of EBS pollock, 24% of EBS Pacific cod, and 2% of BSAI Atka mackerel, 53% of AI pollock, 21% of AI Pacific cod, and 44% of BSAI Atka mackerel catches have occurred [from 1998-1999].” S6-249 at 277.
. Fishing in the 10-20 nm zone may impact Steller sea lions foraging in the 0-10 nm zone because prey migrate back and forth across these zones. S8-549 at 143. This is sometimes referred to as the "edge effect.” The 2001 BiOp does not evaluate the edge effect.
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CASELAW
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Tansa
Tansa can refer to:
* Tansa River near Mumbai, India
* Tansa Dam on Tansa River near Mumbai, India
* Tansa, Iași, a commune in Romania
* Tansa, a village in Belcești Commune, Iaşi County, Romania
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WIKI
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2014 Currie Cup Premier Division
The 2014 Currie Cup Premier Division was the 76th season in the competition since it started in 1889 and was contested from 9 August to 25 October 2014. The tournament (known as the Absa Currie Cup Premier Division for sponsorship reasons) is the top tier of South Africa's premier domestic rugby union competition.
Competition
There was eight participating teams in the 2014 Currie Cup Premier Division. A proposed expansion to eight teams was initially rejected, but was then subsequently approved on 13 February 2014.
Qualification
The six franchise 'anchor' teams plus the automatically qualified to the 2014 Currie Cup Premier Division, plus the winner of a qualifying tournament between the other seven teams.
Regular season and title playoffs
The eight teams were divided into two sections, based on their 2013 positions. Teams in each section played each other twice over the course of the season, once at home and once away. Teams also played cross-section matches, playing one match (either home or away) against the teams in the other sections.
Teams received four points for a win and two points for a draw. Bonus points were awarded to teams that scored 4 or more tries in a game, as well as to teams that lost a match by 7 points or less. Teams were ranked by points, then points difference (points scored less points conceded).
The top 4 teams qualified for the title play-offs. In the semi-finals, the team that finished first had home advantage against the team that finished fourth, while the team that finished second had home advantage against the team that finished third. The winners of these semi-finals played each other in the final, at the home venue of the higher-placed team.
Relegation playoffs
Non-franchise teams finishing in the bottom two would be included in the qualification rounds for the following season.
Attendances
The following attendance figures were published at the end of the season:
Log
The final log of the round-robin stage of the 2014 Currie Cup Premier Division is:
Fixtures and results
The fixtures for the 2014 Currie Cup Premier Division were released on 11 March 2014:
Player statistics
The following table contain points which have been scored in the 2014 Currie Cup Premier Division:
Squad Lists
The following players have been named in the squads for the 2014 Currie Cup Premier Division:
Forwards
Backs
* Jacques du Plessis
* Jacques Engelbrecht
* Dean Greyling
* Grant Hattingh
* Nico Janse van Rensburg
* Werner Kruger
* Wiaan Liebenberg
* Bandise Maku
* Bongi Mbonambi
* Morné Mellett
* Jono Ross
* Basil Short
* Deon Stegmann
* Marcel van der Merwe
* Hencus van Wyk
* Callie Visagie
* Paul Willemse
* Did not play:
* Arno Botha
* Irné Herbst
* Frik Kirsten
* Victor Matfield
* Marvin Orie
* Juan Schoeman
* Roelof Smit
* Pierre Spies
* Flip van der Merwe
* Nardus van der Walt
* Jaco Visagie
Coach
* Bjorn Basson
* Ulrich Beyers
* JJ Engelbrecht
* Tony Jantjies
* Jesse Kriel
* Sampie Mastriet
* Akona Ndungane
* Ryan Nell
* Burger Odendaal
* Rudy Paige
* Handré Pollard
* Jacques-Louis Potgieter
* Tian Schoeman
* William Small-Smith
* Joshua Stander
* Jamba Ulengo
* Piet van Zyl
* Jurgen Visser
* Did not play:
* Francois Hougaard
* Travis Ismaiel
* Lohan Jacobs
* Jan Serfontein
* Dries Swanepoel
* Frans Ludeke
Forwards
Backs
* Tim Agaba
* Thembelani Bholi
* Tom Botha
* David Bulbring
* Steve Cummins
* Aidon Davis
* Albé de Swardt
* Charl du Plessis
* Martin Ferreira
* Lizo Gqoboka
* Simon Kerrod
* Cameron Lindsay
* Charles Marais
* Edgar Marutlulle
* Shaun McDonald
* Darron Nell
* Devin Oosthuizen
* Paul Schoeman
* Steven Sykes
* BG Uys
* CJ van der Linde
* Michael van Vuuren
* Luke Watson
* Stefan Willemse
* Did not play:
* Brenden Olivier
* Dane van der Westhuyzen
Coach
* Tobie Botes
* Ronnie Cooke
* Ntabeni Dukisa
* Shane Gates
* Siyanda Grey
* Jaco Grobler
* Dwayne Jenner
* Kevin Luiters
* Siviwe Soyizwapi
* Gary van Aswegen
* Scott van Breda
* George Whitehead
* Tim Whitehead
* Did not play:
* Enrico Acker
* Eben Barnard
* Hansie Graaff
* Paul Perez
* Sergeal Petersen
* Marlou van Niekerk
* Carlos Spencer
Forwards
Backs
* Dolph Botha
* Tienie Burger
* Neil Claassen
* Jean Cook
* Luan de Bruin
* Lood de Jager
* Brendon Groenewald
* Vince Jobo
* Lappies Labuschagné
* AJ le Roux
* Hercú Liebenberg
* Werner Lourens
* George Marich
* Oupa Mohojé
* Trevor Nyakane
* Caylib Oosthuizen
* Coenie Oosthuizen
* Boom Prinsloo
* Bees Roux
* Kevin Stevens
* Francois Uys
* Torsten van Jaarsveld
* Henco Venter
* Waltie Vermeulen
* Carl Wegner
* Did not play:
* Peet Coetzee
* Jacques du Toit
* Freddy Ngoza
* Adriaan Strauss
Coach
* Rayno Benjamin
* Clayton Blommetjies
* AJ Coertzen
* Pieter-Steyn de Wet
* Maphutha Dolo
* JP du Plessis
* Willie du Plessis
* Joubert Engelbrecht
* Sarel Pretorius
* Raymond Rhule
* Francois Venter
* Shaun Venter
* Elgar Watts
* Did not play:
* Renier Botha
* Cornal Hendricks
* Verner Horn
* Henry Immelman
* Cameron Jacobs
* Tertius Kruger
* Willie le Roux
* Nico Lee
* Marco Mason
* Rory Duncan
Forwards
Backs
* Willie Britz
* Robbie Coetzee
* Ruan Dreyer
* Jaco Kriel
* MB Lusaseni
* Malcolm Marx
* Derick Minnie
* Franco Mostert
* Martin Muller
* Julian Redelinghuys
* Kwagga Smith
* Warwick Tecklenburg
* Akker van der Merwe
* Schalk van der Merwe
* Jacques van Rooyen
* Chris van Zyl
* Willie Wepener
* Warren Whiteley
* Did not play:
* Fabian Booysen
* Cyle Brink
* Stephan de Wit
* Lambert Groenewald
* Ruaan Lerm
* Tyson Mulamba
* Mark Pretorius
* Dylan Smith
* Schalk van Heerden
Coach
* Marnitz Boshoff
* Andries Coetzee
* Ruan Combrinck
* Guy Cronjé
* Ross Cronjé
* Stokkies Hanekom
* Alwyn Hollenbach
* Lionel Mapoe
* Howard Mnisi
* Mark Richards
* Ricky Schroeder
* Courtnall Skosan
* Jaco van der Walt
* Harold Vorster
* Did not play:
* Michael Bondesio
* Robert de Bruyn
* Lloyd Greeff
* Deon Helberg
* Lohan Jacobs
* Ruhan Nel
* Deon van Rensburg
* Anthony Volmink
* Vainon Willis
* Johan Ackermann
Forwards
Backs
* Jonathan Adendorf
* Ryno Barnes
* Martin Bezuidenhout
* Wesley Cloete
* Carel Greeff
* Hugo Kloppers
* Ruaan Lerm
* RJ Liebenberg
* Hilton Lobberts
* Jaco Nepgen
* Steph Roberts
* Burger Schoeman
* Marnus Schoeman
* Boela Serfontein
* Ewald van der Westhuizen
* Maks van Dyk
* Janro van Niekerk
* Wendal Wehr
* Simon Westraadt
* Did not play:
* Stephan Greeff
* Luxolo Koza
* Justin Pappin
* Stephan Pretorius
Coach
* Ederies Arendse
* Francois Brummer
* Danie Dames
* Johnathan Francke
* Dean Grant
* Abrie Griesel
* Jacquin Jansen
* Rocco Jansen
* Dustin Jinka
* Doppies la Grange
* Niel Marais
* Tian Meyer
* Gouws Prinsloo
* Nico Scheepers
* Marais Schmidt
* Wayne Stevens
* Rudi van Rooyen
* PJ Vermeulen
* Did not play:
* Logan Basson
* Howard Mnisi
* Sandile Ngcobo
* Reohn van Zyl
* Hawies Fourie
Forwards
Backs
* Lourens Adriaanse
* JC Astle
* Jacques Botes
* Dale Chadwick
* Kyle Cooper
* Thomas du Toit
* Monde Hadebe
* Wiehan Hay
* Francois Kleinhans
* Stephan Lewies
* Khaya Majola
* Franco Marais
* Johan Meyer
* Danie Mienie
* Tera Mtembu
* Etienne Oosthuizen
* Matt Stevens
* Marco Wentzel
* Did not play:
* Willem Alberts
* Marcell Coetzee
* Bismarck du Plessis
* Jannie du Plessis
* Pieter-Steph du Toit
* Ryan Kankowski
* Tendai Mtawarira
Coach
* Tonderai Chavhanga
* Lionel Cronjé
* André Esterhuizen
* Conrad Hoffmann
* Paul Jordaan
* Patrick Lambie
* SP Marais
* Lwazi Mvovo
* Odwa Ndungane
* Cobus Reinach
* S'bura Sithole
* Tim Swiel
* Jaco van Tonder
* Hanco Venter
* Heimar Williams
* Cameron Wright
* Fred Zeilinga
* Did not play:
* Tyler Fisher
* Sizo Maseko
* JP Pietersen
* François Steyn
* Stefan Ungerer
* Brad McLeod-Henderson
Forwards
Backs
* Renaldo Bothma
* Jaco Bouwer
* Uzair Cassiem
* Marius Coetzer
* François du Toit
* Corné Fourie
* Frank Herne
* RW Kember
* Vincent Koch
* Giant Mtyanda
* Brian Shabangu
* Frikkie Spies
* Corné Steenkamp
* De-Jay Terblanche
* Did not play:
* JJ Breet
* Stephan Kotzé
* Doppies le Roux
* Rudi Mathee
* Jacques Momberg
* Sabelo Nhlapo
* Justin Pappin
* Pieter Stemmet
* Drew van Coller
* Eduan van der Walt
Coach
* JW Bell
* Dylon Frylinck
* Ruwellyn Isbell
* JW Jonker
* Sino Nyoka
* Trompie Pretorius
* JC Roos
* Hennie Skorbinski
* Roscko Speckman
* Heinrich Steyl
* Reynier van Rooyen
* Justin van Staden
* Coenie van Wyk
* Stefan Watermeyer
* Did not play:
* Bernado Botha
* Faf de Klerk
* Johan Herbst
* Wilmaure Louw
* Michael Nienaber
* Dewald Pretorius
* Marcello Sampson
* Deon Scholtz
* Ashwin Scott
* Jimmy Stonehouse
Forwards
Backs
* Justin Ackerman
* Gavin Annandale
* Ruan Botha
* Manuel Carizza
* Nizaam Carr
* Pat Cilliers
* Stephan Coetzee
* Rynhardt Elstadt
* Eben Etzebeth
* Gerbrandt Grobler
* Brok Harris
* Oli Kebble
* Rohan Kitshoff
* Jean Kleyn
* Siya Kolisi
* Tiaan Liebenberg
* Frans Malherbe
* Sikhumbuzo Notshe
* Scarra Ntubeni
* Pat O'Brien
* Neil Rautenbach
* Michael Rhodes
* Jurie van Vuuren
* Anton van Zyl
* Alistair Vermaak
* Did not play:
* Tazz Fuzani
* Steven Kitshoff
* Rayn Smid
* De Kock Steenkamp
* Duane Vermeulen
Coach
* Demetri Catrakilis
* Kurt Coleman
* Juan de Jongh
* Robert du Preez
* Justin Geduld
* Nic Groom
* Patrick Howard
* Cheslin Kolbe
* Dillyn Leyds
* Godlen Masimla
* Louis Schreuder
* Seabelo Senatla
* Jaco Taute
* Michael van der Spuy
* Kobus van Wyk
* EW Viljoen
* Devon Williams
* Did not play:
* Willy Ambaka
* Damian de Allende
* Jean de Villiers
* Ryno Eksteen
* Chevandré van Schoor
* Allister Coetzee
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CBS will break financial records in 2012, Leslie Moonves predicts | Company Town | Los Angeles Times
CBS Corp. might be a titan of old media, but its first-quarter earnings were boosted by gains in new media: the digital distribution of its television programming and the sale of e-books. The growth in digital is a positive development for us, CBS Chief Executive Leslie Moonves told Wall Street analysts in a conference call Tuesday to discuss earnings. We are extremely pleased with our first quarter. We broke records in five key financial metrics for the quarter, and I'm confident we will break records for the year as well. The New York-based broadcasting company beat analysts' estimates by reporting 80% higher net earnings. The company earned $363 million, or 54 cents per diluted share, up from $202 million, or 29 cents per diluted share, compared to the year-earlier period. The substantially higher margin came from growth in operating income as well as lower weighted average shares as a result of the company's stock repurchase program. For the quarter ended March 31, CBS collected revenue of $3.92 billion, an increase of 12% from the first quarter of 2011. CBS attributed the increase to content licensing, particularly its online distribution deals with Netflix and Amazon.com, and higher fees paid by cable and satellite TV operators for the retransmission of CBS' broadcast signal. Content licensing and distribution revenue soared 39%. There are a lot of players out there circling the building, Moonves said. They need our content. It's an exciting period of time. Advertising revenue, company wide, was up 5%. At its flagship CBS broadcast network, ad sales were up 8%. The network, according to Moonves, is expected to end the TV broadcast season with ratings gains in key demographic groups: total viewers, viewers age 18 to 49 and viewers age 25 to 54. With 18 shows already renewed, the competition to get onto our schedule is extremely strong -- meaning that we will be much more selective than our competitors will have to be, Moonves said. As the company heads into the upfront advertising sales season, Moonves said, We feel very good about our future -- both creatively and financially. Investors have been expecting CBS to post a strong year -- lifted by hundreds of millions of dollars in political spending expected to flood the company's TV and radio stations. CBS shares closed Tuesday at $33.42, up 4 cents. The shares are trading 33% higher than last year at this time. In addition to the CBS television network, which broadcasts such popular shows as NCIS, Survivor, Hawaii Five-0 and Two and a Half Men, CBS owns television and radio stations, a billboard unit, premium cable channel Showtime, and the Simon & Schuster publishing house. The company said it spent $269 million to buy back 9 million of its shares in the first quarter. The company also sold a radio station group in the mid-sized market of West Palm Beach, Fla., as part of its strategy to own stations in the nation's largest markets. RELATED: CBS reported first quarter revenue up 12% CBS' chief Leslie Moonves collected nearly $70 million last year Star sightings and Leslie Moonves at Sumner Redstone star ceremony CBS' Moonves: political rancor boosts the broadcast TV business -- Meg James Photo: CBS Corp. board member Arnold Kopelson, Chairman Sumner Redstone and CBS Chief Executive Leslie Moonves in March. Credit: Alex J. Berliner / ABImages
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Apple's TV app allows you to choose customized audio languages, subtitles, and other accessibility features on your iPhone, iPad, Mac, PC, and Apple TV.
apple tv app 1
This article explains how to change subtitles and languages for videos viewed in the app on the above devices as well as smart TVs and streaming devices that feature Apple's TV app.
How to Change Subtitles or Languages on Apple TV
1. On your Apple TV, smart TV, or streaming device, select a video to play in the Apple TV app.
2. When playback has started, swipe down or click the down button on your remote. (Note that some manufacturers might use different buttons.) On a third-generation Apple TV, hold down Select on your remote for three seconds while a video is playing to see the Subtitles tab.
3. Select the Subtitles or Audio menu.
4. Choose your desired language or subtitle.
Apple TV app
How to Change Subtitles or Languages on iPhone or iPad
1. Launch the TV app on your iOS device and select a video to play.
2. Once playback has started, tap the speech bubble icon in the bottom-right corner of the screen.
tv app
3. Choose the language or subtitles that you want to use.
How to Change Subtitles or Languages on Mac or PC
1. Launch the TV app on your computer and select a video to play.
2. Click the speech bubble icon at the bottom of the interface.
tv-app
3. Choose the language or subtitles that you want to use.
To learn how to turn on closed captions or subtitles for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing (SDH), check out our separate dedicated how-to article.
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Rivian (RIVN) Gains 5.5% on Plans to Embrace Tesla's NACS Port
In a strategic move, Rivian Automotive Inc. RIVN announced plans to incorporate Tesla’s TSLA charging ports into future automobiles, gaining access to the EV behemoth’s supercharger network. This move marks Rivian as another high-profile adopter of Tesla’s charging technology that is rapidly becoming the industry standard.
Starting from spring 2024, Rivian plans to utilize the Supercharger network for charging its highly acclaimed R1T and R1S models. Additionally, beginning in 2025, Rivian intends to include North American Charging Standard (NACS) ports as a standard feature in their future R1 vehicles, as well as in the forthcoming R2 platform.
The announcement has been positively received by investors. Shares of Irvine, CA-based Rivian rose 5.5% yesterday, closing the session at $15.70.
In the broader landscape, this move aligns with a significant industry trend. It was Ford F that got the ball rolling. Last month, Ford initiated this new trend by announcing that it would make its charging cords compatible with Tesla's NACS cables, granting Ford EV owners access to Tesla's vast Supercharger network.
General Motors GM followed suit. On Jun 8, General Motors announced a collaboration with Tesla to integrate NACS plugs into its EVs starting in 2025. The collaboration will also provide GM EV users access to 12,000 Tesla Superchargers for charging their vehicles. GM EV drivers will get access to the Tesla Supercharger Network starting in 2024 and will initially require an adaptor.
Rivian is the latest automaker to join the bandwagon. And it's not just the automakers, even the major charging companies have been shifting toward Tesla’s technology. This shift promises a more streamlined charging experience for EV drivers and potentially lucrative opportunities for investors.
EV Charging Revolution
The EV charging landscape is undergoing a seismic shift, largely characterized by a major move toward the adoption of Tesla's NACS port. Leading charging equipment manufacturers like Blink Charging, ChargePoint, EVgo, and Wallbox have announced plans to offer chargers featuring Tesla's connector, marking a significant turn away from the standard Combined Charging System (CCS) connector.
