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Page:Gems of Chinese literature (1922).djvu/200
wings of dusky silk, as, with a long shrill scream, it whizzed past our boat towards the west. By-and-by, my friends left me, and I slept and dreamed that a lame Taoist priest in a feathery robe passed by on the bank, and, bowing to me, said, “Have you had a pleasant trip, sir, to the Red Wall?” I enquired his name, but he merely bowed again and made no reply. “Ah!” exclaimed I, “I know who you are. Are you not that bird which flew past me last night and screamed?” Just then I awakened with a start. I opened the door of my boat and looked out, but no one was to be seen.
I was sitting up one night when suddenly a rat began to gnaw. A rap on the couch stopped the noise, which however soon began again. Calling a servant to look round with a light, we noticed an empty sack, from the inside of which came a grating sound, and I at once cried out, “Ha! the rat has got shut in here, and can’t get out.” So we opened the sack, but there was apparently nothing in it, though when we came to throw in the light, there at the bottom lay a dead rat. “Oh!” exclaimed the servant in a fright, “can the animal that was just now gnawing have died so suddenly as this? Or can it have been the rat’s ghost that was making the noise?” Meanwhile, he turned the rat out on the ground, whenaway it went full speed, escaping before we had time to do anything. “’Tis passing strange,” said I, with a sigh, “the cunning of that rat. Shut up in a sack too hard for it to gnaw its way out, it nevertheless gnawed in order to attract attention by the noise; and then it pretended to be dead in order to save its life under the guise of death. Now I have always understood that in intelligence man stands first. Man can tame the dragon, subdue the mastodon, train the tortoise, and carry captive the unicorn. He
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User:CDSmith94
Connor David Smith is a student who attends Deep Run High School in Richmond, Virginia. Connor was born on January 28, 1994, in Syracuse, New York. He currently plays travel soccer for the Richmond Strikers U16 Academy. Also know for his his production studios that he runs in his house known as CONProductions.
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Up 60% in Three Months, Can This Bargain Stock Keep Gaining?
Signet Jewelers soared after returning to positive comparable sales growth in the first quarter.
Its Grow Brand Love strategy is paying off as sales of lab-grown diamonds in fashion jumped 60%.
The company repurchased 5% of its shares outstanding in the quarter.
10 stocks we like better than Signet Jewelers ›
Signet Jewelers (NYSE: SIG) is the world's largest retailer of diamond jewelry, but as a leader in a mature market, the stock has been overlooked by investors hungry for growth in the artificial intelligence (AI) era.
That's led Signet, which owns banners like Kay, Jared, and Zales, to trade at a bargain valuation, and the stock looks more attractive after surging on its first-quarter earnings report. The company returned to same-store sales growth for the first time in several quarters and beat estimates on the top and bottom lines.
Signet posted a same-store sales increase of 2.5%, thanks in part to 8% growth in average unit retail (AUR), or average prices. This was driven by a surge in lab-grown diamonds in its fashion segment, meaning non-bridal jewelry. Overall revenue in the quarter rose 2% to $1.54 billion, which topped the consensus at $1.52 billion. It showed off growth throughout the income statement, a credit to the improved assortment that led to comparable-sales growth.
Gross margin rose 100 basis points to 38.8%, driven by improving merchandise margin and as it gained leverage on fixed costs. Adjusted operating income jumped from $57.8 million to $70.3 million. Adjusted earnings per share rose from $1.11 to $1.18, which beat the consensus at $1.04. Signet stock jumped as much as 16.8% on Tuesday on the news.
In an interview with The Motley Fool, CFO/COO Joan Hilson credited the company's Grow Brand Love strategy for the improvement in Signet's business.
New CEO J.K. Symancyk introduced the strategy in its fourth-quarter earnings report, saying the company would focus on more style and design-led product in its assortment. This includes a reorganization of the business.
Hilson said part of that strategy means a sharper focus on Signet's top three banners, Kay, Zales, and Jared, saying that one point of growth at those banners was equal to six points of growth at its other brands.
"This is the most immediate way for us to drive short-term growth," she said.
Those efforts seem to have paid off as an improved assortment helped drive sales growth, with Signet particularly strong in fashion items at a price point of $250 to $500. Additionally, the company said that sales of lab-grown diamonds in the fashion segment jumped 60%. This shows that it's finding a new way to meet customer demand, as lab-grown diamonds offer the ability to get more karats for a lower price point than natural diamonds.
Looking ahead, management said the company got off to a strong start in the second quarter. Quarter-to-date revenue was near or above the high end of its guidance for the quarter, calling for same-store sales of -1.5% to +1%. The company did not adjust its second-half expectations for the year, except to account for $117.5 million in share repurchases in Q1, or 5% of shares outstanding, showing another way Signet is delivering value for investors.
For the full year, the company raised its revenue guidance from $6.53 billion to $6.80 billion to $6.57 billion to $6.8 billion, and now expects adjusted earnings per share of $7.70 to $9.38, up from a previous range of $7.31 to $9.10. That guidance factors in current tariffs, which the company expects to manage through vendor negotiations and other tactics, and management said the consumer remained resilient.
At the midpoint of that guidance, the stock trades at a forward price-to-earnings ratio of just 8.5. This makes the stock attractively priced, especially after returning to growth and opportunistically buying back stock.
Signet is now up 60% since its low point in March after the company reported disappointing Q4 results, which shows that the Grow Brand Love strategy has already had a significant effect.
Looking ahead, the stock looks positioned for further gains due to its low valuation, improved assortment, growth in lab-grown diamonds, and ability to repurchase stock. Signet stock could easily move higher from here.
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Jeremy Bowman has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
Up 60% in Three Months, Can This Bargain Stock Keep Gaining? was originally published by The Motley Fool
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Although phobias can be crippling, they're not obvious at all times. In fact, they may not surface until you confront a specific situation and discover you're incapable of overcoming your fear. "A person who's afraid of snakes can go for years without having a problem," Winston says. "But then suddenly their kid wants to go camping, and they realize they need treatment."
These physiological responses can actually help us to survive. However, sometimes we experience these physiological responses, like an increased heartbeat, that are not in the presence of danger at all, but something else entirely. In these cases, our bodies can misinterpret these physiological signals as being indicators of danger or a "true threat." For example, people may experience learned anxiety due to previous associations between elevated heart rate and panic attacks and may misinterpret bodily sensations as signs of imminent death or loss of control. In this way, one may start to fear these physiological responses, which is what we call "fear of fear" (Craske & Barlow, 2007). "Fear of fear" maintains or perpetuates panic attacks and panic symptoms, which becomes a vicious cycle. In other words, you experience an increased heart rate, which you interpret as negative, which makes you feel anxious, which further makes your heart rate increase and it often spirals from there. These associations may almost happen automatically, even without conscious thought, but this is what is likely going on behind the scenes.
The condition of steady, pervasive anxiety is called Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Yet there are numerous anxiety-related disorders. One is panic disorder—severe episodes of anxiety that occur in response to specific triggers. Another is obsessive-compulsive disorder, marked by persistent intrusive thoughts or compulsions to carry out specific behaviors, such as hand-washing. Post-traumatic stress disorder may develop after exposure to a terrifying event in which severe physical harm occurred or was threatened. Anxiety so frequently co-occurs with depression that the two are thought to be twin faces of one disorder. Like depression, anxiety strikes twice as many adult females as males.
When used in the appropriate person with close monitoring, medications can be quite effective as part of treatment for panic disorder. However, as anything that is ingested carries a risk of side effects, it is important for the individual who has panic attacks to work closely with the prescribing health care professional to decide whether treatment with medications is an appropriate intervention and, if so, which medication should be administered. The person being treated should be closely monitored for the possibility of side effects that can vary from minor to severe, and in some cases, even be life-threatening. Due to the possible risks to the fetus of a mother being treated for panic attacks with medication, psychotherapy should be the first treatment tried when possible during pregnancy and the risk of medication treatment should be weighed against the risk of continued panic attacks in regard to the impact of a developing fetus.
Because there are many medical conditions that can cause anxiety attack signs and symptoms, such as the strong sensations and feelings associated with anxiety attacks, it’s wise to discuss them with your doctor. If your doctor has attributed your anxiety attacks to stress and anxiety, you can feel confident that your doctor’s diagnosis is correct. Anxiety attacks and their signs and symptoms are relatively easy to diagnose and aren’t easily confused with other medical conditions.
Have you ever experienced an intense feeling of terror, fear or apprehension, for no apparent reason? If you have, you may have experienced a panic attack. If you experience recurrent panic attacks, you may have a condition called panic disorder. Panic attacks can also be the sign of other underlying medical or mental health conditions, including sleep disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or depression.
Facing Panic:Self Help for People with Panic Attacks. Learn seven self-help steps to break the cycle of panic and regain control of your life. This book includes techniques and exercises to manage and overcome panic attacks and panic disorder. The disorder often occurs with other mental and physical disorders, including other anxiety disorders, depression, irritable bowel syndrome, asthma, or substance abuse. This may complicate of getting a correct diagnosis.
Fortunately, panic disorder is a treatable condition. Psychotherapy and medications have both been used, either singly or in combination, for successful treatment of panic disorder. If medication is necessary, your doctor may prescribe anti-anxiety medications, certain antidepressants or sometimes certain anticonvulsant drugs that also have anti-anxiety properties, or a class of heart medications known as beta-blockers to help prevent or control the episodes in panic disorder.
In fact, some studies have suggested that people with chronic anxiety disorders have an increased prevalence of CAD—that is, chronic anxiety may be a risk factor for CAD. So doctors should not be too quick to simply write the chest pain off as being “simply” due to anxiety. They should at least entertain the possibility that both disorders may be present and should do an appropriate evaluation.
Your heart beats fast, and your breathing speeds up. Your chest may feel tight, and you might start to sweat. If you've ever felt it, you know that anxiety is just as much a physical state as a mental state. That's because there's a very strong biological chain reaction that occurs when we encounter a stressful event or begin to worry about potential stressors or dangers in the future. Other physical symptoms include sweating, headaches, and insomnia. Psychological symptoms may include feeling restless or irritable, feeling tense, having a feeling of dread, or experiencing ruminative or obsessive thoughts.
Panic disorder is characterized by unexpected and repeated episodes of intense fear accompanied by physical symptoms that may include chest pain, heart palpitations, shortness of breath, dizziness, or abdominal distress. These sensations often mimic symptoms of a heart attack or other life-threatening medical conditions. As a result, the diagnosis of panic disorder is frequently not made until extensive and costly medical procedures fail to provide a correct diagnosis or relief.
Why stress happens and how to manage it Stress is essential for survival; the chemicals it triggers help the body prepare to face danger and cope with difficulty. Long-term stress is linked to various health conditions and can cause physical and psychological symptoms. How is it diagnosed, what types of stress are there, and how is it treated or managed? Read now
A licensed mental health professional that has earned a Master’s degree from a variety of educational backgrounds (e.g. general counseling background, social work, marriage and family counseling). Once their formal education is completed, these clinicians are supervised in the field 1-2 years and pass a State exam to become fully licensed in the state in which they practice. These mental health professionals are licensed to diagnose emotional, mental health and behavioral health problems. They can provide mental health treatment in the form of counseling and psychotherapy, or work in other capacities as patient advocates or care managers. Licensed Master’s level clinicians work in many settings, including hospitals, community mental health clinics, private practice, school settings, nursing homes, and other social service agencies. Titles and licensing requirements may vary from state to state.
Because there are many medical conditions that can cause anxiety attack signs and symptoms, such as the strong sensations and feelings associated with anxiety attacks, it’s wise to discuss them with your doctor. If your doctor has attributed your anxiety attacks to stress and anxiety, you can feel confident that your doctor’s diagnosis is correct. Anxiety attacks and their signs and symptoms are relatively easy to diagnose and aren’t easily confused with other medical conditions.
Palpitations are uncomfortable sensations of the heart beating hard, rapidly, or irregularly. Some types of palpitations are benign, while others are more serious. Palpitations are diagnosed by taking the patient history and by performing an EKG or heart monitoring along with blood tests. An electrophysiology study may also be performed. Treatment of palpitations may include lifestyle changes, medication, ablation, or implantation of a pacemaker. The prognosis if palpitations depends on the underlying cause.
There remains a chance of panic symptoms becoming triggered or being made worse due to increased respiration rate that occurs during aerobic exercise. This increased respiration rate can lead to hyperventilation and hyperventilation syndrome, which mimics symptoms of a heart attack, thus inducing a panic attack.[42] Benefits of incorporating an exercise regimen have shown best results when paced accordingly.[43]
Panic attacks can happen during the day or night. Some people have one panic attack then don't ever experience another, or you might find that you have them regularly, or several in a short space of time. You might notice that particular places, situations or activities seem to trigger panic attacks. For example, they might happen before a stressful appointment.
ACT is a type of CBT that encourages patients to again in positive behaviors even in the presence of negative thoughts and behaviors. The goal is to improve daily functioning despire having the disorder. It is particularly useful for treatment-resistant Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression. The length of treatment varies depending on the severity of symptoms.
There remains a chance of panic symptoms becoming triggered or being made worse due to increased respiration rate that occurs during aerobic exercise. This increased respiration rate can lead to hyperventilation and hyperventilation syndrome, which mimics symptoms of a heart attack, thus inducing a panic attack.[42] Benefits of incorporating an exercise regimen have shown best results when paced accordingly.[43]
But over time, you may find yourself experiencing more panic attacks, in a variety of circumstances. Most of these will not be entirely unexpected. Most subsequent attacks occur in response to various cues such as entering a crowded area; a traffic jam; or simply worrying about having a panic attack. But there may still be some surprises: for instance, you might have a nocturnal panic attack, which wakes you out of a sound sleep. Or you might find yourself experiencing odd feelings of depersonalization as you kill some time with friends or colleagues.
Some benefits of benzodiazepines are that they are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than antidepressant medications often prescribed for anxiety. Some drawbacks of benzodiazepines are that people can build up a tolerance to them if they are taken over a long period of time and they may need higher and higher doses to get the same effect. Some people may even become dependent on them.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Baroa peniculata
Baroa peniculata is a moth of the family Erebidae. It was described by Karel Černý in 2011. It is found on Luzon in the Philippines. The habitat consists of primary forests in high montane regions.
The length of the forewings is 15–18 mm for males and 16–19 mm for females. Adults have been recorded on wing from January to February, in April, June, August, September and November.
Etymology
The species name refers to the brush-like form of the yellow patagia tips and is derived from peniculus (meaning brush).
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Can you update iOS using cellular data?
Apple won’t allow you to download or upgrade iOS via OTA through your mobile data but you have these two options : … Hotspot acting as a WiFi connection will let you to update your iOS. Secondly, you can simply use your iPhone’s cellular data to access internet on your Windows pc or Mac.
Can I update my iPhone using cellular data?
You can update ios 13 using cellphone data
As you need internet connectivity to update your iOS 12/13, you can use your cellular data in place of WiFi. You need to check that you have enough data plan in your mobile as the updating requires a lot more data.
Can you update iOS without WiFi?
No. Not unless you have a computer running iTunes that has an Internet connection. … You need an Internet connection to update iOS. The time it takes to download the update varies according to the size of the update and your Internet speed.
How do I download iOS with cellular data?
To download iOS updates over 5G, users will have to enable the “Allow More Data on 5G” mode in the Settings app under Cellular > Cellular Data Options > Data Mode.
IT IS INTERESTING: Can iPad 2 Get iOS 11?
Can I update iOS 14 using mobile data?
To download iOS 14 using mobile data (or cellular data) follow these steps: Create a Hotspot from your iPhone – this way you can use the data connection from your iPhone to connect to the web on your Mac. Now open iTunes and plug in your iPhone. … Run through the options to download and install iOS 14.
How do I update my iOS 14.2 with cellular data?
First Method
1. Step 1: Turn off “Set Automatically” On Date & Time. …
2. Step 2: Turn off your VPN. …
3. Step 3: Check for update. …
4. Step 4: Download and install iOS 14 with Cellular data. …
5. Step 5: Turn on “Set Automatically” …
6. Step 1: Create a Hotspot and connect to the web. …
7. Step 2: Utilize iTunes on your Mac. …
8. Step 3: Check for update.
17 сент. 2020 г.
Can you update iOS 14 without WIFI?
There is a workaround to get iOS 14 Update without WiFi. You can create a personal hotspot on a spare phone and use it as a WiFi network to update iOS 14. Your iPhone will consider it as any other WiFi connection and will let you update to the latest iOS version.
Why do iOS updates require WIFI?
An iOS update can be rather large and can exceed that limit. It’s a restriction requested by mobile phone service providers. It’s to prevent those who have unlimited plans from using excessive data. Using cellular data over 150 MB is not supported.
What happens if I lose WIFI during iOS update?
Nothing much. Download will be paused and when you iOS devices gets connected to the internet you can continue from where you left it off. In case your internet got disconnected after downloading the whole update on your iOS device then you can install the update even without the internet connection.
IT IS INTERESTING: Is Gacha life out on iOS?
Why can’t I install iOS 14?
If your iPhone won’t update to iOS 14, it might mean that your phone is incompatible or doesn’t have enough free memory. You also need to make sure that your iPhone is connected to Wi-Fi, and has enough battery life. You may also need to restart your iPhone and attempt to update again.
How do I download Apple Watch update with cellular data?
1. Firstly, turn on the cellular data and open ‘Settings’ in your device.
2. Go to the ‘General’ option and tap it.
3. Tap on ‘Software Update’
4. Tap on ‘Download and Install’
5. Updating process will begin.
6. Download now completes and a pop-up will ask you to install the iOS right now or later.
7. Tap ‘Install Now’
How do you update cellular data?
You can now download the system update using mobile data.
1. Go to Settings >>
2. Search for “Wifi” in the settings search bar >>
3. Find the settings “Switch to mobile data automatically” (use mobile data when wi-fi has no internet access.)
4. Enable this option.
16 нояб. 2018 г.
Why isn’t iOS 14 showing up on my phone?
Check for Update Manually
Go to Settings on your iPhone > Tap on General > Then tap on Software Update > It will start to search and check update, and generally will show you the iOS 14 update > Tap on Download and install.
What will be in iOS 14?
iOS 14 Features
• Compatibility with all devices able to run iOS 13.
• Home screen redesign with widgets.
• New App Library.
• App Clips.
• No full screen calls.
• Privacy enhancements.
• Translate app.
• Cycling and EV routes.
IT IS INTERESTING: Can you transfer injustice from iOS to Android?
5 дней назад
Sysadmin blog
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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prova dos nove
Noun
* 1) the procedure of casting out nines
* 2) a definitive proof of the point stated
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4
I have created a Query to consolidate data from 2 Synchronized Data Extensions into one Sendable DE, but upon running it I get an "Automation failed due to system error".
At first I thought my query was written incorrectly but neither Validate nor Hive SQL Syntax Checker returned an error, so I created a super-simple Query to test, and to my surprise I got the same error.
The super-simple Query I created was just:
SELECT Email
FROM Contact_Salesforce
Seeing as how undescriptive the error message was, I created a ticket with SF to which they replied:
...I looked on the backend and noticed an error that says "must exist and be active". Is the Synchronized Data Extension in the same Business Unit? If not you will need to make sure ent. is before the Synchronized Data Extension.
I would move your case over to their team but it appears you have our Standard Support Entitlement. As you have Standard support, we will close the case at this time.
We only have 1 (Parent) BU with no Child BUs. So using "ent." before the name of the DE is not useful. Nevertheless I tried it and got the message
"The 'Ent.' prefix can only be used to query data in a parent account from a child account"
So I´m not sure what´s going on, or why I get this error message AFTER running the Query, when everything, from the Query itself to the DE, is configured correctly.
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Couple things to check: 1) Does your data returned exceed the length of any fields in your target data extension? 2) Are there null values for email address in the Synchronized Data Source? If so, are the corresponding fields on your target DE marked as nullable? – Tyler Sep 1 '17 at 15:22
• Hi there @Tyler. 1) I made sure fields in the target DE where larger than the ones in the Synchronized DE. 2) The Synced DE has close to 75 fields, from which I only want to have 5-6 in my target DE, including only one Email field. The mail problem is that the Synced DE (Salesforce Object) has 2 or 3 Email Fields which cause problems at the time of send, and a lot of fields which are only generating lots of unusable data in Marketing Cloud, so we want to simplify things a bit. – Esteban José Alvarado Sep 4 '17 at 14:53
• Can you verify that you have the connector properly set up with those synchronized data extensions existing? – Jackson Chen Apr 6 '19 at 0:00
1
Do the next:
SELECT *
FROM
Name_of_SyncDE
If it doesn't give you any errors, you def have access to the Sync DE.
0
so off the top of my head:
1. You may have wrongly named the DE in your query, and it should be something like Contact_Salesforce__c instead
2. You could try the recently made available Query Validator that helps debugging queries - it's not supported by SF but it's from their "labs", so it should continue to be improved over time (it's on the AppExchange)
3. You could forego the problem all together and use an app with a WYSIWYG interface like DESelect (let's you select synchronized DEs - or any DEs for that matter - with drag-and-drop)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Use Git version control with components
Git is a version control tool which allows you to keep a track of changes to your project files, store backups in the cloud and makes the overall collaborative process much easier.
This guide will explain how to push Now Assistant components to Github, however the process should be similar for other cloud version control providers. This guide will assume that you're already registered and are ready to use Github.
Creating a remote repository
First of all let's create a new repository for our component:
Creating a repository on Github
In the following screen, you should see the address of your newly created repository. Keep a note of the repository url as we'll need it in the next steps:
Repository address
Pushing Now Assistant Components to Github
For the next steps you need to have Git installed on your computer. If you don't have Git yet, you can install it from here. For this guide we're going to use Git Bash command line interface, however you can use a graphical user interface if you wish to.
First of all let's find the component in our Now Assistant installation directory.
Navigate to Web → SpacesLocal → Global → Components directory where you should see a list of existing components:
Component in the list
For this guide we're going to push 'template-video-card' component to our remote Github repository. In order to do so let's navigate to the component directory using Git Bash command line interface:
cd /c/Program Files/adenin Workplace/Web/SpacesLocal/Global/Components/template-video-card
You can simply drag and drop the folder to Git Bash to get its directory.
Generally, with Github or any other cloud version control system you have 2 repositories: a local and a remote repository. Both, local and remote repositories should be kept in-sync. Since, we already have a remote repository created we're going to create a local repository and connect it to our remote. We'll do that by typing the following commands into Git Bash:
1. Initialize a new local repository:
git init
2. Add all the content in our directory to it:
git add .
3. 'Commit' all the content we just added:
git commit -m 'message to indicate what you are committing'
4. Connect our remote repository with our local one (use the url you received when creating the remote repository here):
git remote add origin your_remote_repository_url
5. Push the files, you 'committed' to the remote repository:
git push origin master
Now, if you look at your remote repository you should see your files:
Pushed files in the remote repository
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The Joys of Cooking With Gadgetry
Tech We’re Using How do New York Times journalists use technology in their jobs and in their personal lives? Emily Weinstein, The Times’s deputy food editor, discussed the tech she’s using. As a food editor, you must come across many kitchen gadgets. What’s your favorite tool for cooking? I’m not much of an equipment geek — the gadget I tend to use most is my humble, small, cheap digital scale. I love to bake, and using the scale is the fastest, most accurate and most convenient way to measure ingredients, not to mention the neatest: no puffs of flour settling all over the counter as you dig around in a container or level off a measuring cup. We keep our scale accessible in the cabinet because we use it every morning, after one of the writers I work with persuaded me that the best way to consistently brew excellent coffee at home was to weigh the grounds, since you have to measure them one way or another. And he was right. The equipment that I personally cherish is a 1970s Cuisinart that belonged to my husband’s grandmother, which is still going strong, and the Vitamix that my wonderful colleagues in Food gave me as a wedding present, which makes me feel fancy every time I blend. What could be better about the digital scale? The reaction time could be a little better. One of the most satisfying aspects of using a scale is that you can see the numbers tick up as you add ingredients. Mine has the tiniest lag between the addition and the number as it registers on the scale. You’ve edited a lot of recipes for The Times, and adapted some, too. What is one of your favorite recipes you made recently and which tool was crucial for perfecting it? There isn’t really one single tool that helps me think about or execute a recipe, at least not as an editor — and that’s what I’m usually doing, cooking a recipe that I’m editing. Generally speaking, anything that helps you be more accurate as you work through a recipe — like an instant-read digital thermometer — is worth having. You also regularly work with testers who thoroughly assess a recipe before it goes to print. Do they use a special kitchen or special tools for testing? We don’t have a test kitchen here at the Times building — instead we rely on our writers and a small but fierce team of freelance recipe testers, all working in their own kitchens. I would be thrilled to have a test kitchen, but the upside of the way we do things lies in the very fact that our writers and testers don’t have special equipment, and certainly not the kind of equipment you find in a restaurant kitchen. These are recipes for home cooks, made using the same tools home cooks have. What tech product are you currently obsessed with using in your daily life? My husband bought a Sonos speaker for our kitchen. I wouldn’t have thought to buy it; when it arrived I wondered aloud whether we needed it. Now I love it. What do you and your family do with it? I mostly listen to podcasts while I cook, which on the weekends could be for hours on end. What could be better about it? I wish the podcast experience were more seamless. Maybe I’m missing something, but I have yet to find a way to play podcasts from my iPhone using the Sonos that does not involve downloading the podcasts. When you have no time or do not want to cook, do you turn to a delivery app? If so, what’s your go-to meal to order? If you’d asked a year ago, I would’ve said Indian food (I use Seamless). But I’ve recently discovered the joys of takeout chicken parm from a local red-sauce place. They’re not on a delivery app, as far as I can tell, so you actually have to call them to get all that melted cheese.
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* * *IMajor Hindu deity.The name became associated with Ramacandra, the seventh incarnation of Vishnu, whose story is told in the Ramayana. Conceived as a model of reason, virtue, and right action, Rama was one of the chief objects of the bhakti cults. He is often depicted as a standing figure, holding an arrow in his right hand and a bow in his left. In temples his image is attended by the figures of his wife, Sita, his half brother, Laksmana, and the monkey general, Hanuman.II(as used in expressions)Rama VRama IVTirath RamaRama VI
* * *▪ Hindu deityone of the most widely worshipped Hindu deities, the embodiment of chivalry and virtue. Although there are three Ramas mentioned in Indian tradition (Parashurama, Balarama, and Ramacandra), the name is specifically associated with Ramacandra, the seventh incarnation (avatara) of Lord Vishnu. It is possible that Rama was an actual historical figure, a tribal hero of ancient India who was later deified. His story is told briefly in the Mahabharata (“Great Epic of the Bharata Dynasty”) and at great length in the Ramayana (Rāmāyaṇa) (“Romance of Rama”).References to Rama as an incarnation of Vishnu appear in the early centuries AD; there was, however, probably no special worship of him before the 11th century, and it was not until the 14th and 15th centuries that distinct sects appeared venerating him as the supreme god (see Ramananda). Rama's popularity was increased greatly by the retelling of the Sanskrit epics in the vernaculars, such as Tulsidas's celebrated Hindi version, the Ramcaritmanas (“Sacred Lake of the Acts of Rama”).Rama and Krishna (also an incarnation of Vishnu) were the two most popular recipients of adoration from the bhakti (devotional) cults that swept the country during that time. Whereas Krishna is adored for his mischievous pranks and amorous dalliances, Rama is conceived as a model of reason, right action, and desirable virtues. Temples to Rama faced by shrines to his monkey devotee Hanuman are widespread throughout India. Rama's name is a popular form of greeting among friends (“Ram! Ram!”), and Rama is the deity most invoked at death.In sculpture, Rama is represented as a standing figure, holding an arrow in his right hand and a bow in his left. His image in a shrine or temple is almost invariably attended by figures of his wife, Sita, his favourite half-brother, Lakamana, and his monkey devotee, Hanuman. In painting, he is depicted dark in colour (indicating his affinity with Lord Vishnu), with princely adornments and the kirita-makuta (tall conical cap) on his head indicating his royal status. Rama's exploits were depicted with great sympathy by the Rajasthani and Pahari schools of painting in the 17th and 18th centuries.
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Wikipedia:Copyright problems/2018 July 25
25 July 2018
* Article: History of Korean animation. Source doesn't have a copyright mark but content was copied and pasted a few times interspersed among added text, at least here, here, and here, which I removed and replaced with synthesis of source: http://aodr.org/xml/01492/01492.pdf. Thinker78 (talk) 02:46, 25 July 2018 (UTC)
* Pictogram voting keep.svg Article cleaned by investigator or others. No remaining infringement. Justlettersandnumbers (talk) 10:32, 15 October 2018 (UTC)
* Few articles:
Each of these articles recently had copyright violations and I have removed them already. Diffs can be suppressed. Capitals00 (talk) 16:58, 25 July 2018 (UTC)
* Revision deletion done. — Diannaa 🍁 (talk) 15:42, 5 August 2018 (UTC)
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Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility
Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility (PEER) is a 501(c)(3) non-profit, environmental protection organization of local, state, and national government natural resource and environmental professionals. PEER serves as a resource to potential government whistleblowers, allowing them to anonymously expose environmental wrongdoings and assisting them in redressing agency retaliation.
Founded in 1996, PEER operates primarily by investigating claims from public employees about government environmental misconduct. Because whistleblowers often face direct retaliation from the offending agencies, PEER encourages employees to act through the organization to reveal government environmental misdeeds. Once a claim is made, PEER investigates it, often using Freedom of Information Act requests. The organization then can choose to take a number of actions, including press releases or lawsuits. PEER also serves to provide legal services to whistleblowers who find themselves the target of agency retaliation. PEER was formerly affiliated with the Climate Science Legal Defense Fund, a not-for-profit organization established in 2011 to protect scientific research and researchers of climate science from think tanks and legal foundations that have taken legal action against scientific institutions and individual scientists.
Objectives of PEER
* Organize a broad base of support among employees within local, state and federal resource management agencies.
* Monitor natural resource management agencies by serving as a "watch dog" for the public interest.
* Inform the administration, Congress, state officials, media and the public about substantive environmental issues of concern to PEER members.
* Defend and strengthen the legal rights of public employees who speak out about issues concerning natural resource management and environmental protection. Provide free legal assistance if and when necessary.
Campaigns
PEER maintains campaigns in leading environmental issues. Some of their work includes
EPA library closings
In 2006, the Environmental Protection Agency began to dismantle its network of technical libraries, an important resource for research, without congressional approval. Upon learning of these closings, PEER brought them to the attention of Congress. Despite Congress' recent order to reopening of the libraries, the EPA continues to limit and remove library resources.
Arctic drilling debate
PEER has released e-mails and documents from current and former Interior scientists challenging the integrity of the environmental assessments of Arctic offshore oil development. These e-mails have been used to fuel lawsuits currently threatening to impede new lease sales.
Off-road recreation damage
Off-road vehicle recreation, an activity growing in popularity, can devastate local wildlife growth and disrupt the environment. PEER and Rangers for Responsible Recreation are campaigning to draw attention to the growing threat posed by off-road vehicle misuse and to assist over matched state and federal land managers.
Genetically engineered crops
In 2011 PEER participated in a lawsuit against the United States Fish and Wildlife Service for entering into agreements which had allowed Genetically Engineered (GE) crops to be planted on 54 U.S. national wildlife refuges. Co-plaintiffs in the suit were the Center for Food Safety and Beyond Pesticides. The group also filed a lawsuit in 2012 against the White House under the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) demanding release of an email the White House had received from Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO), a lobbying firm which represents GE seed companies such as Monsanto. The Obama administration had refused to release the email, claiming that doing so would reveal BIO's lobbying strategies.
Teresa Chambers
Former chief of the United States Park Police Teresa Chambers served for nearly two years before she was fired after revealing in an interview the potential dangers of their low staffing levels. PEER has provided Teresa legal defense and publicity for her appeal for reinstatement and for her wrongful firing lawsuit.
Suppression of Wolf Research
PEER has been involved in challenging the suppression of research by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and Washington State University concerning the ineffectiveness of lethal control in preventing future depredation of livestock. They have also been critical of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources' lax regulation of recreational hunting and its impact on the federally endangered Great Lakes gray wolf.
PEER also maintains many campaigns in the following categories
* Climate Change
* Eco-Enforcement
* Good Governance
* Protecting Public Employees
* Public Health
* Public Lands
* Scientific Integrity
* Water and Wetlands
* Whistleblowers
* Wildlife Protection
Faith-based parks
PEER has worked to keep religious promotions out of public parks.
Grand Canyon National Park
The National Park Service in 2003 approved for sale in the Grand Canyon National Park bookstore Grand Canyon: A Different View: a book that presents the formation of the Grand Canyon as a result of Biblical events. PEER exposed the selling of this book as preferential treatment of a religion that toes the line of constitutional legality. On January 4, 2007, the National Park Service Chief of Public Affairs, David Barna released a response stating that the National Park Service neither uses the text in their teaching nor do they endorse its content. The release further states that the book is sold in the inspirational section of the bookstore which includes anthropological works on Native American culture. As PEER contests, the inspirational section was only created after PEER had exposed the book's sale as a natural history. The controversial book remains on sale.
The National Park Service has continued to delay the issuing of a pamphlet "Geologic Interpretive Programs: Distinguishing Science from Religion" which is meant to instruct park officials on how to respond to questions like those concerning biblical interpretations of the Grand Canyon.
Mojave National Preserve
PEER board member, Frank Buono, along with the American Civil Liberties Union of Southern California, filed a lawsuit to remove an 8 ft white cross displayed in the Mojave National Preserve. The cross, which was originally erected in 1934 as a war memorial has since undergone many changes in appearance, including the loss of its plaque. It now stands as an 8 ft white cross serving occasionally as the site for Easter sunrise services. Most recently, the order to remove the cross has been upheld by the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, despite four appeals by the U.S. Justice Department. The cross now awaits removal, unless there is a fifth appeal by the Justice Department that could potentially bring the case to the Supreme Court.
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Datadog
Integration with Datadog
To connect to Datadog, you will need to generate both an API key and an application key.
1. Generate an API key
• Log in to your Datadog account.
• Navigate to the API Keys section under Integrations > APIs or visit Datadog API Settings.
• Click the 'Create API key' button and give it a name.
• Copy the generated API key; you will need it to configure the connection in Cased.
1. Generate an app key:
• In the same API Keys section, scroll down to the Application Keys.
• Click the 'Create Application Key' button.
• Provide a name for the application key and select the desired user.
• Copy the generated Application key; you will need it as well.
1. Optional: scopes for the API key
• Optionally, you can set API key scopes in Datadog that limit the key's abilities.
• Somewhat confusingly, these scopes don't grant new permissions, but rather restrict default ones. That is, when a key is created, it begins with all scopes unless you add scopes.
• We recommend not scoping the metrics so Cased can do its best and get the most data for you. For example, leave these (and all others) unchecked:
1. Save the keys to Cased
• Please enter both the API key and the application key in the appropriate fields in our app to complete the connection to Datadog.
Last updated
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift, Volume 17.djvu/211
Rh he said was a manor that lay convenient for him, and left Frog and me the rest to dispose of as we pleased. We were, overjoyed to think Lewis was contented with so little, not smelling what was at the bottom of the plot. There happened, indeed, an incident that gave us some disturbance: a cunning fellow, one of my servants, two days after, peeping through the keyhole, observed, that old Lewis had stole away our part of the map, and saw him fiddling and turning the map from one corner to the other, trying to join the two pieces together again: he was muttering something to himself, which we did not well hear, only these words, "'Tis great pity, 'tis great pity!" My servant added, that he believed this had some ill meaning. I told him he was a coxcomb, always pretending to be wiser than his companions: Lewis and I are good friends, he's an honest fellow, and I dare, say will stand to his bargain. The sequel of the story proved this fellow's suspicion to be too well grounded; for Lewis revealed our whole secret to the deceased lord Strutt, who, in reward to his treachery, and revenge to Frog and me, settled his whole estate upon the present Philip Baboon. Then we understood what he meant by piecing the map.
Mrs. B. And was you surprised at this? Had not lord Strutt reason to be angry? Would you have been contented to have been so used yourself.
J. B. Why truly, wife, it was not easily reconciled to the common methods; but then it was the fashion to do such things. I have read of your golden
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Henry Pancoast
Henry Khunrath Pancoast (February 26, 1875 – May 20, 1939) was an American radiologist. He identified contrast media for use in radiology studies, and served prominent roles in early radiological professional organizations. Pancoast tumors, a type of lung tumour, are named after him.
Pancoast was born in Philadelphia to prominent Quaker parents; his father, Seth Pancoast, was also a doctor. He was educated at the Friends Central High School and went on to the University of Pennsylvania (Penn) Medical School, graduating in 1898.
Professional life
His first medical job was at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (HUP), starting surgical training there in 1900. When the hospital's first chief skiagrapher (radiologist), Charles Lester Leonard, retired, Pancoast succeeded him and served as the chairman of the department from 1902 to 1939. In 1911, he was also appointed professor of radiology (roentgenology), the first in the United States. Following his retirement, Pancoast was succeeded by Eugene P. Pendergrass.
In his work at Penn, Pancoast developed the use of bismuth and barium as contrast media to better differentiate certain anatomy in x-ray images. He also recognized and described the effect of prolonged radiation on the development of leukemia. In his tenure at Penn, he also pioneered the use of radiation to treat leukemia and Hodgkin's disease, though he is perhaps best known for his identification and description of a particular lung tumor that now bears his name—Pancoast tumor.
In addition to his hospital and academic work, Pancoast was active in outside professional organizations. He served as founding president of the American Board of Radiology, and in 1933 was also president of the first American Congress of Radiology, which met in Chicago in September of that year, coincident with the Chicago World's Fair.
He also traveled to numerous gatherings of medical faculty and staff, to describe the use and value of diagnostic x-rays and to explain irradiation procedures to treat malignancies.
Personal life
Pancoast married Clara Louise Boggs in Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church, Baltimore, Maryland, in 1903.
Henry Pancoast died in Merion, Pennsylvania in 1939.
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Wikipedia talk:Articles for deletion/First Civil Service Commissioner
This was debated in 2008 and but worth a re-evaluation. The Civil Service Commission is an important UK regulatory organisation, comprising the First Commissioner, other Commissioners and a secretariat. The Commission itself was set up in 1855, including the creation of the First Commissioner position. I would suggest that the Commission itself deserves its own Wikipedia page, which I have created. The First Commissioner is the 'first among equals' of the Commissioners and is a notable position in its own right, but perhaps not worth a completely separate page. If we decide that the post should have a separate page, it should link to the Commission page for most of the information about the Commission itself. Using a rather grander post and organisation as an analogy, we have a page for the US Supreme Court AND a page for the Chief Justice (and a page listing the other Justices). <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:54, 1 April 2016 (UTC)
We should also consider renaming the 'Commissioners' page from 'Civil Service Commissioners (UK)' to 'Civil Service Commission (UK)' <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:56, 1 April 2016 (UTC)
* You can discuss the creation of a new article, a Fork of this one, or some other combination of topics, at the article's talk page (at Talk:First Civil Service Commissioner). Unless you believe the article itself should be deleted entirely, then a deletion discussion is not appropriate. So I'd suggest proposing something like expanding this article to include the other commissioners and moving it to a new title, or something similar, at the article's talk page. I'm going to post this on your talk page as well, just to make sure you see it. Best, UltraExactZZ Said~ Did 20:01, 1 April 2016 (UTC)
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Outbox (company)
Outbox Enterprises was founded in 2011 and based in Los Angeles. It offers a white label system to sell tickets directly to customers, allowing live entertainment venues to control their inventory, pricing, and consumer data without third party involvement. Cirque du Soleil, a client, is also a shareholder.
History
In 2011, Outbox and AEG created AXS, a competitor to Ticketmaster. The former Ticketmaster CEO Frederic D. Rosen became the CEO of Outbox Enterprises. After a year, Fred Rosen had to step down, which suggests a sign of internal troubles at Outbox. Outbox Enterprises was born from Outbox Technology, founded in 2005 by Jean-Francoys Brousseau.
In 2015, it changed its name to OutboxAXS, indicating a clash of visions between Outbox and AEG. In 2019, Outbox sold its stake in AXS to AEG. In 2015, OutboxAXS also merged with the paperless ticketing system Veritix.
In 2020, the Cirque du Soleil, a major shareholder of Outbox, went bankrupt.
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Sonic Subjunkies
Sonic Subjunkies (sometimes abbreviated as SSJ) was a German Digital Hardcore band based in Berlin, best known for releasing records on Digital Hardcore Recordings.
History
Formed in the autumn of 1992, The band consisted of vocalist Holger Phrack, programmer Rob Marvin and producer/programmer Thaddeus Herrmann. The trio would later go on to release two limited edition albums and a handful of singles on Digital Hardcore, before defecting to the label Iris Light in 1998 for the release of their album Molotov Lounge.
In later years Thaddi also contributed to other projects such as Herrmann & Kleine, but was also DJ for radio KISS FM Berlin and went on to be editor of the German music magazine de:bug. No new SSJ material has surfaced since 1998, but a re-released vinyl version of Molotov Lounge was bought out on Lux Nigra in 2004.
Discography
* Suburban Soundtracks Pt.1 (12", EP) Digital Hardcore Recordings (DHR) 1994
* Sounds From The City Of Quartz (Cass) Midi War 1995
* Turntable Terrorist E.P. (12", EP) Digital Hardcore Recordings (DHR) 1995
* Live At The Suicide Club 8 - 7 - 95 (CD) Digital Hardcore Recordings (DHR) 1998
* Molotov Lounge (CD) Iris Light Records 1999, re-released on Lux Nigra in 2004
* With A Little Love / Sonic Junior (7", Pur) Irritant 2000
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Roderick Taylor
Roderick Taylor, also known as Rod Taylor or Roderick Falconer, is an American poet, recording artist, screenwriter, television producer and television director.
Taylor is the father of screenwriter and television/film producer Bruce A. Taylor with whom he often collaborates.
Career
Taylor holds an MA from Stanford University where he was a Stegner Fellowship winner in poetry and where he later taught creative writing. Taylor is also a Woodrow Wilson fellowship winner and winner of the (American Academy of Poets Prize) for his first collection, Florida East Coast Champion (1972).
While still at Stanford, Taylor moonlighted as a singer in a rock band and started writing songs. He signed with Geffen Records and began a musical career that produced seven albums, principally under the name Roderick Falconer. Later, he wrote music for film and television, including the TV series Witchblade.
Taylor then began write story ideas and screenplays for television and film, often with his son Bruce, leading to the scripts for theatrical movies such as The Star Chamber and scripts for pilots like Annihilator and the Western-themed movies Kenny Rogers as The Gambler, Part III: The Legend Continues and Wild Horses. In 1985 he developed the science fiction series Otherworld, for which he served as narrator and also executive produced; the series failed to even run a full season. In 1998, he produced and directed his own scripted project, the 1998 television movie Inferno.
He wrote the scripts for American Outlaws (2001) The Brave One (2007). In 2009, Taylor and son Bruce completed work on Open Graves, a contemporary horror film.
He won a Golden Spur Award from the WWA for Wild Horses, and two Crystal Reel "Best Director" Awards for the Viacom series Super Force. In 1995 he was awarded the Genesis Award from the Ark Trust Foundation for his work as executive producer and writer of the MTV Dead at 21. In 2001 Rod and Bruce received a Prism Award Commendation for their work as writers / executive producers on the VH 1 At Any Cost, for which he also wrote and produced the songs.
When not writing for television and film Roderick teaches creative writing at Stanford University.
Albums
* Rod Taylor (Asylum, 1973)
* New Nation (United Artists, 1976)
* Victory in Rock City (United Artists, 1977)
* Straight (Metronome Musik [Germany], 1980)
* Rules of Attraction (MCA, 1984)
Poetry
* Florida East Coast Champion Photo by Annie Leibovitz
* the sex life of fire
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User:TheGrappler/afd-boxes/Mock/Articles for deletion/Day 1/List of Troll Marine units in Fantasia Wars: Kill Zone III
List of Troll Marine units in Fantasia Wars: Kill Zone III
Wikipedia WP:NOT a gaming guide. None of these units are sufficiently notable to be mentioned in Wikipedia. -LoneVoiceOfSanity 16:52, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
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Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2008 November 22
= November 22 =
Federal political parties in India
Besides Indian National Congress and Bharatiya Janata Party, is there any other political parties that are federal and they participate in the provincial elections like the two parties above? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:37, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* See List of political parties in India. In this list, you will find parties under the heading "National Parties". These parties include Congress and the BJP. However, not just those two, but all of the national parties also participate in elections at the state level. (India has states and territories rather than provinces.) Marco polo (talk) 03:27, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* 'Federal' isn't really a term used in Indian party politics. The Election Commission of India has three classes of recognition, 'National Parties', 'State Parties' and 'Unrecognised Registered Parties'. These recognitions mainly deal with the reservations of election symbols to be used in national and state-level elections. However, there is no limitation as to which elections that a party can contest. Do also note that there are many parties which never register themselves, but contest elections as independents or on the election symbols of other parties. Many of the state parties and unrecognised parties have nationwide party organisations and contest elections throughout India, and in total there would be 100s of political parties with some level of nationwide coverage. --Soman (talk) 17:59, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
Seats in South Asian Parliaments
I know there are 300 seats in Bangladeshi federal parliament but I need to know what are the ridings and what about the Pakistani federal parliament? How many seats and the ridings? what about Indian federal parliament? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:42, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* It sounds like you are from Canada. Ridings are called constituencies in South Asia and most other places. Wikipedia has this list for Bangladesh, but it is out of date. The current list of constituencies is published here, but it is in Bengali. As for the Parliament of Pakistan, or Majlis-e-Shoora, you might want to look at our article for general information. Our article on the Senate of Pakistan states that the Senate does not have constituencies as such but are with a few exceptions elected by the provincial assemblies. The National Assembly of Pakistan consists of members elected from 272 constituencies, plus 60 women and 10 members of religious minorities elected proportionally. This page lists the constituencies. The Parliament of India has a similar structure to that of Pakistan, with an upper house, the Rajya Sabha, elected by state legislatures and a lower house, the Lok Sabha, made up of members representing these constituencies. Marco polo (talk) 03:02, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
And what about Sri Lanka? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:42, 22 November 2008 (UTC) —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk)
Seeking reference materials on Ilse (F.) (Davidsohn) (Intrator) Stanley
I'm working up an article on this person, but am having trouble finding information about her on the Internet. Have searched: Google, Wikipedia, Ancestry.com, Google Scholar. To unscramble the title of my request: she was born Ilse (F.??) Davidsohn, married Intrator and was known as Ilse Intrator, later married Stanley and was known as Ilse Stanley. The middle initial "F." appears occasionally but I can't document it or when it entered the picture, or what it stands for (there is a hand-written note on the passenger record of the ship that brought her to the U.S. but I can't read it for sure). Thumbnail sketch of why I'm interested: she was a German Jewish woman who, with the collusion of a handful of people ranging from Nazi members of the Gestapo to Jewish civilians, secured the release of 412 Jewish prisonsers from concentration camps between 1936 and 1938. During that time she also helped countless others leave the country while it was still possible for Jews to do so legally. This story was sketched publicly in 1955 on Ralph Edwards's TV program, This Is Your Life, and told in vivid detail in her autobiographical book, The Unforgotten, published in 1957. Can anyone help? — Martha (talk) 02:05, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* The internet is a big and wonderful place, but not everything is always here. May I suggest trying to work through a nearby university library, or perhaps asking for help through a geneological society? --Jayron32. talk . contribs 04:43, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* this Worldcat ID lookup finds that the name has no lccn, but it does have several "personal ids" assigned by different libraries. There appear to be only two or perhaps three different books on her. Click on the links to find the libraries. -Arch dude (talk) 14:46, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
Books on Guarany/Guarani language?
