Document
stringlengths 87
1.67M
| Source
stringclasses 5
values |
|---|---|
2017 PDC World Darts Championship
The 2017 William Hill World Darts Championship was the 24th World Championship organised by the Professional Darts Corporation since it separated from the British Darts Organisation. The event took place at Alexandra Palace in London from 15 December 2016 to 2 January 2017.
Phil Taylor made a 28th successive appearance at a World Championship (including the BDO version), equalling the record of John Lowe.
For the first time in the history of the World Darts Championship (PDC and BDO), no Englishman progressed to the semi-finals. It was also the first time since 2009 that the final was contested by the top 2 seeds.
Michael van Gerwen set a new record for the highest World Darts Championship 3-dart average (114.05) in his semi-final victory over Raymond van Barneveld, breaking a 15-year record that had been held by Phil Taylor since 2002 (111.21); Van Barneveld himself set a new record for the highest losing 3-dart average (109.34) in the same tie, just 5 days after Cristo Reyes had broken the record in his second-round match (106.07), also against Van Gerwen.
Van Gerwen won his second World Championship title by defeating two-times defending champion Gary Anderson 7–3 in the final. The match also featured 42 180s, which is a record for a match commissioned by the Professional Darts Cooperation.
Format
The field consisted of 72 players, including 16 in a preliminary round. Therefore, 64 players were entered into Round 1. The schedule was announced on 15 July 2016.
The 72 players consist of:
* Top 32 players in the PDC Main Order of Merit
* Top 16 Pro Tour Order of Merit players
* Top 4 European players from the Pro Tour Order of Merit
* 16 International qualifiers
* 4 PDPA qualifiers
Prize money
The prize money was £1,650,000 in total. The winner's prize money was increased from £300,000 to £350,000. Prize money for a nine-dart finish was originally set at £5,000, but the PDC increased it to £25,000 due to 'the stature of the tournament', though none were thrown.
Qualifiers
The draw was made on 28 November live on Sky Sports News. The preliminary round draw was made the previous night.
Order of Merit
* 1) Michael van Gerwen
* 2) Gary Anderson
* 3) Peter Wright
* 4) 🏴 Phil Taylor
* 5) 🏴 Adrian Lewis
* 6) 🏴 James Wade
* 7) 🏴 Dave Chisnall
* 8) 🇦🇹 Mensur Suljović
* 9) Robert Thornton
* 10) Jelle Klaasen
* 11) 🏴 Michael Smith
* 12) Raymond van Barneveld
* 13) 🇧🇪 Kim Huybrechts
* 14) 🏴 Ian White
* 15) Benito van de Pas
* 16) 🏴 Stephen Bunting
* 17) 🇦🇺 Simon Whitlock
* 18) 🏴 Terry Jenkins
* 19) 🏴 Gerwyn Price
* 20) Vincent van der Voort
* 21) 🏴 Alan Norris
* 22) 🏴 Mervyn King
* 23) Brendan Dolan
* 24) Daryl Gurney
* 25) 🏴 Mark Webster
* 26) 🏴 Justin Pipe
* 27) 🏴 Steve Beaton
* 28) 🇦🇺 Kyle Anderson
* 29) 🏴 Joe Cullen
* 30) 🏴 Jamie Caven
* 31) 🏴 Jamie Lewis
* 32) John Henderson
* 33) Cristo Reyes
Pro Tour
* 1) 🏴 James Wilson
* 2) 🏴 Steve West
* 3) 🏴 Chris Dobey
* 4) 🏴 Robbie Green
* 5) 🏴 Josh Payne
* 6) Jermaine Wattimena
* 7) 🇧🇪 Ronny Huybrechts
* 8) 🏴 Joe Murnan
* 9) 🏴 Darren Webster
* 10) Devon Petersen
* 11) 🇦🇹 Rowby-John Rodriguez
* 12) Christian Kist
* 13) 🏴 Jonny Clayton
* 14) 🏴 Ricky Evans
* 15) 🏴 Andrew Gilding
* 16) 🏴 Kevin Painter
European Pro Tour
* 1) Jeffrey de Graaf
* 2) 🇩🇪 Max Hopp
* 3) 🇧🇪 Dimitri Van den Bergh
* 4) Ron Meulenkamp
PDPA Qualifier First round qualifier
* 🏴 Mark Frost
Preliminary round qualifiers
* 🏴 Kevin Simm
* 🏴 Simon Stevenson
* 🏴 John Bowles
International qualifiers
First round qualifiers Preliminary round qualifiers
* 🇸🇪 Magnus Caris
* 🇮🇪 Mick McGowan
* John Michael
* 🇦🇺 Corey Cadby
* 🇯🇵 Masumi Chino
* Jerry Hendriks
* 🇩🇪 Dragutin Horvat
* 🇷🇺 Boris Koltsov
* 🇦🇹 Zoran Lerchbacher
* 🇳🇿 Warren Parry
* 🇦🇺 David Platt
* Tengku Shah
* 🇨🇦 Ross Snook
* 🇨🇳 Sun Qiang
* Gilbert Ulang
* 🇫🇮 Kim Viljanen
* 1 Kyle Anderson, who would have been the 28th seed, withdrew from the tournament after being unable to secure a British visa. As a result, Cristo Reyes moved into the top 32 seeds, and 2004 runner-up Kevin Painter qualified through the Pro Tour.
Preliminary round
Best of three sets.
Top averages
This table shows the highest averages achieved by players throughout the tournament. * The highest average in the history of the PDC World Championship.
** The highest losing average in the history of the PDC World Championship.
*** The highest losing average in the final of a PDC World Championship.
Representation from different countries
This table shows the number of players by country in the World Championship, the total number including the preliminary round. Twenty-two countries were represented in the World Championship, one less than in the previous championship.
Media coverage
The tournament was available in the following countries on these channels:
† Sky Sports F1 was renamed as Sky Sports Darts for the duration of the tournament.
|
WIKI
|
Son of Man (The Wednesday Play)
"Son of Man" is a British television play by playwright Dennis Potter which was first broadcast on BBC1 on 16 April 1969, in The Wednesday Play slot. An alternative depiction of the last days of Jesus, Son of Man was directed by Gareth Davies and starred Northern Irish actor Colin Blakely. The play was shot on videotape over three days on a very limited budget: Potter was later to say that the set "looks as though it's trembling and about to fall down."
Controversy
The treatment of the subject matter led to Potter's being accused of blasphemy by Christian morality campaigner Mary Whitehouse. Blakely's burly, disheveled Jesus was depicted as being tormented by seizures and self-doubt, repeatedly crying out, "Is it me?", as he struggles with his own nature as God incarnate whilst being vulnerable to human frailty. Potter's work focuses on Jesus's message of universal love, but eschews any mention of miracles or the resurrection. Potter's Jesus believes that people should try to love their enemies rather than fight all the time, but is racked by self-doubt as to whether or not he is the popularly-anticipated Messiah. In one of the play's most oft-cited moments, Jesus examines an upright cross recently used for crucifixion, admires the quality of its timber, and sighs, "You should have stayed a tree, and I should have stayed a carpenter." The character of Judas Iscariot is identified with the rich young man of the synoptic gospels and Pontius Pilate is depicted as a callous and wily political manipulator who recognizes the danger of Jesus' teachings upsetting the Roman status quo; Pilate therefore means to have Jesus executed whilst appearing outwardly reluctant to give the order, leaving the Jewish Sanhedrin the blame. The Jewish high priest Caiaphas is depicted as caught between appeasement of the Roman occupiers and the satisfaction of a Messiah-hungry Jerusalem; both Pilate and Caiaphas show moments of doubt when they condemn Jesus. The play fades to black upon the death of Jesus on the cross.
Cast
* Colin Blakely as Jesus
* Robert Hardy as Pontius Pilate
* Bernard Hepton as Caiaphas
* Brian Blessed as Peter
* Edward Hardwicke as Judas Iscariot
* Godfrey Quigley as the Roman Commander
* Patricia Lawrence as Procla
* Gawn Grainger as Andrew
* Clive Graham as Roman Centurion
* Godfrey James as 1st Soldier
* Eric Mason as 2nd Soldier
* Brian Spink as Zealot
* Hugh Futcher as 1st Heckler
* Raymond Witch as 2nd Heckler
* Robin Chadwick as Young Officer
* Colin Rix as James
* Walter Hall as Philip
* Wendy Allnutt as Ruth
* Keith Campbell as 1st Priest
* Edmund Bennett as 2nd Priest
* Allan Lawrance as Money Changed
* Paul Prescott as Man in Crowd
* George Desmond as Leper
* Polly Murch as Woman Possessed
* Peter Beton as Beaten Samaritan
* Edmund Bailey as 3rd Heckler
* David Cannon as Beggar
* Roy Stewart and Dinny Powell as Boxers
Crew
* Written by Dennis Potter
* Music: Carmel College Choir (Choirmaster: Martin Fogell)
* Lighting: Robert Wright
* Sound: Bryan Forgham
* Costumes: Dinah Collin
* Makeup: Sandra Hurll
* Story Editor: Shaun MacLoughlin
* Designer: Spencer Chapman
* Producer: Graeme MacDonald
* Director: Gareth Davies
Stage version
Potter's play was also adapted for the stage and played at the Roundhouse, London, with Frank Finlay in the leading role. The stage version of Son of Man was first produced on 22 October 1969, at the Phoenix Theatre, Leicester.
Phoenix Theatre cast
* Frank Finlay as Jesus
* Joseph O'Conor as Pontius Pilate
* Ian Mullins as Caiaphas
* David Daker as Peter
* David Henry as the Roman Commander
* Linda Polan as Procla
* Stanley Lebor as Andrew
* Wendy Allnutt as Ruth
Legacy
"Son of Man" co-stars Colin Blakely and Robert Hardy would both portray the eccentric Siegfried Farnon from the James Herriot books; Blakely in the 1975 film It Shouldn't Happen to a Vet and Hardy in the 1978-1990 television series All Creatures Great and Small.
Colin Blakely would appear in another televised dramatization of the life and death of Jesus Christ; he played Caiaphas in the 1980 American television film The Day Christ Died (in which the role of Jesus was played by Chris Sarandon).
Interviewed by The Guardian in 2020, Irish actor Ciarán Hinds listed the 1969 broadcast of Son of Man as one of his "teenage obsessions":
"I was 16 in 1969. On Wednesdays, they used to put on a play and make it work for television. Not like you would see in the theatre. I always remember this remarkable piece by Dennis Potter, the most extraordinary interpretation of Jesus Christ I’ve ever seen and probably ever will. Christ was played by this brilliant Northern Irish actor, Colin Blakely. Instead of playing Christ as a beatific, holy, gentle person, he played him as a raging, furious, sweaty human being with doubts and fears. He really believed that he was just a carpenter and a man of the earth. I remember thinking that it felt so dangerous. We had been brought up to believe that Christ had evolved from God and that he was the son of God. Potter alluding to him as a human being meant suddenly there were all these new ideas to believe in. It was really wonderful and exhilarating."
"Son of Man" has been repeated on television but, to date, has never received an official release on any physical home entertainment format.
|
WIKI
|
Babies cry more in UK, Canada and Italy, less in Germany, study finds
LONDON (Reuters) - Babies cry more in Britain, Canada, Italy and Netherlands than in other countries, while newborns in Denmark, Germany and Japan cry and fuss the least, researchers said on Monday. In research looking at how much babies around the world cry in their first three months, psychologists from Britain have created the first universal charts for normal amounts of crying during that period. “Babies are already very different in how much they cry in the first weeks of life,” said Dieter Wolker, who led the study at Warwick University. “We may learn more from looking at cultures where there is less crying — (including) whether this may be due to parenting or other factors relating to pregnancy experiences or genetics.” The highest levels of colic – defined as crying more than three hours a day for at least three days a week – were found in babies in Britain, Canada and Italy, while the lowest colic rates were found in Denmark and Germany. On average, the study found, babies cry for around two hours a day in the first two weeks. They then cry a little more in the following few weeks until they peak at around two hours 15 minutes a day at six weeks. This then reduces to an average of one hour 10 minutes by the time they are 12 weeks old. But there are wide variations, with some babies crying as little as 30 minutes a day, and others more than five hours. The research, published in the Journal of Pediatrics, was a meta-analysis of studies covering some 8,700 babies in countries including Germany, Denmark, Japan, Canada, Italy, the Netherlands and Britain. Wolker said the new crying chart would help health workers reassure parents whether their baby is crying within a normal range in the first three months, or may need extra support. Reporting by Kate Kelland; Editing by Catherine Evans
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Friday, July 30, 2021
More
Binary Tree All In One
Must Read
Programmerhttp://www.improgrammer.net
We started this site to inspire young minds to motivate and encourage them towards Programming Language. In this site you will get programming tutorials, tech, programming facts, programming fun and programming blogs.
A binary tree is either empty or consists of a node called the root together with two binary trees called the left subtree and the right subtree.
root
/ \
left right
/ \ / \
Some Facts:
• If h = height of a binary tree,
• max # of leaves = 2h
• max # of nodes = 2h + 1 – 1
• Total number of binary trees having n nodes
• = number of stack-realizable permutations of length n
• = number of well-formed parentheses (with n left parentheses and n right parentheses)
• =(1/n+1)(2n C n) [Catalan Number]A binary tree with height h and 2h + 1 – 1 nodes (or 2h leaves) is called a full binary tree
• A binary tree with n nodes is said to be complete if it contains all the first n nodes of the following numbering scheme
1
/ \
2 3
/ \ /
4 5 6
• .Following is not complete binary tree
4
/ \
2 7
/ \ \
1 3 9
• In a (balanced) binary tree with m nodes, moving from one level to the next requires one comparison, and there are log_2(m) levels, for a total of log_2(m) comparisons.
• In contrast, an n-ary tree will require log_2(n) comparisons (using a binary search) to move to the next level. Since there are log_n(m) total levels, the search will require log_2(n)*log_n(m) = log_2(m) comparisons total. So, though n-ary trees are more complex, they provide no advantage in terms of total comparisons necessary.
• The reason that binary trees are used more often than n-ary trees for searching is that n-ary trees are more complex, but usually provide no real speed advantage.
Binary Tree Traversal:
1. Preorder
Visit root, visit left subtree in preorder, visit right subtree in preorder
2. Postorder
Visit left subtree in postorder, right subtree in postorder, then the root
3. Inorder
Visit left subtree in inorder, then the root, then the right subtree in inorder
Example 1:
1
/ \
2 3
Pre: 123 (root, left, right)
In : 213 (left, root, right)
Post : 231 (left, right, root)
Example 2 :
1
\
2
\
3
Pre: 123 (root, left, right)
In : 123 (left, root, right)
Post : 321 (left, right, root)
Programming perspective
A binary tree is a structure comprising nodes, where each node has the following 3 components:
1. Data element: Stores any kind of data in the node
2. Left pointer: Points to the tree on the left side of node
3. Right pointer: Points to the tree on the right side of the node
As the name suggests, the data element stores any kind of data in the node.
The left and right pointers point to binary trees on the left and right side of the node respectively.
If a tree is empty, it is represented by a null pointer.
Commonly-used terminologies
• Root: Top node in a tree
• Child: Nodes that are next to each other and connected downwards
• Parent: Converse notion of child
• Siblings: Nodes with the same parent
• Descendant: Node reachable by repeated proceeding from parent to child
• Ancestor: Node reachable by repeated proceeding from child to parent.
• Leaf: Node with no children
• Internal node: Node with at least one child
• External node: Node with no children
Binary Tree Java Implementation :
/*
* Binary Tree Java Implementation
* Includes tree traversal. (Preorder, Postorder, Inorder)
*/
import java.util.Scanner;
/* Class BTNode */
class BTNode
{
BTNode left, right;
int data;
/* Constructor */
public BTNode()
{
left = null;
right = null;
data = 0;
}
/* Constructor */
public BTNode(int n)
{
left = null;
right = null;
data = n;
}
/* Function to set left node */
public void setLeft(BTNode n)
{
left = n;
}
/* Function to set right node */
public void setRight(BTNode n)
{
right = n;
}
/* Function to get left node */
public BTNode getLeft()
{
return left;
}
/* Function to get right node */
public BTNode getRight()
{
return right;
}
/* Function to set data to node */
public void setData(int d)
{
data = d;
}
/* Function to get data from node */
public int getData()
{
return data;
}
}
/* Class BT */
class BT
{
private BTNode root;
/* Constructor */
public BT()
{
root = null;
}
/* Function to check if tree is empty */
public boolean isEmpty()
{
return root == null;
}
/* Functions to insert data */
public void insert(int data)
{
root = insert(root, data);
}
/* Function to insert data recursively */
private BTNode insert(BTNode node, int data)
{
if (node == null)
node = new BTNode(data);
else
{
if (node.getRight() == null)
node.right = insert(node.right, data);
else
node.left = insert(node.left, data);
}
return node;
}
/* Function to count number of nodes */
public int countNodes()
{
return countNodes(root);
}
/* Function to count number of nodes recursively */
private int countNodes(BTNode r)
{
if (r == null)
return 0;
else
{
int l = 1;
l += countNodes(r.getLeft());
l += countNodes(r.getRight());
return l;
}
}
/* Function to search for an element */
public boolean search(int val)
{
return search(root, val);
}
/* Function to search for an element recursively */
private boolean search(BTNode r, int val)
{
if (r.getData() == val)
return true;
if (r.getLeft() != null)
if (search(r.getLeft(), val))
return true;
if (r.getRight() != null)
if (search(r.getRight(), val))
return true;
return false;
}
/* Function for inorder traversal */
public void inorder()
{
inorder(root);
}
private void inorder(BTNode r)
{
if (r != null)
{
inorder(r.getLeft());
System.out.print(r.getData() +" ");
inorder(r.getRight());
}
}
/* Function for preorder traversal */
public void preorder()
{
preorder(root);
}
private void preorder(BTNode r)
{
if (r != null)
{
System.out.print(r.getData() +" ");
preorder(r.getLeft());
preorder(r.getRight());
}
}
/* Function for postorder traversal */
public void postorder()
{
postorder(root);
}
private void postorder(BTNode r)
{
if (r != null)
{
postorder(r.getLeft());
postorder(r.getRight());
System.out.print(r.getData() +" ");
}
}
}
/* Class BinaryTree */
public class BinaryTree
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner scan = new Scanner(System.in);
/* Creating object of BT */
BT bt = new BT();
/* Perform tree operations */
System.out.println("Binary Tree Test\n");
char ch;
do
{
System.out.println("\nBinary Tree Operations\n");
System.out.println("1. insert ");
System.out.println("2. search");
System.out.println("3. count nodes");
System.out.println("4. check empty");
int choice = scan.nextInt();
switch (choice)
{
case 1 :
System.out.println("Enter integer element to insert");
bt.insert( scan.nextInt() );
break;
case 2 :
System.out.println("Enter integer element to search");
System.out.println("Search result : "+ bt.search( scan.nextInt() ));
break;
case 3 :
System.out.println("Nodes = "+ bt.countNodes());
break;
case 4 :
System.out.println("Empty status = "+ bt.isEmpty());
break;
default :
System.out.println("Wrong Entry \n ");
break;
}
/* Display tree */
System.out.print("\nPost order : ");
bt.postorder();
System.out.print("\nPre order : ");
bt.preorder();
System.out.print("\nIn order : ");
bt.inorder();
System.out.println("\n\nDo you want to continue (Type y or n) \n");
ch = scan.next().charAt(0);
} while (ch == 'Y'|| ch == 'y');
}
}
Applications of binary trees
• Binary Search Tree – Used in many search applications where data is constantly entering/leaving, such as the map and set objects in many languages’ libraries. These are a data structure in which searching, insertion, and removal are all very fast (about log(n) operations).
• Binary Space Partition – Used in almost every 3D video game to determine what objects need to be rendered.
• Binary Tries – Used in almost every high-bandwidth router for storing router-tables.
• Hash Trees – used in p2p programs and specialized image-signatures in which a hash needs to be verified, but the whole file is not available.
• Heaps – Used in implementing efficient priority-queues, which in turn are used for scheduling processes in many operating systems, Quality-of-Service in routers, and A* (path-finding algorithm used in AI applications, including robotics and video games). Also used in heap-sort.
• Huffman Coding Tree – used in compression algorithms, such as those used by the .jpeg and .mp3 file-formats.
• GGM Trees – Used in cryptographic applications to generate a tree of pseudo-random numbers.
• Syntax Tree – Constructed by compilers and (implicitly) calculators to parse expressions.
• Treap – Randomized data structure used in wireless networking and memory allocation.
• T-tree – Though most databases use some form of B-tree to store data on the drive, databases which keep all (most) their data in memory often use T-trees to do so.
• a Manipulate hierarchical data
• Make information easy to search (see tree traversal)
• Manipulate sorted lists of data
• Use as a workflow for compositing digital images for visual effects
• Use in router algorithms
Comment or email us [email protected] if you have any questions related to binary tree.
Latest Articles
More Recipes Like This
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Validity and reliability of the German multidimensional fatigue inventory in spinal muscular atrophy
Camilla Binz, Alma Osmanovic, Nele H. Thomas, Benjamin Stolte, Maren Freigang, Isabell Cordts, Ramona Griep, Zeljko Uzelac, Claudia D. Wurster, Christoph Kamm, Hannah A. Siegler, Gary Wieselmann, Andreas Hermann, Paul Lingor, Marcus Deschauer, Albert C. Ludolph, Thomas Meyer, René Günther, Tim Hagenacker, Susanne PetriOlivia Schreiber-Katz
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
5 Scopus citations
Abstract
Objective: Fatigue is a common and burdensome symptom of spinal muscular atrophy. Given its complex interactions, different dimensions of fatigue need to be investigated. The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory is a widely used instrument that captures five distinct dimensions. The aim of this study was to investigate the validity and reliability of the German Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory in spinal muscular atrophy and to evaluate the presence of clinically relevant fatigue. Methods: One hundred and forty adult spinal muscular atrophy patients completed the Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory in a nationwide, multicenter, cross-sectional study. Structural validity was explored using principal component analysis. Cronbach’s α was calculated to evaluate internal consistency. Convergent validity was assessed by correlation with a Visual Analog Scale for fatigue and the EuroQol-Five Dimension-Five Level Scale as a measure of quality of life. Results: The original five-component model of the questionnaire constituted an acceptable fit. Internal consistency and convergent validity of general, physical, mental fatigue, and reduced activity were good. We observed a floor effect for mental fatigue. While physical fatigue exceeded the cutoff for clinically relevant fatigue, all dimensions but reduced motivation correlated negatively with quality of life. Age, depression, and ≥4 copies of the survival motor neuron 2 gene were associated with higher general/physical fatigue; unemployed participants reported higher scores for reduced activity/motivation. Interpretation: The Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory is a valid and reliable instrument to assess different dimensions of fatigue in spinal muscular atrophy. Fatigue is a relevant problem in spinal muscular atrophy and its assessment should be incorporated into standard care.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)351-362
Number of pages12
JournalAnnals of Clinical and Translational Neurology
Volume9
Issue number3
DOIs
StatePublished - Mar 2022
Externally publishedYes
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Validity and reliability of the German multidimensional fatigue inventory in spinal muscular atrophy'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Understanding the role the women played in the slave trade and community is important to offer a new dynamic to the study of slave culture in general. Not only were slave women subordinate because of race but they also shared the trials of the oppression of the female gender. Women slaves played a key role in the development of slave communities through the development of African Sexuality, Family Structure and Economic Productivity. It is therefore infinitely important that we must understand the slave trade from a female perspective to understand the development of these slave communities. A- African Sexuality The African female was ascribed not only economic responsibilities when purchased as a slave.