The shift in industry preference can be attributed to the user-friendly design of Tesla's NACS, which is more compact and lighter than its CCS counterpart. The new partnerships forged through this move are expected to allow the NACS port to command 60% of the U.S. EV market.
The sweeping shift toward Tesla's NACS port signifies a pivotal moment in the EV charging landscape. As technologies advance, industry stakeholders are uniting to evaluate and implement best practices, fostering a more efficient and user-friendly EV charging landscape.
Brokerage firm Piper Sandler projects Tesla's revenues from its charging network to reach approximately $9.65 billion in 2032, with more than half of the sales stemming from other EV manufacturers leveraging the network. This forecast underscores the immense potential of the current shift toward NACS, not only for Tesla but also for the broader EV charging industry.
In conclusion, the latest announcement by Rivian to adopt Tesla's EV charging standard illustrates the company's strategic positioning in an evolving industry landscape. As technologies advance, industry stakeholders are uniting to evaluate and implement best practices, thus fostering a more efficient and user-friendly EV charging landscape.
RIVN currently carries a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold). You can see the complete list of today’s Zacks #1 Rank (Strong Buy) stocks here.
Disclaimer: This article has been written with the assistance of Generative AI. However, the author has reviewed, revised, supplemented, and rewritten parts of this content to ensure its originality and the precision of the incorporated information.
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Zacks Senior Stock Strategist, Kevin Cook names 5 hand-picked stocks with sky-high growth potential in a brilliant sector of Artificial Intelligence. By 2030, the AI industry is predicted to have an internet and iPhone-scale economic impact of $15.7 Trillion.
Today you can invest in the wave of the future, an automation that answers follow-up questions … admits mistakes … challenges incorrect premises … rejects inappropriate requests. As one of the selected companies puts it, “Automation frees people from the mundane so they can accomplish the miraculous.”
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Bill Snowden
William Andrew Snowden (May 6, 1910 – February 2, 1959) was a NASCAR driver from St. Augustine, Florida, USA. He was one of the racers whose career was interrupted by World War II. He was nicknamed "Wild Bill" and "the Florida Hurricane".
Snowden competed on various circuits before NASCAR was organized, and he had second-place finishes at the Daytona Beach Road Course in 1941 and 1948. He competed in NASCAR's Strictly Stock/Grand National Series (now NASCAR Cup Series) races between the series' inception in 1949 and 1952. He had 15 Top 10 and 5 Top 5 finishes in those 24 races.
NASCAR career
In the series' first year in 1949, he competed in four of the eight events, with three Top 10s and a season-best fifth-place finish at Occoneechee Speedway at Hillsboro, North Carolina. Snowden finished 11th in the season points.
Snowden competed in four events in the next season, finishing 40th in season points with 2 Top 10s. His season-best fifth-place finish happened at Charlotte Speedway.
Snowden had a career-best ninth place season points finish in 1951. In 21 starts, he had 9 Top 10 finishes with two career-best fourth-place finishes at Martinsville Speedway and Speedway Park in Jacksonville.
1952 was Snowden's final season in Grand National. He competed in four events, with one Top 10 with his sixth-place finish at Hayloft Speedway in Augusta, Georgia. Fireball Roberts raced one event in Snowden's car that season, and Banjo Matthews used Snowden's car in three events with one fifth-place finish at Darlington Raceway.
After his retirement from racing, Snowden became a shrimp boat operator. He died on February 2, 1959. In 1992, he was inducted in the Jacksonville Stock Car Racing Hall of Fame.
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Exercise can help you manage your weight, improve your quality of life and prevent chronic disease. Anytime you can fit in a workout is a good time -- even if it is late at night. Working out late offers the same calorie-burning benefits as working out earlier in the day and may actually offer some additional strength-training benefits. As long as you are getting enough sleep and are not too fatigued to exercise with good form, a late-night workout is perfectly acceptable.
Wakefulness
You might worry late exercise will interfere with your ability to sleep. Shawn Youngstedt, a researcher in the department of exercise science at the Arnold School of Public Health at the University of South Carolina, told "U.S. News and World Report" in 2008 that exercise at any time of day can help you sleep a little better -- especially if you have sleep disorders or insomnia. Certain people may find that they do have trouble falling asleep after exercising later in the day, but Youngstedt notes little scientific evidence supports this is true for everyone. Even people who do have trouble sleeping after exercise can perform bedtime rituals, such as dimming the lights and turning off electronics, to help get to sleep soon after an evening run or lift. It may take them a little more practice to train their body to calm down after a workout session, but most people can eventually adjust. If you find a late-night workout is overly stimulating and is impairing your sleep, finish your exercise at least two to three hours before bedtime.
Effectiveness
A late workout may be more effective than a morning workout, especially when it comes to strength training. Your core temperature is higher in the evening, meaning your muscles and connective tissues are warmer. Warm muscles are better able to lift heavy weights and do explosive exercises, notes Cedric Bryant of the American Council on Exercise. You may also have more fuel in your system from the day’s meals -- which means your energy stores are higher and you can last longer.
Warm-Up Time
While you should never skip your warmup, you might trim it for an evening workout. A morning workout can require as long as 15 minutes of gentle, easy activity to prime your body for movement. In the evening, your higher core temperature and alert mind mean that you may trim this about five minutes. Because your muscles and heart are not yet primed, morning workouts, especially high-intensity ones, may put you at a higher risk for injury, says Bryant.
Drawbacks
Evening workouts can be counterproductive if you regularly miss them due to things that “come up” over the course of your day. If you find you are skipping your late workout more often than making it, it isn’t doing you any good. When you exercise first thing in the morning, you can be sure it is done and that nothing will derail your calorie-burning efforts. If you are going to bed later just to fit in your workout, you may also be doing yourself harm in the long run. The Harvard Medical School notes that most adults need seven to nine hours of sleep every night. If you regularly cheat yourself of this time, you may experience hormone irregularities that confuse your appetite sensors, metabolism and energy levels. You could end up eating more and moving less during the day, which will cause weight gain. Pay attention to how your body feels in the evening. If you are groggy and tired, you may not be able to put all-out effort into your exercise session. Worse yet, fatigue may lead to carelessness which results in injury.
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Sadi Mohammad
Sadi Mohammad (4 October 1955 – 13 March 2024) was a Bangladeshi Rabindra Sangeet singer and composer. He served as the director of the cultural organization, Rabi Raag.
Life and career
In 1973, after the war of liberation, Sadi Mohammad was admitted to the Civil Engineering Department of Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology. However, he did not continue his studies there. Later, he got a scholarship to study music at Santiniketan in 1975. After that, he took his graduation and post-graduation degrees in Rabindra Sangeet from Visva-Bharati University. There he learned music from Santidev Ghose and Kanika Banerjee.
In 2007, Mohammad debuted as a music composer when he released the album Amakey Khujey Pabey Bhorer Shishirey. He released the albums Srabon Akashey in 2009 and Sharthok Janom Amar in 2012.
Mohammad served as the director of the organization Rabi Raag.
Personal life and death
Mohammad had nine siblings, 4 sisters Parvin, Nasreen, twins Yasmeen & Nazneen and 5 brothers Shahjahan, Shameem, Shibli, Shoeb & Sohail. He is the 4th sibling. His elder brothers Shahjahan & Shameem and elder sister Parvin Alam are all deceased. His father, Salimullah, was killed during the Liberation War of Bangladesh in 1971.
Sadi Mohammad died on 13 March 2024, at the age of 66. According to Shibli, his younger brother, Sadi had been practicing music with his tanpura instrument in his room and later his hanging body was found after breaking in. Shibli mentioned that Sadi had been suffering mental trauma after their mother, Jebunnessa Salimullah, had died in July 2023. Shibli and Nasreen has confirmed that he was extremely depressed about the fact that he didn't receive national recognition.
Awards
* Lifetime Achievement Award by Channel i (2012)
* Rabindra Award by Bangla Academy (2015)
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Page:French Revolution (Belloc 1911).djvu/148
the East by the parallel military triumph of Alexander, or the conquest of Gaul by the Roman armies under Caesar, we are met by political phenomena and a political success no more striking than the success of the Revolution. The Revolution did as much by the sword as ever did Alexander or Caesar, and as surely compelled one of the great transformations of Europe. But the fact that the great story can be read to a conclusion of defeat disturbs the mind of the student.
Again, that element fatal to all accurate study of military history, the imputation of civilian virtues and motives, enters the mind of the reader with fatal facility when he studies the revolutionary wars.
He is tempted to ascribe to the enthusiasm of the troops, nay, to the political movement itself, a sort of miraculous power. He is apt to use with regard to the revolutionary victories the word “inevitable,” which, if ever it applies to the reasoned, willing and conscious action of men, certainly applies least of all to men when they act as soldiers.
There are three points which we must carefully bear in mind when we consider the military history of the Revolution.
First, that it succeeded: the Revolution, regarded as the political motive of its armies, won.
Secondly, that it succeeded through those military aptitudes and conditions which happened to accompany, but by no means necessarily accompanied, the strong convictions and the civic enthusiasm of the time.
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Figwheel Helper Functionsλ︎
WARNING::Content relates to the classic figwheel versionλ︎
This approach is not require when using figwheel-main, only for older projects that were created using the original version of figwheel
The lein-figwheel template provides several helper functions in dev/user.clj to start Figwheel and a Clojurescript REPL from a Clojure REPL.
In a development environment a Clojure REPL will start in user namespace, so the functions in dev/user.clj are available when you run a Clojure REPl in Spacemacs - SPC m '
(ns user
(:require
[figwheel-sidecar.repl-api :as f]))
;; user is a namespace that the Clojure REPL loads if its available
;; Helper functions can also be added for starting and stopping a webserver or other development services
(defn fig-start
"This starts the figwheel server and watch based auto-compiler."
[]
(f/start-figwheel!))
(defn fig-stop
"Stop the figwheel server and watch based auto-compiler."
[]
(f/stop-figwheel!))
;; com.cemerick/piggieback is added as a :profile :dev :dependency to support an nREPL environment
(defn cljs-repl
"Launch a ClojureScript REPL that is connected to your build and host environment."
[]
(f/cljs-repl))
Emacs jack-inλ︎
You can use these Figwheel helper functions with Emacs & Cider (and Spacemacs) by adding the following function in your init.el configuration file (or ~/.spacmacs file in the dotspacemacs/user-config section)
(setq cider-cljs-lein-repl
"(do
(user/fig-start)
(user/cljs-repl))")
When you run the Emacs command clojurescript-jack-in the cider-cljs-lein-repl name is evaluated and the two helper functions are run one after the other.
Atom and ProtoREPLλ︎
See the ClojureScript section on Practicalli, ProtoREPL
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Page:Archaeological Journal, Volume 29.djvu/452
374 The gate-house has a portcullis chamber on the first floor, and a second floor above this. An open stair against the south side leads to the battlement, from which a door, an insertion, opens into the portcullis chamber. These upper rooms are plastered and papered, and nothing can be seen in them.
South of this gate the wall gradually sinks, and finally has been pulled own and removed. It may be traced as far as the site of a half-round tower, and some remains of an arch. Beyond this, also, the line of the wall may be traced as far as the site of Bugle tower, 180 yards from the West gate, and which caps the South-West angle of the town.
The South wall is almost wholly destroyed, and the foundation either removed or covered up by the broad and handsome quay which now intervenes between the base of the wall and the sea. This front was more or less convex, or rather polygonal, the angles being capped with drum towers. There are some traces of the South gate-house. In the rear of this part of the wall are the site of St. Mary Magdalene's Hospital, and in Porter-lane what was called Canute's Palace. A representation of the South gate before 1784 is preserved by Grose. It had a low, broad Edwardian arch, with bold machicolations above, and toward the East it was protected by a long flanking wall, parallel to its approach. It was removed 1830-40.
Forty yards from the South gate was another half-round tower, and thence the wall ran straight East for 83 yards, when it reached the South-East angle of the town. In the rear of this part of the wall, in Winkle-street, is "God's House," a Norman church, now restored very badly, and converted into a French Protestant place of worship.
At the South-East angle of the town, in the end of the East wall, is a gate, called God's House Gate, or South Gate, but which should be called Spur Gate, as it opens upon a work of that class. This gate-house is rectangular, quite plain, and without buttresses, having two upper floors. Its dimensions are 28 ft. broad by 23 ft. deep, and the South end projects as a low salient of two faces, upon the South wall, now removed. The passage is vaulted with a high pointed arch 12 ft. broad. Like the West gate, it had a central recessed doorway, now much cut away, and two portcullis grooves. The vault in front of the door is supported by two, and in rear of it by three, cross-ribs. Altogether in substance this gate-house resembles that of the West gate, and is of Early Decorated date. Its front may have been rebuilt when the Spur tower was added.
The spur-work projects from the Northern flank of the gate of the gate-house for about 80 ft. It is composed of a sort of lofty gallery, or curtain, terminating in a rectangular tower, about 22 ft. square, with buttresses capping the two East or outer angles diagonally. It is of three storeys, and is built across the Eastern ditch, no doubt to contain and protect its sluice communicating with the sea, which originally flowed up to the wall of the tower. There are seen largo arches in the North and East faces, which look as though there had been a passage for boats; but these seem really to have been arches of construction only, intended to throw the weight of the building upon the corners, which probably are more deeply founded than the curtain. In the North face is also a large modern arch, a relict of the canal which was to have been carried beneath the tower. The spur-work and the gate-house were long used as a Bridewell. All still bear marks of that degrading occupation. The
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User:Oilchickentuyootoo
Pikmin 3
Pikmin 3 is the final game in the pikmin series not many people know what the story is but it is rumored tah there will be green and black.
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Emanuel Murant
Emanuel Murant (December 22, 1622 – ca.1700) is a rather unknown Dutch Golden Age painter of landscapes and houses.
Biography
Manuel Murant was born in Amsterdam; his father Isaiah had studied in Calvinist Geneva, and became a teacher. The family with six children lived next to the school in the Nieuwmarkt (and Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck).
According to Houbraken Manuel was a pupil of Philips Wouwerman in Haarlem, where he learned to paint Italianate landscapes and specialized in village scenes and ruined farmhouses that were so exact, you could count all the bricks. Houbraken also mentioned him travelling to France and other places for some years. Back home in 1649 he worked for the Admiralty. In 1654 he married his neighbour. It is not impossible he knew the young Jan van der Heyden and learned how to paint houses. Another of neighbors was Jan van de Capelle.
In 1665 he lived in Naarden. In 1670 he remarried Berberke Willems and settled in Leeuwarden, where he stayed until his death.
Murant's brother David had many of his paintings still in his possession that Houbraken saw when he was writing his book in the 1710s.
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Alexander James Rodriguez
Alexander James Rodriguez (also known as AJ Rodriguez) is a Spanish-born British actor and singer best known for his voice acting in a variety animated productions including the 2020 Golden-Globe winner and Academy Awards-nominee Missing Link, and for being the voice of Cardamon on the Netflix show Bee and PuppyCat.
Life and career
Alexander was born in Marbella, Spain and raised in the United Kingdom. In 2014 Alexander joined SAG-AFTRA.
In 2015, Alexander joined the cast of Appropriate at the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles.
The actor progressed into music in May 2020, when he recorded pop records, including the title "My Crew" released during the COVID 19 pandemic lockdown.
In September 2020, Alexander was cast in the film Where Sweet Dreams Die; and was attached to the TV documentary series, Content is King.
Alexander James Rodriguez received the Rising Star Award (Male) in January 2021 at the 11th Annual Hollywood Music in Media Awards for his song, "My Crew", and in May, he released his summer anthem, "California". He released his first Spanish-English hybrid song "Bella Loquita" in July 2021. Since then, Alexander has gone on to release multiple pop records in both English and Spanish.
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Deutsche Boerse finally makes a bid for the London Stock Exchange
As expected, Deutsche Boerse and the London Stock Exchange revealed details of their merger today. The deal would create the largest exchange in Europe, with a market cap close to $30 billion (close to the market cap of Intercontinental Exchange, the owner of the NYSE). One small surprise: no cash. It's an all-stock deal. LSE shareholders would own 45.6 percent of the combined group while Deutsche Boerse shareholders would own 54.4 percent. Read MoreThe London Stock Exchange is for sale: Who will get it? Simply put, politics and regulation are what's really important here, because both of these — if not handled carefully — could derail a deal, no matter who gets the LSE. Look how carefully this deal was crafted as a "merger of equals:" This is all about soothing concerns that London bankers might somehow lose their pre-eminent position as the financial capital of Europe to (gads!) Frankfurt. Much of the U.S. brokerage and exchange community is in Boca Raton today at the Futures Industry Association annual meeting. Guess what's on the agenda for this afternoon? A panel on "Exchange Leaders on the Future of Markets." On the panel: Wonder what they're going to talk about? The need for more consolidation?
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The Benefits Of Working Out Before Bed
Exercise is a means through which humans exert themselves to keep fit. With our busy lives because of work and many other things we have to do, getting time to exercise can be a difficult affair. How about working out before bed?
Most people have suffered chronic diseases due to a sedentary lifestyle; intentional and targeted exercises have been one of the solutions developed to keep us healthy.
Getting in some exercise before retiring to bed is an option which works for the not so early birds who generally have more energy in the late afternoon and early evening periods.
What are the preferred types of exercises before bed?
There are so many types of exercises that can be incorporated into your daily workout routine. Some examples are kickboxing, jogging, running, swimming, cross-fit, yoga, HIIT, and weightlifting just to name a few.
The recommended exercises can be categorized into strength training and cardio training workouts. Strength training focuses on building muscle size and strength by employing the use of resistance equipment such as barbell and dumbbell weights. Cardio involves high repetitions and sets of exercises that are practiced for longer periods of time such as jogging for a marathon.
Types of exercises before bed
Types of exercises before bed
The different types of exercises are ideally made to suit your preferences and your fitness goals. For instance a middle-aged mad will gain much more from strength training as opposed to an overweight teenager who does cardio to slim down.
What are the benefits of working out before bed?
Exercise not only improves your physical health but your mental health as well. It acts as a stress reliever to help you cope with pent up frustrations you might be facing at the workplace. The endorphins released after a rigorous workout helps you to cope with stress better. Yoga could be the best known exercise that works by connecting the mind and the body through meditation.
Yoga dissipates muscle and joint tension leading up to more relaxed sleep. The cat-cow, child pose, and downward-dog poses do wonders to relieve soreness and stiffness.
Most early birds will swarm the gym during the morning hours making it almost impossible to maneuver the rooms and get access to equipment. Well, you can get away from all this human traffic by frequenting the gym during the evening. There is more privacy and more time to use all the fancy gadgets you need for your workout regimen. It will also guarantee you one on one contact with your personal trainer.
General exercise will raise your body’s metabolism during the duration of activity. This enables you to burn more calories than while you are at rest. High intensity interval training (HIIT) is a great way to burn calories post workout. It involves alternating between high impact exercising like sprinting for 2 minutes then jogging for another 2 minutes for 40 minutes in total. Doing these kinds of exercises will have the same effect on your fitness regardless of the time.