I'd like to research it for a school paper, but have been having a hard time to find original work in public libraries or even at Amazon.com and such. I'm fascinated by the fact that the language is still spoken but most of Paraguay's population, and would like to address that. I can read English, Spanish and Portuguese, so any suggestions on those three languages will be very helpful. Thanks a lot! <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:52, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* I didn’t go looking specifically for books on the language, but for articles that might either have the information you seek in them, or have references to books. Using “Guarani” alone as a search term, Google had over 9 million hits; with “Guarani language” the count dropped to 1 million 7. Here are a few entries:
* Omniglot: Writing Systems and languages of the world: ;
* Languages of the world: ;
* Language links (has links to a Spanish site and links to a Guarani-related language mailing list): ;
* And a linguistics paper on the subject:.
* Oh yes, and then there is the Wikipedia article Guarani which has links to external sites that look promising at the end of the article, as well as the one entitled Gramática do Kamaiurá, Língua Tupi-Guarani do Alto Xingu.
* You might also find some help and/or information at the Guarani Language edition of Wikipedia . ៛ Bielle (talk) 17:24, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* I spent a summer in Paraguay, as it happens. In Asuncion, you're not going to hear much Guarani, but outside of it it's probably dominant (well, the mix is dominant, but it's pretty unintelligible to a Spanish speaker). And there are some people who don't speak much spanish at all. This is a decent dictionary; also, conjugation is fairly simple, just add a (I), re (you), o (him/her), ña (we, including the person you're talking to), ro (excluding the person), and pe (them) to the beginning of the verb, and then tense just comes from the suffix. Also, the word "jaguar" comes from Guarani. BTW, if you're wondering, the main reason Guarani still exists to such an extent is the Jesuit missions. The movie "The Mission" is about that, as it happens - not a bad movie, but it has a particularly good score... zafiroblue05 | Talk 02:06, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
Benefits of a bachelor degree for police officers?
Does anyone know the benefits a 4yr degree will provide for police officers? Not just as far as admittance, but for pay, ranking, and other important desires.
Thanks —Preceding unsigned comment added by Cagefite007 (talk • contribs) 10:34, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* In what country? I believe the UK has a fast track system for graduate police officers - ie. you get promoted at a significantly faster rate. Your terminology and the fact that you didn't specify a country suggests you are talking about the US, which I know nothing about. Somebody here might, though. --Tango (talk) 13:39, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* This is more of an opinion than fact, but in any society where education is heavily subsidized, education becomes more of vetting tool than a prerequisite. Why hire a police officer without a bachelor's degree when you can hire one with one? Also, it does become useful to have a degree later in your career. Most forces require you to spend several years on "patrol" doing the grunt work of the police department. When you choose to specialize afterwards, having a 4-year degree is useful. Becoming a detective, working in financial crimes, organizational management, crime statistics, IT etc. etc. Police departments have all of the needs that any large organization might have.NByz (talk) 17:48, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* My wife is in Law Enforcement, so I have a bit more of a perspective on this than the average person. Its a misconception that there is a monolithic job called "police officer" where everyone does the same thing, wears the same spiffy uniforms, etc. etc. Law enforcement is a broad field with MANY different unique and non-interchangable jobs, each of which has different requirements and qualifications. The so called "Patrol officer" that you think of when you think "cop" actually represents a very small percentage of sworn law enforcement. Besides the "beat cop" or "patrol officer" there are detectives, IT professionals, forensic scientists, traffic control officers, highway patrol, etc. etc. My wife works in the crime lab, as a forensic chemist, but even there are probably a dozen or so specialities that require very specialized degrees and training. Drug chemists, trace evidence analysts, latent evidence analysist, DNA and blood analyst, firearms, computer crimes, document analyst, etc. etc. My suggestion is that you consider which part of law enforcement interests you, and then consider which field fits your interests. Contact a local law enforcement agency, and ask lots of questions about what you need to do to get that field. Also, even if you are just a "beat cop", having advanced training can lead to faster promotions. Most departments require supervisors to undergo extensive management training for example; I know my wife's boss had to essentially get his MBA before he got promoted to his supervisor positon; so if you are interested in getting into management positions in the department (lieutenants and captains and stuff like that), having that sort of training can't hurt. --Jayron32. talk . contribs 18:49, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
Language spoken in heaven
Hello I am trying to locate a reference for an article on Church music. It is something like "I do not know what language is spoken in heaven, but I think it would be very similar to music". Google is no help. Grateful for any suggestions. The Land Surveyor (talk) 12:16, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* This sounds very similar to the basic premise behind the unfinished Who rock opera named Lifehouse (much of which would be released, sans plot, as the album Who's Next.) The concept is boiled down very well in the song "Pure and Easy", which was part of the "Lifehouse" cycle, but was later released on Odds & Sods. Lifehouse never got out off the ground, largely because the premise (Nirvana/Heaven is a single musical note; and people who tune their minds to that note achieve perfect bliss) was so weird and wacky that it didn't translate well to a real, plot-driven play. I would highly recommend hitting I-tunes or Rhapsody or whatever music service you like and downloading the song "Pure and Easy" by the Who. Its not one of their best known songs, but I have always liked it, and it pretty much deals with exactly what you are asking about. --Jayron32. talk . contribs 18:34, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Google Books pretty quickly finds "The angels are so enamoured of the language that is spoken in heaven, that they will not distort their lips with the hissing and unmusical dialects of men, whether there be any who understand it or not" -- Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essay on Intellect. Some other authors seem to think that the language in Heaven is either a) Hebrew; b) Arabic; c) the unified language that was spoken by all humans before the Tower of Babel was built. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:16, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Cymraeg yw iaith y nefoedd. AndyJones (talk) 20:12, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* According to InterTran, Andy's comment translates as: "Welsh is language the heavens." Even though the multiple Ys give it away, I always have to check. ៛ Bielle (talk) 03:58, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* Or, with a bit more syntax than InterTran can wield, 'Welsh is the language of the heavens', or more naturally 'of heaven'. --ColinFine (talk) 13:49, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
I think every language is spoken in Heaven -- except German. Sorry Germans, but it has to stay heaven for everyone else too. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:16, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* I've heard that Hitler went to Heaven, and I'd guess he spoke German there. Later, he was asked to reincarnate, to come back to Earth and fix up all our problems. He was reluctant ("been there, done that" etc), but he finally agreed, saying "Oh, alright then. But this time, no more Mr Nice Guy". -- JackofOz (talk) 21:38, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Mozart said of French "German is heavenly by comparison". Xn4 ( talk ) 01:34, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
design
the role of thinking in design —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:26, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* What kind of a question is that? Is this one of those impossibly vague essay questions teachers like to set when they can't be bothered to think of a real question? If so, we won't do your homework for you. --Tango (talk) 13:40, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* The role of questioning in answer Dmcq (talk) 19:49, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
Asking age/sex/race questions of an applicant
In a country such as the U.S. where it is illegal to discriminate based on age/sex/race/religion, is it legal for a company to ask the age, sex or race of an applicant, or ask the applicant's religion in an interview?
Thanks, Sam <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:33, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* In the UK, it's common to ask those kind of questions on the application form for a job. The answers are kept from the people making the decisions and are only used to gather statistics in order to monitor their recruitment methods (and there's always an "Decline to answer" option which I always take - statistics don't prevent discrimination, not discriminating does). --Tango (talk) 17:46, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* In the U.S., many organizations are required to prove that they DON'T descriminate on the basis of (whatever) and in order to do that are required to collect data on their hiring practices (for example, you would need to know how many black applicants applied for a job, and then how many black employees you have, etc. etc.) Companies need to comply with the regulations of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, which requires the collection of that data. You, as an applicant, are never required to answer that question, and the company cannot compel you, nor can they deny hiring you if you politely decline to answer it.(Politeness is the key. If you act indignant and raise a giant stink, well, they probably won't hire you because you were rude, and not because of whether or not you filled out the "race" box on the application.) So the key to the OP's question is that it IS illegal to descriminate in that way, however the data needs to be collected so the company can PROVE that it isn't descriminating... --Jayron32. talk . contribs 18:24, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Let's hope they don't DIScriminate either. Malcolm XIV (talk) 18:36, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* That's politicians for you. Who's to say there isn't some reason why black (say) applicants are better/worse at the job that white (say) applicants? Just because you have the same proportions of employees as in the general population (or those applying, if you prefer) doesn't mean there isn't discrimination, and vice versa. (I'll stop ranting now!) --Tango (talk) 18:39, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Back in the affirmative action days, discrimination was forced by having quotas for race/gender positions - not applicants, but positions. When I was hiring 5 computer programmers for a company, I was told that I had to hire two women and one black person. In all applicants, there were only two women (judging by their names). So, both were hired even though they knew nothing about programming. I had no black applicants. So, I told my waiter at the Huddle House to apply so I could hire him and get the quota out of the way so I could hire two programmers to do the work of 5 positions. I wonder why that company failed? -- k a i n a w ™ 18:50, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* In Ontario (Canada), it is illegal to ask certain questions. Certainly no reference to them would appear in a job advertisement, and no HR professional would ever ask any of them. From comes the following:
* There are some questions that are illegal for employers to ask. In general, the employer cannot ask about your race, place of origin, ethnic origin, religion, sexual orientation, age, marital and family status, disability or financial situation. There are, however, certain situations when such questions are considered valid. According to the Ontario Human Rights Code, some of these questions are valid if
* the nature of employment involves "serving the interests of persons identified by their race, ancestry, place of origin, colour, ethnic origin, creed, sex, age, marital status or handicap", or
* the primary duty of employment is "attending to the medical or personal needs of the person", or
* if a candidate is "the spouse, child or parent of the employer or an employee". ៛ Bielle (talk) 18:58, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Even if it would be legal for them to ask, many companies have a strict policy of not doing so. If you ask a old/female/black/Jewish applicant their age/sex/race/religion and they don't get the job, they may sue you because they think that age/sex/race/religion discrimination was involved. (Why did you ask if it wasn't relevant?) Even if the hiring decision was completely impartial, the company will still need to waste time and money proving it in court. If you never ask about age/sex/race/religion, it's a lot simpler to show the judge that discrimination wasn't a factor. (As an aside, in the US a lot of the employment laws are handled at the State level. Even if Federal law doesn't prohibit asking, a state law may do so.) -- <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:45, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* If I'm not mistaken, there were a couple US states that had propositions on their ballots during the recent election that asked if voters were in favor of ending the equal opportunity measures in their states. I can't find a link right now though since it's no longer news... Dismas |(talk) 19:56, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* (Totally OR) ... Having applied for a number of jobs over the past few years in the U.S., my experience has been this: Companies ask you to fill in a job application with your name, address, etc., detailing your experience and qualifications for the job itself. You are also asked to fill in a separate optional form that does not have any personal identifying information on it, asking about ethnicity, etc., which is used by the company to meet its legal requirments. — Michael J 18:30, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
presidential gifts
On a recent episode of the Colbert report, Colbert suggested that he would try to bribe President-Elect Obama to come on the show by offering him an issue of spiderman with Stephen Colbert on the cover, signed by both the cover artist and colbert himself (apparently Obama is an avid spider-man collector). A one of a kind comic signed by its artist AND a character seems priceless. Were Obama to come on the show, would he even be permitted to accept such a gift? --Shaggorama (talk) 19:58, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Not sure about the transition period, but when he becomes president, all gifts above a certain fairly low monetary value become property of the U.S. government... AnonMoos (talk) 20:21, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
Do you have a source for that AnonMoos? I'd be interested to read up on that...<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:27, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* A certain competing encyclopedia owned by the Antichrist states "The Constitution also disallows presidents and other federal officials from receiving any title of nobility, gift, payment, or official position from a king, prince, or foreign state. All gifts to a president from foreign governments belong to the people of the United States rather than the president." For gifts from Americans, this says that "The president and vice-president are required to report gifts from US citizens that cost more than $US285" and "The majority of gifts are not accepted for their personal use, but rather on behalf of the United States and sent to the National Archives." Clarityfiend (talk) 02:53, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
in fact, presidents accept some, though not most gifts. since colbert isn't a government (yet), Obama could choose the comic as one of the few things he accepts as a gift during his presidency... —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:06, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
Proof of religion
Would it be theoretically (even if not practically) possible to scientifically prove the existence of God(s) or an afterlife? (I am not counting psychic powers because those have been tested and have not come out well.)
I was thinking that if an extraterrestrial civilization with a very similar mythology/religion to one of our own were discovered, that would be too unlikely of a coincidence to really be a coincidence. However, that is unlikely to happen in my lifetime (or this one of my lifetimes, if you prefer). Thoughts? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:38, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Yes, of course. If gods existed, then they could easily prove themselves to exist by manifesting themselves and doing godly stuff. Algebraist 21:45, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* You may have difficulties with defining "god" and thus "godly stuff". How do you distinguish between a powerful alien with some kind of matter converter than can turn water into wine and an actual god? --Tango (talk) 21:57, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* That's actually a rather interesting question, and one I've been thinking about recently. Suffice it to say here that I think the English word 'god' is sufficiently vague, and applies to such a diverse range of entities already, that I don't see anything wrong with declaring a super-powerful alien to be a god. Algebraist 22:01, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* It's a very interesting question and one that I've thought about a lot after watching Stargate (particularly the Ori arc - the heros keep saying the Ori aren't gods, but they've ascended to a higher plane of existence and have all kinds of powers over nature and the universe in general - sounds pretty god-like to me!). Your definition would allow humans to become gods simply through technological advancement (at least, if my example of being able to turn water into wine counts as sufficiently powerful - if the power level requires something beyond what our science says is possible, then things get a little more interesting). That doesn't necessarily invalidate the definition, but it does lead to interesting questions about where to draw the line - what we can do now (aeroplanes [a winged chariot, anyone?], atomic bombs [makes a bolt of lightning seem like child's play], computers that can perform calculations at incomprehensible speeds [would look like you're super intelligent to someone not in on the trick], space rockets [travelling to heaven, perhaps?]) would seem pretty super-powerful to humans 2000 years ago, so are we gods? --Tango (talk) 22:15, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Actually, the entire purpose of Transhumanism is to turn us into gods—and, I must say, we've come a far ways to that end. By Medieval standards, any modern Joe today could have god-like powers. The Jade Knight (talk) 04:21, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Coincidences should be expected. Lack of coincidence points to something odd. -- k a i n a w ™ 21:48, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Of course, the lack of coincidence may in fact be a coincidence in itself. SDY (talk) 21:53, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Descartes famously "proved" the existence of God in his work "Meditations." GreatManTheory (talk) 21:50, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Well, yes, there have been many proofs. Unfortunately, they're all terrible. Algebraist 21:55, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* This is where the meaning of the words "prove" and "proof" come into their own. "To prove" does not, as is commonly mis-assumed, mean "to demonstrate incontrovertibly that the thing you're considering is true (or not)". It means "to test whether the thing you're considering is true (or not)". It's the process of testing that's the proof; it's not the outcome. -- JackofOz (talk) 22:25, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Please don't describe a perfectly good usage as a mis-assumption. 'to prove' can mean either 'To establish as true; to make certain; to demonstrate the truth of by evidence or argument.' or 'To make trial of; to try, test.' This has been the case since at least the 13th century. Source: OED. Algebraist 22:38, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Harumph! The OED - what would they know about English! (storms off). :) -- JackofOz (talk) 00:00, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Another civilization (extraterrestrial or not) with similar beliefs is not at all any proof of anything other than the commonplace of beliefs. Whether said beliefs are true is entirely a different question. As for whether the coincidence of two civilizations with similar beliefs is noteworthy, it depends on a null sample which we simply do not have. (That is, it can't really be said whether it is probable or improbable. The sample size is too small and in any case there's no reason to suspect different beliefs is a more or less probable situation.) --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:27, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* Does one need any more proof of God than the fact that the Universe works at all? That the laws of physics set in motion by Him can produce the beautiful and the sublime that is Creation? That the Big Bang could ultimately create all of everything we see? That evolution could produce a creature capable of feeling His presence and of having a relationship with Him? It is a common misconception that the religious are expecting to see God's miraculous work as existing solely as inexplicable miracles and illogical events. God's work is everywhere, and he is manifest in the world. Being religious doesn't mean looking for the miracles that are coming; it means seeing the miracles that are all around us. It doesn't mean rejecting science for superstition, it means understanding that science has provided us with a finer and more complete understanding of His creation, and as such there is no holier work than science. This is just the rantings of one Christian; but please don't imply that being religious means the same thing as being superstitious, or that God's manifestation should exist solely in the unexplainable... --Jayron32. talk . contribs 01:39, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* But the inexplicable is the only refuge religion has. If something can be explained without requiring a deity then Occam's razor tells us we should assume that explanation is the correct one (there are probably some unimportant caveats to that, so if the pedants that like to point such things out whenever someone mentions Occam's razor could just assume I've already dealt with them, I would appreciate it - thanks!). --Tango (talk) 01:51, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* Well, it depends. Do you mean "inexplicable" to mean "the stuff that science has not explained yet" or do you mean "the stuff that science cannot explain". The former used to include such basic concepts as "why does it rain" and "why does the sun come up every day" and "where did all these animals and plants and people come from". Science pretty much nailed all those down. The latter category includes questions like "For what purpose does the Universe have" and "What caused the Universe to come into existance" (this is a DIFFERENT question than "by what process did it come into existance") and "Why would intelligent life evolve at all" and questions like that. Science will always lack the means to answer these questions; the answers to them MUST be taken on faith. Even the default answers, which is "we have no purpose" and "it happened because of dumb luck" are untestable and so beyond the scope of science; even if you come to those conclusions, you arrive at them via faith. I have arrived at answers to those questions, and they do not conflict with my understanding of the processes by which the universe operates. The human experience involves more than merely a collection of concrete observations about the world. The human experience involves art, and beauty, and faith, and lots of other experiences that are not part of the scientific discipline. "Why is a painting beautiful?" is as much outside the scope of science as is "Why am I here?", I would posit experiencing beauty and faith are as equal in importance to the human experience as is experiencing the truth of science. --Jayron32. talk . contribs 03:13, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* Faith is a real thing. Everyone uses it every day. People post questions on this page with faith that they will be answered. If they didn't have faith that an answer would come, they wouldn't come here. You don't pursue someone romantically unless you have faith something will come of it. Wrad (talk) 03:20, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* Both meanings work - things which science can never explain will always be within the realm of religion. Things that science can't explain now but might in the future and currently in the realms of religion. One of the problems with religion is that it doesn't accept corrections when it is shown to be wrong. When the religions were first established they didn't really contradict anything because there was no better explanation, but as science has developed more and more things religion tries to explain have been explained more reliably by science but religions continues to insist on their original explanations (there is some variation in this, of course - some people are very fundamentalist about it, such as Young Earth Creationists, others accept science while still believing the religion which usually ends up with them believing contradictory things). --Tango (talk) 13:07, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
* Actually, that's quite wrong too. Religions do change and evolve over time; and followers of that faith themselves change and evolve over time. Practitioners of any one religion are also highly diverse in their relationship with their religion. And never confuse the stubborness of individual people who refuse to accept science and claim (falsely) that their religion won't let them accept this; and the religious belief systems themselves, which may or may not take a "stance" on scientific issues... --Jayron32. talk . contribs 03:49, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Are you now saying that religion will change if science answers the question "What caused the universe to come into existence?"? Zain Ebrahim (talk) 10:43, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* No, because then we would merely redifine the universe to be larger than currently envisaged. If you take the universe to mean "all of creation", and you take our universe to have been caused by some event in a larger, "multiverse", well, creation contains that multiverse as well. It goes back to Aristole's concept of "the prime mover". All creation must have a first cause, and that first cause must be God... If we come up with some process that caused the Big Bang before the Big Bang happened, then something must have caused THAT process to occur. And so on and so on. We can redefine "Creation" as science gains a greater understanding of it, but to get back to the First Cause will always be out of the reach of science... --Jayron32. talk . contribs 13:39, 24 November 2008 (UTC)
* Yes. If you can provide a precise and testable ("falsifiable") definition for something, then science can in theory prove its existance. if it exists. (To prove non-existance, science needs a bit more than that.) So, you question is not specific enough. Please provide a precise definition of "god" for question 1, and of "afterlife" for question 2. -Arch dude (talk) 23:02, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
The OP asked "Would it be theoretically (even if not practically) possible to scientifically prove the existence of God(s) or an afterlife?" The second part of the question ("or an afterlife") is clearly quite different from the first. Indeed, parapsychologists have put huge efforts into examining the evidence for reincarnation, communication with the dead, near death experiences, and so on. Although I believe there's no consensus on how successful all their efforts have been, the answer in principle must be Yes, or many intelligent people would know they were labouring in vain... which perhaps they are, of course, but that's another matter. (If this sounds subjective, look for a moment at the difference in our perceptions of parapsychology and astrology. Clearly, there is a consensus that parapsychology is a respectable discipline.) Xn4 ( talk ) 01:12, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
* Physicist Frank J. Tipler wrote an interesting book aiming to show that a kind of immortality or "afterlife" is physically possible: see Omega Point (Tipler)... AnonMoos (talk) 09:23, 27 November 2008 (UTC)
* Actually, I have the best proof for the existance of god:
http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/thedishrag/2008/11/oh-dear-page-si.html
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:09, 26 November 2008 (UTC)
Islam: group conversation customs?
I just visited my Muslim (originally Moroccan) neighbor on a festive occasion; there were a lot of men present (the women were the ones actually having the festive occasion, elsewhere). Aside from knowing how to say salaam aleikum and that you should eat with your right hand, I'm not well versed in Islamic customs (or Moroccan ones, if that makes a difference). After dinner, the guests started conversing among themselves. I didn't understand a word of what was spoken, as it was all Arabic, but two things stood out.
First, when the conversation started, the local geezer started flapping his gums for the good part of an hour (or so it felt, at least) while the rest was silent and listened, with only an occasional interjection. I assume this is a cultural "respect for the elders" kind of thing? Is the oldest member of the group actually expected to lead the conversation this way, or is it just a courtesy extended to them when they do start talking? Would he be expected to say something special or was he just saying "So I says to Mabel, I says..." in Arabic?
Second, at two seemingly random moments, one guy would start chanting and the others would join in (some with more dedication than others...) From what I could make out ("alhamdulillah") they were religious in nature. What's the deal behind this? Can anyone just start chanting, or is it supposed to happen at specific moments? What's the rationale behind it?
My neighbor's a nice guy who would have probably answered my questions, but I always feel a little embarrassed about such things, so I'm asking you instead. :-) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:25, 22 November 2008 (UTC)
* I have lived for long periods in Morocco, so the following is based on personal experience. The old person mumbling and briefly interrupted was likely reciting a prayer. The occasional interjections are the Arab equivalent of Amen. The chanting were likely verses from the Coran; they are often recited in a sing-song style, as this is how they are usually memorized. This type of religious content is typical for a festive occasion, be it one of the Muslim feasts or a wedding, engagement, etc. Often, professional reciters will be invited to provide this service (for a fee of course). The recitations would have been in Arabic, but the rest of the conversation in Moroccan dialect, which is a quite different language. --Xuxl (talk) 16:37, 25 November 2008 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Code Submission Evaluation System Login
E4590 2018 1
Start:2018-09-15 13:00:00
End:2018-09-15 16:00:00
Tasks | Scoreboard | Statistics
CSES - E4590 2018 1 - Swapping lettersCSES - Swapping letters
Swapping letters
Time limit:1.00 s
Memory limit:512 MB
Not all pairs of letters are equal!
You are given two strings, $x$ and $y$, and your task is to turn string $x$ into string $y$ by swapping pairs of letters that are next to each other. For example, you can turn $x={}$"acbbaca" into $y={}$"baccaab" as follows:
acbbaca
abcbaca
bacbaca
bacbcaa
baccbaa
baccaba
baccaab
However, this time we have an extra restriction: you get a list of pairs that cannot be swapped. These are called forbidden pairs. For example, if (a,b) is a forbidden pair, then it means that you cannot replace "ab" with "ba", and you cannot replace "ba" with "ab".
If, for example, we had forbidden pairs (a,b) and (b,c), then it would not be possible to turn "acbbaca" into "baccaab". No matter how you try to do it, you would need to replace "ab" with "ba", or "ba with "ab", or "bc" with "cb", or "cb" with "bc".
In this problem, you are given the strings $x$ and $y$ and $n$ forbidden pairs, and your task is to tell if you can get from $x$ to $y$ by swapping adjacent characters and avoiding all forbidden pairs.
Input
The first line contains a number $n$.
Then there are $n$ rows of forbidden pairs. Each row contains two characters, $u$ and $v$, separated with a space. This means that you are not permitted to replace the substring $uv$ with $vu$ or vice versa. We will always have $u \ne v$.
Finally there are two lines that contain the strings $x$ and $y$.
All strings consist of lower-case letters "a"–"z" only.
Output
Output "YES", if you can get from $x$ to $y$ avoiding forbidden pairs; otherwise output "NO".
Limits
Example 1
Input:
2
a b
b c
acbbaca
cabbaac
Output:
YES
Example 2
Input:
2
a b
b c
acbbaca
baccaab
Output:
NO
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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BRIEF-The J.G. Wentworth Company reports Q1 loss per share $1.03
May 10 (Reuters) - JG Wentworth Co * The J.G. Wentworth Company reports first quarter 2016 results * Q1 revenue $66.6 million versus $86.8 million * Qtrly loss per share $1.03 * Expects to receive notice from new york stock exchange (“NYSE”) of being below NYSE’s continued listing standards * Intends to remain a listed company and plans to develop and submit a business plan to NYSE * Has reviewed criteria for NYSE-market, and, as an alternative, may also consider transferring its stock listing to NYSE-market * NYSE notification does not affect company’s business operations or its SEC reporting requirements Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage: (Bengaluru Newsroom: +1 646 223 8780)
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User:Sonsofsirius/Sons Of Sirius
Sons Of Sirius
Sons Of Sirius are an alternative rock band hailing from Newquay, Cornwall, England, UK. They formed in January 2010 as a mutual collaboration of old friends coming together to make music how they know best and deliver it with the passion and energy that is often lacking in the present day music scene. Choosing to disregard all the usual stale music of the modern times Sons Of Sirius are getting back in touch with the soul and feel of the epic rock vibe. "Clean out your earholes and fill them up with the sound of triumph and epicness".
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WIKI
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Orizaba (1854 ship)
Construction
Orizaba was built by Jacob A. Westervelt and Company at its shipyard in New York City. She was 240' (73 m) long, with a beam of 34' (10 m) and a draft of 15.4' (5.2 m). The ship measured 1,244 gross register tons. She was a 2-deck wooden sidewheel steamship. Her frames were made from oak and her planking from chestnut. Her vertical beam steam engine was coal fired. This engine was manufactured at the Morgan Iron Works at the foot of 10th Street on the East River in Manhattan. The engine had a single cylinder 65" (1.7 m) in diameter with an 11' (3.4 m) stroke. Her paddle wheels were 32' (9.8 m) in diameter. She had two masts, rigged as a brigantine, and could sail. Orizaba was launched on January 14, 1854.
The inspiration for the ship's name is lost to history, but it seems probable that it is connected to the highest mountain in Mexico, Pico de Orizaba, or the nearby town of Orizaba. Both are near Veracruz, one of the ship's first regular destinations.
Harris & Morgan Line (1854–1856)
Charles Morgan commissioned Orizaba as part of his fleet of steamships. The ship's business was managed by a partnership formed by his son-in-law and his youngest son, Israel Harris and Henry Morgan. Orizaba's inaugural trip was from New York to New Orleans. She departed on April 22, 1854. Passengers were charged $60 for a cabin and $25 for a steerage berth to New Orleans, and freight cost 30 cents per cubic foot. For the next year and a half, the ship shuttled between New Orleans and Veracruz, completing two round-trips per month. There was substantial political unrest in Mexico at the time, and even armed rebellion against the government aided by guns shipped from supporters in New Orleans. While there is no evidence that Orizaba carried weapons, she did bring back to the United States the first news of many events in the uprising. Orizaba ended her New Orleans - Veracruz service in early 1856. She returned to New York from New Orleans on February 10, 1856 to begin her new assignment.
Nicaragua Steamship Company (1856–1858)
The California gold rush resulted in large demand for travel to California. The only existing sea route from the East Coast to California was through Panama. It was an effective monopoly with the U.S. Mail Steamship Company running to the Atlantic side of the isthmus, and the Pacific Mail Steamship Company running from Panama to San Francisco. The monopoly kept rates high, so Cornelius Vanderbilt pioneered a new route from New York to San Francisco across Nicaragua, at least 500 miles shorter than the route across Panama. His ocean-going steamships sailed from New York to the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua, and from the Pacific Coast to San Francisco. He planned a canal to connect the two oceans, but in the short-term transferred passengers from one coast to the other by shallow-draft river steamer, stagecoach, and mule train. The Nicaraguan government granted the Accessory Transit Company, controlled by Vanderbilt, the right to build a canal and pending its construction, a monopoly on transporting passengers across the country. Charles Morgan was the company's New York manager. The business, if not the canal was a success, and in one year 24,000 passengers traveled the route.
Unfortunately for Vanderbilt, Nicaragua was politically unstable, and some of his partners, including Morgan and Cornelius K. Garrison, sought control of the Nicaragua route. One Nicaraguan faction invited American William Walker to form a private army to tip the scales toward its cause. In 1855 he arrived in country with 57 other Americans and was quickly successful in seizing large swathes of the country. Walker annulled the Accessory Transport Company grant and seized its property. With the land crossing lost to him, Vanderbilt withdrew his ocean steamers from the Nicaragua route in March 1885. Morgan stepped in, aligning with Walker to gain passage through the country. Orizaba began sailing between New York and Nicaragua, taking the place of Vanderbilt's ships. She sailed from New York with 500 passengers aboard for Greytown, Nicaragua on April 8, 1856. Her departure was delayed by U.S. Marshalls who arrested three of her passengers for attempting to join Walker's forces in violation of neutrality laws.
The mix of competing New York capitalists and competing Nicaraguan political factions created a full-scale war in Nicaragua and Orizaba sailed into it. She arrived in Greytown on April 16, 1856. By this time Costa Rican troops had invaded Nicaragua, likely urged on and perhaps funded by Vanderbilt, to suppress Walker and close the transit route across the country that supplied him. Complicating matters further, the Royal Navy ship HMS Eurydyice forbade Orizaba to land her passengers, at least some of whom were likely there to join Walker's army. The British regarded Walker's ascendence and the flood of Americans coming to Nicaragua to support him as a potential violation of the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. Also, Vanderbilt's agents, sent to retake his property by force, asked for British help in blocking the landing of Orizaba's passengers. Whatever the motivation, British interference with the U.S.-flagged Orizaba stoked nationalist feelings in America. She arrived back in New York on April 29, 1856.
Orizaba made two more trips between New York and Greytown, arriving back in New York for the final time on July 15, 1856. She was then reassigned to the Pacific leg of the route, from San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua to San Francisco. She sailed from New York to take up her new post on August 6, 1856. She reached San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua on October 8, 1856 via the Strait of Magellan, after several stops for coal, water, and provisions. She reached San Francisco for the first time on October 30, 1856.
Orizaba began sailing from San Francisco to Nicaragua. Given the chaos on the transit route, passengers were assured that if it were blocked across Nicaragua, Orizaba would carry them to Panama, from whence a ship on the Caribbean coast would take them on to New York. Indeed, the ship did end up sailing on to Panama to transfer passengers to and from ships in the Atlantic.
Morgan and Garrison supported Walker in order to gain control of the transit route, shipping arms and men to Walker's army on Orizaba. The ship stoked the continuing unrest, and became a victim of it when one of her boats was fired upon in April, 1857. She arrived back in San Francisco on April 20, 1857, by which time forces opposed to Walker had retaken the transit route and closed it. Orizaba was idled, anchored in San Francisco Bay.
New York and California Steamship Company (1858–1860)
Cornelius Vanderbilt was not done with the coast-to-coast trade. He reconciled with his estranged partner from the Nicaraguan trade, Cornelius K. Garrison, to form a competitive line between San Francisco and Panama. (He ultimately bought Garrison's interest, so perhaps the reconciliation was not complete. ) The New York and California Steamship Company began service in March 1858 with Northern Lights sailing the New York - Panama leg. Orizaba sailed from San Francisco for Panama on March 5, 1858. The strategy of the company was to pressure the incumbent monopolist on the route, the Pacific Mail Steamship Company.
The Fraser River gold rush began in April, 1858, so upon her return to San Francisco, Orizaba and every other seaworthy vessel in San Francisco fitted out for service north. She sailed for Victoria, BC on July 1, 1858, transporting 786 passengers and 1,450 tons of freight to the new mines. After this one trip at the height of the rush, Orizaba was idled again.
Meanwhile, the Panama strategy had worked. Having proved that he could compete on the Panama route, Vanderbilt struck a deal with the Pacific Mail Steamship Company whereby it would pay him $40,000 a month not to. Vanderbilt thought he could get more, so he restarted competitive service to Panama in early 1859. On March 5, 1859 Orizaba sailed to Panama with 725 passengers aboard. She returned on April 6, 1859 and this time she kept sailing. The Vanderbilt ships undercut the Pacific Mail Steamship Company's rates and took business away from it. Through a complicated series of transactions involving ships in both oceans, Vanderbilt sold his San Francisco-Panama business. including Orizaba, to the Pacific Mail Steamship Company for a combination of stock and cash, in June 1860.
Pacific Mail Steamship Company (1860–1865)
Orizaba continued her service between San Francisco and Panama for her new owner. She saw some extraordinary cargos, including $1,006,018 in silver and gold that was shipped from San Francisco on October 21, 1861. She drops out of newspaper accounts in April 1864, suggesting that she had been idled prior to her sale to the California Steam Navigation Company.
California Steam Navigation Company (1865–1867)
The mid-1850s saw the economy of the West Coast grow. This new demand convinced the California Steam Navigation Company to establish routes from its San Francisco base to ports along the West Coast. The company used a few of its largest steamers for these new routes and acquired other ocean-going ships to meet this demand. Orizaba was purchased by the California Steam Navigation Company from the Pacific Mail Steamship Company in 1865 for $60,000. She immediately began service between San Francisco and Portland. The ship also served the San Francisco to San Pedro route beginning in 1866.
These new routes created growing competition with the California, Oregon, and Mexico Steamship Company run by Ben Holladay. When a third steamship company, the Anchor Line, entered the Portland - San Francisco market, prices fell so low that they triggered industry consolidation. The entire ocean-going fleet of the California Steam Navigation, including Orizaba, and the Anchor Line were merged into the California, Oregon, and Mexico Steamship Company in 1867.
North Pacific Transportation Company (1867–1872)
Orizaba continued to run between Southern California and San Francisco under her new ownership. Her cargo from the south was primarily agricultural commodities. A February 1868 shipment included 100,000 oranges, several thousand lemons and limes, 119 casks of whale oil, and 15,750 gallons of wine. In March 1869, the California, Oregon and Mexico Steamship Company was reorganized as the North Pacific Transportation Company. The company changed from a New York corporation with headquarters in New York City to a California corporation with headquarters in San Francisco. In September 1872 Ben Holladay sold the North Pacific Transportation Company and all of its ships, including Orizaba, to the Pacific Mail Steamship Company.
Pacific Mail Steamship Company (1872–1875)
The company paid $150,000 to purchase Orizaba. Orizaba ran as part of Pacific Mail Steamship Company's south coast line, from San Francisco to San Diego, with stops in Santa Barbara, and San Pedro. In 1874 she had the distinction of setting a new single-ship freight record between San Francisco and San Pedro of 575 tons. Competition among steamboat operators drove rates on this route to unsustainable levels, forcing further industry consolidation. Pacific Mail Steamship Company exited the coastal shipping business and focused on its longer international routes. Five ships, including Orizaba, and all the facilities of the south coast line was sold to Goodall, Nelson, and Perkins steamship company.
Pacific Coast Steamship Company (1875–1887)
In January 1875, Goodall, Nelson, and Perkins Steamship Company purchased five ships from the Pacific Mail Steamship Company, including Orizaba. She began her work for her new owner by continuing her runs between San Francisco and San Diego. She retained not only her old routing, but her previous captain as well. Captain Henry James Johnston commanded the ship for thirteen years encompassing her time with the Pacific Mail Steamship Company and part of her time with the Pacific Coast Steamship Company. She docked at Stearns' Wharf on her Santa Barbara port calls and Culverwell's Wharf at San Diego.
When partner Chris Nelson retired in October 1876, Goodall, Nelson, and Perkins Steamship Company was reorganized as the Pacific Coast Steamship Company.
In July 1877, Orizaba was switched to the San Francisco to Portland route, but was switched back to her old San Francisco to San Diego routing in November 1877. By 1881 her old technology left her slower than more modern propeller-driven ships so she was refit with new boilers and new paddlewheels, increasing her speed to 13.5 knots. The ship suffered several broken paddlewheel shafts after this upgrade. Oriziba was always repaired, and continued her sailings along the south coast. Her last trip from San Diego to San Francisco took place in January 1887.
Orizaba obsolete
In January 1887, the ship was laid up for repairs, and another old side-wheeler, Ancon, replaced her on the San Francisco - San Diego route. An inspection required costly repairs that were deemed too expensive for a ship of her advanced years and old technology. Orizaba was broken up at the Broadway Street Wharf in San Francisco in June and July 1887. Some of her ironwork was so stout that workmen used dynamite to try to break it apart. The workmen thought the explosion was wonderfully effective, but with shards of iron landing up to 300 yards away, they were prevailed upon to go back to using hammers.
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WIKI
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Understanding the kotlin.String! Type in Kotlin Programming
Kotlin
When it comes to programming in Kotlin, understanding the different data types is crucial for writing efficient and effective code. One such data type is the kotlin.String! type, which represents a sequence of characters. In this article, we will delve into the details of the kotlin.String! type, exploring its features, use cases, and best practices.
What is kotlin.String!?
In Kotlin, the kotlin.String! type is a non-null variant of the kotlin.String type. It signifies that the variable of this type cannot hold a null value. This is denoted by the exclamation mark (!) after the String keyword.
By using the kotlin.String! type, developers can ensure that the variable always contains a valid string value, eliminating the possibility of null pointer exceptions. This can be particularly useful in scenarios where a null value is not expected or acceptable.
Example Usage
val name: String! = "John Doe"
val age: String! = null // Compilation error: Null cannot be a value of a non-null type String!
In the example above, the variable “name” is assigned a non-null string value, “John Doe”. This is perfectly valid as it adheres to the kotlin.String! type. However, when attempting to assign a null value to the variable “age”, a compilation error occurs. This is because the kotlin.String! type does not allow null values.
Benefits and Best Practices
The kotlin.String! type offers several benefits and best practices that can enhance code quality and maintainability. Here are a few key points to consider:
• Eliminating null pointer exceptions: By using the kotlin.String! type, developers can ensure that variables always contain valid string values, reducing the risk of null pointer exceptions.
• Improved code readability: Explicitly declaring the kotlin.String! type makes the code more self-explanatory, conveying the intention that a null value is not allowed.
• Enforcing data validation: When using the kotlin.String! type, developers can enforce data validation rules, ensuring that only valid string values are accepted.
It is important to note that while the kotlin.String! type provides benefits, it should be used judiciously. It is not recommended to use it as a default for all string variables, as there may be cases where null values are expected or acceptable.
The kotlin.String! type in Kotlin programming offers a powerful tool for ensuring non-null string values. By understanding its features, use cases, and best practices, developers can write more robust and reliable code. Remember to use the kotlin.String! type judiciously, considering the specific requirements of each variable and scenario.
Examples:
// Example 1: Creating a String variable
val message: String = "Hello, World!"
// Example 2: Concatenating Strings
val firstName: String = "John"
val lastName: String = "Doe"
val fullName: String = firstName + " " + lastName
// Example 3: Accessing characters in a String
val str: String = "Kotlin"
val firstChar: Char = str[0]
val lastChar: Char = str[str.length - 1]
// Example 4: String interpolation
val age: Int = 25
val message: String = "I am $age years old."
// Example 5: Converting other data types to String
val number: Int = 42
val strNumber: String = number.toString()
Reference Links:
– Official Kotlin documentation on Strings: https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/basic-types.html#strings
– Kotlin String API reference: https://kotlinlang.org/api/latest/jvm/stdlib/kotlin/-string/
– Kotlin String interpolation: https://kotlinlang.org/docs/reference/basic-types.html#string-interpolation
Conclusion:
In Kotlin programming, the kotlin.String type represents a sequence of characters. It is a built-in type and provides various methods and properties to manipulate and work with strings. You can create string variables, concatenate strings, access individual characters in a string, use string interpolation for dynamic values, and convert other data types to strings. Understanding the kotlin.String type is essential for performing string operations and building robust Kotlin applications.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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why implement two so similar data structures like list and tuple [duplicate]
• Last Update :
• Techknowledgy :
Immutable types are hashable, and can be used as dictionary keys. This works:
key = (1, 2, 3)
d = {
key: 1
}
But this doesn't:
key = [1, 2, 3]
d = {
key: 1
}
If it did, what would you expect this to do?
key[0] = 2
print d[key] # id(key) hasn 't changed, so surely the lookup should still work
print d[[1, 2, 3]] # but also, we stored a piece of data at[1, 2, 3], didn 't we?
print d[[2, 2, 3]] # but
if d[key] works, surely we can expand key to its value
Suggestion : 2
Differences and Applications of List, Tuple, Set and Dictionary in Python,List, Tuple, Set, and Dictionary are the data structures in python that are used to store and organize the data in an efficient manner.,Below is the program for implementation of List, tuple, set, and dictionary:,Set: A Set is an unordered collection data type that is iterable, mutable, and has no duplicate elements. Python’s set class represents the mathematical notion of a set.
Adding 5 and 10 in list[5, 10]
Popped one element from list[5]
Adding 5 and 10 in set {
10,
5
}
Removing 5 from set {
10
}
Tuple(5, )
Dictionary {
5: 'Five',
10: 'Ten'
}
Dictionary {
5: 'Five'
}
Suggestion : 3
2 days ago The syntax for lists and tuple s look very similar but have some key differences. The list uses square brackets (i.e., [1, 2, 3] is a list) while a tuple uses parentheses (i.e., (1, 2, 3) is a tuple ). They both have 3 elements that store 1, then 2, then … , This Python Data Structure is like a, like a list in Python, is a heterogeneous container for items. But the major difference between the two (tuple and list) is that a list is mutable, but a tuple is immutable. This means that while you can reassign or delete an entire tuple, you cannot do the same to a single item or a slice. , 2 days ago The first thing you need to decide is whether the data structure needs to be mutable or not. As has been mentioned, lists are mutable, tuples are not. This also means that tuples can be used for dictionary keys, wheres lists cannot. In my experience, tuples are generally used where order and position is meaningful and consistant. , These are the data structures similar to lists. The only difference is that these are homogeneous, that is, have the elements of the same data type. There is a type of array called Matrix which is a 2 dimensional array, with all the elements having the same size.
key = (1, 2, 3) d = {
key: 1
}
key = (1, 2, 3) d = {
key: 1
}
key = [1, 2, 3] d = {
key: 1
}
key[0] = 2 print d[key] # id(key) hasn 't changed, so surely the lookup should still work print d[[1, 2, 3]] # but also, we stored a piece of data at [1, 2, 3], didn'
t we ? print d[[2, 2, 3]] # but
if d[key] works, surely we can expand key to its value
Suggestion : 4
Tuple is a collection which is ordered and unchangeable. Allows duplicate members. Use normal brackets () for tuples.,List is a collection which is ordered and changeable. Allows duplicate members. Use square brackets [] for lists.,Set is a collection which is unordered and unindexed. No duplicate members. Use curly brackets {} for sets.,Dictionary is a collection which is unordered, changeable and indexed. No duplicate members. Use curly brackets {} for dictionaries (see section 8).
myList = [5, 3, 56, 13, 33]
myList
myList = list(range(10))
myList
myList = list(range(3, 12))
myList
myList = list(range(1, 12, 2))
myList
myList = [] # Create an empty list
myList.append(5) # Add a single value to the back of the list
myList
myList.insert(0, 9) # Insert a value in the list at index(element position) 0
myList
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Shivabishwas
Name Shiva Bishwas Born 10 06 1998 Place MAHARAJPUR Gabhiya Single Favorite actor Shah Rukh Khan Favorite Film Kuch Kuch Hota Hai Favorite Dish Patoto Favorite actors Deepika Padukone Favorite Social app Twitter.Com My Twitter user name is SHIVABISHWAS25 House in gabhiya market
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WIKI
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User:Una Smith/Dietary purine
A dietary purine is a purine molecule obtained from food and drink rather than from metabolic synthesis. Purine is a building block of all life on Earth, and in humans purine varies from mostly dietary to mostly synthesized, depending on the amount of purine available in the diet. Because of this, and because different foodstuffs have different concentrations of purine, some human medical conditions involving too much or too little purine have the potential to be controlled by means of a selective diet.
Excess purine in the blood serum is broken down into uric acid. Excess uric acid contributes to several medical conditions, most of which are diseases of affluence.
Common medical conditions in which purine plays an important role involve abnormal concentrations of uric acid in the blood or urine. Blood plasma concentrations of uric acid can be too low (hypouricemia) or too high (hyperuricemia). An abnormally low concentration of uric acid in the urine is not problematic in and of itself, although it may be a medical sign of a problem. In contrast, abnormally high concentrations (hyperuricosuria) may have severe complications (see Hyperuricosuria). Related conditions include gout and the minority of kidney stones that are due to uric acid (uric acid nephrolithiasis).
Individualized selective diet is beneficial in patients with idiopathic first kidney stones of uric acid type.
Myths
Purine is not found mostly in protein; a low purine diet need not be a low protein diet.
Some alcohol (beer, spirits somewhat, wine not at all) increases the risk of gout, but the risk due to beer is far above the expected risk due to its purine content. So there may be some factor other than purine involved.
Biology
Uric acid is a breakdown product of DNA and RNA.
High purine foods
Purines are found in high concentration in meat and meat products, especially metabolically active internal organs such as liver and kidney. A plant based diet generally is low in purines.
Examples of high purine sources include: sweetbreads, anchovies, sardines, liver, beef, kidneys, brains, meat extracts, herring, mackerel, scallops, game meats, and gravy.
A moderate amount of purine is also contained in beef, pork, poultry, fish and seafood, asparagus, cauliflower, spinach, mushrooms, green peas, lentils, dried peas, beans, oatmeal, wheat bran and wheat germ.
Moderate intake of purine-containing food is not associated with an increased risk of gout.
Low purine foods
Vegetarian diet has been found to result in mean serum uric acid values as low as 239 micromol/L (2.7 mg/dL). Although a vegetarian diet is typically seen as beneficial with respect to conditions such as gout, abnormally low serum uric acid (hypouricemia) may require correction.
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01 Apr
Why People Think Tools Are A Good Idea
Benefits of Steel Heat Treatment
With the heating treatment of steel ,it is possible to make it strong and also durable.The importance of a durable as well as strong steel will help to ensure that the metal performs its functions well.There are variety of the heating processes that a person can apply so that to get the metal that he desires.The selection of a metal for use should be based on the heating process that is good.The heating process of steel serve to ensure that the properties of steel are changed by the physical means.The heating provided to steel serves to make the manufacturing process to be simple.There are high chances of having the mechanical properties of steel changed by heating, thus making steel to be strong and tough.With the strength and toughness acquired by the steel metal ,it is possible for steel to be used even in bad conditions. The mechanical change made to steel serves to ensure that metal is efficient in doing the daily tasks.It is possible that steel will not be worn and torn with the mechanical properties that are good.There are high chances of having maintenance cost reduced when the steel is treated with heat. The selection of a steel metal should be based on the heating processes of company that make the steel to assume best qualities.With the selection of the company with good heating process it will be costly, despite the steel which is good will be obtained.