By making a reader empathize with the central character’s passion, this made the reader feel impassioned as well, and was therefore an effective method to raise awareness about an issue at hand. In fact, Harriet Beecher Stowe, a dedicated abolitionist and teacher at Hartford Female Seminary, used Romanticism in her anti-slavery novel to counteract the notion held by society in the nineteenth century that African American slaves were not capable of feeling emotions. Her novel was largely effective as it created an uproar in the South, swayed moderates to become abolitionists, and was
Plantation Mistress: Woman’s World in the Old South by Catherin Clinton takes a stab at deflating the common myth that women in the south were “chivalrous cavaliers and belles in hoop skirts” (xi). The majority of literature focused on plantation life is placed on the planters themselves, Clinton wants to redirect that focus to the women on the plantations. Her work is centered on the women of higher status, those living on plantations with twenty or more slaves, and their experiences. Clinton makes the argument that Southern white women experienced an oppression parallel to that of the slave class because of the patriarchal system. It is a far stretch to compare the lives of white women to the suffering endured by the slave class.
“Still I Rise” by Maya Angelou and “One Art” by Elizabeth Bishop are two tales of tenacity. Both poems are centered around failure, and were both written by influential, American, female poets, in the 1970s. However, they are two very different perspectives of failure, and two separate kinds of oppression. Elizabeth Bishop writes about an emotional oppression, and the belief that becoming upset can hold people down, and says that not emotional disasters will stop her. Maya Angelou writes about a more literal oppression, as an African American woman of the time period, and her perseverance.
Harriet Jacobs was a freeborn African American woman, who wrote a narrative called, The Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. She was the first woman author to write a slave narrative. She is an African American writer who escaped from slavery. Being a slave in the South was probably the most horrific event that men and women had to go through. In her novel she introduces herself as a young child, who is six years old.
Fighting the Hate of Beauty Toni Morrison is an author who loves to write about black experiences. She published her first book in 1970 were racism was still a big topic. In her novel she like to give people an idea of what the daily struggle it is to be an African American. Morrison is one of the best authors that portrays a struggle in society because she is never scared to write the truth. Some of Morrison works are very vivid to really illustrate the whole picture she paints through the novel.
Having been very integral Black Feminism was a popular subject during the eras of slavery and post slavery, but it was brought to the public by black authors who had a first hand account of the dangers anomaly.. In Zora Neale Hurston’s semi-autobiographical novel
Carmicheal, and you just didn’t get it!” (Page 9-10, line 223-225). She ends the question with an exclamation mark instead of a question mark, to emphasize her rhetorical question. We can see a little bit of irony as well from that quote. Slave ancestry is one of the main theme Levy focus on in the essay, as well as pride. It started by a woman, who shamed another woman by being a descendant of a slave, which inspired Levy to write her book “The Long Song”.
Toni Morrison: The Woman of Racial Justice When an individual looks back on the Civil Rights Movement, they often remember Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. or Malcom X; but what about Toni Morrison? As the 1940s continued to perpetuate the idea of a divided America through segregation and racial violence, Toni was beginning to speak out through her works as a writer. Toni Morrison, who was born as Chloe Anthony Wofford, proved to be a strong supporter of the “Black is Beautiful” campaign and became an active voice for black men and women whose goal was to bring about change in a time of injustice. By including themes of racial pride, beauty, racism, and even bildungsroman in her novel, The Bluest Eye, she was and is still able to engage her readers
Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening have made a chaos back in the late 1890’s when it was first published where women were starting to demand for their rights and was the beginning of the feminine movement. The Awakening is story that revolves around a rebellious woman which is the main protagonist, Edna Pontellier which have gone through an aberration against the Creole society of how women should behave and think. The story is known for how Chopin have developed the way the characters mindsets and behavior which are two elements that influenced Edna and ascended to the ending. Chopin introduced her characters in a clear almost predictable way. And by the way she introduced them she also introduced the idea of living in a Creole society.
The novel, Incidents In The Life Of A Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs, is a powerful novel of a slave girl who would do anything for the freedom of herself and her two children. Jacobs wrote this novel to bring awareness of slavery to Northerner especially to women. Jacobs used the pen name Linda Brent to compiled her lives as a slave to bring and show the reality of slavery; the cruelty, the physical violence, the separation of families, the sexual relationship between master and slave, the psychological abuse, the danger of escaping from bondage.
In the novel titled, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Jacobs, wanted to write about her experiences as a slave and how she managed to escape from slavery. This novel can be entitled to many themes, but the theme that touched me the most was about all the slave women and how they were treated. I think that Jacobs emphasized how for slave women the situation was the worst because they were always viewed as sex objects. I believe that Harriet Jacobs thought that women were expected to obey their masters all the time and had so much responsibilities to do. Jacobs gave reference to all of this by providing her life events; for example when Dr. Flint told her, “you deserve it… to be under such treatment… forget the meaning of the word peace.”
Feminist Harriet Jacobs was a slave in the antebellum period who became the first women to author a slave narrative in the United States. Like many slaves during this time, experienced sexual exploitation from their owners. They were considered nothing more than chattel. Being exposed to these conditions women could not live virtuous lives. How could the beating of any human being be of God?
|
FINEWEB-EDU
|
Kraft Heinz chief marketing officer Luz to depart at end of May
(Reuters) - Kraft Heinz Co’s chief marketing officer, Eduardo Luz, will leave the company at the end of May, a spokesperson for the company said on Saturday. Kraft Heinz’s president of beverages, snacks and desserts, Adam Butler, will take over Luz’s responsibilities on an interim basis, the spokesperson said. Luz’s departure was first reported by CNBC. The company two weeks ago named 30-year marketing veteran Miguel Patricio as its chief executive in April. Patricio succeeds Bernando Hees, who has been CEO since 2015. Kraft Heinz’s second-biggest shareholder, Brazilian private equity fund 3G Capital, has pushed the company to control expenses to tackle higher costs and sluggish growth. In February, Kraft Heinz cut its quarterly dividend and wrote down the value of its Kraft and Oscar Mayer brands, highlighting the tough environment in the packaged food industry. It also disclosed a U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission investigation into the company. Reporting by Sabahatjahan Contractor and Ishita Chigilli Palli in Bengaluru; Editing by Meredith Mazzilli
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Anton Idzkovsky
Anton Leonardovych Idzkovsky (Антон Леонардович Ідзковський, Anton Idzkowski) was a Soviet football and ice hockey player, goalkeeper, and later an administrator for the Football Federation of the Ukrainian SSR. He is honored as the Distinguished Master of Sports (1945) and the Distinguished Coach of Ukraine (1961).
Anton Idzkovsky was an ethnic Pole and Roman Catholic. In interview to Ukrayinskyi Futbol newspaper answering questions about rumors of the Idzkovsky's cooperation with NKVD, the former secretary of Football Federation of the Ukrainian SSR Klavdia Kirianova explained that he was cautious and never talked about his origin.
|
WIKI
|
KNI
KNI can refer to:
* KNI A/S or Greenland Trade, a state-owned retail company in Greenland
* Streaming SIMD Extensions
* Katanning Airport, IATA airport code "KNI"
|
WIKI
|
5 Lessons About 포항출장안마 You Can Learn From Superheroes
What are the different types of massage?
The process of massage is lightly stroking, rolling or pressurizing your muscles. Every massage is designed to promote relaxation and well-being. You can choose from over 250 types of massage. Below are the most sought-after forms of massage, and when they're the best choice for you. These are helpful suggestions to get a massage at home. You don't have to wait until it is too late to discover the therapeutic benefits from massage.
Massage is great for the body, mind and the spirit. It can assist with daily life as well as stress relief. It's also an effective method to treat physical injuries, prevent further damage, and improve range of movement. It's also beneficial for environmental health. Massage has become more and more sought-after in those suffering from injuries. Massage is beneficial for many reasons. Massage can enhance your general health and will provide you with more energy and a sense of well-being.
Medical massages are a specific kind of massage. The purpose of massage is to reduce injury to the body, reduce the chance of injury as well as restore normal functioning. Medical massage can be effective for acute and chronic conditions, as well as for pre- and post-surgical recovery. It's also an excellent choice to control stress levels and physical ailments that are caused by anxiety. It can be very effective in relieving symptoms that are associated with anxiety.
Massages in clinics are different than those offered in a spa. Although both techniques apply pressure to the body there are significant differences. If you are considering an expert, it's crucial to know these differences. It is also important to ensure that your chosen therapist has been trained and is certified to perform the kind of massage you'd like. It may be necessary to pay a little more if you have a specific medical issue that requires a lot of work.
Medical massage is a form of alternative therapies that work by focusing on the body's motor system. This massage can help patients suffering from a range of conditions and relieve the pain they experience. The type of massage you choose to use offers many benefits. Massage therapists have the ability to enhance the health and well-being of you and your body. The type of treatment is particularly beneficial to those suffering from pain or other ailments. While it might not be as efficient as massages in hospitals, nevertheless, it's useful in many situations.
Massage can be a great method to ease discomfort and increase your performance. In addition to increasing blood flow within the body, it will make you feel more alert, energetic and focussed. Massage therapy also helps help reduce stress and anxiety and help you sleep more soundly. If you consider the advantages of massage therapy and relaxation, you'll improve your health quicker. A massage therapist will help you to achieve the ideal condition that you can be in for the rest of your lives. Don't be afraid to go to a massage professional to get a relaxing massage today.
What should you wear while performing massage? That's a common question. Many people are concerned about what kind of clothes they should wear, while others might be concerned about how often they'll expose themselves to massage therapist's hands and fingers. When receiving massage, the best practice is to dress in comfortable loose fitting clothes. Massages that are not required by law may not require the same amount of clothing, while other massages might require that you cover your privates.
Depending on the type of massage you're receiving The process of receiving a massage can take up to an hour. You should allow enough time for yourself to get prepared, relax from the experience, and then enjoy the experience. It is important to be aware of what items you need to use as well as which ones to stay clear of. Also, let your massage therapist be aware of any concerns you may have. Discuss with your massage therapist their oils they employ to ease pain and stress.
The most well-known types of body massage include those that focus on muscles. These are used for various reasons. Massage, for example, could help ease anxiety or relieve joint pain in pregnancy. It may also help you get better sleep, or lessen symptoms of a cold or headache. If you're pregnant, you may be concerned about the risks of a massage. An experienced massage therapist will recommend safe massages for you. Massages can ease anxiety if you're mother.
What are the various types of massage?
Massage therapy is a great way to relieve stress and increase circulation. It is possible to use a range of methods like taps, kneading or strokes. It's beneficial to those with chronic illnesses, because it helps reduce anxiety and stress. You can also use it to treat specific conditions such as cancer-related fatigue insomnia and stress and high blood pressure as well as other health issues. Deep tissue and Swedish massages are two of the most sought-after types.
Massage is a kind of therapy in which the therapist applies pressure to the body with their fingers and hands. The massage therapist is able to tailor the massage for you. There are a variety of styles of massage. The following are the most well-known forms of massage. The type that is most suitable for your requirements will depend on how much pressure you want placed on a specific part of the body. You will be fully covered when you receive the Thai massage.
Massage for lymphatic drainage is a different popular form of massage. This method is beneficial for those suffering from a blocked lymphatic system. The condition can affect the lymphatic system and causes inflammation and painfulness. Doctors often recommend a lymphatic drainage massage for patients recovering from cancer treatment. As cancer treatments typically involve the removal of lymph nodes and radiation can cause damage to these nodes, a lymphatic drainage massages can aid in helping patients heal quicker. It's a helpful treatment that could also ease the pain experienced by stroke victims and cancer patients.
Massage therapists have a variety of styles to choose of when they perform an lymphatic drainage massage. Each person will choose the type of massage they would like. Certain people favor massages that are Swedish technique, while some like the deep tissues and Swedish massage. Although these are just a handful of massage methods, they each have many advantages. You will need to choose the best massage method to suit your needs.
Discuss with the massage therapist what types of massages they provide. There are a variety of massages , and they must be able to accommodate the needs of your. The first four are the most popular. After you have decided which one you 포항출장 want to get, talk with your massage therapist in order to obtain the perfect massage. It is possible to make an appointment online with a professional practitioner. There aren't any restrictions.
image
You can choose from many different types of massages. You can choose one that's best for your needs. As it helps to relax, a lymphatic massage can be a great option for patients with cancer. This is the kind of massage people require after treatment. The therapist must pay attention to the lymphatic system while performing a massage so your body gets the right nutrition. The best type of massage for you will be determined by your physician.
Massages can also boost mood. According to a meta-analysis of research conducted by various practitioners Massage therapists were able to reduce levels of depression and anxiety. The advantages of massage therapy are also evident in your body's health as well as well-being. It is possible to get numerous benefits by having the use of a massage. A massage therapist will be in a position to assist you in determining how best to make use of lymphatic drainage.
The lymphatic massage person is lying on their back, laying in a flat position in their bed. The therapist will use diaphragmatic breathing to start and finish the massage session. The therapist will apply slow, rhythmic strokes in a slow, fluid-filled movement. Starting off with areas not affected by lymphnodes, the therapist then moves to congested zones. The therapist will then vary the duration of massage, the intensity, and the type of treatment utilized.
In addition to the body, massage is beneficial to the mind as well as spirit. The benefits of massage on the mind and spirit are not limited to the body. The effects of a massage affect the heart, the digestion process, breathing, as well as the mental health of the person. This is why a massage is so beneficial. If you're in search of the right massage therapist, be sure to inquire about different styles of massage that are available. It is possible to customize your massage using the perfect professional.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Insurance Companies in Pakistan
The result was delete. Tone 23:03, 25 January 2010 (UTC)
Insurance Companies in Pakistan
* – ( View AfD View log • )
* Delete since WP is not a directory. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 23:56, 19 January 2010 (UTC) -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 23:56, 19 January 2010 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Pakistan-related deletion discussions. -- • Gene93k (talk) 01:35, 20 January 2010 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Lists-related deletion discussions. -- • Gene93k (talk) 01:35, 20 January 2010 (UTC)
* Delete – Fails WP:NOTADIR as the article is just a list of insurance companies. — MC10 ( T • C • GB •L) 03:48, 20 January 2010 (UTC)
* Move to Insurance in Pakistan and stubify. There is a whole Category:Insurance in Pakistan, which only has two articles right now. Precedent exists at Nursing in Pakistan. Bearian (talk) 23:22, 20 January 2010 (UTC)
* Moving it will mean it is still a directory. Also, the existence of the category is not a reason for keeping the article. There should be a Insurance in Pakistan article eventually but it should not simply be a directory. -- Alan Liefting (talk) - 01:11, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
* I can see your point. I am not objecting to deletion, but I will sandbox parts of the article for later creation. Bearian (talk) 22:33, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
* Delete - Category:Insurance companies by country will suffice until such time as a Topic Article can state the Notability of the Industry as a whole in the country. BTW, no other country in the Cat has such an Article, and they have FAR more Blue-linked Articles than this 'No-link' Article List. Exit2DOS • Ctrl • Alt • Del 21:26, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
* my bad, Insurance in the United States does exist. However it is an actual Article stating WP:N. Exit2DOS • Ctrl • Alt • Del 21:30, 21 January 2010 (UTC)
|
WIKI
|
David S. MacFALL, Stephen B. Tortora, Stephen J. Ward, Michael V. Yodice, Plaintiffs, v. The CITY OF ROCHESTER, Chief David T. Moore, George Market, Executive Deputy Chief, Deputy Chief Michael Smith, Sergeant Ronald Malley, Sergeant Joseph Wukitch, Lieutenant Herb Brown, Defendants.
No. 09-CV-6113L.
United States District Court, W.D. New York.
Oct. 27, 2010.
See, also, 593 F.Supp.2d 523.
Jeffrey Wicks, Jeffrey Wicks, PLLC, Rochester, NY, for Plaintiffs.
William G. Bauer, Woods Oviatt Gilman LLP, Rochester, NY, for Defendants.
DECISION AND ORDER
DAVID G. LARIMER, District Judge.
INTRODUCTION
Lending credence to the adage that “nothing good happens after midnight,” this action has its roots in an altercation involving two groups of people and several officers of the Rochester (New York) Police Department (“RPD”) in the wee hours on the morning of June 1, 2007. What might have seemed at the time like an unexceptional late-night ruckus that would soon be forgotten ended up garnering considerable attention in the news media, spawning public accusations of “gay bashing” against the police officers, and generating no less than three lawsuits.
Two of those three suits were brought by five of the civilians who were involved in the June 1 incident, against some of the RPD officers and various other governmental defendants. In this, the third action, four of the RPD officers — David Mac-Fall, Stephen Tortora, Stephen Ward, and Michael Yodice — have sued the City of Rochester (“City”), Police Chief David Moore (“Chief Moore”), and several other individuals, alleging due process and other constitutional claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
Defendants have moved to dismiss the complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. By Order entered July 6, 2010 (“Rule 12(d) Order”), the Court notified the parties of its intent, pursuant to Rule 12(d), to convert the motion to a motion for summary judgment under Rule 56. Both sides have since filed additional materials in support of their respective positions.
BACKGROUND
In the early morning hours on June 1, 2007, the plaintiff police officers, while on duty, received a call reporting a fight in the area of South Goodman and Harvard Streets in Rochester. When they arrived on the scene, plaintiffs found two groups of people, who had been involved in an altercation with each other.
Initially, the officers made no arrests, and instead simply separated the combatants and directed them all to go home. According to the complaint in this action, however, the members of one group (“the first group”) refused to leave, and began shouting profanities at, and otherwise verbally abusing, the officers. Despite repeated orders to disperse, the first group remained in the area, continuing to scream at the officers, until the officers arrested three members of the group and took them into custody.
Within days after the incident, some of the members of the first group began publicly accusing plaintiffs of various forms of misconduct. In particular, these individuals alleged that not only was the initial assault by the other group motivated by anti-gay bias, based on their actual or perceived sexual orientation, but also that some of the RPD officers had directed anti-gay slurs at them. They also alleged that the officers had used excessive force against them.
The RPD, through its Professional Standards Section (“PSS”), launched an internal investigation of the incident within a few days after it occurred. The focus of that investigation was on the officers’ actions, to determine if any misconduct had occurred. In addition, the RPD began a separate investigation to determine whether criminal charges should be brought against any of the participants in the events of June 1.
While the complaint goes on at some length about these investigations and related events, the gist of plaintiffs’ allegations is that the internal PSS investigation was politically driven, with the intent to scapegoat the police officers, in the hope of drumming up political support among the local gay community for the administration of Rochester Mayor Robert Duffy. Complaint ¶¶ 70, 71. According to plaintiffs, the result of the investigation was virtually preordained. On September 13, 2007, Chief Moore, in an internal email distributed throughout the RPD, announced that the internal investigation had been completed, and that the allegations against the police officers (ie., the plaintiffs in the instant case) were sustained.
The day after Chief Moore’s announcement, all four plaintiffs were suspended with pay. On September 19, 2007, each plaintiff also “received a letter with four (4) charges [against them].” Complaint ¶¶ 80-83. These were not criminal charges, but internal charges of misconduct, such as “use of profane and/or discourteous remarks” and “failure to prepare a C[rime] R[eport].” Id.
On October 17, 2007, the separate criminal investigation was concluded. In a written report issued that day, the three RPD officers who had conducted that investigation found that plaintiffs had not engaged in any misconduct, and that no “gay bashing” had occurred. Complaint ¶ 86. The day after that report was issued, Monroe County District Attorney (“D.A.”) Michael Green announced that a grand jury had concluded that there was no basis for any criminal charges against the officers, or any other participants in the June 1 incident. Complaint ¶ 88.
The internal charges against plaintiffs remained pending, however, and on December 11, 2007, the RPD offered each plaintiff a plea deal, under the terms of which each officer would agree to an unpaid suspension, ranging from five to twenty days, if he would agree to plead guilty to all four charges against him. Complaint ¶¶ 89-92. Each officer refused, and maintained his innocence.
In the meantime, five members of the first group involved in the June 1 incident had filed two lawsuits stemming from that incident. The first, Lieberman v. City of Rochester, 07-CV-6316, was filed on June 26, 2007 against the City and other defendants, including the four plaintiffs in this case, alleging that the RPD officers had violated those five individuals’ civil rights. The second action, Doe v. Green, 07-CV-6538, which was filed on November 1, 2007, was brought against D.A. Green, Monroe County, and other defendants, based on events that occurred after the June 1 incident. The gist of the claims in that action was that Green had made public comments that were prejudicial to those plaintiffs’ Liebermcm lawsuit, and that he had manipulated the grand jury proceedings in order to exonerate the police officers, in an effort to curry political favor with the police union in advance of Green’s upcoming reelection campaign.
In April 2008, all four plaintiffs were allowed to return to work at the RPD. Allegedly, no explanation was given for the decision to allow them to return. The internal charges against plaintiffs remained pending, and in fact they remain pending to this day, as will be explained in greater detail below. Complaint ¶ 95. Plaintiffs allege that although they resumed working, they were denied certain assignments and promotions, which has caused them to earn less than they otherwise would have.