Raise your body’s metabolism
Raise your body’s metabolism
Studies have shown that increased activity before bed can actually raise cortisol and adrenalin in your blood making it harder to sleep. However more extensive research has shown that evening weightlifting in particular will put you to sleep faster. You will also experience deeper sleep as opposed to someone who did the same workout in the morning.
Doing an exercise before going to bed will keep you motivated to stay healthy. It will increase your productivity and alertness. This will prevent you from giving into midnight snacks and treats that may add inches to your waistline in the long run.
Hitting the gym in the afternoon or evening will expose you to a friendlier chattier bunch of gym mates. On average, morning gym rats are always in a rush to exercise and get to school or work with minimal interruptions.
However, evening gym goers are more laid back and more interested to engage you in conversations about their day. So, if you are looking for a more stimulating gym experience, try the evening classes and you just might make a new friend.
When is the best workout time?
It is important to note when your body seems to have the most energy. This is known as your body’s peak-time. It is characterized by warm muscles, tolerance to physical discomfort and optimal lung performance which is typically during the late afternoon or early evening periods. If this describes you, it would be best for you to exercise between 2 and 6p.m describes Phyllis Zee MD. of Northwestern University. You can improve your sleep by giving your body 3 hours to cool off before bed.
If you feel as though your energy levels are fairly constant during the entire day please don’t constrict yourself to one workout schedule. Try to shake things up by experimenting on different times to see what works best for your body.
Keep in mind that whatever time you ultimately choose will not affect the amount of calories burned. It boils down to your dedication and consistency if you want to see results.
When it comes to starting a new exercise routine, make sure to do the scheduling and planning that works for you. Remember that a little exercise goes a long way, no matter when you choose to allocate the time. At the end of the day, the kind of exercises that you perform should be geared to meeting a certain end goal. Although a personal trainer and gym friends will support you along the way, you should be your own cheerleader.
In summary, working out before going to bed is a great idea. It has been proven to have several benefits, oftentimes surpassing the usual morning workouts. It has been shown to alleviate tress, improve moods and keep us healthy and fit. It works best for today’s fast-paced world that is forever changing and advancing. When accompanied with the right diet and mentality, working out before bed can be the magic bullet for your fitness and health goals.
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Cabrini-Green Homes are one of the best examples of the complicated nature of social housing. This housing structure is also called Public Housing in the U.S. Cabrini-Green homes are located near the North Side of Chicago in Illinois.
In the movie Candyman, recently remade, this housing project was shined light upon. Cabrini-Green Homes came about in the 1950s when African Americans migrated northwards from the South. This was when new public housing was needed. Chicago's answer was to clear existing slums in African American neighborhoods to provide space for new higher-capacity buildings.
Needless to say that things didn't go as the Chicago council planned. During years of neglect and problems surrounding racism, Cabrini-Green Homes once again turned into a slum from which they rose.
The Building Of The Cabrini-Green Homes
The Cabrini-Green Homes complex is currently located on Chicago's North Side, though it is under a different name. It began as the Frances Cabrini Homes, a public housing project led by the Chicago Housing Authority in 1942.
These homes targeted veterans of the Second World War and included fifty-five structures. It was an ambitious project, which was never well maintained. With the American Housing Act of 1949, slum clearance and redevelopment were aided. This is how they had received the funding for the construction of additional housing units.
The demand for housing led the Chicago Housing Authority to add to the Cabrini properties. The Chicago Housing added the William Green Homes in 1962 and finished construction of the Cabrini-Green Homes the same year.
When they were completed, these buildings were huge. Many of the towers were 15-16 stories tall. The newly constructed Cabrini-Green Homes consisted of 23 high-rise towers. There were also rowhouses which targeted low-income residents in need of public housing.
Sadly, even at the construction, the Cabrini-Green and other public housing projects in Chicago were subject to racial segregation. The Chicago Housing had been assigning tenants to house based upon their race, even if this wasn't something they should have done. This had resulted in the concentration of Black residents in isolated, segregated areas.
Initially, the Frances Cabrini Homes had a certain quota of African American residents that they had to fill. That quota was soon abandoned. During this time, in the 40s and 50s, the African American population in Chicago nearly doubled in size. Since the white population of Chicago did not want to live in joint housing, this had led to separation.
The Golden Times
In 1942, when the Cabrini-Green Homes was first opened, they were considered to be affordable housing. They were a solution for a growing problem of low-income households that had nowhere to go.
In the following years, the Cabrini Homes Extension and the William Green Homes were added onto the complex. They were supposed to provide safe housing for low-income earners.
Cabrini-Green Homes were built with the mind of being different from the other similar complexes. They were designed to become an integrated, utopian community. Along with affordable rent prices and in the heart of the city, they were a perfect solution. As they were not far from Chicago's Magnificent Mile, they also had an excellent location.
In 1942, when the complex was being made, Mayor Edward J. Kelly proclaimed that the apartments should symbolize the Chicago that is to be. Sadly, this big dream never came true.
The Downfall Of The Cabrini-Green Homes
As they declined further and further, the high-rises by the name of Cabrini-Green Homes had become known for bad things only. Teeming with violent crime, worsening conditions, and gang activity, their reputation started deteriorating.
The path to their demise started with a lawsuit in 1966. This was when Dorothy Gautreaux filed a lawsuit against the Chicago Housing Authority. In the lawsuit, she had claimed that the actions of the CHA violated the U.S. Constitution. After deliberation, the Supreme Court ruled in Gautreaux's favor.
Following this, a significant change was prompted within Chicago's public housing program. This change included the elimination of high-rise public housing construction. Along with this, the CHA had decided to implement programs that would ensure new public housing development. This development will be scattered across the city.
In the coming decades, the public housing through the city of Chicago was primarily African American. With high crime and unemployment, Cabrini-Green Homes started its decline. From a great project, it had turned into a symbol of government failure in Chicago. It seemed that the government was adding to the problem instead of focusing on resolving the situation of the isolated African American population.
In the oncoming years, Chicago Housing Authority was not able to make repairs and upkeep the properties. They had too much on their plate with so many housing projects. The CHA continued to neglect the property for years. This had caused the buildings to deteriorate. The tenants were, in turn, subjected to poor living conditions. Poverty and crime rose.
In the 1980s, Chicago political leaders and, with them, the downtown businesses focused on the redevelopment of Cabrini-Green Homes. This redevelopment would involve the surrounding neighborhood. They thought that Cabrini-Green was an area that could be gentrified.
Due to this, they created the North Town Redevelopment Advisory Council, which proposed building mixed-income housing to replace Cabrini-Green. On top of dealing with the housing, they also planned to improve the area's public transportation.
In 1996, when the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development took control over the CHA, they revealed its plan for the transformation. This was supposed to turn over the Cabrini-Green Homes completely. The high-rises would be demolished.
The first tower in the Cabrini Green Homes complex was demolished in 2000. The last of them was destroyed in 2011. In the year 2021, new mixed-income housing now stands instead of the Cabrini-Green complex. All that remains of the original Cabrini Green Houses are rowhouses, which have 137 units. However, no one lives there anymore. The plan was to demolish them as well and create new housing.
Cabrini-Green Homes Residents
By the year 2009, most of the Cabrini-Green Homes had been taken down. In their place, condominiums and townhomes in the new North Town Village were raised.
The government always wanted to change and uplift this area, and so they have succeeded. Now it is filled with new offices and condos and upscale restaurants. Chicago's Mayor Daley said that the latest developments would include plenty of affordable housing for residents to return to the neighborhood.
However, the 15,000 family units that were promised to be built are not enough. They are just a small step toward the actual numbers that the city needs. The houses were opened for application in 2010, and over 150 thousand families applied.
The Chicago Housing Authority reported that in September 2020, 48 families were still waiting to move back into their former Cabrini-Green Houses. Another 293 families fell out of contact with the agency.
More than 1,700 families were moved out of the development when it was supposed to be torn down. This was done to make way for the plan for transformation. Unfortunately, only a few were able to move back into the mixed-income housing raised in the place of their old habitat.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Definition of Fallopian. Meaning of Fallopian. Synonyms of Fallopian
Definition of Fallopian. Meaning of Fallopian. Synonyms of Fallopian
Here you will find one or more explanations in English for the word Fallopian. Also in the bottom left of the page several parts of wikipedia pages related to the word Fallopian and, of course, Fallopian synonyms and on the right images related to the word Fallopian.
Definition of Fallopian
Fallopian
Fallopian Fal*lo"pi*an, a. [From Fallopius, or Fallopio, a physician of Modena, who died in 1562.] (Anat.) Pertaining to, or discovered by, Fallopius; as, the Fallopian tubes or oviducts, the ducts or canals which conduct the ova from the ovaries to the uterus.
Meaning of Fallopian from wikipedia
- The Fallopian tubes, also known as uterine tubes or salpinges (singular salpinx), are tubes that stretch from the uterus to the ovaries, and are part...
- risk of having another one. Most ectopic pregnancies (90%) occur in the fallopian tube, which are known as tubal pregnancies, but implantation can also...
- tied") is a surgical procedure for female sterilization in which the fallopian tubes are permanently blocked or removed. This prevents the fertilization...
- carry a foetus to full term. The internal **** organs are the uterus, Fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The uterus or womb accommodates the embryo which develops...
- Fallopian tube obstruction is a major cause of female infertility. Blocked fallopian tubes are unable to let the ovum and the sperm converge, thus making...
- Salpingectomy refers to the surgical removal of a Fallopian tube. This may be done to treat an ectopic pregnancy or cancer, to prevent cancer, or as a...
- the ovary or after entering the genital tract through the ostium of the fallopian tube. The sperm used in artificial insemination may be provided by either...
- Primary fallopian tube cancer (PFTC), often just tubal cancer, is a malignant neoplasm that originates from the fallopian tube. The internal location...
- the sperm p**** through the cervix into the uterus, and then into the Fallopian tubes for fertilization of the ovum. Only one sperm is required to fertilize...
- Salpingitis is an infection and inflammation in the Fallopian tubes (salpinges). It is often used synonymously with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)...
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Analysis of Alternatives
World Wide view
World wide view. This page is distict from "analysis of alternatives" which is a general un-named process. The "Analysis of ALternatives"-proper noun, is a US DOD process. Propose removing "Globalization" note. — Preceding unsigned comment added by GESICC (talk • contribs) 17:16, 1 September 2010
* Analysis of Alternatives also refers to a process within REACH and thus is not specifc to US DOD. Perhaps a disambiguation page is required? Incoherent boy (talk) 14:41, 27 September 2013 (UTC)
* Incoherent boy - I think no disambiguation page unless there are meanings where enough material exists for at least three separate pages, and meanwhile see if it can do with subsections off a base shared concept Alternatives and Analysis of, with sections on two major or specific Terms of Art by that name (1) JCIDS element and (2) REACH item. Then if there is a later divisin to separate pages it will be in severable chunks for a disambiguation page to point at AoA (JCIDS) and AoA (REACH), etcetera. Go ahead with making a few paras section for REACH and NeESAP with cites then insert here while putting existing content to a JCIDs section. Markbassett (talk) 13:33, 20 February 2015 (UTC)
* There is no REACH or NeESAP material now, but neither is there a hatnote to non US uses. - Rod57 (talk) 19:44, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
Related Information section - needs explanation
The section of "Related Information" that has been on here forever does not start with a context explanation of what the bullet list is about or where it is from. I improved a couple of the links there, but does anyone recognize where the list is from ? I'm aware of some of the items but also thinking there could be a Risk Management Plan, or Information Support Plan, etcetera. Markbassett (talk) 16:25, 18 April 2016 (UTC)
* Where was the related info moved ? - Rod57 (talk) 19:46, 13 July 2020 (UTC)
Specifics vs. outdated
Noting a problem here -- the term in article title remains constant, but specific terms of DoD process (like Mission Needs Statement) and the OMB guidance is making this one subject to rot -- the terms of DoD and even more so the OMB budget submission guidance are specific to a particular year. I've updated a couple deadlinks and tweaked a bit, but do not see a way to generally make it less sensitive. When further time goes by it may be possible to show the evolution and talk of the abstraction that covers more instances -- but right now there seems not enough change to do so. Markbassett (talk) 15:57, 15 December 2016 (UTC)
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Wirecard reiterates 2020 profit guidance, Q4 in line
BERLIN, Feb 14 (Reuters) - Wirecard reiterated its guidance for core profits of 1-1.12 billion euros ($1.08-$1.21 billion) this year, implying growth of 34%, as it reported in-line quarterly earnings. The Munich-based payments company posted fourth-quarter adjusted earnings before interest, taxation, depreciation and amortisation (EBITDA) of 241 million euros, up 46% year-on-year and in line with expectations in a Refinitiv poll of analysts. ($1 = 0.9228 euros) (Reporting by Douglas Busvine Editing by Michelle Martin)
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Talk:2004 Basra police station bombings
Untitled
I would not call this page irrelevant. The reason it is different from the smaller incidents where four or five people are killed is the scale of things. There have only been a very few incidents where this many people have been killed. It is also significant because it is the first such incident in the British zone, which, aside from a few much smaller clashes has been pretty quiet up to now. I would say that things like the bombs in Najaf and those at the UN headquarters in Iraq, which are of the same scale, also deserve their own page. David Newton 13:09, 23 Apr 2004 (UTC)
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WIKI
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The Microsoft Access Ternary Operator
It's a function. It's a statement. It's an operator. It's a--what the heck do we call this short-circuit-evaluating IIf() thing and why does it even matter?
The Microsoft Access Ternary Operator
In a recent article, I wrote about the differences between the VBA IIf() function and the Jet/ACE engine's IIf() statement.
The IIf() Function vs. The IIf() Statement
They may look identical, but there is a very important difference in how they get evaluated.
In the comments section of that article, Ben Clothier took issue with my use of the term "statement" to describe the Jet/ACE database engine's IIf() implementation:
Forgive me for wading into semantics, but while I agree with everything you've described, I hesitate to describe this as a statement vs function:
1) A statement implies that it executes an instruction while a function returns a result of an evaluation. Under that definition, all examples in the articles are examples of a function, rather than a statement. Furthermore, it's also a VBA construct. For example, contrast the Mid() function with Mid() statement.
2) If you open up the Expression Builder from either query design or control source, you'll find that you can locate the IIf() function under Functions -> Built-In Functions -> Program Flow. Nowhere within the expression builder the term "statement" is used.
My response to that is...I agree.
I never really liked the term "statement" to describe the non-VBA IIf(). But I needed to call it something besides the word "function."
The Non-VBA IIf() is NOT a Function
When I think of a function, I think of a language construct that receives arguments and returns a value. One of the key attributes of a function, though, is that each of those arguments is evaluated by the language before being passed to the function. That clearly is not happening with the non-VBA IIf() ... thing ... because otherwise SQL queries like this would result in errors:
SELECT IIf(Total = 0, 0, Successes / Total) AS SuccessAvg
FROM MyAggregateQuery
The non-VBA IIf() avoids division by zero errors in statements like the one above through the use of short-circuit evaluation. Whereas the IIf() function has to evaluate both the truepart (0) and the falsepart (Successes / Total) regardless of the value of the condition (Total = 0), the non-VBA IIf() checks the condition first and then evaluates EITHER the truepart OR the falsepart, but never both.
If only there were a programming term for such a language construct...
What is a Ternary Operator?
Since this is 2021, let's just turn things over to Wikipedia for a moment:
In computer science, a ternary operator is an operator that takes three arguments (or operands).
By far, the most common ternary operator is the conditional operator, read aloud as "if a then b otherwise c."
More from a different Wikipedia article:
Although many ternary operators are possible, the conditional operator is so common, and other ternary operators so rare, that the conditional operator is commonly referred to as the ternary operator.
If we continue reading the Wikipedia article on the ternary operator, we eventually get down to the section on Visual Basic. Though it refers to Visual Basic.NET, its commentary on the IIf() function applies equally to VBA:
IIf is a ternary function, but not a ternary operator. As a function, the values of all three portions are evaluated before the function call occurs.
The article continues:
Visual Basic Version 9 has added the operator If() in addition to the existing IIf() function that existed previously. As a true operator, it does not have the side effects and potential inefficiencies of the IIf() function.
Now, again, the paragraph above refers to Visual Basic.NET and not VBA. However, the Jet/ACE database engine implementation of IIf() exhibits the same behavior as VB.NET's If() operator.
And, so, I shall stop referring to the Jet/ACE IIf() as a statement and I will henceforth refer to it as an operator.
Why Does This Matter?
A normal person might fairly ask why I've now devoted three articles (here's the first) to the Jet/ACE IIf() operator, with a large percentage of those articles centered–directly or indirectly–around the topic of what to actually call this thing.
Upon reflection there are two primary reasons:
1. I'm a pedant
2. Words matter
As programmers, we work in a very technical field. The ability to communicate technical knowledge depends in large part on having a shared vocabulary where certain words have certain meanings. This particular case makes that case perfectly.
How are we supposed to be able to distinguish between two very different concepts–an IIf() function vs. an IIf() operator–if we use the same word, "function," to describe both things?
And yet, as Ben rightly points out, that's exactly what Microsoft themselves have done.
However, there's another confounding factor. If you look at the expression builder, they have a menu entry for Operators, and the IIf() is nowhere within the list of all operators. For that reason, unwary users will expect that the IIf() is a function even though it's definitely nothing like VBA.IIf() function. I assume they did that just because the IIf()looks likes a function more than it does an operator so they just classified it as a function for user's convenience. As long you address that caveat, I'm fine with calling it an operator.
I'll admit, this fact bothers me more than it should. It's not simply that Microsoft chose to include IIf() in the "Functions" section of the expression builder. It's that they have an "Operators" section that is a better fit semantically for the Jet/ACE database engine IIf(), but they chose not to use it.
It's like when Joe Biden misuses the word "literally" and you think to yourself, "ah, well, lots of people misuse literally these days as a hackneyed synonym for 'really' and not as an antonym for 'figuratively.' He deserves a pass on this one." But then he goes on to literally say, "I'm using this word as an antonym for 'figuratively.'"
Observe:
He says JFK’s “call to service literally, not figuratively, still resounds from generation to generation.” He told students in Africa, “You are the keystone to East Africa — literally, not figuratively, you are the keystone.” “The American people are looking for us as Democrats,” he has said. “They’re looking for someone literally, not figuratively, to restore America’s place in the world.”
Infuriating.
Now, I'm sure Ben is right in his reasoning that "they did that just because IIf() looks like a function more than it does an operator." And, honestly, if I were designing that Expression Builder form, I would have classified IIf() the same way. I suppose the original sin, then, was making the IIf() operator look like a function in the first place. The Jet/ACE database engine should have used symbols like they did for all the other operators, like +, -, *, /, Mod (wait, d'oh!).
OK, I'm rambling now.
I've been shouting about this on my street corner for so long now that even the tourists have stopped staring and have decided to move on with their day. And, so, I bid you adieu. Please enjoy the rest of your stay in this fine city. And, if you are looking for something to do later, consider taking the IIf() operator out for a short-circuit-evaluating spin on the town. You won't regret it.