It is possible to have the mechanical and the physical properties of steel changes with the heat treatment.The significance of treating steel is to soften it and for the machine.There are high chances of making manufacturing a simple task through the use of heat to treat the steel.The importance of having work made easy is stress of hard work will be alleviated.
The heat treatment of steel serves to ensure the metal is hard at the same time soft.The simplification of metal works will be made possible through the use of steel that is soft.The end result of having the operations simplified is that you will save time and money to do the task.The importance of steel that is strong is that you will increase the flexibility as well as the ductility possessed by the metal.The resistance of steel to wear as well as tear will be made possible with the help of steel heat treatment.
The are high chances of lengthening the lifespan of the steel metal b the heating process.The reason that steel does not wear and tear readily serve to ensure that the lifespan is increased.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Players’ Union Pushes Back on M.L.B.’s Portrayal of Astros Investigation
Tony Clark, the head of the union, said the league had initially indicated it did not intend to punish any Astros players, contradicting Commissioner Rob Manfred. PORT ST. LUCIE, Fla. — The head of the M.L.B. players’ union said on Wednesday that the league had initially indicated that it did not intend to punish any Houston Astros players as a result of its investigation into their sign-stealing scheme, contradicting a claim by Commissioner Rob Manfred. As players have reported to spring training this week, many have criticized the lack of punishment for members of the 2017 Astros team, which was found to have illegally stolen signs electronically on its way to a World Series title. At a news conference in Arizona on Tuesday, Manfred tried to place some of the blame with the M.L.B. Players Association, saying that the league had originally requested to provide immunity to only a small group of Astros hitters in exchange for their cooperation with the investigation, but that the union had asked for immunity for all involved players. “The union indicated to us that that would be a problem,” Manfred said. “We went back and suggested to them we would give them an initial list of people — players — that we would grant immunity to, preserving our ability to discipline other players. And the union came back and said that players would cooperate only if there was blanket immunity.” But late Tuesday, the union pushed back against that characterization in a statement from Tony Clark, its executive director. “Any suggestion that the association failed to cooperate with the commissioner’s investigation, obstructed the investigation, or otherwise took positions which led to a stalemate in the investigation is completely untrue,” the statement said. M.L.B., the union’s statement said, had “said from the outset that it was not its intention to discipline players.” Clark elaborated on that statement Wednesday morning at the Mets’ spring training facility. He said that M.L.B. had told the union on Nov. 13, the day after the Astros’ cheating scheme was revealed in a report in The Athletic, that the league would want to interview players as part of the investigation but that it had no intention of disciplining players. Clark said that he had confirmed this again before the interviews with Astros players began. “The conversations started with their lack of interest in disciplining players and our legal obligation to accept that,” Clark said. “Our role and our right and our responsibility in the conversation is protecting those rights of every player.” “Our role is not to discipline players,” he said, adding later: “Any conversation about player discipline has to be very specific in respect to what is a violation and what isn’t.” Clark said that he was not surprised that players around the major leagues were upset over the scandal. In his statement Tuesday night, he said that the union had discussed proposals with M.L.B. that could potentially allow for player discipline over issues like sign stealing. But Clark added on Wednesday that players should remember the union defended the rights of every player, and that he was not going to apologize for doing so. He also expressed hope that the players could use their anger to fuel conversations about the future of the sport. He met with Mets players for close to two hours on Wednesday, and he plans to have similar meetings with other teams throughout spring training. “The focus now moving forward is: OK, so what does that look like?” Clark said. “I think everybody and every player that we talk to has no interest in what we’ve seen manifest itself here manifesting again.” One solution, Clark said, might be to censor what in-game video teams are able to access by providing only certain views or angles, which would prevent teams from seeing opposing catchers’ signs. Mets outfielder Michael Conforto, who is the team’s union representative, said it was important to take a measured approach to changes. Some players, he noted, like to go into the video room during games to look at their timing and swing, while other players, such as Conforto, avoid doing so. “There’s a lot of talk about trying to find a common ground.” he said. “I think the attitude was to not overdo it and completely shut everything down.” Conforto said the team was unified by the end of the meeting with Clark, and that they were focusing on protecting the game for future generations. “The bottom line is: No matter what we do, we want an even playing field no matter what,” Conforto said. “The attitudes in here and around baseball, it’s clear that we didn’t feel like there was an even playing field.”
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Page:A Philosophical Inquiry Concerning Human Liberty (Foote).djvu/38
influence they have always had over a great part of mankind. But in truth, the ideas and images in men’s minds, are the Invisible Powers that constantly govern them, and to these they universally pay a ready submission.”
2. The second action of man is judging of propositions. All propositions must appear to me either self-evident, or evident from proof, or probable, or improbable, or doubtful, or false. Now these various appearances of propositions to me, being founded on my capacity, and the degree of light propositions stand in to me, I can no more change those appearances in me than I can change the idea of red raised in me. Nor can I judge contrary to those appearances, for what is judging of propositions but judging that propositions do appear as they do appear? which I cannot avoid doing, without lying to myself, which is impossible. If any man thinks he can judge a proposition, appearing to him evident, to be not evident; or a probable proposition to be more or less probable than it appears by the proofs to be; he knows not what he says, as he may see if he will define his words. The necessity of being determined by appearances was maintained by all the old philosophers, even by the academics or sceptics. Cicero says, “You must take from a man his senses, if you take from him the power of assenting; for it is as necessary the mind should yield to what is clear, as that a scale hanging on a balance should sink with a weight laid on it. For as all living creatures cannot but desire what is agreeable to their natures, so they cannot but assent to what is clear. Wherefore, if those things whereof we dispute are true, it is to no purpose to speak of assent. For he who apprehends, or perceives anything, assents immediately.” Again, “assent not only precedes the practice of vice, but of virtue, the steady performance
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WIKI
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Clene Inc. Chief Executive Officer Rob Etherington to Present at the Investor Summit Virtual on June 10, 2025
SALT LAKE CITY, UT / ACCESS Newswire / June 9, 2025 / Clene Inc. announced that Rob Etherington, Chief Executive Officer and President, will be presenting at the Investor Summit Virtual taking place on June 10.About Clene Inc.Clene Inc., (Nasdaq: CLNN) (along with its subsidiaries, "Clene") and its wholly owned subsidiary Clene Nanomedicine Inc., is a late clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on improving mitochondrial health and protecting neuronal function to treat neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. CNM-Au8® is an investigational first-in-class therapy that improves central nervous system cells' survival and function via a mechanism that targets mitochondrial function and the NAD pathway while reducing oxidative stress. CNM-Au8® is a federally registered trademark of Clene Nanomedicine, Inc. The company is based in Salt Lake City, Utah, with R&D and manufacturing operations in Maryland. For more information, please visit www.clene.com or follow us onX (formerly Twitter) and LinkedIn.Event: Q2 Investor SummitPresentation Time:1:00 PM ETLocation: WEBCAST LINKConference Overview and StructureThe Investor Summit is an exclusive event for investors who specialize in small and microcap stocks. It is an opportunity to be introduced to and speak with management at some of the most attractive small companies, learn from various subject matter experts, and see what your peers are doing in this market.This quarter's event is focused on MicroCap companies who are undervalued, have a catalyst, and are undervalued.
Registration for InvestorsTo request free registration, please go to our website (https://investorsummitgroup.com/), and click the "Registration" button.Sponsors:
AccessNewswire
PCG Advisory
QuoteMedia
AGP
MZ Group
News Compliments of ACCESSWIRE
For More InformationPlease visit: https://investorsummitgroup.com/Or, contact johnna-mae@investorsummitgroup.comSOURCE: Clene Inc.
View the original press release on ACCESS Newswire
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Wikipedia:Peer review/Empire Earth: The Art of Conquest/archive1
Empire Earth: The Art of Conquest
I've been working on this for a while, and have been walking a little blind since no GA expansion pack articles exist. I'm looking for any improvements before I go to GAC. Thoughts?--Clyde (talk) 04:23, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
* I would like to first say that this article really impressed me. I've noticed that many articles concerning expansion packs of computer games only have a few paragraphs to them. I like how you extensively described certain aspects. Even though I didn't have time to read the whole article, I do have some suggestions. First, perhaps you may want to add a separate section of article devoted to explaining new aspects that were added to the game that weren't seen in Empire Earth. Therefore, a viewer won't have to read the whole article and and pick bits and pieces out to find out what was newly added to the game. Hope this helped!Socom49 16:43, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
* Well the gameplay section is really just a prosified and referenced list of all the new features added to the game. Do you think I should rename the "Gameplay" section to something like "Features" or "New Gameplay"?--Clyde (talk) 17:04, 11 March 2007 (UTC)
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Fritz Christen was born on June 29, 1921, in Wredenhagen, Germany. Due to the hardships that followed Germany’s loss in WWI and the effects of the Great Depression, his family suffered.
Things began to change in 1933 when the National Socialist German Workers’ Party achieved power. As Germany’s economy improved, his family reaped the benefits and, their humiliation forgotten, they fell in love with National Socialism. Determined to do his part, Christen joined the Hitler Youth before it became mandatory to do so.
After high school, he joined the Waffen-Schutzstaffel (Armed SS); the military wing of the NSDAP. Christen qualified for the 3rd SS Panzer Division Totenkopf. They were a fighting force chosen from the SS-Totenkopfverbände who worked as concentration camp guards.
Then on June 22, 1941, Operation Barbarossa began; the invasion of the Soviet Union.
Three million German soldiers, supported by about 650,000 troops from Finland and Romania, crossed the Soviet border in 134 divisions on three fronts. Italy, Croatia, Slovakia, and Hungary also sent forces in an assault that stretched from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Black Sea in the south.
Although the Soviets had been expecting an invasion, they were taken by surprise. By mid-September, Christen’s unit was in the Demyansk District in Novgorod, Oblast, Russia. Almost 300 miles northwest of Moscow.
On September 21, German intelligence advised that a major Soviet offensive was headed their way. Soviet forces had been probing the Totenkopf with tentative attacks that were becoming more vicious. Christen’s unit dug themselves into the woods outside the village of Lushno, preparing for their turn.
It came on the morning of September 24. Christen was in charge of a 50mm anti-tank gun set on the forest’s edge to the north of Lushno, guarding a clearing to the east. He later claimed the cold worried the soldiers more than the advancing Soviets did, and they were confident of a quick win.
As dawn broke, their confidence fell as they saw the approaching Russian forces. A line of Soviet medium T-34-85 tanks was rolling their way. Behind them followed a large infantry force to pick off what the tanks did not.
Before the sun had fully risen, the Soviet tanks began their barrage. With only trees and dugouts to protect them, Christen’s group were sitting ducks. What the tanks did not pulverize, the infantry did.
Christen fired with his anti-tank gun as men fell around him. He had destroyed five or six tanks when there was a lull in the fighting. However, the Soviets were not retreating; they were regrouping.
Christen called out soldiers’ names, but there was no response. Everyone else was either dead or severely wounded. He was the only one left to fight.
As the Soviets were not attacking him, the lone German began desperately digging a trench around his anti-tank weapon. He vaguely wondered why no one took potshots at him.
When evening fell, the attack resumed. Trees shattered around him. Wood and metal fragments tore into the flesh of his injured comrades. Christen hugged the ground. When the firing finally stopped, he heaved a sigh of relief. Then he heard the sound of many boots heading his way. It was the Soviet infantry.
The former Hitler youth opened fire. To his surprise, they retreated – probably thinking he was not alone. When darkness fell, he expected another attack, but none came. He used the time to hunt around for ammo and gathered it in his trench.
He looked for food and water but could not find any. He tried to sleep but sporadic fire throughout the night forced him to shoot back.
Before dawn, the Soviets attacked with a barrage from several tanks. He responded by destroying seven tanks, forcing the others to retreat. Left alone for the rest of the day, he again looked for food or water but to no avail.
The firing began again that evening. Christen ran back and forth across his line manning different weapons. At one point, he partially dismantled his anti-tank gun, dragged it several meters, propped it up with a log, and then fired at incoming tanks. He kept it up throughout the next day, despite his hunger and thirst, made worse by the cold.
On September 27, Christen knew he could not hold out. His ammo was finished. All he had left was a pistol taken from his officer’s corpse. The morning stretched on, but there was no attack. That changed at noon.
A much larger force was headed his way, so Christen prepared. He wondered if he should save the last bullet for himself. Then he heard the soldiers speak. They were German!
Despite having no food and water for almost three days, he had killed over 100 soldiers and destroyed 13 tanks on his own.
He was the first SS-man with just the rank of an ordinary soldier (SS-Sturmann) to get the The Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross personally from his Führer Adolf Hitler on 20 October 1941.
He survived the war and lived until 23. September 1995. His grave is in Neusorg, Oberpfalz, Germany.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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SundayMonday SundayMonday - 8 months ago 42
iOS Question
NSOperation vs Grand Central Dispatch
I'm learning about concurrent programming for iOS. So far I've read about
/
NSOperationQueue
and
GCD
. What are the reasons for using
NSOperationQueue
over
GCD
and vice versa?
Sounds like both
GCD
and
NSOperationQueue
abstract away the explicit creation of
NSThreads
from the user. However the relationship between the two approaches isn't clear to me so any feedback to appreciated!
Answer
GCD is a low-level C-based API that enables very simple use of a task-based concurrency model. NSOperation and NSOperationQueue are Objective-C classes that do a similar thing. NSOperation was introduced first, but as of 10.6 and iOS 4, NSOperationQueue and friends are internally implemented using GCD.
In general, you should use the highest level of abstraction that suits your needs. This means that you should usually use NSOperationQueue instead of GCD, unless you need to do something that NSOperationQueue doesn't support.
Note that NSOperationQueue isn't a "dumbed-down" version of GCD; in fact, there are many things that you can do very simply with NSOperationQueue that take a lot of work with pure GCD. (Examples: bandwidth-constrained queues that only run N operations at a time; establishing dependencies between operations. Both very simple with NSOperation, very difficult with GCD.) Apple's done the hard work of leveraging GCD to create a very nice object-friendly API with NSOperation. Take advantage of their work unless you have a reason not to.
Caveat: On the other hand, if you really just need to send off a block, and don't need any of the additional functionality that NSOperationQueue provides, there's nothing wrong with using GCD. Just be sure it's the right tool for the job.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Arduino support for the ESP32-S2 is relatively new right now, so we recommend using CircuitPython!
Once you have Arduino installed and set up and you can upload simple blink sketches, you can move on to using each element of the FunHouse board.
Using the Red LED
It's always good to blink the LED when you want to verify if something is happening on your board. The LED is on IO #13, but we recommend you use the LED_BUILTIN macro and you can use this simple sketch example to blink the LED:
void setup() {
// initialize built in LED pin as an output.
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
// initialize USB serial converter so we have a port created
Serial.begin();
}
// the loop function runs over and over again forever
void loop() {
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, HIGH); // turn the LED on (HIGH is the voltage level)
delay(1000); // wait for a second
digitalWrite(LED_BUILTIN, LOW); // turn the LED off by making the voltage LOW
delay(1000); // wait for a second
}
Reading the Buttons
There are three buttons on the front of the FunHouse - they're connected to digital pins IO 3, 4, and 5. However, we recommend you use the constants BUTTON_DOWN, BUTTON_SELECT, BUTTON_UP.
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
pinMode(BUTTON_DOWN, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
pinMode(BUTTON_SELECT, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
pinMode(BUTTON_UP, INPUT_PULLDOWN);
}
void loop() {
if (digitalRead(BUTTON_DOWN)) {
Serial.println("Down Button pressed");
}
if (digitalRead(BUTTON_SELECT)) {
Serial.println("Select Button pressed");
}
if (digitalRead(BUTTON_UP)) {
Serial.println("Up Button pressed");
}
// small debugging delay
delay(10);
}
Open the serial console and press buttons to see the serial output printed!
Reading the Capacitive Touch Pads
To read the value of the capacitive touch pads, you can use the touchRead() function, which is part of the ESP32 package. To use it, you only need to provide the GPIO pin number. The FunHouse uses IO #6, #7, and #8 for the button style touch pads and #9 through #13 along the slider.
So to get the value of IO #7, you would use the following code:
uint16_t touchread;
touchread = touchRead(7);
if (touchread > 20000 ) {
// Do Something
}
You may want to try adjusting the threshold for your needs. A more complete example can be found on the Arduino Self Test Example page.
Using On-Board DotStars
There are 4 DotStar LEDs on pin IO #14 and #15 (we recommend using the macro PIN_DOTSTAR_DATA and PIN_DOTSTAR_CLOCK).
Here's an example sketch that initializes the DotStar LEDs and color cycles them through a rainbow of different colors.
#include <Adafruit_DotStar.h>
#define NUM_DOTSTAR 5
// LEDs!
Adafruit_DotStar pixels(NUM_DOTSTAR, PIN_DOTSTAR_DATA, PIN_DOTSTAR_CLOCK, DOTSTAR_BRG);
uint16_t firstPixelHue = 0;
uint8_t LED_dutycycle = 0;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(115200);
pinMode(LED_BUILTIN, OUTPUT);
ledcSetup(0, 5000, 8);
ledcAttachPin(LED_BUILTIN, 0);
pixels.begin(); // Initialize pins for output
pixels.show(); // Turn all LEDs off ASAP
pixels.setBrightness(20);
}
void loop() {
Serial.println("Hello!");
// pulse red LED
ledcWrite(0, LED_dutycycle++);
// rainbow dotstars
for (int i=0; i<pixels.numPixels(); i++) { // For each pixel in strip...
int pixelHue = firstPixelHue + (i * 65536L / pixels.numPixels());
pixels.setPixelColor(i, pixels.gamma32(pixels.ColorHSV(pixelHue)));
}
pixels.show(); // Update strip with new contents
firstPixelHue += 256;
delay(15);
}
void rainbow(int wait) {
for(long firstPixelHue = 0; firstPixelHue < 5*65536; firstPixelHue += 256) {
for(int i=0; i<pixels.numPixels(); i++) { // For each pixel in strip...
int pixelHue = firstPixelHue + (i * 65536L / pixels.numPixels());
pixels.setPixelColor(i, pixels.gamma32(pixels.ColorHSV(pixelHue)));
}
pixels.show(); // Update strip with new contents
delay(wait); // Pause for a moment
}
}
Using On-board Humidity and Temperature Sensor
There's a pre-soldered humidity and temperature sensor that you can use.
You can test the AHTX0 by loading the included adafruit_aht_test in the Arduino library
Now you can upload, reset, and check the serial port for temperature and humidity data!
Using On-board Pressure Sensor
There's a pre-soldered pressure sensor that you can use.
You can test the DPS310 by loading the included adafruit_sensor_test in the Arduino library
Now you can upload, reset, and check the serial port for ambient temperature and pressure data!
Using the TFT Display
You've been so patient, it's time to draw to the display!
We'll be using a demo that was written for the HalloWing M4, which has the same display, so only a couple of minor changes are needed.
From the Adafruit ST7735 and ST7789 Library folder, open the graphicstest_hallowing_m4 example
Remove the pin definitions near the top since they are now part of the FunHouse Board Support Package.
#define TFT_CS 44 // PyBadge/PyGamer display control pins: chip select
#define TFT_RST 46 // Display reset
#define TFT_DC 45 // Display data/command select
#define TFT_BACKLIGHT 47 // Display backlight pin
Change the initialization line to the following:
Adafruit_ST7789 tft = Adafruit_ST7789(TFT_CS, TFT_DC, TFT_RESET);
You can now upload the example to your FunHouse to see it display various graphics and text tests.
For more information on how to display graphics, and text, check out the Adafruit GFX guide
This guide was first published on Apr 20, 2021. It was last updated on 2021-05-04 15:26:05 -0400.
This page (Arduino Basics) was last updated on May 04, 2021.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
View on
MetaCPAN
Oliver Charles > Data-TreeValidator-0.03 > Data::TreeValidator
Download:
Data-TreeValidator-0.03.tar.gz
Dependencies
Annotate this POD
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Module Version: 0.03 Source Latest Release: Data-TreeValidator-0.04
NAME ^
Data::TreeValidator - Easy validation and transformation of scalar tree structures
SYNOPSIS ^
use Data::TreeValidator::Sugar qw( branch leaf );
use Data::TreeValidator::Constraints qw( required );
my $validator = branch {
name => branch {
first_name => leaf( constraints => [ required ] ),
last_name => leaf( constraints => [ required ] ),
},
age => leaf
};
my $result = $validator->process({
name => {
first_name => 'Oliver',
last_name => 'Charles',
},
age => 21
});
my $clean = $result->clean;
Person->insert($clean);
DESCRIPTION ^
There exist a plethora of form libraries on CPAN, but this takes a different approach. Data::TreeValidator takes the extremely simplistic approach that a form is nothing more than a tree, that is given questionable data. The process of validating a form can be thought of in 2 stages: constraints and transformations.
Constraints
Constraints constraint data to match certain values. In the synopsis above, the required constraint is applied to the first_name and last_name nodes, meaning that these must be passed a true string (not undef, and not an empty string) in order to be valid.
Constraints can do a lot more than this however, as a constraint is just a function. You could pass a function that verifies something is an integer, another than verifies that the integers are within bounds, and another that is closure with access to your database handle, in order to guarantee uniqueness of an attribute.
Constraints are chained and applied in order.
Transformations
After all constraints pass, the input data is then chained through a series of transformations. Transformations allow to ensure you get data back in a consistent for you expect. For example, you could apply transformations on a text input to make sure it has no leading or trailing whitespace, then another to ensure that the string is in Title Case.
Transformations are essentially mapping functions, which take data of one type, and return data in another type (which may, or may not be the same).
Transformations are also applied in order, and all transformations are composed together, so that input flows from one into the next.
IMPORTANT DOCUMENTATION ^
You will probably be most intrested in the following documentation:
Data::TreeValidator::Branch, Data::TreeValidator::Leaf
The essentials for specifying the structure of your validation tree.
Data::TreeValidator::RepeatingBranch
A branch that can repeat it's input
Data::TreeValidator::Constraints, Data::TreeValidator::Transformations
Useful constraints and transformations you may wish to make use of.
Data::TreeValidator::Sugar
Syntatic sugar to ease the creation of validation specifications.
WHY? ^
Why do we need another way to validate data? I have a few presonal issues with the philosophy behind the other form libraries on CPAN.
Mixed responsibility
I do not think it is the form validations responsibility to handle the view of the form itself. A form, in my eyes, should be a specification for how to constrain data, and how to transform it. It is not a system for saying how the HTML should look.
This is not to say I'm against helpers to perform rendering a view to input data, I just do not believe it should be part of the same distribution.
Over specialization
LIkewise, most of the form systems seem to be overly specializing, with field types that map to HTML input controls. I suppose in practice, this makes sense, but again - the form system does not have to be matched to HTML, it should be a level above that. Furthermore, most of the problems I've ran into with form systems have required a change to the form system itself, and have not been something I can fix. I like to think that the architecture Data::TreeValidator has can extend to most circumstances, but time will tell.
Excessive state
A validator in Data::TreeValidator is fundamentally immutable. The act of calling process creates a special result object that takes the given input, and an optional given initialization object, but does not change state as a result of the call. This is a huge advantage in my opinion, as it allows us to fully cache a form at application startup, rather than generating them on request.
Other form libraries do allow this, to an extent, but I've found them limiting. Once I start extending form with my own parameters, I've found it very difficult to inject these at the time of processing, rather than the point of instantiation. Data::TreeValidator takes a different approach where you pass in extra parameters at process time, not construction.
AUTHOR ^
Oliver Charles
COPYRIGHT AND LICENSE ^
This software is copyright (c) 2011 by Oliver Charles <oliver.g.charles@googlemail.com>.
This is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as the Perl 5 programming language system itself.
syntax highlighting:
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Bitcoin, Libra, & Central Banks: A Conundrum
The prospect of a recession in the US and Europe is being priced in to markets everywhere (as of October 2019). Some countries are already in the midst of financial chaos—think Venezuela, Argentina, Turkey. As is usual in the face of such worries, the gold price has lifted. So has Bitcoin—up substantially YTD.
Bitcoin critics are numerous, and have long been vocal in their claims that the project is criminal, or will fail, or that it offers no lasting value. Despite this, the market remains robust, and to date the Bitcoin blockchain has performed perfectly since its inception over ten years ago. New features to improve access, utility, and performance are being developed, and this track record, along with the blockchain’s complete transparency, which makes it a poor vehicle for criminal use, is an effective recruiting sergeant. The network metrics show that Bitcoin is increasingly popular. Several large financial corporations now offer their clients exposure to the crypto market, and to Bitcoin in particular, through plain custody as well as derivatives. In light of future financial uncertainty, most commentators expect further value flows into cryptos, and especially Bitcoin, which enjoys the majority of the sector’s liquidity and capital value.
With the discussions about Facebook’s Project Libra very much in the news, we are at the point where central banks are now considering how to respond to the advent of natively digital money. Whether the banks tokenize their own currencies directly, or adopt a mutual coin—perhaps in concert with other central banks or through the IMF—it seems certain that within a few years millions of people will be interacting with the financial system through programmable money rather than the “dumb” fiat we’ve all been using for centuries (and which will certainly continue, in parallel, for years to come). There will be numerous problems to overcome, to be sure, (for instance, many of the profit centers of commercial banks are obviated by crypto and so-called De-Fi [de-centralized finance] at a stroke, so such a momentous move must be carefully planned), but the advantages and efficiencies are substantial—too great to ignore.
Switching to a digital currency regime does throw up some interesting issues.
For example, at present, very few ordinary people do any “carry trading”—where you borrow in one currency to invest in another. The exchange rate risks are obvious and you have to be on your toes. But anyone using a tokenized currency can easily swap their depreciating national-currency tokens for another kind that is scarcer and which appreciates. This means that people could keep their wealth in a coin that appreciates (e.g. Bitcoin), and spend in their local currency (euros, dollars, etc, that depreciate) with their wallet making the required exchanges on the fly (if exchange is even necessary—many merchants will simply accept the appreciating currency). In other words, a sovereign digital currency that slowly depreciates (as they traditionally do) will inevitably be exchanged for one that is deflationary. Because the costs of doing so will be close to zero, and users’ wallets can make any necessary exchanges on the fly, the risk of loss due to exchange fluctuation is also close to zero.
There are other questions that digital currencies throw up, such as how central banks avoid putting retail banks out of business. Doubtless the Game Theorists are having a ball.
As a result, the adoption or introduction of digital currency means that the existing monetary policies of sovereigns will have to change—and will surely have to be much more aligned with other nations. The standard 2% inflation target, for example, will have to be dropped. Seignorage by commercial banks will no longer be possible in the conventional way. The implications for structural debt are obvious and alarming.
In short, governments are likely to be extremely cautious about adopting digital currencies, because although the advantages are substantial, the potential downsides are severe. The debate about whether and to what extent private institutions should be allowed to determine monetary policy or the money supply will intensify. The chances of any government ceding control of these levers to private hands look extremely unlikely in the current landscape.
So for the coming few years at least, Bitcoin is the go to coin for people wishing to hold some of their wealth in a digital token. There is the possibility that one or more central banks will begin to hold some BTC as part of their reserves. This would obviously have a large effect on the market, so any such measures would probably be taken very gradually and secretly. There are good reasons why central banks—probably acting in concert—would buy BTC, not least to allow them to control this vital section of what will be a larger digital currency market in the future. Moreover, purchasing a controlling stake (which would be much less than 50% of the available coins) now would be a relatively trivial expense (perhaps 50 billion USD). Doing it in 5 years’ time might not (>500 billion USD).
If Libra doesn’t launch, then something very like it will, and it may be Chinese. This fear alone will probably drive US regulators to give Facebook a path to operation. And once we’re all using Libra to pay for everything, in any country, where will we put our savings, in this zero-rate environment? What instruments will offer the best return? Bitcoin may have a long way to go yet.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Josiah J. Crosby v. Felix Huston, Trustee, etc.
Appeal from Harris Oounty.
Although no objection he made at the trial of a cause in the lower court to the authority of the plaintiff to sue, yet, if the record does not show that he had authority, the objection will be heard in this court and will be fatal.
The neglect of a party to except at the proper stage of the proceedings deprives him of all rights other than those stricti juris, and his objections when urged for the first time in an appellate court will be heard only to prevent an obvious violation of the principles of law and justice. [17 Tex. 52.]
The conditions and solemnities annexed to the execution of a power must he strictly complied with, however unessential they otherwise might have been. Their observance is indispensable and admits of no equivalent or substitution.
When the validity, nature, obligation and interpretation of a contract depend on the laws of a foreign country, those laws must be proved before they can become guides for judicial action.
If the foreign law be not proved, the rights of the parties must be determined by our own laws.
The rule that the nature, validity, obligation and interpretation of contracts should be determined by the lex loot eontraetus is not to be extended to the defeat of our own laws, or of rights which accrued under them after the property was found within their jurisdiction.
The effect of registration in a foreign state cannot be extended beyond the territorial limits of the state. It is a municipal regulation which is local in its operation, and cannot affect property in a foreign jurisdiction.
The registration of a deed of trust in Texas is not the only admissible evidence of its existence, so as to affect the rights of third parties or subsequent purchasers.
Queers. Does a deed of trust create any lien on the property conveyed, unless recorded in conformity with the provisions of the third section of the act of May 15,1838, “ to provide for the foreclosure of mortgages on real and personal estates f ”
The facts of this case are so fully stated in the opinion of the court it is deemed unnecessary to repeat them here. The only matters presented by the record and agreed to at bar, which have not been stated in the opinion, are:
1st. William Punchard, being called as a witness by plaintiff, was objected to by the defendant upon the alleged ground of interest. He had owned in his own right five of the negroes which were conveyed by the bill of sale to Orosby, and therefore united with Samuel "W. Punchard in executing the bill of sale. These five negroes were not involved in the controversy, and the witness had no interest in the fourteen negroes which were the objects of the suit. The court overruled the objection and the witness gave testimony in the cause. "While on the stand the court permitted him to examine the deed of trust to enable him to identify the negroes. This was objected to by the defendant but the objection was overruled.
Patrick 0. Jack was also called by the plaintiff. He testified that he was associated with the defendant Orosby as an attorney of Bullitt, Shipp & Oo., when their debt with Punchard was arranged by a sale of the negroes to Orosby; that he was apprised of the deed of trust held on Punchard’s negroes, previous to their purchase by Orosby, and thinks he informed Orosby of it. The defendant moved to exclude his testimony on the ground of the relationship in which he stood to Bullitt, Shipp & Oo., for whom they were then acting; but the court overruled the motion.
Thomas J. Golightly, one of the attorneys for the plaintiff, also testified in the cause as a witness for the plaintiff, and among other things he stated that the defendant, in a conversation with him (witness) subsequent to the purchase of the slaves, acknowledged that he was aware of the existence of the deed of trust in favor of Herman, Briggs & Oo., before he made the arrangement with Punchard; and but for that, he would not have compromised with Punchard upon the terms he did. This testimony was also objected to by the defendant, but the objection was not sustained.
The facts proved on the trial were spread upon the record in the language of the witnesses, and in the statement of the judge in giving his opinion; and all the questions decided by the court to which objections were made by the defendant were brought up by bill of exceptions.
Gillespie, for appellant.
The appellant insists that the decree should be reversed, for the; following reasons:
1. The court erred in entertaining the suit, as the authority upon which complainant relied to authorize him to maintain the suit was insufficient, the act of substitution having been made a part of the bill of complaint, the court could see its invalidity. Sug. on Powers, 14, 202; 4 Kent, 339; 3 East, 410; 1 Phil. 472 ; 7 Yes. 505-6; 4 H. S. Oond. 395.
There is no distinction between a legal and equitable execution of a power. 3 East, 429; Oowp. 265.
The attempt by the attorney is invalid, even if he had shown his authority. 2 Pirtle; 3 East, 438.
The second attempt cannot avail them, as they cannot be taken together. 3 East, 432.
And no after acquired interest can sustain an action already commenced. 1 Pet. 310. If particular forms are pointed out for the exertion of a power, however immaterial they appear in themselves, they are essential, being considered as conditions precedent, the observance of which cannot be dispensed with. 5 Johns. 58; 2 Des. 456; 2 Johns. Oh. 344; 4 id. 364; 5 Port. 245; Sug. 364; 6 Bac. Abr. title, Powers.
A mere naked power, unconnected with a duty or trust, is never assisted in law or 'equity. The raiser of the power is never aided. If any assistance is ever given, either at law or equity, it is only in the execution. 2 Sug. 58-61; 2 Law Library, 16-46; 2 Ves. 569-73; 2 Story, 321; 14 Johns. 525.
In the case at bar the individual members of the firm of Briggs, Lacoste & Oo. had the mere fower to raise a trust, in which they áre not to be aided/ but when the trust is raised, a duty devolves upon the trustee to execute it and may be assisted.
If the appellee could sue from his own showing, he ought not to be permitted to interfere with the rights of the appellant. Having suffered the trust to remain so long unexecuted, after the condition broken, the possession of the property unchanged, their claim became a mere equity, not superior to ours. Indeed, they forfeited all their rights, as against others than the mortgagors by permitting the property so to remain, as it enabled mortgagors to gain credit with others, in consequence of their apparent ownership. 4 Mart. 20; 1 Laws Oond. 338; 2 Term, 587; 1 Bin. 467; 9 Johns. 135, 338; 1 IT. S. Cond. 320; 1 Pow. Mort. 6 to 40; 4 East, 522; Holmes Dig. 318.
Although their claim might have been legal and valid in its inception, yet their subsequent conduct has made it invalid and fraudulent as to ns. 1-Pow. Mort. 16; 2 Johns. Oh. 35.
It is an undeniable position, that the possession of personalty is evidence of ownership, and that no sale is complete until delivery. 2 Kent, 20, 23, 515. This is seldom relaxed; if the property be not present at the time of the sale, possession must be taken as soon as possible. 17 Wend. 492; 2 Kent, 24, 420; 1 Pow. Mort. 19, 34, 37, 39; 1 Pet. 449; 4 Dali. 358; 24 Wend. 121; 3 Kent, 133; 9 Pet. 240; 1 Conn. 309; 2 Pirtle Dig. 97.
There is no difference in this particular between absolute sale mortgages or conditional sales; any neglect, as leaving the vendor in possession, avoids the sale. 2 Kent, 23, 519; 17 Yes. 196 and note; 8 Johns. 338; 1 Pow. Mort. 30. Where the motive of the transaction is the security of the vendee, and the vendor retains the possession, it is a fraud. 2 Kent, 523. It is no answer to these doctrines, if it were even so, that we had notice, for if it he invalid, we can defeat it. Sug. 339; 1 Or. 309.
It was error to permit evidence to establish or fix notice on appellant, of Briggs, Lacoste & Co.’s claim, none being averred in the bill, in consequence of which appellant was unprepared to resist it. 2 Sug. 360; 5 Yes. 32, 531; 4 Yes.
But, admitting that we were wrong in this, there was no such notice as would put' a party on his guard by showing him the claim, or even informing him where it was to be found or its character but vague reports, etc. 3 Yes. 447; 2 Johns. 118. and in point 189; Sug. 497; 2 Sug. 36, 315, note; C. IT. Con. 351.
Notice to affect a party should be clear, distinct and positive, setting forth the nature of the conflicting claim, and that the transaction be attended with such circumstances as to nialce it a clear and palpable fraud. See the above references, and also Sug. 729-30; 2 Atk. 276.
The record shows enough to set aside the testimony of W. Golightly, and should have been so considered by the court below; it comes in conflict with record evidence and must fall, and also in conflict with other and disinterested testimony. ITe was the leading and managing counsel in the cause, and if anything appeared to be lacking in the evidence, he was ready to stand up.
ISTothing is more calculated to excite an unfavorable' opinion than to see an attorney stand up to support his falling cause by supplying all deficiencies of proof from some supposed conversation with the parties adverse, and according to an apt metaphor applied to the subject, pinning the basket. 2 Phil. 406.
The evidence of P. O. Jack should not have been received; it had a tendency to impair the rights of his clients; it was their privilege, not his. 3 Stark. 229 and notes; 2 Sug. 346; 1 Phil. 140; O. U. S. Con. 310; Crosby, 280; 4 Tenn. 475.
But supposing this not so, and it is allowed,, can it affect Bullitt, Shipp & Co.? We say not; their right had an inception long before this, when the property was attached, and after having a claim, there is no principle in law or equity which would prevent them from strengthening it (24 Wend. 121), as to possessions, etc.; such notice could not affect Crosby. He, Jack, merely recollects to have said there were other claims against Punchard from abroad; suppose there were; ours was an honest and just claim; they had lain by with theirs, and permitted Punchard to run off with the property to a foreign country; we pursue him and seize the property by attachment; is not the appellant’s the best equity? He stands in the place of his principals, and it is a well settled maxim that “ the law favors the diligent.”
The plaintiff should have been required by the court below, to account for the other property in the deed, before he should take that in possession of appellant, and for all moneys received on that account, and for this reason, S. W. Punchard should have been made a party, and it was error to make a decree without having him before the court. It is well settled that all the parties in interest, or who may be affected by the decree, should be before the court, 1 Pet. 441-4; 4 id. 190; 2 U. S. Con. 417; and is a good ground in an appellate court, and this new objection can be then allowed. 1 Pet. Dig. 441; 6 Pet. 389.
In a mortgage of personalty, the property vests in perfect right in the mortgage upon payment of the money, to secure which it was incumbered. 1 Pow. Mort. 5, note; 2 Pirtle, 89. No lien where no possession. 6 East, 27; 18 Johns. 311; Montagu on Lien, 5.
After default made and failure to close the trust, the law will presume the debt paid, and after the time for the performance of the contract has passed, as between others than the parties, it will be presumed executed. Therefore, the creditor does not become proprietor of the thing mortgaged, but must sue. 11 Pet. 252; 2 Pintle, 89; 6 East, 27; 18 Johns. 331.
4. It -was error to affect appellant with the record notice in Mississippi, it being at most but a mere presumption in law, certainly could not affect property in a foreign jurisdiction. Notice being a question or point of local law. C. TJ. Con. 351; 2 Kent, 406, note e.; 12 Wheat. 213.
And the case in hand being for personal property, said to be incumbered in a foreign jurisdiction, it would give no superior claim over a citizen here, purchasing for a valuable consideration from the seller in possession. Story’s Conflict, 346-51; 20 Johns. 254-60; 5 East, 131; 1 Kent, 406; 1 La. Cond. 338; 4 Mart. 20; 8 id. 220.
National comity requires no more than that we should lend our aid, when it does not conflict with the rights of our own citizens. 4 Johns. Cas. 476; 2 -Tenn. 649; 5 La. Cond. 607; 7 Mart. 328-
Every country disposes of personalty as she deems politic and just to her own citizens, for instance she will not drive them into a foreign court to establish their rights, when they can be given them here. Every country, Ld. Names says, can do with, the personalty in her jurisdiction as she pleases. 2 Kent, 406,519-23; 2 Tenn. 287.
The inception of a right is a municipal regulation. Holmes v. Kemson, 20 Johns. 262.
5. It was error to have permitted the witnesses, Punchard and Oar-rodine, to refer to the deed of trust, in giving their testimony; it was not to refresh their memory, as they neither made it, or saw it made. 1 Phil. 288.
6. It was error to receive in evidence, without proof, the $12,128 note, etc., alluded to in the record, and otherwise there was no evidence of anything being due the appellee. It was not the foundation of the suit, not an exhibit, papers of third persons not parties to this suit, and should have been proven. 1 Stark. 281.
7. The court erred in taking the hire of the negroes, in the estimate in the decree; by the terms of the deed of trust Punchard was not to pay hire, and appellant should not be chargeable beyond his principal; by these means the appellee may recover beyond his debt; here, again, how can this be settled, when Punchard is not a party?
8. As before insisted, the appellee has shown no right to sue; his authority being invalid for any purpose, refers to another lien or deed of trust, spoken of by the witness W. Punchard; the dates do not correspond, nor is the authority or jurisdiction, upon which Briggs, Lacoste & Co. were authorized to act in the matter, shown by them. The appellee can have no interest or authority, other than that given by what he terms his substitutive documents'; therefore, no trust can result to him, whatever it might have been, if other parties had been before the court. 2 Story Eq. 242, 463, 502-3, 545.
But we insist, that from all the circumstances of this case; we can hold the property, ex equo et bono, and if so there can be no trust. 2 Story Eq. 201. Trusts are never declared by implication of law, or presumption, of facts. 2 Story Eq. 438.
9. The court erred in not granting a new hearing; a stronger case is rarely ever presented. This is in some degree a discretionary power, but it is to be exercised according to the known principles of the law; we know of no discretion but a legal one. 7 Tenn. 758.
■ The appellant came up in his showing to the strictest rule of law and practice. By no reasonable presumption was he cognizant of the facts relied on for a new hearing; his affidavit shows he was not so in fact; they came from appellee’s own witnesses after the trial; none but the judge below could doubt its materiality; it is sustained by the affidavits of the proposed witnesses, and a reference to a newspaper, etc.; a new hearing should have been granted; delay of a few months would have been the ultimate injury of appellee, whilst on the other side, irreparable ruin. 10 "Wend. 292; 15 Johns. 293; 3 Wend. 418; 2 Hill, 40; 3 Cow. 621.
J. Webb, for the appellee.
In the argument of this ease, it is proposed on the part of the appellee,
1st. To inquire into the legality of the decision of the district court, in refusing to grant a new trial. The motion for it was predicated upon an allegation of newly discovered evidence, which evidence was said to relate mainly to payments made to Herman, Briggs & Co., after the execution of the deed to Creecy, and which payments had greatly reduced the amount of Punchard’s indebtedness to them.
The affidavits filed by the appellant in support of his motion present no sufficient reason for granting it. The only payment which they assert to have been made was from a sale in Mississippi of cotton, pork, etc., amounting, according to the affidavit of Carrodine, to between $2,500 and $3,000; and it was proved by Golightly, that previous to the trial, the appellant had notice that a sum exceeding $2,500 had been paid. The appellant, therefore, was in possession of all the knowledge necessary to enable him to avail himself of that testimony, previous to the trial, had he deemed it important to his defense.
The amount said to have been paid, if taken at the lai’gest sum mentioned by Carrodine, to wit, $3,000, when added to the decree, would leave a balance still due to the cestui que trust, of $4,849.27, as follows:
Amount Punchard’snote due 20th March, 1887 .... $12,128.09
Amount draft drawn hy Jackson.-. 268.40
Amount Punchard’s account paid by cestui que trust. 420.48
Amount interest from 20th March, 1887, till decree. 8,832.30
$16,149.27
Amount of decree. $8,300
Amount said to have been paid. 3,000- 11,800.00
$ 4,849.27
The other allegations present no distinct fact.
2d. They name no witness by whom the supposed testimony could be given and are all based upon rumor and alleged newspaper publications which, in themselves, present no fact of payment. It is not even asserted that any effort was made by the appellant, previous to the trial, to ascertain whether or not any portion of the debt due from Punchard to Herman, Briggs & Co., had been paid. His own want of diligence, therefore, was the only cause of his being deprived of the testimony, if such evidence existed. Johns. Dig. p. 144, secs. 23-41; Johns. 389; 1 Bay, 263; id. 491; 1 So. Ca Const’l, p. 69; id. 143; 2 Nott & McO. 563; 1 Pirtle Dig. New Trial, secs. 25, 58, 95, 109 and 144.
The decree of the district court should be affirmed. The testimony, as spread upon the record and the statement of facts by the judge, fully sustain the allegations in the petition, independent of their not being denied by the defendant. The statement of facts thus presented must govern. 3 Pet. Dig. p. 291 sec. 139; 1 TJ. S. Oond. 144.
The exception of the defendant to the testimony of ¥m. Punchard is not well taken, because his testimony shows that he had no interest in the suit, and could, in no wise, be affected by any judgment or decree which might be rendered in it. 2 Johns. Ch. 550, 614.
If he had an interest, it was such as grew out of his liability to the defendant to Enalte good the bill of sale which he had signed, and being called by the plaintiff, he was called to testify against that interest. Nor was there error in permitting the witness to examine the deed for the purposes mentioned. It was simply to ascertain the names of the slaves mentioned in the deed, to identify them as being the same that were sold to the appellant by Samuel Punchard. 1 Stark. Ev. side page, 155-6, notes c. and d.; 2 Phil. Ev. p. 550, n. 421; id. 757, 758.
The testimony of Messrs. Jack and G-olightly was correctly admitted. Neither of them occupied any relation to the parties which should have excluded their .testimony. The relation of attorney and client only forbids the attorney from disclosing the secrets of his client. The knowledge that Mr. Jack possessed of the existence of the deed of trust in favor of Herman, Briggs & Co., was not one of the secrets of his clients, Bullitt, Shipp & Co.; nor did he derive it from them. He was not the attorney of Crosby, to whom the communication was made. A rule that would inflexibly exclude an attorney from giving testimony in a cause, because it might be adverse to the interests of his client, might operate to the utter prostration of justice. 2 Sug. p. 346, 7. Besides, the defendant had not denied having knowledge of the rights of Herman, Briggs & Co., when he purchased the negroes from Punchard. The rule is that when a party claims relief as a bona fide purchaser, he must positively and precisely deny all notice of the previous incumbrance, even though it be not charged. 1 Johns. Ch. 288, 294, 300, 566, 574-5; 7 id. 65, 67, 68; 1 Tern. 117; P. ¥ms. 244; 3 Johns. Ch. 344; 2 Pow. Mort. 552, note 1.
There was no error in receiving testimony to show that the appellant was acting as the attorney of Bullitt, Shipp & Co., when he took the bill of sale from Punchard for the negroes. The purchase having been made witb the funds of Bullitt, Shipp & Co., and by their agent it was in legal contemplation a purchase by them, and the defendant could be regarded in no other light than their trustee; and direct as well as constructive notice having been brought home to them through the house of Shipp, Ferriday & Co., the defendant was chargeable with that notice, even though no direct notice had been shown to him. 1 Johns. Cas. 153; 3 Johns. 216; 11 id. 91; 13 id. 463; 16 id. 19T; 1 Johns. Ch. 582; 2 id. 405.
There was, however, direct notice of the prior lien of Herman, Briggs & Co., upon the property, brought home to the appellant previous to his making the purchase; and having notice of their ‘prior right, he became their trustee and could hold the property as such only and in trust for them. 1 Johns. Oh. 566, 574; 4 id. 136, 138; 1 Cranch, 100; 5 Cond. 485; 1 Pet. 309; Holmes’ Dig. 144, sec. 335.
It is a principle that courts will protect the rights of a cestui que trust against all persons having notice of those rights. 12 Johns. 343.
The seventh exception of the appellant is answered by the fact apparent upon the record, that the bill of exchange was drawn before the execution of the deed of trust. But if it were not so, the deed expressly provides for the securing of such debts as might be contracted after its execution. And besides, Herman, Briggs & Co., would have had a right to tack a subsequent debt to the prior incum-brance, if called upon for a redemption. 2 Pow. Mort. 525, note 1; id. 533.
There is no force in the objection that the plaintiff was not authorized to sue. The authority given by the deed to the cestui que trust to substitute another trustee in the place of Creecy is full and ample, upon the happening of the contingency intended to be provided against. The record shows the happening of the contingency and the substitution of Huston in consequence of it. By that substitution he succeeded to all the rights and powers of Creecy under the deed.