Plaintiffs filed the complaint in this action on March 9, 2009. The defendants are the City, Chief Moore, RPD Executive Deputy Chief George Market, RPD Deputy Chief Michael Smith, RPD Sergeants Ronald Malley, Joseph Wukitch, and Daniel Beradini, and RPD Lieutenant Herb Brown.
The first two causes of action allege that defendants violated plaintiffs’ rights to due process, although the difference between these two claims is not entirely clear. The third cause of action alleges a violation of plaintiffs’ First Amendment rights, based on defendants’ alleged retaliation against plaintiffs for refusing to plead guilty to the administrative charges against them.
The fourth through seventh causes of action assert claims under New York law. The fourth cause of action asserts a claim for intentional or negligent infliction of emotional distress. The fifth cause of action asserts a claim against the City and the RPD based on their alleged negligence in hiring, training and supervising the officers who conducted the PSS investigation. The sixth and seventh causes of action assert claims for defamation, although like the first two causes of action the difference between them is less than clear.
The eighth cause of action asserts a claim “for violation of civil rights under color of law.” Complaint at 32. This appears to be something of a catch-all § 1983 claim, or a claim for attorney’s fees under 42 U.S.C. § 1988; see Complaint ¶¶ 149, 152. Plaintiffs seek compensatory and punitive damages on all their claims, as well as attorney’s fees.
DISCUSSION
I. Plaintiffs’ Request for Discovery
In their memorandum of law filed in response to the Court’s Rule 12(d) Order, plaintiffs state that summary judgment would be premature at this stage because there has been no discovery. Plaintiffs contend that they lack essential facts to defend against the motion (though they do not state what those facts are), and that the motion should therefore be denied under Rule 56(f)(1). See Dkt. # 16 at 2.
Pursuant to Rule 56(f), the Court may deny summary judgment where the opposing party “cannot for reasons stated present by affidavit facts essential to justify the party’s opposition.” To support a Rule 56(f) application, the opposing party’s attorney must file an affidavit describing: “(i) the information sought and how it will be obtained; (ii) how it is reasonably expected to raise a genuine issue of material fact; (iii) prior efforts to obtain the information; and (iv) why those efforts were unsuccessful.” Oneida Indian Nation v. City of Sherrill, 337 F.3d 139, 167 (2d Cir.2003), rev’d on other grounds, 544 U.S. 197, 125 S.Ct. 1478, 161 L.Ed.2d 386 (2005). Whether to grant a Rule 56(f) motion lies within the discretion of the district court. MM Arizona Holdings LLC v. Bonanno, 658 F.Supp.2d 589, 596 (S.D.N.Y.2009).
Plaintiffs’ attorney has not submitted such an affidavit, and plaintiffs’ request could be denied on that ground alone. Even aside from that, however, the Court finds that plaintiffs’ arguments in this regard are not well taken. The Court’s Rule 12(d) Order made clear that the basis for converting the motion was that both sides had referenced disciplinary proceedings against plaintiffs that were ongoing at the time of the filing of the complaint, and that have continued since then. Plaintiffs, who are represented by separate counsel in those proceedings, presumably are well aware of the progress of the disciplinary proceedings, and they have not shown why they need discovery in this action as to those matters. Plaintiffs’ Rule 56(f) request is therefore denied.
II. Due Process Claims
A. General Principles
To prevail on a procedural due process claim, plaintiffs must first identify a property or liberty interest that is entitled to due process protection. Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 538-39, 105 S.Ct. 1487, 84 L.Ed.2d 494 (1985). “Property interests protected by due process ... are created and their dimensions are defined by existing rules or understandings that stem from an independent source such as state law rules or understandings that secure certain benefits and that support claims of entitlement to those benefits.” Martz v. Village of Valley Stream, 22 F.3d 26, 29 (2d Cir.1994) (internal quotes omitted); see also Flood v. County of Suffolk, 820 F.Supp. 709, 712 (E.D.N.Y.1993) (state law determines whether there is a property interest in employment).
To establish such an interest, the plaintiffs must show that they had “more than a unilateral expectation.... [They] must, instead, have a legitimate claim of entitlement” to the claimed property interest. McPherson v. New York City Dep’t of Educ., 457 F.3d 211, 216 (2006) (quoting Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564, 577, 92 S.Ct. 2701, 33 L.Ed.2d 548 (1972)). See also Preddice v. Callanan, 92 A.D.2d 1040, 1041, 461 N.Y.S.2d 554 (3d Dep’t 1983) (“In our view, petitioner’s allegations demonstrate a mere unilateral expectation of continued employment insufficient to trigger a due process guarantee to a pretermination hearing”).
As the parties asserting due process rights, plaintiffs bear the burden of establishing that they had a legitimate property interest at stake. Crull v. Sunderman, 384 F.3d 453, 465 (7th Cir.2004); Watson v. University of Utah Med. Ctr., 75 F.3d 569, 578 (10th Cir.1996); see also Voorhis v. Warwick Valley Central School Dist., 92 A.D.2d 571, 571, 459 N.Y.S.2d 325 (2d Dep’t 1983) (“To establish a constitutionally protected property interest in a public employment position, a person must show more than a mere unilateral expectation of such an interest. He must establish a legitimate claim of entitlement to such position”).
B. Property Interest
In support of their due process claims, plaintiffs advance several claimed property interests, most of which they contend are created by the collective bargaining agreement (“CBA”) between the City and plaintiffs’ union. Plaintiffs note, for example, that Article 15, § 9 of the CBA provides that “[m]embers [of the union] shall not be deprived of scheduled overtime for disciplinary or punitive reasons.... ” See Affidavit of John Koonmen (Dkt. # 6) Ex. A at 28.
Plaintiffs also point to Article 23 of the CBA, which deals with “out-of-title work.” “Out-of-title work” refers to work to which an officer is assigned, at a rank higher than the officer’s regular rank. See id. at 39, § 23(1). Section 2 of Article 23 provides that when an officer performs out-of-title work, the officer shall be compensated on a per-diem basis, at the salary that he would receive if he were promoted to the higher rank. In addition, § 3(A) provides that “[o]fficers shall be assigned to out-of-title work [based on their] position on [the] current promotional list, work experience and quality of work.” Id. at 39.
Plaintiffs allege that as a result of the charges against them, they have been deprived of opportunities to earn overtime pay. Plaintiff Ward, a sergeant, also alleges that after he pleaded not guilty to the internal charges, he was removed from an out-of-title assignment to work at the rank of lieutenant as a field training coordinator.
As a general principle, there is no constitutional right to overtime pay or similar benefits. See Storman v. Klein, No. 09 Civ. 0338, 2009 WL 1035964 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 20, 2009) (“[C]ourts in this Circuit have found that ‘disputes over overtime, over work assignments, over lunch and coffee breaks do not implicate the great objects of the Fourteenth Amendment.’ In particular, ‘[ejvery court in this circuit that has considered the issue of whether there exists a constitutionally protected property interest in overtime pay has answered in the negative.’ ”) Id. at *12 (quoting Boyd v. Schembri, 94 Civ. 7119, 1997 WL 466539 at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Aug. 13, 1997), and Cassidy v. Scoppetta, 365 F.Supp.2d 283, 287 (E.D.N.Y.2005)) (additional internal quotation marks omitted). See also Rolon v. Henneman, 517 F.3d 140, 148-49 (2d Cir.2008) (police officer failed to allege unconstitutional deprivation of property, where he demonstrated no rules or understandings that proved he had a legitimate claim to overtime).
In Dones v. City of New York, No. 07 Civ. 3085, 2008 WL 2742108 (S.D.N.Y. July 9, 2008), for example, the plaintiff, a city police officer, had been suspended without pay based on five departmental charges, on two of which he was eventually found guilty. Granting summary judgment for the city, the court stated with respect to the plaintiffs due process claim that “[a]b-sent extraordinary circumstances, courts in the Second Circuit have not recognized overtime, particular assignments, or the prestige of a given assignment as property interests protected by due process,” and that “Dones has not offered any evidence of a mutual expectation of overtime or any particular assignment.” Id. at *7 (footnotes omitted).
In some circumstances, a CBA may — but will not necessarily — give rise to protected property rights. ‘We have repeatedly recognized that a collective bargaining agreement may give rise to a property interest in continued employment.” Ciambriello v. County of Nassau, 292 F.3d 307, 314 (2d Cir.2002) (citations omitted). See also Danese v. Knox, 827 F.Supp. 185, 190 (S.D.N.Y.1993) (“courts have uniformly held that a collective bargaining agreement can be the source of a property right entitled to due process protection”). Typically, such interests are found in cases in which the CBA provided that employees could not be discharged or disciplined without “just cause,” or some similar standard. See, e.g., Ciambriello, 292 F.3d at 313.
Nevertheless, “not every contractual benefit rises to the level of a constitutionally protected property interest. It is neither workable nor within the intent of section 1983 to convert every breach of contract claim against a state actor into a federal claim.” Ezekwo v. New York City Health & Hospitals Corp., 940 F.2d 775, 782 (2d Cir.1991) (internal quotation marks and alterations omitted). See also Ciambriello, 292 F.3d at 313 (while state law determines whether a CBA gives rise to a property interest, “federal constitutional law determines whether that interest rises to the level of a legitimate claim of entitlement protected by the Due Process Clause”) (quoting Ezekwo, 940 F.2d at 782); Danese, 827 F.Supp. at 193 (concluding that plaintiffs, who asserted a property interest in sick leave under their CBA, were “attempting to turn what is essentially a contract dispute into a federal constitutional claim; this, of course, is impermissible”).
Weg v. Macchiarola, 729 F.Supp. 328 (S.D.N.Y.1990), is instructive in this regard. In Weg, a city employee who had been accused of wrongdoing was suspended, but eventually reinstated after the charges against him were dismissed. He then brought a § 1983 action against the city and city officials.
In his due process claim, the plaintiff alleged that the defendants’ action deprived him of a property right by suspending him without a hearing, and then refusing to reinstate him to his position. He also asserted that the defendants’ release of information to the press regarding his arrest and suspension, prior to a full adjudication of the charges against him, harmed his reputation and made it impossible for him to obtain other work in his field, thus depriving the plaintiff of a liberty interest as well.
On the defendants’ motion for summary judgment, the court held that the plaintiff had failed to identify any protected property interest. The court said that the plaintiff had failed to show that he had a right not to be suspended, adding that the plaintiffs claim was “weakened by the fact that ... except for two brief periods, he received his pay on a regular basis during his suspension, and the pay that was withheld was eventually repaid to him.” Id. at 337.
In addition, the court noted that the defendants had “provided the opportunity for a post-suspension hearing.” Id. Even though no hearing was ever held (the charges against the plaintiff were eventually dropped, roughly four years after they were brought), “the opportunity for a hearing did clearly exist,” and it appeared that much of the reason for the delay, and the failure to hold a hearing, was due to the parties’ having engaged in negotiations to attempt to resolve the charges without a hearing. The court therefore concluded that “[tjhere were opportunities for Weg to be heard. He has presented no evidence that defendants denied him access to those opportunities, and, indeed, there is evidence that he acquiesced in the negotiations” that were part of the reason for the delay. Id.
Other district courts from within this circuit have reached similar conclusions. See, e.g., Henneberger v. County of Nassau, 465 F.Supp.2d 176, 192-93 (E.D.N.Y.2006) (dismissing due process claim by county employees, who asserted that they had a property interest in the compensation levels set forth in their CBA, on ground that “plaintiffs seek due process protection for an interest created solely by contract,” and that plaintiffs were ‘“attempting to turn what is essentially a contract dispute into a federal constitutional claim’ ”) (quoting Danese, 827 F.Supp. at 193); Kennedy v. Lehman, No. 03-CV-531, 2007 WL 2743457, at *7 (W.D.N.Y. Sept. 18, 2007) (granting summary judgment for county on county employee’s due process claim, court stated that “[t]he collective bargaining agreement (CBA) at issue here did not create any contractual rights sufficient to form the basis for a due process violation,” and that “[pjlaintiffs claim that he had a protected property interest in earning overtime pay is also without merit”), rev’d on other grounds, 328 Fed.Appx. 16 (2d Cir.2009).
Where courts have found a protected interest stemming from a CBA or some other contractual or non-statutory source, typically it is because the CBA, or the employer’s explicitly stated policies, virtually guaranteed that the employee would enjoy some particular, significant benefit, or that the employee would not be disciplined without cause. See, e.g., Ezekwo, 940 F.2d at 783 (although “not every breach of a contractual right rises to the level of a deprivation of property,” on the facts of this case, the employer’s “established practice” of awarding the position of Chief Resident to all third year residents on a rotating basis, coupled with fact that plaintiff had “consistently had been informed that she would rotate through” that position, and her reasonable reliance on those assurances, “created a contractual right that rose to the level of a significant property interest that would be protected under state law”). See also Dee v. Borough of Dunmore, 549 F.3d 225, 231 (3d Cir.2008) (plaintiff firefighter, who was suspended with pay, with no prior notice or opportunity to be heard, based on borough council’s determination — which was later rescinded — that he had failed to complete two training requirements, had a protected property interest by virtue of state statute providing that a borough fireman could not “be suspended, removed or reduced in rank” except for one of six enumerated reasons, and because the CBA governing plaintiffs employment provided that borough council had the right to discipline employees for “just cause”).
Applying these principles here, I find that plaintiffs’ due process claim fails, on the ground that they have not identified any constitutionally protected property interest. With respect to overtime, all that the plaintiffs have alleged is that they were temporarily suspended with pay, and that during their suspensions, they were unable to earn overtime pay.
There are a number of reasons why that assertion cannot form the basis of a due process claim, under the circumstances of this case. First, the CBA here in no way guarantees that officers will receive overtime pay. Article 15 of the CBA sets forth detailed provisions concerning payment of overtime, but nowhere does it provide that any officer has an outright entitlement to overtime.
Plaintiffs’ reliance on § 9 of Article 15 is misplaced. That section’s provision that “[mjembers [of the union] shall not be deprived of scheduled overtime for disciplinary or punitive reasons” has no application here. Plaintiffs’ inability to earn overtime pay was an inevitable, but incidental consequence of their suspensions. It would obviously be impossible for an officer to earn overtime during a period in which he is not working at all. If plaintiffs’ reasoning were adopted, then every disciplinary suspension, even one with pay, would automatically implicate a protected property interest due to the consequent loss of overtime opportunities. I find no support for such a conclusion, either in the CBA or in any relevant case law.
Likewise, the provisions in Article 23 of the CBA, relating to “out-of-title work,” do not guarantee that any officer will be assigned to such work; they simply provide that, when such work is assigned, it will be assigned according to certain criteria, and that the assigned officer will be compensated at the rate associated with the out-of-title, ie., higher, rank. If an officer has been suspended, obviously he cannot be assigned out-of-title work, any more than he can earn overtime pay. That is an inescapable consequence of being suspended, but it does not implicate any protected property interest in out-of-title work, since no such interest exists in the first place.
Again, it bears emphasis here that plaintiffs were suspended with pay. The essence of their claims is that they were deprived of opportunities to earn extra pay, either by working overtime or by performing out-of-title work. As explained above, however, the CBA does not give rise to a legitimate expectation of receiving such pay, and due process claims based on the loss of such additional pay or benefits, beyond an employee’s base pay, have routinely been rejected by the courts. See, e.g., Zahrey v. City of New York, No. 98-4546, 2009 WL 54495, at *28 (S.D.N.Y. Jan. 7, 2009) (noting that “courts have rejected ... claims for economic loss from missed raises, loss of private duty jobs, loss of promotional opportunities, and loss of over-time”) (internal quotation marks omitted), amended on other grounds, 2009 WL 1024261 (S.D.N.Y. Apr. 15, 2009); Deal v. Seneca County, No. 07-CV-6497, 2008 WL 2020004, at *3 (W.D.N.Y. May 8, 2008) (“The law in this Circuit provides that nothing less than suspension without pay constitutes a protected property interest”); Henneberger, 465 F.Supp.2d at 192-93 (“the denial of additional benefits allegedly due to plaintiffs under the CBA does not constitute the kind of deprivation that may give rise to a due process claim in the Second Circuit”); Montefusco v. Nassau County, 39 F.Supp.2d 231, 239 (E.D.N.Y.1999) (noting that plaintiffs “suspension by the District ... was with pay” and that he “remained employed by the District after the hearing panel dismissed the charges against him, and continues to be employed as a teacher in the District,” court concluded that “there is no allegation raised in the amended complaint that Montefusco was deprived of any property interest”); Weg v. Macchiarola, 729 F.Supp. 328, 338 (S.D.N.Y.1990) (“the Supreme Court has never held that a public employee, even one with tenure or its equivalent, has a right to a hearing prior to a suspension, particularly a suspension with pay”).
C. The Process Afforded to Plaintiffs
Even if plaintiffs had alleged sufficient facts to show that they had a protected interest, their procedural due process claim would fail, because even assuming the truth of their allegations, it is clear that plaintiffs have received all the process to which they are due.
If a § 1983 plaintiff succeeds in showing the existence of a protected property or liberty interest, the next question is whether the plaintiff was given adequate notice and an opportunity to be heard, before being deprived of that interest. See Ciambriello, 292 F.3d at 321 (“As the Supreme Court [has] stated ..., We have described the root requirement of the Due Process Clause as being that an individual be given an opportunity for a hearing before he is deprived of any significant property interest’ ”) (quoting Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 542, 105 S.Ct. 1487 (additional internal quote omitted)); see also Flaim v. Medical Coll. of Ohio, 418 F.3d 629, 635 (6th Cir.2005) (“Notice and an opportunity to be heard remain the most basic requirements of due process”).
To determine what process is constitutionally due, the Supreme Court has instructed that courts should generally balance three distinct factors: “First, the private interest that will be affected by the official action; second, the risk of an erroneous deprivation of such interest through the procedures used, and the probable value, if any, of additional or substitute procedural safeguards; and finally, the Government’s interest.” Gilbert v. Homar, 520 U.S. 924, 931, 117 S.Ct. 1807, 138 L.Ed.2d 120 (1997) (quoting Mathews v. Eldridge, 424 U.S. 319, 335, 96 S.Ct. 893, 47 L.Ed.2d 18 (1976)).
Assuming arguendo that plaintiffs have shown the existence of some protected property interest, they have been afforded constitutionally adequate notice and an opportunity to be heard. First, whatever private interest exists here, it is relatively weak. Plaintiffs were initially suspended with pay, and were later allowed to return to work full time. Their chief complaint is that they have lost some opportunities for overtime or similar benefits. Without minimizing plaintiffs’ subjective wish for those benefits, the private interest at stake here is clearly not as weighty as in cases involving terminations, suspensions without pay, or other relatively harsh or severe deprivations. Compare Spinelli v. City of New York, 579 F.3d 160, 173 (2d Cir.2009) (stating that holding a hearing months after the suspension of plaintiffs gun dealer license could not be squared with due process, and noting that “the private interest was strong” in that case, since it involved plaintiffs ability to pursue her livelihood), with Carcamo v. Miami-Dade County, 375 F.3d 1104, 1105-06 (11th Cir.2004) (holding that post-deprivation remedy was adequate, “especially in light of the fact that the private interest at stake here is so lacking in weight”).
“Procedural due process is a ‘flexible standard,’ the parameters of which ‘can vary ... depending on the private interest that will be affected by the official action’ as compared to ‘the Government’s asserted interest, ‘including the function involved’ and the burdens the government would face in providing greater process.” Shao v. Mukasey, 546 F.3d 138, 166-67 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Hamdi v. Rumsfeld, 542 U.S. 507, 529, 124 S.Ct. 2633, 159 L.Ed.2d 578 (2004)) (additional internal quotes omitted). Given the weakness of plaintiffs’ asserted interest, then, relatively modest procedures are all that would be required here, even if the City’s interests are likewise weak.
It is undisputed that plaintiffs have been given notice of, and an opportunity to respond to, the charges against them. After plaintiffs were charged with misconduct in September 2007, they pleaded not guilty to all the charges against them. Through counsel (who is not the attorney who represents them in this action), plaintiffs demanded a hearing pursuant to § 75 of the New York Civil Service Law and § 15.2 of the CBA.
According to defense counsel in this action, and plaintiffs’ attorney in the disciplinary proceedings, the two sides selected a mutually agreeable hearing officer, and testimony has been taken before him on several occasions in 2010, though at last report the proceedings had not yet concluded. It appears that difficulties in accommodating the schedules of the parties, their attorneys, the witnesses, and the hearing officer have contributed to the delay in conducting the hearing, which may be finished sometime in the fall of this year. See William G. Bauer Aff. (Dkt. # 18-2) and Lawrence J. Andolina Aff. (Dkt. # 17). There is no indication anywhere in the record, however, that píamtiffs have ever objected, in the disciplinary-proceedings themselves, to any delay in those proceedings.
In support of their due process claims in this case, plaintiffs note that subsection 16 of Article 20, § 1 of the CBA provides that “[n] o removal or disciplinary proceeding shall be commenced more than eighteen (18) months after the occurrence of the alleged incompetence or misconduct complained of in the disciplinary charges, except that such limitations shall not apply where the incompetency or misconduct complained of and described in the charges would, if proved in a court of appropriate jurisdiction, constitute a crime.” Dkt. # 6-2 at 43. Plaintiffs contend that the disciplinary proceedings against plaintiffs did not commence for over two years after the underlying incident in June 2007.
There are several problems with that argument. First, this theory does not appear to be pleaded in the complaint; plaintiffs’ due process claims allege only that defendants “arbitrarily and capriciously suspend[ed] plaintiffs based upon wholly false and stale allegations of wrongdoing,” and that they “suspend[ed] plaintiffs without just cause or reason, and solely and exclusively for false, arbitrary and unreasonable grounds____” Complaint ¶¶ 114, 117. The focus of the complaint, then, is on the basis for plaintiffs’ suspensions, not on any delay in bringing charges against them.
Second, whatever requirements may be imposed by the CBA, the CBA does not define what is required by due process. “The Constitution, not state law sources such as the CBA, determines what process is due.” Ciambriello, 292 F.3d at 319.
From’ a constitutional perspective, I see no due process violation here. Although “there is a point at which an unjustified delay in completing a post-deprivation proceeding ‘would become a constitutional violation,’ the significance of such a delay cannot be evaluated in a vacuum.” FDIC v. Mallen, 486 U.S. 230, 242, 108 S.Ct. 1780, 100 L.Ed.2d 265 (1988) (quoting Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 547, 105 S.Ct. 1487). In making this assessment, a court may consider a number of factors, including “the importance of the private interest and the harm to this interest occasioned by delay,” and the reasons for the delay. Mallen, 486 U.S. at 242, 108 S.Ct. 1780.