Referenced articles
Expressions vs. Code
When is code not code? When it’s an expression. What’s the difference and who really cares? Let’s explore.
Image by TheOtherKev from Pixabay (it's an arched bridge with three prominent keystones...or are those children???)
All original code samples by Mike Wolfe are licensed under CC BY 4.0
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:1882. The Prince and The Pauper. A Tale for Young People of All Ages.djvu/221
Rh The boy stood unconfused in the midst of all those surprised and questioning eyes, and answered with princely dignity—
"I am Edward, king of England."
A wild burst of laughter followed, partly of derision and partly of delight in the excellence of the joke. The king was stung. He said sharply—
"Ye mannerless vagrants, is this your recognition of the royal boon I have promised?"
He said more, with angry voice and excited gesture, but it was lost in a whirlwind of laughter and mocking exclamations. "John Hobbs" made several attempts to make himself heard above the din, and at last succeeded—saying—
"Mates, he is my son, a dreamer, a fool, and stark mad—mind him not—he thinketh he is the king."
"I am the king," said Edward, turning toward him, "as thou shalt know to thy cost, in good time. Thou hast confessed a murder—thou shalt swing for it."
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* Tiempo de Silencio by started at 12:29, 21 June 2007
* Marry Me by started at 12:06, 21 June 2007
* The Making of Music by started at 11:59, 21 June 2007
* Sylvio Tabet by started at 11:51, 21 June 2007
* Some Kind of Life by started at 11:30, 21 June 2007
* Lindholm by started at 11:08, 21 June 2007
* Laberinto de pasiones by started at 11:00, 21 June 2007
* Skyblast by started at 10:05, 21 June 2007
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* Jura Repic by started at 10:42, 21 June 2007
* 17 life fables by started at 10:30, 21 June 2007
* Stavros Xarchakos by started at 10:22, 21 June 2007
* Siddique (director) by started at 09:56, 21 June 2007
* Superman film series by started at 09:19, 21 June 2007
* Meet The Robin by started at 08:26, 21 June 2007
* Captain Zed by started at 07:45, 21 June 2007
* Omar Avila by started at 07:35, 21 June 2007
* Gangaraju Gunnam by started at 07:18, 21 June 2007
* Narsing yadav by started at 06:57, 21 June 2007
* Brasileirinhas by started at 06:49, 21 June 2007
* Gregg Rogell by started at 06:31, 21 June 2007
* Marta Romero by started at 06:22, 21 June 2007
* Alice Fulks by started at 06:19, 21 June 2007
* Kelly's heroes (album) by started at 06:07, 21 June 2007
* Ethan Rosenfeld by started at 06:04, 21 June 2007
* Robin Hood (BBC character) by started at 05:35, 21 June 2007
* Dragon Ball Z: Game Music Awakening Edition by started at 05:18, 21 June 2007
* Joan Weldon by started at 05:04, 21 June 2007
* Night Fire 007 by started at 05:00, 21 June 2007
* Moi Attendront by started at 04:40, 21 June 2007
* Central nuclear José Cabrera by started at 04:15, 21 June 2007
* Beethoven (1936 film) by started at 04:07, 21 June 2007
* All My Children Title Sequences by started at 03:45, 21 June 2007
* The Bubble (2006 film) by started at 03:23, 21 June 2007
* List of people from Jersey City, New Jersey by started at 03:22, 21 June 2007
* Matthew Barney: No Restraint by started at 03:21, 21 June 2007
* Parental Guidance Suggested by started at 03:10, 21 June 2007
* No Direction Movie by started at 02:49, 21 June 2007
* List of films in North Carolina by started at 02:41, 21 June 2007
* Zuma (comics) by started at 02:36, 21 June 2007
* Ya Nunca Mas by started at 02:29, 21 June 2007
* Fiebre De Amor (album) by started at 02:08, 21 June 2007
* Teenage Monster by started at 02:07, 21 June 2007
* Yellow (film) by started at 02:06, 21 June 2007
* The Duncan Sisters by started at 01:51, 21 June 2007
* List of highest-grossing Bollywood films in overseas markets by started at 01:40, 21 June 2007
* Lockie Leonard (TV series) by started at 01:37, 21 June 2007
* Hanna Barbera Award by started at 01:31, 21 June 2007
* Supergator by started at 01:28, 21 June 2007
* Kickboxer 3 by started at 01:21, 21 June 2007
* Under the Flag of the Rising Sun by started at 01:21, 21 June 2007
* Jones (surname) by started at 00:58, 21 June 2007
* Ex'pression College for Digital Arts by started at 00:37, 21 June 2007
* Rich Little's Christmas Carol by started at 00:27, 21 June 2007
* Celeste Atlantic by started at 23:10, 20 June 2007
* Matt Lenski by started at 21:33, 20 June 2007
* Menno Meyjes by started at 22:47, 20 June 2007
* Odeon Leeds-Bradford by started at 22:27, 20 June 2007
* Robert Mark Kamen by started at 22:15, 20 June 2007
* The Sky Crawlers by started at 21:52, 20 June 2007
* Little Dorrit (miniseries) by started at 21:44, 20 June 2007
* Alex Prior by started at 21:31, 20 June 2007
* Sweet Jane (film) by started at 21:25, 20 June 2007
* Top Grossing Bollywood Films by started at 21:20, 20 June 2007
* White Dragon (England) by started at 21:04, 20 June 2007
* Ready When You Are, Mr McGill by started at 20:56, 20 June 2007
* Empire of the Ants (disambiguation) by started at 20:54, 20 June 2007
* Gert Fylking by started at 20:41, 20 June 2007
* Herman Von Krieg by started at 20:30, 20 June 2007
* NNS movies by started at 20:26, 20 June 2007
* Schlock (film) by started at 20:05, 20 June 2007
* Frankie Machine (film) by started at 20:00, 20 June 2007
* Who We Are (The Cheetah Girls album) by started at 19:54, 20 June 2007
* Nina Byron by started at 19:39, 20 June 2007
* Florian Gallenberger by started at 19:28, 20 June 2007
* St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards 2006 by started at 18:52, 20 June 2007
* Directors Guild of America Awards 1993 by started at 18:23, 20 June 2007
* Moscow Elegy by started at 17:49, 20 June 2007
* Brendan O'Brien (voice actor) by started at 17:44, 20 June 2007
* Michelle Jobin by started at 17:38, 20 June 2007
* Anita Kelsey by started at 17:18, 20 June 2007
* Kadhalil Vizhunthen by started at 17:13, 20 June 2007
* The Law of Ueki characters by started at 16:39, 20 June 2007
* A R REHMAN by started at 16:35, 20 June 2007
* Kosuke Ueki by started at 16:31, 20 June 2007
* Iason Athanasiadis by started at 16:15, 20 June 2007
* Cirque Surreal by started at 13:23, 20 June 2007
* List of Invitees for AMPAS Membership (2007) by started at 13:16, 20 June 2007
* Spaceballs: The TV Series by started at 13:09, 20 June 2007
* Marian Rivera by started at 13:02, 20 June 2007
* Titan RE: The End of Earth by started at 12:15, 20 June 2007
* Julia Ling by started at 11:18, 20 June 2007
* Avunu Valliddaru Ista Paddaru by started at 10:55, 20 June 2007
* Andrew Sumner by started at 10:53, 20 June 2007
* Kara Dennison by started at 10:47, 20 June 2007
* Mónica Dionne by started at 22:59, 19 June 2007
* Robert Reed Altman by started at 10:07, 20 June 2007
* Dragon Ball Z: The Best Selections by started at 09:49, 20 June 2007
* Popular cultural references for The Wizard of Oz by started at 09:42, 20 June 2007
* Anthony Himbs by started at 09:39, 20 June 2007
* Louise Caire Clark by started at 09:39, 20 June 2007
* Stallion Road by started at 09:38, 20 June 2007
* Phyllis Brooks by started at 09:22, 20 June 2007
* Panavision cameras by started at 08:41, 20 June 2007
* Living Island by started at 08:19, 20 June 2007
* The Franchise Affair by started at 07:43, 20 June 2007
* Red Triangle Circus by started at 06:46, 20 June 2007
* Sayonara (Mary MacGregor song) by started at 06:34, 20 June 2007
* Juno (film) by started at 06:33, 20 June 2007
* In the Sun (Joseph Arthur song) by started at 05:48, 20 June 2007
* Christine Young by started at 05:48, 20 June 2007
* Richard Carney by started at 05:31, 20 June 2007
* Every Beat of My Heart by started at 05:24, 20 June 2007
* Economy of Maharashtra by started at 05:22, 20 June 2007
* Powwow highway by started at 04:40, 20 June 2007
* Broken English (1981 film) by started at 04:30, 20 June 2007
* Cementville by started at 04:08, 20 June 2007
* Georgie Roland by started at 02:50, 20 June 2007
* Lance Curtis by started at 02:17, 20 June 2007
* T-1 (Terminator character) by started at 02:03, 20 June 2007
* Gerard parkes by started at 01:59, 20 June 2007
* James Scurlock by started at 01:16, 20 June 2007
* Harrison Young by started at 01:11, 20 June 2007
* John R. Leonetti by started at 00:18, 20 June 2007
* The Black Castle by started at 00:13, 20 June 2007
* Planet of Oz by started at 23:55, 19 June 2007
* American films of 1955 by started at 23:54, 19 June 2007
* Shannon Felton by started at 23:30, 19 June 2007
* True Life Adventures by started at 23:25, 19 June 2007
* Gang War: Bangin' In Little Rock by started at 22:49, 19 June 2007
* The Frogs (1963 Novel) by started at 22:48, 19 June 2007
* Gabriel Porras by started at 22:44, 19 June 2007
* Russell Moore by started at 22:37, 19 June 2007
* Boyz In Da Hood C1 by started at 22:25, 19 June 2007
* The Wonderful Wizard of Ha's by started at 22:05, 19 June 2007
* Harold Goodwin (English actor) by started at 21:21, 19 June 2007
* Who We Are (Cheetah Girls album) by started at 20:53, 19 June 2007
* Orion Ximenes Filho by started at 20:35, 19 June 2007
* Peppermint Soda by started at 20:31, 19 June 2007
* Bronston v. United States by started at 20:11, 19 June 2007
* Morris Brothers by started at 20:11, 19 June 2007
* National Board of Review Awards 1979 by started at 20:03, 19 June 2007
* Jack McGee by started at 19:50, 19 June 2007
* Franky Goes to Hollywood by started at 19:30, 19 June 2007
* Return of bruno by started at 19:27, 19 June 2007
* The Return of Bruno by started at 19:23, 19 June 2007
* Linda Thoren by started at 19:09, 19 June 2007
* Jacques Rouffio by started at 19:05, 19 June 2007
* Lathe of Heaven (film) by started at 18:47, 19 June 2007
* The Lathe of Heaven (film) by started at 18:35, 19 June 2007
* James Hannon by started at 18:33, 19 June 2007
* Gay Block by started at 18:23, 19 June 2007
* Ingo Nugel by started at 18:22, 19 June 2007
* The Christmas That Almost Wasn't by started at 18:11, 19 June 2007
* List of eco-horror films by started at 17:54, 19 June 2007
* File sharing and the law by started at 17:22, 19 June 2007
* Ben Gerrard by started at 17:20, 19 June 2007
* Falcon Stuart by started at 17:02, 19 June 2007
* Nana Yamaguchi by started at 16:36, 19 June 2007
* Benjamin Lascelles by started at 16:31, 19 June 2007
* Sheckymagazine.com by started at 15:52, 19 June 2007
* Rebel Highway (series) by started at 15:46, 19 June 2007
* List of celebrities in The Simpsons by started at 15:38, 19 June 2007
* Sugar Boxx by started at 15:29, 19 June 2007
* Snow Globes (2007 film) by started at 15:20, 19 June 2007
* Alyson Black by started at 15:20, 19 June 2007
* Positive friendships between men and boys in literature and film by started at 14:58, 19 June 2007
* Kirikou et les bêtes sauvages by started at 14:53, 19 June 2007
* The Indian Wants the Bronx by started at 14:29, 19 June 2007
* Neal Huff by started at 13:35, 19 June 2007
* The World Series of Pop Culture (season 2) by started at 13:20, 19 June 2007
* Plot of Highschool of the Dead by started at 13:11, 19 June 2007
* Magnifico (film) by started at 12:40, 19 June 2007
* James deen by started at 12:32, 19 June 2007
* List of One episodes by started at 11:42, 19 June 2007
* Burns (surname) by started at 11:30, 19 June 2007
* Kondavalasa Lakshmanarao by started at 11:23, 19 June 2007
* Goshinboku by started at 09:26, 19 June 2007
* Stories from East High: Book Series by started at 04:32, 19 June 2007
* Alexandra Rieger by started at 10:36, 19 June 2007
* Cheryl Fergison by started at 10:31, 19 June 2007
* Mysterious Castles of Clay by started at 10:28, 19 June 2007
* Manodu by started at 10:24, 19 June 2007
* Joan Root by started at 10:23, 19 June 2007
* Priyadarshini Ram by started at 10:15, 19 June 2007
* John H. Baxter by started at 10:10, 19 June 2007
* Fdtv by started at 09:54, 19 June 2007
* Toss(2008 film by started at 09:53, 19 June 2007
* Alexandra Rose Rieger by started at 09:51, 19 June 2007
* Cherokee identity by started at 09:20, 19 June 2007
* Benjamin Cass by started at 08:21, 19 June 2007
* Gabriel porras by started at 08:18, 19 June 2007
* Charles J. Coe by started at 08:14, 19 June 2007
* Carmen Kinsley by started at 07:58, 19 June 2007
* James Hall (producer) by started at 07:58, 19 June 2007
* Disney Today (LM Comics) by started at 07:45, 19 June 2007
* Elaine Devry by started at 07:28, 19 June 2007
* James Hall (actor) by started at 07:27, 19 June 2007
* George E Patterson by started at 07:19, 19 June 2007
* Star Comics IBH by started at 06:35, 19 June 2007
* Terminator (character concept) by started at 06:25, 19 June 2007
* Jimmy Weldon by started at 05:41, 19 June 2007
* Isla Muerta (series) by started at 04:40, 19 June 2007
* Kaleem shah by started at 04:24, 19 June 2007
* AR's Advance by started at 04:09, 19 June 2007
* To Each His Cinema by started at 03:56, 19 June 2007
* A Very Dead Zone Christmas by started at 03:08, 19 June 2007
* Nanto Seiken by started at 03:08, 19 June 2007
* Seigi Choujin vs. Senshi Choujin by started at 03:05, 19 June 2007
* AXN Action TV by started at 03:05, 19 June 2007
* Buena Vista Pictures Marketing by started at 02:58, 19 June 2007
* Tanawat Wansom by started at 02:51, 19 June 2007
* Crisis in New York! by started at 01:44, 19 June 2007
* Gadget Hoax by started at 01:24, 19 June 2007
* Urban Justice by started at 01:23, 19 June 2007
* Hour of Triumph! Seigi Choujin by started at 01:18, 19 June 2007
* Particles of Truth by started at 01:13, 19 June 2007
* Tipping Point (Part 1) by started at 01:09, 19 June 2007
* Kermit Murdock by started at 01:05, 19 June 2007
* Kenneth Lampl by started at 00:59, 19 June 2007
* Ladies they talk about by started at 00:52, 19 June 2007
* Lenny young by started at 00:29, 19 June 2007
* Counterattack! The Underground Space Choujin by started at 00:28, 19 June 2007
* Sal Piro by started at 00:10, 19 June 2007
* Paula Campbell (singer) by started at 00:08, 19 June 2007
* My Pet Monster (film) by started at 00:07, 19 June 2007
* Tony El Guapo by started at 23:48, 18 June 2007
* Son de Mar (film) by started at 23:46, 18 June 2007
* Evan Baxter by started at 23:46, 18 June 2007
* Seigi Choujin vs. Ancient Choujin by started at 23:45, 18 June 2007
* Farrell films by started at 23:44, 18 June 2007
* Bye Bye Love (film) by started at 23:07, 18 June 2007
* Up n Under by started at 22:48, 18 June 2007
* Never Been Thawed by started at 22:39, 18 June 2007
* Brian Hohlfeld by started at 22:23, 18 June 2007
* Cycle of Violence (Dead Zone) by started at 22:19, 18 June 2007
* Looking Glass (Dead Zone) by started at 22:09, 18 June 2007
* Aleksandra ziolkowska boehm by started at 22:04, 18 June 2007
* Great Riot! Seigi Choujin by started at 22:03, 18 June 2007
* Total Awareness (Dead Zone) by started at 22:02, 18 June 2007
* Jules Jacoby by started at 21:52, 18 June 2007
* Finding Rachel (Part 2) by started at 21:41, 18 June 2007
* Towers Productions, Inc. by started at 21:38, 18 June 2007
* Finding Rachel (Part 1) by started at 21:38, 18 June 2007
* Television Internet by started at 21:36, 18 June 2007
* Visions (Dead Zone) by started at 21:30, 18 June 2007
* What Lies Before Us - Cape Coloured: Living in the Shadow of Apartheid by started at 21:24, 18 June 2007
* Shirley Marulanda by started at 21:17, 18 June 2007
* Theatre Under The Stars (Houston) by started at 21:15, 18 June 2007
* Rob Lathan by started at 20:59, 18 June 2007
* Noah's Ark (TV Series) by started at 20:59, 18 June 2007
* Natural Balance Pet Foods by started at 20:55, 18 June 2007
* Lorena Berdún by started at 20:53, 18 June 2007
* Maison Ikkoku CD Single Memorial File by started at 20:51, 18 June 2007
* Playing God (Dead Zone) by started at 20:43, 18 June 2007
* Multipurpose rumpusroom by started at 20:41, 18 June 2007
* Kinnikuman (film) by started at 20:36, 18 June 2007
* Italia Coppola by started at 20:23, 18 June 2007
* Quinncuatro Productions by started at 20:04, 18 June 2007
* Aids on a Plane by started at 20:01, 18 June 2007
* Tribes (film) by started at 19:48, 18 June 2007
* Cars, the Video Game (Cars) by started at 19:40, 18 June 2007
* Larry Namer by started at 19:24, 18 June 2007
* The People (Movie) by started at 18:53, 18 June 2007
* Key Art Awards 2006 by started at 18:45, 18 June 2007
* Peter Griffin's guide to the holidays by started at 18:41, 18 June 2007
* Wideorbit by started at 18:17, 18 June 2007
* Going off by started at 18:16, 18 June 2007
* Ralph Cedric Murrow-Gore by started at 18:15, 18 June 2007
* Northgate Forest by started at 18:01, 18 June 2007
* Knave (webcomic) by started at 17:48, 18 June 2007
* Mark Mylod by started at 17:38, 18 June 2007
* Vineeta Rishi by started at 17:36, 18 June 2007
* Sathima Bea Benjamin by started at 17:26, 18 June 2007
* Tony Meredith by started at 17:05, 18 June 2007
* David Diamond (screenwriter) by started at 17:05, 18 June 2007
* David Weissman by started at 17:02, 18 June 2007
* Gillioz Theater by started at 16:48, 18 June 2007
* Misbegotten (Dead Zone) by started at 16:36, 18 June 2007
* List of The Raccoons episodes by started at 16:35, 18 June 2007
* Survival Quest by started at 16:10, 18 June 2007
* Serendipity Stories: Friends of Pure Island by started at 16:06, 18 June 2007
* Gramercy Riffs by started at 16:03, 18 June 2007
* Ascent (Dead Zone) by started at 16:03, 18 June 2007
* Serendipity the Pink Dragon by started at 15:59, 18 June 2007
* List of notable Canadians in the film and television industries by started at 15:47, 18 June 2007
* Prince of Persia (series) by started at 15:45, 18 June 2007
* SF Anytime by started at 15:41, 18 June 2007
* Fantastic Four 3 by started at 15:39, 18 June 2007
* Valley of the Shadow (Dead Zone) by started at 15:36, 18 June 2007
* List of Akshay Kumar's awards and nominations by started at 15:34, 18 June 2007
* Star's Sabsey Favourite Naya Hero by started at 15:19, 18 June 2007
* Leo Hershfield by started at 14:52, 18 June 2007
* Magic Fire by started at 14:14, 18 June 2007
* ImaginAsian Pictures by started at 14:04, 18 June 2007
* Cinema AZN by started at 13:54, 18 June 2007
* List of foreign adaptions of The Nanny by started at 13:49, 18 June 2007
* The ImaginAsian Center by started at 13:45, 18 June 2007
* OneWorldTV by started at 13:44, 18 June 2007
* List of Finnish Jews by started at 12:51, 18 June 2007
* Elephant (Alan Clarke film) by started at 11:58, 18 June 2007
* Jai hanlyn by started at 11:48, 18 June 2007
* Dragon Ball Z: Game Music Rebirth Edition by started at 21:21, 17 June 2007