Nor is the objection to the mode of making the substitution of greater force. The deed executed by Lacoste for himself and his partners, Herman, Briggs & Co., was a legal execution of the power. Gow. on Part. p. 36.
But if this were not so it was certainly a good execution of the power for himself; and the subsequent deed of substitution by Herman and Briggs completed the execution beyond the reach of cavil. The deed of trust creating the power does not require that each of the partners should execute it, at the same moment. The most that can be required is that they sliould all' personally execute it, and this they have done.
Besides, if there was any merit in this last objection, it now comes too late. It should have been made in the court below. The defendant admitted the correct execution of the power by not contesting it in the lower court.
The appellant having knowledge of the prior right of Herman, Briggs & Co. to the negroes in controversy when he took them from Punehard, he became their trustee and held them in trust for them; and having applied the property to his own use, he is bound to account to the cestui que trust for the value of the enjoyment. That value was fixed by the parties- themselves. See record, p. 7; 3 Pet. Dig. 677, sec. 36; 3 How. 334; id. 365; 2 Holman’s Dig. 142; tit. Trust, 5, 325.
There was no error in admitting testimony to prove that the consideration paid by the appellant for the negroes was in the effects of Bullitt, Shipp & Co., because it established a resulting trust in their favor and showed that the appellant had no personal right to the property. 1 Johns. Oh. 582, 585-7; 2 id. 405.
Personal property held in trust may be pursued in any hands by the cestui que trust. 1 Johns. Ch. 119, 127, 809.
The position that the deed of trust to Creecy was void, because the property did not accompany and follow the deed, is not sound, for the reason that the property remaining with the vendor is consistent with the deed. 1 Smith’s Lead. Cas. in note to Twyne’s case, pp. 24, 36, 37, 43, 44, 45 and 47; 2 Kent Com. 518, 519.
The case of Edwards v. Harben, which is regarded as the leading English case, laying down the principle that the want of an actual delivery of the property at the time of the sale is fraudulent per se, grew out of the sale purporting to be an absolute and unconditional one, where the possession did not accompany and follow the deed. That was held to be fraudulent, because the possession remaining with the vendor was inconsistent with the deed, and was supposed to be founded on a secret trust for the benefit of the vendor, and to hinder and defraud creditors. But even in that case and in all the other cases following it, which were controlled by its doctrines, it is admitted that the retention of the property by the vendor, if consistent with the terms of the deeds as in mortgages or other trusts to secure the payment of debts, is neither fraudulent per se nor a badge of fraud.
Besides, the reason of the rule in Edwards v. Harben is obvious — it is that notice shall be given of absolute conveyances; and it prescribes the mode of giving it, viz., by a bona fide delivery of the property to the purchaser; but in countries where there are registry acts and registers to give the notice, the reason of the rule ceases to exist. The whole doctrine is founded upon the presumption that by secret conveyances innocent persons may, without a knowledge of such conveyances, be defrauded by giving, credit to the person in whose possession they find the property; or by being induced to purchase it from one who had previously conveyed it in secret to another. Where the sale has been an open and notorious one the rule has never been applied, and much less should it be applied when all the world have been put on their guard by a public registry of the whole transaction in the county where the vendor lives, and where the property is kept.
The supreme court of North Carolina has decided that a bill of sale for a horse, absolute on its face¡ but given as security for a debt, is not fraudulent j•per se, although the possession of the property remained with the vendor for six years after its execution, and until levied upon by an execution subsequently obtained. 2 Kent, 256; note to Twyne’s case in Smith’s Lead. Cas. p. 36.
In New York, previous to the revised statutes, the registry of the deed was held to be sufficient notice to all (2 Pow. Mort, 622, note 1), notwithstanding the rule laid down in Edwards and Harben had been adopted in the judicial decisions of that state, and was closely followed by the courts. 1 Johns. Ch. 294, 298.
The case referred to by the counsel for the appellant, from 24 Wend. p. 117, 121, was governed by the express provisions of a recent statute of New York, which declares that a mortgage deed shall be absolutely void, if not accompanied by the possession of the mortgaged property. The question discussed and decided was whether or not the mortgagee had done all that was required of him by the statute to get and retain the possession of the property; and it will be found that all cases from New York which the counsel relies upon as authority in this case are decisions under this modern statute. Previous to the passage of this statute the decisions in that state,, under the statute of 13th Elizabeth and the. rule adopted in Edwards v. Iiarben, were different. 2 Kent, 526.
It is believed that a registry of the deed is considered sufficient notice of the sale to protect the purchaser from subsequent incumbrances in all the states of the Union where the courts are not controlled by statute, even as to absolute bills of sale, unaccompanied with possession ; and much more strongly would the rule apply to mortgages and trusts, executed to secure the payment of debts only, and in which it is stipulated that the property shall remain with the vendor until he fails in the performance of his covenants.»
Even in England, where the statute of Elizabeth is the law of the land, and the doctrines promulgated in Edwards v. Harben had their origin; and where (except in particular counties) there are no registration acts to give notice, the rule that possession must accompany and follow the deed is never applied to mortgages. It is true that the practice there is for the mortgagee to take possession of. the title-deeds, or have them deposited with some third person, while the mortgagor retains possession of the property. This is considered notice, because a subsequent purchaser or incumbiancer, when treating for the same estate, will naturally inquire for the title deeds, and finding them absent, will be put upon the inquiry as to the cause of their absence; but the rule to deliver the title deeds to the mortgagee or to a third person, is not inflexible, and the retention of them by the mortgagor, if consistent with the terms of the mortgage, will not affect the security even in favor of a subsequent purchaser or mortgagee. 2 Pow. Mort. 473; 2 Sug. Tend. 435, n.
It is no -evidence of fraud on the part of the appellees that the property in this case remained with the vendor after the time stipulated for the payment of the debt; or if it were, it is only prima fade, and is fully explained by the testimony in the record, that Punchard left the state of Mississippi clandestinely with the property. Somerville et. al. v. Horton’s Adm’r; 4 Terg. 541; Holman’s Dig. 318, sec. 13.
The amount of property conveyed in the deed being large affords not the slightest evidence of fraud. A variety of circumstances might have rendered it necessary to take a deed of all the property which Punchard had in possession to secure this debt, and still it might not have been secured. There may have been previous incumbrances upon it, which, when satisfied, would leave but little for the appellees.
The objection that it is not alleged in the petition, that the appellant had notice at the time of his purchase from Punchard of the prior lien of Herman, Briggs & Co., is answered by the authorities which the counsel for the appellant himself introduced to sustain it. 2 Sug. Tend. pp. 358, 359, 360; 5 Yes. 462. Besides, the notice spoken of in these authorities is notice of an equitable, not of a legal, title. The rule is, as we have before stated it, that the party who-claims relief as a bona fide purchaser from a previous incumbrance must positively and precisely deny all notice of that previous in-cumbrance, even though it be not charged. 1 Johns. Ch. 288, 294, 300, 566, 574, 575; 7 id. 65, 67, 68; 1 Yern. 179; 1 P. Wms. 244; 3 Johns. Oh. 344; 2 Pow. Mort. 522, n. 1. And it is further answered by the history of this transaction as disclosed in the record.
The trustee, from whom this property had been clandestinely run. by Punchard, finds it in a foreign state in the possession of Crosby, who refuses to deliver it'up when demanded. A suit is brought for its recovery, in which the plaintiff sets out his title. The defendant does not deny that title, but sets up title in himself under a subsequent purchase from Punchard, to which the plaintiff replies, that he acquired no right by that purchase, because he made it with a full knowledge of his, the plaintiff’s, older and superior right; this is not denied.
The position assumed, that the policy of the country requires us to protect our own citizens against foreigners, is inapt in this case, whatever may be its political force and truth; because, let the decision be as it may, the property will go to those who were formerly foreigners, and who are still citizens and residents of another state. This is not a question between Crosby, a citizen of Texas, and Herman, Briggs & Co., foreigners of citizens of another state, but it is a controversy between Herman, Briggs & Co. and Bullitt, Shipp & Co., all foreigners or citizens of another state. The case of Blake v. Williams, referred to, from 6 Pick, to sustain this position, is wholly inapplicable. In that case the question was between the assignees of a foreign bankrupt, residing and becoming bankrupt in a foreign country, and a citizen of Massachusetts, respecting the right to effects which had always been in Massachusetts, and which had been attached by the Massachusetts creditor. The assignees contended that the effects in the United States went to them by virtue of the general assignment in England; but the court held that the Massachusetts debt, which was probably created upon the faith of the property and credits in that state, had preference.
If the court should be of opinion that there is error in the decree and judgment of the district court, so far as it respects the hire of the negroes, it is submitted that the cause ought not, for that reason, to be remanded; but that this court, under the provisions of the third section of the act of 1846, to organize the supreme court, etc., will render such judgment as the court below should have rendered, by deducting from the decree the amount of the hire.
HeMpitill, O. J.
The petition alleges that on the twentieth day of September, 1836, at Natchez, in the state of Mississippi, Samuel W. Punchard, a resident of that place, conveyed to James B. Creecy a large amount of property, among which were certain negroes therein named to secure to Herman, Briggs & Co. a large debt due from Punchard to that firm. That by the deed Herman, Briggs & Co., or either of them, were authorized to substitute, on certain contingencies, some other person as trustee in piece of Creecy, and that the plaintiff has been substituted.
That by the laws of Mississippi the title to the property vested in said trustee, and that the negroes mentioned in the deed are in the possession of Josiah J. Crosby, who refuses to deliver them to the petitioner. A citation is asked against the said Crosby, and that he be ordered to deliver the said negroes to the petitioner, to enable him to execute the trust; and that the defendant be condemned to damages for their detention; and whatever else is right, equitable and just, is prayed for. The deed of trust and the acts of substitution were filed as a part of the petition. The deed is made between Samuel W. Punchard, of the first part, James B. Crosby, of the second part, and Louis P. Herman, Charles Briggs and Charles A. Lacoste, of the third part, and is executed for the purpose of securing to the said Herman, Briggs and Lacoste, the payment of a note of hand for twelve thousand one hundred and twenty-eight 9-100 dollars, at its maturity, on the 19th March, 1837; and also to secure all future advancements, indorse-ments and acceptances, which before that date may be made by the said Herman, Briggs and Lacoste, in favor of the said Punchard.
The instrument conveys to the trustee fourteen hundred acres of land in the county of Tazoo, thirty-eight slaves who are named in the deed, the crop of cotton, corn, etc., 16 head of horses and mules, 2 wagons, 50 head of cattle, farming utensils and household and kitchen furniture, together with all the appurtenances of the land and the future increase of the female slaves. It was agreed that Punchard should remain in possession of the property and take the profits thereof to his own use, until default made in payment of the said liabilities, either in whole or in part; and that so soon after default as the trustee may think proper or the cestui que trust shall request, the said trustee shall sell the whole of the property or such part thereof as he may think sufficient for the purposes of the trust, and the balance, if any, of the proceeds after paying the sums secured and all proper charges, shall be paid to the said Punchard. But if no default be made in payment on the 19th March, 1838, then the deed to be void and of no effect.
No citation was issued to the defendant nor were any defensive pleadings filed on his part. Documentary and other proof was adduced to some portions of which we will refer for the purpose of rendering some of the subsequent parts of this opinion the more easily understood. The note of hand and the other liabilities secured by-mortgage amount to something more than $12,800.
The plaintiff is substituted as trustee by two several acts, one signed by Charles A. Lacoste, and the other by Louis F. Herman and Charles Briggs.
The deed of trust and acts of substitution were admitted without proof by defendant. The deed was recorded in Harrisburg county on the 27th December, 1838. The first act of substitution was recorded in the same county on the 1st January, 1839. The second act of substitution was executed on the 5th of February of the same year but was not recorded. Notice in writing of the deed of trust was given to the defendant on the 26th December, 1838. A bill of sale executed 24th November, 1838, by Samuel W. and "William Punehard, conveying certain slaves to the defendant, was offered in evidence by him; and fourteen of the slaves mentioned in it were afterwards proved by the said William Punehard to be a portion of the slaves embraced in the deed of trust. The witness proved also that the consideration for the sale to Crosby was a demand held by him as the attorney of Bul-litt, Shipp & Co. against Samuel W. Punehard, and that the said liability was discharged by the execution of the bill of sale. This evidence was introduced by the plaintiff, who further proved that Samuel W. Punehard resided in Yazoo county, Mississippi, in September, 1836; that the negroes were in his possession at that time; that his departure from Mississippi was sudden and clandestine and that he arriyed in Austin county, Texas, with the negroes on the 10th February, 1838; that on the 27th December, 1838, he resided in Harris county and that some of the negroes mentioned in the deed of trust were in possession of the said Samuel or of some other person in that county at that time. Witnesses were introduced for the purpose of proving notice to the defendant of the deed of trust previous to the purchase of the said slaves. It was proved also that one of the partners of Bullitt, Shipp & Co. resided in Natchez, and that in the summer of 1838, in a conversation with a witness he said he was getting along very well with the Punehard claim; that the negroes had been seized and that it now appeared that Briggs & Lacoste, or that Briggs, Herman & Go. had a deed of trust on the property, but he thought he would be able to secure his debt. A trial by jury was waived and the cause being submitted to the judge, he decreed that the plaintiff should recover from the defendant possession of the fourteen slaves named in the judgment or the sum of eight thousand three hundred dollars, the value of the said slaves, and also two thousand three hundred dollars for their hire.
A motion was made by tlie defendant for a new trial on tbe ground, as stated in his affidavit, of evidence discovered since the trial which would defeat the recovery of the plaintiff. That he had been informed by William Punchard, one of the witnesses of the plaintiff, that the debt on which the suit was predicated had been nearly if not wholly satisfied, and that evidence of the fact could be obtained in Mississippi; that he could not testify to it while on the stand, because he did not know of his own personal knowledge, but from the representations of others in whom he had confidence; that Mr. Carrodine, another of the plaintiff’s witnesses, had informed him that he was present at a sale of some of the property included in the trust deed and that Briggs, Lacoste & Co. had disposed of a large amount of cotton included in said deed. That deponent had in his possession a newspaper which was received since the trial, published at Benton, Mississippi, entitled the “Yazoo Banner,” dated May the 29th, 1840, containing an advertisement, dated April 10, 1840, by Charles E. Mount, trustee by substitution of the plantation and other valuable property included in the trust deed; and that he had been informed that the sale had actually taken place; and that Briggs, Lacoste & Co., or their agent, purchased the same; the proceeds of all of which sales he alleged should be appropriated to the payment of their debt. He also produced the affidavits of George M. Carrodine and E. M. Adcock, who swear that they were present sometime in the year 1838, at a sale of a large amount of cotton, pork and plantation utensils belonging to Samuel W. Punchard, which were sold under the trust deed and the sales of which amounted to between $2,500 and $3,000.
The motion for a new trial was overruled.
The positions which have been assumed in this court have been argued with great ability and research, and our acknowledgments are due to the counsel for the mass of valuable information embodied in their luminous arguments, and which have materially elucidated such of the points as have come under our examination.
At the very threshold, however, of our inquiries, we are met with ■difficulties which are not ordinarily presented, especially where such important interests are involved.
The defendant is not cited, no answer is filed by him, and the first intimation of his appearance in the cause is by his admission of certain documents offered in evidence by the plaintiff, and his production of a bill of sale of the slaves executed by the Punchards, and which was admitted by the plaintiff without proof. The suit appears to have been conducted, at least in the commencement, in an amicable manner and according to the most liberal practice; and judg ing from the record, both parties appeared willing to invoke the action of the court without throwing much light on the true merits and real condition of their respective claims, and some of the principal questions involved in the controversy. The plaintiff did not prove some of the most material facts necessary to support his suit, and the defendant made no attempt at proof except his bill of sale and his objections to most of the evidence offered by the plaintiff.
From the voluntary appearance of the defendant without a citation, from his consent to admit the deeds of the plaintiff without proof and a similar admission of his bill of sale by the plaintiff, and from the course of the evidence, it is plain that both parties considered that issue was joined in the controversy, and that a general denial was put into the respective claims of either party.
But our conclusions on some of the principal questions are irrespective of any plea on the part of the defendant, and are founded on the pleadings of the plaintiff and on the evidence which was before the court.
It is insisted that the court erred in maintaining the suit, as the authority on which the complainant relied to authorize him to prosecute it was insufficient; and the act of substitution having been made a part of the petition, its invalidity could be seen by the court.
The appellee contends that as the objection was not taken below, it is now too late to urge it, and it should not be considered by this court.
It is true that this exception, operating if sustained as a complete bar to the suit, should have been urged in the lower court; but if it be apparent from the record that there is no authority in the plaintiff to maintain the suit, there is no principle of law which would authorize us to decline the consideration of the objection, or to adjudicate upon the merits of a cause either in favor of or against a stranger to the rights involved in the controversy.
The neglect of the party to except at the proper stage of the proceedings deprives him of all rights except those stricti jtvris, and his objections when urged here for the first time will be heard only to prevent an obvious violation of the principles of law and justice. 6 ,Pet. 402.
That this objection was not taken and considered below may perhaps be in some measure attributed to the plaintiff. The petition alleges that Herman, Briggs & Co., or either of them, were authorized to substitute a trustee. It is true that the deed was filed; and the error of the averment that either of them could execute the substitution might have been detected on an examination of the contents of tbe instrument. It is possible, however, that the allegation of the petition may have diverted attention from the particular point; and that it thus escaped the notice of the defendant or the court.
The substitution was made by two separate instruments, one executed by Charles A. Lacoste, who signs for himself and as attorney of Herman and Briggs. The original deed of trust had been executed by Lacoste for himself and as attorney for the other partners, and he doubtless supposed that any joint act authorized by the instrument could be done in the mode by which the deed itself was executed. Afterwards, on the 5th February, 1839, another letter of substitution was drawn up in terms identical with the former, and was signed by Herman and Briggs but not by Lacoste.
Do these two instruments taken together constitute a sufficient execution of the power conferred by Punchard on the cestui que trust.
The authorities show clearly that the conditions and solemnities annexed to the execution of a power must be strictly complied with, however unessential they might otherwise have been; that their observance is indispensable and can admit of no equivalent or substitution.
In 1 Burrow’s Reports, p. 121, it is laid down by Lord Mansfield, “ that the intent of the parties who gave the power ought to govern every construction.” “He to whom it is given has a right to enjoy the full exercise of it. They over whose estate it is given have a right to say it shall not be exceeded, the conditions shall not be evaded; it shall be strictly pursued in form and substance; and all acts done under a special authority not agreeable thereto nor warranted thereby must be void”.
In Story on Ag. p. 46, it is stated to be a general rule of the common law “ that where an authority is given to two or more persons to do an act, the act is valid to bind the principal only when all of them concur in doing it; for the authority is construed strictly, and the power is understood to be joint, not several.” Reference is there; made to 3 Pick. 322; 2 id. 345; 12 Mass. 185. Indeed so strictly is the authority construed that if it be given to three persons jointly and severally, two cannot properly execute it, but it must be done by one or by all. (Same work and page.)
The power in this instance is not coupled with any special forms or conditions to be observed in its execution. The parties are not required to sign the appointment at the same time, or to unite in the same instrument for that purpose.
This would have been the more approved mode, but where we have satisfactory proof that all the donees of the power have concurred in its execution, though by separate instruments, we think that the intent of the grantor has been carried out.
Had the second instrument been indorsed on or attached to the first, or had Herman & Briggs adopted and ratified the first by affixing their signatures thereto, such an act would certainly have constituted an appointment in pursuance of the terms of the power. JBoth instruments refer to the trust and to the power by virtue of which they > were executed.
Among the authorities cited and accessible to the court, I have not found any case in which the precise, question raised here was determined. The point resolved in the decided cases most analogous to the present is where it had been holden that a power may be executed at different times and over different parts of the estate, so that the party do not in all the executions exceed the limits of the power.
In this case the donees of the power live in different states. Would it be contended that if the instrument of substitution had been executed by Lacoste at Natchez, and by Herman and Briggs in New Orleans, that this would not be a valid execution of the power? The act or assent of Lacoste could separately confer no authority; but united with the concurrent action of the other donees, the joint act of all the parties was completed; and the substitution had received all that was required, viz.: the assent of all the donees of the power.
Each of these acts was drawn in conformity with the terms of the grant; and had either of them been signed by all the parties, the conditions would have been fully satisfied. The signature of all the parties was the only requisite wanting to the validity of either. Had they both been executed at the same time, one by one partner and the other by the others, there would not, in reason of law, appear to be any circumstance wanting to tire full execution of the power. The acts of all the parties in the substitution possessed identically the same nature, character and qualities; and the instruments were, expressed in the same identical terms; and we are of opinion that though this mode of execution‘was loose and irregular, yet it was sufficient in law and was a substantial compliance with the intent of the grantor.
Both refer very clearly to the trust deed, but with a mistake in the date. In both the deed is referred to as of the thirtieth, whereas it is of the twentieth September. This we deem but a clerical error, and insufficient to invalidate the act.
Authorities were cited to show that defective executions of powers were remedied in equity as in favor of creditors; and that the power being vested in them as partners, and relating to partnership business the action of one on certain contingencies in the execution of the power would have been sufficient.
These propositions present very interesting subjects for investigation, but a decision upon them being unessential they will be passed without further observation.
It is contended that the appellee onght not to be permitted to interfere with the right of the appellant, having suffered the trust to remain so long unexecuted after the condition broken. The possession of the property being unchanged, the claim of the mortgagees became a mere equity, not superior to the appellant; and that in fact the cestui que trust forfeited all rights as against others than the mortgagor, by permitting the pi-operty so to remain, as it enabled him to gain credit with others in consequence of his apparent ownership.
To the satisfactory determination of the questions raised on this ground, and to the application or establishment of legal principles in relation to the character of the whole transaction, embracing as well its inception as the subsequent conduct of the parties; there are very serious obstacles arising from the fact that there was no such point raised or decided below, and none of the evidence being directed to the issue now made, we are left almost entirely to presumptions as to the real facts of the transaction, although upon these depends the solution of the charge of fraud, which is now urged as destructive to the claims of the appellee.
Upon the same grounds, however, that required an examination of the former objection, and because from the facts urged again as they are, the presumption of the fraud now charged arises as a legal inference, we cannot decline a consideration of the objection.
What are the facts on the record relative to this point and what are the presumptions thence arising?
That portion of the mortgaged negroes, about which this suit was. instituted, is proved to have been in possession of Samuel W. Pun-chard, in Yazoo county, Mississippi, in September, 1836, the month' in which the deed of trust was executed; that he, Punchard, arrived in Austin county with the negroes on the 10th February, 1838; that his departure from Mississippi was sudden and clandestine; that he resided in Harris county on the 27th December, 1838, and that he or some other person in that county at that time had possession of some of the negroes mentioned in the deed of trust. This evidence' was introduced by the plaintiff. The deed authorized Punchard to-retain possession of the mortgaged property until the forfeiture - of the condition on the 19th March, 1837; and that then the trustee^.as. soou thereafter as lie should think proper, or the eestuis que trust should request, should sell the whole of the mortgaged property or as much thereof as would be sufficient to discharge the debt.
There is not a scintilla of positive evidence to show whether Pun-chard did remain in possession of the property until forfeiture; whether he afterwards retained possession; whether there was any attempt by the trustee to take possession and execute the trust; whether and by what circumstances lie was prevented; whether all the property except the fourteen negroes now sued for had been sold, and the proceeds were insufficient to satisfy the debt. And if the sale had not taken place, what was the excuse? There is a space of near seventeen months next succeeding the execution of the mortgage, and nearly eleven of which transpired after the condition was broken, within which the acts of the parties are not proved, although upon these materially depended their rights.
"We know from the trust deed that on and after the 19th March, 1837, the trustee was authorized to sell 1,400 acres of land, 38 negroes, crop of cotton, corn, etc., 10 head of horses and mules, 2 wagons and 50 head of cattle, farming utensils, and household and kitchen furniture, for the payment of the plaintiff’s debt of between $12,000 and $13,000, but from that time, or rather from the day of the execution of the mortgage six months previous, we hear nothing of any part of this property, or of the acts of the parties to the deed, until the 10th February, 1S3S, on which day the mortgagor, Punchard, arrived in Austin county, Texas, with fourteen of the negroes.
Again, it is proved by the plaintiff, that these fourteen negroes were sold to the appellant for the sum of sixteen thousand dollars, all of which, except $140 or $240, was due from Punchard to the firm of Bullitt, Shipp & Co., in New Orleans. . But we have no evidence of the date of the claim by which the rights of the claimants might possibly have boon affected. Again it was contended that the claim of Bullitt, Shipp & Co. was strengthened by an attachment of the property.
There is no distinct evidence of this attachment in the record. From the whole of the evidence we might perhaps conclude that the property was seized and that there had been a suit against Punchard. But to presume also the character of the suit would be stretching the presumption beyond its legitimate sphere.
The presumptions, however, arising from such facts as are disclosed on the record, militate against the plaintiff. From these it appears that Punchard, in September, 1836, was in possession of and mortgaged property exceeding in value by several times the amount of the debt secured; that he was to retain possession until Mai-ch, 1837; that nearly eleven months afterwards he 'arrived in Austin county with fourteen of the negroes, comparatively but a small amount of the mortgaged property.
From these facts unexplained, the presumption arises that the debt was either paid at maturity, or that a sufficient amount had been sold in payment of the debt, or that Punchard was permitted to remain in possession after the forfeiture of the condition, and under shelter of the mortgage, secure undue advantages to himself, to the prejudice of his creditors, and to complete arrangements for abducting the property to a foreign country, where it could not be pursued and recovered without greatly increased trouble and expense.
The history of judicial proceedings will, we imagine, furnish but few instances where in a struggle between creditors or between a creditor and a subsequent purchaser, such an instrument as this deed of trust coupled with the acts of the parties, has not been challenged as fraudulent and void as against the rights of third parties, or when the plaintiff has not supposed it his imperative duty to repel the unfavorable presumptions arising out of the transaction.
But had all the presumptions against the instrument been repelled by testimony deemed sufficient in law for that purpose, had the case taken the ordinary course and had it been decided that the deed in connection with extrinsic circumstances was fraudulent per se, or that it was evidence of fraud and susceptible of explanation, or had the decision been otherwise, in favor of the transaction as founded on good consideration and as bona fide, we would still labor under the difficulty of not knowing under what system of laws the case had been determined.
But granting that this is immaterial and that we have the power to determine the matters involved on the principles of all the laws or systems of jurisprudence applicable to the transaction and to the rights of the parties before the court, yet the laws of Mississippi are not proved as facts in the record, nor have we been referred to, or had access to any of the statutes or laws of that state.
We do not know judicially whether the common law of England prevails there, and if so, under what modifications; whether the statutes of the 13th and 27th Elizabeth or similar laws have been adopted.
Where the validity, nature, obligation and interpretation of a contract depend on the laws of a foreign country, these laws must be proved before they can become guides for judicial action.
It is true that where the. foreign law is not established by proof, the rights of tlie parties must be determined by our own laws, for tbe plain reason that they present the only known role of decision.
But supposing that the necessary facts were proven and that we were competent or had the leisure to trace the doctrines in the system of Spanish jurisprudence on this subject, without the aid of thorough and judicious researches of counsel directed to that object, a decision made on these principles would operate as a surprise upon the parties, and might materially affect their rights as accruing under the lex looi of the contract. But few of the proper authorities are in fact accessible to the court. Under these circumstances we will not undertake to determine the controversy and establish not the real rights of the parties, but what they would have been had the whole transaction and the acts of all the parties transpired in this republic, before the introduction of the common law.
The points raised have never been decided in this conn try, and a decision based on our former laws must involve important rights as secured or fixed under those laws, and will not be made without argument or at least an opportunity for investigation.
On the question then which has been mainly insisted on in argument, viz.: That the instrument if valid in its inception became by the subsequent conduct of the mortgagees fraudulent and void as to third persons, creditors and purchasers; we are without either the facts or the law essential to its correct adjudication.
Our judgment would be based on presumptions both as to the facts and the law if rendered on the laws of Mississippi.
It is urged that the instrument itself presents sufficient viidieia of fraud to vitiate it without the production of extrinsic evidence. No opinion is intended to be expressed of the character of the instrument, except that it is not void on its face, without reference to facts and circumstances connected with the transaction. For instance, no objection could be urged to the provisions of this instrument, except there were other claims on the property. Its validity must then depend (to some extent at least) on extrinsic circumstances, about which we are not sufficiently informed to authorize a decision. The facts connected as well with the claim of the opposing creditor as with that of the mortgage and with the transaction at its inception, and the acts of the .beneficiaries under the instrument, ought to be more fully known before the character of the deed be definitely determined.
The case will be sent down for a new trial; and it is our intention that it shall be remanded without prejudice to the rights of either party. But the proper course of proceeding, where the presumption of fraud in a controversy of this character arises out of the evidence, was so totally misapprehended at the former trial that we think it necessary to refer to certain well established principles of law on the subject; not for the purpose of concluding the parties, but that the canse may be adjudicated on its merits.
As stated in a former part of the opinion, the presumptions from the proof adduced by the plaintiff were unfavorable to his claim.
The property mortgaged exceeded greatly in value the amount of the debt. The negroes alone, estimated at the rate of the valuation of the fourteen recovered in this suit, exceeded the debt by nearly ten thousand dollars. This disproportion between the provision and the object was a suspicious circumstance. See Benton v. Thornhill, 6 Taunt. 149; also see note to 3 Cow. p. 192-3, referring to Godbolt, 161, and Long on Sales, p. 78.
The deed in its sweep embraces articles of a perishable nature, and the presumptions against its fairness are thereby increased. 3 Yerg. 503; 4 id. 560; 4 Ala. 374. The debt being due on the 19th March, 1837, the presumption is that it was then paid or that property was sold for its satisfaction. The plaintiff also proved that the claim of the defendant as a creditor of Punchard was of a still larger amount than his own.
These presumptions are deductions of law arising from the facts; and it was incumbent on the plaintiff to have rebutted them, and to have wiped away all suspicions of unfairness from the transaction. There being no attempt made by the plaintiff to repel the unfavorable presumptions arising from the proof, it was not incumbent on the defendant to take the first step, and prove facts to strengthen and establish these presumptions. The facts in the record being admitted, the defendant was not compelled in the first place to prove continued possession after forfeiture of the condition, or that the debt was paid, or satisfied by sale of the property, or facts of a similar character.
It was the duty of the plaintiff to have shown the reverse; or to have satisfactorily explained such facts if they were true. The whole cause was submitted to the court. The presumptions adverse to the deed of trust might have been considered by the judicial mind, and had any force been allowed to them, it might have been a surprise on the parties, but could not have been regarded as error.
No expressions in this opinion are to be construed as trammeling the action of the district court in the decision of any of the questions arising out of the charge of fraud; we only decide on this point that the presumptions were adverse to the plaintiff, and it is the imperative duty of a party in a judicial proceeding to repel himself all legal inferences against his pretensions; but whether the deed, coupled with extrinsic circumstances which may be proven, shall be regarded as fraudulent and void in law, or whether as only presumptive of fraud, the limits of which presumption the court may attempt to define; or to decide what facts shall be proven before the presumption shall be rebutted; or whether the fraudulent intent shall be regarded as a question of fact, and that it is for the j ury to decide whether there was any actual intent to hinder and delay creditors, or whether the presumption has been disproved by the clear manifestation of good faith throughout the transaction. These and other similar points are left to the uncontrolled action of the lower court.
These questions have for ages been the subject of vexatious and protracted discussions. Great authorities and enlightened courts have differed widely as to the rules and principles by which the decision of such questions should be governed, and these rules, when established, have been subjected to so many subsequent modifications that they are almost obliterated by the multitude of exceptions. Weighty as would be the responsibility of settling principles for the determination of such points, we should not hesitate to make the attempt were the necessary facts before us, and the law from which those principles must be adduced, presented for examination. There would be no propriety, however, in laying down legal principles where both the law and the facts are hypothetical.
The rule that the nature, validity or invalidity, the obligation and interpretation of this deed of trust should properly be determined by the laws of Mississippi, is not to be extended to the defeat of our own laws, or any rights growing out of them after the property was found within their jurisdiction. For instance, - the laws of Spain provide “that if the pledgor, before he deliver the thing to the pledgee, should give, sell, pledge, alienate and deliver it to another person, the first pledgee may demand of the pledgor all that he had given him on the account of the pledge, and if he can recover it from him, he ought to leave in peace the second pledgee, who is in possession of the thing.” Partidas, 5, tit. 13, 1. 14; 3 Sala, p. 15; Institutes of Asso and Manuel, b. 2, tit. 7, p. 141. Sala, in his “.Derecho Peal,” in the passage above cited says, that the creditor in this instance must pursue the same course that he would adopt against a surety, and that he must first reconvene the debtor who contracted the obligation.
This rule is subject to the modification that where a creditor shall have commenced suit for the thing pledged against the debtor before the sale takes place, it shall then be at the option of the creditor to demand the debt of the debtor, or the thing pledged from the person in possession. Vide, words above referred to.
From the analogy of the condition of the vendee to that of a surety, the rule could not, by fair construction, be considered imperative where the mortgagor was insolvent or beyond the 'jurisdiction of the court; but this ought to be alleged and proven. It might possibly, in its practical operation, be subject to other modifications, designed for the suppression of fraud and contrivance between the mortgagor and purchaser as against the mortgagee. But it is useless to speculate on the modifications by which the rule may be qualified; our object is to direct the attention of the parties to the laws upon which the cause ought to be decided, should this provision of the law be considered as applicable when the facts are before the court, and that it was not abrogated in effect by any law in existence at the time of the sale, the vendee will be entitled to retain the possession until the property of the debtor is discussed, and being so entitled, he will a fortiori be entitled to claim the possession until the remainder of the property originally pledged is sold in payment of the mortgage liability, or satisfactory excuses rendered why it should not be done.»
In countries governed by the common law, the trustee could be compelled to apply the fund to the extinguishment of the mortgage debt; and to pay over the overplus to other creditors, at least those who had acquired a lien on the property, and all the waste of the property arising from the continued, permitted possession of Punch-ard, would be thrown on the mortgagees. 3 Ycrg. 541.
We do not decide any points as to the obligation, limits or construction of the rule. It was not adverted to in the argument and the questions are left open for future decision.
On the trial exception was taken to the admissibility of any other evidence of the existence of the deed of trust, than that of its proper registration in Texas, on the grounds that deeds of trust and mortgages were binding only on .the parties until they are recorded, etc. The court overruled the motion and decided that the record of the deed of trust in Mississippi was notice to all the world.
In reference to the effect of registration in Mississippi, it is to be observed that there was no proof of the existence of any registry law in that state, or of its provisions, nor any evidence that the registration was in conformity with that law.
The record of a conveyance does not ipso facto operate as a constructive notice to subsequent purchasers. This legal consequence results only from the registration of such conveyances as are authorized and required by law to be registered and are duly registered in compliance with the law; where their registration is not authorized or is not in conformity with law, it is treated as a nullity. 1 Story Eq. p.;406; 2 Stewart, p. 339.
But whatever may have been the effect of registration in Mississippi, it cannot be extended beyond the territorial limits of the state. The operation of such a municipal regulation is local and cannot affect property in a foreign jurisdiction. 6 U. S. Con. 356.
Whether any evidence of the existence of the deed of trust other than that of its proper registration in Texas was admissible is an important question, and will be considered in the most favorable point of view for the plaintiff, and that is on the supposition that the contract was made in this country, and that all the parties in the controversy were citizens of this republic.
The appellant contended that the admission of any other evidence was in contravention of the 4th section of the “act organizing inferior courts, and defining the power and jurisdiction of the same: Approved December 20, 1836.”
That section is expressed in the following terms, viz.: “No deed, conveyance, lien or other instrument of writing, shall take effect as regards the rights of third parties, until the same shall have been duly proven and presented to the court as required by the act for the recording of land, titles, etc.”
Were this provision presented to a mind unbiased or unenlightened by the construction of judicial tribunals on similar statutory regulations, the conclusion would most probably be, that a conveyance not duly proven and presented could no more affect the rights of third parties, than if it had never been executed. That proof and presentment were as essential to its operation on these rights, as was the execution itself to the instrument. But it has been the settled doctrine in the courts of the United States and in the courts of equity in England, in the exposition of statutes requiring conveyances to be registered in order to make them valid titles against subsequent purchasers, that if the subsequent purchaser has notice at the time of his purchase of any prior unregistered conveyance, he shall not avail himself of his title against that prior conveyance. All such laws are regarded as designed to protect creditors and purchasers against prior secret conveyances and incumbrances, and that where there was actual notice of such prior conveyances, the purpose of the law was fully accomplished, and that the reason of the law ceasing, the law itself became inoperative and its sanctions would not attach.
This construction of such statutes has arisen from the strong determinations of the courts that frauds should be suppressed; and as the policy of the registration acts has thus, to a great degree, been counteracted, it has been so far qualified that the letter of the statutes will be departed from only where the notice is so clearly proved, as to make it fraudulent in the purchaser to take a conveyance in prejudice to the known title of the other party.” 19 Vesey, 439; 1 Story Eq. Jur. secs. 397-8; Sug. Yend. ch. 16, sec. 1, 10, ch. 17; 2 N. &. McC. (S. C.) 105; 2 McC. 273; 4 Pick. 253. ‘And this liberal construction of the terms of such statutes is designed to guard against the fraud; but is not to be perverted to the injury of the second purchaser. 4 Mass. 534.
Mr. Justice Story, in his treatise on equity, p. 399, says: “It has been greatly doubted whether courts ought ever to have suffered the question of notice to be agitated as against a party who has duly registered his conveyance.” Some of the most enlightened judges have contended that such an exposition was an usurpation of legislative authority, and a disregard of the positive enactments of law; that instead of the rights of third parties reposing on the stable foundations of certain and positive law, they were involved in all the uncertainties of evidence as to whether notice had in point of fact been given; and of judicial exposition as to what facts shall constitute evidence of notice. 1 McC. 105. The construction has, however, been long otherwise; and we must suppose that this was present to the legislative mind at the adoption of this regulation, and had the intention been to exclude such exposition, it would have been manifested in express terms or in language from which such would have been the unavoidable implication.
In conformity with this generally received rule of construction, we are of opinion that under this provision of law the proper registration of the deed of trust in Texas was not the only admissible evidence of its existence so as to affect the rights of a third party or subsequent purchaser.
Whether the appellant had received such clear notice of the existence of the trust deed as a valid subsisting claim on the property, as rendered his subsequent conveyance fraudulent as against the other party, it is not necessary to determine. The consideration of the point, if examined, would be embarrassed by the anomalous position of the appellant. He appears at times as a creditor, and at others he assumes the garb of a purchaser in his own right, entirely estranged from the creditors of Punchard. If he be regarded as the representative of his clients, the evidence of Mr. Jack must be rejected. Sug. Vend, and the cases cited, 345-6. If as an independent purchaser, notice to Bullitt, Shipp & Co., must be disregarded. We perceive also from the opinion of the judge, that material evidence of the fact was not embodied in the statement in the record.
From these circumstances and because a decision would accomplish no useful purpose, we leave the point without decision.
We have seen that other evidence of the existence of the deed of trust, than its due registration, was not inhibited by the spirit and true intention of the 40 th section of the act before referred to.
The same question arises on a provision of our laws which was not discussed in the argument, but upon which we have felt great embarrassment and have not arrived at a satisfactory conclusion. We allude to the third section of the “ act to provide for the foreclosure of mortgages on real and personal estates, approved May 15, 1838,” 3 Laws of Tex. p. 12. That section contains the following provision, viz.:
“All mortgages upon real estate shall, upon the usual proof, be recorded in the county where the land is situated within ninety days from the passage of this act, or from the date of the execution of snch mortgage, and upon personal property in the county where the mortgagor lives. No mortgage shall take lien upon the property mortgaged unless so recorded.”
What is the effect of the provision “that no mortgage shall take lien upon property mortgaged unless so recorded?” Can the instrument have any effect or operation whatever even between the parties without registration? Does not the recording become an essential part of the conveyance, without which it is not transmissive of rights or operative on the property? Hillegas and Wife v. Hartley, 2 Hill Ch. 105. Should these questions be answered affirmatively, the inquiry arises whether construing this provision of the latter statute in the same liberal spirit with which the 40th section of the former was expounded, and having due regard to the legislative intention, a deed of trust when made to secure a debt is not covered by the term mortgage which is employed in the act. The instrument, whether called a deed of trust or a mortgage, has but one, and it is identically the same object, and that is the security of a debt.
The purpose of the law was to prevent an instrument having that effect from being operative until recorded.
The motives of the legislature can only be conjectured. It may have perhaps been supposed that the most effectual mode of protecting the rights of third persons from secret mortgages or incumbrances on property would be, to render them inoperative between the parties themselves until recorded. It had been already provided by the 40th section of the former act that no deed, conveyance or other lien should take effect as regarded the rights of third parties until duly'proven and presented to the court. Satisfied that under this provision expounded by the settled rule of construction, the rights of third parties were not sufficiently protected from the operation of instruments conveying property on condition, for the more certain assurance of a debt, the third section of the latter statute in which the term mortgage alone is used was adopted, can any possible reason be assigned why an instrument having the same object, but under a different name, should not be affected by this legal provision ? If from motives of public policy a- conveyance called a mortgage, designed to secure a debt, is rendered inoperative unless recorded, would not the legislative design be defeated if a deed of trust having the same extent and object, and no other than that of the mortgage, could be valid and effectual without registration? Could the public interests be counteracted and thwarted by a change of title in the conveyance, the object being the same, whatever may be the colors, shape or designation of the instrument?
We have the decisions of two highly respectable tribunals on similar provisions of the laws of their respective states that the terms, mortgages and deeds of trust, when made to secure debts, are equivalent to each other, at least when considered in reference to laws of registration, and that where by law one of these instruments by name is ordered to be-recorded, and certain legal results spring from the act, the law that its spirit and object may not be defeated shall also be extended to the other instruments, and the same consequences shall flow from the registration of the latter, that are by the letter of the statute attached to the record of the former instrument.
In Hopkins v. Lacoutre, 4 La. 64, an action was brought for the recovery of a slave, to which the plaintiff set up title under a deed of trust executed .in the state of Alabama by one Malone. The slave remained in the possession of Malone, who subsequently brought her to Louisiana and sold her to a person of whom the defendant claimed. The deed of trust contained a condition that in case Malone paid off the debts therein mentioned, the conveyance to the plaintiff should be of no force Or value.
The court say in substance there is evidence that conveyances of that kind were in Alabama valid securities for debts, and that the form was preferred to the ordinary one of mortgage, from the greater facility they afford of selling the property. The only difference the court perceived between them was, that the one was. a conditional sale to a trustee for the benefit of a creditor, the other a conditional sale to the creditor himself. That the instrument before them had substantially the effect of a mortgage, that is, giving a lien on the property, and nothing more. They add: “This mortgage was not recorded in Louisiana and cannot affect a purchaser in this state who may have acquired a title from Malone, by whom this deed of trust was created.” In this case a deed of trust was included under the term mortgage which was employed in the law.
In the case of Magee v. Carpenter, 4 Ala. 469, the question was whether mortgages were embraced within a statutory provision. The terms of the provision were as follows: “All deeds and, conveyances of personal prop&rty in trust, to secure any debt or debts, shall be recorded, etc., within thirty days, or else the same shall be void against creditors and’subsequent purchasers without notice. The court held that the terms were sufficiently broad to cover mortgages; that no reason could be assigned for the change effected by the action in relation to recording deeds of trust which would not equally apply to mortgages; that the legislature, no doubt, supposed that the terms employed would-embrace all cases in which property was conveyed on a condition, and that such being the evident intention, and it may be added, the practice under this law, such must be its effects.” In this case, the term deed of trust was held to embrace mortgages so far as to subject them to the same registry laws. Similar decisions might perhaps be found on investigation.
These cases cover and decide the precise question now under consideration. The point has, however, not been argued by counsel or been thoroughly examined, and we leave it therefore unsettled.
The other points raised in the cause are either not of controlling importance, or from the view we have taken of the cause, their decision has become unnecessary. The terms plaintiff or appellee and appellant or defendant have, to avoid circumlocution, been employed to designate all the parties opposed in interest, and not as specially descriptive of the individuals prosecuting or defending the action.
It is ordered, adjudged and decreed, that the judgment of the court below"be reversed; and that the cause be remanded for a new trial, that the plaintiff have leave to amend his pleadings should he deem it advisable; that the defendant have leave to file an answer to the original petition and to such amendments as may be made; and should no. answer be filed, that the defendant, in that case, be limited to such defense as he may be entitled to by the rules of law; and the court is directed to require proof of the laws of Mississippi on all questions to which they may be applicable; and should these be not established on proper proof, the laws prevailing in this republic previous to the commencement of the suit must be regarded as the rule of decision; and the court below is not restrained by these directions, from allowing other parties to be made in the cause, or from doing any other act which is in conformity with law and the practice of courts.
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CASELAW
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--[[
This template will add the appropriate ordinal suffix to a given integer.
Please do not modify this code without applying the changes first at
Module:Ordinal/sandbox and testing.
]]
local p = {}
local yesno = require('Module:Yesno') -- boolean value interpretation
--[[
This function converts an integer value into a numeral followed by ordinal indicator.
The output string might contain HTML tags.
Usage:
((#invoke:Ordinal|ordinal|1=|2=|sup=))
((#invoke:Ordinal|ordinal)) - uses the caller's parameters
Parameters
1: Any number or string.
2: Set to "d" if the module should display "d" instead of "nd" and "rd".
sup: Set to yes/no to toggle superscript ordinal suffix.
]]
function p.ordinal(frame)
local args = frame.args
if args[1] == nil then
args = frame:getParent().args
end
if args[1] == nil then
args[1] = "(({1))}"
end
return p._ordinal(args[1], (args[2] == 'd'), yesno(args.sup))
end
function p._ordinal(n, d, sup)
local x = tonumber(mw.ustring.match(n, "(%d*)%W*$"))
local suffix = "th"
-- If tonumber(n) worked:
if x then
local mod10 = math.abs(x) % 10
local mod100 = math.abs(x) % 100
if mod10 == 1 and mod100 ~= 11 then
suffix = "st"
elseif mod10 == 2 and mod100 ~= 12 then
if d then suffix = "d" else suffix = "nd" end
elseif mod10 == 3 and mod100 ~= 13 then
if d then suffix = "d" else suffix = "rd" end
end
end
if sup then
suffix = "<sup>" .. suffix .. "</sup>"
end
return n .. suffix
end
return p
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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[tcpip] Allow supported address families to be detected at runtime
[ipxe.git] / src / net / icmpv6.c
1 /*
2 * Copyright (C) 2013 Michael Brown <mbrown@fensystems.co.uk>.
3 *
4 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
5 * modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as
6 * published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the
7 * License, or any later version.
8 *
9 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
10 * WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
11 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU
12 * General Public License for more details.
13 *
14 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
15 * along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
16 * Foundation, Inc., 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA
17 * 02110-1301, USA.
18 *
19 * You can also choose to distribute this program under the terms of
20 * the Unmodified Binary Distribution Licence (as given in the file
21 * COPYING.UBDL), provided that you have satisfied its requirements.