As explained, the private interest at stake here is relatively weak, since plaintiffs have been back on the job for some time now, and continued to receive their salaries even during their suspensions. For the same reason, the delay in the proceedings is currently causing plaintiffs little appreciable harm.
Furthermore, plaintiffs themselves appear to have consented to the delay. There is no indication that they have objected to the length of time that it has taken to complete the hearing, and it seems that the scheduling of the hearing has been jointly agreed to by plaintiffs’ counsel and counsel for the City.
In addition, even assuming that the CBA’s eighteen-month period for commencing a disciplinary proceeding bears upon the process that is due to plaintiffs, plaintiffs have not shown that this provision was violated. The CBA does not state that a hearing must begin within eighteen months, but only a “proceeding.” While the latter term is not defined in the CBA, the apparent purpose of the provision that “[n]o removal or disciplinary proceeding shall be commenced more than eighteen (18) months after the occurrence of the alleged incompetence or misconduct complained of in the disciplinary charges” is to ensure that charges are not brought against an officer years after the incident or conduct giving rise to the charges. In the case at bar, the charges were brought against plaintiffs less than four months after the underlying incident, and as stated, the length of time that it has taken for the hearing to conclude appears to be a result of factors largely beyond defendants’ control, and has been consented to by plaintiffs through their counsel in those proceedings.
Aside from the issues concerning delay, plaintiffs have not presented sufficient evidence to give rise to any genuine issue of fact concerning the alleged violation of their due process rights. The allegations that plaintiffs’ suspensions were based on false grounds do not state a due process claim, since plaintiffs were not terminated or suspended without pay, and since they have been given the opportunity to defend against the charges against them. See Cotton v. Jackson, 216 F.3d 1328, 1330 (11th Cir.2000) (holding that a plaintiff “fail[s] to state a procedural due process claim [for reputational injury] ... [where] state remedies [are] available to provide Plaintiff with the opportunity for a name clearing hearing”). See also Loudermill, 470 U.S. at 544-45, 105 S.Ct. 1487 (stating that “where the employer perceives a significant hazard in keeping the employee on the job [pending a hearing], it can avoid the [potential due process] problem by suspending with pay”); Rosenstein v. City of Dallas, 876 F.2d 392, 395-96 (5th Cir.1989) (disclosing charges against a discharged employee does not create a liberty interest violation if employee is given post-termination opportunity to clear his name).
D. Substantive Due Process
Plaintiffs also contend that they have stated a viable substantive due process claim. I disagree.
“Generally speaking, ‘[f]or state action to be taken in violation of the requirements of substantive due process, the denial must have occurred under circumstances warranting the labels “arbitrary” and “outrageous.” ’ ” Kuck v. Danaher, 600 F.3d 159, 167 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting Natale v. Town of Ridgefield, 170 F.3d 258, 262 (2d Cir.1999)). Plaintiffs have neither alleged facts nor presented evidence of such behavior on defendants’ part. See Zutz v. Nelson, 601 F.3d 842, 850 (8th Cir.2010) (where “all that the appellants ... alleged [we]re assertions of defamatory conduct to which they attach[ed] the label of extreme conduct violating the appellants’ fundamental rights,” district court was correct in dismissing plaintiffs’ substantive due process claim), petition for cert. filed, 79 U.S.L.W. 3129 (Aug. 25, 2010).
Furthermore, “[w]here a specific constitutional provision prohibits government action, plaintiffs seeking redress for that prohibited conduct in a § 1983 suit cannot make reference to the broad notion of substantive due process.” Velez v. Levy, 401 F.3d 75, 94 (2d Cir.2005). Here, plaintiffs’ substantive due process claims are “either subsumed in [them] more particularized allegations, or must fail” because as a matter of law the conduct alleged is not sufficiently shocking, in a constitutional sense, to give rise to a substantive due process claim. Id.
III. First Amendment Claim
Plaintiffs’ third cause of action alleges that “defendants retaliated against plaintiffs for their refusal to follow unlawful instructions, their refusal to act as scapegoats and plead guilty to false charges on December 19, 2007, based on personal and bigoted animus and for filing a notice of claim against defendants on September 15, 2008.... ” Complaint ¶ 120. Plaintiffs further allege that “defendants began a pattern of retaliating against plaintiffs that has resulted in plaintiffs’ ostracizing, suspension, altered employment schedules, lost income and employment opportunities, lost furlough time, and other indignities and damages that continue to this day.” Complaint ¶ 121.
In order to state a First Amendment retaliation claim, a public employee must allege that: (1) he engaged in speech that was constitutionally protected; (2) he suffered an adverse employment action; and (2) there existed a causal connection between the protected speech and the adverse employment action, such that it could be inferred that the speech was a “motivating factor” in the employment action. See Beechwood, Restorative Care Ctr. v. Leeds, 436 F.3d 147, 152 (2d Cir.2006); Morris v. Lindau, 196 F.3d 102, 109 (2d Cir.1999); Spencer v. Holley Central School Dist., 734 F.Supp.2d 316, 319—20, 2010 WL 3422076, at *2 (W.D.N.Y.2010).
“Whether speech by a public employee is protected from retaliation under the First Amendment begins with this question: ‘whether the employee spoke as a citizen on a matter of public concern.’ If a public employee speaks not as a citizen but instead pursuant to his or her ‘official duties,’ an employer’s response to that speech does not violate the First Amendment.” Huth v. Haslun, 598 F.3d 70, 73-74 (2d Cir.2010) (quoting Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410, 418, 421, 424, 126 S.Ct. 1951, 164 L.Ed.2d 689 (2006)).
“Whether or not speech addresses a matter of public concern must be determined by the content, form, and context of a given statement, as revealed by the whole record, and while motive surely may be one factor in making this determination, it is not, standing alone, dispositive or conclusive.” Sousa v. Roque, 578 F.3d 164, 175 (2d Cir.2009) (internal citation and quotation marks omitted). See also Spencer, 734 F.Supp.2d at 319, 2010 WL 3422076, at *2 (“Speech that is ‘constitutionally protected’ is that which takes place when one speaks, in the capacity of citizen, about a matter of public concern—that is, a matter of political, social or other concern to the community at large, as opposed to a personal matter”) (citing Garcetti, 547 U.S. 410, 126 S.Ct. 1951). “ ‘Whether an employee’s speech addresses a matter of public concern is a question of law for the court to decide.... ’ The heart of the matter is whether the employee’s speech was ‘calculated to redress personal grievances or whether it had a broader public purpose.’” Ruotolo v. City of New York, 514 F.3d 184, 189 (2d Cir.2008) (quoting Lewis v. Cowen, 165 F.3d 154, 163-64 (2d Cir.1999)).
In the case at bar, the speech relied on by plaintiffs is their refusal to accept defendants’ plea offer, their not-guilty pleas to the disciplinary charges, and their filing of this lawsuit. See Plaintiffs’ Mem. of Law (Dkt. # 9) at 16. As to plaintiffs’ speech concerning their pleas, I fail to see how that could constitute speech by plaintiffs, speaking as citizens, on a matter of public concern. That the underlying incident and the ensuing investigation received some attention in the local news media does not mean that every utterance by the participants, having some connection to those matters, automatically falls into the protected category. See Koch v. City of Hutchinson, 847 F.2d 1436, 1448 (10th Cir.1988) (“Media publicity of the dispute is not determinative of the question of whether Koch’s speech was on a matter of public concern for First Amendment purposes”); Egger v. Phillips, 710 F.2d 292, 317 (7th Cir.1983) (“the factors which determine whether a story is newsworthy” are not coterminous with “the factors which determine whether the communication has societal ramifications, and in any event, newspaper editors cannot decide the question for us”).
Even assuming, arguendo, that the June 2007 incident, or even the officers’ later pleas themselves were matters of public concern, that is not the same as saying that the pleas were “about” a matter of public concern. Plaintiffs are confusing speech that is (arguably) a matter of public concern with speech addressing a matter of public concern. In entering their pleas, plaintiffs could hardly be said to have been pursuing some “public purpose”; they were simply stating, on the record, their intent to contest the charges against them.
Furthermore, to the extent that entering a not-guilty plea to disciplinary charges could be characterized as speech “about” the incident giving rise to those charges, I find as a matter of law that plaintiffs spoke in their capacity as police officers, rather than as citizens. Notably, the charges against plaintiffs were not criminal charges, but internal charges of misconduct, brought by the RPD against four of its own officers. In the ordinary course of things, plaintiffs at some point had to enter a plea of guilty or not guilty. In doing so, they were acting, and speaking, as police officers, ie., as employees of the RPD, about internal RPD charges against them, rather than as citizens addressing some broader concerns. Cf. Hannan v. City of Philadelphia, 306 Fed.Appx. 735, 738 (3d Cir.2009) (police officer’s “[pleading not guilty to a [police board of inquiry] charge cannot, as a matter of law, constitute a petition for redress of grievances under the First Amendment,” and was therefore not protected speech).
Plaintiffs’ contention, in response to defendants’ motion for summary judgment, that their filing of the complaint in this action is also protected speech, is flawed, first, for the obvious reason that the retaliation alleged in the complaint necessarily preceded the filing of the complaint. In addition, even if plaintiffs’ filing of a notice of claim in September 2008 were treated as the “speech” in question, this claim would fail. A public employee cannot transform a personal grievance into protected speech simply by filing a lawsuit over the grievance. As the Second Circuit has recognized, “[t]o hold ... that filing a lawsuit alleging retaliation for non-protected speech would give rise to a First Amendment complaint ... would defy logic,” and would allow a plaintiff to evade the protected-speech requirement altogether. Ruotolo, 514 F.3d at 188 (quoting, and affirming, district court decision dismissing claim).
The instant action, then, cannot fairly be viewed as speech addressing a matter of public concern. It was brought by plaintiffs to remedy perceived violations of their individual rights, arising out of a particular incident and internal investigation within the RPD. See Altonen v. City of Minneapolis, 487 F.3d 554, 559-60 (8th Cir.2007) (district court did not err in concluding that plaintiffs lawsuit was not a matter of public concern, since “[t]he context and content of Altonen’s lawsuit suggested] that her primary motivation was her personal interest in obtaining access to her files, not to provide the public with information”). See also Ruotolo, 514 F.3d at 190 (“[a] public employee may not transform a personal grievance into a matter of public concern by invoking a supposed popular interest in the way public institutions are run”) (quoting Boyce v. Andrew, 510 F.3d 1333, 1343 (11th Cir.2007)); cf. Cotarelo v. Village of Sleepy Hollow Police Dep’t, 460 F.3d 247, 252 (2d Cir.2006) (finding police officer’s lawsuit to be a matter of public concern because his aliegations concerned “discrimination problems generally and were not limited to instances affecting only [the plaintiff]”).
IV. Negligent Hiring, Training and Supervision
Although as pleaded, plaintiffs’ fifth cause of action, which alleges that the City and the RPD “failed to adequately train and supervise its police officers in the proper handling of a PSS investigation,” Complaint ¶ 131, does not cite § 1983 or any other federal statute or constitutional provision, plaintiffs now argue that they have stated a viable claim of negligent hiring, training and supervision under § 1983. See Plaintiffs’ Mem. of Law (Dkt. # 9) at 17.
Such a claim under § 1983 must be dismissed, however. A § 1983 claim based upon alleged negligence in hiring, training or supervision of municipal employees will not lie in the absence of an underlying constitutional violation. See De Asis v. New York City Police Dep’t, 352 Fed.Appx. 517, 518 (2d Cir.2009); Segal v. City of New York, 459 F.3d 207, 219-20 (2d Cir.2006). Since plaintiffs have not shown any underlying constitutional violation, this claim fails.
V. Claims under State Law
Plaintiffs’ fourth through seventh causes of action are based upon state law. “In general, where the [plaintiffs’] federal claims are dismissed before trial, the state claims should be dismissed as well.” Marcus v. AT & T Corp., 138 F.3d 46, 57 (2d Cir.1998). See also Town of West Hartford v. Operation Rescue, 915 F.2d 92, 104 (2d Cir.1990) (“It is well settled that ‘if the federal claims are dismissed before trial ... the state claims should be dismissed as well’ ”) (quoting United Mine Workers v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715, 726, 86 S.Ct. 1130, 16 L.Ed.2d 218 (1966)). Since the Court has dismissed all of plaintiffs’ federal claims, and this case has not progressed beyond its early stages, I decline to exercise the Court’s supplemental jurisdiction over these claims under 28 U.S.C. § 1367, and plaintiffs’ state law claims are dismissed without prejudice to any remedies that plaintiffs may have in state court. See E & L Consulting, Ltd. v. Doman Industries Ltd., 472 F.3d 23, 33 (2d Cir.2006); Giordano v. City of New York, 274 F.3d 740, 754 (2d Cir.2001).
CONCLUSION
Defendants’ motion to dismiss (Dkt. # 4) is granted, and the complaint is dismissed.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
.Five of the members of the first group later filed the two other civil rights actions referred to above. As explained in this Court’s decision in one of those cases, Doe v. Green, 593 F.Supp.2d 523 (W.D.N.Y.2009), which dismissed civil rights claims against Monroe County and several other defendants, the plaintiffs in that action alleged that they had been the victims of an unprovoked assault by the second group, and that their confrontation with the officers began when those plaintiffs started insisting that the officers arrest the plaintiffs’ alleged attackers.
. The arrestees were charged with disorderly conduct. Complaint ¶¶ 29-33. According to the complaint, one of them eventually pleaded guilty, one was found guilty after trial, and one accepted a disposition of adjournment in contemplation of dismissal. Complaint ¶¶ 93, 94, 97.
. On June 7, 2007, for example, several members of the group appeared on a local morning radio program, in the course of which they made various allegations about police misconduct during the incident. Complaint ¶¶ 52-56.
. On January 6, 2009, this Court dismissed the complaint in Green on the ground that the plaintiffs had failed to state a claim under § 1983. 593 F.Supp.2d 523. The Lieberman action remains pending in this Court.
. It appears that these two claims may be based on different statements uttered by Chief Moore and others on different occasions.
. The first and second causes of action cite the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution, and the eighth cause of action alleges a denial of plaintiffs’ rights under the First, Fourth, Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments. At oral argument on the motion to dismiss, plaintiffs' counsel stated that plaintiffs were withdrawing their claims under the Fourth and Fifth Amendments.
. This conclusion is consistent with reported cases from other jurisdictions as well. See, e.g., Brokaw v. Dallas Independent School Dist., No. 3:07-CV-0015, 2008 WL 4191512, at *8 (N.D.Tex. Sept. 11, 2008) (“Federal courts have held that a person' placement on administrative leave [with pay] does not amount to a deprivation of a protected property interest”); Izquierdo v. Sills, 68 F.Supp.2d 392, 420 (D.Del.1999) (stating that police officer, who had been assigned to administrative duties pending outcome of investigation into citizen's complaint of excessive force, “had [no] property interest in working extra-duty and overtime assignments from which he was prohibited while on administrative duty,” and that although "Izquierdo had a property interest in continued employment under the C.B.A.[,] ... the C.B.A. does not create a property interest in working extra-duty or overtime,” because "[t]he C.B.A. governs extra-duty jobs, but does not guarantee them”).
. Section 75(1) provides in part that an employee covered by that statute "shall not be removed or otherwise subjected to any disciplinary penalty provided in this section except for incompetency or misconduct shown after a hearing upon stated charges pursuant to this section.” Subsection 15.2 of § 1 of Arliele 20 of the CBA provides in part that "[a] member charged with misconduct and/or incompetence may elect to have his/her hearing held before a single Hearing Officer pursuant to Section 75 of the Civil Service Law.” Dkt. # 6-2 at 43.
|
CASELAW
|
The Stranger (Salinger short story)
"The Stranger" is a short story written by J. D. Salinger first published in the December 1, 1945 issue of Collier's magazine.
Plot
It tells the story of Babe Gladwaller, who has recently left the 12th regiment of the United States Army and has gone to visit the former girlfriend of Vincent Caulfield with his younger sister Mattie.
Explaining that he is in a rush, he sits down with the woman and gives her the details of Vincent's death, "shooting down" the lies of how soldiers' deaths are portrayed in movies and popular culture. Babe mentions the post-war prospect of teaching, the profession of other characters in his stories, and one that he himself considered at one point.
|
WIKI
|
Wikipedia:Requests for adminship/Billy227
* ''The following discussion is preserved as an archive of a request for adminship that did not succeed. Please do not modify it.
Billy227
Final (2/11/5); ended 23:23, 10 May 2007 (UTC)
Closing as per WP:SNOW. (aeropagitica) 23:24, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
- I am Billy227. I would like to nominate myself for adminship. I think I would make an excellent admin. I have a large amount of edits (over 1,100 to date). I am dedicated to improving Wikipedia. I have never been blocked or warned for vandalism. I am also a very active vandalism fighter, with over 500 reverts of vandalism. I am a significant contributor to several articles, notably Ben Bulben. My edits are done in the formal manner that one should expect from a quality user. I am responsible and don't deny my mistakes. I hope that others will feel the same about me as I do. Thank you! Billy227 talk contribs sndbx usbx 17:13, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
I accept.
Questions for the candidate
Dear candidate, thank you for offering to serve Wikipedia as an administrator. You may wish to answer the following optional questions to provide guidance for participants:
* 1. What admin work do you intend to take part in?
* A: Helping users with their problems, participating in AIV, and continuing by everlasting fight against vandalism.
* 2. What are your best contributions to Wikipedia, and why?
* A: My edits to Ben Bulben. These edits are good, quality edits, that include adding the infobox, citing sources, fixing tags and spelling, and improving the article's overall quality.
* 3. Have you been in any conflicts over editing in the past or have other users caused you stress? How have you dealt with it and how will you deal with it in the future?
* A: Once, I was in an edit war with a vandal, Blt024. They were continually vandalizing the same image page repeatedly (The image has been deleted). I kept reverting this vandal's edits. After a while of this, the vandal grew angry, and began putting profane and unacceptable comments on my userpage. In the end, I reported this user. The user was blocked indefinitely. My interaction with this user was always polite, even in the wake of having my userpage vandalized.
* 4. In the event that a vandal kept vandalizing a page, thinking that they were helping, what would you do?
General comments
* See Billy227's edit summary usage with mathbot's tool. For the edit count, see the talk page.
''Please keep criticism constructive and polite. If you are unfamiliar with the nominee, please thoroughly review Special:Contributions/Billy227 before commenting.''
Discussion
* I'm a bit confused by this edit where you move the neutral section above the oppose section, stating you are changing it to the default. Granted it has been a while since my Rfa, but I don't think the default (RfA) has the neutral section in the middle. Certainly not a reason to oppose, but I'm confused. - auburn pilot talk 21:53, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
Support
* 1) Support - experience seems sufficient. I disagree with AQu01rius's suggestion below that vandalism reverts are unencyclopedic; they are a very important part of maintaining the encyclopedia. Wal ton Need some help? 18:34, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 2) Support - I agree with all his statements and believe he would make a great Administrator. -Klownox Wow, That's Smart... 19:18, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
Oppose
* 1) Oppose Sorry but you have less than 1000 edits to the main article space, many of these are vandalism reverts, it would be nicer to say some article work, I would also suggest some participation at AIV and XFD and using an edit summary more, I think you could be an admin in the future but I think you need 3-4 months of more experience and contribs.The Sunshine Man 17:30, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* Just a quick note: the candidate actually has around 700 mainspace edits. -- Black Falcon (Talk) 17:36, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* Apologies, forgot to add the extra zero to make it read 1000. Thanks! The Sunshine Man 17:40, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 1) Oppose - 300 edits in userspace, 500 vandalism reverts (as claimed), that makes 800 out of 1100 (72%) of the edits unencyclopedic. Not very acceptable. (AQu01rius • Talk) 18:03, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 2) Oppose per above. If you continue the great work, stay active in the community and get a little more familiar and active with policy I would be happy to support you in another 6 months. NeoFreak 18:18, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 3) Oppose edit, while to the sandbox, is far from the level of maturity expected of an admin. Keeping lists of users you've labeled "evil" is an inappropriate use of your userspace, as is this one. Aside from automatically generated Twinkle edits, you rarely use edit summaries. Your interactions with User:Tim.bounceback are also problematic, for example . Some of your early edits are either vandalism or inappropriate, for example and the creation of User:Game_Maker. Sorry, but I'd need to see more maturity and a greater demonstration of your understanding of policies. I'd suggest getting a admin coach and then an editor review. Gwernol 19:02, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* These edits were all made several months ago. During these months, I have gained much experience and maturity in my editing. Hope you agree! -Billy227 talk contribs sndbx usbx 19:10, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* Also, I agree with your saying that the pages are not acceptable of an admin. the pages have been nominated for speedy deletion by user request. Never again will such stuff be created or written by me. Thanks! -Billy227 talk contribs sndbx usbx 19:13, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 1) Oppose - per above. Consider adoption by an experienced user. Real96 19:04, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 2) Oppose Your experience is still leaning toward a new user stage, while your mainspace edits are very inexperienced. Try broadening your edits across Wikipedia, perhaps getting an coach when the time is right. Then try again sometime in the future. Jmlk17 20:50, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 3) Oppose Along with all of the above, I feel that you can go a little more it to detail with answering the questions. Also might I suggest you get experience in the feild of XFDs. Tarret 21:30, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 4) Oppose per Real96. Boricuaeddie Talk • Contribs • Spread the love! 22:04, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 5) Oppose. not enough edits actually contributing material to the project; answers are poor. -- Phoenix 22:19, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 6) Oppose Your seem to be sincere but I don't think your ready, just by proving that your the bigger man and handeling one situation properly doesn't prove that your ready for adminship. I think with some coaching, and some more experience you'll be ready for adminship.--Acorn98 22:55, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 7) Oppose Looking through your edits, I think that you need more experience of contributing to the policy spaces and the article space with something other than vandal reverts. These are not bad in themselves but you also have to be able to communicate ideas effectively, in article contributions, user Talk edits and policy/ XfD discussions. You can force your edit summaries in your preferences too. Work on these areas and try again in six months or so. (aeropagitica) 23:03, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
Neutral
* 1) Neutral. You state that you would use the admin tools primarily to help out at AIV (which is really needed), but I noticed that you generally do not warn vandals (using the templated messages here) after reverting their edits. I would encourage you to make use of the warning templates and, if this RfA does not succeed, to re-apply for adminship in a few months. Best of luck, Black Falcon (Talk) 17:46, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 2) Neutral while I appreciate your enthusiasm towards fighting vandalism, I am afraid you don't have the experience yet. Also, you don't block vandals on the request of users; do you mean AIV? — An as talk? 18:16, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* Sorry! I meant AIV. -Billy227 talk contribs sndbx usbx 18:19, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 1) Neutral to avoid a pile-on. I'd recommend withdrawing for now. You've got the makings of a good admin, though. Cheers, Lanky ○ Yell ○ 18:21, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 2) Neutral I have no doubt you have the temperament, but I'd like more experience. Ditto to Lanky. David Fuchs( talk / frog blast the vent core! ) 21:32, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* 3) Neutral I graded you at a B-, which is not bad, but not quite what I'd like to see from an admin. Just get some more experience, and next time around, you'll do better. ¿SFGi Д nts! ☺ ☻ 23:19, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
* The above adminship discussion is preserved as an archive of the discussion. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page (such as the talk page of either this nomination or the nominated user). No further edits should be made to this page.