* Sir Henry at Rawlinson End by started at 10:14, 18 June 2007
* Ganesh Comedy time by started at 10:10, 18 June 2007
* Orca (Jaws boat), the sharkfishing boat from Jaws by started at 09:46, 18 June 2007
* Stephen Marcus by started at 09:38, 18 June 2007
* Michael eastwood by started at 09:11, 18 June 2007
* Paulo Raposo by started at 08:44, 18 June 2007
* US India Business Council by started at 08:36, 18 June 2007
* Unsung Heroes (film) by started at 08:06, 18 June 2007
* Captain Stabbin by started at 07:52, 18 June 2007
* Gordafarid/toolbox by started at 07:44, 18 June 2007
* Caroline Dollar by started at 06:45, 18 June 2007
* Sam Wallace by started at 06:40, 18 June 2007
* Morris Birdyellowhead by started at 06:39, 18 June 2007
* Margie Murphy by started at 06:07, 18 June 2007
* Bhaargavinilayam by started at 05:33, 18 June 2007
* Skins (film) by started at 04:31, 18 June 2007
* The Mummy Strikes (animated short) by started at 04:03, 18 June 2007
* Susan French by started at 03:40, 18 June 2007
* Repossession Mambo by started at 03:26, 18 June 2007
* DeeDee Halleck by started at 03:02, 18 June 2007
* Association of Talent Agents by started at 02:57, 18 June 2007
* Dr. Radley Tate by started at 02:53, 18 June 2007
* The Freak by started at 02:53, 18 June 2007
* Welcome to the Jungle (Entourage episode) by started at 02:52, 18 June 2007
* Elizabeth Tate by started at 02:46, 18 June 2007
* Mack G by started at 02:43, 18 June 2007
* Carol todd by started at 02:27, 18 June 2007
* The Last Hurrah (1977 film) by started at 01:45, 18 June 2007
* EXPO - Magic of the White City by started at 01:44, 18 June 2007
* The Last Hurrah (1958 film) by started at 01:43, 18 June 2007
* Bilo jednom... by started at 01:18, 18 June 2007
* Robert A. Delgadillo by started at 01:02, 18 June 2007
* Tossin' and Turnin' by started at 00:51, 18 June 2007
* Autopsy (Marilyn Manson film) by started at 00:40, 18 June 2007
* The Racing Pig by started at 00:10, 18 June 2007
* Midori Hayase by started at 00:00, 18 June 2007
* Angel (SBS) (TV series) by started at 23:56, 17 June 2007
* Chigusa Ikeda by started at 23:45, 17 June 2007
* Megumi Kobayashi by started at 23:28, 17 June 2007
* Atsuko Mine by started at 23:08, 17 June 2007
* Twelfth Night: Or What You Will (1996 film) by started at 22:51, 17 June 2007
* Live at Knebworth DVD by started at 22:16, 17 June 2007
* British Museum in popular culture by started at 21:59, 17 June 2007
* L'Heure D'été by started at 21:36, 17 June 2007
* Michael Antonio Hunter by started at 21:35, 17 June 2007
* Do or Die: The College Admissions Process by started at 21:24, 17 June 2007
* Disney Channel France by started at 21:15, 17 June 2007
* İzel by started at 21:03, 17 June 2007
* John Paul Ospina by started at 20:50, 17 June 2007
* The Legend of Lobo by started at 20:42, 17 June 2007
* TV1000 Poland by started at 20:35, 17 June 2007
* Geek kon by started at 20:13, 17 June 2007
* List of A-Team characters by started at 19:16, 17 June 2007
* Seetha (actor) by started at 19:05, 17 June 2007
* Darya Dadvar by started at 18:57, 17 June 2007
* Aids on a plane by started at 18:51, 17 June 2007
* Livewire (Superman: The Animated Series) by started at 18:31, 17 June 2007
* The Awakening of Nightfall (2007 film) by started at 17:54, 17 June 2007
* Ed, Edd n Eddy (Cartoon Network) by started at 17:47, 17 June 2007
* Verne Carlson by started at 17:43, 17 June 2007
* Mary Murphy (choreographer) by started at 17:38, 17 June 2007
* Rusty Nails (filmmaker) by started at 17:23, 17 June 2007
* Stanley Fafara by started at 16:57, 17 June 2007
* Nick Kiriazis by started at 16:56, 17 June 2007
* Pirates of the Caribbean: 4 by started at 16:33, 17 June 2007
* Audie Murphy legacy by started at 16:23, 17 June 2007
* Andy Hardy Meets Debutante by started at 16:12, 17 June 2007
* Two Bodies in the Lab by started at 16:05, 17 June 2007
* Beverly Hills Cox by started at 15:57, 17 June 2007
* Stere Gulea by started at 15:32, 17 June 2007
* NY1 Noticias by started at 15:13, 17 June 2007
* Kirby Keger by started at 15:13, 17 June 2007
* Catherine Trudeau by started at 15:03, 17 June 2007
* Kevin Dolenz by started at 14:58, 17 June 2007
* Patxi Andión by started at 14:47, 17 June 2007
* Rashomon (play) by started at 14:05, 17 June 2007
* Anne B. Real by started at 13:00, 17 June 2007
* Tadahiko Hayashi by started at 12:37, 17 June 2007
* The Adventures of Rusty by started at 12:15, 17 June 2007
* Sadhu Miranda by started at 12:10, 17 June 2007
* Seena Thaana 001 by started at 12:09, 17 June 2007
* Arashi Tsunami by started at 11:25, 17 June 2007
* Joseph Perrino by started at 11:19, 17 June 2007
* Geoffrey Wigdor by started at 09:37, 17 June 2007
* Christmas films worldwide by started at 10:02, 17 June 2007
* Shizuka Ishikawa by started at 09:01, 17 June 2007
* Jeepers, Creepers, Where is Peepers? by started at 08:49, 17 June 2007
* HIGH-TECHNOLOGY IN THE BIBLE by started at 08:44, 17 June 2007
* Météo Plus by started at 07:55, 17 June 2007
* List of Auburn University people by started at 07:48, 17 June 2007
* Génesis Rodríguez by started at 07:23, 17 June 2007
* Scott Fivelson by started at 05:32, 17 June 2007
* Brad Sherrill by started at 05:16, 17 June 2007
* Lew temple by started at 05:08, 17 June 2007
* Jonathan Mogavero by started at 03:57, 17 June 2007
* C.C. Saint-Clair by started at 03:47, 17 June 2007
* Bill Perkins (Animator) by started at 03:35, 17 June 2007
* Bodyline (mini-series) by started at 03:34, 17 June 2007
* Pompeii (film) by started at 03:19, 17 June 2007
* Carl Stephenson (author) by started at 02:16, 17 June 2007
* Rocky V (Album) by started at 02:16, 17 June 2007
* Box office number-one movies of 2005 (USA) by started at 01:59, 17 June 2007
* Duck (film) by started at 01:30, 17 June 2007
* Tadao Sato by started at 01:14, 17 June 2007
* Love Kills (disambiguation) by started at 00:44, 17 June 2007
* Hitler's Children (film) by started at 00:43, 17 June 2007
* National Board of Review Awards 1984 by started at 00:26, 17 June 2007
* List of Nalanda College Colombo Alumni (Old Nalandians) by started at 00:24, 17 June 2007
* NNS Movie Company by started at 00:22, 17 June 2007
* Bell Witch: The Movie by started at 23:51, 16 June 2007
* Invisible Evidence (CSI episode) by started at 23:45, 16 June 2007
* An Act of Conscience by started at 23:45, 16 June 2007
* Anti-Japanese sentiment culture of Korea by started at 23:43, 16 June 2007
* Jackpot (CSI episode) by started at 23:43, 16 June 2007
* Feeling the Heat (CSI episode) by started at 23:38, 16 June 2007
* Greg Plitt by started at 23:37, 16 June 2007
* Homebodies (CSI episode) by started at 23:33, 16 June 2007
* Leslie Hunterr by started at 23:15, 16 June 2007
* Mei Ah Entertainment by started at 23:12, 16 June 2007
* Rabbit Rampage by started at 23:12, 16 June 2007
* Alec Newbury by started at 23:05, 16 June 2007
* Georges Garvarentz by started at 20:46, 16 June 2007
* The Wizard of Oz (adaptations) by started at 22:21, 16 June 2007
* Lee Paul by started at 22:02, 16 June 2007
* Lenny Baker by started at 21:32, 16 June 2007
* Next Stop, Greenwich Village by started at 21:30, 16 June 2007
* Dave Schulte by started at 21:21, 16 June 2007
* Trevor White by started at 21:18, 16 June 2007
* Spontaneous Combustion (film) by started at 21:04, 16 June 2007
* Controversies of Rudy Giuliani by started at 20:52, 16 June 2007
* Robinson Devor by started at 20:47, 16 June 2007
* Blood drips heavily on newsies square by started at 20:30, 16 June 2007
* It's Superman by started at 20:05, 16 June 2007
* Max Tite by started at 19:58, 16 June 2007
* Lillian Birnbaum by started at 19:41, 16 June 2007
* El Club de Los Tigritos by started at 19:38, 16 June 2007
* Ri Richards by started at 19:28, 16 June 2007
* Betty Anderson by started at 18:19, 16 June 2007
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WIKI
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Maghar, India
Maghar is a town and a nagar panchayat in Sant Kabir Nagar district in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh.
Kabir, the 15th-century mystic poet, disappeared and fragrant flowers were found in the place of his body. The flowers were divided between his Hindu and Muslim disciples. The Hindus and the Muslims built two memorials here that are 100 metres apart and kept their share of flowers in them.
Geography
Maghar is located at 26.76°N, 83.13°W. It has an average elevation of 68 metres (223 feet).
Religious significance
This place is connected with Kabir. This is the place where he departed from this mortal world. After his departure, his disciples found fragrant flowers only and made two memorials for Saint Kabir. The memorials are situated here just 100 meters away from each other.
Demographics
At the 2011 India census, Maghar had a population of 19,181.
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WIKI
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Settlin'
"Settlin'" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music duo Sugarland. It was released in January 2007 as the second single from their album Enjoy the Ride, and their second consecutive number one hit. The song reached the top of the Billboard Hot Country Songs chart. It was written by Jennifer Nettles, Kristian Bush and Tim Owens. It was the theme song for the 2007 ACC tournament.
Music video
The music video was directed by Paul Boyd and premiered in January 2007. It was filmed in downtown Atlanta, Georgia. It is a fairly simple video, featuring the duo Jennifer Nettles singing into a microphone performing the song against an all-white moving background on a rotating swivel circular stage with a full band. During the second verse, audience members are revealed and sing and dance to the song as the duo perform.
CD single
* 1) . "Settlin" (edit) - 3:25
* 2) . "Settlin" (video) - 3:35
Chart performance
On the May 19, 2007 chart, "Settlin'" received the exact amount of airplay among country radio stations on the Billboard survey as "Stand", the song which held the number one position the week prior. This was the first such occurrence in the history of the Hot Country Songs charts. According to rules established by Billboard, a tie in airplay is broken by whichever of the two songs had a greater gain in airplay compared to the previous week; as "Settlin'" had increased in airplay over the previous week while "Stand" had decreased, "Settlin'" was therefore declared the number one song on that week's chart.
Personnel
* Tom Bukovac – electric guitar, synthesizer
* Kristian Bush – acoustic guitar, background vocals
* Dan Dugmore – electric guitar, steel guitar
* Kenny Greenberg – electric guitar
* Tony Harrell – organ
* Greg Morrow – drums, percussion
* Jennifer Nettles – lead vocals, background vocals
* Glenn Worf – bass guitar
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WIKI
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PhenixFIN Corporation Announces Fiscal Second Quarter 2025 Financial Results
NAV per share of $78.72 taking into account special dividend of $1.43 per share paid February 19, 2025
NEW YORK, May 06, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- PhenixFIN Corporation (NASDAQ: PFX, PFXNZ) (the “Company”), a publicly traded business development company, today announced its financial results for the fiscal second quarter for its year ending September 30, 2025.
Highlights:
Second quarter total investment income of $6.0 million; net investment income of $1.0 million
Net asset value (NAV) of $159 million, or $78.72 per share as of March 31, 2025
On February 6, 2025, the Board declared a special dividend of $1.43 per share paid on February 19, 2025, to stockholders of record as of February 17, 2025
Weighted average yield was 11.82% on debt and other income producing investments
“In light of the broader market volatility we are pleased with another solid quarter,” stated David Lorber, Chief Executive Officer. “Also, on April 17th we closed on an extension and successful upsize of our credit facility to April 17, 2030 and $100 million, respectively. In addition, expecting reduced overall interest expense savings with our facility funding costs declining to SOFR+250 from SOFR+290. This comes at a great time given the robust opportunity set we see in the current market environment.”
Selected Second Quarter 2025 Financial Results for the Quarter Ended March 31, 2025:
Total investment income was $6.0 million of which $5.9 million was attributable to portfolio interest and dividend income, and $0.1 million was attributable to fee and other income.
Total net expenses were $5.0 million and total net investment income was $1.0 million.
The Company recorded a net realized loss of $1.1 million and a net unrealized loss of $0.5 million.
Portfolio and Investment Activities for the Quarter Ended March 31, 2025:
The fair value of the Company's investment portfolio totaled $286.8 million and consisted of 36 portfolio companies.
The Company had certain investments in 2 portfolio companies on non-accrual status with a fair market value of $1.4 million.
Liquidity and Capital Resources:
As of March 31, 2025, the Company had $8.7 million in cash and cash equivalents, $59.2 million in aggregate principal amount of its 5.25% unsecured notes due 2028 and $79.6 million outstanding under the Credit Facility (prior to its upsizing).
ABOUT PHENIXFIN CORPORATION
PhenixFIN Corporation is a non-diversified, internally managed closed-end management investment company incorporated in Delaware that has elected to be regulated as a business development company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. We completed our initial public offering and commenced operations on January 20, 2011. The Company has elected, and intends to qualify annually, to be treated, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as a regulated investment company under Subchapter M of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended. Effective January 1, 2021, the Company operates under an internalized management structure.
SAFE HARBOR STATEMENT AND OTHER DISCLOSURES
This press release contains “forward-looking” statements. Such forward-looking statements reflect current views with respect to future events and financial performance, and the Company may make related oral forward-looking statements on or following the date hereof. These forward-looking statements are subject to the inherent uncertainties in predicting future results and conditions. Certain factors could cause actual results and conditions to differ materially from those projected in these forward-looking statements, including among other things, PhenixFIN’s ability to execute on its strategic initiatives, deliver value to shareholders, increase investment activity, increase net investment income, reduce interest expenses, implement its investment strategy and achieve its investment objective, source and capitalize on investment opportunities, grow its net asset value per share and perform well in the prevailing market environment, the ability of our portfolio companies, including National Security Group, Inc. to perform well and generate income and other factors that are enumerated in the Company’s periodic filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission. PhenixFIN Corporation disclaims and does not undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statement in this press release.
Past performance is not a guarantee of future results. The press release contains unaudited financial results. For ease of review, we have excluded the word "approximately" when rounding the results. This press release is for informational purposes only and is not an offer to purchase or a solicitation of an offer to sell shares of PhenixFIN Corporation’s common stock. There can be no assurance that PhenixFIN Corporation will achieve its investment objective.
For PhenixFIN investor relations, please call 212-859-0390. For media inquiries, please contact info@phenixfc.com.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Fathers & Suns
"Fathers & Suns" is the second episode of science fiction sitcom Red Dwarf series X, originally broadcast on the British television channel Dave on 11 October 2012. Lister celebrates the fact that he is his own father by sending a message to himself for Father's Day. This involves scolding himself for being a useless son, and resigning from the ship's crew to force himself to get his act together. Meanwhile Rimmer and Kryten install a new computer personality called Pree.
Plot
The episode begins with Lister playing video games. Rimmer walks in and sees a Father's Day card that Lister's making for himself. Lister explains that every year, he sends himself a Father's Day card to celebrate the fact that he is his own father, but deliberately gets so drunk that when Kryten delivers it on Father's Day the following year, he doesn't remember writing it. When Rimmer points out he's been a lousy father to himself, Lister decides to do something about it. The ship's Medibot (Kerry Shale), not understanding Lister is his own father, advises a tough love approach, and also sets up a medical record for "Dave Lister Jr." Lister wakes hungover in the morning to find a drunken video message left by his "dad", in which he tries to use tough love to get his "son" to improve himself.
Meanwhile, Rimmer and Kryten install a new computer, Pree (Rebecca Blackstone), who is so advanced she can predict entire conversations, rendering them unnecessary. When asked by Rimmer to fix a number of faults with Red Dwarf, Pree anticipates that Rimmer would make errors in ordering repairs, and so trashes the corridors, as he would have unwittingly ordered her to.
Lister is horrified to discover that, while drunk, he resigned from his job as part of his self-improvement kick, and Pree now intends to terminate his shipboard privileges - including oxygen. Lister flees, and only just manages to don a spacesuit before Pree opens an airlock and shoots him into space. Since Lister is no longer crew, Pree concludes the ship has no mission, and, citing anti-pollution protocols, locks Red Dwarf on a suicide course into the nearest sun.
Lister manages to return to Red Dwarf and joins the others in trying to shut down Pree, but they end up being attacked by Garbage-bots. At the last minute, Lister uses Pree's own logic against her - arguing that he is Dave Lister Jr. (as proved by the medical record) and that it was Dave Lister Snr. who quit. Therefore, the ship's mission is still valid and, as Lister intends to uninstall her, Pree should anticipate this and shut herself down. She obliges.