22 */
23
24 FILE_LICENCE ( GPL2_OR_LATER_OR_UBDL );
25
26 #include <string.h>
27 #include <errno.h>
28 #include <byteswap.h>
29 #include <ipxe/in.h>
30 #include <ipxe/iobuf.h>
31 #include <ipxe/tcpip.h>
32 #include <ipxe/ping.h>
33 #include <ipxe/icmpv6.h>
34
35 /** @file
36 *
37 * ICMPv6 protocol
38 *
39 */
40
41 /* Disambiguate the various error causes */
42 #define EHOSTUNREACH_ROUTE \
43 __einfo_error ( EINFO_EHOSTUNREACH_ROUTE )
44 #define EINFO_EHOSTUNREACH_ROUTE \
45 __einfo_uniqify ( EINFO_EHOSTUNREACH, 0, \
46 "No route to destination" )
47 #define EHOSTUNREACH_PROHIBITED \
48 __einfo_error ( EINFO_EHOSTUNREACH_PROHIBITED )
49 #define EINFO_EHOSTUNREACH_PROHIBITED \
50 __einfo_uniqify ( EINFO_EHOSTUNREACH, 1, \
51 "Communication administratively prohibited" )
52 #define EHOSTUNREACH_ADDRESS \
53 __einfo_error ( EINFO_EHOSTUNREACH_ADDRESS )
54 #define EINFO_EHOSTUNREACH_ADDRESS \
55 __einfo_uniqify ( EINFO_EHOSTUNREACH, 3, \
56 "Address unreachable" )
57 #define EHOSTUNREACH_PORT \
58 __einfo_error ( EINFO_EHOSTUNREACH_PORT )
59 #define EINFO_EHOSTUNREACH_PORT \
60 __einfo_uniqify ( EINFO_EHOSTUNREACH, 4, \
61 "Port unreachable" )
62 #define EHOSTUNREACH_CODE( code ) \
63 EUNIQ ( EINFO_EHOSTUNREACH, ( (code) & 0x1f ), \
64 EHOSTUNREACH_ROUTE, EHOSTUNREACH_PROHIBITED, \
65 EHOSTUNREACH_ADDRESS, EHOSTUNREACH_PORT )
66
67 #define ETIMEDOUT_HOP \
68 __einfo_error ( EINFO_ETIMEDOUT_HOP )
69 #define EINFO_ETIMEDOUT_HOP \
70 __einfo_uniqify ( EINFO_ETIMEDOUT, 0, \
71 "Hop limit exceeded in transit" )
72 #define ETIMEDOUT_REASSEMBLY \
73 __einfo_error ( EINFO_ETIMEDOUT_REASSEMBLY )
74 #define EINFO_ETIMEDOUT_REASSEMBLY \
75 __einfo_uniqify ( EINFO_ETIMEDOUT, 1, \
76 "Fragment reassembly time exceeded" )
77 #define ETIMEDOUT_CODE( code ) \
78 EUNIQ ( EINFO_ETIMEDOUT, ( (code) & 0x1f ), \
79 ETIMEDOUT_HOP, ETIMEDOUT_REASSEMBLY )
80
81 #define EPROTO_BAD_HEADER \
82 __einfo_error ( EINFO_EPROTO_BAD_HEADER )
83 #define EINFO_EPROTO_BAD_HEADER \
84 __einfo_uniqify ( EINFO_EPROTO, 0, \
85 "Erroneous header field" )
86 #define EPROTO_NEXT_HEADER \
87 __einfo_error ( EINFO_EPROTO_NEXT_HEADER )
88 #define EINFO_EPROTO_NEXT_HEADER \
89 __einfo_uniqify ( EINFO_EPROTO, 1, \
90 "Unrecognised next header type" )
91 #define EPROTO_OPTION \
92 __einfo_error ( EINFO_EPROTO_OPTION )
93 #define EINFO_EPROTO_OPTION \
94 __einfo_uniqify ( EINFO_EPROTO, 2, \
95 "Unrecognised IPv6 option" )
96 #define EPROTO_CODE( code ) \
97 EUNIQ ( EINFO_EPROTO, ( (code) & 0x1f ), \
98 EPROTO_BAD_HEADER, EPROTO_NEXT_HEADER, EPROTO_OPTION )
99
100 struct icmp_echo_protocol icmpv6_echo_protocol __icmp_echo_protocol;
101
102 /**
103 * Process received ICMPv6 echo request packet
104 *
105 * @v iobuf I/O buffer
106 * @v netdev Network device
107 * @v sin6_src Source socket address
108 * @v sin6_dest Destination socket address
109 * @ret rc Return status code
110 */
111 static int icmpv6_rx_echo_request ( struct io_buffer *iobuf,
112 struct net_device *netdev __unused,
113 struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6_src,
114 struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6_dest __unused ) {
115 struct sockaddr_tcpip *st_src =
116 ( ( struct sockaddr_tcpip * ) sin6_src );
117
118 return icmp_rx_echo_request ( iobuf, st_src, &icmpv6_echo_protocol );
119 }
120
121 /** ICMPv6 echo request handler */
122 struct icmpv6_handler icmpv6_echo_request_handler __icmpv6_handler = {
123 .type = ICMPV6_ECHO_REQUEST,
124 .rx = icmpv6_rx_echo_request,
125 };
126
127 /**
128 * Process received ICMPv6 echo reply packet
129 *
130 * @v iobuf I/O buffer
131 * @v netdev Network device
132 * @v sin6_src Source socket address
133 * @v sin6_dest Destination socket address
134 * @ret rc Return status code
135 */
136 static int icmpv6_rx_echo_reply ( struct io_buffer *iobuf,
137 struct net_device *netdev __unused,
138 struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6_src,
139 struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6_dest __unused ) {
140 struct sockaddr_tcpip *st_src =
141 ( ( struct sockaddr_tcpip * ) sin6_src );
142
143 return icmp_rx_echo_reply ( iobuf, st_src );
144 }
145
146 /** ICMPv6 echo reply handler */
147 struct icmpv6_handler icmpv6_echo_reply_handler __icmpv6_handler = {
148 .type = ICMPV6_ECHO_REPLY,
149 .rx = icmpv6_rx_echo_reply,
150 };
151
152 /**
153 * Identify ICMPv6 handler
154 *
155 * @v type ICMPv6 type
156 * @ret handler ICMPv6 handler, or NULL if not found
157 */
158 static struct icmpv6_handler * icmpv6_handler ( unsigned int type ) {
159 struct icmpv6_handler *handler;
160
161 for_each_table_entry ( handler, ICMPV6_HANDLERS ) {
162 if ( handler->type == type )
163 return handler;
164 }
165 return NULL;
166 }
167
168 /**
169 * Process a received packet
170 *
171 * @v iobuf I/O buffer
172 * @v netdev Network device
173 * @v st_src Partially-filled source address
174 * @v st_dest Partially-filled destination address
175 * @v pshdr_csum Pseudo-header checksum
176 * @ret rc Return status code
177 */
178 static int icmpv6_rx ( struct io_buffer *iobuf, struct net_device *netdev,
179 struct sockaddr_tcpip *st_src,
180 struct sockaddr_tcpip *st_dest, uint16_t pshdr_csum ) {
181 struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6_src = ( ( struct sockaddr_in6 * ) st_src );
182 struct sockaddr_in6 *sin6_dest = ( ( struct sockaddr_in6 * ) st_dest );
183 struct icmp_header *icmp = iobuf->data;
184 size_t len = iob_len ( iobuf );
185 struct icmpv6_handler *handler;
186 unsigned int csum;
187 int rc;
188
189 /* Sanity check */
190 if ( len < sizeof ( *icmp ) ) {
191 DBGC ( netdev, "ICMPv6 packet too short at %zd bytes (min %zd "
192 "bytes)\n", len, sizeof ( *icmp ) );
193 rc = -EINVAL;
194 goto done;
195 }
196
197 /* Verify checksum */
198 csum = tcpip_continue_chksum ( pshdr_csum, icmp, len );
199 if ( csum != 0 ) {
200 DBGC ( netdev, "ICMPv6 checksum incorrect (is %04x, should be "
201 "0000)\n", csum );
202 DBGC_HDA ( netdev, 0, icmp, len );
203 rc = -EINVAL;
204 goto done;
205 }
206
207 /* Identify handler */
208 handler = icmpv6_handler ( icmp->type );
209 if ( ! handler ) {
210 switch ( icmp->type ) {
211 case ICMPV6_DESTINATION_UNREACHABLE:
212 rc = -EHOSTUNREACH_CODE ( icmp->code );
213 break;
214 case ICMPV6_PACKET_TOO_BIG:
215 rc = -ERANGE;
216 break;
217 case ICMPV6_TIME_EXCEEDED:
218 rc = -ETIMEDOUT_CODE ( icmp->code );
219 break;
220 case ICMPV6_PARAMETER_PROBLEM:
221 rc = -EPROTO_CODE ( icmp->code );
222 break;
223 default:
224 DBGC ( netdev, "ICMPv6 unrecognised type %d code %d\n",
225 icmp->type, icmp->code );
226 rc = -ENOTSUP;
227 break;
228 };
229 goto done;
230 }
231
232 /* Pass to handler */
233 if ( ( rc = handler->rx ( iob_disown ( iobuf ), netdev, sin6_src,
234 sin6_dest ) ) != 0 ) {
235 DBGC ( netdev, "ICMPv6 could not handle type %d: %s\n",
236 icmp->type, strerror ( rc ) );
237 goto done;
238 }
239
240 done:
241 free_iob ( iobuf );
242 return rc;
243 }
244
245 /** ICMPv6 TCP/IP protocol */
246 struct tcpip_protocol icmpv6_protocol __tcpip_protocol = {
247 .name = "ICMPv6",
248 .rx = icmpv6_rx,
249 .tcpip_proto = IP_ICMP6,
250 };
251
252 /** ICMPv6 echo protocol */
253 struct icmp_echo_protocol icmpv6_echo_protocol __icmp_echo_protocol = {
254 .family = AF_INET6,
255 .request = ICMPV6_ECHO_REQUEST,
256 .reply = ICMPV6_ECHO_REPLY,
257 .tcpip_protocol = &icmpv6_protocol,
258 .net_checksum = 1,
259 };
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Strength vs Cardio: What’s the Difference?
So you are going to the gym to workout: the hardest part is getting yourself there, right? Or does the work really begin when you have to decide what the best workout to do is? There are benefits to both strength training and cardio workouts, it all depends on what you are trying to achieve! Here’s a breakdown of what the best workout can be for you depending on your health and fitness goals!
Strength Training
The purpose of strength training is to build and tone muscle. This can be done in a variety of different ways, and the top two best ways to do this are by heavy lifting or circuit training. Heavy lifting can be classified as back squats, deadlifts, bench press, shoulder press, and pull/ chin ups. All of these different movements are designed to help you build muscle onto your body and can be done in 3 sets of 8 repetitions. So if you are looking to add muscle, heavy lifting strength training would be the best option for you. However, if you are looking to tone muscle you already have, circuit training would be a better option. Circuit training consists of combining different movements such as bicep curls, tricep dips, goblet squats (squatting with a dumbbell), dumbbell press, or single arm dumbbell pull, and then doing these different movements in a quick, time-oriented manner. Other types of circuits you could do are ab circuits, which could consist of planks, crunches, bicycles, reverse crunches, Russian twists, and side planks, and are still defined as strength training because you are enhancing the core of your body.
Cardio Training
The purpose of cardio training is to burn calories and boost your metabolism. Two different ways to do a cardio workout are high-intensity interval training and steady state cardio. High-intensity interval training would be used to achieve long-lasting calorie burn that would improve your overall metabolism, whereas steady state cardio would be used to instantly burn calories. Interval training is shorter, more intense, and mentally easier to achieve if you are not a cardio-type girl. Workouts would consist of sprinting for 30 seconds, taking a 20-second break, and then sprinting again for however long a period you desire ( a mile or two is usually a good benchmark). If you are a cardio-type girl, then steady state cardio may be a better option! These workouts would consist of 3-5 mile runs (or longer) and help you burn calories at a steady pace while achieving those well-deserved runners high.
Overall, neither strength or cardio training is better than the other, it all just depends on what you’re trying to achieve! Now go out and achieve your well-deserved health and fitness goals!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Dick Stabile
Richard Dominic Stabile (May 29, 1909 – September 18, 1980) was an American jazz saxophonist, clarinetist, and bandleader.
Career
He was born in Newark, New Jersey, United States. The son of a band leader and violinist, Stabile learned piano and violin at an early age. His father got a job with band leader Vincent Lopez on the condition that he learn saxophone. Seeing his father play, Stabile started playing saxophone, too, and was hired by Jules Ansel at the Brunswick Hotel in Newark. He then went on tour with band leader Ben Bernie, Ansel's cousin, and remained with Bernie from 1928 to 1936, appearing on Bernie's weekly radio show as lead alto saxophonist and soloist.
In 1936, Stabile started his own ensemble, the All-America "Swing" Band, which featured Bunny Berigan, Dave Barbour, Frank Signorelli, and Stan King. He recorded with vocalists such as Berigan, Paula Kelly, Burt Shaw, and Gracie Barrie, the last of which he would go on to marry. During this time, he recorded for the labels Decca, Bluebird, ARC, and Vocalion/Okeh. His band worked often in hotels in New York City, and was chosen to play at the New York World's Fair in 1959–60.
During World War II Stabile led a band while serving in the Coast Guard; Gracie Barrie led his own ensemble in his absence. After the war, he moved to Los Angeles and became music director for Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis, and had a small role as 'Private Pokey' in their film, At War with the Army.
After spending the latter 1960s leading dance bands at Los Angeles ballrooms, Stabile took a job at the Hotel Roosevelt in New Orleans, where he worked from the middle of the 1970s until his death from a heart attack in 1980.
Vocalists
Evelyn Oaks sang with Stabile's orchestra in 1939, and Paula Kelly sang with him prior to joining the Glenn Miller Orchestra in 1941.
Instruments
Stabile designed a line of saxophones and clarinets that carried his name.
Personal life
Stabile was married to and divorced from Gracie Barrie.
Stabile was the cousin of singer Dolly Dawn (aka Theresa Stabile)
As leader
* Dick Stabile Plays for You (Bethlehem, 1957)
* At the Statler (Tops, 1957)
* Dancing on the Sunset Strip (King, 1959)
* This Cat Really Blows! (Dot, 1960)
|
WIKI
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What is Clonazepam?
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Clonazepam works by increasing the activity of gamma-amino butyric acid which is a chemical that sends signals throughout a person’s nervous system. If you take this drug then you will have more GABA in your body. That will help you in fewer panic attacks and seizures.
How should I take Clonazepam?
You should take Klonopin online USA exactly as prescribed by your physician. This medicine should not be used in larger amounts, or for longer than prescribed. This medicine should be stored in a place where others cannot get to it.If you feel fine then do not stop use of Clonazepam medicine suddenly. Klonopin should be taken as the whole tablet with a full glass of water.Stopping clonazepam suddenly may cause increased seizures or unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. If this medicine seems to stop working as well in treating your seizures or panic attacks then consult your doctor immediately. You can easily Buy Clonazepam 2 mg Online from our website with or without the prescription of the doctor at an affordable price.
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Klonopin is a benzodiazepine medication that is as effective as other benzos. It contains clonazepam as an active ingredient. If it is misused, may cause physical euphoria, leading to tolerance and addiction. Anyone can take Klonopin for restless leg syndrome, sleep disorder, and alcohol withdrawal.
What happens if we miss a dose?
If it is almost time for your next dose then you can take the medicine as soon as you can, but skip the missed dose. Never take two doses at one time. An overdose of Klonopin can be fatal if you take it with alcohol or opioid medicine that causes drowsiness or slow your breathing. Overdose symptoms may include confusion, muscle weakness, extreme drowsiness, or coma. Avoid drinking alcohol bcz it has dangerous side effects or death could occur. Dizziness or drowsiness can causesevere injuries or accidents. Avoid hazardous activity or driving until you know how clonazepam will affect you. If anyone is using it improperly or without a prescription then you should be aware.
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Anyone can buy Clonazepam 2 mg online through our official website. If you are suffering from Anxiety Disorder, severe pain, back pain, or any other discomfort in your everyday life then you can buy Klonopin online without any hassle. You will not face any problems while making a purchase from our website but we offer a safe and secure payment gateway to our customers. After getting an order on our web portal, we deliver this anti-anxiety medicine to your address within 8-10 working days.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Coherent effects in semiconductor optics
The interaction of matter with light, i.e., electromagnetic fields, is able to generate a coherent superposition of excited quantum states in the material. Coherent denotes the fact that the material excitations have a well defined phase relation which originates from the phase of the incident electromagnetic wave. Macroscopically, the superposition state of the material results in an optical polarization, i.e., a rapidly oscillating dipole density. The optical polarization is a genuine non-equilibrium quantity that decays to zero when the excited system relaxes to its equilibrium state after the electromagnetic pulse is switched off. Due to this decay which is called dephasing, coherent effects are observable only for a certain temporal duration after pulsed photoexcitation. Various materials such as atoms, molecules, metals, insulators, semiconductors are studied using coherent optical spectroscopy and such experiments and their theoretical analysis has revealed a wealth of insights on the involved matter states and their dynamical evolution.
This article focusses on coherent optical effects in semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures. After an introduction into the basic principles, the semiconductor Bloch equations (abbreviated as SBEs) which are able to theoretically describe coherent semiconductor optics on the basis of a fully microscopic many-body quantum theory are introduced. Then, a few prominent examples for coherent effects in semiconductor optics are described all of which can be understood theoretically on the basis of the SBEs.
Starting point
Macroscopically, Maxwell's equations show that in the absence of free charges and currents an electromagnetic field interacts with matter via the optical polarization $${\mathbf P}$$. The wave equation for the electric field $${\mathbf E}$$ reads $$(\nabla \cdot \nabla - \frac{1}{c^2} \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}) {\mathbf E}({\mathbf r},t) = \mu_0 \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2} {\mathbf P}({\mathbf r},t)$$ and shows that the second derivative with respect to time of $${\mathbf P}$$, i.e., $$\frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}{\mathbf P}$$, appears as a source term in the wave equation for the electric field $${\mathbf E}$$. Thus, for optically thin samples and measurements performed in the far-field, i.e., at distances significantly exceeding the optical wavelength $$\lambda$$, the emitted electric field resulting from the polarization is proportional to its second time derivative, i.e., $${\mathbf E} \propto \frac{\partial^2}{\partial t^2}{\mathbf P}$$. Therefore, measuring the dynamics of the emitted field $${\mathbf E}(t)$$ provides direct information on the temporal evolution of the optical material polarization $${\mathbf P}(t)$$.
Microscopically, the optical polarization arises from quantum mechanical transitions between different states of the material system. For the case of semiconductors, electromagnetic radiation with optical frequencies is able to move electrons from the valence ($$v$$) to the conduction ($$c$$) band. The macroscopic polarization $${\mathbf P}$$ is computed by summing over all microscopic transition dipoles $$p_{cv}$$ via $${\mathbf P} = \frac{1}{V}\sum_{c,v} ({\mathbf d}_{cv} p_{cv} + \mathrm{c.c.} )$$, where $${\mathbf d}_{cv}$$ is the dipole matrix element which determines the strength of individual transitions between the states $$v$$ and $$c$$, $$\mathrm{c.c.}$$ denotes the complex conjugate, and $$V$$ is the appropriately chosen system's volume. If $$\epsilon_c$$ and $$\epsilon_v$$ are the energies of the conduction and valence band states, their dynamic quantum mechanical evolution is according to the Schrödinger equation given by phase factors $$\mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i} \epsilon_c \, t/\hbar}$$ and $$\mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i} \epsilon_v \, t/\hbar}$$, respectively. The superposition state described by $$p_{cv}$$ is evolving in time according to $$\mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i} (\epsilon_c - \epsilon_v) t/\hbar}$$. Assuming that we start at $$t=0$$ with $$p_{cv}(t=0) = p_{cv,0}$$, we have for the optical polarization
$${\mathbf P} (t) = \sum_{c,v} ( {\mathbf d}_{cv} p_{cv,0} \, \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i} (\epsilon_c - \epsilon_v) t/\hbar} + \mathrm{c.c.} )$$.
Thus, $${\mathbf P} (t)$$ is given by a summation over the microscopic transition dipoles which all oscillate with frequencies corresponding to the energy differences between the involved quantum states. Clearly, the optical polarization $${\mathbf P} (t)$$ is a coherent quantity which is characterized by an amplitude and a phase. Depending on the phase relationships of the microscopic transition dipoles, one may obtain constructive or destructive interference, in which the microscopic dipoles are in or out of phase, respectively, and temporal interference phenomena like quantum beats, in which the modulus of $${\mathbf P} (t)$$ varies as function of time.
Ignoring many-body effects and the coupling to other quasi particles and to reservoirs, the dynamics of photoexcited two-level systems can be described by a set of two equations, the so-called optical Bloch equations. These equations are named after Felix Bloch who formulated them in order to analyze the dynamics of spin systems in nuclear magnetic resonance. The two-level Bloch equations read
$$\mathrm{i} \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} p_{cv} = \Delta \epsilon \, p_{cv} + {\mathbf E} \cdot {\mathbf d} I$$
and
$$\mathrm{i} \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} I = 2 {\mathbf E} \cdot {\mathbf d} ( p_{cv} - p_{cv}^\star ).$$
Here, $$\Delta \epsilon=(\epsilon_c - \epsilon_v)$$ denotes the energy difference between the two states and $$I$$ is the inversion, i.e., the difference in the occupations of the upper and the lower states. The electric field $${\mathbf E}$$ couples the microscopic polarization $$p$$ to the product of the Rabi energy $${\mathbf E} \cdot {\mathbf d}$$ and the inversion $$I$$. In the absence of the driving electric field, i.e., for $${\mathbf E} = \mathbf{0}$$, the Bloch equation for $$p$$ describes an oscillation, i.e., $$p_{cv} (t) \propto \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i} \Delta \epsilon \, t/\hbar}$$.
The optical Bloch equations enable a transparent analysis of several nonlinear optical experiments. They are, however, only well suited for systems with optical transitions between isolated levels in which many-body interactions are of minor importance as is sometimes the case in atoms or small molecules. In solid state systems, such as semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures, an adequate description of the many-body Coulomb interaction and the coupling to additional degrees of freedom is essential and thus the optical Bloch equations are not applicable.
The semiconductor Bloch equations (SBEs)
For a realistic description of optical processes in solid materials, it is essential to go beyond the simple picture of the optical Bloch equations and to treat many-body interactions that describe the coupling among the elementary material excitations by, e.g., the see article Coulomb interaction between the electrons and the coupling to other degrees of freedom, such as lattice vibrations, i.e., the electron-phonon coupling. Within a semiclassical approach, where the light field is treated as a classical electromagnetic field and the material excitations are described quantum mechanically, all above mentioned effects can be treated microscopically on the basis of a many-body quantum theory. For semiconductors the resulting system of equations are known as the semiconductor Bloch equations. For the simplest case of a two-band model of a semiconductor, the SBEs can be written schematically as
$$ \mathrm{i} \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} p_{\mathbf k} = \Delta \varepsilon_{\mathbf k} \, p_{\mathbf k} + \Omega_{\mathbf k} \, (n^c_{\mathbf k} - n^v_{\mathbf k}) + \mathrm{i} \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} p_{\mathbf k}|_{\text{corr}} \, , $$
$$ \mathrm{i} \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} n^c_{\mathbf k} = ( \Omega_{\mathbf k}^\star \, p_{\mathbf k} - \Omega_{\mathbf k} \, p_{\mathbf k}^\star ) + \mathrm{i} \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} n^c_{\mathbf k}|_{\text{corr}} \, , $$
$$ \mathrm{i} \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} n^v_{\mathbf k} = - ( \Omega_{\mathbf k}^\star \, p_{\mathbf k} - \Omega_{\mathbf k} \, p_{\mathbf k}^\star ) + \mathrm{i} \hbar \frac{\partial}{\partial t} n^v_{\mathbf k}|_{\text{corr}} \,. $$
Here $$p_{\mathbf k}$$ is the microscopic polarization and $$n^c_{\mathbf k}$$ and $$n^v_{\mathbf k}$$ are the electron occupations in the conduction and valence bands ($$c$$ and $$v$$), respectively, and $$\hbar {\mathbf k}$$ denotes the crystal momentum. As a result of the many-body Coulomb interaction and possibly further interaction processes, the transition energy $$\Delta \varepsilon_{\mathbf k}$$ and the Rabi energy $$\Omega_{\mathbf k}$$ both depend on the state of the excited system, i.e., they are functions of the time-dependent polarizations $$p_{\mathbf k'}$$ and occupations $$n^c_{\mathbf k'}$$ and $$n^v_{\mathbf k'}$$, respectively, at all crystal momenta $$\hbar {\mathbf k'}$$.
Due to this coupling among the excitations for all values of the crystal momentum $$\hbar {\mathbf k}$$, the optical excitations in semiconductor cannot be described on the level of isolated optical transitions but have to be treated as an interacting many-body quantum system.
A prominent and important result of the Coulomb interaction among the photoexcitations is the appearance of strongly absorbing discrete excitonic resonances which show up in the absorption spectra of semiconductors spectrally below the fundamental band gap frequency. Since an exciton consists of a negatively charged conduction band electron and a positively charged valence band hole (i.e., an electron missing in the valence band) which attract each other via the Coulomb interaction, excitons have a hydrogenic series of discrete absorption lines. Due to the optical selection rules of typical III-V semiconductors such as Galliumarsenide (GaAs) only the s-states, i.e., 1s, 2s, etc., can be optically excited and detected, see article on Wannier equation.
The many-body Coulomb interaction leads to significant complications since it results in an infinite hierarchy of dynamic equations for the microscopic correlation functions that describe the nonlinear optical response. The terms given explicitly in the SBEs above arise from a treatment of the Coulomb interaction in the time-dependent Hartree–Fock approximation. Whereas this level is sufficient to describe excitonic resonances, there are several further effects, e.g., excitation-induced dephasing, contributions from higher-order correlations like excitonic populations and biexcitonic resonances, which require one to treat so-called many-body correlation effects that are by definition beyond the Hartree–Fock level. These contributions are formally included in the SBEs given above in the terms denoted by $$|_\text{corr}$$.
The systematic truncation of the many-body hierarchy and the development and the analysis of controlled approximations schemes is an important topic in the microscopic theory of the optical processes in condensed matter systems. Depending on the particular system and the excitation conditions several approximations schemes have been developed and applied. For highly excited systems, it is often sufficient to describe many-body Coulomb correlations using the second order Born approximation. Such calculations were, in particular, able to successfully describe the spectra of semiconductor lasers, see article on semiconductor laser theory. In the limit of weak light intensities, signature of exciton complexes, in particular, biexcitons, in the coherent nonlinear response have been analyzed using the dynamics controlled truncation scheme. These two approaches and several other approximation schemes can be viewed as special cases of the so-called cluster expansion in which the nonlinear optical response is classified by correlation functions which explicitly take into account interactions between a certain maximum number of particles and factorize larger correlation functions into products of lower order ones.
Selected coherent effects
By nonlinear optical spectroscopy using ultrafast laser pulses with durations on the order of ten to hundreds of femtoseconds, several coherent effects have been observed and interpreted. Such studies and their proper theoretical analysis have revealed a wealth of information on the nature of the photoexcited quantum states, the coupling among them, and their dynamical evolution on ultrashort time scales. In the following, a few important effects are briefly described.
Quantum beats involving excitons and exciton complexes
Quantum beats are observable in systems in which the total optical polarization is due to a finite number of discrete transition frequencies which are quantum mechanically coupled, e.g., by common ground or excited states. Assuming for simplicity that all these transitions have the same dipole matrix element, after excitation with a short laser pulse at $$t=0$$ the optical polarization $${\mathbf P} (t)$$ of the system evolves as
$$\sum_l \mathrm{e}^{-\mathrm{i} \Delta \omega_{l} t}$$,
where the index $$l$$ labels the participating transitions. A finite number of frequencies results in temporal modulations of the squared modulus of the polarization $$|{\mathbf P} (t)|^2$$ and thus of the intensity of the emitted electromagnetic field $$|{\mathbf E} (t)|^2$$ with time periods
$$2 \pi/(\Delta \omega_{l} - \Delta \omega_{j})$$.
For the case of just two frequencies the squared modulus of the polarization is proportional to
$$[1+\cos((\Delta \omega_1 - \Delta \omega_2)t)]$$,
i.e., due to the interference of two contributions with the same amplitude but different frequencies, the polarization varies between a maximum and zero.
In semiconductors and semiconductor heterostructures, such as quantum wells, nonlinear optical quantum-beat spectroscopy has been widely used to investigate the temporal dynamics of excitonic resonances. In particular, the consequences of many-body effects which depending on the excitation conditions may lead to, e.g., a coupling among different excitonic resonances via biexcitons and other Coulomb correlation contributions and to a decay of the coherent dynamics by scattering and dephasing processes, has been explored in many pump-probe and four-wave-mixing measurements. The theoretical analysis of such experiments in semiconductors requires a treatment on the basis of quantum mechanical many-body theory as is provided by the SBEs with many-body correlations incorporated on an adequate level.
Photon echoes of excitons
In nonlinear optics it is possible to reverse the destructive interference of so-called inhomogeneously broadened systems which contain a distribution of uncoupled subsystems with different resonance frequencies. For example, consider a four-wave-mixing experiment in which the first short laser pulse excites all transitions at $$t=0$$. As a result of the destructive interference between the different frequencies the overall polarization decays to zero. A second pulse arriving at $$t=\tau>0$$ is able to conjugate the phases of the individual microscopic polarizations, i.e., $$p \rightarrow p^\star$$, of the inhomogeneously broadened system. The subsequent unperturbed dynamical evolution of the polarizations leads to rephasing such that all polarization are in phase at $$t=2\tau$$ which results in a measurable macroscopic signal. Thus, this so-called photon echo occurs since all individual polarizations are in phase and add up constructively at $$t=2\tau$$. Since the rephasing is only possible if the polarizations remain coherent, the loss of coherence can be determined by measuring the decay of the photon echo amplitude with increasing time delay.
When photon echo experiments are performed in semiconductors with exciton resonances, it is essential to include many-body effects in the theoretical analysis since they may qualitatively alter the dynamics. For example, numerical solutions of the SBEs have demonstrated that the dynamical reduction of the band gap which originates from the Coulomb interaction among the photoexcited electrons and holes is able to generate a photon echo even for resonant excitation of a single discrete exciton resonance with a pulse of sufficient intensity.
Besides the rather simple effect of inhomogeneous broadening, spatial fluctuations of the energy, i.e., disorder, which in semiconductor nanostructure may, e.g., arise from imperfection of the interfaces between different materials, can also lead to a decay of the photon echo amplitude with increasing time delay. To consistently treat this phenomenon of disorder induced dephasing the SBEs need to be solved including biexciton correlations. As shown in Ref. such a microscopic theoretical approach is able to describe disorder induced dephasing in good agreement with experimental results.
The excitonic optical Stark effect
In a pump-probe experiment one excites the system with a pump pulse ($$E_p$$) and probes its dynamics with a (weak) test pulse ($$E_t$$). With such experiments one can measure the so-called differential absorption $$\Delta \alpha (\omega)$$ which is defined as the difference between the probe absorption in the presence of the pump $$\alpha_{\text{pump on}} (\omega)$$ and the probe absorption without the pump $$\alpha_{\text{pump off}} (\omega)$$.
For resonant pumping of an optical resonance and when the pump precedes the test, the absorption change $$\Delta \alpha$$ is usually negative in the vicinity of the resonance frequency. This effect called bleaching arises from the fact that the excitation of the system with the pump pulse reduces the absorbance of the test pulse. There may also be positive contributions to $$\Delta \alpha$$ spectrally near the original absorption line due to resonance broadening and at other spectral positions due to excited-state absorption, i.e., optical transitions to states such as biexcitons which are only possible if the system is in an excited state. The bleaching and the positive contributions are generally present in both coherent and incoherent situations where the polarization vanishes but occupations in excited states are present.
For detuned pumping, i.e., when the frequency of the pump field is not identical with the frequency of the material transition, the resonance frequency shifts as a result of the light-matter coupling, an effect known as the optical Stark effect. The optical Stark effect requires coherence i.e., a non vanishing optical polarization induced be the pump pulse, and thus decreases with increasing time delay between the pump and probe pulses and vanishes if the system has returned to its ground state.
As can be shown by solving the optical Bloch equations for a two-level system due to the optical Stark effect the resonance frequency should shift to higher values, if the pump frequency is smaller than the resonance frequency and vice versa. This is also the typical result of experiments performed on excitons in semiconductors. The fact that in certain situations such predictions which are based on simple models fail to even qualitatively describe experiments in semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures has received significant attention. Such deviations are because in semiconductors typically many-body effects dominate the optical response and therefore it is required to solve the SBEs instead of the optical Bloch equations to obtain an adequate understanding. An important example was presented in Ref. where it was shown that many-body correlations arising from biexcitons are able to reverse the sign of the optical Stark effect. In contrast to the optical Bloch equations, the SBEs including coherent biexcitonic correlations were able to properly describe the experiments performed on semiconductor quantum wells.
Superradiance of excitons
Consider $$N$$ two-level systems at different positions in space. Maxwell's equations lead to a coupling among all the optical resonances since the field emitted from a specific resonance interferes with the emitted fields of all other resonances. As a result, the system is characterized by $$N$$ eigenmodes originating from the radiatively coupled optical resonances.
A spectacular situation arises if $$N$$ identical two-level systems are regularly arranged with distances that equals an integer multiple of $$\lambda/2$$, where $$\lambda$$ is the optical wavelength. In this case, the emitted fields of all resonances interfere constructively and the system behaves effectively as a single system with a $$N$$-times stronger optical polarization. Since the intensity of the emitted electromagnetic field is proportional to the squared modulus of the polarization, it scales initially as $$N^2$$.
Due to the cooperativity that originates from the coherent coupling of the subsystems, the radiative decay rate $$\gamma_{\mathrm{rad}}$$ is increased by $$N$$, i.e., $$\gamma_{\mathrm{rad}} = N \gamma_{\mathrm{rad},0}$$ where $$\gamma_{\mathrm{rad},0}$$ is the radiative decay of a single two-level system. Thus the coherent optical polarization decays $$N$$-times faster proportional to $$\mathrm{e}^{- N \gamma_{\mathrm{rad},0} \, t}$$ than that of an isolated system. As a result, the time integrated emitted field intensity scales as $$N$$, since the initial $$N^2$$ factor is multiplied by $$\frac{1}{N}$$ which arises from the time integral over the enhanced radiative decay.
This effect of superradiance has been demonstrated by monitoring the decay of the exciton polarization in suitably arranged semiconductor multiple quantum wells. Due to superradiance introduced by the coherent radiative coupling among the quantum wells, the decay rate increases proportional to the number of quantum wells and is thus significantly more rapid than for a single quantum well. The theoretical analysis of this phenomenon requires a consistent solution of Maxwell's equations together with the SBEs.
Concluding remarks
The few examples given above represent only a small subset of several further phenomena which demonstrate that the coherent optical response of semiconductors and semiconductor nanostructures is strongly influenced by many-body effects. Other interesting research directions which similarly require an adequate theoretical analysis including many-body interactions are, e.g., phototransport phenomena where optical fields generate and/or probe electronic currents, the combined spectroscopy with optical and terahertz fields, see article terahertz spectroscopy and technology, and the rapidly developing area of semiconductor quantum optics, see article semiconductor quantum optics with dots.
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Q:
What is an IR extender?
A:
Quick Answer
An IR extender is a cable that allows a remote control to communicate with a cable box or other audiovisual devices. A consumer is able to turn on the cable box and change channels with the remote without using the cable remote control and without having to actually see the cable box.
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Full Answer
If a consumer wishes to keep her cable box or digital adapter out of sight and still use a remote control to change channels, an IR extender or IR receiver is used. BAFX Products sells a system called IR Repeater - Remote control extender kit that, when installed in the consumer's home and connected to all of the audiovisual equipment, allows a remote control to control devices that are hidden behind doors or even in other rooms.
An IR extender can solve the problem of what to do with all of the unsightly cords that protrude from one's television, cable box, DVD/Blueray player and stereo or surround sound equipment. All of one's cable boxes, DVD/Blueray players and stereo receivers are placed and hidden behind closed cabinet doors. When hooked up to the IR extender, they are operated with a remote control without having to open the cabinet doors. A person can even change the channel on the cable box in the living room from the kitchen.
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Author:Robert Bellarmine
Works
* Disputationes, 1581–1593
* Responsio
* The Mind's Ascent to God, 1614, also called Jacob's Ladder
* The Art of Dying Well, 1619
* The Seven Words on the Cross
* Sermons from the Latins
* Commentary on the book of Psalms
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Talk:International versions of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?
Ukrainian version
In February 2011 in Ukraine will start a new show "Millionaire - Hot seat" ("Мiльйонер - Гаряче Крiсло"). Please, add this show in this table. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:26, 15 February 2011 (UTC)
Moroccan version
Hello everyone. Since a while there's a Moroccan version listed in the table. I searched the page of the channel, also on google etc. but I couldn't find any proof of its existence. I don't speak Arabic nor is my French is very well, but if there is such a version, something should be found on the internet. Also the name in the list seems to be spelled incorrectly. In the Dutch Wikipedia, however, the name was spelled in correct French. Can anyone bring a proof for this version? Info or a logo? Thank you! --Kazu89 21:10, 9 August 2007 (UTC)
* Okay, no response in one week. I will remove this edition now. --Kazu89 17:38, 17 August 2007 (UTC)
How many is 7.500.000$00 escudos?
How many Portuguese escudos is 7.500.000$00? Is it 7 million 500 thousand escudos or 750 million escudos or what other? Kubek15(Sign!) (Contribs) (UBX) 14:33, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
* Right, it's 7,5m. Portuguese used to write amounts of money this way. --Kazu89 ノート 16:04, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
* So, 7.500.000$00 means 7500000 escudos and 00 centavos! Thanks. Kubek15(Sign!) (Contribs) (UBX) 16:17, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
Kurdish Version
South Kurdistan (iraqi Kurdistan) has its own version in Kurdish Language. why isnt this version represented on this page, i added it once but it was removed, it is broadcast on Kanal 4, availible on hotbird freq 12245.00 MHz <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:49, 16 April 2010 (UTC)
* I don't know why. Could you please make a photo of the Miliyoner show, I am very interested about it :) Kubek15 write / sign 18:33, 16 April 2010 (UTC)
Unregistered versions
In the list there are some game shows which are not registered editions of WWTBAM. These are 超級大富翁 from Taiwan, the two local Indian editions (kodeeswaran), the both Thai versions and the Brazil Show do Milao which appeared here several times. Also, there's still no prove of a Moroccan WWTBAM show, which is already mentioned above. I removed this show already (once or twice) but it was added again without a note on the talk page. I will remove the mentioned shows from the list if nobody vetoes within 7 (seven) days and keep removing them after re-listing until there's any prove that they are regularly licensed WWTBAM versions. Kindest regards, Kazu89 ノート 13:29, 18 June 2008 (UTC)
I donno about Taiwan, but i do have proof about Brazil. There is a video that refrences it, and there is a new one. The Morrocian TV show is acually part of the Arab Mahgreb, so it has its own version. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:34, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
(Inter)National Variants
This article should really be titled International Variants. National variants would be variations within one singular nation. How do you change the article's name? Sottolacqua (talk) 00:24, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
* I would change to "List of Who Wants to Be a Millionaire? versions in the world". Kubek15(Sign!) (Contribs) (UBX) 11:18, 26 June 2008 (UTC)
Vietnamese version
Someone changed the main prize of this version to 120000000 dongs, but I saw some videos in which main prize in Ai la trieu phu is 120,000 dongs (eg. [1] or [2]), but according to Yahoo Finance ([3]), 120000 dongs is 7.261 dollars. 7 dollars as main prize? So, should I revert this edit, or not? (120000000 dongs is 7,261.728 dollars - OK, 7 thousand dollars is a good prize). Kubek15(Sign!) (Contribs) (UBX) 12:56, 10 August 2008 (UTC).
* Hello Kubek, me again. I tried to find out something to help in this issue but I guess this won't really help. On the official VTV3 website - where can actually read nothing - I saw "120 triệu". I translated this with an online dictionary that told me that "triệu" means "million(s)". I used the online translater of the same website to translate the show's title and it gave out "Who is multimillionaire" (sorry, no direct linking). All this implies a top prize of 120 million, but as we can't understand the language, we should try to ask a native speaker/viewer. What do you think? --Kazu89 ノート 01:38, 17 August 2008 (UTC)
* OK, but why on these videos there is 120,000 dongs prize? <b style="color:red;">Kubek</b><b style="color:#00A36C;">15</b>(Sign!) (Contribs) (UBX) 19:41, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
* I can't really tell you. Maybe it's a shortened idication? I will try to find it out for you. --Kazu89 ノート 23:03, 27 August 2008 (UTC)
* I think, 3 digits is omitted on television.--Mimura flavor (talk) 06:23, 19 September 2008 (UTC)
* Well, I tried but I couldn't find any information. But I agree with Mimura-san. --Kazu89 ノート 19:56, 11 October 2008 (UTC)
Norwegian version
I wrote a section for the Norwegian version of the show because of its new format, but User:<IP_ADDRESS> removed it. I don't know what the reason was, does anyone know what it could have been?--Eikern (talk) 09:26, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
Slovakia version
What is the new format after Slovakia changed currency to euro in 2009? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 02:15, 20 April 2009 (UTC)
* It ended broadcasting in 2007! Kubek15 T C S 14:05, 20 April 2009 (UTC)
Actually, it ended on 2008 <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:56, 21 February 2021 (UTC)
Some versions of WWTBAM are cancelled without proof!
Hio, i have found out that some versions are cancelled without proof. They aare: Angolia, Afghanistan (persian), Brazil, Honduras.
Where is the proof?! —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:31, 15 December 2010 (UTC)
Flags
What do the flags add? --John (talk) 06:01, 19 June 2011 (UTC)
* The flags signify which country the version is from (Along with the words). Charizard200 (talk) 17:34, 13 September 2018 (UTC)
Republic of Moldova
Hello,
Please add Republic of Moldova, because WWTBAM is about to start now, in December (this year).
Thanks.
Ovidiu COGALNICEANU Romania — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:41, 3 December 2011 (UTC)
Some Versions
Hello everyone, Can anyone bring a proof for these versions: Cambodia, Jamaica, Laos and Kenya. I searched on internet, official channels websites but I couldn't find any proof of its existence.Manaj2 (talk) 21:19, 1 April 2012 (UTC) Some few versions are fake --Vincent1995 (talk) 20:55, 28 December 2016 (UTC)
Iraq version
Hello,
Did you know that Iraq has launched their own WWTBAM version called Almilyardir.
Could you added that Iraqi version please?
Thank You. Mickaël.1079 (talk) 08:11, 21 May 2024 (UTC)
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Golinduch
Golindouch, Golindukht, Golindokht, or Dolindokht (Greek Γολινδούχ, Γολιανδοὺχ) (died 591) was a noble Persian lady who converted to Christianity, took the name Maria, and became a saint and martyr.
She converted from Zoroastrianism to Christianity in the reign of Khosrau I. She was persecuted and tortured under Khosrau I and Hormizd IV, and later she died in the Roman city of Mabbog (Hierapolis Bambyce) in 591.
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User:Shadrach agambila/Evaluate an Article
Apple Watch: (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_Watch)
I choose to evaluate this article because the device has improved the lifestyle of many individuals in areas of health, advance method of payment and fitness through software integration. Some of these applications are Apple Pay
To begin with, the article had an introductory sentence that clearly described its topic by stating the manufacturer, which is iPhone, and the type of device in question which is a smartwatches. The article also included a brief description of the device by stating how the device works wirelessly by connection to an iPhone, newer models that independently connects to a mobile network. All information about the article are present in the introductory paragraph which included the watchOS that the device run on and all compatible iPhones they work with.
The article’s content is relevant to the topic because it focuses more about the device by emphasizing on the types of Apple watches and their release dates. The content of the article is up to date because it features all the Apple watches including the first generation of Apple Watch which was released on 24 April, 2015 it to the latest model of the watch popularly known as the series 5 which was announced on 10 September 2019.*** No content was missing with regards to the history of the device and all the content were relevant
The article was neutral because it basically talks about the device in question without mentioning of other similar brands such as the Fitbit Versa, and Android Wear. The article didn’t also compare the device with other smart watches neither did the article urges us to buy this watch over another brand. Also, there aren’t any claims that appear heavily biased towards a particular position and no viewpoints we’re over represented neither were they under represented. Again, the article does not in any way attempt to persuade the reader in favor of one position or away from another
All facts in the article are backed up by reliable secondary source and all secondary sources reflected the available literature on the topic. All sources are current and all the links are working properly.
Furthermore, the article is well-written and self-explanatory and easily understood by every reader. No grammatical or spelling errors were present in the article and the article was well organized by being broken into sections such as the introductory paragraph, Development, unveiling and release, specifications, software and models
Also, the article includes images that enhance the understanding of the topic such as the first-generation Apple Watch with white sport band located at the top right of the article and more images at the bottom right. All images featured in the article were well captioned and all pictures adhere to Wikipedia’s copyright regulations. The images are also laid out in a visually appealing way to make capture the reader's attention.
Some of the conversation going on behind the scenes about how to represent the topic are the capabilities of the device where others emphasize that even though the article includes the development of software of each version, it does not include capabilities of the watch and all the applications used on the watch to make it more high-tech they we have to date. The article is a multiple WikiProject
The article is still underdeveloped and the recent changes made to the article was done by Drone Better on 13 October 2019. One of the major strengths of the article is that sources used in the articles are cited, allowing further investigation into the subject matter. The article can be improved by taking into consideration the contributions and opinions of users in the talk page when revision to the article is to be made.
The article is underdeveloped because new versions of the operating systems are being released which brings new features and functions to the device but the article fail to capture those changes.
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Page:The Melanesians Studies in their Anthropology and Folklore.djvu/403
] your wife. And the man says to the ghost, Ah, I don't know! will she be agreeable or not? And his uncle says, She agrees. Then the female agreed with the man, and they two went back into the village. And when the two arrived at the village his mother asked him, Where is that woman from? And he says, She is my wife; Uncle gave her to me. And she says, Who is Uncle? And he says, Your brother of course, who died long ago; when I went to eat gavigas and it was night I saw him fly first to me, and he put me in the hollow of the gaviga. Then says his mother, Very well, we three will live here, and she may live with you; so the three lived together. And as the three lived together those two worked for yams and taro and tomago and hibiscus; and as they were working so her husband appointed the time for his suqe, and appointed five days. And they waited counting the days, and when it came to the fifth day he went off, and he said to his wife, You two are not to come, you and our child; you two go into the garden and weed away the grass from the taro, and when you have finished weeding go to the other part where it is ripe, and pull up for yourselves, and come back here. And she did so; and when she had finished weeding she took up their child on her back; but as the two came near the taro the woman stretched out her hand to pull some up, and there was a bunch of taro already in her hand; and she put it aside; and if she touched a hibiscus plant to pluck the leaves, behold, a bundle of hibiscus leaves again in her hand; and if she essayed to lay hold on sticks for fire-wood, there was a faggot of fire-wood already in her hand; and the two went home. And they two come back into the village, and light a fire for their oven, and do the necessary work about it, and cover it in. And she opens it, and then her husband comes back and asks her, Where have you two been? And she says, In our garden. Then he says, But who gave you taro? And he says, But I have seen that belonging to us still untouched. Then she says, Not so; it was taken in our garden. Then he says again, Esi! perhaps I did not observe exactly. So they waited again five days for the rank of
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Why might a thrombus in the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery cause sudden death?
Why might a thrombus in the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery cause sudden death?