|
WIKI
|
By: Colleen Duffy
Roles of the Sexes The submissive role of the female in a marriage or relationship is a common problem in many societies, including our own American society. This role has become so common that in fact it is now expected of the female. This male dominance goes as far back as the human race, to the beginning of relationships and marriage between the female and the male. Then, the physical prowess of the male led to his dominance in all situations and thus formed these roles. Even presently, with all our advances in equal rights and womens advances in the work fields, this role of submission and passivity is still present among our society. Why do women accept this role? Why hasnt it banished with the right to vote and her expansion into the male-dominated workplace? These roles are inbred into our society. The men are raised to lead and take charge. Women, on the other hand, are taught that their place is to keep peace, and in most scenarios that means conforming. There are many reasons women accept or allow this role. For many women, they find safety in allowing the male to dominate the relationship. The submissive role is familiar or so expected that the women fear changing the situation. Many authors illustrate this role of the sexes and portray some reasons and situations that are common in our society, such as Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette, in her story The Hand, and James Joyce, in Eveline. These two authors both, even though each describes a woman in a very different, yet remarkably similar, situation, discuss one of the major reasons women succumb to males. Colette was a significant feminist in the early 1900s when the womens right movement was in full swing. She fought for equal opportunities for women and proved it was possible when she was the first woman to be admitted to the Goncourt Academy. As a novelist, she used her writing to illustrate the assumed roles society has developed. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature remarks, Her professional life and three marriages helped to shape her keen insights into modern love and womens lives. (Compact Bedford, 196). Colette understood the expected submission role because she had lived the role of the wife several times. Also, as one of the few women in the workplace, she was subjected to even more male supremacy. She could write about the reasons why women comply because she understood and had been a victim herself. In The Hand, Colette relates a story of a young bride. From the beginning of the story, she sets up the role of submission in the woman, and the domination in the husband, this unbalance of power. The husband is asleep, yet he still holds the power. While he sleeps comfortably, the wife is awake, supporting his head so that he may be comfortable. She won t even move because she fears waking him. He may not have consciously forced this authority over her, but he or she created it in her mind. When he twitches, the young wife believes it is her fault. She says guiltily, Im so heavyI wish I could get up and turn the light off. But he is sleeping so well. (Colette, 197). She does all she can to satisfy him and to comfort him, even at the expense of her comfort or any other luxuries. For example, the arm twisted again, feebly, and she arched her back to make herself lighter. (Colette, 197). Here, she is succumbing to him, even if it is through his unspoken wishes and through his actions. Even though this is a minute example, she is giving in to his desires. She gives up what she would rather in order to keep him content. Colette uses the description of the characters to emphasize the unbalance of power. Not only does the husband outweigh the wife in power in the relationship; he is physically dominant as well. The young wife is described as slim and adolescent. The husband, on the otherhand, is described as having physical, not only mental, prowess. He is handsome, athletic, and physically dominant. He has very big arms, hands larger than the wives whole head, and powerful knuckles and the veins engorged by the pressure on his arm (Colette, 197). By describing him such as big, powerful, and hair on his hands and arms, the author portrays him as an animal of sorts. At one part of the story, the wife even remarks on this when she says, Its as if I were laying on some animal (Colette, 197). The hand is described as apelike and lowered its claws, and became a pliant beast (Colette, 197). The author uses this as a tool to show unbalance of power. It is used to help the reader understand that the male is dominant in all respects of the relationship. His physical supremacy enhances his authority in the marriage as well. The wife lays awake, afraid to move because she is supporting his sleeping body. She is so fearful to wake him that, even though she is in discomfort and wants to turn off the light, she relinquishes so as not to bother him. As the story continues, she begins to see this darker side of him. Before, she did not realize she was succumbing to him or that he had any power over her. The young wife realizes his physical prowess and his potential to do harm. The story never says if he actually abuses her, but metaphorically shows through her thoughts and actions of the hand that he could or does. The hand, through her imagining and thoughts, takes on animalistic characteristics. This reflects upon the barbaric natures, the animal like fierceness, of the dominating male in relationships. The hand is described offended, reared back and tensed up in the shape of a crab and waited, ready for battle (Colette, 197). When she is disgusted by this behavior, the hand becomes defensive. This behavior of the hand is a metaphor for the roles in relationships. The male is often abusive or controlling in a dominant-submissive marriage. If the wife does not comply with his orders, then he often strikes out, whether it is by physical force or verbally. After the fact, especially if the wife is disgusted or hurt, the male usually denies such behavior on his part. In the same way the hand appeared to respond to this startling discovery, this disgust. It regrouped its forces (Colette, 197), the male becomes defensive because he knows he is guilty of the act, but does not accept responsibility. In this way, the hand symbolizes all dominating relationships. By the conclusion of the story, the wife realizes the power he has over her. In realizing this, she has the chance to free herself of this role of submission. However, she chooses to succumb. The final line, Then she concealed her fear, bravely subdued herself, and, beginning her life of duplicity, of resignation, and of a lowly, delicate diplomacy, she leaned over and humbly kissed the monstrous hand (Colette, 198), shows that she decides not to change her situation, but rather accept her role of submission. Why does she choose this life? For the young wife, as for many women who accept the same path, there is security in the non-dominant role. All the decisions are made for them. Also, it might be that she knows no other love. This is her first relationship and she is still an adolescent. She does not know if these roles are normal and excepted, but she also doesnt know if they are not. This life is still exciting and new to her, and for the most part she enjoys it. He is not abusive all the time; in fact he is often charming. The next morning he shows his charming side when he asks Do you want this slice, darling? Ill butter it for you (Colette, 197). The wife, as do many women, almost trick themselves into thinking that he is not bad because he can good sometimes. And the times he is good, he is really kind. The wife decides she can accept her fate in the role of resignation because she begins to think it isnt that bad all the time. Also, she was used to submitting under her parents authority. This is the first time she is not under the watchful eye of her parents. That wasnt that long prior to this story. Therefore, the submissive role is familiar and less frightening than change. People are afraid of change, and for many women diminishing these roles would require change. James Joyces story Eveline further illustrates on this fear for change. In this story, the woman is not dominated by a husband, but rather her father. Her mother passed away, and Eveline was left to assume the role of taking care of her siblings and the household. Her father, even though is not described in detail, is hinted as being abusive and tyrannical. He was usually bad of a Saturday night (Joyce, 428), meaning he drank heavily. He also controlled Evelines spending, and forced her to do the shopping and cleaning. Eveline obeyed without a word for fear that he would strike her. She says, Even now, though she was over nineteen, she sometimes felt herself in danger of her fathers violence (Joyce, 428). Eveline wanted to move onto a better life. She did not want to be treated as her mother had; she did not want to be forced to succumb her entire life as had her mother and many other women. When a sailor asked for her hand in marriage, Eveline jumped at the chance. She saw this as her way out, as a way to change her situation. She thinks, in her new home, in a distant unknown country, it would be not like that. She would not be treated as her mother had been. (Joyce, 428). This was her chance to change her situation. However, when the time came for her to leave, she backed out. She decided to remain with her life at home with her father rather than move on and marry this sailor. She had the chance of freedom and did not take advantage of it. Why did Eveline decide to stay with her role of submission? She was afraid of change. In her home anyway she had shelter and food; she had those whom she had known all her life about her. (Joyce, 428). Her home and the people around her were familiar. With change she didnt know what to expect. At least at home, even if it was not the best situation, she knew her place and her role. Also, submission was the only love she had known. Her father and his tyrannical ways were the only life she had ever experienced. While Eveline is thinking and deciding whether or not to leave with the sailor, she reflects back on her life and says, It was hard work-a hard life-but now that she was about to leave it she did not find it a wholly undesirable life. Even though she was not delighted by her current role, she found comfort in its familiarity and found security in knowing what her role was. Eveline even convinced herself that her father wasnt that bad. She says, Her father was becoming old lately, she noticed; he would miss her. Sometimes he could be very nice. (Joyce, 429). Like many women in the same situation, and like the young wife in The Hand, Eveline saw the male that is oppressing her as not evil. She almost convinces herself that he is good, that he doesnt mean to be dominant and abusive. His behavior is tolerable because it is familiar and can be kind. She, as many women, feels that succumbing and caring for the household and the male is her duty. She is scared by change. This fear was so strong that she would rather resign to the male dominance. These stories depict many of the reasons behind the formation and the continuation of these roles of dominance and submission. It began a long time ago with the male being physically dominant, and then assumed supremacy in relationships. The women were forced physically or verbally or emotionally to obey and comply. Now, with advances in womens rights and the expansion of womens role in the workplace and society, they are given a chance to abolish or escape these roles. Yet, many of the women do not take this chance. Maybe they feel it is their duty, or are just scared of the change as Eveline did. Or perhaps the women do not recognize the male supremacy, as the young wife in The Hand initially did not. For whatever reason, it is strong enough so that the women continue to accept these roles as they have for hundreds of years. These will not change until either the women decide to change and not succumb to men, and society cease to breed these roles into the minds of the children.
Works Cited The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Michael Meyer. Bedford / St. Martins, Boston, 2000. Joyce, James. Eveline. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Michael Meyer. Bedford / St. Martins, Boston, 2000. Sidonie-Gabrielle, Colette. The Hand. The Compact Bedford Introduction to Literature. Michael Meyer. Bedford / St. Martins, Boston, 2000.
Word Count: 2184
By: Colleen Duffy
|
FINEWEB-EDU
|
General Blog
Home » Featured » Everything You Must Know About VenaSeal Treatment For Varicose Veins
Everything You Must Know About VenaSeal Treatment For Varicose Veins
1.56K 0
A breakthrough development to treat varicose veins is the VenaSeal Varicose treatment. The VenaSeal Varicose glue is a medical glue composed of cyanoacrylate that is used to stop and seal a primary defective vein that is causing problems. This glue aims at closing the Saphenous vein in the upper thigh.
The standard procedure goes from selecting the faulty vein, using the VenaSeal to close it, and letting it develop as a sclerotic tissue that the body will eventually engulf. This treatment has incredible outcomes and is furthermore minimally invasive.
How does it work?
A minor amount of VenaSeal glue is slipped into the vein via a catheter to close it. As the vein is narrowed, blood is supplied to other healthy veins, and this vein then becomes a hard tissue that the body will gradually absorb. The advantage of VenaSeal is that this is a minimally invasive procedure and does not require the patient to be kept on large doses of anesthetics and drugs in the pre-surgery period.
The after-effects are minimal and you don’t need to wear compression stockings or take medicines to thin blood. There is no injury to any other tissue as compared to nerve tissue damage seen in conventional methods of varicose veins treatment.
What body part treatment does it help in?
VenaSeal treatment helps treat Pelvic, Vulvar, and Vaginal Varicose veins that may appear or develop during pregnancy and may spread to lower limbs. It’s always advisable to consult a phlebologist for early diagnosis and assessing your treatment options.
Is this procedure effective?
The success rates of the VenaSeal Varicose procedure are 98.9 and are minimally invasive, with no recorded side effects. This doesn’t tend to cause any complications as compared to traditional surgical methods.
Also, there is minimum anesthetics use and causes no harm to nerve tissue. VenaSeak aims to treat more than one being in a single sitting. The entire treatment can be done in 2-4 weeks, excellent results are guaranteed and that too painlessly.
What is the composition of VenaSeal Glue?
VenaSeal glue has been designed in medical labs after a lot of research and development work. It is commonly referred to as cyanoacrylate and has some very special properties. Cyanoacrylates have been used for a long time to treat minor incisions and skin lesions.
The polymerization capacity of this glue is very high and quickly seals a vein and ceases the blood supply. VenaSeal is antibacterial and has been proven to have no side effects.
Does the vein in which VenaSeal procedure is done cause a problem?
The loss of the varicose vein that has been treated is not a problem because the body starts supplying blood by rerouting it through other veins.
What to keep in mind before your appointment?
You do not have to shave your legs just before the treatment procedure. Inform the surgeon of all the medications you are currently taking. Also, do not moisturize and oil your skin before the meeting. Always wear comfortable, breathable clothing, and in case you have very low pain tolerance, it’s advisable to take a painkiller after talking with the surgeon.
VenaSeal treatment is thus a painless solution to varicose veins and doesn’t require you to wear compression leggings or to undergo laser operations. Hence, the success rate of this is very high, and you need not worry if this will work. Schedule an appointment today and treat yourself from the varicose veins soon.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
User:Geryuser/sandbox
Jonesing
“Jonesing” is a slang term that refers to wanting or needing something. For example, I have a jones for a good steak = I really want a good steak to eat. This use of the term ‘jones’ comes from Great Jones Street in New York City. Years ago, this street in lower Manhattan was home to many drug addicts. The need for drugs came to be called a ‘jones’. Now the term is used metaphorically to refer to something that somone really wants—AS IF he were an addict.
|
WIKI
|
TY - JOUR T1 - Petroleum systems and results of exploration on the Atlantic margins of the UK, Faroes & Ireland: what have we learnt? JF - Geological Society, London, Petroleum Geology Conference series SP - 187 LP - 197 DO - 10.1144/PGC8.14 VL - 8 IS - 1 AU - Scotchman, Iain C. AU - Doré, Anthony G. AU - Spencer, Anthony M. Y1 - 2018/01/01 UR - http://pgc.lyellcollection.org/content/8/1/187.abstract N2 - The exploratory drilling of 200 wildcat wells along the NE Atlantic margin has yielded 30 finds with total discovered resources of c. 4.1×109 barrels of oil equivalent (BOE). Exploration has been highly concentrated in specific regions. Only 32 of 144 quadrants have been drilled, with only one prolific province discovered – the Faroe–Shetland Basin, where 23 finds have resources totalling c. 3.7×109 BOE. Along the margin, the pattern of discoveries can best be assessed in terms of petroleum systems. The Faroe–Shetland finds belong to an Upper Jurassic petroleum system. On the east flank of the Rockall Basin, the Benbecula gas and the Dooish condensate/gas discoveries have proven the existence of a petroleum system of unknown source – probably Upper Jurassic. The Corrib gas field in the Slyne Basin is evidence of a Carboniferous petroleum system. The three finds in the northern Porcupine Basin are from Upper Jurassic source rocks; in the south, the Dunquin well (44/23-1) suggests the presence of a petroleum system there, but of unknown source. This pattern of petroleum systems can be explained by considering the distribution of Jurassic source rocks related to the break-up of Pangaea and marine inundations of the resulting basins. The prolific synrift marine Upper Jurassic source rock (of the Northern North Sea) was not developed throughout the pre-Atlantic Ocean break-up basin system west of Britain and Ireland. Instead, lacustrine–fluvio-deltaic–marginal marine shales of predominantly Late Jurassic age are the main source rocks and have generated oils throughout the region. The structural position, in particular relating to the subsequent Early Cretaceous hyperextension adjacent to the continental margin, is critical in determining where this Upper Jurassic petroleum system will be most effective. ER -
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Page:Thom's Irish who's who.djvu/208
the U S. Engineers, than in the First, Third, Thirtieth Regular Infantry, till retired as Brig.-Gen. "by operation of law," Dec. 16th, 1904; many years' frontier service: served in Black Hills campaign against Sioux Indians, 1875; Geronimo Campaign against Apaches, 1882; Pine Eidge (Dakota), Indian Campaign, 1894; was the first American officer in Command of troops to land in Cuba after declaration of War, 1898; swam ashore (under hostile fire) from boat; served in Philippine Islands (medal for daring action). Soc.: mem. Army of Potomac; G.A.R.; Loyal Legion (ex-V.-P.); Indian Wars; Array of Santiago: (Congressional medal for gallantry on field in Spanish American War); Philippine Campaigns; U.S. Infantry Association; offered his services for World War, but were declined solely because of his age. Club: The Army and Navy: Religion: Catholic, as all his Irish ancestors were. Res.: The, Wyoming-Washington, D.C.
O'CONNELL, Sir John Robert, Knt. (1914), J.P. Co. Cork; M.A., LL.D., and Member of the Senate of University of Dublin; M.R.I.A., F.S.A.; admitted a Solicitor, 1889, and is head of the firm of Thomas F. O'Connell & Son, Solicitors, Dublin; Director of the National Bank, Ltd.; Solicitor to Dublin and South Eastern Railway Co.; Member of Governing Body of University, Cork; Vice-President Statistical and Social Enquiry Society of Ireland; Member of Board of Superintendence of Dublin Hospitals; b. 1868; only son of Thomas Francis O'Connell, of No. 10 Mountjoy Square, Dublin; m. 1901, Mary, eldest dau. of Thomas Scally, of Deepwell, Blackrock, Co. Dublin. Res.: 34 Kildare. Street, Dublin; Ard Einin, Killiney, Co. Dublin. Clubs: Reform, London; Stephen's Green and Royal Irish Automobile, Dublin.
O'CONNELL, Capt. Sir Maurice James Arthur, Baronet (Unit. Kgd., 1869); M.C. (1916); J.P., D.L. Co. Kerry; J.P. Co. Clare; Capt. Royal Fusiliers; served in European War, 1914-18; Lord of the Manor of Ballycarbery; b. 24th Dec, 1889; son of 4th Bart., and Mary Pauline, dau. of Lieut.-Col. J. F. Hickie, of Slevoyre, Co. Tipperary; s. his father, 1919; m. 1920, Margaret Mary dau. of late Matthew J. Purcell, Burton Park, Buttevant. Res.: Lakeview, Killarney, Co. Kerry.
O'CONNELL, Sir Peter Reilly, Knt. (1908). Educ.: St. Patrick's College, Cavan Queen's College, Galway, and Catholic University, Dublin; M.D.. M.Ch., Royal University, Ireland; Senior Surgeon Mater Infirmorum Hospital, Belfast; J.P. Co. Antrim; High Sheriff, Belfast, 1907; D.L. Belfast; Member of Senate Queen's University of Belfast; President Ulster Medical Association, 1910-11; Lecturer and Examiner Queen's University, 1911-12; son of Patrick O'Connell, Mandabawn, Co. Cavan; m. 1907, Jane Mary, eldest dau. of late Edward Hughes, J.P., Belfast. Res.: Oatlands, Stillorgan, Co. Dublin.
O'CONNELL, Lady Mary Pauline, dau. of Col. James Francis Hickie, of Slevou-, Co. Tipperary; m. 1884, Sir Morgan Ross O'Connell, 4th Bart., who died 1919. Res.: Lakeview, Killarney, Co. Kerry.
O'CONNELL, Thomas Joseph (M.P. for County of Galway from 1922). Res.: * * * *
O'CONNOR, Arthur John (M.P. for South Kildare from 1918, and for Cos. Kildare and Wicklow in Parliament of Southern Ireland, 1921); B.A. (T.C.D.); is an engineer; was Secretary for Agriculture in Dail Eireann, 1921: b. 1888. Res.: Elm Hall, Celbridge, Co. Kildare.
O'CONNOR, Right Hon. Charles Andrew, P.C. (1911), M.A. (T.C.D.); Master of the Rolls, Ireland, 1912; Barrister King's Inns, 1878; Bencher, 1896; Q.C., 1895; First Serjeant-at-Law, 1907-09; Solicitor-General for Ireland, 1909-11; Attorney-General, 1911-12; Senator of the National University of Ireland; Member of Governing Body of University College, Dublin; b. 1855; m. Blanche, dau. of James Scully, of Shanballymore, Co. Tipperary. Res.: 28 Fitzwilliam Place, Dublin. Clubs: Reform and Athenaeum, London, S.W.; Stephen's Green, Dublin.<section end="O'Connor, Right Hon. Charles Andrew" />
<section begin="O'Connor, George Richard" />O'CONNOR, George Richard, Barrister King's Inns, 1894; member of Connaught Circuit; Crown Counsel for Co. Leitrim, 1905-8: appointed Resident Magistrate, 1908; served in Counties of Clare, Cork, and Donegal, and in the Cities of Belfast and Londonderry; R.M. for County and City of Waterford since 1920; eldest son of Meredith Ferrall O'Connor, of Ballunvally, Co. Sligo; b. 1863; m. 1909. Alice Georgiana, dau. of late Isaac Beckett, J.P. of Altamont, Dundrum, Co. Dublin. Res.: Suirville, Waterford.<section end="O'Connor, George Richard" />
<section begin="O'Connor, Right Hon. James" />O'CONNOR, Right Hon. James, P.C. (Irld.), 1917; Lord Justice of Appeal in Ireland since 1918; Judge of the Chancery Division High Court of Justice, Ireland, 1918; Attorney-General for Ireland, 1917-18; Solicitor-General, 1914-17; barrister King's Inns, 1900; K.C., 1908. Educ.: Blackrock College, Dublin. Pubns. The Licensing Laws of Ireland; The Motor Car Acts; The Irish Justice of the Peace; b. 1872: m. Mary Josephine, dau. of Lawrence Kehoe, and has issue. Res.: 58 Northumberland Road, Dublin. Stephen's Green Club, Dublin.<section end="O'Connor, Right Hon. James" />
|
WIKI
|
PNG decoding - Why red and blue are swapped?
Hi!
Looking at png_decoder.c, I can see how a PNG file is decoded by a call to lodepng_decode32.