Safe once more, Lister is presented with the various freebies that are given to new registered crewmen by Kryten and politely turns them down, citing that he needs to study for the Robotics Training Programme he's applied to. Upon discovering one of the freebies is a new video game, though, Lister rapidly forgets about studying.
Production
With its complex plot twists, this episode was briefly considered as a possible alternative opener for the series.
Craig Charles had flu during the recording of this episode, which helped make the hangover scenes look more realistic.
Cultural references
The title of the episode alludes to the 1862 novel Fathers and Sons by Ivan Turgenev.
Lister learned in "Ouroboros" (Series VII) that he was his own dad and his mum was Kristine Kochanski.
When Rimmer and Kryten initialise Pree, the start-up sequence for SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop can be seen running in the background.
Rimmer and Kryten mention Holly before they start up Pree. Holly was last seen in Series VIII episode "Only the Good..." and they mentioned Holly was offline due to water damage in Back to Earth after Lister had left a bath running for nine years and the Skutters hadn't dried him out.
The voice of Taiwan Tony and his phrase "it very strange question" is based on the British spoof Japanese game show Banzai.
Critical reception
Reviews for the second episode were generally positive. SFX gave it four stars out of five, stating: "So, Red Dwarf. It’s still still got it." Starburst gave it seven stars out of ten, and said that the episode "didn’t quite live up to the high standards set by last week’s series opener but it was still a thoroughly enjoyable outing and a promising continuation of the series. Radio Times, however, called it "a slightly baggier, flabbier episode than last week’s series opener, with a couple of set-pieces that outstay their welcome."
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Agent Provocateur (band)
The result was no consensus. North America1000 00:38, 31 July 2016 (UTC)
Agent Provocateur (band)
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
I'm unsure that this band meet our criteria at WP:NMUSIC. The only single with a chart listing missed the Top 40, so that wouldn't count, and their album doesn't appear to have done much either. Unusually, all of their members have articles (one or two, like John Gosling (Psychic TV musician) and Danny Saber, could be borderline notability themselves) but I'm not sure that the band itself qualifies. Certainly we need more sources. As nominator I'm happy to be swung to a keep if it can be demonstrated which criteria they meet. KaisaL (talk) 14:19, 3 July 2016 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. Uanfala (talk) 22:29, 7 July 2016 (UTC)
* Comment: I agree, the band members are mostly more notable themselves than this "supergroup" – Gosling has had a couple of UK chart hits under his alias Mekon (bizarrely, neither of them are mentioned in his article), and Saber was a key member of a band who had a UK no. 1 album (It's Great When You're Straight... Yeah)... I know that this in itself doesn't make him worthy of an article, but his extensive work with other musicians should produce enough material for a decent article for him. But I don't think Agent Provocateur will have enough articles, even in 1990s print magazines, to be able to construct a good article about the band itself. Richard3120 (talk) 23:23, 7 July 2016 (UTC)
* Keep. As well as the several notable members, they had a hit single, had one of their tracks included in the soundtrack of a Steven Soderbergh film, and received enough coverage to have a well-enough sourced article:, , , , , , . I see no reason to delete. --Michig (talk) 11:26, 9 July 2016 (UTC)
* Just to pick up on one point here, what is the hit single you speak of? In the UK a hit single would be in the top 40 and the only one on the article reached number 49, which excludes it from being used to meet that criteria of the guidelines. Quite a number of the links you've provided focus on Matthew Ashman (e.g. his obituary) and happen to mention the band; I don't think his notability is under dispute but there's certainly a case that this particularly band, in themselves, were not. I don't feel particularly strongly on the issue so I don't really intend to debate it too thoroughly, but an observation. KaisaL (talk) 19:04, 9 July 2016 (UTC)
* There is no one definition of 'hit single'. Radio and TV focused on the top 40, while the chart that was published and sent to record shops was all about the top 75. Either way, a placing at no. 49 is a significant achievement. --Michig (talk) 05:54, 11 July 2016 (UTC)
* The chart technically goes down to 200, but I've never considered beyond 40 to count in the United Kingdom. I really don't think "hit" can be attached to something that in the 1990s was confined to an industry list, certainly bands were always spoken of as having their first hit when they hit the top 40. I acknowledge it's close enough to show some leeway. KaisaL (talk) 21:43, 12 July 2016 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 05:06, 11 July 2016 (UTC) Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Weak keep. As per chart entry. Much of the material around this band appears to do with Ashman's death, the article should expand on that. Karst (talk) 08:35, 11 July 2016 (UTC)
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Sam Sailor Talk! 03:30, 18 July 2016 (UTC)
* Delete as I've been watching and waiting to comment especially now that no one else has; frankly, the article is still overall thin in that there's still not a lot actually convincing. With this, and nothing else being close to substantially better, delete is best. SwisterTwister talk 04:46, 18 July 2016 (UTC)
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WIKI
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In this HackerRank Merge the tools problem solution in python we need to develop a python program that can take a string and an integer as an input separated with each line and then we need to print all the subsequence on the output screen.
HackerRank Merge the Tools! solution in python
Problem solution in Python 2 programming.
# Enter your code here. Read input from STDIN. Print output to STDOUT
s = raw_input().strip()
k = int(raw_input())
i = 0
while i < len(s):
a = s[i:i+k]
output = ""
for x in a:
if x not in output:
output += x
print output
i += k
Problem solution in Python 3 programming.
def merge_the_tools(string, k):
for part in zip(*[iter(string)] * k):
d = dict()
print(''.join([ d.setdefault(c, c) for c in part if c not in d ]))
Problem solution in pypy programming.
def merge_the_tools(string, k):
# your code goes here
for x in xrange(0,len(string),k):
u_list=list(set(string[x:x+k]))
print ''.join(u_list)
Problem solution in pypy3 programming.
# Enter your code here. Read input from STDIN. Print output to STDOUT
s=input()
k=int(input())
ln=len(s)
for i in range(0,ln,k):
ss=s[i:i+k]
sss=[]
for x in ss:
if x not in sss:
sss.append(x)
print (''.join(sss))
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Swedish center-right gets first try at forming government, faces uphill task
STOCKHOLM (Reuters) - Sweden’s parliamentary speaker on Tuesday gave a center-right bloc of parties two weeks to form a government, granting its leader a broad mandate that he may struggle to fulfill following inconclusive national elections. The opposition four-party Alliance won 143 seats in the 349-seat legislative chamber in the Sept. 9 ballot, one fewer than the center-left bloc headed by the Social Democrats. Both blocs face a daunting task to form a government, having ruled out cooperating with the anti-immigration Sweden Democrats, which hold the balance of power with 62 seats, and also considered unlikely to team up with each other. “The parties have to rethink their positions in order for a government to be formed,” Speaker Andreas Norlen said. “I am the speaker, not a magician.” Norlen said Alliance leader Ulf Kristersson, whose Moderates are the biggest party in the bloc, had on balance a stronger case to be given the mandate than caretaker Prime Minister and Social Democrat leader Stefan Lofven. Kristersson did not rule out cooperating with Lofven. “I will talk to the Alliance and the Social Democrats. That is where my focus will be. I will do all I can to build an Alliance government,” Kristersson told reporters. Lofven said it was logical for Kristersson to get the first shot at forming a government, but repeated that he would not back the Alliance in government. Kristersson had two weeks to report on whether he had been successful and was not limited to forming a government with just his Alliance allies, Norlen earlier told reporters after meeting all party leaders during the day. In Sweden, a prime minister can assume office as long as a majority in parliament does not vote against him or her. The Sweden Democrats have said they will vote against any government that does not give them influence over policy while Lofven has ruled out supporting an Alliance government. Should Kristersson fail to form a government, the speaker will almost certainly ask Lofven to try. The Social Democrats, who have dominated Swedish politics for the last 100 years, hope to prise the Centre and the Liberal parties out of the Alliance and get their support. (Swedish election scenarios graphic: tmsnrt.rs/2p45tJh) Additional reporting by Daniel Dickson; editing by Niklas Pollard and John Stonestreet
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Menceyato of Güímar
Güímar was one of nine menceyatos guanches (native kingdom) that was divided island of Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) at the time of the arrival of the Castilian conquerors. Occupied an area significantly greater than the actual municipality of Güímar, including part of Santa Cruz de Tenerife and San Cristóbal de La Laguna, El Rosario, Candelaria, Arafo and Fasnia, himself and perhaps a small part of the town of Arico.
In Güímar saw the appearance of the image of the Virgin of Candelaria (patroness of the Canary Islands). Hence, this city played an important role in the evangelization of the whole archipelago. Around 1450 a hermitage formed by three friars led by Alfonso de Bolaños, considered the «Apostle of Tenerife», was founded in the area of the modern city of Candelaria. These religious lived among the Guanches, speaking their language and baptizing many of them. This mission would last until near the beginning of the conquest.
It is believed that the first Mencey of Güímar could have been Acaymo, later succeeded by his son Añaterve. The latter who would reign in time of the conquest of Tenerife by Alonso Fernandez de Lugo.
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Marvel firsts: 'Eternals' showcases deaf and South Asian superheroes, a gay kiss
By Rollo Ross
LOS ANGELES, Nov 2 (Reuters) - The new action movie "Eternals" features several milestones for Walt Disney Co's DIS.N blockbuster Marvel universe, from its first deaf and South Asian superheroes to the first gay kiss.
The film arrives in U.S. theaters on Friday after delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and stars actors from around the globe, including Mexico, the United States, Britain, Ireland, South Korea, Lebanon, and India.
Angelina Jolie, who plays a warrior named Thena, said she hopes the diversity "starts to normalize what should have been there in the first place."
"I hope people watch these films in years to come and we don't even think about it as being diverse, it just becomes what's normal and what's right," Jolie told Reuters at the movie's red-carpet premiere in Hollywood.
"Eternals" tells the story of 10 immortal aliens, never before seen on the big screen, who have been separated for millennia but reunite to fight monstrous creatures known as Deviants.
The filmmakers and cast said it made sense for the Eternals to represent many walks of life.
"These characters have been here since the dawn of civilization so of course they should represent the breadth and beauty of humanity ... It feels very natural," said British-Asian actress Gemma Chan, who plays the central role of Sersi, an Eternal who works at a museum in London.
Among other cast members are Pakistani-American actor Kumail Nanjiani portraying Kingo, the first South Asian hero in a Marvel film, and Mexican-born Salma Hayek who stars as Ajak, the Eternals' leader.
When Brian Tyree Henry who plays Phastos, a master inventor who is gay, kisses his partner as they fear the world might end, audience members at the Hollywood premiere cheered and clapped.
"It's truly emotional and you can feel it," said Chinese-born director Chloe Zhao, who won an Oscar this year for "Nomadland." "It's not just a physical kiss. These two people have intense feelings for each other and they're not afraid to show it."
Lauren Ridloff who plays Makkari, the first deaf superhero in a Marvel movie, said she believes filmgoers have grown more accustomed to a diversity of characters on screen.
"We went through the Black Lives Matter movement. We started having conversations about what true representation means, what inclusivity means," she said in American Sign Language. "The timing is perfect."
(Reporting by Lisa Richwine; Editing by Karishma Singh)
((lisa.richwine@thomsonreuters.com; Follow me on Twitter @LARichwine; 1-424-434-7324; Reuters Messaging: lisa.richwine.thomsonreuters.com@reuters.net))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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Page:History of England (Froude) Vol 10.djvu/445
I577-] THE SPANISH TREA TY. 425 fluence upon her. To break a promise was never a serious difficulty with her. The subsidy which she had told Havre that she would send,, 'remained in the treasury. The ten thousand men were left at home to plough and to dig. Instead of men and money she sent a threatening letter to Don John, and she consoled the States with saying that Don John would be reason- able when he saw ' that she was determined to take part against him/ 1 But, in fact, she had determined to take no part against him. Her brave purposes had evaporated in words. 'So it is/ said Walsmgham's secretary, 'that such as incline more to the faction of Spain, than to her Majesty's safety and quiet estate of her crown and realm, have persuaded her that she can- not deal in honour to the furtherance of the States, either with men or money, till she have a resolute an- swer from the King or Don John, notwithstanding the promise that she hath made to the Marquis; which hath wrought such a coldness in her Majesty to hearken to their demands that hardly can she be moved from that Spanish persuasion/ 2 Don John's English friends kept him well I57 g informed of the workings of the Queen's hu- Janual 7- mour; and he saw that he had nothing to fear. His Spaniards came flocking back over the frontiers, and while Orange was away in Holland, and the Duke of Arschot and the Walloon Catholics were busy with their 1 Instructions to Mr Leighton sent to the States and Don John, December 21, 1577 : MSS. Flanders. 2 Laurence Tomson to Davison, February 2, 1578.
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Charles Mawer
Charles Mawer (1839–1903) (fl. 1860–1881) was an architectural sculptor, based in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. He was the son of sculptors Robert and Catherine Mawer and the cousin of William Ingle. He was apprenticed to his father, and worked within the partnership Mawer and Ingle alongside his cousin William and his own mother between 1860 and 1871, and then ran the stone yard himself until he formed a partnership with his fellow-apprentice Benjamin Payler in 1881. Following that date, his whereabouts and death are unknown. His last major work for Mawer and Ingle was Trent Bridge, where he carved alone, following the death of William Ingle. He is noted for his work on the rebuilding of the mediaeval Church of St Michael and All Angels, Barton-le-Street, completed in 1871, where he repaired and recreated damaged and missing Romanesque carvings, and for his carving on William Swinden Barber's 1875 Church of St Matthew, Lightcliffe. Charles' last known work ornaments another Barber church: the 1880 Church of St Thomas the Apostle, Killinghall. Charles was a member of the Mawer Group of Leeds architectural sculptors, which included those mentioned above, plus Matthew Taylor.
Background
Charles Mawer, son of Robert Mawer and Catherine Scriven, was born in Leeds around 1839. According to the 1841 census, by age two years he was living in New Huddersfield, Leeds, with his parents and his maternal grandmother Elizabeth Scriven. In the 1851 Census, Charles is described as a scholar of twelve years old and living with his parents at 6 Oxford Place, Leeds. No evidence has been found that he married. His name does not appear in the Leeds Electoral Roll from 1882.
Charles died of apoplexy on 8 December 1903 in the infirmary of the Union Workhouse, Skipton. He had lately been a monumental mason at Barnoldswick, and his age was incorrectly given as 70 years. His age was around 64 years.
Career
By 1861 he was a stone carver aged 22, living with his widowed mother at 7 Oxford Place, Leeds. By 1871 they had moved to 9a Oxford Place and Charles was describing himself as a stone carver and mason. He was a partner in Catherine Mawer & Son, and was active as a sculptor between at least 1861 and 1882. Charles was also a landlord in 1877-1881, renting out offices in the Britannia Buildings in Oxford Place, Leeds. By 1882,Benjamin Payler had joined him at 50a George's Street (now Great George Street), and they are described as sculptors in Leeds Directory (Post Office) in that year. In the 1881 census he is 44 years old and still unmarried, described as a sculptor employing nine men and one boy. He is living alone at house no.17 in Aldborough, North Yorkshire, now part of Boroughbridge, two doors away from the Aldeburgh Arms (now Penrose House). He remained there until at least 1884.
Works for Mawer and Ingle
The company Mawer & Ingle was started in 1860 when Charles came of age at 21 years and completed his apprenticeship. William Ingle died in 1870 when Catherine was aged 67 years; thereafter Charles Mawer was probably carving alone when the work involved travelling, after 1870.
* Former Barnsley Cemetery chapels, lodges and gateway, 1860–1861
* Warehouses, Bradford, 1862
* Church of St Mary, Aldborough, North Yorkshire, Boroughbridge, 1861
* Former St Bartholomew's, Armley, Leeds, 1861
* Church of St Ricarius, Aberford, 1862
* Former St Matthews, Chapel Allerton, 1861-1863
* Reredos at Christ Church, High Harrogate, 1861–1862
* Albert Memorial, Queensbury, 1863
* Church of St Peter, Bramley, 1861-1863
* Hepper & Sons auctioneers sales rooms and offices, East Parade, Leeds 1863
* Warehouses, 30 Park Place, Leeds, 1865
* Endcliffe Hall, Sheffield, 1863–1865
* Former St John the Evangelist, Wortley, Leeds, 1864–1865
* Former Holy Trinity, Louth 1866
* Memorial tablet at Holy Trinity, Low Moor, Bradford, 1866
* Wool Exchange, Bradford, 1864-1867
* Statues of Sweep and Shoeblack, originally in Peel Park, Bradford, 1867
* Former Church of St Peter, Dewsbury Road, Hunslet Moor, 1866-1868
* Commercial Bank, Bradford, 1867-1868
* Former Church of St Clement, Chapeltown Road, Leeds, 1867–1868
* St John the Evangelist, Lepton, 1866–1868
* Former Unitarian Chapel, Chapel Lane, Bradford, 1869
* Scottish Widows insurance building, Park Row, Leeds, 1869
* United Free Methodists day and infant schools, Farsley, 1869
* Christ Church, Windhill, Shipley, 1868–1869
* Former Church of St Silas, Hunslet, 1868–1869
* Church of St John the Evangelist, Dewsbury, 1869
* Former Church of All Saints, Woodlesford, 1869-1870
* Trent Bridge, 1868-1871
* Former Congregational Church, Lightcliffe, 1870-1871
St Michael and All Angels, Barton-le-Street, 1869-1871
St Michael & All Angels' church, Barton-le-Street, Ryedale, North Yorkshire, first constructed in the 1160s, is a Grade I listed building. Its mediaeval carvings "suggest that masons and stone-carvers who had worked on the cathedrals at York or Durham may have been employed here. Their work shows influence from Western France and Lombardy in the great Norman tradition of stone-carving." It was rebuilt with "stone from the Whitby and Appleton quarries" The "Victorian decorative detail and sculpture [is] generally in Birdsall sandstone; medieval sculptural decoration [is] in Hildenley limestone." It was constructed between 1869 and 1871 in collaboration with architect William Perkin (1808-1874), and reopened quietly on Sunday 18 June 1871.
The building incorporates almost 300 pieces of 12th century sculpture. "Care was taken to reuse and preserve as much of the original sculptural decoration as possible, generally with original sculpture reused internally with new sculpture employed externally." There are fifteen carved panels around the doorjambs of the south porch; five of these are mediaeval; the rest are "high quality Victorian reproductions" by Mawer. Regarding the inner porch doorway: seven of the doorjamb stones are mediaeval, and five are by Mawer. The chancel arch, in imitation of an original voussoir found in a wall, is by Mawer. Of the eight capitals supporting the arch, six are original and two are "high quality" works by Mawer. Charles "executed fine neo-Romanesque carving" to replace or repair stones in the restoration of this building. "The font at the west end is of Caen stone, on alabaster shafts and capitals. It is the work of Mr C. Mawer, of Leeds," and carved "in a rather elaborate Norman style."