Why might a thrombus in the anterior descending branch of left coronary artery cause sudden death?
This means that if these arteries are abruptly and completely occluded it will cause a massive heart attack that will likely lead to sudden death. The blockage that kills is made up of platelets streaming to the site of a ruptured cholesterol plaque.
What is coronary thrombosis?
Myocardial infarction (coronary thrombosis or heart attack) results from the complete occlusion (blockage) of one or more coronary arteries. It arises when atherosclerotic plaques rupture, causing platelet activation, adhesion and aggregation with subsequent thrombus formation within the coronary circulation.
What is coronary thrombosis symptoms?
Symptoms of coronary thrombosis (a blood clot that forms in the heart) include severe pain in the chest and arm, sweating and trouble breathing.
Which heart chamber does the terms systole and diastole apply?
The period of relaxation that occurs as the chambers fill with blood is called diastole. Both the atria and ventricles undergo systole and diastole, and it is essential that these components be carefully regulated and coordinated to ensure blood is pumped efficiently to the body.
What can Coronary Thrombosis lead to?
Coronary thrombosis is defined as the formation of a blood clot inside a blood vessel of the heart. This blood clot may then restrict blood flow within the heart, leading to heart tissue damage, or a myocardial infarction, also known as a heart attack.
What is happening during systole?
Systole is when the heart muscle contracts. When the heart contracts, it pushes the blood out of the heart and into the large blood vessels of the circulatory system. From here, the blood goes to all of the organs and tissues of the body. During systole, a person’s blood pressure increases.
Why is it a potential problem if the heart beats too rapidly?
The condition’s rapid, erratic heartbeats cause the heart to abruptly stop pumping blood to the body. Your blood pressure drops suddenly and significantly. The longer the body lacks blood, the greater the risk of damage to your brain and other organs.
Which chamber of the heart has the thinnest wall?
– In the atria, the myocardium is the thinnest, as these chambers fill through passive blood flow.
What is the basis of thrombosis in the coronary artery?
Coronary artery thrombus occurs due to rupture or erosion of preexisting coronary artery plaque, resulting in the artery’s complete occlusion. [1] It manifests clinically as an acute coronary syndrome, including ST-elevation MI, Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, and unstable angina[2].
What coronary artery is most frequently narrowed or thrombosed?
The most frequent location is the proximal portion of the left anterior descending coronary artery, with sites in the proximal left circumflex and mid to proximal right coronary arteries being half as common.
What are the symptoms of coronary thrombosis?
How do you treat coronary artery disease?
Lifestyle changes can help you prevent or slow the progression of coronary artery disease.
1. Stop smoking.
2. Control your blood pressure.
3. Check your cholesterol.
4. Keep diabetes under control.
5. Eat heart-healthy foods.
6. Avoid or limit alcohol.
7. Get moving.
8. Maintain a healthy weight.
How is coronary thrombosis diagnosed?
How does a doctor make the diagnosis? The doctor will request a electrocardiogram (ECG), which will indicate if a coronary artery is blocked. ECGs are not 100 per cent accurate. In some cases, a small clot that affects a small area of heart muscle might be overlooked.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Gotcha! (film)
Gotcha! is a 1985 American spy action comedy film, starring Anthony Edwards and Linda Fiorentino and directed by Jeff Kanew, who also directed Edwards in Revenge of the Nerds (1984).
In the film, Jonathan Moore (Edwards) is a shy UCLA veterinary student and the reigning champion at "Gotcha", a campus-wide paintball game. While on vacation in Paris, he is seduced by an older woman, the sexy and mysterious Sasha (Fiorentino), and soon becomes embroiled in an international espionage operation.
Plot
Jonathan Moore, an 18-year-old veterinary student at UCLA, is an expert at "Gotcha", a popular Assassin-like game where students chase each other on campus using paintball guns. Jonathan and his roommate Manolo travel to Paris during spring break. While alone in a café, Jonathan meets Sasha Banicek, a 24-year-old Czechoslovakian woman, and later loses his virginity to her.
Instead of going to Spain with Manolo, Jonathan accompanies Sasha to West Berlin to spend more time with her. In their hotel room, Sasha tells Jonathan that she has to go to East Berlin to pick up a package, as she works as a courier. One night, after arriving in East Berlin, Sasha sneaks out their hotel room while Jonathan is asleep and meets with a German man, who tells her the location of the pickup of her package. Unknowingly, Sasha is monitored by Vlad, a Soviet agent.
The next day, Sasha tells Jonathan that if she ever instructs him to meet her at the Café Friedrichstrasse, it means that he must immediately leave East Berlin, and hands him a package with a strudel. Noticing that Vlad is following them, Sasha tells Jonathan to meet her at a butcher shop near their hotel in one hour. Vlad chases her, but she escapes. She is ordered by the German man to use Jonathan to get the package over to West Berlin. Sasha meets Jonathan at a subway station, slipping an object into his backpack and saying she will meet him back at the hotel. However, she later calls him and tells him to meet her at the Café Friedrichstrasse.
That night, while Jonathan rushes to Checkpoint Charlie to cross into West Berlin, Sasha is caught by Vlad and the East German secret police; she is strip-searched by the Soviets, but nothing is found on her. Vlad arrives at the border crossing to search for Jonathan, who has crossed the border safely before he could be captured. Once in West Berlin, Jonathan finds that his hotel room has been ransacked and his traveler's checks have been stolen. Vlad and his henchmen eventually find Jonathan at the Spandau Citadel, the location Sasha gave him, where he meets a woman who asks for the object Sasha gave him. She is confused when he gives her the strudel, before Vlad shoots her. The agents chase Jonathan through the Citadel. Jumping into a water canal, Jonathan escapes and stumbles upon a German punk rock band headed for Hamburg, who offer him a ride to the airport.
Soon after Jonathan safely makes it back to Los Angeles, a band of Soviet agents led by Vlad also arrives. Jonathan finds the object planted by Sasha, a film canister, in his backpack. He visits his parents and tells them what happened in Germany, but they do not believe him and instead accuse him of being a drug addict. Jonathan decides to call the CIA for help, telling them about Sasha and the film. Temporarily arrested for ramming a car, Jonathan returns the next morning to find his apartment broken into and looted.
The CIA tells Jonathan to bring them the film canister. At the CIA's Los Angeles headquarters, Jonathan is surprised to find Sasha working there. Jonathan arranges a meeting with Sasha at UCLA and uses Manolo's help to separate her from the CIA agents. Sasha admits that she is actually Cheryl Brewster, a CIA agent from Pittsburgh, before Vlad and his henchmen appear and chase the pair through the campus. During their flight, Jonathan seizes a tranquilizer gun from the veterinary sciences building and uses it to incapacitate their pursuers. The Soviets are arrested and the CIA agents thank Jonathan for his help in obtaining the film. Cheryl/Sasha tells him she wants to continue their relationship, and they kiss.
After they part, Jonathan talks to an attractive student who previously rebuffed him, and she coldly turns him down. As she walks away, he aims the tranquilizer gun and shoots her in the rear.
Production
Gotcha! was filmed in October 1984, with principal photography in Los Angeles (in and around the UCLA campus), Paris and West Berlin.
Soundtrack
The original soundtrack album for Gotcha! was released on LP in 1985 on the MCA Records label. It features the theme song "Gotcha!" by British singer Thereza Bazar, which was recorded for the film. The album also includes songs by Giuffria and Nik Kershaw, among others. Songs used in the film but not included on the MCA soundtrack album include "Two Tribes" and "Relax" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood.
In 2020, Intrada Records released a limited edition album of Bill Conti's 28-minute-long score, two tracks of which were on the 1985 soundtrack album. One cue was re-arranged for the 1985 soundtrack album. None of the pop songs could be licensed for this release.
Reception
Vincent Canby of The New York Times described the film as "a small but elaborately overproduced comedy-melodrama." He went on to deride the lack of flair in the film, calling it "as devoid of personality as it's possible for a narrative movie to be." In a similar vein, Leonard Maltin commented that Gotcha! was "very nearly a good movie, with some sharp dialogue to start but loses its appeal as it loses credibility." Giving the film two stars out of four, Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times described the European sequences as "a well-directed cat-and-mouse game" that lost its way in the final act after returning to the United States, with the film's main flaw being a focus on Edwards' character when Fiorentino was far more intriguing: "I'll bet the men who made this movie just assumed it had to be told from his point of view, and never considered hers. Too bad. I think they missed their best chance."
On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 31% based on 13 reviews, with an average rating of 5/10.
In popular culture
In the television series Chuck, the name "Sasha Banicek" is used for a character played by guest star Melinda Clarke in the episode "Chuck Versus the Seduction" that aired on October 6, 2008.
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Inter-Research > CR > v38 > n3 > p199-208
CR
Climate Research
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CR 38:199-208 (2009) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00789
Climate variation and bird breeding seasons in a primeval temperate forest
Tomasz Wesolowski*, Marta Cholewa
Department of Avian Ecology, Wroclaw University, Sienkiewicza 21, 50 335 Wroclaw, Poland
ABSTRACT: We investigated evidence for climate warming in the primeval forest of Bialowieza National Park (E Poland) over the last 33 yr (1975–2007). We examined whether local populations of 4 sedentary birds (Sitta europaea, Poecile palustris, Cyanistes caeruleus, Parus major) advanced their breeding phenology during that time, and how breeding phenology was affected by temperature variation during the period preceding egg laying. Mean yearly temperatures varied strongly across years, with a significant warming (~1°C) trend. Spring temperatures increased significantly solely in the second half of April. Only P. major, which breeds later than the other species, showed a significant advance (~9 d) in breeding. Breeding dates of S. europaea and P. palustris, which usually lay eggs before mid-April, did not significantly change over time. In all species, the onset of breeding was very variable across years (up to 30 d), as birds started breeding earlier in springs with higher temperatures in the pre-laying period. Such a wide range of phenological plasticity indicates that the birds already possess mechanisms enabling them to accelerate breeding in response to climate warming, provided that warming occurs in the pre-laying period. All species shifted their laying dates concurrently; thus, the order of egg laying (S. europaea, P. palustris, C. caeruleus, P. major) was retained irrespective of the spring earliness. This also indicates that mechanisms allowing birds to respond to their changing environments exist at the community level.
KEY WORDS: Climate change · Primeval forest · Timing of breeding · Sitta europaea · Poecile palustris · Cyanistes caeruleus · Parus major
Full text in pdf format
Cite this article as: Wesolowski T, Cholewa M (2009) Climate variation and bird breeding seasons in a primeval temperate forest. Clim Res 38:199-208. https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00789
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HealthCare
What happens to you and the mosquito when it bites you
Written by adminHamza
Many people feel itchy and swollen when a mosquito bites them.
But few of us wonder why we are scratching ourselves and what happens while this insect is feeding on us, So OneGooal explains what happens to us before, during, and after a mosquito bite, and at the end. We’ll tell you what you need to do to eradicate and fight it.
Do you know why mosquitoes spit on the skin first?
In order not to feel the bite of a mosquito, it spits first in order to relieve the pain.
As studies showed in 2001, the mosquito needs 3 minutes to absorb blood and fill its stomach, and this is a long time, and this time it may feel some pain because the bite is painful, which means that the mosquito is fast.
We don’t feel a mosquito bite after it spits on us because its saliva contains a substance that numbs the skin after that, so they search and check several times on something that is feeding under the skin, such as a blood vessel.
Their saliva helps them and facilitates the absorption of blood
When a mosquito finds a vein, it releases its saliva again, which in turn contains more than 60 proteins that serve different purposes – one of which facilitates sucking by making the blood not clot.
Our body begins to heal after a vein is damaged. This has a high chance of preventing the insect from feeding on us.
But that didn’t defeat these cunning insects, and they found a way around it. Because mosquito sputum has a factor that affects this process and widens blood vessels, as studies confirm.
The cause of itching after a bite is our sensitivity to it.
We’ll blame saliva again. Itching, redness, and swelling are at different levels, caused by the bite that contains non-toxic proteins.
Your reactions to the first mosquito bites are more severe, if not more severe than if you were bitten continuously for two to 20 years in a row.
Female mosquitoes lay their eggs in autumn in still water. As a result, they don’t bite the people who are there. But if you move from there to a tropical location, the first bites can be difficult to handle.
Bonus: What can we do to reduce the bites?
According to the research, mosquitoes are attracted to us by our scent produced by the various microbes that live on our skin. This is why washing your feet with germicidal soap can prevent insect bites. It is also important to use a repellent. Aside from synthetic oils, you can use eucalyptus oil that has been shown to be effective against mosquito bites.
Are you one of those people who bite mosquitoes frequently or hardly ever?
Share with us the things you do to avoid being stung.
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Deadly dozen: These 12 locales are the most expensive places to die
Dodging the federal estate tax doesn't mean your wealth will pass intact. A little more than two-thirds of Americans expect to leave at least some of their wealth on to the next generation, according to a 2015 HSBC report, while 9 percent say they are saving as much as possible for their heirs. In 2016, up to $5.45 million in assets per person are exempt under the federal estate tax. But depending on where you live, your wealth might still be subject to state or local estate and inheritance taxes — which often have much lower thresholds. High funeral costs could further eat into what you leave your heirs. Based on tax data from the Tax Foundation and average funeral pricing from comparison site Parting.com, these states and the District of Columbia may be among the most expensive places to die. — By CNBC's Kelli B. GrantPosted 2 Sep. 2016
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Where do the pancreas and gallbladder secrete their products?
Where do the pancreas and gallbladder secrete their products?
Figure 18.6. 2: The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are the major accessory organs of digestion. In this figure, the pink tubular structure that starts at the lower stomach and wraps around the pancreas is the duodenum of the small intestine. This is where the accessory organs secrete their digestive substances.
What does the gallbladder secrete into the small intestine?
The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile from the liver. The bile is then released into the first section of the small intestine (the duodenum), where it helps your body to break down and absorb fats from food.
What are the products of the pancreas that are secreted into the intestine?
Pancreatic juice is composed of two secretory products critical to proper digestion: digestive enzymes and bicarbonate. The enzymes are synthesized and secreted from the exocrine acinar cells, whereas bicarbonate is secreted from the epithelial cells lining small pancreatic ducts.
Where is pancreatic juice secreted into the small intestine?
Pancreatic juice is secreted into the duodenum through duodenal papillae. Some individuals have also an accessory duct, named accessory pancreatic duct, which may be functional (that is, it also empties the contents of the exocine pancreas into the duodenum) or non-functional.
Where is the pancreas and gallbladder located?
The pancreas is a gland, about six inches long, located in the abdomen. It is shaped like a flat pear and is surrounded by the stomach, small intestine, liver, spleen and gallbladder. The wide end of the pancreas on the right side of the body is called the head. The middle sections are the neck and body.
Where does the gallbladder drain into?
These ducts ultimately drain into the common hepatic duct. The common hepatic duct then joins with the cystic duct from the gallbladder to form the common bile duct. This runs from the liver to the duodenum (the first section of the small intestine).
What does the pancreatic duct secrete?
Pancreatic duct cells express high levels of carbonic anhydrase and presumably play a role in secretion. The duct and centroacinar cells secrete bicarbonate, which serves to neutralize gastric acid in the duodenum. secretion requires the activity of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR).
What is secreted by pancreas?
The main hormones secreted by the endocrine gland in the pancreas are insulin and glucagon, which regulate the level of glucose in the blood, and somatostatin, which prevents the release of insulin and glucagon.
What is produced and secreted by the exocrine cells of the pancreas quizlet?
what is the exocrine function of the pancreas? secrete digestive enzymes into pancreatic duct. Amylase, lipase, trypsinogen and chemotrypsinogen.
Which of these juices is secreted by pancreas Mcq?
Answer:iii) Bile juice is the correct option.
Which of these juices is secreted by pancreas Class 10?
Class 10 Question Hence , option A) is correct answer. – Trypsin, amylase and lipase are the three enzymes in the pancreatic juice.
Which organs secrete bile juice in the small intestine?
Liver and pancreas secrete digestive juices which reach duodenum portion of small intestine by a duct system. Bile juice is drained from liver mainly by left and right hepatic ducts , originating respectively from right and left lobes of liver.
What is the function of the stomach gallbladder and pancreas?
The stomach, gallbladder, and pancreas all function together as storage organs of the digestive system. The stomach stores food that has been ingested and releases it in small masses to the duodenum.
Why does the gallbladder store and secrete bile into the duodenum?
The gallbladder stores and secretes bile into the duodenum to aid in the digestion of chyme. A mixture of water, bile salts, cholesterol, and bilirubin, bile emulsifies large masses of fats into smaller masses. These smaller masses have a higher ratio of surface area to volume when compared to large masses, making it easier for them to be digested.
Where does the pancreas store and secrete pancreatic juice?
The pancreas stores and secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum to complete the chemical digestion of food that began in the mouth and stomach. Pancreatic juice contains a mixture of enzymes including amylases, proteases, lipases, and nucleases.
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Page:Lhasa (Landon) Vol. I.djvu/398
310 once was there the slightest attempt to interfere with it on the part of the enemy. In this connection an incident may be noticed which reflects no small credit upon Mr. Truninger. He, so the story was told to me, with his second in command, was engaged in setting up posts and laying the wires along one portion of the road to the undisguised interest and curiosity of one or two innocent-looking lamas. These men persistently asked what was the use of the wire. It will be seen that this was, under the circumstances, an inquiry the true answer to which might prove disastrous to our communications. We had not the men to defend even ten miles of this long line, and without the slightest question the wire would have been cut in twenty places a day if the Tibetans had had the least idea of the enormous value it was to us. But the answer came simply and earnestly. "We English," said Truninger, "are in a strange land, a land of which no foreigner has ever known anything; our maps are no good, and every day we go forward we are like children lost in a great wood. Therefore we lay this wire behind us in order that when we have done our business with your Dalai Lama we may find the road by which we came and, as quickly as possible, get hence to England." Needless to say, nothing could more effectually have secured the wire from damage, as the single ambition of the Tibetans from the first was to be rid of us as quickly as possible.
The result of this forbearance on the part of the enemy was that we often received the news in the first editions of the evening papers in London before we sat down to dinner the same evening. In point of actual time we received such news within three hours of its publication, while the news which we sent westwards
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Coffeehouse Post
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View Thread: I've had major problems with my new Sony Vaio laptop
• User profile image
vesuvius
My take on this is
1. This is a 4 week old PC, so unlikely to have accumulated a significant amount of data, since it is new, you can just copy the data back from wherever
2. This is not anything with Sony, you speaking with them has misled you into thinking it is a their problem, they make hardware, so you need to blame the software
3. Perform a factory reset on the computer, the Sony team will tell you how to do this, it is the best option, otherwise you will start building a house on top of sand and complain that you have suffered death by many thousands of cuts, and again because this is a new PC, it shouldn't be that much hassle to just reinstall everything
4. after the factory reset, ensure you have a separate partition e.g. c:\ for windows and d:\ for data, so if things do go wrong, all you need to do is re-install your programs
In an ideal world everything would always work, and I have issues with Apple and Android software as well as Windows
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Up to 64 migrants drown in weekend sinking off Libya: NGOs
CATANIA, Italy (Reuters) - Up to 64 migrants died off the coast of Libya at the weekend when their flimsy boat sank, humanitarian groups said on Monday after speaking with survivors evacuated to Italy. Eighty-six people were plucked from the stricken rubber dinghy on Saturday and eight bodies - all women - were recovered. But the boat had been carrying 150 migrants, said survivors, and many of the dead vanished beneath the waves. “Among them there were many children who are believed to have drowned at sea,” Doctors Without Borders said on Twitter. “Among the survivors was a three-year-old child who has lost her mother and arrived alone, and a family of 11 now a family of three.” The Italian coastguard said the migrants had been spotted on Saturday morning by a plane patrolling the seas on behalf of a European anti-smuggling operation. Rescuers believe their dinghy deflated following a puncture. Such boats are regularly crammed with migrants by people smugglers operating from Libya and were never built to withstand crossing the Mediterranean Sea. Tommaso Fabbri, the head of Doctors Without Borders’ mission in Italy, criticised the policies of Italian and European authorities who are trying to prevent migrants leaving the North African state in the first place. “Only by opening legal, secure, stable and sustainable routes for those seeking protection will it be possible to prevent desperate people putting their own and their children’s destinies in the hands of traffickers,” he said in a statement. The International Organization for Migration (IOM) estimated that 2,832 migrants died last year trying to reach Italy from North Africa, down from 4,581 in 2016. Some 119,310 people made it alive to Italy in 2017 against 181,436 the year before. The majority of the migrants are Africans fleeing war and poverty back home. Italy is working with various groups and authorities in Libya to slow the flow of newcomers. Writing by Crispian Balmer; Editing by Mark Heinrich
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Understanding the Different Types of Gearboxes and Their Applications 1
General
Understanding the Different Types of Gearboxes and Their Applications
Gearboxes are an essential component of many machines and vehicles, helping to transmit power from the engine to the wheels or other mechanical parts. There are several types of gearboxes available, each designed for specific applications and requirements. In this article, we will explore the different types of gearboxes and their applications.
Understanding the Different Types of Gearboxes and Their Applications 2
Manual Transmission Gearboxes
Manual transmission gearboxes, also known as standard or stick shift gearboxes, are the oldest and most basic type of gearboxes. They require manual shifting of gears by the driver using a clutch pedal and a shift lever. Manual transmission gearboxes are commonly found in cars and motorcycles. They offer better control and fuel efficiency compared to automatic gearboxes but require more effort and skill to operate.
Automatic Transmission Gearboxes
Automatic transmission gearboxes, also known as auto gearboxes, are designed to shift gears automatically without the need for manual input from the driver. They use a torque converter, hydraulic system, or dual-clutch mechanism to shift gears based on the vehicle’s speed and load. Automatic gearboxes are popular in passenger cars, as they offer convenience and ease of use. They are especially beneficial in heavy traffic or for drivers with limited mobility.
Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) Gearboxes
Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) gearboxes offer a different approach to gear shifting compared to manual and automatic gearboxes. They use a system of belts and pulleys to provide an infinite number of gear ratios, allowing the engine to operate at its most efficient speed. CVT gearboxes are becoming increasingly popular in small cars and hybrid vehicles due to their smooth acceleration and fuel efficiency. However, they may not be suitable for high-performance applications due to their limited torque capacity.
Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT) Gearboxes
Dual-Clutch Transmission (DCT) gearboxes combine the benefits of manual and automatic gearboxes. They use two sets of clutches to engage and disengage gears, allowing for seamless and quick shifts. While one clutch is engaged, the other is preparing to engage the next gear, resulting in smooth and uninterrupted power delivery. DCT gearboxes are commonly found in high-performance sports cars and are known for their lightning-fast gear changes.
Epicyclic or Planetary Gearboxes
Epicyclic or planetary gearboxes are a type of gearbox that provides multiple gear ratios within a single housing. They consist of several gears arranged in a configuration that allows them to rotate around a central gear or sun gear. Epicyclic gearboxes are highly versatile and can be used in a variety of applications, including cars, bicycles, wind turbines, and industrial machinery. They offer compactness, efficiency, and the ability to transmit high torque. Our goal is to consistently deliver an all-encompassing learning journey. That’s why we recommend this external resource with additional information about the subject. https://Gearworld.com, immerse yourself further in the subject!
Conclusion
Gearboxes play a crucial role in transmitting power and facilitating the movement of machines and vehicles. Understanding the different types of gearboxes and their applications can help in choosing the most suitable gearbox for a specific purpose. Whether it’s a manual transmission gearbox for a car enthusiast, an automatic transmission gearbox for a convenient commute, or a planetary gearbox for an industrial application, the right choice can greatly enhance performance, efficiency, and user experience.
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Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli
Ordnance Factory Tiruchirappalli (OFT), also called Ordnance Factory Trichy, is a small arms factory operated by Advanced Weapons and Equipment India Limited based in Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, which was previously part of Ordnance Factory Board of the Ministry of Defence, Government of India. The company is headed only by an IOFS officer called General Manager (ex officio Additional Secretary to Government of India) who is the chief executive officer, responsible for the overall management of the company.
OFT is the largest small arms manufacturing company of India and has the most varied range.
History
It was inaugurated on 3 July 1966 by the then Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi, and production began in 1967. It was established to increase the small arms production in the country, assisting Rifle Factory Ishapore and Small Arms Factory, Kanpur. The need was felt after the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965.
Products
OFT started its production with 9 mm carbines and now manufactures arms ranging from 5.56 mm rifles to rocket launchers, shell launchers, grenade launchers, aviation armament, naval armament, tank armament, anti-aircraft guns, autocannons, automatic rifles, sniper rifles.
* IOF .315 sporting rifle - A civilian version of the British Lee–Enfield rifle, chambered in the 8×50mmR Mannlicher cartridge, rather than the .303 British cartridge.
* INSAS rifle - The INSAS (Indian Small Arms System) 5.56 mm assault rifle is the standard-issue rifle of the Indian Army. At least 300,000 of these weapons have been sold to the Indian Army.
* 7.62 mm 1A1 rifle - License produced variant of the British L1A1 self-loading rifle. It was the standard-issue rifle of the Indian Army and has been replaced by the INSAS.
* 7.62 mm PKT gun - Indian license produced variant of PKT machine gun mounted on main battle tanks such as Arjun, Ajeya, Bhishma of the Indian Army.
* 7.62 mm Trichy Assault Rifle - A 7.62 mm caliber assault rifle developed by Ordnance Factory Trichy. In use by paramilitary forces such as CRPF, CISF, BSF, etc. Also in use with the State Police Forces of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Kerala, Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, among others.
* 12.7 mm NSV Heavy Machine Gun - A heavy machine gun, manufactured by OFT which can be mounted on helicopters, besides land and sea applications.
* 14.5 mm sub caliber device - A training weapon for the crew of T-72 tank for 125 mm gun, in range practice against standard targets, using 14.5 mm armour piercing incendiary tracer bullet with steel case.
* 14.5 mm KPV Heavy Machine Gun
* Vidhwansak anti- material rifle - An anti-materiel sniper rifle developed by OFT. In use with the Border Security Force. The Vidhwansak can be easily changed between three calibers (12.7 mm, 14.5 mm and 20 mm) by replacing the barrel, bolt, magazine and scope without any specialized tools.
* GSh-23 aircraft cannon - An autocannon, for use onboard aircraft. The Ghasha is the gun used on aircraft like the Tejas, MiG-21, MiG-27 and Mi-24 helicopters,.
* 30 mm automatic cannon 2A42 - Installed in a two-person turret on the Sarath mechanised infantry combat vehicle (ICV) and ships.
* 30 mm auto grenade launcher - provides better mobility, longer range, increased rate of fire and better accuracy during firing. Significantly lighter than its previous version but far more advanced and powerful, it can engage targets at over 2000m. Recoil is lessened.
* 38 mm multi-shell launcher (UGRA) - used to launch tear gas shells for riot control.
* ARDE Under Barrel Grenade Launcher - An under-barrel grenade launcher, developed by ARDE and OFT for use with INSAS rifles. It is also compatible with the AK-47s in service with the Indian Army.
* 40 mm multi grenade launcher - A variety of rounds such as HE, HEAT, anti-riot baton, irritant, and pyrotechnic can be loaded and fired as fast as the trigger can be pulled; the cylinder can be loaded or unloaded rapidly to maintain a high rate of fire.
* Joint Venture Protective Carbine (JVPC)
* Multi Caliber Individual Weapon System
* TriCa carbine
* Pistol Auto 9mm 1A
* IOF .32 Revolver
* 51 mm Mortar
* 81 mm Mortar
* 84 mm Rocket Launcher M4
* Rocket-propelled grenade launcher RPG-7
* Stabilized Remote Control Gun System (SRCG)
Technology
OFT currently manufactures some products under license from the foreign companies that produce them. It is working closely with the Armament Research and Development Establishment and other laboratories and establishments of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) to indigenise the weapons.
Customers
OFT mainly manufactures weapons for the
* Indian Armed Forces
* Central Armed Police Forces
* State Armed Police Forces
* Paramilitary Forces of India
* Special Forces of India.
* OFT also manufactures weapons for civilians in India.
Weapons manufactured by OFT such as the INSAS rifles have been exported to several countries.
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Mesoporous silica nanoparticles gated with peptide nucleic acids as chemotherapy for lung cancer
Author
Arranz Fíguls, Clara
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death around the world, with over 1.8 million deaths yearly. Despite advances in the treatment during the last decades, long-term survival rates remain poor. Cytotoxic chemotherapy is one of the main treatments used, however, its indiscriminate toxicity towards cancer and normal tissues limits its effectiveness. These deficiencies have encouraged the development of novel and more efficient tumor-targeted therapeutic strategies. In this study, mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) gated with peptide nucleic acids (PNA) for lung cancer treatment were synthesized and characterized. Two materials were prepared and loaded with the dye safranin O (CA002) and the drug camptothecin (CA007). The nanoparticles were subjected to an initial surface modification with thiol groups using 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) and then, thiol-yne click chemistry was employed to graft PNA to the surface of the MSNs. Adenine trimer with a linker composed of multiple units of 5-hexynoic acid was chosen as PNA sequence and its structure was confirmed by HPLC. The proper loading and functionalization with PNA was verified through a detailed characterization of the materials by standard techniques. Typical hexagonal arrangement of mesopores with mean diameters bellow 100 nm and a slightly increase in size in PNA-functionalized nanomaterials was noticed. Moreover, upon loading and functionalization steps there was a progressive decrease in surface area and pore volume. Energy-dispersive X ray spectroscopy revealed atomic ratios of 2:1 for O/Si confirming the polymerization of SiO2 units and the presence of sulfur, nitrogen and carbon, coming from thiols, the encapsulated cargo and PNA, respectively. FTIR spectrums verified the chemical structures of the synthetized nanoparticles. In vitro cargo release studies showed negligible safranin liberation in CA002SAF-PNA and CA002SAF-PNA+T attributed to the loss of safranin during the washings. Bulky molecular gates formed by PNA-adenine trimer complexed with thymine units by hydrogen bonds could have been closing more the pores at neutral pH in comparison with gatekeepers without thymine monomers. Regarding CA007 nanomaterials, PNA-functionalization favour the release of the drug at pH corresponding to tumor microenvironment (pH 5). Previous hypothesis of PNA-T gates was not applicable in this case, as addition of thymine at neutral pH did not promote the closing of the pores. Excess of drug added during CA007CPT-PNA-T synthesis could be the reason for the higher liberation. Different responses were exhibited in both nanoparticles (CA002 and CA007), hence, further experiments will have to be performed in order to establish more consistent statements.
Director
Fornaguera Puigvert, Cristina
Salinas, Yolanda
Degree
IQS SE - Undergraduate Program in Biotechnology
Date
2021-09-07
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Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Alanis Morissette/archive1
Alanis Morissette
* Alanis Morissette --Kaihsu Tai 20:23, 2003 Dec 30 (UTC)
* Disagree. The prose has a tendency to ramble, and at times reads more like a record review or a segment of one of those gossipy "Hollywood insider" programs such as Entertainment Tonight instead of an encyclopedia article. The elements of a good article are there, but this needs editing. - Scooter 08:07, 11 Jan 2004 (UTC)
* Disagree. Doesnt look "clean" and does not really fit into an encyclopedia. Also i don't like the external links to Amazon under Notable works. bbx 15:55, 20 Jan 2004 (UTC)
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Random Number Generators Vs. Pseudo Random Number Generators
Random Number Generators Vs. Pseudo Random Number Generators
Choosing either a random number generator or a random number generator to conduct an experiment or a simulation, will have different ramifications for the experiment or simulation.
Pseudorandom Generators (PRNGs)
PRNGs are more commonly used in experimentation: they are algorithms that generate batches of numbers that share key properties with actual random numbers. They are in common use largely because they can be easily built-in and implemented quickly by computer programs. A sequence developed by a PRNG can also be replicated if one knows the seed. PRNGs often produce nonrandom strings with periods long enough so that most if not all conceivable and necessary (by current standards) experiments would need a mere fraction of those contained in the period.
Pseudorandom Generators (PRNGs)
Analysts can also use strings with far shorter periods that still exceed what they would need to simulate a system. For example, an efficiency consultant might model retail operations, by designing a system that, for example, anticipates an average of 100 unique customers a day during the course of a week, using a nonrandom string with a period of 1.0 x 1010. The numbers leading up to the 1.0 x 1010 number in the sequence will appear random.
The major advantage of using PRNGs is the cost of implementing the algorithm: the basic mathematical formula of the algorithm can be translated into relatively simple bits of code in C or any of a number of programming languages. Other advantages include the speed and the ability to replicate results if necessary, by simply re-entering the seed and the algorithm.
Random Number Generators (RNGs)
RNGs by contrast are applications that provide users with random numbers based on an unpredictable physical process. Such processes can include microscopic or macroscopic phenomena: examples include radioactivity and dice rolling, respectively. The unpredictability of these phenomena are thoroughly tested beforehand to establish randomness.
RNGs require special hardware to capture the phenomenon that will then be translated into numbers. There are security concerns when using RNGs for cryptography, because the phenomenon and the translation both can be manipulated; for the analyst, it is important to know that each phenomenon is subject to different externalities, which can interfere with planned simulations if not properly accounted for.
RNGs are also slower because of the application-phenomenon interface. In addition, experiment results are more difficult to replicate. If an analyst wanted to recreate a retail operation simulation using the sequence generated from an RNG, he or she would have to re-enter the precise sequence of numbers as it was recorded to re-run the simulation, rather than an algorithm.
RNGs can capture two types of occurrences: chaotic behavior and quantum phenomena. Chaotic behavior is deterministic and includes those occurrences in which miniature changes result in massive changes. By contrast, quantum phenomena are those atomic and subatomic occurrences, which are widely believed to be truly random, as no pattern has been established. However, there remains debate over whether quantum phenomena are truly random, or whether we are simply yet incapable of determining a pattern.
major advantages of PRNGs
As previously stated, the major advantages of PRNGs are the low cost and rapid speed of the generator. Major disadvantages are the inability of many commonly used PRNGs to meet the statistical tests for randomness, such as being unbiased. The major advantages of RNGs are the randomness of the numbers generated, as well as the security features afforded cryptographers. Disadvantages include cost (in dollars and server resources) of the hardware/software package needed to capture and translate natural phenomena, as well as the relative difficulty of replicating results.
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Dušan Muc
Dušan Muc (born 1952) is a Slovene painter, illustrator and costume designer. He is known for his illustrations for books for children and teenagers.
Muc was born in Ljubljana in 1952. He graduated from the Academy of Applied Arts in Belgrade in 1975 and has since worked as a costume designer, art teacher and illustrator.
He won the Levstik Award in 1991 for his illustrations in Kronika ljubezenskih pripetljajev (A Chronicle of Amorous Incidents).
Selected works
* Dirin, dirin, duka (Dirin, Dirin, Duka ), children's songs from White Carniola, 2009
* Široko morje, beli breg (Wide Sea, White coast), tales from around the Mediterranean, 2009
* Ko snežna sova zacinglja (When the Snowy Owl Tinkles), written by Andrej Rozman - Roza, 2008
* Koncert (The Concert), written by Tone Pavček, 2005
* Pravljica o zlatem petelinčku (The Tale of the Golden Cockerel), written by Alexander Pushkin, 1997
* Kdo (Who), written by Neža Maurer, 1997
* Kronika ljubezenskih pripetljajev (A Chronicle of Amorous Incidents), written by Tadeusz Konwicki, 1990
* Temne mitne, svetle parne (Around Christmas Nights Dark, Hay-shed Light), proverbs from Carinthia, 2012
* Pirta, farca, fidinja, tales from Bovško, 2013
* Preprosto zeleno (Simply Green), text by Evelina Umek, 2014
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Sentence Examples
• The box was filled nearly, but not quite full, of granulated hard carbon.
• In Norwood and Rogers's process a thin coating of tin is applied to the iron before it is dipped in the zinc, by putting the plates between layers of granulated tin in a wooden tank containing a dilute solution of stannous chloride, when tin is deposited on them by galvanic action.
• The current from the battery used passed from the diaphragm through the granulated carbon to the metallic back of the box.
• The space enclosed between the front and rear faces of the box is filled about three-quarters full of finely granulated hard carbon, which therefore lies in contact with the front and rear carbon disks of the apparatus, and also fills up the space lying between the lower edge of these disks and the curved surface of the case.
• The current from the battery passes from one of the carbon disks to the other through the particles of granulated carbon which fill the space between them.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Joaquín Acosta
Tomás Joaquín de Acosta y Pérez de Guzmán (December 29, 1800 –February 21, 1852) was a Colombian explorer, historian, chorographer, and geologist.
A native of Colombia in South America, he served in the Colombian army and in 1834 attempted a scientific survey of the territory between Socorro and the Magdalena River. Seven years later he explored western Colombia from Antioquia to Anserma studying its topography, its natural history and the traces of its aboriginal inhabitants.
In 1845 he went to Spain to examine such documentary material concerning Colombia and its colonial history as was then accessible, and three years later he published his Compendio, a work on the discovery and colonization of New Granada (Colombia). The map accompanying this work, now out of date, was very fair for the time, and the work itself is still valuable for its abundant bibliographic references and biographic notes. What he says in it of the writings of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada the conqueror of New Granada, is very incomplete and in many ways erroneous, but his biographies remain a guide to the student of Spanish-American history. One year after the Compendio, another work called Semenario appeared at Paris, embodying the botanical papers of Francisco José de Caldas.
Personal life
He was the son of Josef Acosta and Soledad Pérez de Guzman and married Caroline Kemble Rowe. His daughter Soledad Acosta de Samper, born May 5, 1833, became a historian and writer and married José María Samper, Colombian lawyer, writer and politician.
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WIKI
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Provided by: util-linux_2.19.1-2ubuntu3_i386 bug
NAME
agetty - alternative Linux getty
SYNOPSIS
agetty [-c8ihLmnsUw] [-f issue_file] [-l login_program] [-I init] [-t
timeout] [-H login_host] port baud_rate,... [term]
DESCRIPTION
agetty opens a tty port, prompts for a login name and invokes the
/bin/login command. It is normally invoked by init(8).
agetty has several non-standard features that are useful for hard-wired
and for dial-in lines:
o Adapts the tty settings to parity bits and to erase, kill, end-
of-line and uppercase characters when it reads a login name.
The program can handle 7-bit characters with even, odd, none or
space parity, and 8-bit characters with no parity. The following
special characters are recognized: @ and Control-U (kill); #,
DEL and back space (erase); carriage return and line feed (end
of line).
o Optionally deduces the baud rate from the CONNECT messages
produced by Hayes(tm)-compatible modems.
o Optionally does not hang up when it is given an already opened
line (useful for call-back applications).
o Optionally does not display the contents of the /etc/issue file.
o Optionally displays an alternative issue file instead of
/etc/issue.
o Optionally does not ask for a login name.
o Optionally invokes a non-standard login program instead of
/bin/login.
o Optionally turns on hard-ware flow control
o Optionally forces the line to be local with no need for carrier
detect.
This program does not use the /etc/gettydefs (System V) or
/etc/gettytab (SunOS 4) files.
ARGUMENTS
port A path name relative to the /dev directory. If a "-" is
specified, agetty assumes that its standard input is already
connected to a tty port and that a connection to a remote user
has already been established.
Under System V, a "-" port argument should be preceded by a
"--".
baud_rate,...
A comma-separated list of one or more baud rates. Each time
agetty receives a BREAK character it advances through the list,
which is treated as if it were circular.
Baud rates should be specified in descending order, so that the
null character (Ctrl-@) can also be used for baud rate
switching.
term The value to be used for the TERM environment variable. This
overrides whatever init(8) may have set, and is inherited by
login and the shell.
OPTIONS
-c Don't reset terminal cflags (control modes). See termios(3) for
more details.
-8 Assume that the tty is 8-bit clean, hence disable parity
detection.
-h Enable hardware (RTS/CTS) flow control. It is left up to the
application to disable software (XON/XOFF) flow protocol where
appropriate.
-i Do not display the contents of /etc/issue (or other) before
writing the login prompt. Terminals or communications hardware
may become confused when receiving lots of text at the wrong
baud rate; dial-up scripts may fail if the login prompt is
preceded by too much text.
-f issue_file
Display the contents of issue_file instead of /etc/issue. This
allows custom messages to be displayed on different terminals.
The -i option will override this option.
-I initstring
Set an initial string to be sent to the tty or modem before
sending anything else. This may be used to initialize a modem.
Non printable characters may be sent by writing their octal code
preceded by a backslash (\). For example to send a linefeed
character (ASCII 10, octal 012) write \012.
-l login_program
Invoke the specified login_program instead of /bin/login. This
allows the use of a non-standard login program (for example, one
that asks for a dial-up password or that uses a different
password file).
-H login_host
Write the specified login_host into the utmp file. (Normally, no
login host is given, since agetty is used for local hardwired
connections and consoles. However, this option can be useful for
identifying terminal concentrators and the like.
-m Try to extract the baud rate the CONNECT status message produced
by Hayes(tm)-compatible modems. These status messages are of the
form: "<junk><speed><junk>". agetty assumes that the modem
emits its status message at the same speed as specified with
(the first) baud_rate value on the command line.
Since the -m feature may fail on heavily-loaded systems, you
still should enable BREAK processing by enumerating all expected
baud rates on the command line.
-n Do not prompt the user for a login name. This can be used in
connection with -l option to invoke a non-standard login process
such as a BBS system. Note that with the -n option, agetty gets
no input from user who logs in and therefore won't be able to
figure out parity, character size, and newline processing of the
connection. It defaults to space parity, 7 bit characters, and
ASCII CR (13) end-of-line character. Beware that the program
that agetty starts (usually /bin/login) is run as root.
-t timeout
Terminate if no user name could be read within timeout seconds.
This option should probably not be used with hard-wired lines.
-L Force the line to be a local line with no need for carrier
detect. This can be useful when you have a locally attached
terminal where the serial line does not set the carrier detect
signal.
-s Try to keep the existing baud rate. The baud rates from the
command line are used when agetty receives a BREAK character.
-U Turn on support for detecting an uppercase only terminal. This
setting will detect a login name containing only capitals as
indicating an uppercase only terminal and turn on some upper to
lower case conversions. Note that this has no support for any
unicode characters.
-w Wait for the user or the modem to send a carriage-return or a
linefeed character before sending the /etc/issue (or other) file
and the login prompt. Very useful in connection with the -I
option.
EXAMPLES
This section shows examples for the process field of an entry in the
/etc/inittab file. You'll have to prepend appropriate values for the
other fields. See inittab(5) for more details.
For a hard-wired line or a console tty:
/sbin/agetty 9600 ttyS1
For a directly connected terminal without proper carriage detect
wiring: (try this if your terminal just sleeps instead of giving you a
password: prompt.)
/sbin/agetty -L 9600 ttyS1 vt100
For a old style dial-in line with a 9600/2400/1200 baud modem:
/sbin/agetty -mt60 ttyS1 9600,2400,1200
For a Hayes modem with a fixed 115200 bps interface to the machine:
(the example init string turns off modem echo and result codes, makes
modem/computer DCD track modem/modem DCD, makes a DTR drop cause a dis-
connection and turn on auto-answer after 1 ring.)
/sbin/agetty -w -I 'ATE0Q1&D2&C1S0=1\015' 115200 ttyS1
ISSUE ESCAPES
The issue-file (/etc/issue or the file set with the -f option) may
contain certain escape codes to display the system name, date and time
etc. All escape codes consist of a backslash (\) immediately followed
by one of the letters explained below.
b Insert the baudrate of the current line.
d Insert the current date.
s Insert the system name, the name of the operating system.
l Insert the name of the current tty line.
m Insert the architecture identifier of the machine, eg. i486
n Insert the nodename of the machine, also known as the hostname.
o Insert the NIS domainname of the machine.
O Insert the DNS domainname of the machine.
r Insert the release number of the OS, eg. 1.1.9.
t Insert the current time.
u Insert the number of current users logged in.
U Insert the string "1 user" or "<n> users" where <n> is the
number of current users logged in.
v Insert the version of the OS, eg. the build-date etc.
Example: On my system, the following /etc/issue file:
This is \n.\o (\s \m \r) \t
displays as
This is thingol.orcan.dk (Linux i386 1.1.9) 18:29:30
FILES
/var/run/utmp, the system status file.
/etc/issue, printed before the login prompt.
/dev/console, problem reports (if syslog(3) is not used).
/etc/inittab, init(8) configuration file.
BUGS
The baud-rate detection feature (the -m option) requires that agetty be
scheduled soon enough after completion of a dial-in call (within 30 ms
with modems that talk at 2400 baud). For robustness, always use the -m
option in combination with a multiple baud rate command-line argument,
so that BREAK processing is enabled.
The text in the /etc/issue file (or other) and the login prompt are
always output with 7-bit characters and space parity.
The baud-rate detection feature (the -m option) requires that the modem
emits its status message after raising the DCD line.
DIAGNOSTICS
Depending on how the program was configured, all diagnostics are
written to the console device or reported via the syslog(3) facility.
Error messages are produced if the port argument does not specify a
terminal device; if there is no utmp entry for the current process
(System V only); and so on.
AUTHOR(S)
W.Z. Venema <wietse@wzv.win.tue.nl>
Eindhoven University of Technology
Department of Mathematics and Computer Science
Den Dolech 2, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Peter Orbaek <poe@daimi.aau.dk>
Linux port and more options. Still maintains the code.
Eric Rasmussen <ear@usfirst.org>
Added -f option to display custom login messages on different terminals.
AVAILABILITY
The agetty command is part of the util-linux package and is available
from ftp://ftp.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/.
AGETTY(8)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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0
$\begingroup$
I want to reproduce the result given by filter() MATLAB function using scipy.signal functions. The result is not consistent:
Matlab example:
bb = 0:.1:9.;
aa = 1;
xx = repmat(0.9234e-18, 100, 1);
[y, zf] = filter(bb,aa,xx);
y(1:10)
zf(1:10)
# print result:
ans =
1.0e-17 *
0
0.0092
0.0277
0.0554
0.0923
0.1385
0.1939
0.2586
0.3324
0.4155
ans =
1.0e-15 *
0.3781
0.3780
0.3779
0.3776
0.3772
0.3767
0.3762
0.3755
0.3748
0.3740
Python code:
import numpy as np
from scipy.signal import lfilter, lfilter_zi
bb = np.arange(0.0, 10.0, .1)[:91]
aa = 1
xx = np.tile(0.9234e-18, (100, 1))
z_i = lfilter_zi(b=bb, a=aa)
y, zf = lfilter(b=bb, x=xx, a=aa, zi=z_i.reshape(len(bb)-1, 1), axis=0)
print(y[:10])
print(zf[:10])
# Print result
[[409.5]
[409.4]
[409.2]
[408.9]
[408.5]
[408. ]
[407.4]
[406.7]
[405.9]
[405. ]]
[[3.7813230e-16]
[3.7803996e-16]
[3.7785528e-16]
[3.7757826e-16]
[3.7720890e-16]
[3.7674720e-16]
[3.7619316e-16]
[3.7554678e-16]
[3.7480806e-16]
[3.7397700e-16]]
Zf's are the same however y's are not the same! Comments?
$\endgroup$
1
• 1
$\begingroup$ how are they different? Do you have any indication which one you want to consider correct? $\endgroup$ Oct 7 at 11:48
1
$\begingroup$
In the Python version you initialize the filter state and in the Matlab version you don't. Hence the result is different.
lfilter_zi() calculates the filter state for a unit step response. Your actual signal is 17 orders of magnitude smaller, the initial state will completely dominate the result (for a while).