What I don’t understand, is why png_decoder then swaps red and blue (when using 32bit color depth):
static void convert_color_depth(uint8_t * img, uint32_t px_cnt)
{
#if LV_COLOR_DEPTH == 32
lv_color32_t * img_argb = (lv_color32_t*)img;
lv_color_t c;
lv_color_t * img_c = (lv_color_t *) img;
uint32_t i;
for(i = 0; i < px_cnt; i++) {
c = LV_COLOR_MAKE(img_argb[i].red, img_argb[i].green, img_argb[i].blue);
img_c[i].red = c.blue;
img_c[i].blue = c.red;
}
How is Littlevgl raw image format different from “RGBA” that lodepng generates? And why did you choose using this different raw image format on Littlevgl?
Thanks!
Amir
Hi,
See this comment.
LittlevGL has ARGB format which is the most common as I saw so far. PNG has RGBA in big endian. When it is interpreted as little-endian it becomes ABGR (compared LittlevGL’s ARGB).
To make it clearer:
lv_color_t c = LV_COLOR_MAKE(0x11,0x22,0x33);
uint8_t * b = (uint8_t *)&c;
printf("0x%02x, 0x%02x, 0x%02x, 0x%02x\n", b[0], b[1], b[2], b[3]);
printf("0x%08x\n", c.full);
0x33, 0x22, 0x11, 0xff
0xff112233
So if interpreted as uint32_t is looks like ARGB but because of the little endian interpretation, it is stored as B, G, R, A.
The current color format was compatible with Linux frame buffer (/dev/fb0) so I thought it’s should be a good choice. (It might be different on other machines but there were complains so far)
I see, thanks to the explanation @kisvegabor!
I tried taking the data produced by lodepng_decode32 without any manipulations. So as expected, blue and red are swapped. But what about the alpha?
See the image below - I would expect a transparent background instead of a black background.
image
Any idea?
I’ve tested in on dev-6.0 at it’s working for me. Here is the v6.0 compatible code:
png_decoder_test.c (125.1 KB)
I’ve didn’t tried it v5.3 for a while but it should the same way.
Oh - it was my mistake.
I used LV_IMG_CF_TRUE_COLOR instead of LV_IMG_CF_TRUE_COLOR_ALPHA.
Now it work just fine. Thanks!
Glad to hear that! :slight_smile:
When I was compiler this demo , I got a error LV_IMG_FORMAT_TRUE_COLOR_ALPHA was undeclared, I can’t search this macro in the lvgl.
It’s defined here: https://github.com/littlevgl/lvgl/blob/7c90b84560aa8cea64c1f8f08b4398d3fb29e7da/src/lv_draw/lv_img_decoder.h#L83
WOW, Thanks for your reply.
But LV_IMG_FORMAT_TRUE_COLOR_ALPHA is equal to the LV_IMG_CF_TRUE_COLOR_ALPHA ？anyway I’ll give a try.
I think CF stands for “Color Format”, all that enum members start with LV_IMG_CF_
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
(This file has been updated to exclude the least effective items) NOTE: ***** Before doing ANY optimising, run MAch3 first, odds are you dont need to optimise. ***** and before optimising, use msconfig to shut off all Startup Items, then reboot. Killing stratup Items fixed 90% of computers having any troubel with MAch3. Optimising should NEVER be done priot to knowing a problem exists. Windows XP Professional System Optimization Guide: 0. Install Windows in Standard PC Mode 1. When you see the installation tell you to press F6 (Third Party SCSI or RAID Drivers) press F5 instead. 2. You will see Press F2 for Automated System Recovery, (DONT press F2). 3. Right after that you will see a list. 4. Press the UP arrow key to highlight Standard PC. When installing, make SURE you install all of the most recent drivers for your Hardware. This is vital! 6. Disable Automatic Updates 1. Right Click My Computer and select Properties 2. Click Automatic Updates tab. 3. Uncheck Keep my computer updated.. 4. Click OK. 7. Disable Remote Assistance 1. Right Click My Computer and select Properties 2. Click Remote tab. 3. Uncheck "Allow Remote Assistance Invitations.". 4. Click OK. 9. Set Computer to Standard PC NOT ACPI PC NOTE: This is only necessary if you wish to remove ACPI AFTER install. If you followed step 0, you don't need to do this. 1. Right Click My Computer and select Properties 2. Click Hardware tab. 3. Click Device Manager Button in the middle. 4. Double click "Computer". 5. Right click on Standard ACPI PC and choose Update Driver. 6. Choose "Install the software from a Specific Location (Advanced)" 7. Click Next. 8. Choose "Don't search. I will choose driver to install." 9. Click Next. 10. Choose "Standard PC" from the listing. 11. Click Next. 12. Click OK. 11. Disable Startup Items in Registry 1. Click Start button. 2. Click Run. 3. Type MSCONFIG and press [ENTER]. 4. Click Startup tab. 5. Uncheck everything 6. Click OK. 7. Exit MSCONFIG. 12. Disable Startup Program Group Items in Start Menu 1. Right click Start button and choose Open. 2. Double click Programs. 3. Double click Startup. 4. Delete anything you think you don't need. 5. Close window. 16. Set Windows Theme to CLASSIC 1. Right-click on your desktop, and then click Properties. 2. Click on Themes tab 3. Set Themes to Windows Classic 4. Hit OK 17. Disable Indexing on all NTFS drives 1. Double click My Computer. 2. Right click on hard drive and choose Properties. 3. On bottom, uncheck "Allow Indexing Service to index this file for faster searching". 4. Hit OK. 18. Run diskperf -n 1. Click the Start Button. 2. Click Run. 3. Type DISKPERF -N and press [ENTER]. 20. Disable MSN Messenger 1. Double click on the Messenger icon in the system tray to open it. 2. Skip thru the internet and sign up stuff, just cancel it. 3. When Messenger loads go to Tools -> Options then Preferences. 4. Uncheck 'Run this program when windows starts' 21. Disable Power Management 1. Right-click on your desktop, and then click Properties. 2. Click on the Screen Saver tab. 3. Set Screensaver to None. 4. Press the Power button near the bottom. 5. Set all options to NEVER shut down automatically! 22. Disable Wallpaper 1. Right-click on your desktop, and then click Properties. 2. Click on the Desktop tab. 3. Where it says Background, scroll all the way up and choose None. 4. Click OK. 23. Disable System Sounds 1. Click Start Button. 2. Click Settings. 3. Click Control Panel 4. Double click Sounds and Audio Devices. 5. Click Sounds tab. 6. For Sound Scheme, choose "No Sounds". 7. Click OK. 25. Install Programs Do not install any programs you will not use. Only install programs that you DEPEND on for what you do on your computer. Keeping things lean and mean will keep your system fast and stable. 26. Maintain Hard disk 1. Double click on My Computer. 2. Right click on Hard Disk and choose Properties. 3. Click Tools tab. 4. For Error Checking click Check Now. Do before Defrag! 5. Click Defragment Now, AFTER Error Checking completes. 6. Click OK.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Peru economy grows at slowest rate in two years
LIMA, June 15 (Reuters) - Peru's economy grew 0.02% in April from the same month a year earlier, its slowest expansion in two years, as mining, manufacturing and fishing output all slumped, state statistics agency Inei said on Saturday. The official result for April`s growth was below the 0.5% forecast in a Reuters poll. In the 12 months through April, the economy grew 3.12 percent, Inei said. The statistics agency said the mining sector, including petroleum and natural gas - key to the Peruvian economy - fell 2.87 percent in April, while fishing output fell 63.02 percent from the same month in 2018, the result of a sharp drop in the haul of Peruvian anchoveta, a species used for fishmeal. Analysts said the Easter holiday, which was celebrated in April this year, versus March the year before, resulted in fewer working days, further docking growth. The economy of Peru, the world`s number two copper producer, grew 3.99 percent in 2018. (Reporting by Marco Aquino, writing by Dave Sherwood; Editing by Steve Orlofsky)
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Page:Voyage of Discovery to the North Pacific Ocean, and Round the World in the Years 1791–95, volume 1.djvu/53
2 proceed down the river. With a Hivonible wind on the following day we liiiled, and ancliored in Long Reach about five in the evening. Ahiiough this trial of t!ie Ihip may appear vciy idfignificant, yet as (lie had never been under I'ail, it was not made without fome anxiel)-. The eondrudion of her upper works, for the fake of adding to the comfort of the accom- modations^ differing materially from the general fadiion, pro<iucetl an un- lighily app/arancc ; and gave rife to various opinions unfavorable to her qualities as a fea-boat ; for which reafon it was natural 10 pay the minutcll attention to her (leering, and other prt)pcrties whf^n ii motion ; and we obtained in the courfe of this fhori expedition, the pleafing profpe(-^ of her proving lumdy, and in all other relpcds a very comfortable wd'd. Various neeeffary occupations dctaiiiecl us in Long Reach until the W'cdnci. 2C'. 2ih, when, liaving taken on board all our ordnance (lores, and fuch things as were wanted from Dcptford dock yard, we proceeded down the river on our way to Porilmouth. My orders for this purpofe were accom- panied by another, to receive on board and convey to his native country Tozoraro, an Indian, from one of the Sandwich Illands, who had been brought from thence by fome of the north wed American traders in July 178c). This man had lived, whilfl in England, in great obfcurity, and did hot feem in the lead to have benefited by his refidence in this country. Ohfavorable winds prevented our reaching the Downs until the 30th; where they ftill continued, and, being attended with very boiderous wea- VhJiday'^. ther, detained us until the 3d of february ; when, with a (hong gale from the northward, we proceeded down channel. About noon m'c pafled the South Foreland, and had the misfortune to lo(c John Brown, who fell overboard, and was drowned. lie was one of the Carpenter's mates, an exceedingly good man, and very much regretted. About noon on the 5th we anchored at Spithead, where Rear- Admiral Goodall's flag was flying on board His Majedy's diip 'anguard, in company with twelve fail of the line, and fcv( ral frigates. Some defers in the fliip's head were already evident, as the bum- kins, and a confiderable part of the head were nov wadied away. Tlicfe repairs, with fuch other duties as were neeeffary, I gave orders to have executed -, and my prefence being required in London, I repaired thither ; Sunday 30 February. Saturday 5.
|
WIKI
|
Talk:Charlie Barley
US or Canadian dollars?
@SnowFire, just has a $ sign, which I would naively assume as Canadian dollars rather than US ones. Legoktm (talk) 16:36, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
* Yeah, I'm not 100% sure myself. I get the impression earnings are kept in USD for comparison purposes though, and non-Canadian sources like https://www.pedigreequery.com/charlie+barley also used the $922,943 figure. Meanwhile, the Globe & Mail, a Canadian source, said "amassing career earnings of $1-million" which is a little higher, which makes sense (Google says 1 USD was worth 1.03 CAD in 2010, so sure, maybe he actually made a million then.) So I tentatively think we should just mimic the source and use a dollar sign with no explanation of what that dollar sign means, because they don't bother to clarify either. :( SnowFire (talk) 19:20, 24 August 2022 (UTC)
|
WIKI
|
The Community for Technology Leaders
Green Image
Issue No. 02 - Mar.-Apr. (2014 vol. 34)
ISSN: 0272-1732
pp: 34-43
Lucian Codrescu , Qualcomm
Willie Anderson , Qualcomm
Mao Zeng , Qualcomm
Erich Plondke , Qualcomm
Chris Koob , Qualcomm
Ajay Ingle , Qualcomm
Charles Tabony , Qualcomm
Rick Maule , Qualcomm
ABSTRACT
Heterogeneous computing is essential for mobile products to meet power and performance targets. The Qualcomm Hexagon DSP, now in its fifth generation, is used for both modem processing and multimedia acceleration. By offloading multimedia tasks such as voice, audio, sensor, and image processing from the CPU to the DSP, Hexagon achieves significant power savings. Hexagon features a unique architecture that combines application-specific instructions, a VLIW instruction set architecture, and hardware multithreading. The design approach is to maximize work per cycle for performance, but run at modest clock speeds and focus the implementation on low power. This article provides an overview of the Hexagon architecture. The processor is designed to deliver far superior energy efficiency compared to mobile CPU alternatives and thereby help achieve long battery life for important mobile applications.
INDEX TERMS
Program processors, Instruction sets, Digital signal processing, Instruction sets, Multimedia communication, Computer architecture,digital signal processor, Hexagon DSP, multimedia, instruction set architecture
CITATION
Lucian Codrescu, Willie Anderson, Suresh Venkumanhanti, Mao Zeng, Erich Plondke, Chris Koob, Ajay Ingle, Charles Tabony, Rick Maule, "Hexagon DSP: An Architecture Optimized for Mobile Multimedia and Communications", IEEE Micro, vol. 34, no. , pp. 34-43, Mar.-Apr. 2014, doi:10.1109/MM.2014.12
192 ms
(Ver 3.3 (11022016))
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Page:An analysis of religious belief (1877).djvu/188
*tion of monotheism into their midst. And they formed, at least during a part of the prophet's life-time possibly during the whole of it, by far the stronger party, for he refers to them in these terms:—
"To what country shall I go? where shall I take refuge? what country gives shelter to the master (Zarathustra) and his companion? None of the servants pay reverence to me, nor do the wicked rulers of the country. How shall I worship thee further, living Wise One?
"I know that I am helpless. Look at me being amongst few men, for I have few men (I have lost my followers or they have left me); I implore thee weeping, thou living God who grantest happiness as a friend gives a present to his friend. The good of the good mind is in thy own possession, thou True One!
"The sway is given into the hands of the priests and prophets of idols, who, by their atrocious actions, endeavor to destroy the life of man
"To him who makes this very life increase by means of truth to the utmost for me, who am Zarathustra myself, to such an one the first (earthly) and the other (spiritual) life will be granted as a reward together with all good things to be had on the imperishable earth. Thou, living Wise One, art the very owner of all these things to the greatest extent; thou, who art my friend, O Wise One!" (Yasna. xlv. 1, 2, 11, 19.)
And elsewhere we come across this exclamation: "What help did Zarathustra receive, when he proclaimed the truths? What did he obtain through the good mind?" (Ibid., xlix. 12.)
And the piteous question is put to Ahura Mazda: "Why has the truthful one so few adherents, while all the mighty, who are unbelievers, follow the Liar in great numbers?" (Ibid., xlvii. 4.)
These simple and natural verses point to a prophet who was—for a time at least—without honor in his own country. Whereas the later representations of his career depict him as the triumphant revealer of a new faith, before whose words of power the "Devas," or god of polytheism, flee in terror and dismay, we meet with him here in the character of a persecuted and lonely man, unsupported by the authorities of his nation, opposed by a powerful majority, and imploring, in the
|
WIKI
|
1953–54 Stoke City F.C. season
The 1953–54 season was Stoke City's 47th season in the Football League and the 14th in the Second Division.
During the summer of 1953, Taylor began moving on a number of former favourites as he began at stamp his mark on the club; however, with not much money to spend the squad had a decidedly mid-table look. And so it turned out to be as Stoke were very average and with seventeen draws they finished in eleventh position as Taylor struggled to find his most successful team.
League
With Stoke now in the Second Division manager Frank Taylor decided to clear out some of the long serving players. Dennis Herod and Leslie Johnston both joined Shrewsbury Town and Jock Kirton left for Bradford City. Taylor and a relatively new board, saw no quick way back into the First Division and there would be no panic buying. Taylor insisted that he would buy if necessary but would be looking to bring players through the youth and reserve ranks at the club.
There was then, a distinct mid-table look about the Stoke City squad as the 1953–54 season got underway and Taylor like so many other managers heard of the impressive young duo at nearby Crewe Alexandra that of Johnny King and Frank Blunstone. In September he made his move for the pair and signed King for £8,000 but could not afford Blunstone who went on to Chelsea. He also signed Scottish pair Bobby Cairns and Joe Hutton to boost his midfield. However, it was very dull season for the supporters as there was seventeen draws during the season with 1–1 being the most popular scoreline. The season's average attendance fell to 18,000, 10,000 down on the previous season. Stoke did however manage to record their highest league away win beating Bury 6–0 on 13 March 1954 at Gigg Lane. However, there was great sadness at the end of the season as in May 1954 former long serving defender and manager Bob McGrory died at the age of 62 just two years after he ended his 31-year association with the club.
FA Cup
After soundly beating Hartlepool United 6–2 in the third round with Frank Bowyer scoring four Stoke lost to Leicester City after a replay.
Results
Stoke's score comes first
|
WIKI
|
unreality
Etymology
From.
Noun
* 1) Lack of reality or real existence.
* 2) The state of being unreal
* 3) That which has no reality or real existence; something unreal or imaginary
* 4) Unpractical character; visionariness.
Translations
* Irish: neamhréaltacht, míréalaíocht
* Italian:
* Latvian: irealitāte
|
WIKI
|
1,972 reputation
412
bio website
location
age
visits member for 1 year, 11 months
seen 2 hours ago
Dec
4
answered What's the rationale behind the ordering of Scala's value/variable declaration when including a type identifier?
Nov
20
comment Is using MultiMaps code smell? If so what alternative data structures fit my needs?
"Never deserialize untrusted YAML." - Wait, what? Are you saying that YAML has a "execute this code" feature, or that most YAML parsers are incredibly buggy?
Nov
18
comment Every function is a closure?
"I claim that every function is conceptually a closure" While you can argue that a standalone function is a closure with an empty environment, doing so makes the term "closure" useless.
Nov
18
comment Every function is a closure?
"Closures are an efficient way to implement functions." What makes you say that? A closure is generally a function plus an environment pointer, so either your implementation is recursive (if you implement the function in the closure as a closure), or it is not optimally efficient (since the function inside the closure has less overhead than the closure itself).
Nov
14
answered Why is a python package more perfomant as zip?
Nov
11
answered Race conditions in JVM languages versus C/C++
Nov
11
comment Is factory pattern a right pattern for the situation described here?
Your problem description is incomplete. You only describe a situation, not a goal.
Oct
23
comment Python Coding standards vs. productivity
It sounds like the problem isn't the coding standards, it's a lead dev who, probably due to panic about the deadline and not knowing what to do, is effectively sabotaging the project and doesn't have the guts to admit his cure isn't working. It's pretty much a no-win situation for you.
Oct
23
comment Implements > extends, but what about variables?
@DylanMeeus Sounds like you're using some reflection-based magic that managed to turn private fields into public interface. Maybe your reflection needs to be more flexible.
Oct
23
answered Explicitly define enum values, even if the default value is the same?
Sep
14
comment What is the meaning of 'high cohesion'?
I never really understood Cohesion until I read Clean Code. You should too.
Sep
14
answered c++ coding practice class vs. “free” functions
Aug
1
awarded Enlightened
Aug
1
awarded Guru
Jul
3
comment Why isn't testing a language a supported feature at the syntax level?
Another language with built-in unit testing features is Rust.
Jul
3
revised Good or bad practice to mask Java collections with meaningful class names?
added 272 characters in body
Jun
28
awarded Mortarboard
Jun
28
awarded Good Answer
Jun
27
awarded Nice Answer
Jun
27
answered Good or bad practice to mask Java collections with meaningful class names?
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Do Babies Sleep in the Womb?
Do Unborn Babies Sleep In The Womb
Pregnancy can be strange sometimes. Mothers feel their babies in the womb, but they have no way of knowing what it is that their little ones are up to. Even with the technology available to us today, it is not easy to find out everything that a baby does in the womb. We know a few things like how they get their nutrition and how waste is removed. We know that babies are active since mothers can feel them kick.
But what about sleep? Do babies sleep when they are in the womb? What are the sleeping hours in the womb? Do they have a regular sleep and wake cycle? How can you know if your baby is sleeping in the womb? There is so much to learn and share about unborn babies and sleep. We aim to shed some light on this topic for all the expecting mothers curious to know if their babies sleep in the womb. Read on then!
Do Babies Sleep in the Womb?
Yes, they do! But how often do babies sleep in the womb? Well, babies actually spend most of their time sleeping in the womb. While you are up and about or going about your day, some movements can lull your little one to sleep. Your baby spends at least 90% of each day sleeping.
However, there is not much known about how the fetus sleeps during early development. Studies will often be able to only depend on REM sleep, something that is observed around the seventh month. It is known that babies go into REM sleep as the rate of breathing raises, along with the rate of blood pressure and heart rate. Babies may even experience dreams, though this is not known for sure.
What Does Research Say About Babies Sleeping in the Womb?
When researching Fetal Sleep Behaviours, researchers have used many different methods to ensure that they can provide the answer to any query in relation to the question, “Do fetuses sleep?”
In a study conducted in 2008, Fetal Electrocardiographic recordings were used so that researchers could compare the sleep habits of babies in the womb and outside after their birth. The same baby was observed in the womb and out so that the behaviour could be compared properly.
Here researchers found that sleep patterns of babies are developed while still in the uterus – those babies who slept more while in the uterus had better sleep patterns after birth.
Keep in mind that while your baby might sleep a lot during your pregnancy, as a newborn, even those with the best sleeping habits will need to wake up every few hours for feeding. While in the uterus, this was not a problem as they were getting their nutrients straight through the umbilical cord.
In another study conducted in 2009, researchers wanted to find out a little more about sleep patterns of the earliest stage. This is difficult to do in humans, so they tried to find out more about it by studying foetal sheep. The unborn sheep showed brain patterns that pointed towards immature cycles of sleep.
In a study conducted in 2010, the fetal heart rate was tracked, and the results showed that unborn babies have regular waking and sleeping patterns.
Dreaming and rest are the first two things we often think about when we hear or see the word “sleep”, but that’s not all that infants in the womb need it for. In a study conducted in 2018, it was found that babies also experience REM sleep. This allows them to process their environment. It also stimulates brain activity and development.
Studies conclude that there are four stages of sleep that your baby will experience. The first and second stages involve light sleep, while the third and fourth will involve healing and deep sleep.
What Can Make an Unborn Baby Sleep?
While babies are mostly asleep in the womb, they do have a few moments of wakefulness. When this happens, what is it that puts a baby back to sleep? If you are curious about what that is, here are a few things that can lull your little one back to sleep:
1. Mom’s Movements
While you move around during the day, the movement rocks the baby to sleep in the womb. When in the womb, the baby feels cosy and warm. A little gentle rocking is a perfect way to get a baby to sleep even outside the womb. The reason could be related to them being used to the movement they experience when still in the womb.