Inside the church: "with some elements, such as the continuous running scroll frieze forming a high dado, it is difficult to separate the original C12 work from Victorian repair." "It is worth comparing the originals with the elaborate and finely-carved modern corbels on the outside of the church which also have all the whimsy and some of the subject matter of Norman corbels." St Michael's was primarily listed for its 12th century carvings, but with respect to the Victorian craftsmanship: "particularly for the high quality C12 style stone sculpture by Charles Mawer."
Former Archibald Ramsden premises, 12 Park Row, 1872
The former Archibald Ramsden premises at 12 Park Row, Leeds, was designed by George Corson for the music publisher, and opened for business on Tuesday 26 March 1872. Ramsden's was on the east side of Park Row, next to the former Royal Insurance offices which was on its south side, and backing on to Basinghall Street. It stood just north of the site of the present modern Natwest bank, which is on the corner of Park Row and Bond Street. In 1872, the Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer refers to the carving on the frontage: "The ground floor 'is flanked on each side by a stone pier, formed into three shafts, with moulded bases and carved caps. The piers are carried on above these, corbelling out to form the ends of balcony. Each of these has the figure of an angel projecting boldly from the pier, one holding a harp, and the other an organ ... the first floor has a range of six windows coupled, with polished granite pillar dividing them, and deeply moulded circular arches and carved hood moulds. The pillars and jambs have moulded bases and carved caps ... [On the second floor] the centre window has a stone balcony, projecting on corbels, and with pierced panels and carved dados ... The carving throughout has been done by Mr. Mawer, of Great George Street. (Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer 10 March 1872)"
Edward Archibald Ramsden's Park Row shop was passed to his son Archibald, and the firm continued into the 1950s. The building was demolished before 1960.
Former Kirkgate Market, Bradford, 1872
Kirkgate Market Bradford was designed by Lockwood and Mawson for Bradford Corporation, and formally opened on Thursday 31 October 1872. It was demolished in 1973. In 1872 the Leeds Mercury reported: "It may be stated that Messrs. Mawer, of Leeds, are intrusted with the execution of the carved heads, Corinthian capitals and other work of this character at the New Market pile, and are doing their work in first-class style." The whole 180 foot frontage on Kirkgate contained carved decoration, to a height of 50 feet. The contracts for carving were given to "Mr. Keyworth, of London," for the spandrels over the main door representing Flora and Pomona, and to "Mr. Mawer, of Leeds" for the rest of the carving. In 1872, the Leeds Times reported: "'A tympanum in the gable [above the Flora and Pomona] bears the date of the building, 1871, with figures and ornamental foliage, and above that the Bradford arms and motto, Labor omni wincit ... The market stands in the rear of a fine classic facade, fronting Kirkgate ... the windows throughout are circular headed, with handsomely carved key-stones, together with clusters of columns with carved capitals.' (Leeds Times 19 October 1872)"
As of 2017, Bradford City Council retains possession of the carved stones from this building. In 2014 a number of the original carvings by Mawer and Keyworth were rediscovered in a compound in Bradford, and six of them were placed on display in front of Merchant's House, Peckover Street. The pieces include an "ornate apple tree" by William Day Keyworth junior. The rest, by Mawer, are a cherub, two voussoirs from the main entrance arch, a capital, and a garland.
Former St Bartholomew, Ripleyville, Bradford, 1871–1872
St Bartholomew's, in Hall Lane, Ripleyville, Bradford, West Yorkshire, was designed by TH and F Healey of Bradford. The foundation stone was laid on 10 April 1871, and the church was consecrated on 10 December 1872, when the spire was still unfinished. It was not completed until 1874. Henry William Ripley, who created Ripleyville, contributed the site. The church was demolished around 1965, and the present location of the pulpit and font is unknown. The building was designed in the "Gothic style of architecture." In 1872 the Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer reported: "The upper part of the pulpit and the font are of Caen stone, designed by Mr. Mawer of Leeds." The Leeds Times reported that the pulpit was of "neat design."
Former Church of St Mary the Virgin, Luddendenfoot, 1873
The former Church of St Mary, Luddendenfoot, was designed by architects Parr & Strong of Cannon St, London, and consecrated on Saturday 3 May 1873. The building was demolished in 1970s; there are now houses on the site. (The current St Mary the Virgin Luddenden does not appear to have any items from the previous church. ) "'The font is in Caen stone, and has a single shaft with carved capital and an octagonal bowl. This font is supplied with water from a spring in the steep bank that rises a few yards from the west end, and can be turned on any time. The pulpit is richly treated. It stands on a base of marble and is in Caen stone - six sides of the octagon being shown, and being richly diapered. In the centre is the crowned head of St Mary within a circle. The arcading is in dwarf shafts of black marble. Messrs Mawer of Leeds have worked the Caen stone.'"
The same newspaper adds that: "The corbel on either side [of the chancel arch] is the figure of an angel with an open book. The inner side of the arch rests on shafts of red sandstone, with richly carved capitals." Four of the faces of the octagonal stage of the tower were "finished in dressed stone with moulded shafts and carved capitals at the angles." No attribution is given for this stone carving work, which could possibly have been carried out by Charles Mawer.
Chesterfield Parish Church of St Mary and All Saints, Derbyshire, 1874
This is a 14th-century Grade I listed building. In 1874 the south transept was restored in order to fit a memorial window dedicated to Edward Walker. During the restoration, a Georgian addition was removed, exposing an Early English doorway, described by the Derbyshire Courier thus: "'(The doorway was) ... so mutilated as to render the design almost beyond recognition ... Particular care has been taken to retain any original portion that happened to be sound and intact ... these portions were but few ... The doorway ... being composed of a richly-moulded arch upon two columns of Mansfield red stone; on either side and between the columns there is a filling of dog-tooth ornament similar to that upon the Early English portions of the interior of the church. The door is simply an old friend with a new face, being the old door recased, and upon which are a set of artistically-worked plate bands ... the carving by Mr. Mawer of Leeds; from the designs and under the superintendence of Mr. S. Rollinson, architect, of this town. (Derbyshire Courier, 15 August 1874)"
Church of St Matthew, Lightcliffe, 1874–1875
St Matthew, Lightcliffe, Halifax, West Yorkshire is a Grade II listed building. Between 1874 and 1875, in collaboration with architect William Swinden Barber, Charles produced the capitals and other carvings, but not the pulpit and reredos. The Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer reported in 1875: "[Indoors] 'the braces to the chancel roof are supported on winged angels holding shields, which are charged with the emblems of the Passion ... [Outside on the tower], facing the high road, is the principal entrance door, with the well-known four-leaved flowers carved in the hollow of the jambs and arch, the hood mould is finished with the heads of king and bishop; over the doorway is a canopied niche in which is placed the figure of St. Matthew ... Mr. Charles Mawer has executed the carving in a most creditable manner.' (Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer 22 September 1875)"
Pearson Brothers shop in New Briggate, Leeds, 1875
No image of this building has been found, but there is a description in the Leeds Mercury, 1875: "'The building in the occupation of Messrs Pearson Brothers, by Mr George Corson ... The front of this building is in freestone and in four stages. The shop door and window is enclosed between massive piers with foliated caps, which carry a deeply moulded stilted round segmental arch, the inner member of which is semicircular. Over this is a triple semicircular-headed arcade containing sunk trefoil window heads borne by shafts with foliated caps, which rise from a projecting sill course. The second floor is lighted by three mullioned and transomed windows, with carved segmental heads. Beneath the gable is a triplet of square-headed lights with shafts and moulded caps, surmounted by an obtusely-pointed label mould, enclosing a circular light in the tympanum and sunk enrichment. The front is banded across by projecting courses at the sill and floor levels, and terminates in a steeply-pitched gable. Mr Smith executed the masonry, and Mr Charles Mawer, of Leeds, the carved details ... All the above-named buildings are of stone from the neighbourhood."
Church of St Thomas the Apostle, Killinghall, 1879-1880
St Thomas Killinghall is an unlisted building, designed by William Swinden Barber. The foundation stone was laid on Saturday 26 May 1879, and the church was consecrated on Thursday 29 July 1880. Its architectural sculpture, pulpit and font are the last known works of Charles Mawer.
"'The font and the pulpit are of Caen stone, the former is the gift of Lady Ingilby, and is placed near the western entrance. Both of these necessary adjuncts to the Church service have been executed by Mr. Charles Mawer, of Leeds, and the few bosses and band of foliage introduced in the design are carried with great spirit and a faithful following after old examples.' (Pateley Bridge & Nidderdale Herald 31 July 1880)"
Bradford Old Bank Company, Harrogate, 1885
This former Bradford Old Bank Company building probably no longer exists. It was originally occupied by a bank, and the address was at the junction of James Street and Princes street in Harrogate, North Yorkshire. It was designed by architects H.E. and A Bown of Harrogate. In 1885 the Knaresborough Post described the building as follows: "The front, which is executed in cleansed fine grit sandstone of a uniform light yellow tint, from Messrs. King & Co.'s Moorhouse Quarries at Pateley Bridge, is in the Italian Renaissance or Free Classic, the lower order being Roman Ionic, and the upper one which runs through two stories Roman composite, the bank part is emphasized by composite fluted and reeded pilasters, a central tower finished with ornamental ironwork, and attic pediment, with boldly carved tympanum ... carvers, Messrs. Mawer and Paylor, Leeds."
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Template:Did you know nominations/SeaCity Museum
SeaCity Museum
* ... that Southampton City Council proposed selling off artworks by Munnings and Rodin to fund the creation of SeaCity Museum?
* Comment: Other hooks are possible. One could look at the RMS Titanic connection, or the museum's design as part of the Grade II* listed Civic Centre.
Created/expanded by Hahnchen (talk). Self nom at 14:09, 22 August 2012 (UTC)
* I do think that the DYK would be more an overall account of the article if Titanic was mentioned. The article seems fine, otherwise. — M.Mario (T/C) 10:25, 24 August 2012 (UTC)
* Please specify what's OK, and what needs to be fixed to get this nomination approved (article length, date of creating/expansion, date of nomination, within policy (neutral, have inline citation and is free of copyvio), if the hook-fact is backed up by a source, and if QPQ needs to be done). Mentoz86 (talk) 12:06, 24 August 2012 (UTC)
* Pictogram voting keep.svg QPQ does not need to be done - the article is at the correct length. It has been expanded in the last seven days, and is the seems neutral. It sites sources throughout the article. So yes, as I said - it seems fine. But, a more interesting hook, actually no, a hook which represent the article more would be prefered. — M.Mario (T/C) 12:20, 24 August 2012 (UTC)
* Thanks for the review. I thought the funding angle was the most interesting fact about the museum, I also thought that links to Alfred Munnings and Auguste Rodin would be more original than the RMS Titanic (which we've seen a lot of this year). I don't believe that hooks should be an "overall account" of the article, but merely to draw people in - here I suggest that the hook be shortened in order to give less away. I will admit though, that people are still mad about the Titanic, so you are free to suggest alternative hooks. - hahnch e n 12:48, 24 August 2012 (UTC)
* Thanks for the review. I thought the funding angle was the most interesting fact about the museum, I also thought that links to Alfred Munnings and Auguste Rodin would be more original than the RMS Titanic (which we've seen a lot of this year). I don't believe that hooks should be an "overall account" of the article, but merely to draw people in - here I suggest that the hook be shortened in order to give less away. I will admit though, that people are still mad about the Titanic, so you are free to suggest alternative hooks. - hahnch e n 12:48, 24 August 2012 (UTC)
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iPhone with a Black screen!
Introduction: Dealing with a black screen on your iPhone can be frustrating and worrisome. However, there’s no need to panic just yet! In this post, we’ll explore common reasons behind the black screen problem and provide practical solutions to help you fix it. So, let’s dive right in and get your iPhone back to its fully functional state!
1. Restart Your iPhone: Often, a simple restart can resolve minor software glitches causing the black screen issue. Press and hold the power button until the slider appears. Slide it to power off your device, and then press the power button again to turn it back on.
2. Charge Your iPhone: A depleted battery can sometimes cause the screen to go black. Connect your iPhone to a charger and let it charge for at least 15 minutes. If the battery was the culprit, you should see the charging indicator or the Apple logo on the screen.
3. Force Restart Your iPhone: If a regular restart doesn’t work, a force restart might do the trick. The process varies depending on your iPhone model. For example, on iPhone X or later, press and quickly release the volume up button, then press and quickly release the volume down button. Finally, press and hold the side button until you see the Apple logo.
4. Check for Software Updates: Software bugs can cause various issues, including a black screen. Ensure your iPhone is running the latest iOS version by going to Settings > General > Software Update. If an update is available, download and install it.
5. Restore iPhone using iTunes: If none of the above methods work, you may need to restore your iPhone using iTunes. Connect your iPhone to a computer, open iTunes, and follow the instructions to restore your device to factory settings. Be sure to back up your data before proceeding, as this process erases all content and settings.
Conclusion: Encountering a black screen on your iPhone can be disconcerting, but with the troubleshooting steps mentioned above, you have a good chance of resolving the issue. Start with simple solutions like restarting and charging your device, and gradually move towards more advanced methods like force restarting and restoring through iTunes. If the problem persists, We can help
Call for Mac Hardware , OSX , iPhone Repair or Training. Blackheath Mac repairs
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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 11, 1900.djvu/422
402 Reviews.
Horns of Honour, and other Studies in the By-ways of Archeology. By F. T. Elworthy. Murray. los. 6d. Illustrated.
The author of this book, like so many others, tries to prove too much. Not content with collecting examples of the use of horns as helmet-crests, as emblems, and so forth, he tries to associate them with the crescent moon. Not content with that, he tries to prove that other crests, not in the least like horns, are also derived from the moon. The lucky horseshoe is the crescent moon ; votive plaques (round, in fact) of terra-cotta, bearing the head of Hera, are the crescent moon ; the cross-branches at the top of an Etruscan hut are also horns of honour, and therefore the crescent moon : it is hard to discover what is not the crescent moon. Mr. Elworthy disregards the many streams which converge in a given form ; the magical power of iron in the horseshoe, for example, is more important than the shape; and goats, bulls, and stags wear horns as well as the crescent moon. It is always a mistake, but it seems to be almost an inevitable mistake, to explain every- thing on one principle. Mr. Elworthy's interpretations are not convincing.
When this is said, and when we have added that there is little method in the book, we have done with criticism. There is a great deal here which is interesting, much also which is new. Mr. Elworthy has drawn and published for the first time a remarkable series of magical hands, most of which are to be found in the Italian museums. These objects, from an artistic point of view hideous and loathsome, show a whole swarm of symbolic things upon them : a man in Phrygian dress, fruit, snake, lizard, dagger, scales, vase, Mercury's staff, bells, skulls, a woman in childbed, heaven knows what not. Here artificial interpretations are in place ; the hands are the product of a debased and self-conscious stage, not ancient and simple. A series of terra-cotta votive discs, from Tarentum, is also described. All this is new ; and so are a great many of the notes and observations scattered about in the volume. Not only descriptions of objects are given, but notes of customs connected with horns or hands, some from the author's own knowledge. This part of the book may be regarded as a supplement to Mr. Elworthy's Evil Eye. As a collection of material, this book is valuable ; but the reader must know how to use it.
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Page:The Cottagers of Glenburnie - Hamilton (1808).djvu/160
they were made of. On the shelf that projected immediately next the dresser, was a number of delf and wooden bowls, of different dimensions, with horn spoons, &c. These, though arranged with apparent care, did not entirely conceal from view, the dirty nightcaps, and other articles, that were stuffed in behind.
Opposite the fire-place were two beds, each inclosed in a sort of wooden closet, so firmly built as to exclude the entrance of a breath of air, except in front, where were small folding doors, which were now open, and exhibited a quantity of yarn hung up in bunches—affording proof of the goodwife's industry. The portable furniture, as chairs, tables, &c. were all, though clumsy, of good materials; so that Mrs Mason thought the place wanted nothing but a little attention to neatness, and some more light, to render it tolerably comfortable.
Miss Mary Stewart took upon herself the trouble of making tea, and began the
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Page:Martin Chuzzlewit.djvu/377
Rh "Touch me! Let me be sure of this. Touch me!"
"You 'll take your next draught when I 've made the kettle bile," retorted Mrs. Gamp, composedly, "and you 'll be touched then. You 'll be touched up, too, if you don't take it quiet."
"Five hundred and twenty-eight, five hundred and twenty-nine, five hundred and thirty.—Look here!"
"What's the matter now?" said Mrs. Gamp.
"They 're coming four abreast, each man with his arm entwined in the next man's, and his hand upon his shoulder. What's that upon the arm of every man, and on the flag?"
"Spiders, p'raps," said Mrs. Gamp.
"Crape! Black crape! Good God! why do they wear it outside!"
"Would you have 'em carry black crape in their insides?" Mrs. Gamp retorted. "Hold your noise, hold your noise."
The fire beginning by this time to impart a grateful warmth, Mrs. Gamp became silent; gradually rubbed her nose more and more slowly along the top of the fender; and fell into a heavy doze. She was awakened by the room ringing (as she fancied) with a name she knew:
"Chuzzlewit!"
The sound was so distinct and real, and so full of agonised entreaty, that Mrs. Gamp jumped up in terror, and ran to the door. She expected to find the passage filled with people, come to tell her that the house in the city had taken fire. But the place was empty: not a soul was there. She opened the window, and looked out. Dark, dull, dingy, and desolate house-tops. As she passed to her seat again, she glanced at the patient. Just the same; but silent. Mrs. Gamp was so warm now, that she threw off the watchman's coat, and fanned herself.
"It seemed to make the wery bottles ring," she said. "What could I have been a-dreaming of? That dratted Chuffey, I 'll be bound."
The supposition was probable enough. At any rate, a pinch of snuff, and the song of the steaming kettle, quite restored the tone of Mrs. Gamp's nerves, which were none of the weakest. She brewed her tea; made some buttered toast; and sat down at the tea-board, with her face to the fire.
When once again, in a tone more terrible than that which had vibrated in her slumbering ear, these words were shrieked out:
"Chuzzlewit! Jonas! No!"
Mrs. Gamp dropped the cup she was in the act of raising to her lips, and turned round with a start that made the little teaboard leap. The cry had come from the bed.
It was bright morning the next time Mrs. Gamp looked out of window, and the sun was rising cheerfully. Lighter and lighter grew the sky, and noisier the streets; and high into the summer air uprose the smoke of newly kindled fires, until the busy day was broad awake.
Mrs. Prig relieved punctually, having passed a good night at her other patient's. Mr. Westlock came at the same time, but he was not admitted, the disorder being infectious. The doctor came too. The doctor shook his head. It was all he could do, under the circumstances, and he did it well.
"What sort of a night, nurse!"
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Use And Maintenance Of Screw Feeder
- Jul 31, 2018-
A, feeder, such as used for ingredients, quantitative feeding, to ensure the uniform stability of feed, prevent the complete materials should be installed, such as general continuous feeding material, can install downdip 10 °. For larger viscous material and water content of the material can be installed downdip 15 °.
B. After installation, the feeder shall have a swimming clearance of 20mm, and the horizontal shall be horizontal. The suspension device shall be flexibly connected.