$\endgroup$
3
• $\begingroup$ If you see in MATLAB, filter() can return zf without any initialization. What I understand is that it initializes the state itself(inside the function). However, lfilter() needs an initialization to return zf $\endgroup$ Oct 7 at 12:31
• 1
$\begingroup$ Matlab assumes zero state, so you can probably reproduce it by making zi all zeros $\endgroup$
– Hilmar
Oct 7 at 13:34
• $\begingroup$ Thanks, brilliant @Hilmar! I did not found it in the docs! $\endgroup$ Oct 7 at 15:47
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Sulmues/Edwin Everett Jacques
Reverend Edwin Everett Jacques (1909-1996) was an American writer and Christian minister. He is famous among Albanian nationalists for his book "The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present".
Early Life
Jacques obtained his undergraduate degree Gordon College and graduate degree from Divinity School. He was later awarded a Master of Arts Degree from Boston University. Jacques received a Doctor of Divinity Degree from the Denver Seminary.
Missionary Work
Jacques was a missionary to Italy and Albania. He was a teacher of English in Korçë, Albania, from 1932 to 1940. After WWII he pastored churches in Concord, (New Hampshire), and Groton and Fitchburg, Massachusetts. He also served the Conservative Baptist Foreign Mission Society (today Conservative Baptist Association of America) for nearly 20 years, and, as its foreign secretary, travelled extensively in Europe and Asia. Rev. Edwin E. Jacques died at the age of 87.
Writings
Edwin Jacques is noted for writing a controversial book on Albanian history, called "The Albanians: An Ethnic History from Prehistoric Times to the Present". The book even though recommended as a nice read, is still heavily criticised by Robert Elsie, a specialist in Albanian studies for its amateurish nature and reliance on dubious sources, but retains staunch support among Albanian nationalists.
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:WikiProject Anarchism/Requests/Belgian anarchists
This is a repository of red links for biographical articles about Belgian anarchists that WikiProject Anarchism would like to see created in the future. Feel free to add any article requests that you may have to the list. If the article exists on the French Wikipedia or other Wikipedia projects, add it as an interlanguage link. If you know of reliable sources that can be used to build an article, provide an external link to the source next to the red link. If an article on the list is created and the link turns blue (excluding redirects), it should be removed from the list.
List
* Max Borgueil
* Raymond Callemin
* Émile Chapelier
* Robert Dehoux
* Henri Fuss
* Eugène Hins
* Alfred Lepape
* Jean Marestan
* Gassy Marin
* Jules Moineau (anarchist)
* Roger Noël
* Amédée Pauwels
* Mong Rosseel
* Peter Terryn
* Léo Thiers-Vidal
* Georges Thonar
* Jean Van Lierde
* Henri Willems (anarchist)
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WIKI
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How much rest do you really need?
By Alex Janis, CPT at Prescription Fitness (CLE, Ohio)
Have you ever felt completely exhausted after a tough workout and even continued to feel lethargic for a few days after? Most likely we all have felt like that for a good reason: exercise is hard on the body! How can you know how much rest you need before working out again? Here are a few things to consider…
1. Frequency
Frequency is how often you train, and often more specifically, how often you train a particular exercise or body part. There has to be a proper balance between frequency and rest, so that you allow yourself enough time to recover from hard workouts but not so much time as to become over-rested. Determining exactly how much time is required to recover is variable from person to person, but a good rule of thumb is 3-4 days of rest for larger body groups like back and legs, and 2-3 days of rest for smaller body groups like arms. In addition to this, some muscles can be trained more frequently than others due to faster recovery rates. The calves and abs are two examples of these fast recovering muscles that can be trained every 1-2 days. Finally, full body workouts take more recovery time that “body-part splits that focus on a push/pull/legs breakdown for example. By finding the appropriate number of times you should be training during the week, you can maximize the results you see in the gym.
1. Intensity
Intensity is how hard a workout was or how hard you pushed yourself during a workout. Increasing intensity then, increases the difficulty of the workout, causing more fatigue, caloric expenditure, and necessary muscle breakdown. (Muscle must be broken down in order to grow). There are a few ways to increase intensity. The first would be increasing the weight of an exercise. A second way to increase intensity is to increase the number or repetitions during a set, also known as increasing volume. Finally you can increase intensity by taking a focused mental approach to each workout. Instead of merely going through the motions, focusing on every rep with muscle to mind connection will increase the intensity of any workout.
1. How Frequency and Intensity Relate
Frequency and intensity are inversely related variables. This means that as frequency of training goes up, intensity per training session tends to decrease. Conversely, as intensity increases the frequency of training should tend to go down. This makes sense because as workouts get harder, and you feel more fatigued, then you will need more time to recover.
1. What Should You Do?
You should always listen to your body and if you know you need another day off to perform well in the gym, take a rest day! It is often better to go into the gym refreshed and ready for a great workout than go in feeling exhausted and as a result, have a bad workout. If you feel that you aren’t tired and sore after your workouts, try increasing the intensity of your workouts, not necessarily the length of your workout. There is no perfect science whether to push harder or ease up on the training, but a qualified personal trainer can help you determine an appropriate training schedule.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Miss BC World
The result was delete. Jenks24 (talk) 08:26, 15 June 2016 (UTC)
Miss BC World
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
fails WP:GNG The Banner talk 22:58, 7 June 2016 (UTC)
* Delete - Did not meet notability guidelines.--Richie Campbell (talk) 03:26, 8 June 2016 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of British Columbia-related deletion discussions. GabeIglesia (talk) 14:51, 8 June 2016 (UTC)
* Delete. The article begins as a word for word copyright violation of this website, which isn't even cited. I could find precious little published about this event, so I believe it fails WP:GNG. —Prhartcom ♥ 04:34, 9 June 2016 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Page:Tales and Legends from the Land of the Tzar.djvu/188
172 father was delighted, and kissed him for joy! And from that time forth no one stole the king's apples.
King Dymion became himself again; he could eat, drink, and sleep as of old.
But after a time the king became disagreeable once more, and had a strong wish to possess this wonderful cassowary, so he despatched his two eldest sons in search of the extraordinary creature. When they had departed Prince John begged his father to let him go too; but the king was loath to do so, in case some harm should befall the young prince, who was his favourite son. However, after a great deal of begging, Prince John obtained his father's consent and rode off.
He rode and rode until he came to a place where the road branched off into three, and in the middle stood a finger-post, on which was this inscription,—
"Whosoever goes straight on will be cold and hungry. He who goes to the left will live, but his horse will die. He who goes to the right will die, but his horse will live."
"To the left!" said the prince to himself, as he turned his horse in that direction.
He had not gone far before a grey wolf sprang out and threw himself with ferocity on the horse, and before the prince had time to save the animal the wolf had eaten it and was off.
Prince John continued his journey very sorrowfully on foot; suddenly the same grey wolf came up to him and said,—
I am sorry, Prince John, that I ate up your good horse, but of course you saw what was written on the
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WIKI
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Mammoth Spring State Park
Mammoth Spring State Park is a 62.5 acre Arkansas state park in Fulton County, Arkansas in the United States. The park is located surrounding National Natural Landmark of the same name to provide recreation and interpretation for visitors. The park offers fishing, boating and hiking in addition to an Arkansas Welcome Center and restored 1886 Kansas City, Fort Scott and Memphis Railroad (later the St. Louis–San Francisco Railway or "Frisco") depot operating as a railroad museum. The site became a state park in 1957, but the park continued to add area until 1975.
Mammoth Spring
Originating in the park, Mammoth Spring averages a flow rate of 9780000 USgal per hour of 58 F water. Rainfall in southern Missouri percolates into the ground, flows through Grand Gulf State Park and reemerges as Mammoth Spring in Arkansas.
History
In 1887, the Mammoth Spring Improvement and Water Power Company constructed the 198 ft limestone dam which created Spring Lake. This dam initially powered a flour mill, cotton mill, and cotton gin. This property was acquired in 1925 by the Arkansas-Missouri Power Company, which constructed a hydroelectric facility that was operated until 1972. The company donated this property to the state to become part of the state park. These facilities, including the lake, are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Prior to 1957, the Mammoth Spring Cattle Sales Barn was co-owned and run by local entrepreneur Kenneth "Bert" Bishop and his associate, roughly on the site where the tourist information center now stands. Local farmers would routinely come to the site to sell livestock and other wares, such as Howard Green, who sold home-made walking sticks. Following this period in history, the State legislature voted to condemn the land and turn the spot into a state park. 1957, the park was established. The original Frisco Depot, and 1885 Victorian train station, was restored in 1971. The depot now functions as a museum, containing artifacts and memorabilia; it was listed on the National Register in 1992.
Recreation
The park offers a visitor center/Arkansas Welcome Center to interpret the history of the region. A short walking trail leads to the restored train depot that formerly provided a connection for the city of Mammoth Spring to the Frisco Railway. Items of historical significance from the surrounding area, including a restored caboose, are on display in the museum. The former hydroelectric plant and mill nearby allow visitors to understand the economic importance the spring had to the early development of the nearby city. A pavilion, picnic areas, baseball field, and playground are available for visitors as well. Seasonal boat rentals on Spring Lake can be obtained at the visitor center.
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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 12.djvu/288
258 THIRTY-SEVENTH CONGRESS. Sess. I. Ch. 8, 4. 1861. 179% ¤l¤- 13- tied “An act providing for mitigating or remitting the forfeitures, penal. v°1‘l‘ P' °°°° ties, and disabilities accruing in certain cases therein mentioned," approved March third, seventeen hundred and ninety-seven, or in cases .where special circumstances may seem to require it, according to regulations to be rescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury. _ _ In what courts gm. 9. And be it further enacted, That proceedings on seizures for *“"“, ”‘“QYb° forfeitures under this act may be pursued in the courts of the United States in any district into which the property so seized may be taken and proceedings instituted; and such courts shall have and entertain as full jurisdiction ove; the sgmcgzs if the seizure was made in that district. Arrnovma, uly 1, 1. July 17, 1861.. CHAP. IV. -An Act to provide for the Appaintsmni of Assistant Paymasters in the Nang:]. Bs it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives sy' the United Grade at assist- States of America in Oangress asumbleak That the grade of assistant pay- mi P*Y'¤“*°' l¤ master in the navy of the United States be, and hereby is, established, and ii;:,,:?" °mb° that from and after the passage of this act the President of the United States, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, may appoint assistant paymasters from time to time, as they shall be needed for active Number. service in the navy, not exceeding thirty-six in number. qumaum Sec. 2. And be it farther enacted, That every person who shall be appointed assistant paymaster shall at the time of his appointment, be not less than twenty-one years of age, nor more than twenty-six years; and that, previous to his appointment, his physical, mental, and moral quali6— catious shall be inquired into and favorably reported upon by a board of paymssters appointed for that purpose by the Secretary of the Navy, and under such regulations as he may prescribe. ray. Sec. 8. And be it further enacted, That the annual pay of assistant paymaster shall be as follows, viz.: On duty at sea, for the `first nve years after date of commission, one thousand three hundred dollars; after five years from date of commission, one thousand five hundred dollars. On other duty, for the first five years after date of commission, one thouzand xdecglarsl; after ive years from date of commission, one thousand two und dollars. On leave of absence or waiting orders, for the nrst five years after date of commission, eight hundred dollars; after five years from date of commission, one thousand dollars; and when attached to vessels for sea service, each assistant paymaster shall be entitled to one ration per day. commanding Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That from and after the passage of °*“°°*'* °*`."°*°°l“ this act no commandinc officer of any vessel in the navy shall be required not required to . ° . m M Ny,,,,,, to perform the duties of paymaster or assistant paymaster; and when WM &°· such oillce shall become vacant., by death or otherwise, in ships at sea or on foreign stations, or on the Pucitic coast of the United States, the senior v,,,,,,,;,, in officer present may make an acting appointment of any tit person to peromce of Hvmss- form the duties until another paymaster or assistant paymaster shall p,, of m;,,,; sistant paymaster in accordance with this section (but not otherwise,) shall P*¥¤¤°°¤'» &¤- be entitled to receive the pay of such grade whilst so acting. Bond ot assist- Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That each assistant paymaster shall, ¤¤*· P¤Y*¤¤¤*•*¤· upon his appointment, enter into bonds in the amount of ten thousand Rl k dollars, with at least two good and sufficient securities, for the faithful per- P“;n;mm to formunce of his duties, and that assistant paymasters shall have rank and b, .,,,,0;,,,,,, precedence with assistant surgeons not passed, and that all appointments from assistants. to till vacancies in the corps of paymasters shall be made by regular promotion from the list of assistant paymasters. Sec. 6. And be it further enacted, That within six months after the Future mtuu. expiration of the present insurrection, the corps of paymasters and as-
* ‘"¤h°" M· report for duty. Any person performing the duties of paymaster or 8.5-
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WIKI
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Translating Grandia
Ardiloso
New Member
I think I found the issue. This one script file is a special snowflake in that the dialogue for that sequence would be bigger than the the space allowed for a text sequence. The Max size is 0xFFF and this would be over that. So Sony split it up and moved it around to another sequence that had space for it. As a result my portrait corrector code that I wrote to correct portraits in a few spots where the PS1 version rearranged them got thrown for a loop and screwed everything up.
That said I believe I have it fixed with the attached patch. This should fix the portraits and also includes above updates to the Map Screens and Battle Results screens. I've only tested a few of the maps on real hardware so let me know if any act up.
Also with the news that disc 1 can be completed, I'm going to start focusing on trying to clean up the out of sync audio for the rest of disc 1 as well as any remaining uncompressed graphical text. Once that is done all that should remain is the compressed battle graphics, the FMVs, and the few sequences that are voiced with no text. At that point I'll begin shifting focus to Disc 2.
Beautiful. Can't wait to resume playing tonight with a newer burned disc.
just loaded up the new patch and my save and the first long scene work perfectly now. all the writing is with the correct pictures, well done trekkiesunite great work. I will continue to play it and beat the boss again just to check the last small scene on the boat, but I am sure that will be fine too, if not I wll update. keep up the fantastic work and thank you.
**update - I have played my saver through to the end and both scenes are showing the right pics with the correct text ***
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nanash1
New Member
I noticed some glitches in the cutscene after you fall through the floor in the twin towers (edit: or rather get teleported). The screen keeps scrolling randomly throughout the scene and sometimes some strange water effects are visible. When I used the unpatched Japanese version this doesn't happen. I'm using the latest patch on real hardware with a Rhea ODE. The savepoint before this cutscene is called "Twrs Vestibule".
Edit: I made a video. Sorry for the shitty phone quality...
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I noticed some glitches in the cutscene after you fall through the floor in the twin towers (edit: or rather get teleported). The screen keeps scrolling randomly throughout the scene and sometimes some strange water effects are visible. When I used the unpatched Japanese version this doesn't happen. I'm using the latest patch on real hardware with a Rhea ODE. The savepoint before this cutscene is called "Twrs Vestibule".
Edit: I made a video. Sorry for the shitty phone quality...
Does Rhea have the ability to backup save files to an SD card? If so send me your save file and I can try testing it myself and see if I can reproduce it. Otherwise do as others have done and provide screenshot of the map and scenario flags using the debug disc so I can try and create a save file close to it.
Since RetroDadModernLad didn't report this I'm rather curious if this is something new or an odd bug that doesn't always happen.
nanash1
New Member
Sadly there is no save game backup feature as far as I know. I made screenshots of the debug screens:
Edit: I noticed that the scene glitches differently and a bit earlier with the debug version. With the debug version the glitches start immediately when the cut scene starts with Mullen and Leen entering the room. Before it only became apparent after the teleportation (the beginning of my earlier video)
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nanash1
New Member
I don't know if this is helpful, but I made a comparison of how the scene plays for me on the unpatched Japanese version, the lastest patched version and the latest debug enabled version:
Original:
Patched:
Patched and debug enabled:
So I have a save file near it, but it seems to be an inconsistent bug. Sometimes I've gotten it to happen, other times it's played out fine. However it seems that the root cause may be the camera getting stuck and then bugging out with it's movements. I'll look into the control codes for that script in detail and see what I can find out.
msimplay
New Member
So I have a save file near it, but it seems to be an inconsistent bug. Sometimes I've gotten it to happen, other times it's played out fine. However it seems that the root cause may be the camera getting stuck and then bugging out with it's movements. I'll look into the control codes for that script in detail and see what I can find out.
I'm thinking maybe even the original had bugs that are being fixed along the way
nanash1
New Member
I don't think it's a bug in the original game. I've played this cutscene about 6 or 7 times and it always glitches the same way for me on the patched version. The Japanese Version on the other hand never glitched once with the same save game.
I don't think it's a bug in the original game. I've played this cutscene about 6 or 7 times and it always glitches the same way for me on the patched version. The Japanese Version on the other hand never glitched once with the same save game.
It's a bug that makes zero sense though as the control codes in the script for that sequence are identical. And it's not related to any ASM changes that have been made as the sequence plays out fine when the Japanese script is swapped back in.
Ok, I think I have something that works. I ended up disabling one of the more subtle camera movements in that sequence and it seems to have fixed the erratic camera behavior. I'm not happy with the change though as there's no reason that should have been necessary, but I can't really find any other reason for why it's behaving that way.
Attached is a patch with the change. This also includes a synchronization fix for Nana, Saki, and Mio's introduction at the Sult Ruins.
Attachments
nanash1
New Member
Thanks for your effort. The scene now plays correctly for me and I can't tell which camera movement was removed. Imo the fix is fine. It seems to be a bug in the original code after all. It just isn't triggered in the Japanese version.
I've finished CD1 and I found no further problems.
Tapper
New Member
New here. Just wanna say thank you for doing this translation. I've always wanted to play the Saturn version in English, and this is working great (using Beetle Saturn in RetroArch).
I don't currently own a Saturn, sold it years ago, but often miss it. Great system. Kept some of the games though, glad I did, in case I buy one again.
Dalton2K5
New Member
Hey, new here as well. Just saying I'm loving the translation patch so far. I can't do much on the coding side to help out, but I believe uploading some US Sega Saturn Grandia case inserts/manual back-front will help out a lot of people who want to use this on their real Saturn like I do, and want to have it fit right along with the time appropriate (1998) Sega Saturn games out there at the time Grandia would have presumably come out in the west.
No plans on CD artwork, but I can make it if anyone is interested.grandiafront.pnggrandiabackcase.png
Neuma7
New Member
Can someone message me on how I get it to work on the real Saturn? I did everything right and I burned the iso to a cd and it wont play without crashing. Do I have to convert the patched iso file back to a bin file in order for it to work on real hardware?
Can someone message me on how I get it to work on the real Saturn? I did everything right and I burned the iso to a cd and it wont play without crashing. Do I have to convert the patched iso file back to a bin file in order for it to work on real hardware?
Define crashing. It's most likely the quality of media you are using. Grandia is very picky about this and cheap CD-Rs wont cut it.
Ardiloso
New Member
Can someone message me on how I get it to work on the real Saturn? I did everything right and I burned the iso to a cd and it wont play without crashing. Do I have to convert the patched iso file back to a bin file in order for it to work on real hardware?
Make your own rip. You need a clean rip for Grandia and to be sure make yours from your disc, don't download it from anywhere. Burn in a good quality CDR in the lowest possible speed. Grandia constantly streams data/audio/video from disc and a bad quality/burned disc will not run properly.
Top
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Quick questions
I just downloaded your product and i am playing around with it and wondered if there is a way to perform the following:
1. During the creation of a object to dynamically attach it to another category depending on some reference selections?
2. Is it possible to reference a type and then depending on that type selection reference another type?
Thank you
Best Regards
Konstantinos Betsis
1 Like
Hi @kbetsis
and welcome to our community!
Let me answer your questions:
1. Currently whole types (not single objects) are attached to a category. The definition is fixed by type and at the moment categories are used to build the menu on the left side. If you choose a category and type from the menu, all objects of that type are shown.
2. This is currently not possible. For our next release in November we are working to define one reference to multiple types (e.g. a field “device” which can be a router or switch type).
If you like, you are welcome to tell a bit more about your use cases, so we can see, if find a solution or bring some user stories on our roadmap.
1 Like
Hi @mbatz
Thanks for the feedback.
I am trying to build a cmdb for Managed Services.
So defining the devices is the last part, the thing that troubles me is the data input where one would have to choose from some drop down references and references cannot be linked e.g. Organizations type and Branches type.
I could put two references in the router in terms of Organization owner and Branch location however when you have multiple Organizations ideally the respective Branches should be presented.
Regarding the LDAP authentication,
Can i have LDAP users dynamically linked to groups?
I don’t see any documentation on how to do that.
1 Like
Hi @kbetsis,
thanks for your description. This is an interesting idea, I have to think about that topic of “linking references”. Maybe we can implement a solution here.
Currently, all new authenticated LDAP users are added to a default group (by default this is the user group). After that you can change the group of the authenticated users in the user management. For version 1.5 (which will be released in February 2021) we plan a new right management and part of this will also be linking LDAP created users to groups dynamically. This is also a wish from a few of our customers and is handled in NET-575.
1 Like
Hi @mbatz
Ideally for LDAP mapped users one would wish to map remote user-groups to locally defined user-groups and assign their privileges on Datagerry.
This would then translate to something like below:
1. Create an LDAP authentication server with it’s details.
2. Create a user-group
3. Define the LDAP matching parameter e.g. memberOf and then the LDAP name.
For the reference linking this would greatly help with the respective data entry of objects.
Since we can create an object and reference it with another, it would make sense to have another type e.g. “linkedReference” where a user could select the following:
1. The parent reference
2. The child reference
This would translate to “branches” of “organization”. So when organization_A is selected only branches which are attached to that organization can be referenced.
This makes sense for devices attached to customer branches a lot. Otherwise a user would need to select the parent reference which would be the organization and then the branch which would be a list of all customer branches.
When organizations on average more than 100 branches you can see this gets completely out of hand.
Does that help?
Thank you
Best Regards
Konstantinos Betsis
1 Like
Hi @kbetsis,
thanks for your explanations. I will keep that in mind, when we redesign the LDAP authentication for version 1.5. I like your idea of linking references. This may be implemented at a later date.
1 Like
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Donkey in Lahore
Donkey In Lahore is a 2008 documentary by Faramarz Rahber about the life of an Australian who falls in love with a Pakistani woman and decides to marry her. In North America, it premiered in the east coast at the Tribeca film festival and in the west coast at the Dawn Breakers International Film Festival, later winning the Audience Favorite award, Best Documentary and Best Director at the 2009 Noor Iranian Film Festival.
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WIKI
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What is beam shape in sonar?
Beam shaping in sonar refers to a signal processing technique used to improve the directionality of acoustic signals transmitted and received by underwater sensors. It involves combining signals from multiple transducers or array elements in such a way that the acoustic energy is focused in a specific direction.
By adjusting the phase and amplitude of signals from each array element, beamforming can create a directional beam of sound waves that maximize sensitivity toward a desired direction, improving detection and localization of objects or features submarines.
The principle of beamforming revolves around the concept of constructive and destructive wave interference. In sonar applications, multiple transducers or elements in an array emit acoustic signals simultaneously.
By controlling the timing and amplitude of these signals, beamforming allows constructive interference in the desired direction of detection, improving signal strength and clarity. Conversely, signals in unwanted directions experience destructive interference, reducing background noise and improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the received acoustic data.
In ultrasound, a beam component is a key component that processes signals received from the transducer elements to create a focused ultrasound beam.
Similar to sonar, ultrasound beamforming involves adjusting the phase and amplitude of signals from each transducer element to direct and focus the ultrasound beam in a specific direction within the body for medical imaging purposes. This technique allows ultrasound systems to generate detailed images of internal structures, organs and tissues with improved resolution and diagnostic accuracy.
Beamforming in sound refers to the method of shaping and directing sound waves using arrays of microphones or speakers.
By adjusting the timing and amplitude of signals from each array element, sound beamforming can create directional sound beams or focus sound energy toward specific locations. This technology is used in applications such as audio conferencing, acoustic imaging and directional audio systems, where precise control over solid directionality and spatial distribution is essential for optimal performance and user experience
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Code Analyzer Software and Tools Information
Show all Code Analyzer Software and Tools Manufacturers
Code analyzer software and tools enable programmers and quality assurance (QA) managers to check source code for compliance with established standards. Code analyzer software and tools are also used to improve existing source code. During the application development process, development managers should ensure strict adherence to project requirements and departmental guidelines. Code analyzer software and tools can assist development managers in standards introduction and publication, adherence monitoring, and quality metrics. Many code analysis applications provide features for each of the major areas of applications management: revision control, code review, security, and distribution.
Code analyzer software and tools include features that developers can use to ensure that code is well-formed or syntactically correct. Typically, code management software or code management tools contain libraries that indicate when source code is incorrectly used, ambiguous, or might negatively impact other parts of an application. The sheer size and volume of some applications can result in the delivery of multiple versions to different customers. It can also cause unit fixes for the same bug to be implemented differently. The main job of software configuration management personnel is to provide a secure application development and the consistent, successful deployment of applications to internal and external customers. Code analyzer software and tools are used to facilitate these processes by providing features to analyze the installation and revision of objects based on software version, and to validate there are no conflicts in those revisions prior to delivery.
Code analyzer software and tools such as source code control software are used to track multiple versions of the same coding unit. With object-oriented programming, objects in a given application may change with each software release. Source code control or revision control permits the effective capture and maintenance of information about why and when an objected changed. If problems arise, reversion to a previous code base can be achieved.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Category:Lake Charles Newporters players
This category is for players of the Lake Charles Newporters Minor League Baseball club who played from 1920 to 1930 in the Cotton States League.
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WIKI
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I'm a mom, here are the best things to buy in bulk at Costco
I'm a mother I frequently buy items in bulk at Costco because it saves my family time and money.My family eats a lot of cheese, so I love Costco's bulk selection of the stuff, which includes 1-pound cartons of shredded Parmesan. I typically buy a ton of poultry in bulk and freeze some of it so I always have something on hand to make for dinner.My family eats oatmeal often and we use oats to make flour, so I stock up with 10-pound containers of the stuff at Costco.Visit Insider's homepage for more stories.Of all the wholesale retailers, Costco holds the key to my heart. It isn't my one-stop-shop, but I've found that buying certain items in bulk saves me money (buying wholesale can be cost-effective) and time (fewer trips to the grocery store) — which makes things easier for me and family. Here are the 10 foods that I always buy in bulk at Costco:
I buy tons of poultry in bulk so I always have something to make for dinner.
Costco is where I buy organic chicken thighs, breasts, and drumsticks.As a busy mom who multitasks, I like knowing that I'm always stocked up and ready to prepare a protein-filed dish. Since most of these offerings come in large packs of three that easily separate, I freeze what I don't use and thaw it out the next time I cook.
I stock up on maple syrup to use in almost all of my sweet recipes.
If a recipe calls for refined sugar, I usually replace it with honey, fruits, raisins, dates, or maple syrup so my baked goods have a more naturally sweet finish. Because of this, I stock up on Kirkland Signature's 1-liter jug of organic maple syrup since I've found that it's tasty and pretty affordable — I also know it'll get a lot of use in my home kitchen. Read More: 10 fan-favorite desserts you can get from Costco
I've found that it's cost-effective to buy organic fruits and vegetables at Costco.
in bulk.Some things I commonly buy include the retailer's
It especially makes sense for me to buy organic spinach in bulk since my family uses it in so many recipes.
It seems like spinach is the best optical illusion of all time — what looks like a ton of greenery ends up being a small amount once it's cooked down. Because of this, I find it's best to stock up on the stuff.Since my family loves to cook meals with spinach, the 1-pound carton we get at Costco lasts us for an entire week.
My family eats a lot of cheese, so I love Costco's bulk selection of it.
Whenever I visit Costco, I take advantage of its cheese selection. My son can finish an entire package of the cheddar-cheese slices in one day, so I always buy them in bulk. I'm also a fan of Kirkland Signature's Parmesan, especially the 1-pound carton that comes pre-shredded.My local Costco also carries a two-log package of goat cheese with over 20 ounces of the stuff, and I like to buy it to use in salads. Read More: 10 of the best cheeses for snacking and cooking, according to chefs and cheesemongers
I also stock up on bulk bags of almond flour since my family bakes and cooks often.
I prefer cooking with gluten-free flour, which means I use a lot of almond flour in my recipes.Because of this, it makes the most sense for me to buy it in bulk at Costco — my go-to pick comes in 3-pound bags and is from the Kirkland Signature brand.
I stock up on Himalayan pink salt because I use it so often.
I exclusively use Himalayan salt because I think the taste is much better than typical table salt, which means my family goes through a lot of it. The 12-pound Olde Thompson container from Costco lasts me a while and it's a staple for my family. I like to store this extra-large tub in my pantry and fill smaller, prettier containers with salt so I can leave them out in my kitchen for when I cook. Read More: 11 things you didn't know you could buy at the Costco food court
I stock up on eggs every time I go to Costco.
I always get a 24-pack of cage-free, organic eggs at Costco since my family goes through a lot of eggs, whether we use them in recipes or cook them for breakfast.
I stock up on old-fashioned oats at Costco since my family uses them to make flour and oatmeal.
For my family, buying old-fashioned oats in smaller containers at the supermarket is more expensive than grabbing an extra-large, 10-pound container of them from Costco.I always know we'll use them up since we eat a ton of oatmeal and we regularly mill oats down to use as flour.
Raisins are a popular choice in my home, so I buy them in bulk.
It's pretty cost-effective for my family to buy raisins in bulk since they're a popular snack choice in my home and I use them in a lot of recipes. My Costco typically has a 4-pound container of Sun-Maid organic raisins that I find myself repurchasing regularly.Read More:I ate at Costco and Ikea's food courts to see which one was better, and Ikea's huge menu blew me away10 of the best drinks you can buy at Costco10 of the best frozen foods you can buy at Costco
Read the original article on INSIDER. Copyright 2019.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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A new interpretation of distortion artifacts in sweep measurements
Antoni Torras Rosell, Finn Jacobsen
Research output: Contribution to journalJournal articleResearchpeer-review
Abstract
The characterization of acoustical spaces by means of impulse response measurements is often biased by the nonlinear behavior of the loudspeaker used to excite the system under test. In this context the distortion immunity provided by the sweep technique has been investigated. The results show that the sweep method can reject a significant amount of distortion artifacts but, in contrast to what is claimed in the literature, it cannot exclude all distortion artifacts from the causal part of the estimated impulse response.
Original languageEnglish
JournalA E S
Volume59
Issue number5
Pages (from-to)283-289
ISSN1549-4950
Publication statusPublished - 2011
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Dive into the research topics of 'A new interpretation of distortion artifacts in sweep measurements'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Veterans' Club Building
The Veterans' Club Building in Belgrade, at 19 Braće Jugovića Street, is a monumental building, today the Military Club of Serbia , whose basic activities are informing and education of the members of the Serbian Army and the civilian sector through numerous cultural activities such as: exhibitions, concerts, book promotions, public discussions, lectures etc. The premises of the club are also used for receptions, conferences, seminars, presentations, fairs, business meetings, cocktails, balls and fashion shows. The construction of the club was finished in 1931 after the design of the professor and architect Jovan Jovanović and Živojin Piperski. The building was built in the style of modernism with the elements of the еxpressionism. The lot for the construction of the club was donated by the Administration of the City of Belgrade, as a gift to former veterans. The Veterans' Club was built thanks to the donations of the members of the National Defence and the subventions given by the patron king Aleksandar the Unifier. Apart from the military purpose, many cultural associations which cherished patriotism and good relations between the army and the people, that is, the civilians. The most active associations were The Association of the reserve officers and veterans, The Association of the volunteers, Sokolska matica, Adriatic guard, the League of the friends of France etc. were also placed in the Veterans' Club. One part of the object was intended for the accommodation of the guests from the rest of the country. The Club obtained the character of a hotel mostly by constructing of the additional part towards Simina Street. The Veterans' Club has two parts, one built between 1929 and 1932, towards Braće Jugovića Street, and the other, added in 1939 towards Simina, Francuska and Emilijana Josimovića Street. After the invasion and occupation of the country in April 1941 this building was used by the German occupying authority. In August 1941 Wehrmacht officers moved in and the building became the Gestapo Headquarter for the entire Balkan. After the war, on the Victory Day, on 9 May 1946, it was officially established as the Yugoslav Army Club. The first post-war commander and the head of the club was a professor, a colonel, an academic painter and a graphic artist Branko Šotra. In 1984,based on the decision of the City of Belgrade Assembly, the building was designated as the cultural property. Since 2010 the club has become the seat of the Меdia centre "Defence" and the Artistic ensemble "Stanislav Binički".
The history
In early 1929 the decision was made to establish a Veterans' Club in Belgrade, as the central cultural institution of the armed forces and reserve officers. The competition was launched by the Association of the Reserve Officers and Veterans and thirty-one entries were submitted, and the jury – whose members among others were Petar Popović, Svetozar Jovanović and Dragutin Maslać – assessed that none of the thirty-one submitted entries deserved the first prize, arguing that none of them could be further developed without considerable prior modifications, particularly to the facades. Two equal second prizes were awarded, to the work of Živko Piperski and Jovan Jovanović, and to the work of Bogdan Nestorović and Jovan Šnajder, and the final right for the realisation was given to Piperski and Jovanović, with the proviso that they should bring it into harmony with the design of Nestorović and Šnajder. On the other hand, the prevailing opinion of the expert public favoured the design by Branislav Marinković as an original composition in a modernized Serbian-Byzantine style. The design by Piperski and Jovanović was conceived in the style of аcademism, as a monumental Palace with a prominent cornice and a colonnade of pilasters, which was similar to the General Headquarters Building, designed by the architect Wilhelm von Baumgarten, built some time earlier. Unlike them, the facade proposed by Nestorović and Šnajder's design was described as Byzantine-Romanesque, and because of the interaction of different cultural traditions suggested by such a combination, this type of stylistic formulation was considered a desirable model of the national style which enjoyed popularity in the 1920s and 1930s. The final version of the accepted design was considerably different from both second prize winning proposals. Instead of elaborate eclectic architectural ornament, a restrained modernist concept is applied. The founders intended the facility to serve as a headquarters for several national cultural and humanitarian associations on the model of the so-called peoples' houses in Czechoslovakia, Poland and elsewhere. Thus, apart from the Association of Reserve Officers and Soldiers, the building became home to the Adriatic Guards, Volunteers' Association, Sokol Union, Society of the Friends of France, Shooting Association, Fencing Club and Actors Association Fund. In addition to offices, two reception halls and a restaurant, the building's fourth and fifth floor served as a hotel, whose accommodation capacity was reinforced by the addition of the wing facing Simina Street in 1939. The construction began in October 1930 and the building was dedicated on 29 May 1932. The addition of 1939 matched the style of the original building which now occupied the entire block bounded by Braće Jugovića, Francuska, Simina and Emilijana Josimovića streets.
The Architecture
The prominent restrained concept of the front of the building, with no ornaments is applied, especially in the first to third floor zone perforated with sets of vertically aligned windows. The distinctive accent in the ground-floor zone is the central loggia with its slightly protruding arcade supported by massive columns and fronted by a wide flight of stairs. A particularly prominent feature of the building is the corner tower which somewhat relieves the monotony of the front façade, while emphasising the building's expressive monumentality and military character. The idea behind the tower, inspired by medieval and Renaissance models in form, was to emphasise the physical presence of the building and, on the symbolical level, to function as a visual statement of its military character. The symbolism of such an architectural program is best summed up in the words of Мilutin Borisavljević in the magazine Pravda, from 24 May 1929: Veterans' Club needed to be framed in soldierly terms, in the form of a fortress, a medieval castle with turrets and donjons, with perhaps somewhat brutal forms, i.e. a character of masculinity, heroism etc. Architecture is a symbolic art: the exterior of a building should be expressive of its use.” This symbolism was also to be expressed by a proposed but unrealised sculptural program consisting of eight statues, one above each column of the loggia: a medieval armoured warrior of the Nemanjić age and of the age of Stefan Dušan, a Kosovo warrior, a gusle player (a traditional Serbian instrument), a member of Karadjordje's insurgent army, a soldier of the 1876 War of Independence, a First Balkan War soldier of 1912, and a Yugoslav soldier of 1918.6 The founders intended the facility to serve as a headquarters The symbolism of the object was also to be expressed by a proposed but unrealized sculptural program on the front facade above the columns of the loggia. The iconographic sculptural program of the Veterans' Club directly indicated the function of the object and consisted of eight individual statues. As the press of that time wrote, a medieval armoured warrior of Nemanjić Age was supposed to be set up on the first column, an armoured warrior of the age of Dušanon the second, a Kosovo warrior on the third, a gusle player on the fourth, a member of Karađorđe's insurgent army on the fifth, a soldier from 1876 on the sixth, a First Balkan War soldier from 1912 on the seventh and a Yugoslav warrior of 1918 on the eighth. Such an iconographic concept and historical sequence was meant to highlight the continuity of the struggle for the liberation and unification of the South Slavs in keeping with the promoted ideology of Yugoslavism. Based on its cultural, historical, architectural and townscape merit, the Veterans' Club at 19 Braće Jugovića Street in Belgrade was designated as a cultural heritage property in 1984.
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WIKI
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Page:The Native Races of the Pacific States, volume 2.djvu/231
was punished as criminal, and those who showed by their actions a strong disposition to violate their vow of chastity were relentlessly castrated.
The Wiyanas were divided into several orders, but all were ruled in the most absolute manner by the pontiff of Yopaa. I have already spoken of the veneration in which this spiritual monarch was held, and of the manner in which he surmounted the difficulty of having children to inherit the pontifical chair, when continence was strictly imposed upon him.[121]
The ordinary dress of the Zapotec priests was a full white robe, with openings to pass the arms through, but no sleeves; this was girt at the waist with a colored cord. During the ceremony of sacrifice, and on feast-days, the Wiyatao wore, over all, a kind of tunic, with full sleeves, adorned with tassels and embroidered in various colors with representations of birds and animals. On his head he wore a mitre of feather-work, ornamented with a very rich crown of gold; his neck, arms, and wrists were laden with costly necklaces and bracelets; upon his feet were golden sandals, bound to his legs with cords of gold and bright-colored thread.[122]
The Toltec sacerdotal system so closely resembled the Mexican already described that it needs no further description in this volume. Their priests wore a long
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/October 2010
= October 1 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 1
* 1) Is a HighBeam Research Subscription Worth the money?
* 2) PAL speedup and music development?
* 3) Hardy Amies & Wood & sons pottery
* 4) What would you call a 'tie' like this?
* 5) Talenthouse
* 6) Lowest score in bowling without dropping any pins
= October 2 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 2
* 1) World Location automobile
* 2) The use of "oracles" in decision-making processes
* 3) CNN Website
* 4) Bees/wasps, why do they sting?
* 5) How short is Yao Ming?
* 6) increasing my height
* 7) e-mail id
* 8) Theseus
* 9) Haircut Name
* 10) French railway: announcement jingle
= October 3 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 3
* 1) Three questions:
* 2) Blowing up a caravan
* 3) Government hierachy for four different countries
* 4) Pencil smudging
= October 4 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 4
* 1) Fan produced toys
* 2) Polo Players
* 3) Hardest possible save
* 4) Subversion name meaning
* 5) Cog shaped thing near Eiffel Tower
= October 5 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 5
* 1) Semaphore to English translator
* 2) Help with correcting to the appropriate external link
* 3) British aircraft
* 4) Strange phone numbers
* 5) APA
= October 6 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 6
* 1) Writing stories with video game characters
* 2) Who chained two mountains together?
* 3) Netflix postage
* 4) Toronto recreation centres and parks
* 5) Cell phones that are less than of 70g and 1cm thick
* 6) Big stripes on WW2 aircraft
= October 7 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 7
* 1) Vasthu/ Geomancy
* 2) Rivers
* 3) Religion
* 4) Thomas England House
* 5) Moving to the UK from US
* 6) Amazon/Ebay
* 7) Professionalism
* 8) Cillit Bang ads
* 9) Broken glass in my rug
* 10) Re: Travel to Spain from England in the early 20th century
* 11) Reminder service
= October 8 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 8
* 1) Buying music downloads from a French website
* 2) Budgie
* 3) Rock Hyrax
* 4) A question on intvu
* 5) Most ubiquitous product
* 6) Bad experience at airport
* 7) News in America
* 8) Significance of ten in China?
= October 9 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 9
* 1) background music
* 2) How to turn down a friend
* 3) Signs
* 4) Numbers stations
* 5) A very Strange comment
* 6) Specops / aviation eye requirements
= October 10 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 10
* 1) "Signs"
= October 11 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 11
* 1) List of Indian members of the Indian Civil Service
* 2) giardia lamblia
* 3) Renting a car with a prepaid card
* 4) Polish Auction
* 5) Why are the bananas damp?
* 6) Roast beef "solution"
* 7) Bubblegum flavour
* 8) how does a magnet work?
* 9) Calendar trivia
= October 12 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 12
* 1) MoU
* 2) Chess winning odds
* 3) Perfume
* 4) Travelling to Oslo?
* 5) Togas
= October 13 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 13
* 1) career
* 2) Downloading movies
* 3) Valkyrie
* 4) International Effort on Rescuing the Copiapó Miners
= October 14 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 14
* 1) Reverse telephone lookup UK
* 2) Labor Relations
* 3) Awareness
* 4) Why does this Bic pen have a white end?
* 5) Nokia phone / vCard
* 6) Celebrity Milkmen
* 7) Wiggling toes in bed
= October 15 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 15
* 1) Are those kinds of door-to-door magazine sales scams?
* 2) best sleeping position
= October 16 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 16
* 1) Where to buy U.S.Army Uniform
* 2) Jet Putt game
* 3) Habitability
* 4) Why the hate?
* 5) Globalisation
* 6) Tabs
= October 17 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 17
* 1) What is the meaning of gretl's logo?
* 2) Antelope powder
* 3) The word BUILDING
* 4) Mazuma Mobile
= October 18 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 18
* 1) A study of the use of water for irrigation in the Rio Grande del Norte
* 2) Authentic?
* 3) Ninjas being farmers or what
* 4) Terms associated with London
* 5) Convincing someone they shouldn't listen to a psychic
* 6) Teen Runaways?
* 7) Title for head of small company
* 8) Submarine trains
* 9) BILL BOOK
* 10) Please help "connect"
* 11) State of Michigan - Transportation addition needed....
* 12) arts and crafts architecture
= October 19 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 19
* 1) The great ones always die young
* 2) The great ones always die young II
* 3) chin-ups/pull-ups
* 4) Oyster name
= October 20 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 20
* 1) Organization
* 2) on the article ' P. Rajagopalachari '
* 3) what do Christians wear to church?
* 4) Is there only a finite amount of songs?
* 5) Food subsidies in the American market
* 6) Average major Disaster / Event to article creation time
* 7) Women with no right hand
= October 21 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 21
* 1) road bridges consstruction
* 2) Series of numbers on book's title page
* 3) Subculture vs. Islam
* 4) french naval history
= October 22 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 22
* 1) Names of British nobles
* 2) Mel Gibson
* 3) Name of small tropical island inhabited by caucasian/European descendants
* 4) poem rest of the words and name and author
* 5) Material Things
= October 23 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 23
* 1) Towel bars in bathroom design
* 2) aminoglycosides
* 3) USS Valley Forge LPH-8 ships log for the year beginning Jan.30,1969 to Sept. 30,1969
= October 24 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 24
* 1) Islam vs. White slaves
* 2) Is there a Harrison Ford dealership in any city named Harrison?
* 3) Plop, plop, fizz fizz
* 4) Could someone explain this shirt?
* 5) imagination visualize
* 6) Individual sugar packets
* 7) Need Help For My Dog.
* 8) data entry jobs
* 9) metallic fastners (nuts)
* 10) enfield 303 No.4 rifle
* 11) Metal in bones in airport security
* 12) fictional war
* 13) Remove before flight
= October 25 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 25
* 1) Deli meat (turkey breast) vs. ground turkey breast (packaged)
* 2) How to open a bar/club in Australia?
* 3) Ancient square holes
* 4) buehler turboccraft litature
* 5) NCAA Football, LSU vs Georgia 2010
* 6) Becoming an engineer in the UK
* 7) NCAA Football, LSU vs Giorgia 2010
* 8) Malfunctioning smoke alarm
= October 26 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 26
* 1) Doubtful paramedic story
* 2) Unusual Rarity for Populous DS
* 3) Populous III world shape
* 4) 12volt 110amp Liesure battery
* 5) For confirmation about MAQ Oil & Gas company
* 6) knuckle popping
* 7) A trio of questions about Katherine Philips...
* 8) paternity leave
= October 27 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 27
* 1) Multiple questions, 2 main subjetcs, Thanks
* 2) south china mall
* 3) Better Google searcher help
* 4) multiple (noble) peerages of different ranks
* 5) Sibling as offspring
* 6) DEVELOPMENT OF UGANDA'S ECONOMY
= October 28 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 28
* 1) How can an "unincorporated association" function?
* 2) Chicken catch-a-Tory
* 3) Dream point of view
* 4) 28 oz can = ?
* 5) College application
* 6) Topographic map series codes and layout.
* 7) Philip Pendleton Barbour
= October 29 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 29
* 1) LSU vs GEORGIA 2010 (TENN,)
* 2) John Law Prints Money
* 3) simplest year calendar in the world???
* 4) Football question (The USA kind)
* 5) SAT
* 6) LSU vs TENN. 2010 NCAA 2 pt Try
* 7) what is the most famous internet forum about electronic product in North American/Australia/Europe?
* 8) Dual fashions: flares or straights
* 9) Which song is this?
= October 30 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 30
* 1) Validating References when you have created the subject
* 2) Yemen mail bombs
* 3) What is the average age of onset of Alzheimer's disease?
* 4) J-spd
* 5) Time
* 6) Medals
* 7) Training crew
* 8) Wholesale cigarettes (UK)
= October 31 = Reference_desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2010 October 31
* 1) Second UG degree
* 2) Nazis
* 3) Drachmas
* 4) Municipality of Baliwag,Bulacan, Philippines
* 5) foreign settlement
* 6) Japan
* 7) Webcam timer
* 8) Coin collecting
* 9) Is it possible to be bored to death?
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WIKI
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Several factors delayed and greatly hampered the development of an Italian medium tank during World War II.
The first was the strategic stance of the country, focussed on a war against neighbouring countries such as France and Yugoslavia, and ill-prepared for a war in the Western Desert.
Since these European countries bordered with Italy in mountainous areas, light tanks were preferred as these were deemed much more suitable for the narrow roads and bridges of the Alps.
Furthermore, development was hampered by the limited number of Italian industries, whose production was also heavily fragmented.
All these factors delayed the development of the first prototype of an Italian medium tank the M 11 which would only appear in 1937 and did not enter production until 1939.
Although technically inferior to their German and Allied counterparts in 1941 43, the Italian M tanks proved to be quite effective when used by experienced crews with adequate combat tactics.
In fact, their major shortcoming actually proved to be their limited production figures.
While production was limited, innovation was not and, between 1941 and 1943, several experiments were carried out on the Italian tanks that produced interesting prototypes such as the anti-aircraft semovente.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Page:Fifty years hence, or, What may be in 1943 - a prophecy supposed to be based on scientific deductions by an improved graphical method (IA fiftyyearshenceo00grim).pdf/61
preventing possibility of accident—have a force which throws into the shade all the dynamite and other explosives of the preceding century.
The clothing worn by men is very little changed from that of the century previous, except in texture and materials. Numberless plants of Mexican and African origin have been brought into use as bearing textile fibres; and improvements in spinning and weaving have enabled the production of fabrics of most suprising fineness and strength. The silk hat, which was the pest of civilized men in the previous century, has given place to a modification of what was once known as the Alpine, save that the new head-covering is lighter and more graceful, and those employed in winter are warmer than the others. In summer, straw has been superseded by paper. The women have decided upon a dress in external appearance not dissimilar to that which for so many centuries made Japanese women so picturesque. Corsets have been abolished, and pictures bearing date of the preceding century, in which the bustle is a prominent feature, have been tabooed as suggestive if not indecent.