2. White Noise
The only noise that your baby can really hear inside the womb is a mix of the rush of blood and amniotic fluid, and your heartbeat. This is known as white noise. This is very comforting to your baby, and it tends to put babies to sleep.
3. Vibrations and Soft Sounds
The white noise, as well as mom’s muffled, soft voice sends vibrations to the womb. This calms your baby and sends the fetus to sleep.
4. The Food You Consume
What you eat makes a huge difference in how much your baby sleeps. If you consume sugar and caffeine, your baby is not likely to sleep much. But when you consume a balanced diet, your baby will be able to relax and sleep like normal.
Baby’s Sleep Patterns in Different Trimesters
Since babies are always developing in the womb, the sleeping patterns in each trimester will vary. As more of the brain develops, so will the behaviour of your baby. Here is how a baby sleeps during each trimester:
First Trimester
1. Baby starts to yawn at eleven weeks, though any state of actual sleep is not yet reached. The brain cells that cause “sleep” the way we are familiar with it have not yet been formed.
2. Brain cells that cause us to sleep begin to develop. Now is when you can say that your baby sleeps the way we sleep.
3. Due to the still-forming brain cells, babies are often in a perpetual state of sleep before their brain actually wakes up.
Second Trimester
1. Baby’s brain will wake up. This means that babies develop REM sleep.
2. Some babies will “wake up” at 24 weeks, others at 30. When the baby “wakes up” is related to how long babies sleep in the womb at 26 weeks28 weeks or any other given time.
3. Sleep and wake cycle will begin. Now your baby will be able to experience a few moments of wakefulness.
Third Trimester
1. At seven months, babies will continue to sleep most of the time.
2. Now, their brain will go back and forth between non-REM and active REM sleep. This happens approximately every half an hour.
3. When they wake, you will feel them as this is when the kicking and stretching take place.
4. Their brains will most likely begin to process what they had learnt when they were awake.
5. Baby indulges in nine hours of REM sleep a couple of weeks before birth.
6. A week before birth, REM sleep goes on for twelve hours.
Do Fetuses Stay Awake More During the Night than During the Day?
It is not uncommon for pregnant women to feel as though their baby is a lot more active at night. When your baby feels you moving around all day, and then at night, the movement is less or stops completely, your baby may wonder what is going on. The movement will often lull them to sleep during the day, so its absence is strongly felt. When they are astounded by the lack of movement by you, they may move around a lot more. This does not mean all babies will be the same way. Babies behaviour in the womb may vary from each individual.
Mothers may also feel that their babies are far more active at night simply because they are the ones who have stopped moving and can now feel the movement of their babies a lot better than before. Your daily occupation may distract you from realising that your baby does move around during the day as well. So, does the baby sleep in the womb when the mother sleeps?
Truthfully, babies sleep when the mother is sleeping and even when she isn’t. Just because there they move even during the day, it does not mean that they are awake. They tend to sleep for a few hours and then wake up, and they make some movements even during their sleep. When babies experience sudden bursts of activity in the brain, they may kick or squirm. This is all perfectly natural.
When your baby is in the uterus, REM sleep is experienced. But unlike the REM sleep that we experience outside the womb, a developing baby will not have the paralysis that comes with it. Your baby’s brain will still pass commands to move, and though your baby’s body will follow those instructions, your baby is often sound asleep while doing so. Mothers may feel these movements as light punches or kicks.
If you have ever pondered the question – how much do babies sleep in the womb? You are not alone. Many expecting mothers often wonder about the length of time that a baby sleeps while in the womb. Babies in utero are awake for only about two to three hours a day, and this is only in the third trimester. This means that the baby is not really awake during the day or the night; most of the time, your baby is actually just fast asleep. What your baby alternates between are non-REM sleep and REM sleep. You will be pleased to note, however, that during those few hours of wakefulness, your baby can still hear your muffled voice and will learn to recognise what mom sounds like.
Learning how much babies sleep in the womb can be surprising to mothers. Especially since moms can feel some lively punches and kicks and are told about the sleepless nights, they will have to endure once the little one is born. Some believe that a baby’s foetal sleep pattern can be linked to sleep patterns post-birth, but this is not always the case. When your baby was in the womb, there was no need to wake up to be fed or changed. These are necessary when your baby has entered the world, so even the best sleepers will wake up during the night. We hope all your questions related to a baby’s sleep when in the womb have been answered.
Also Read:
Talking to Baby In The Womb While Pregnant
Do Babies Cry in Womb?
Can Babies Hear in the Womb?
Previous article «
Next article »
Ruchelle has a vast experience working with clients in hospitality, health and wellness, entertainment, real estate, and retail. She aims to utilise her learnings to deliver quality content which will in turn help drive sales and customer engagement.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Talk:Winter Dreams
The bit at the end about the story being powerful and worthy of consideration, while true, sounds pretty subjective and definitely not attributed to any source. If nobody has any objections, I'm going to remove it.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:04, 5 December 2007 (UTC)
Concerning the "a schematic of the production..." part of the article, shouldn't that link be one of those footnote thingies? Just my two cents, even though, obviously if this article were edited there'd be more revisions than simply footnote-aesthetics. - MoaM —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:24, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
Nevermind, just included the footnote stuff myself...I've never done that before... Complete Wiki-Nub here; expect another "UnsignedIP" thing - MoaM —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:44, 26 March 2008 (UTC)
I don't agree with the story summary. It seems like the author of the article either didn't read the story thoroughly enough or intentionally misrepresented it. For instance, the article says that Dexter quit his job as a caddy because he "decided he was too old." But the story says - refering to Dexter quiting - "The girl who had done this (caused him to quit) was...[Judy Jones]," which means that, while he said he was quitting because of his age, Dexter really quit because of the yet-to-bloom Mrs. Jones. —Preceding unsigned comment added by Slamstarguy (talk • contribs) 06:27, 11 April 2008 (UTC)
|
WIKI
|
The North Star (Roddy Frame album)
The North Star is the debut album by Scottish singer-songwriter Roddy Frame, released in September 1998 by Independiente. It features the single "Reason for Living", which peaked at number 45 on the UK Singles Chart.
Background
Aztec Camera released their sixth studio album Frestonia in November 1995, marking the end of their contract with WEA. It became the band's least commercially successful release; frontman Roddy Frame opted to go solo and signed with Go! Discs. After a year of no activity, the label had been purchased by PolyGram, and its label head Andy McDonald formed a new label, Independiente. Frame subsequently transferred over to his new home.
Critical reception
The Guardian wrote that Frame has "painted an autumnal landscape of ballads and guitar rockers (if rockers is the right word for these scaled-down little bruschettas of songs) whose attention to detail could be mistaken for blandness."
Personnel
* Roddy Frame – vocals, guitar, bass, mandolin
* Andy Claine – backing vocals
* Yolanda Charles – bass
* Claire Kenny – bass
* Jeremy Stacey – drums
* Mark Edwards – keyboards, piano, organ
* Luis Jardim – percussion
* Barriemore Barlow – percussion
Technical
* Simon Dawson – engineer, record producer
* Matt Lawrence – assistant engineer
* Gerard Navarro – assistant engineer
* Jon Kelly – mixer
* Andy Green – assistant mixer
* Ellen Nolan – photography
Chart performance
The North Star spent a total of two weeks in the UK Albums Chart, peaking at number 55 on 3 October 1998.
|
WIKI
|
A$AP Rocky case: Trump says Sweden has 'let our African American community down'
(CNN)President Donald Trump said Sweden has "let our African American community down" by not freeing rapper A$AP Rocky, who is facing assault charges after a confrontation last month. "Very disappointed in Prime Minister Stefan Löfven for being unable to act. Sweden has let our African American Community down in the United States," Trump tweeted Thursday afternoon. "I watched the tapes of A$AP Rocky, and he was being followed and harassed by troublemakers. Treat Americans fairly!" He later added, "Give A$AP Rocky his FREEDOM. We do so much for Sweden but it doesn't seem to work the other way around. Sweden should focus on its real crime problem!" He concluded both tweets with the hashtag #FreeRocky. In response, Löfven's spokesperson Mikael Lindström said in a statement to CNN that all people in Sweden are equal before the law. "All I can say at this point, is that Sweden and Prime Minister Stefan Löfven have explained and emphasised the complete independence of the Swedish judicial system, prosecutors and courts," Lindström said. "The Government is not allowed, and will not attempt, to influence the legal proceedings, which are now ongoing." A$AP Rocky was charged earlier Thursday for the June 30 confrontation in Stockholm. Swedish public prosecutor Daniel Suneson claims A$AP Rocky and two other men assaulted a man by kicking and beating him with a whole or part of a glass bottle, according to court documents seen by CNN. All three have been charged for their involvement in the brawl and will remain in custody until the trial, which will begin on Tuesday. The rapper's lawyer, Slobodan Jovicic, has maintained A$AP Rocky was defending himself after being assaulted and is innocent. "We think it was self-defense," Jovicic said, adding that his client is "very disappointed" that the prosecutor has "chosen to go with the other party's version" of events. Footage posted by TMZ and other videos posted by A$AP Rocky of the brawl have been at the heart of the investigation. Video clips shared on Instagram by A$AP Rocky show the rapper and his companions repeatedly asking two men to stop following them. The rapper wrote in a caption that one of the men hit a member of his security detail "in the face with headphones," and reasserted that he was "innocent." But in another video posted by TMZ, A$AP Rocky appears to grab one of the men and throw him to the ground. Another angle appears to show the rapper and members of his entourage kicking and punching the man. Trump said on Saturday that he had spoken to Löfven about A$AP Rocky's case in another effort to get him released. Löfven told Trump that he would not and could not influence the judicial process, despite the President's request, according to Löfven's spokesman. CNN's Saskya Vandoorne, Melissa Bell, Eliza Mackintosh and Veronica Stracqualursi contributed to this report.
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Hormones Matter TM
What You Didn’t Know About Pheromones
June 26, 2012 | Elena Perez
Share
Pheromones
It seems we are constantly searching for companionship, but, now, people are choosing to rely on their animal instincts, basing partner selection on pheromones, as opposed to the comprehensive algorithm used by dating sites. This new method of socializing is called a pheromone party.
What’s a Pheromone Party?
Pheromone parties are based on smell, and while not entirely science-based, research has shown that humans do respond to pheromones. In fact, we have a specialized region in the olfactory system, the vomeronasal organ (VNO), that is responsible for pheromone detection.
The VNO, which is located on your nasal septum, may play a factor in how individuals select potential partners. In one study, women responded more favorably to men when the women were exposed to male pheromones.
Pheromones are mainly produced in the pubic and armpit region, but since the idea of sniffing undies seems to cross the line, pheromone parties opt for sniffing T-shirts instead. Pheromone party-goers bring T shirts they’ve slept in, stick them in a bag that is passed around at the party, in hopes that someone will find their scent pleasing.
Shortcomings of Relying on Pheromones
There are potential flaws with this pheromone selection party, which is why it shouldn’t be taken too seriously.
You May Not Be Chosen Based on Your Pheromones
A T shirt sniffer may be drawn to the smell of the perfume worn by the owner of the T shirt, as opposed to actually being stimulated by their pheromones.
The person who never showered, on the other hand, may not be chosen at all, regardless of how tasty their pheromones really are.
Your Menstrual Cycle Impacts Your Pheromones
Studies show that during the first half of the menstrual cycle, the amount of pheromones produced increases, whereas pheromone production decreases in the second half of the menstrual cycle.
The best time to go to a pheromone party is when you’re producing pheromones. You can also sleep with the T shirt during peak pheromone production and freeze the shirt until the party starts.
Pheromones May Impact your Menstrual Cycle
The possibility that pheromones affected behavior was first considered because women’s periods would synchronize. Turns out that rats produce one pheromone that shortens the menstrual cycle, and another that lengthens the menstrual cycle, until the two females cycle together.
Planning on going to a pheromone party with your friend? Spend a significant amount of time together prior to the party to ensure synched pheromone production.
Oral Contraceptives May Also Change Pheromone Production
One study has shown that women who take contraceptives produced a lower overall content of pheromones. Way to be safe, ladies. Unfortunately, you can’t produce as much of the alluring chemical, so you may want to stick to online dating.
Pheromones For Fun
The thing is, it’s just a party. Judith Prays started this fad when she recalled how drawn she was to the scent of a former boyfriend. She doesn’t really imagine it’s a place to meet “the one,” but it may be a place to strike up a conversation and meet some new people, and laugh at the person who put their nose in your smelly shirt.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
User:Preranarathi15/Deva agar
Deva Agar new article content ... {It is a beach. it is clean as compared to Ali Bag beach both near Mumbai.}
|
WIKI
|
SEARCH
SEARCH BY CITATION
Keywords:
• cell seeding density;
• proliferation;
• transplant
Abstract
We have explored the optimal seeding density and timing for transplantation of the tissue-engineered bone with BMMSCs (bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells) and PDPB (partially deproteinized bone) in vitro. Rabbit BMMSCs of different densities were seeded into PDPB generated from fresh pig vertebrates to reconstruct tissue-engineered bone in vitro. Adhesion and proliferation of BMMSCs were analysed by MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide] assay from which growth curves of BMMSCs on the PDPB materials were generated. The data show that BMMSCs began to adhere to PDPB after 24 h of primary culture, all groups reaching peak growth on the 6th day, after which the value of A decreased gradually and reached a plateau phase. The optimal BMMSCs seeding density of 5×106/ml achieved an excellent adhesion and proliferation activity on PDPB. In summary, the best cell seeding density of constructing tissue-engineered bone with BMMSCs in vitro is 5×106/ml, the optimal timing to transplant is the 6th day.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
1879 AAC Championships
The 1879 AAC Championships were two outdoor track and field competitions organised by the Amateur Athletic Club (AAC) and London Athletic Club (LAC). The first was the usual annual AAC championships, held at the Lillie Bridge Grounds on 7 April 1879.
A second championships was organised in the Summer of 1879 to allow for the growing demand of club athletes to compete. Previously the championships in March were organised largely to suit the availality of university athletes.
The Summer Championships were held on Saturday 14 June and Monday 16 June 1879 at the Stamford Bridge Running Grounds in England.
Summary
In addition to each event winner receiving a medal, the prizes included several valuable cups ppresented on an annual basis:
* A 60-Guinea Cup for the 4 miles race donated by Earl of Jersey
* A 100-Guinea Cup for the 100 yards race donated by Prince Hassam
* A 50-Guinea Cup for the 1 mile race donated by Mr C. B. Lawes
|
WIKI
|
Closing Homeland Security laboratories to build a wall puts lives in danger | TheHill
Recent acts of terrorism at home and abroad remind us that our first responders are on the front lines, and that our national policies and programs should continue to support them. Unfortunately, the administration’s proposed budget threatens to undermine programs that our responders rely on. The clock is ticking for Congress to act. The president and the Department of Homeland Security’s fiscal 2018 budget call for the closure of the National Urban Security Technology laboratory along with the Chemical Security Analysis Center and the National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center. This will save a mere $41.7 million out of an agency budget of $44.1 billion, or less than one tenth of one percent of the agency’s budget. Yet the impact is far greater. The National Urban Security Technology Laboratory in New York City supports first responders in many ways. Including servicing first responder radiation detection equipment, used to identify and prevent the use of nuclear devices, as well as radiological dispersal devices, known as “dirty-bombs”. Their expertise is also utilized by first responders for technical issues in radiation planning and response. The Chemical Security Analysis Center at Aberdeen Proving Ground has also been critical in understanding the impact of chemical agents, including those often used in industrial process and are transported by truck and rail in communities every day. The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasure (NBACC), at Fort Detrick provides important research and forensic analysis functions in the event of a biological attack. It also contains one of the few BSL-4 high-security research laboratories, which is certified to handle some of the most deadly pathogens in the world. The NBACC, however, might be safe from execution for now, as the House of Representatives inserted language into their version of the National Defense Authorization Act requiring further study before the lab can be closed. But this stopgap should not be considered sufficient to stave off closure, nor should these examples be considered all that is on the chopping block. This is part of a greater budgetary assault on science that will directly impact our ability to detect and respond to acts of terrorism if allowed to pass. It will erode the innovation and tools that our first responders rely upon. And this will be done to make a $2 billion down payment on a border wall that is of dubious value to homeland security. The true cost of which could be as much as $21.6 billion, funded at the expense of these and other mission-critical programs. The Department of Homeland Security is a relatively new department, with many lessons learned over the past decade and a half. There are certainly opportunities to review and revise programs so that they are more efficient to the taxpayer, and more effective to their mission. Border security is also a critical aspect of our homeland security deserving of appropriate resources, with bi-partisan solutions possible. But this budget is not the product of a methodical review to better the agency. Rather it is hastily crafted and has not considered the true costs of the cuts that it would impose. The threats that our nation faces have grown more complex, as have the resources and expertise of our adversaries. If we continue to invest in innovation and support a strong scientific foundation to our homeland security mission, we can stay ahead of the threats we face. But if we give in to oversimplified solutions at the expense of innovation, we lose the most important edge we have in combating the tools of terrorism. Jeff Schlegelmilch is the deputy director of the National Center for Disaster Preparedness at Columbia University’s Earth Institute. He has over a decade of experience in planning for weapons of mass destruction response for local, state and federal agencies. Follow him on Twitter @jeffschlegel. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc.
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
@article { author = {Pakniyat, Aida}, title = {Numerical solution for solving magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of nanofluid by least squares support vector regression}, journal = {Computational Mathematics and Computer Modeling with Applications (CMCMA)}, volume = {1}, number = {2}, pages = {104-121}, year = {2022}, publisher = {Shahid Beheshti University}, issn = {2783-4859}, eissn = {2783-4859}, doi = {10.52547/CMCMA.1.2.104}, abstract = {This paper introduces a new numerical solution based on the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVR) for solving nonlinear ordinary differential equations of high dimensionality. We apply the quasilinearization method to linearize the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow of nanofluid around a stretching cylinder, thereby transforming it into a linear problem. We then utilize LS-SVR with fractional Hermite functions as basis functions to solve this problem over a semi-infinite interval. Our numerical results confirm the effectiveness of this approach.}, keywords = {Cylinder, Spectral methods,Least squares support vector machine,Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD),Nonlinear ODE,fractional Hermite functions,Semi-infinite}, url = {https://cmcma.sbu.ac.ir/article_103630.html}, eprint = {https://cmcma.sbu.ac.ir/article_103630_82223eb2e1c99c9ffd046d302c15d050.pdf} }
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
fviz_add: Add supplementary data to a plot
Description Usage Arguments Value Author(s) References Examples
View source: R/fviz_add.R
Description
Add supplementary data to a plot
Usage
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
fviz_add(
ggp,
df,
axes = c(1, 2),
geom = c("point", "arrow"),
color = "blue",
addlabel = TRUE,
labelsize = 4,
pointsize = 2,
shape = 19,
linetype = "dashed",
repel = FALSE,
font.family = "",
...
)
Arguments
ggp
a ggplot2 plot.
df
a data frame containing the x and y coordinates
axes
a numeric vector of length 2 specifying the components to be plotted.
geom
a character specifying the geometry to be used for the graph Allowed values are "point" or "arrow" or "text"
color
the color to be used
addlabel
a logical value. If TRUE, labels are added
labelsize
the size of labels. Default value is 4
pointsize
the size of points
shape
point shape when geom ="point"
linetype
the linetype to be used when geom ="arrow"
repel
a boolean, whether to use ggrepel to avoid overplotting text labels or not.
font.family
character vector specifying font family.
...
Additional arguments, not used
Value
a ggplot2 plot
Author(s)
Alboukadel Kassambara alboukadel.kassambara@gmail.com
References
http://www.sthda.com
Examples
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
# Principal component analysis
data(decathlon2)
decathlon2.active <- decathlon2[1:23, 1:10]
res.pca <- prcomp(decathlon2.active, scale = TRUE)
# Visualize variables
p <- fviz_pca_var(res.pca)
print(p)
# Add supplementary variables
coord <- data.frame(PC1 = c(-0.7, 0.9), PC2 = c(0.25, -0.07))
rownames(coord) <- c("Rank", "Points")
print(coord)
fviz_add(p, coord, color ="blue", geom="arrow")
factoextra documentation built on April 2, 2020, 1:09 a.m.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Desk Jobs and Back Pain
Every adult knows that even if you love your job, sitting at a desk from 9-5 can take a toll on your body and your mind. Common problems among those who work office jobs are back pain. Sitting in a chair, and especially one that is not equipped for lengthy sitting can cause discomfort that lasts past the time when you punch out for the day. There are a few techniques to help avoid while working an office job: 1) The chair: if you have an uncomfortable chair that you sit in 8 hours a day, you are almost promised to experience back pain. You must use a chair that offers support where you need it. Most companies will make sure their employees have a sufficient chair, if not, it's time to speak up! 2) Take short but frequent breaks: Taking a 5 minute break every hour to walk around a bit and even do some light stretching will help reduce back pain and discomfort. Even you just walk to bathroom and then to get a cup of coffee, it is better than nothing. Ideally, taking a short stroll around your office building is the perfect way to loosen up your body and you mind. 3) Get a small footstool: Having a little footstool that fits under your desk is a great way to add comfort to your workstation. By propping your legs up slightly, your body is at a 90-degree angel, enhancing comfort for your back. 4) Practice good posture: While sitting at your desk, try your best to sit up straight and keep your shoulders back. Slouching over your desk will only worsen back pain. We hope you find this information helpful. Don't forget, for all other chiropractic needs, call your CHIROPRACTOR, JACKSONVILLE
Share to X (Twitter)
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Binary Search Tree Insertion
Question | May 3, 2016 | rparekh
Suppose a binary search tree 'Tree' and its node 'Node' are represented as:
struct Node {
std::string key;
Node* left;
Node* right;
Node(std::string& k)
:key(k),left(NULL),right(NULL) {}
};
struct Tree {
Tree():root(NULL){}
void Insert(std::string key);
void Insert(std::string key,Node*& node);
// .... more methods......