C. Before the air test, all the bolts shall be strengthened once, especially the vibration electromagnetic anchor bolts, which shall be tightened once again after continuous operation for 3-5 hours.
D. The two vibration motors must rotate in the direction of.
E. During feeding, the stability of amplitude, current and noise should be checked frequently during operation, and any abnormality should be stopped in time.
F. The electromagnetic bearing shall be lubricated every 2 months, and in high temperature season, it shall be lubricated every month.
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⚡️ Cyber Sale - $250 OFF + extra retainers ⚡️
A Deep Dive into "What is Root Planing?"
Have you ever found yourself asking: "What on earth is root planing?" Well, don't bite your nails over it. We've got you covered, mate! From the ins and outs to the nitty-gritty, this article aims to polish up your knowledge. (See what I did there?)
Introduction
We all know the drill – literally. A trip to the dentist isn't always a walk in the park. But sometimes, it's what's below the surface that requires our utmost attention. Enter: root planing. But before we dig deep, let's get the ball rolling with a general overview.
What is Root Planing?
Root planing, in layman's terms, is a dental procedure that aims to clean the roots of your teeth. Sounds simple enough, right? But oh boy, there's a lot more to it than meets the eye.
Why is it Necessary?
Ever heard the phrase "the root of all problems"? Well, in dental terms, the health of your teeth's roots can be just that. Over time, nasty bacteria, plaque, and tartar can build up beneath the gumline, leading to gum disease. If left unchecked, this can cause a whole host of problems, including tooth loss. Yikes!
How's it Done?
The process, my dear Watson, is elementary. A dentist or dental hygienist will use special tools to gently clean the roots of your teeth. This often goes hand in hand with scaling, another procedure that removes plaque and tartar from the surface of your teeth.
Benefits of Root Planing
1. Disease Prevention
This is a biggie. Root planing can significantly reduce the risk of developing gum diseases like gingivitis and periodontitis.
2. Breath of Fresh Air
Bad breath, be gone! Cleaning those roots can also help tackle halitosis. Talk about a breath of fresh air!
3. Protects Teeth
Healthy roots lead to healthy teeth. By cleaning them, you're taking a step to protect your pearly whites from potential damage.
Are there Risks?
As with any medical procedure, there can be risks. But, don't pull your hair out over it! Most side effects are mild, like slight gum irritation or sensitivity. Always talk to your dentist about any concerns. They're there to help!
FAQs About Root Planing
1. Is root planing painful?
• Not typically. Local anesthesia is often used to ensure you're comfortable.
2. How often should I have root planing done?
• It really depends on your individual needs. Your dentist will be able to guide you on this.
3. Can I eat after the procedure?
• Hold your horses! It's best to wait until the anesthesia wears off. Then, opt for soft foods for a day or so.
4. Is there a difference between scaling and root planing?
• You bet! While they're often done together, scaling focuses on the tooth surface, while root planing goes deeper to clean the roots.
5. How long does the procedure take?
• It can vary, but typically it's done in one to two visits.
6. What's the recovery like?
• Most folks bounce back quickly. You might experience some sensitivity, but this should pass within a few days.
Aftercare Tips
Once you've had root planing done, it's not time to rest on your laurels. Proper aftercare is crucial. Here's what you need to know:
1. Brush Gently: For the first few days, be gentle on your gums.
2. Rinse with Saltwater: This can help soothe any irritation.
3. Avoid Crunchy Foods: Give your gums a break and opt for softer options.
Conclusion
So there you have it! Root planing demystified. Whether it's getting to the root of the problem or ensuring you're all smiles, this procedure can be a game-changer. But, as with all things dental, prevention is key. Regular check-ups, brushing, and flossing are your best defense. So, next time someone asks you, "What is root planing?", you can proudly say, "I know a thing or two about that!"
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SRCco.de
My Python Project Setup
Posted: | More posts about python
../galleries/python-logo.png
I have 8+ Python Open Source projects on github.com and on codeberg.org. This post describes my current set of tools and practices I use for maintaining them.
We have a pretty active Python community in Zalando, so I could learn some good practices from colleagues who are much more experienced than me. I would not have found or adopted some of the tools without my helpful Zalando colleagues.
My setup for Python projects includes:
• Python 3.7+
• Poetry for dependency management
• Make to leverage muscle memory
• black for code formatting
• mypy for type checking
• py.test for unit and e2e tests
• pre-commit hooks to run formatting and linting
• ReadTheDocs for documentation
• CalVer for releases
Python 3.7+
I try to keep my projects up-to-date with the latest Python features. I make use of more recent features such as:
• pathlib (3.4+): nicer path handling (replaces most uses of the os module), e.g. path = Path(__file__).parent / "myfile.txt"
• typing (3.5+): type hints which can be checked with mypy
• f-strings (3.6+): fast inline template strings: f"Hello {name}!" instead of "Hello {}".format(name)
• asyncio (3.7+): write concurrent code with async/await
My projects therefore require at least Python 3.7.
I use pyenv on my local computer to get the latest Python version (3.8.1). See Real Python's blog series of cool new Python features: 3.7, 3.8.
Poetry
I use Poetry for dependency and package management. Poetry uses virtualenvs, has a better dependency resolver than Pipenv, and implements PEP 518 (aka pyproject.toml).
I used Pipenv before and converted the Pipfiles with dephell to pyproject.toml configuration (still needed some manual work afterwards).
Make
Leveraging muscle memory is powerful and make is one of those things easy to remember and first to try in a repo. GNU Make is pretty ubiquitous and can safely be assumed to be present on a developer machine, so by trial and error any dependency (like Poetry) will be discovered:
make
make: poetry: Command not found # <-- ah, "poetry" is required!
Makefile:3: recipe for target 'install' failed
make: *** [install] Error 127
My standard targets are make lint and make test.
This blog post had some nice learnings for me (but I did not follow all advice).
black & Flake8
Code formatting can spark heated and unnecessary debates and I was jealous of Go having go fmt, so I was very happy to see black come along: black is a non-compromising code formatter for Python - it has nearly no options to tweak and therefore sets a standard across the globe. Luckily Python already had PEP8 and Flake8, so black is merely a tool to achieve standards-compliance without human effort.
There are still some dark corners with black+Flake8: black sometimes generates code which Flake8 complains about, so we need to tell Flake8 to ignore these violations. This can be done via .flake8:
[flake8]
ignore=E501,E203
• ignore E501: black won't always ensure a max line length, e.g. it won't linebreak docstrings or comments
• ignore E203: black has problems formatting mylist[len(prefix) :]
mypy
I started using mypy for type checking. This was triggered by some bug I introduced months ago: I refactored a function signature and had no tests for it --- tests would have catched the bug, but mypy also would have covered it. I introduced mypy instead of adding tests --- shame on me! Having mypy cover these cases is better than nothing and typing can gradually be improved: specific lines can be ignored by adding a # type: ignore comment.
py.test
Using py.test as a test framework instead of the "old" unittest library does not need to be elaborated: it's just so much easier to use and less code to write! Example with asserting a certain exception message:
def test_invalid_weekday_range():
# Monday, November 27th 2017
dt = datetime(2017, 11, 27, 15, 33, tzinfo=timezone.utc)
with pytest.raises(ValueError) as excinfo:
matches_time_spec(dt, "Sun-Fri 15:30-16:00 UTC")
assert "invalid range (Sun is after Fri)" in str(excinfo.value)
I created pytest-kind as a py.test plugin to support e2e testing with a local kind Kubernetes cluster.
Pre-Commit Hooks
Do you know the pre-commit framework? I did not, but fell in love with it recently!
The framework allows to configure pluggable hooks to check all kind of different files, e.g:
• make sure that file endings are consistent (also important when working with Windows colleagues)
• strip unnecessary whitespace (avoids unnecessary git diffs)
• validate YAML/Dockerfile/... syntax
• validate Kubernetes manifests (easy to get some deployment spec wrong)
• format Python code with black
• lint Python code (Flake8, mypy, Bandit)
All code formatting (black) and linting are executed via pre-commit hooks on Travis CI. make lint runs pre-commit on all files, e.g.:
$ make lint
poetry run pre-commit run --all-files
Check hooks apply to the repository.........................Passed
Check for useless excludes..................................Passed
Check Kubernetes manifests..................................Passed
Reorder python imports......................................Passed
black.......................................................Passed
pydocstyle..................................................Passed
yamllint....................................................Passed
mypy........................................................Passed
Dockerfile linter...........................................Passed
Check for added large files.................................Passed
Check docstring is first....................................Passed
Debug Statements (Python)...................................Passed
Fix End of Files............................................Passed
Flake8......................................................Passed
Trim Trailing Whitespace....................................Passed
Check python ast............................................Passed
Check builtin type constructor use..........................Passed
Detect Private Key..........................................Passed
Mixed line ending...........................................Passed
Tests should end in _test.py................................Passed
type annotations not comments...............................Passed
use logger.warning(.........................................Passed
check for eval()............................................Passed
check for not-real mock methods.............................Passed
check blanket noqa..........................................Passed
By using the pre-commit git hooks locally, I can ensure quick feedback and don't have to remember doing make lint manually. The .pre-commit-config.yaml file is a helpful abstraction to share common formatting/linting configuration across repositories, i.e. I can copy .pre-commit-config.yaml around to apply a common standard to my projects.
My .pre-commit-config.yaml for Python looks like:
minimum_pre_commit_version: 1.21.0
repos:
- repo: meta
hooks:
- id: check-hooks-apply
- id: check-useless-excludes
# reorder Python imports
- repo: https://github.com/asottile/reorder_python_imports
rev: v1.9.0
hooks:
- id: reorder-python-imports
# format Python code with black
- repo: https://github.com/ambv/black
rev: 19.10b0
hooks:
- id: black
# check docstrings
- repo: https://github.com/PyCQA/pydocstyle
rev: 5.0.2
hooks:
- id: pydocstyle
args: ["--ignore=D10,D21,D202"]
# static type checking with mypy
- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/mirrors-mypy
rev: v0.761
hooks:
- id: mypy
- repo: https://github.com/pre-commit/pre-commit-hooks
rev: v2.4.0
hooks:
- id: check-added-large-files
- id: check-docstring-first
- id: debug-statements
- id: end-of-file-fixer
- id: flake8
additional_dependencies: ["flake8-bugbear"]
- id: trailing-whitespace
- id: check-ast
- id: check-builtin-literals
- id: detect-private-key
- id: mixed-line-ending
- id: name-tests-test
args: ["--django"]
ReadTheDocs
Not all my open source projects have dedicated documentation sites, but if I need one, I pick ReadTheDocs with Sphinx to publish documentation. See the Kubernetes Web View Documentation as an example.
Calendar Versioning
I switched all my projects to Calendar Versioning (CalVer). Releases now have a version like YY.MM.MICRO, e.g. 20.1.0 for the first release in January 2020.
Why? I believe SemVer is mostly a lie, it sounds good in theory, but in practice any change can be breaking (e.g. bug fixes) and often nobody knows when to increment the major version:
• Kubernetes: nobody knows when to increment from 1.* to 2.*, breaking changes are introduced over multiple releases
• Some projects never make it to 1.0 ("ZeroVer", e.g. Cython is still 0.28, but used in production), this was also the case for my personal projects (I never had the courage to make it to version 1.0)
../galleries/twitter-semver-is-a-lie-2019.png
SemVer would only really work if the previous version is maintained so that users can stay with the previous major version and still get bug fixes. I don't plan to support older stable releases for my open source projects, i.e. users don't really have the option to not upgrade (if they want to receive potential bug fixes).
That being said, I still try to keep compatibility and avoid unnecessary breaking changes --- I just won't guarantee it.
A simple release counter would also do it (like Kubernetes does with 1.X where X just increments all the time), but CalVer has some nice benefits:
• old versions are immediately visible: "I still use the foo library in version 18.2.0? We have 2020, the version is 2 years old!"
• it encourages working in small batches and releasing more often: regular updates with monthly updates are good to stay up-to-date with the environment (all kinds of dependencies update all the time)
I think that SemVer has its merits, but it's not a silver bullet for all projects --- just having a tuple of 3 numbers does not make a semantic version.
Summary
I'm relatively happy with my current collection of tools & practices around Python. There are always new things to learn and tools to discover, e.g. I was surprised to learn about pre-commit only very recently. Anything I can do better? Do you have tips and suggestions? Please let me know on Twitter or Mastodon!
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Ross Bohlin
Ross Oscar Charles Bohlin is a former Australian politician. He was a Country Liberal Party member of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly, and held his seat of Drysdale from his defeat of sitting Labor member Chris Natt at the 2008 election until 2012.
* }
Bohlin was born in Adelaide, South Australia, and served in the Australian Army. He moved to the Northern Territory in the 1990s, and joined the Northern Territory Police in 1998.
Ross was not re-endorsed by his own party to stand in the 2012 Northern Territory general election. This has been gossip within the CLP since May 2011, after he angered several of his colleagues by publicly supporting the distribution of condoms at a Darwin music festival. Nonetheless, he was surprised when he lost his preselection. CLP Party President Sue Fraser-Adams, was quoted in a newspaper article that "politics doesn't suit him, it's a lot harder than it looks" she went on to say that it was a safe seat for the party. Bohlin announced that he would run as an independent candidate in July.
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Viktor Zemskov
Viktor Nikolaevich Zemskov (Ви́ктор Никола́евич Земско́в, 30 January 1946 – 22 June 2015) was a Soviet and Russian historian, doctor (habil.) of historical sciences (2005), and research associate of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He was a specialist on the Gulag. Zemskov revealed in detail the secret-police statistics about the Gulag, resolving many disputes among Western historians about the number of people affected by political repression in the Soviet Union.
Education and career
In 1981, Zemskov defended his candidate's (PhD) thesis "Contribution by working class to strengthening the material-technical base of agriculture in the USSR in the 1960s". In 1989, he joined the commission of the History Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences led by its corresponding member Yuri Polyakov to determine population losses and received access to statistical reports made by the OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD and kept in the Central State Archive of the October Revolution (CSAOR) renamed the State Archive of the Russian Federation. According to Leonid Lopatnikov, Zemskov was the only historian admitted to the archives for the reports, and later the archives were again "closed."
Between 1990 and 1992, he published the first precise statistical data on the Gulag which were based on the Gulag archives. His papers were criticized by Sergei Maksudov. In Maksudov's opinion, Lev Razgon and his followers including Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn did not envisage the total number of the camps very well and markedly exaggerated their size. At the same time, from their experience, they knew something extraordinarily important about the Archipelago, its diabolical anti-human nature. On the other hand, Zemskov, who published many documents by the NKVD and KGB, is very far from understanding of the Gulag essence and the nature of socio-political processes in the country. Without distinguishing the degree of accuracy and reliability of certain figures, without making a critical analysis of sources, without comparing new data with already known information, Zemskov absolutizes the published materials by presenting them as the ultimate truth. As a result, his attempts to make generalized statements with reference to a particular document, as a rule, do not hold water.
In response, Zemskov wrote that the charge that Zemskov allegedly did not compare new data with already known information could not be called fair. In his words, the trouble with most western writers is that they do not benefit from such comparisons. Zemskov added that when he tried not to overuse the juxtaposition of new information with "old" one, it was only because of a sense of delicacy, not to once again psychologically traumatize the researchers whose works used incorrect figures, as it turned out after the publication of the statistics by the OGPU-NKVD-MGB-MVD.
In 2005, Zemskov defended his doctoral thesis "Special settlers in the USSR. 1930–1960".
Publications
* ГУЛАГ (историко-социологический аспект) // Социологические исследования. 1991. No. 7. С. 3–16.
* ГУЛАГ (историко-социологический аспект) // Социологические исследования. 1991. No. 6. С. 10–27.
* Демография заключенных, спецпоселенцев и ссыльных (30-е — 50-е годы) // Мир России. 1999. Т. VIII. No. 4. С. 114–124.
* К вопросу о масштабах репрессий в СССР // Социологические исследования. 1995. No. 9. С. 118–127.
* Об учете спецконтингента НКВД во всесоюзных переписях населения 1937 и 1939 гг. // Социологические исследования. 1991. No. 2. С. 74–75.
* Репатриация советских граждан и их дальнейшая судьба (1944–1956 гг.) // Социологические исследования. 1995. No. 6. С. 3–13.
* Репатриация советских граждан и их дальнейшая судьба (1944–1956 гг.) // Социологические исследования. May 1995. No. 5. С. 3–13.
* Рождение «Второй эмиграции» (1944–1952) // Социологические исследования. 1991. No. 4. С. 3–24.
* Спецпоселенцы (по документам НКВД-МВД СССР) // Социологические исследования. 1990. No. 11. С. 3–17.
* Судьба «кулацкой ссылки» в послевоенное время // Социологические исследования. 1992. No. 8. С. 18–37.
* «Кулацкая ссылка» накануне и в годы Великой отечественной войны // Социологические исследования. 1992. No. 2. С. 3–26.
* Политические репрессии в СССР (1917–1990 гг.). // Россия XXI, 1994, No. 1–2. С. 107–124.
* «Кулацкая ссылка» накануне и в годы Великой отечественной войны // Социологические исследования. 1992. No. 2. С. 3–26.
* Политические репрессии в СССР (1917–1990 гг.). // Россия XXI, 1994, No. 1–2. С. 107–124.
Books
* Спецпоселенцы в СССР, 1930–1960. — Москва: Наука, 2005. — 306 страниц, ISBN 5-02-010315-2
* Сталин и народ. Почему не было восстания. — Москва: Алгоритм, 2014. — 239 страниц, ISBN 978-5-4438-0677-8
* Народ и война: Страницы истории советского народа накануне и в годы Великой Отечественной войны. 1938–1945. — Москва, 2014. — 288 страниц.
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%0 Journal Article %A Borrelli, Vincent %A Jabrane, Saïd %A Lazarus, Francis %A Thibert, Boris %T Flat tori in three-dimensional space and convex integration %D 2012 %R 10.1073/pnas.1118478109 %J Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences %X It is well-known that the curvature tensor is an isometric invariant of C2 Riemannian manifolds. This invariant is at the origin of the rigidity observed in Riemannian geometry. In the mid 1950s, Nash amazed the world mathematical community by showing that this rigidity breaks down in regularity C1. This unexpected flexibility has many paradoxical consequences, one of them is the existence of C1 isometric embeddings of flat tori into Euclidean three-dimensional space. In the 1970s and 1980s, M. Gromov, revisiting Nash’s results introduced convex integration theory offering a general framework to solve this type of geometric problems. In this research, we convert convex integration theory into an algorithm that produces isometric maps of flat tori. We provide an implementation of a convex integration process leading to images of an embedding of a flat torus. The resulting surface reveals a C1 fractal structure: Although the tangent plane is defined everywhere, the normal vector exhibits a fractal behavior. Isometric embeddings of flat tori may thus appear as a geometric occurrence of a structure that is simultaneously C1 and fractal. Beyond these results, our implementation demonstrates that convex integration, a theory still confined to specialists, can produce computationally tractable solutions of partial differential relations. %U https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/early/2012/04/18/1118478109.full.pdf
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