The manufacture of paper has so greatly been
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WIKI
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Masiphumelele High School
Masiphumelele High School is a publicly owned secondary school (grades 8–12) in Masiphumelele in the Western Cape region of South Africa. As of 2005 it had some 942 students. The school has piped indoor water.
In February 2006 students of the school were involved in violent protests, which resulted in injuries to two teachers and damage to three police vehicles.
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WIKI
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What Exercise Burns the Most Belly Fat for Females
Introduction
When it comes to losing belly fat, exercise plays a crucial role. Not only does it help you shed those extra pounds, but it also promotes overall health and well-being. For females looking to target their abdominal area specifically, certain exercises have been found to be particularly effective. In this article, we will explore the exercises that burn the most belly fat for females, providing you with valuable insights and actionable steps to achieve your fitness goals.
Table of Contents
1. The Battle with Belly Fat
2. Understanding Belly Fat
3. The Role of Exercise in Burning Belly Fat
4. High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)
5. Crunches and Sit-Ups
6. Plank Exercises
7. Cardiovascular Exercises
8. Strength Training
9. Yoga and Pilates
10. Dietary Considerations
11. Staying Consistent and Motivated
12. Tracking Your Progress
13. Importance of Rest and Recovery
14. Lifestyle Changes for Long-Term Success
15. Conclusion
1. FAQs
The Battle with Belly Fat
Excess belly fat can be a persistent challenge for many women. It not only affects their physical appearance but also poses health risks. To effectively address this issue, it is important to adopt a comprehensive approach that combines exercise, a healthy diet, and lifestyle modifications.
Understanding Belly Fat
Belly fat, also known as visceral fat, is the fat stored around the abdominal organs. It is considered more dangerous than subcutaneous fat, which lies just beneath the skin. Excessive belly fat has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers.
The Role of Exercise in Burning Belly Fat
Exercise plays a crucial role in burning belly fat. It helps boost metabolism, increases calorie expenditure, and promotes the development of lean muscle mass. Combining different types of exercises can yield the best results when it comes to reducing belly fat and achieving a toned midsection.
High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT)
One of the most effective exercises for burning belly fat is High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT). This workout method involves short bursts of intense exercise followed by periods of rest or lower-intensity activity. HIIT workouts not only burn calories during the workout but also keep the metabolism elevated for hours after the session, resulting in increased fat burning.
Crunches and Sit-Ups
Crunches and sit-ups are popular exercises that target the abdominal muscles. They help strengthen the core and tone the abs. While these exercises alone may not directly burn belly fat, they play a crucial role in developing strong abdominal muscles, which contribute to a flatter and more defined stomach appearance.
Plank Exercises
Plank exercises are highly effective in engaging the core muscles, including the abdominals. They help improve stability and posture while also strengthening the entire midsection. Regularly incorporating plank variations, such as forearm planks and side planks, into your workout routine can contribute to burning belly fat and achieving a toned abdomen.
Cardiovascular Exercises
Cardiovascular exercises, such as running, cycling, swimming, or brisk walking, are excellent for burning calories and reducing overall body fat, including belly fat. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week to achieve optimal results.
Strength Training
Strength training exercises are essential for building muscle mass, which in turn increases your metabolic rate and helps burn belly fat. Incorporate exercises like squats, lunges, deadlifts, and chest presses into your routine. Remember, more muscle means more calories burned even at rest.
Yoga and Pilates
Yoga and Pilates are low-impact exercises that focus on flexibility, core strength, and body awareness. While they may not directly target belly fat, these practices help improve posture, reduce stress, and promote overall well-being. Additionally, some yoga poses and Pilates exercises engage the abdominal muscles, indirectly contributing to a flatter stomach.
Dietary Considerations
Exercise alone cannot effectively burn belly fat without a balanced diet. To optimize your results, focus on consuming nutrient-dense foods, including lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats. Avoid or limit processed foods, sugary snacks, and excessive alcohol consumption, as they contribute to weight gain and hinder your progress.
Staying Consistent and Motivated
Consistency is key when it comes to burning belly fat. Create a workout schedule that suits your lifestyle and stick to it. Find exercises that you enjoy to stay motivated and make the process more enjoyable. Consider partnering with a workout buddy or hiring a personal trainer to stay accountable and motivated throughout your fitness journey.
Tracking Your Progress
To monitor your progress effectively, keep track of your workouts, measurements, and how your clothes fit. Take photos and record your body weight regularly. Seeing visible improvements will serve as a powerful motivator and help you stay on track.
Importance of Rest and Recovery
Rest and recovery are equally important as exercise when it comes to burning belly fat. Allow your body enough time to rest and repair itself between workouts. Incorporate rest days into your routine and prioritize quality sleep, as lack of sleep can hinder weight loss efforts.
Lifestyle Changes for Long-Term Success
Burning belly fat and maintaining a healthy weight require long-term lifestyle changes. Focus on adopting sustainable habits, such as regular physical activity, a balanced diet, stress management techniques, and adequate sleep. Small, consistent changes over time can lead to significant and lasting results.
Conclusion
Losing belly fat requires a combination of targeted exercises, a healthy diet, and consistent effort. By incorporating exercises like HIIT, crunches, planks, cardiovascular workouts, strength training, yoga, and Pilates, you can effectively burn belly fat and achieve a toned midsection. Remember to prioritize a balanced diet, rest, and recovery, and make sustainable lifestyle changes for long-term success.
FAQs
1. Can I spot-reduce belly fat by doing specific exercises?
Spot-reducing fat in a specific area is not possible. However, targeted exercises can help strengthen the muscles in that area and contribute to overall fat loss.
2. How long does it take to see results in reducing belly fat?
The time to see results varies from person to person. Consistency, combined with a healthy diet, can lead to noticeable changes in a few weeks to a couple of months.
3. Is cardio or strength training more effective for burning belly fat?
Both cardio and strength training are essential for burning belly fat. Cardiovascular exercises burn calories, while strength training helps build lean muscle mass, which boosts metabolism.
4. Can I burn belly fat without changing my diet?
Exercise alone can help burn calories, but a balanced diet is crucial for effective belly fat reduction. Combining exercise with a healthy diet yields the best results.
5. Are there any specific foods that target belly fat?
No specific food can target belly fat. However, a balanced diet consisting of whole foods, lean proteins, fruits, vegetables, and healthy fats supports overall weight loss and a flatter stomach.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Grand Theft Auto Online
Grand Theft Auto Online is an online multiplayer action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released on 1 October 2013 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, 18 November 2014 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, 14 April 2015 for Windows, and 15 March 2022 for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S. The game is the online component of Grand Theft Auto V. Set within the fictional state of San Andreas (based on Southern California), Grand Theft Auto Online allows up to 30 players to explore its open world environment and engage in cooperative or competitive game modes.
The open-world design lets players freely roam San Andreas, which includes an open countryside and the fictional city of Los Santos (based on Los Angeles). Players control a customisable silent protagonist in their journey to become a powerful criminal, slowly building an empire as they complete increasingly difficult tasks. Set both months before and years after the single-player campaign, Grand Theft Auto Online comprises cooperative missions where multiple players complete tasks to advance the narrative. The game also features numerous side missions and events, including the more advanced "Heists", and various businesses that players can purchase and manage to produce income.
Developed in tandem with the single-player mode, Grand Theft Auto Online was conceived as a separate experience to be played in a continually evolving world. At launch, it suffered widespread technical issues resulting in the inability to play missions and loss of character data. It initially polarised reviewers, being criticised for its lack of direction and repetitive missions, with praise particularly directed at the scope and open-ended gameplay. It won divided year-end accolades, ranging from Biggest Disappointment to Best Multiplayer, from several gaming publications. The game receives frequent free updates that further expand on the game modes and content, which has improved critical reception. The 2015 Heists update was especially well received by the critics.
Gameplay
Developed in tandem with Grand Theft Auto V, Grand Theft Auto Online was conceived as a separate experience to be played in a continually evolving world. Up to 30 players freely roam across a re-creation of the single-player world and enter lobbies to complete jobs (story-driven competitive and cooperative modes). The Content Creator toolset lets players create their own parameters for custom jobs, like racetracks and deathmatch weapon spawn points. Players may band together in organised player teams called crews to complete jobs together. Rockstar Games Social Club extends crews formed in Max Payne 3 multiplayer mode to that of Grand Theft Auto Online. Players can create their own crews and join up to five total. Crews also have a hierarchy, crew leaders can change a members role in said hierarchy. Crews win multiplayer matches to earn experience points and climb online leaderboards.
In Grand Theft Auto Online, players create a new character specific to the online world, which shows on the screen's Switch Wheel alongside single-player characters Franklin, Michael, and Trevor. The player-characters are designed by a genetics-related process. Greater control is given to the character's clothes and hairstyles. The protagonist arrives in Los Santos by plane and is picked up by Lamar Davis, who gives the character a gun and a car. An hour-long tutorial introduces the player to the various game modes, driving, fighting, and game progression mechanics. The story is not central in the multiplayer, though it initially serves as a prequel to the single-player story, where characters from the single-player are woven in.
Similar to single-player, players can level up their character's attributes such as driving and stamina. Exclusive to GTA Online is a system of earning experience, usually by successful completion of activities. Accumulating enough experience to level up unlocks weapons, clothing, car customisations, and more advanced activities (such as parachuting and aircraft). Once unlocked, items need to be purchased with in-game currency, which can be earned or purchased with real money. Players can circumvent an activity's level requirements by joining a game with others of a sufficient rank. There are options to play alone or with friends, and an option for "Passive Mode", which makes the player immune to other players.
Aside from the open world, there are three main types of set activities: racing (by car, bike, aircraft, or boat), Deathmatch (team or free-for-all), and objective-based Contact Missions (simplified single-player-like storyline jobs, usually cooperative). Online uses lock-on aim and emphasises stealth in firefights. "Adversary Mode" adds several asymmetric variations on these activities, including "Siege Mentality" where one team is besieged by another, and "Hasta La Vista" where truckers chase down cyclists (reminiscent of the truck/motorcycle chase in Terminator 2: Judgment Day). "Survival" pits a team of up to four players against ten waves of enemies. The Heists Update released on 10 March 2015 adds five co-op elaborate multi-part missions, each mission having several setup jobs leading up to the finale crime which is a high-profit job. The player who is the heist leader has to unlock each heist in order and pay the upfront costs, while receiving the largest payoff (at the end, if successfully completed) and getting their progress saved, while other players (the crew members) can join any setup/finale jobs without prerequisite and get paid a cut for each mission passed. The heists, all requiring four players except the first which is two-player, often assign specific roles to players such as driver, gunner, etc. and/or may split them apart, and a headset is recommended for communicating with other players.
The game includes a content creation tool that lets players make automobile races and deathmatches. Players can choose the location, start and spawn points, and weapon and vehicle drops in deathmatches, and the location, route, race type, and player count in air, land, or sea races. Creations have to be tested against computer-controlled players before the mode is available online. The creations can also be published for others to use. Rockstar tags what they deem to be the best as "Rockstar Verified".
Plot
The game's narrative begins in 2013, several months before Grand Theft Auto V. Players take on the role of a silent protagonist who moves to Los Santos in search for new pursuits. Upon arrival, they meet with Lamar Davis (Slink Johnson), whom they befriended on the social networking site Lifeinvader. After a street race against the player, Lamar introduces them to drug dealer Gerald (Douglas Powell Ward) and corrupt Armenian car salesman Simeon Yetarian (Demosthenes Chrysan) for work. As the player slowly builds up their reputation, they attract the attention of individuals like illicit business proprietor Trevor Philips (Steven Ogg), hacker Lester Crest (Jay Klaitz), and Mexican drug lord Martin Madrazo (Alfredo Huereca), who also employ them.
Eventually, the player is offered bigger job opportunities by Lester, who recruits them for several bank robberies; a shady government agent known only as Agent 14 (Ryan Farrell), who has them break a convicted spy out of prison and raid a government-run lab; and Trevor, who enlists their help with a highly profitable drug deal. Lamar also hires the player to sabotage several rival gangs to set the stage for his eventual rise to power, but this backfires, causing a falling out with his own gang. The player helps Lamar regain their trust. During this time, the player slowly builds up their own criminal empire, starting with an initially small organization, which expands with the purchase of an office and several warehouses to aid the player in the theft and sale of goods. The player also starts a motorcycle club and begins running additional illegal businesses.
In 2017, the player continues to expand their empire by starting gunrunning and smuggling operations alongside Agent 14, and Trevor's former associate Ron Jakowski (David Mogentale), respectively. Later, Lester introduces the player to billionaire Avon Hertz (Sean McGrath) and his AI network Cliffford, who recruit them to help prevent an undisclosed future catastrophic event. During their mission, the group collaborates with the International Affairs Agency (IAA), including Agent 14, and clash with a rogue Russian special ops unit led by Bogdan (Vyto Ruginis). However, after eliminating most of the unit, Avon and Cliffford turn on the group, revealing their true intentions to trigger a nuclear armageddon, having already gained access to the state's defense grid. The player thwarts this plot by raiding a missile base in Mount Chiliad, destroying trucks with Cliffford's code to stop a missile launch, and killing Avon before he escapes.
In 2018, the player opens a new nightclub with the help of former Liberty City nightclub entrepreneur "Gay" Tony Prince (David Kenner), and begins using it as a front for their illicit businesses. They also become a top competitor in Arena War, a demolition derby-like TV series taking place at the city's Maze Bank Arena. The following year, the player becomes a VIP member at the newly opened Diamond Casino & Resort, and assists the staff with the various problems they are facing, primarily involving Texan businessman Avery Duggan's hostile takeover attempt. When the casino falls under attack, the player kills Duggan, allowing his nephew Thornton to buy the casino. Later, the player and a retired Lester plan a robbery of the casino alongside Georgina Cheng (Christina Liang), who seeks retribution against Thornton for tricking her brother Tao (Richard Hsu) into selling him the casino. The heist is carried out successfully, humiliating Thornton, while Lester enters a relationship with Georgina.
In 2020, the player conducts several new jobs for Gerald, and enters a short-lived conflict with the Kkangpae, which ends with the player killing their leader after they raid their yacht. They are later hired by Madrazo's son Miguel (Robbie Gottlieb) to steal incriminating files from Juan "El Rubio" Strickler (Joseph Melendez), the world's most notorious drug dealer and primary supplier to the Madrazo Cartel, who has threatened to report them to the DEA if they do not renegotiate their prices. With the help of their recently purchased nuclear submarine and its one-man crew, former Russian Navy sailor Pavel (Brandon Beilis), the player plans a robbery of El Rubio's private compound on his heavily guarded Caribbean island, Cayo Perico. The player successfully escapes with the files on Madrazo and various goods.
In 2021, the player becomes a member of the LS Car Meet, an underground hub for car enthusiasts and street racers. There, they are introduced to Kenny "KDJ" Dixon Jr. and Sessanta (Emana Rachelle), who provide the player with several robbery contracts. Lamar later introduces the player to Franklin Clinton (Shawn Fonteno), who hires them as a partner at his newly opened celebrity solutions agency. The agency's first major client, Dr. Dre, enlists their help to recover his stolen phone containing unreleased music tracks. The player tracks down the thief, Johnny Guns, a rival records producer, and recovers the music. After saving Dre from Guns' hitmen and aiding him in exacting revenge on Guns, he rewards the player by letting them listen to his newest song first. Meanwhile, Lamar, upset at being left out of Franklin's new dealings, starts his own cannabis business, LD Organics. Franklin and Lamar then attempt to diversify it by connecting with a client involved in the Epsilon Program religious cult. Although the client ultimately betrays them, the pair's stunts draw widespread media attention, which Lamar takes advantage of to promote his business.
In 2022, the player is contacted by Agent ULP (Jeff Steitzer) of the IAA and sworn in as an agent so that they may investigate the recent increase of gasoline prices in San Andreas. Their investigation reveals that Mason Duggan, Thornton's younger brother, is responsible, using backup drives of Cliffford's AI bought from the Federal Investigation Bureau (FIB) to manipulate the prices and keep the Duggans' profits high. The player retrieves all the backup drives and intercepts a deal between Mason and the FIB, killing Mason and ending the crisis. To ensure a similar incident does not occur again, Agent ULP sends the player to the facility where Avon Hertz and Cliffford were defeated, to retrieve the last traces of Cliffford's code, before cutting ties with them. The player is later introduced to the Fooliganz, a juggalo troupe led by Dax (Matt Van Orden), who are eager to start a drug distribution ring. The player helps the Fooliganz sabotage rival operations run by The Lost motorcycle club and build up their own, officially joining the troupe.
In 2023, the Fooliganz's hangout is attacked by assailants who kidnap Dax's "personal physician", Labrat (Courtney Gains), and steal blacklisted precursor chemicals previously acquired by the player. The player discovers Dr. Isiah Friedlander (Bryan Scott Johnson), a renowned former therapist turned pharmaceutical corporation owner, to be responsible, using Labrat to create a new psychedelic drug for therapeutic purposes and make a fortune. The player rescues Labrat and recovers the stolen chemicals, despite Friedlander's escape. Later, the player joins the Los Santos Angels (LSA) flight squadron and mercenary group to disrupt operations of the private military company Merryweather. In the end, their actions result in a significant decrease of Merryweather presence in San Andreas, as well as the termination of their partnership with the U.S. government. The player also opens a salvage yard with the help of Liberty City real estate developer Yusuf Amir (Omid Djalili) and his cousin Jamal, which they use as a front to plan and execute various vehicle thefts.
In 2024, the player is contacted by Vincent Effenburger (T.L. Flint), the former head of security at the Diamond Casino & Resort who has since become a police officer. Vincent informs the player of a new drug cartel that is in league with the Los Santos Police Department (LSPD) and is operating out of a chicken farm owned by the Cluckin' Bell chain of fast food restaurants. Seeing an opportunity to help each other, the player and Vincent work together to plan a robbery of the farm. Later, the player starts a bail enforcement agency with retired bounty hunter Maude Eccles (Jodie Lynne McClintock) and her daughter Jenette (Lexi Nimmo), capturing fugitive criminals in exchange for the rewards on their heads.
Development
Grand Theft Auto Online launched on 1 October 2013, two weeks after the release of Grand Theft Auto V. Many players reported that they had difficulties connecting to the game's servers and the Social Club web service, and others further reported that the game would freeze while loading early missions. Rockstar released a technical patch on 5 October in an effort to resolve the issues. The microtransaction system, which allows players to purchase game content using real money, was also suspended as a fail-safe. Problems persisted the second week following launch, and some players reported their player-character progress as having disappeared. Another technical patch was released on 10 October combating the issues, and players experiencing issues were told not to recreate their multiplayer avatars. As recompense for the technical issues, Rockstar offered a stimulus of GTA $500,000 (in-game currency) to the accounts of all players connected to Online since launch.
Rockstar announced in September 2015 that the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of the online mode will no longer receive any new additional content, due to limitation in the console capacity. This was criticised by Forbes writer Paul Tassi, who felt that Rockstar was "cutting out a lot of potential customers" who continued to play on the older systems, adding that the re-releases on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were lacking in additional content. In June 2021, Rockstar announced that the game's servers for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions would shut down on December 16; microtransactions became unavailable for the platforms on September 15, and Social Club tracking closed on September 16.
A standalone version of Grand Theft Auto Online was released alongside the enhanced version of Grand Theft Auto V for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S on 15 March 2022; it was free on the former for the first three months. In addition to graphical enhancements and various quality of life improvements, this version features some exclusive content, such as new vehicles, an auto shop called Hao's Special Works where select vehicles can be upgraded for elite driving performances, and the Career Builder, which provides players with enough in-game currency to set up one of four businesses upon creating a new character. For a limited time, players could permanently transfer their progress from the previous generation consoles; earned in-game money could only be transferred across the same console family (PlayStation 4 to PlayStation 5, or Xbox One to Xbox Series X/S).
In early 2021, a user known as "t0st" reported they had found a way to reduce the loading times of Grand Theft Auto Online by up to 70% with an unofficial patch. Rockstar affirmed that the patch improved these load times, and officially included this patch into the game in March 2021 update, and thanked the user for the discovery, awarding them US$10,000 from their Bug Bounty program.
In March 2022, Rockstar introduced GTA+, a paid monthly subscription service available for the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions of Grand Theft Auto Online, which features permanent in-game benefits, as well as access to exclusive content.
Additional content
Post-release content is continually added to Grand Theft Auto Online through free title updates.
2013
The Beach Bum update, released on 19 November 2013, added more beach-themed jobs and customisation content for players. The Deathmatch & Race Creators update was released on 11 December and allowed players to create their own deathmatches and races. The Capture Update was released on 17 December and added a new team-based capture the flag mode called Capture. On 24 December, the Holiday Gifts update added Christmas-themed items, discounts to in-game vehicles, weapons, apartments and other items, and snowfall to the game world. All the Holiday Gifts featured in this update were removed on 5 January 2014.
2014
Coinciding with the 2014 Valentine's Day, the Valentine's Day Massacre Special update was released on 13 February and added Bonnie and Clyde-themed content to the game for a limited time, until the end of February. The Business Update, released on 4 March, added multiple business-themed items to the game. On 11 April, the Capture Creator update was released that added the ability for players to create their own Capture jobs using the Content Creator. The High Life Update, released on 13 May, added several new contact missions, new vehicles, clothing items, and weapons. It also added new apartments, the ability to own two properties at the same time, and the Mental State gameplay statistic that monitors player behaviour in-game. The I'm Not a Hipster update was released on 17 June and added hipster-themed customisation items, and retro-themed vehicles and weapons.
The Independence Day Special update was released on 1 July to celebrate the U.S. Independence Day and added patriotic-themed vehicles, weapons and customisation items for a limited time. The patch added new properties to Grand Theft Auto Online and the "On Call Matchmaking" feature that lets player accept a job invite and keep playing until the lobby is full. The San Andreas Flight School update, released on 19 August, added new features and vehicles related to the in-game flying school. The Last Team Standing update was released on 2 October and added 10 new jobs, motorcycles, weapons and creator support for the Last Team Standing game mode. On 18 December, the Festive Surprise update was released and added two new weapons, four holiday-themed vehicles and clothing items, which were made unavailable after 5 January 2015. The update also added the ability to buy a third property, and saw the return of snowfall to the game world.
2015
The Heists update, which added five multi-part missions with large payouts that can be completed by teams of four players, was a highly anticipated feature of Grand Theft Auto Online. Aside from the heists, the update also introduced Adversary Modes, and several new weapons and vehicles. After numerous delays, the Heists update launched on 10 March 2015, suffering some initial technical difficulties due to the increased user load. Ill-Gotten Gains Part 1, released on 10 June, added new vehicles, clothing items and weapon decals. Some gameplay features were also affected, such as a redesign of the in-game car websites, the addition of a first-person vehicle hood camera in the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, and the ability to cycle through targets when using lock-on missiles, among other minor changes. Ill-Gotten Gains Part 2, released on 8 July, added vehicles and weapons. It also added the radio station The Lab, previously exclusive to the Windows version of the game, to all other versions. This was also the final update for both the Xbox 360 and the PlayStation 3, citing hardware limitations. The Freemode Events update launched on 15 September, and added new modes and activities. It also added the Rockstar Editor and Director Mode, previously exclusive to the Windows version of the game, to the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions.
Lowriders, released on 10 October, added a new series of missions given by Lamar (Slink Johnson), new vehicles, vehicle upgrades, weapons (including the machete and machine-pistol), and clothing items. It also introduced a new vehicle shop, Benny's Original Motor Works, which allows players to customise Lowriders, including upgrades such as interior customisation, hydraulics, and decals. Halloween Surprise, released on 29 October, featured two new Halloween-themed vehicles, flashlight and additional masks and ornaments, along with slasher-themed Adversary Modes; the additional content featured in this update was only temporarily, and was removed on 16 November. The Executives and Other Criminals update released on 15 December and added new customisable Penthouse Apartments, new vehicles, and a new game mode entitled Extraction, as well as the ability to form organisations of players with exclusive missions. The Festive Surprise update returned on 21 December with snowfall, both new and old festive-themed clothes and masks, and a new car. It also added a new Adversary Mode, which was released on 23 December.
2016
An update released on 28 January 2016 added a new Adversary Mode called Drop Zone and two new sports cars. The Be My Valentine update launched on 10 February and, in addition to the content featured in the previous Valentine's Day-themed update, added new outfits, cars, and couple-themed Adversary Mode. The Lowriders: Custom Classics update, released on 15 March, added three cars available for customisation along with new weapons, clothes and an Adversary Mode called Sumo. Further Adventures in Finance and Felony was released on 7 June, and added executive offices and cargo warehouses, available for purchase to all players who are part of an organisation, as well several new organisation-related missions, challenges, vehicles, clothing items, weapon attachments, and Adversary Mode called Trading Places. The Cunning Stunts update, released on 12 July, added 13 new vehicles and 16 stunt races.
The Bikers update, released on 4 October, introduced motorcycle clubs, which function similarly to organisations, and come with purchasable clubhouses and businesses, such as counterfeit cash factories and weed farms, as well as club-related missions given by Malc (Walter Mudu), a character first introduced in Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned. The update also added new bikes, biker-themed weapons, tattoos, and clothing items, and a new Adversary Mode. Released on 8 November, the Deadline update added a new Adversary Mode compared by critics to the light cycle races from Disney's Tron film franchise, specifically those seen in the 2010 film, Tron: Legacy. 13 December saw the release of both the Import/Export and Festive Surprise 2016 updates. The former, an expansion to the Finance and Felony update, introduced vehicle warehouses and Special Vehicle Work missions available to all players who are part of organisations. The latter added more Christmas-themed content to the game.
2017
The Cunning Stunts: Special Vehicle Circuit, released on 14 March 2017, introduced special vehicle stunt races and 20 additional races. The Gunrunning update was released on 13 June and introduced purchasable underground bunkers, which players can turn into illegal weaponry research, storage and production facilities. It also introduced new vehicles such as armoured personnel carriers and armed off-road cars, and the Mobile Operations Center (MOC), which provides a new level of customisation for weapons and vehicles, as well as special missions that reward players with discounts for some of the vehicles featured in this update. The Smuggler's Run update, released on 29 August, added purchasable hangars and a new type of business related to them: air cargo smuggling. The update also introduced a number of new aircraft, which can be stored inside the players' hangars, and a new Adversary Mode.
The Doomsday Heist, released on 12 December, added a new take on heists. The eponymous Doomsday Heist, longer and more profitable than any of the original heists, is split into three "acts", which can be completed by a group of 2-4 players from start to finish. Each act features its own setup missions, half of which take place in freemode and can be sabotaged by other players. The update also introduced a new type of properties—underground facilities—which are required for the heist, and a large extent of military-grade vehicles and weapons. Later that month, the Festive Surprise update returned with new and old holiday-themed content.
2018
Released on 20 March 2018, Southern San Andreas Super Sport Series added new races, vehicles, and game modes. The After Hours update, released on 24 July, introduced a new nightlife-related business, alongside the return of "Gay" Tony Prince (David Kenner) from Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony, who helps players run their nightclubs. Each club also features an underground portion that can be used to smuggle goods produced by the players' other businesses, such as drugs and weapons. The update also added new missions, vehicles, clothing items, one weapon, and songs by real-life DJs Solomun, Tale of Us, Dixon and The Black Madonna, all of whom can be hired to work for the players' nightclubs after assisting them with several favours. One of the vehicles introduced in the update, the Oppressor Mk II (a hovering motorcycle that can be equipped with machine guns or homing missiles as well as flare countermeasures), has since gained notoriety within the game's community for facilitating griefing.
The Arena War update, released on 11 December, introduced new demolition derby-themed Adversary Modes at the city's Maze Bank Arena, featuring armoured vehicles likened to those from Mad Max and Robot Wars. Once players buy a garage at the Arena, they can earn "Arena Points" from participating in these Adversary Modes, which can be used to unlock special cosmetics for their character and vehicles, also added with the update. The Festive Surprise update returned later that month with snowfall, holiday-themed items, three new vehicles, two Arena War Adversary Modes, and a new weapon, as well as discounts on various items and double earnings for several jobs.
2019
The Diamond Casino & Resort update, released on 23 July 2019, introduced the eponymous casino, where players can engage in various gambling minigames and purchase a highly customisable penthouse, which gives them access to exclusive areas of the casino and casino-related missions. The update also added new vehicles, clothing items, a new type of currency—casino chips—and other casino-related activities. The in-game gambling activities are not available in certain regions, including a few US states, due to differing laws and regulations.
The Diamond Casino Heist, released on 12 December, added a new heist with a different approach from the previous ones, but reminiscent of the heists from the single-player story. Unlike the original heists or The Doomsday Heist, all setup missions are done in freemode and can be completed by one player, with only the heist itself requiring at least two people. Players can also hire NPC accomplices to facilitate the heist, who take different cuts depending on their skill level. To unlock the heist, players must once again buy a new property, also added with the update: arcades. While mainly used as fronts for planning the heist and not actually a profitable business, the arcades are highly customisable, and can be expanded with new arcade games. The Diamond Casino Heist also introduced 20 new vehicles, two weapons, several clothing items, and an in-game radio station curated by rappers Danny Brown and Skepta. Later that month, the Festive Surprise update returned with new and old holiday-themed content, a new vehicle, and discounts on various items and properties.
2020
Gerald's Last Play is a series of six cooperative missions given by Gerald (Douglas Powell Ward) that were added on 23 April 2020, as a continuation of The Diamond Casino Heist update. The Los Santos Summer Special, released on 11 August, added new yacht-themed missions, vehicles, Adversary Modes, race tracks, and the Open Wheel Race Creator, which allows players to create their own custom tracks. The update also featured several quality-of-life improvements, such as adding the possibility of owning up to eight properties.
First teased in July as "a new take on heists in an entirely new location", The Cayo Perico Heist was officially announced in November, when it was revealed that it would add a new island to the game's map; making it the biggest Grand Theft Auto Online content update to date. The heist featured in the update, which consists of robbing the drug cartel that controls the island, has been described as the "next evolution in Heists gameplay", because it offers more approaches than all previous heists, including the possibility of being completed solo from start to finish, and can play out in various ways depending on player actions. The update was also said to add several new vehicles, including a military submarine required for the heist, weapons, and music. In December, it was revealed that The Cayo Perico Heist would also add a new nightclub called the Music Locker underneath the Diamond Casino & Resort, featuring real-life musicians Moodymann, Keinemusik, and Palms Trax; three radio stations (two of which are hosted by Joy Orbison and Julian Casablancas); and new songs on some of the already existing stations. The update was released on 15 December to largely positive reception.
2021
On 27 May 2021, eight stunt races were added to the game, followed by seven new arenas for the "Deadline" mode on 24 June, and seven maps for "Survival" on 8 July. Los Santos Tuners, released on 20 July, added a new social place called the "LS Car Meet", which includes several facilities, such as a mod shop, a merch shop with exclusive clothing items, and a test track where players can try out new vehicles for free. The meet also features a reputation system and "Prize Ride Challenges"—a series of race-related challenges which change weekly and award players with new vehicles. The update also added new street races, 17 highly-customizable tuner vehicles, and a new type of properties—auto shops—which allow players to complete robbery contracts, steal vehicles for export, or operate a legitimate car repair and customisation business.
First announced on 8 December and released on 15 December, The Contract is a story-focused expansion that adds a new business, "F. Clinton and Partner", a celebrity solutions agency which is run with the help of Franklin Clinton (Shawn Fonteno), one of the protagonists from Grand Theft Auto V. The Agency's first high-tier client is Dr. Dre, who had his phone containing unreleased music stolen and needs it recovered before the tracks are leaked. The missions added with The Contract are structured similarly to past Heists, in that players are required to complete several prerequisite investigation jobs before they can move on to recovering the stolen music. Aside from the Dr. Dre-related missions, the update also provides smaller jobs such as Contracts, which increase the passive income generated by the Agency over time; payphone assassinations; and a three-mission storyline revolving around Lamar's new cannabis business, where players get to control either Lamar or Franklin. The Contract also adds 17 new vehicles (some of which can be equipped with exclusive upgrades, like armour and remote control, at the Agency), three weapons (the Heavy Rifle, the stun gun, and a compact EMP launcher), various clothing items, a new radio station curated by musicians Rosalía and Arca, and an update to two of the already existing stations, including new music created by Dr. Dre and other artists, such as Anderson .Paak and Snoop Dogg, for the game, released as singles on 4 February 2022.
2022
On 13 January 2022, a new Adversary Mode featuring Franklin and Lamar was added to the game. There was no public announcement from Rockstar regarding the mode, which Kotaku's Zack Zwiezen partly attributed to the ongoing #SaveRedDeadOnline campaign, in which numerous players criticized Rockstar for the lack of new content in Red Dead Online compared to Grand Theft Auto Online. The Criminal Enterprises, released on 26 July, added new missions which see players assuming the role of IAA agents to investigate the recent increase of gasoline prices in San Andreas, as well as an expansion to several previously released businesses—cargo warehouses, biker clubhouses, bunkers, and nightclubs. The update also introduced a number of new vehicles, customization options, and long-requested quality-of-life improvements, such as an increased payout and lower setup cost for older Heists, a reworked Interaction Menu, and the ability to sell products from all businesses in non-public sessions. Several other features, such as a car showroom which allows players to test drive vehicles before purchasing them, were introduced in the weeks following the update's release.
Los Santos Drug Wars, released on 13 December, introduced new story missions, vehicles, and clothing items, as well as a new social place, "The Freakshop", an abandoned warehouse frequented by juggalos which doubles as a storage for a mobile drug lab, also added with the update. The lab functions similarly to other passive businesses in the game, and can be upgraded to increase its productiveness by completing a new type of side missions, "Fooligan Jobs". The update also featured several quality-of-life improvements, such as an increased payout for the smuggling business and the ability to hide phone contacts. On 22 December, new Christmas-themed weapons and clothing items were added for a limited time, along with snowman collectibles and two random events (one inspired by the 1988 film Die Hard and the other by Dr. Seuss' Grinch character) that have a chance of triggering in the open world.
2023
On 16 February 2023, a new multi-floor vehicle garage, shop robbery random events, collectible drug caches, and street dealers (who function similarly to the drug dealing minigame from Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars) were added as a continuation of the Los Santos Drug Wars update. On 16 March, the second part of the Los Santos Drug Wars update, titled The Last Dose, was released, featuring new story missions, vehicles and clothing items. San Andreas Mercenaries, released on 13 June, added new missions, mercenary work called "LSA Operations", an expansion to the hangar business, and several new vehicles, clothing items, and a new weapon (the Tactical SMG). The update also featured a number of quality-of-life improvements and other changes, including the ability to make an insurance claim for all destroyed player-owned vehicles at once, the removal of lesser-used vehicles from in-game websites, and new features for the in-game content creation tool. A new premium vehicle service called The Vinewood Car Club was also made available exclusively for players subscribed to GTA+.
Released on 12 December, The Chop Shop update introduced a new business, the Salvage Yard, which is used as a front to perform high-stakes vehicle robberies in collusion with Yusuf Amir (Omid Djalili), returning from Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony. It also added new vehicles, including purchasable law enforcement vehicles, races and a new weapon (the Battle Rifle). Furthermore, animals were added to the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S versions of the game, after previously being exclusive to Grand Theft Auto V, while The Vinewood Garage, a new garage with 100 available parking spaces, was introduced exclusively for players subscribed to GTA+.
2024
On 7 March 2024, The Cluckin' Bell Farm Raid, a series of Heist-like missions, were added as a continuation of The Chop Shop update, alongside several new vehicles and clothing items. On 25 June, the Bottom Dollar Bounties update was released, introducing a new bail enforcement agency which sees players acting as bounty hunters, capturing fugitive criminals in exchange for monetary rewards. The update also added "Dispatch Work", a new type of side missions similar to the vigilante missions from previous Grand Theft Auto games, and several new vehicles.
Reception
Many reviewers bemoaned their initial play experience as Grand Theft Auto Online suffered widespread technical issues at launch. Destructoid's Chris Carter felt the "messy launch" should have been delayed and IGN's Keza MacDonald lamented her "disastrous" play sessions. Digital Spy's Liam Martin lost his character data and considered the technical issues dwarfed pre-launch anticipation. Some reviewers generally praised the game's open-ended and dynamic content; VideoGamer's Jon Denton thought the gameplay's "endlessness" made up for its problems and Digital Spy's Martin complimented the game's scope.
Its PlayStation 4 and Xbox One re-release received similar critical reactions. IGN's Dan Stapleton reported low player counts in matches, long wait times in lobbies, server disconnection and occasional crashes. "Because of that," he wrote, "I can't strongly recommend ... the multiplayer experience alone". VideoGamer.com found progression more streamlined and balanced than before and thought the "grind of just doing PvP until co-op Jobs arrive with regularity" was lost. However, they noted frequent server disconnection, especially during load screens. Game Informer's Andrew Reiner reported "minimal lag or issues in the expanded firefights and races".
Other game aspects received similar criticism. The character creation system was panned as unintuitive with resulting unattractive avatars. IGN's MacDonald thought the gameplay's "addictive rhythm" eventually faltered as errands became a monotony. GameSpot's Carolyn Petit thought the game's early mission palette was marred by "bland last team standing deathmatches". Eurogamer's Rich Stanton found cooperative gameplay repetitive as players completed the same menial objective cycle. GameSpot's Mark Walton thought the frenetic action lacked direction, with PvP an "unending cycle of pointless slaughter". He considered the reputation system a weak deterrent against foul play and thought the unbalanced game economy was further hindered by low mission payouts.
Reception has improved over time. VG247's Patrick Garratt felt the San Andreas Flight School update incentivised player engagement with the oft-neglected aircraft missions by offering more liberal reward payouts. Digital Spy's Martin thought the Heists update encouraged teamwork and "pinpoint coordination", while IGN's Ryan McCaffrey found high replay value in the heists' volatile action. Eurogamer's Stanton enjoyed the strategic planning necessary to pull off a successful heist and thought players were required to think on their feet and adapt to changing scenarios. He further noted occasional gameplay pacing issues and technical hiccups such as mid-mission server disconnection.
The game won Best Multiplayer at the 10th British Academy Games Awards and from GameTrailers. Game Revolution and Hardcore Gamer nominated it for Biggest Disappointment. At the 2019 Golden Joystick Awards, the game was nominated for Still Playing and won Best Game Expansion for The Diamond Casino & Resort. Take-Two Interactive, Rockstar's parent company, stated that by February 2014, 70 percent of Grand Theft Auto V players with Internet access had played Grand Theft Auto Online, and that the game's micro-transactions system was the largest contributor to the company's digital revenue since the launch of Grand Theft Auto Online.
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WIKI
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Stool test
A stool test is a medical diagnostic technique that involves the collection and analysis of fecal matter. Microbial analysis (culturing), microscopy and chemical tests are among the tests performed on stool samples.
Collection
Stool samples should be sent to the laboratory as soon as possible after collection and should not be refrigerated prior to by the laboratory.
Visual examination
The patient and/or health care worker in the office or at the bedside is able to make some important observations.
* Color
* Texture/consistency—formed
* Classify type of feces (diagnostic triad for irritable bowel syndrome) based on Bristol stool scale
Cancer screening
Fecal occult blood test and fecal immunochemical test are the most common stool tests to diagnose many conditions that caused by bleeding in the gastrointestinal system, including colorectal cancer or stomach cancer. The American College of Gastroenterology has recommended the abandoning of gFOBT testing as a colorectal cancer screening tool, in favor of the fecal immunochemical test (FIT). The newer and recommended tests look for globin, DNA, or other blood factors including transferrin, while conventional stool guaiac tests look for heme.
Cancers, and to a lesser extent, precancerous lesions, shed abnormal cells into the stool. Cancers and precancerous lesions (polyps) that are ulcerated or rubbed by passing stool also may shed blood into the stool, which can be identified by a hemoglobin assay.
The American Cancer Society and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommended colorectal cancer screening with a fecal immunochemical test every year, or a multi-target stool DNA test for every three years from the age of 45. Other options include a sigmoidoscopy or virtual colonoscopy (CT colonography) for every five years or a colonoscopy for every 10 years. Fecal occult blood test is no longer recommended due to the high false-positive rate as well as the dietary and pharmaceutical restrictions. The National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) issued an update to the Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set (HEDIS) for 2017, while the guideline remains for the patients aged 50 or over.
A multi-target stool DNA test was approved in August 2014 by the FDA as a screening test for non-symptomatic, average-risk adults 50 years or older. A 2017 study found this testing to be less cost effective compared to colonoscopy or fecal occult blood testing. Three-year multi-target stool DNA test has been estimated to cost $11,313 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY) compared with no screening.
Microbiology tests
Parasitic diseases such as ascariasis, hookworm, strongyloidiasis and whipworm can be diagnosed by examining stools under a microscope for the presence of worm larvae or eggs. Some bacterial diseases can be detected with a stool culture. Toxins from bacteria such as Clostridium difficile ("C. diff.") can also be identified. Viruses such as rotavirus can also be found in stools. Other stool tests involve the detection of antibiotic resistance as to guide appropriate therapy, e.g. Clarithromycin resistance of Helicobacter pylori represents a major challenge in eradication therapy but the responsible bacterial genomic markers can be detected in stool using PCR technology and thus can guide the prescription of the appropriate antibiotics to specific patients.
Chemical tests
A fecal pH test may be used to determine lactose intolerance or the presence of an infection. Steatorrhea can be diagnosed using a fecal fat test, which checks for the malabsorption of fat.
Faecal elastase levels are becoming the mainstay of pancreatitis diagnosis.
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WIKI
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User:Leela0808/sandbox/LGBT editathon
'Wikimedia LGBT+ editathon and digitization workshop at Bradford College · Saturday 11th February 2017'' · Add your name here and Register here
Date and location
* 11th February 2017 · | Bradford College Group Institute of Technology · · Google Map
* 12:00 pm through to 3.00pm
* The Institute is part of Bradford College, and is a two minute walk from Bradford Interchange or a ten minute walk from Bradford Forster Square
* The building is wheelchair accessible. Please contact us in advance if you have specific needs so we can accommodate these.
Format
* 12:00 Introduction to LGBT+ history month (speaker tbd)
* 12:10 What is Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons and what can we achieve in an afternoon?
* 12.30 Split into interest groups and coaching session for newbies.
* 14.30 Group discussion and review (including ideas for future work)
* 15.00 Close
Registration
Please add your username below by writing ~ so we can plan for numbers attending.
* User:Leela0808 (talk) Leela0808 (talk) 16:53, 2 February 2017 (UTC)
Create
* No Bath, But Plenty of Bubbles – oral history of the Gay Liberation Front by Lisa Power (Stonewall founder
* Matt Shepard is a Friend of Mine film article – use Cultural depictions of Matthew Shepard as basis
* Pride Arts - Bradford arts organisation aiming to support LGBTQ themes, actors and subjects in theater.
* Bradford Pride
Expand
* AARGH (Artists Against Rampant Government Homophobia) article stub
* Terry George (entrepreneur) article stub
* Joy Brook article stub
* Leeds Pride article stub
* Bradford City A.F.C. - Add section on new LGBT+ supporters group
Amend
* Anne Lister - expand content about the challenges she faced as a gay woman.
* BBC link
* Jstor link
* Nicola Adams - add recent news
Add images
* John Wolfenden, Baron Wolfenden
* Tony Richardson
* AIDS education posters on Wikimedia Commons can be added to Wikipedia articles
Contacts
This event is supported by Bradford College and Wikimedia UK. Please contact Leela0808 for more information You can click here to send an email
Experienced helpers/trainers for the editathon will be: TBD
Links
* A huge report of LGBT+ related articles on Wikipedia needing clean-up.
*<EMAIL_ADDRESS>email discussion list, join here!
* WikiProject LGBT studies
* UK_LGBT_Archive - archive content is CC-BY-SA 3.0 so can be copied if relevant - check sources meet WP standards
* Bradford LGBT History month - tweet @lgbtbd and use #LGBTHM17
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WIKI
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Talk:Menispermum canadense
Editing boldly
Two of the three Internet citations return error 404. The site that discusses medicinal uses actually warns their information is unreliable and about a century out of date. The University of Wisconsin at Green Bay cautions that consumption can be fatal. I am removing all reference to the "usefulness" of eating this plant as dangerous and unreliably sourced. Durova 23:30, 12 January 2006 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Requiem (film)
The result of the debate was keep. Johnleemk | Talk 14:18, 22 January 2006 (UTC)
Requiem (film)
Article (somewhat) about a movie yet to be released. Delete as not yet noteable. --InShaneee 04:02, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
* Delete as non-notable. Wikipedia is not a crystal ball. Transwiki dicdef if there's anything salvageable. —Quarl (talk) 2006-01-17 05:29Z
* Delete as unverifiable. Probably not notable. —gorgan_almighty 14:56, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
* Keep unless you are planning to AfD all of these too. I don't really see how this is different to any of the other upcoming films we have articles for. - N (talk) 16:43, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
* Strong Keep. IMDB indicates it's already been shown at a Bavarian film festival, has won an award, and is set for general release on March 2. Article should be expanded by someone who can read the German-language media reports, not deleted. Monicasdude 18:01, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
* Keep, fairly obvious that production is complete. Can claim notability.Bjones 18:03, 17 January 2006 (UTC)
* Keep. Film is complete, by notable director, about a notable incident, and will actually be released in less than two months (see ). Kusma (討論) 01:48, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
* Keep. I think covering upcoming films is okay so long as we include only sourced speculation or details. This looks okay, although it would be good to know who's "announced" it. James James 02:49, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
* Keep this is verifiable enough for me . Now if it were saying "rumor is this movie is being planned..." then yeah, crystal ball issues. But many "upcoming events" are based on announced facts, not backroom speculation, and this is one of those cases. Nice cleanup Nzd. --W.marsh 04:52, 18 January 2006 (UTC)
* Keep, obviously. It'll definitely deserve an article when the film comes out, so deleting it now and readding it later on would be a bit silly. -- Schnee (cheeks clone) 01:50, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
* Keep. Verifiable, notable, what else can I say? --Andylkl [ talk! 12:36, 19 January 2006 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Will this also work in linux and mac
juliusctw
31-10-2008 06:16:40
Hello
Will this also work in linux and mac like the version pjcast had?
Kreso
01-11-2008 23:22:56
in the end, yes.
juliusctw
02-11-2008 06:01:41
hello
i'm glad you are doing this, because I have been using this library for a long time, it works fine, but the frame rate issue has been very annoying, it is especially bad during a seek.
i also implemented my own version, using audiere instead of audacity, but I was never able to solve the frame rate drop issue perfectly,
if you choose to use audiere for sound, it works great in linux, but it seems to have some fundamental problems in windows that causes crashes, just to let you know. I ended up using openAL for windows sound and audiere for linux, and I have been waiting for someone who can get it working
Fmod is proprietary by the way
Kreso
02-11-2008 11:00:02
you implemented you own audio driver for the library or you just play audio seperatley?
I'm more for OpenAL and integration with OgreAL (as a suplementary source file, not built into the library).
yeah, I know FMod costs but some companies prefer it. I won't make a fmod interface because we don't use it, but if someoene does want to, I've documented the code very well on the wiki so it should be easy to get into it.
juliusctw
03-11-2008 23:53:48
I overwrote this class
audiere::RefImplementation<audiere::SampleSource>
i agree that openal is the best bet
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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