Node* root;
};
And below is the implementation of Insert functions:
// called by clients
void Tree::Insert(std::string key) {
Insert(key, root);
}
// called internally
void Tree::Insert(std::string key,Node*& node) {
if(!node)
node = new Node(key); //Insert new
else if (key <= node->key)
Insert(key,node->left); //go left
else
Insert(key,node->right); //go right
}
Now insert some nodes in an example 'Tree':
Tree binTree;
binTree.Insert("E");
binTree.Insert("F");
binTree.Insert("G");
binTree.Insert("A");
binTree.Insert("B");
binTree.Insert("A");
What will be the shape of 'binTree' after above insertions? Select the correct answer from one of the options below:
2015 nextptr
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Dance pad
A dance pad, also known as a dance mat or dance platform, is a flat electronic game controller used for input in dance games. Most dance pads are divided into a 3×3 matrix of square panels for the player to stand on, with some or all of the panels corresponding to directions or actions within the game. Some dance pads also have extra buttons outside the main stepping area, such as "Start" and "Select". Pairs of dance pads often are joined, side by side, for certain gameplay modes.
Popular arcade games such as Dance Dance Revolution, In the Groove, Pump It Up, and StepManiaX use large steel dance platforms connected to the arcade cabinet, whereas versions for home consoles usually use smaller (often flexible) plastic pads. These home pads are specifically made for systems such as the GameCube, Wii, Dreamcast (Japan only), PlayStation, PlayStation 2 and Xbox, but can also be used in computer simulators such as StepMania through the use of special adapters.
Soft
"Soft" pads are thin and made of plastic. They generally cost $10–$20 USD. They are good for beginners to dance games or casual use, but they have a tendency to move around and wrinkle up during gameplay (unless "modded", such as by gluing or taping them to the top of a piece of plywood or the bottom of a transparent office chair mat ). They are not usually durable and may wear out easily, but for light use they are quite suitable. Manufacturers of soft pads include Konami, BNSUSA, RedOctane, Intec, Mad Catz (Beat Pad), MyMyBox, Naki International, and Nintendo (Action Pad). OEM manufacturers include Topway (manufacturer of RedOctane pads), Futime, and many others.
Some soft pads contain stiff foam inserts of the dense or hard varieties to provide more stability and durability. The inserts usually ship as three or six puzzle pieces (to allow for a smaller box) which fit together using a dovetail joint and slide into the dance pad, which then zips closed around the foam. Certain brands of foam pads put raised plastic sections under the directional buttons to allow them to be more easily felt by a player's feet, so as to help keep them centered on the pad. These pads generally cost between $40 and $100.
It is also possible to modify a pad by attaching it to a hard surface and optionally covering it with clear material; this can increase pad life and keep it from slipping around.
Hard
"Hard" pads are usually constructed with metal (and sometimes wood) for durability, and usually come with a raised bar behind the player. Arcade machines use very durable metal pads that are designed for heavy use. Other hard pads can be purchased for home use with a video game system; the prices can be around US$100 to $350 ($200–$600 for double pads) - $700 to $1000+ online. Manufacturers of hard pads include DDRgame, Cobalt Flux, L-TEK, MyMyBox, Brown Box, RedOctane (ceased production as of February 2010 due to company termination) and Naki International.
Hard pads are used in all arcade versions of music games that employ dance pads, and often serve as the nec plus ultra for DIY Gamers that attempt to construct "Homebrew pads." Many Homebrew kits are ultimately instruction guides for converting soft pads into hard pads, although Homebrew hard pads often feature additional functions such as additional inputs (see below).
Solid State
"Solid State" pads replace the usual mechanical switch and contact used in other hard pads. A proximity sensor is used to detect a player's steps on the pad. The advantages of a solid state design is that they do not require pressure to activate, eliminating moving parts that might break down and keeping dirt from getting into the mechanism.
Caveats
Problems are often encountered when attempting to use a PlayStation pad with a computer simulator. Most PlayStation-PC adapters will not register Up and Down, or Left and Right, simultaneously initially, although they are common "jumps" in dance games. This is because normal PlayStation games do not require such input, and because D-pads are not usually designed to physically permit such input. StepMania ' s website has a section concerning adapter compatibility. Although these devices may work on a PC, to date, the adapters will not work with consoles that have built in USB ports such as the PlayStation 3 and the Xbox 360.
Purchasers of home pads should be aware of the number and arrangement of active arrow panels that are required by the game(s) they want to play. Although most commercial pads have four arrow panels (DDR/In The Groove), some have five (Pump It Up), six (Dance Dance Revolution Solo 2000), eight (Dance:UK), (MC Groovz Dance Craze), or nine (Technomotion).
Homebrew pads
Not satisfied with the cost and/or reliability of factory assembled metal dance pads, many players construct their own dance pad. Using common materials (such as plywood, sheet metal, and acrylic glass or polycarbonate) found at local hardware stores, do-it-yourselfers are able to construct a pad that is often much more durable and more authentic-feeling than commercially built hard pads. Some homebrew pads have extra features such as additional arrows (for playing Pump It Up or DDR Solo), menu switches and pushbuttons, and bars. Furthermore, the homebrew pads are easier to repair because they use common parts, and are usually designed for easy disassembly.
While some homebrew pads use custom electronics built from scratch, most homebrew pads make use a circuit board from a standard controller to simplify the process of interfacing the pad with a gaming system. The controller used depends on the system that the pad is intended to be played with (GameCube, PlayStation, Xbox, or PC).
Homebrew pads use a variety of technologies for designing the arrows that the player is supposed to step on. The most common design uses metal contacts that sandwich together when the player steps on the pad or arcade button switches but some novel ideas have been proposed such as the use of optical, pressure, vibration, or proximity sensors.
Due to the amount of work needed to create a custom metal pad, some players instead opt to modify their existing soft pads. Most of the time, players will sometimes take plywood sheets, acrylic, or office chair floor protectors and staple it to their soft pads. This effectively cures wrinkling and makes the pad more durable to use while wearing shoes.
Educational use
A dance pad has been also used in experimental systems for navigating through virtual environments, such as those reproducing historical buildings.
Other games
Some games that can be played with dance pads do not involve pressing the arrow buttons on the pad to keep with the rhythm of a song:
* Many games developed for the NES Power Pad
* Breakthrough Gaming Presents: Axel
* The minigames of Dance Dance Revolution: Mario Mix (Gamecube)
* Active Life series for Wii (Active Life: Outdoor Challenge, Active Life: Explorer, Active Life: Extreme Challenge, Active Life: Magical Carnival)
* Kraft Rocking the Boat
* Kraft Soccer Striker
* Kraft Virtual Dojo
* Exult - using Dance Pad Walking controller mod
* DDR-A-Mole, a game similar to Whac-A-Mole
* Various mini-games in Dance Praise 2: The ReMix (DanceTris, a Tetris simulator, is included).
* The 2014 rogue-like rhythm game Crypt of the NecroDancer and some other games on Steam like The Metronomicon: Slay the Dance Floor (RPG elements in addition to dancing) and Vectronom
* Indie games with dance pad support on Itch.io
|
WIKI
|
Questions
Answer for:
Use USB stick as extra permanent storage.
Message 2 of 9
View entire thread
+
4 Votes
gechurch
Hi Billy,
You can do that, but you're best to just store your files there (things like Word documents, music, videos etc). And yes, you can just copy (or move) the files across to the stick and be done with it. Whenever you save a new document you'll need to manually choose your USB stick as the place to save the file. If you'd like we can make it so your 'My Documents' folder (where many programs save to by default) is on your USB stick. Since you're not very technical though I wouldn't recommend this. Keep it simple instead.
I don't recommend trying to run any programs from the USB stick. For starters USB sticks are very slow, so it'll slow down the speed of opening programs significantly if you do so. The main reason though is that most programs get installed to the folder 'C:\Program Files'. They expect to be run from there, and many programs will not work if you copy them from here to your USB stick.
One last thing to be aware of - as well as being smaller, 40GB hard drive are slower than larger drives (simply because they are older). If you're coming from a bigger drive, you'll likely notice your 'new' computer is significantly slower than the old one, particularly when booting up and when you first open programs.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
Last updated on
sleeping elephantExcessive daytime sleepiness is a symptom of most sleep disorders (including insomnia, apnea, and circadian disorders) and a major detriment to quality of life.
You might think: isn’t excessive daytime sleepiness a made-up problem? An attempt to medicalize a normal part of human experience? And isn’t “excessive” subjective?
No. The medical world uses the term excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) to get a handle on a very real problem experienced by millions. Defining a situation is the first step to managing it. Yes, people have had excessive sleepiness since the Stone Age and it is a medicalization of a routine part of human life, but that doesn’t mean it isn’t a valid medical description of something that is worth looking into and possibly treating.
Diagnosis
While it is true that excessive is subjective, so is much else in medicine that doctors are called to diagnose. There are some tests – not blood or urine tests but behavioral tests – that can be employed to get a handle on the level of sleepiness. They are not perfect, but they have proven useful enough to help doctors. The Johns Scale of Drowsiness, the Epworth Sleep Scale, the Maintenance of Wakefulness Test, the Stanford Sleepiness Scale – all these are used in diagnosis of sleep disorders. The psychomotor vigilance test is useful for quantifying impairment due to EDS. There is no set number for what constitutes “excessive” sleepiness on any of these tests. Some medical practitioners use a pupillography sleepiness test. Doctors use them in conjunction with other indicators. A medical history is useful in diagnosing EDS, although doctors have to understand that patients may have different language than medical texts: they might complain about being tired all the time or fatigued, rather than sleepy. Some patients with EDS may be reluctant to admit they are sleepy at all, seeing it as a sign of laziness or a moral failing.
Causes
Insomnia can result in excessive daytime sleepiness, as can many neurological conditions and illnesses. Traumatic brain injuries (which include strokes), narcolepsy, poisoning, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, and other forms of dementia and general cognitive decline can result in excessive daytime sleepiness. Type 2 diabetics and people with apnea, depression, and asthmas tend to have greater incidence of EDS. A recent study found 47% of TBI patients had EDS and TBI patients are at high risk for sleep disorders. Medicines also can produce EDS – the warning labels of many mention risk of drowsiness. There are so many common causes of sleepiness that some estimate as much as 20% of the population suffers excessive daytime sleepiness. The resulting loss of human potential caused by lowered mental acuity is enormous.
The neurotransmitter adenosine is secreted during waking and builds up over the day. It is part of the homeostatic sleep process and the hypothalamus part of the brain has been found to be rich in neurons that produce adenosine. (These cells project into other parts of the brain including the cortex)
Consequence
People with EDS are more likely to have automobile accidents or industrial accidents on the job. They do worse in school and on big tests and are less productive in office work. They are irritable. It is one of those underappreciated, ubiquitous things that saps the potential of our society.
Excessive daytime sleepiness is the key problem behind drowsy driving. Tests have found it can impair motor skills worse than alcohol intoxication.
EDS makes life’s problems worse. It makes depressed people more depressed. It makes it more difficult to fight through minor irritations and to cope with challenges. It reduces the amount of exercise people get. It shortens the lifespans in older people with diseases.
As with insomnia, EDS is often overlooked by doctors or misinterpreted. Patients might complain about being tired which is not the same as being sleepy. Note that fatigue is not the same as sleepiness. You can get fatigued after exercise of the body, but not necessarily drowsy. Fatigue manifests as a lack of motivation and energy. Sleepiness is a physiological state is which the person feels the need to sleep. Lack of sleep can make a person fatigued, and so can other mental processes and phenomena. Fatigue is a common symptom of many illnesses and conditions.
Treatment
Good regular sleep is the first thing to try in hopes that the EDS will disappear. That includes attention to sleep hygiene and, if necessary, medicines to ensure sufficient sleep. If those interventions don’t work, some doctors and patients may opt for stimulants to make the daytime sleepiness go away.
Which stimulants? The amphetamine Dextroamphetamine and the ADHD medication Methylphenidate (Ritalin) are sometimes prescribed. Modafinil is becoming the go-to stimulant for EDS in recent years because of its low side effect profile. Sodium oxybate (GABA) is used only very bad cases.
Caffeine works. It is not a placebo effect. Repeated controlled studies have found administration of caffeine reduces sleep propensity and improves performance on vigilance tests. Further, when the subject stops taking the caffeine for a day (is given a placebo), these effects disappear.
The Mysteries of Sleepiness
The detailed biological causes of sleepiness are unknown, as is so much about sleep and waking. Does sleepiness reflect a failure of the brain’s process in maintaining wakefulness or is it a separate process that fights wakefulness and takes over the brain? Scientists are unraveling the neurological substrates of sleepiness, such as the discovery of the orexin system, but much remains unknown.
Naps combat EDS and are a remedy in many situations. Naps can be a good idea even for people who don’t have formal EDS to increase mental performance in the afternoons.
Note also that the body has rhythms and it is common to have a “dip” in the early afternoon. This normal afternoon sleepiness does not count as excessive daytime sleepiness in a clinical sense.
Some people with EDS experience sleepiness in short spurts of heavy sleepiness or lack of concentration. Some may even fall asleep unintentionally during the day. Unplanned sleep periods could be very short (microsleeps) or turn into naps.
Popular Reads
Stages of Sleep and Sleep Cycles
Usually sleepers pass through five stages: 1, 2, 3, 4 ...
Mattress Reviews and Comparisons 2018 – Complete Mattress Database
The research team at Tuck has put together the most ...
Parent’s Guide to Healthy Sleep
Every child needs good sleep for healthy development, growth, and ...
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Teenage Renaissance! David
Teenage Renaissance! David (思春期ルネサンス！ダビデ君) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yushin Kuroki, serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump from September 2018 to May 2019, with its chapters collected in four tankōbon volumes.
Publication
''Teenage Renaissance! David, written and illustrated by Yushin Kuroki, was serialized in Shueisha's shōnen manga magazine Weekly Shōnen Jump'' from September 15, 2018, to May 27, 2019. Shueisha collected its chapters in four tankōbon volumes, released from January 4 to July 4, 2019.
Viz Media published the series' first three chapters for its "Jump Start" initiative. Shueisha simultaneously published the manga in English on its Manga Plus online platform.
|
WIKI
|
User Relations Basics
User Relations (Friends & Followers)
Relation directions
Get all following users:
SKYQueryOperation *operation = [SKYQueryOperation queryUsersOperationByRelation:[SKYRelation followingRelation]];
operation.container = [SKYContainer defaultContainer];
[[SKYContainer defaultContainer] addOperation:operation];
let operation = SKYQueryOperation.queryUsersOperation(by: SKYRelation.following())
operation?.container = SKYContainer.default()
SKYContainer.default().add(operation)
Get all mutual followers: [Not implemented]
SKYQueryOperation *operation = [SKYQueryOperation queryUsersOperationByRelation:[SKYRelation friendRelation]];
operation.container = [SKYContainer defaultContainer];
[[SKYContainer defaultContainer] addOperation:operation];
let operation = SKYQueryOperation.queryUsersOperation(by: SKYRelation.friend())
operation?.container = SKYContainer.default()
SKYContainer.default().add(operation)
1. Two default relations: friend and follower
Adding relation between users
SKYAddRelationsOperation *operation = [SKYAddRelationsOperation operationWithType:@"friend" usersToRelated:@[rick, ben]];
operation.container = [SKYContainer defaultContainer];
[[SKYContainer defaultContainer] addOperation:operation];
let operation = SKYAddRelationsOperation(type: "friend", usersToRelated: [rick!, ben!])
operation?.container = SKYContainer.default()
SKYContainer.default().add(operation)
Querying Relations
Get all friends:
SKYQueryOperation *operation = [SKYQueryOperation queryUsersOperationByRelation:[SKYRelation friendRelation]];
operation.container = [SKYContainer defaultContainer];
[[SKYContainer defaultContainer] addOperation:operation];
let operation = SKYQueryOperation.queryUsersOperation(by: SKYRelation.friend())
operation?.container = SKYContainer.default()
SKYContainer.default().add(operation)
Get all followers:
SKYQueryOperation *operation = [SKYQueryOperation queryUsersOperationByRelation:[SKYRelation followedRelation]];
operation.container = [SKYContainer defaultContainer];
__weak SKYQueryOperation *weakOperation = operation;
operation.queryRecordsCompletionBlock = ^(NSArray *users, SKYQueryCursor *queryCursor, NSError *error) {
NSLog(@"Operation will have overallCount after execution, %d", weakOperation.overallCount);
};
[[SKYContainer defaultContainer] addOperation:operation];
let operation = SKYQueryOperation.queryUsersOperation(by: SKYRelation.followed())
operation?.container = SKYContainer.default()
weak var weakOperation = operation
operation?.queryRecordsCompletionBlock = { (users, queryCursor, error) in
print ("Operation will have overall count after execution, \(weakOperation?.overallCount)")
}
SKYContainer.default().add(operation)
SKYQueryUsersOperation-relationDirection is only effective on followRelation.
Removing Relations
SKYRemoveRelationsOperation *operation = [SKYRemoveRelationsOperation operationWithType:@"follower" usersToRemove:@[faseng, chima]];
operation.container = [SKYContainer defaultContainer];
[[SKYContainer defaultContainer] addOperation:operation];
let operation = SKYRemoveRelationsOperation(type: "follower", usersToRemove: [faseng!, chima!])
operation?.container = SKYContainer.default()
SKYContainer.default().add(operation)
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Template talk:Kuril Islands
Disputed Territories
I propose to add something to indicate that it is disputed on Etorofu Island, Kunashiri Island, Habomai Islands, and Shikotan Island. --H.K.pauw (talk · contribs) 00:50, 12 May 2024 (UTC)
|
WIKI
|
Honore Daumier, a French artist born in 1808, was known for his satirical art, often targeted towards the politics and society of 19th-century France. One of his most striking pieces is Clown Playing A Drum, painted around 1865-67. The loose and expressive style echoes other Romantic artists like Francisco Goya and Eugene Delacroix.
In this painting, an aged clown plays his drum while being ignored by bystanders; some speculate that this serves as a metaphor for the artist’s own predicament. Daumier was highly prolific in his lifetime, producing over 4000 lithographs alongside paintings, printmaking and sculptures. This particular piece is a drawing housed at The British Museum.
Daumier’s artwork often holds deeper meanings than what meets the eye. His social satire work wasn’t always well-received in its time due to its boldness; he died blind and impoverished with little appreciation from collectors or historians. However today Daumier can be recognized as an essential voice among Romantic artists who exposed the flaws within society through their artwork.
Overall, Clown Playing A Drum stands out as one of Honore Daumier’s most memorable works due to its raw emotionality which touches on universal themes that still resonate with people today: isolation and rejection despite one’s best efforts. It is truly representative of the powerful impact that Daumier had on both art history and popular culture through his attention to detail and innate understanding of human nature.
|
FINEWEB-EDU
|
The fragile X premutation presenting as essential tremor
Maureen A. Leehey, Renato P. Munhoz, Anthony E. Lang, James A. Brunberg, Jim Grigsby, Claudia Greco, Sebastian Jacquemont, Flora Tassone, A. M. Lozano, Paul J. Hagerman, Randi J. Hagerman
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
119 Scopus citations
Abstract
Context: The fragile X premutation has recently been reported to be associated with a neurodegenerative syndrome, chiefly characterized by intention tremor, gait ataxia, and executive cognitive deficits in men older than 50 years. Essential tremor is a frequent cause of tremor in elderly patients and in some cases is associated with impaired tandem gait and cognitive deficits. Objective: To describe 2 fragile X carriers whose clinical presentation mimicked essential tremor. Design: The 2 patients described herein underwent neurologic examinations by experienced movement disorders neurologists, magnetic resonance imaging, and fragile X gene, messenger RNA, and protein analyses. One underwent detailed neuropsychological testing. Setting: Patients were studied at 2 large university movement disorders clinics. Patients: Both patients were white men older than 50 years who had been diagnosed as having essential tremor and then found to be fragile X carriers. Results: Besides disabling intention tremor, the 2 patients had impaired tandem, generalized brain atrophy, and unusual bilateral T2 middle cerebellar hyperintensities on magnetic resonance imaging. The patient who underwent neuropsychological testing had frontal executive deficits. Both patients had elevated fragile X mental retardation gene 1 messenger RNA and reduced fragile X mental retardation 1 protein levels. Conclusion: The fragile X carrier state may underlie the clinical findings in some older men diagnosed as having essential tremor.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)117-121
Number of pages5
JournalArchives of Neurology
Volume60
Issue number1
StatePublished - Jan 1 2003
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Neuroscience(all)
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'The fragile X premutation presenting as essential tremor'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Wikipedia:WikiProject Tropical cyclones/Assessment/Hurricane Erika (2003)
Hurricane Erika (2003)
Archived discussion. Current status: We haven't promoted articles to A-Class for a while. Outside of a rainfall pic, what is this article missing? Tito xd (?!?) 01:45, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
* Rainfall and damage pic is the only thing I can think of, and given that neither of those are possible right now, I can't think of anything it's missing. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 01:59, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
* Is there a MODIS pic? A rainfall pic would be enough for A (damage pic fairly unlikely).--Nilfanion (talk) 18:54, 17 October 2006 (UTC)
* Given that no rainfall pic exists yet, should we up it to A, and add the pic later? Currently, it's an unactionable objection. Hurricanehink ( talk ) 14:04, 19 October 2006 (UTC)
* I agree, and have done so. Tito xd (?!?) 05:39, 22 October 2006 (UTC)
|
WIKI
|
Wikipedia:Featured article candidates/Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi/archive1
* The following is an archived discussion of a featured article nomination. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the article's talk page or in Wikipedia talk:Featured article candidates. No further edits should be made to this page.
The article was not promoted 23:17, 6 July 2007.
Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi
This article is my first self-nomination. I've been fixing this up for the FA status for a few weeks and I think it may be ready. I believe it is well comprehensive and well written for FA. Sjones23 21:05, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
This FAC is now on hold. Sjones23 21:12, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
These issues are discussed at Talk:Star Wars Episode VI: Return of the Jedi. Sjones23 22:00, 10 June 2007 (UTC)
This nomination will continue once these issues are resolved. Sjones23 01:42, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the article's talk page or in Wikipedia talk:Featured article candidates. No further edits should be made to this page.
|
WIKI
|
Page:The Tragic Muse (London & New York, Macmillan & Co., 1890), Volume 3.djvu/83
VIII.
would doubtless have done better, in her own interest or in that of her child, to have made sure of Peter's company for the very next evening. This she had indeed attempted, but the application of the idea had failed. Peter had a theory that he was inextricably engaged; moreover her ladyship could not take upon herself to answer for Nick. Of course they must have Nick, though, to tell the truth, the hideous truth, she and her son were scarcely upon terms. Peter insisted on Nick, he wished particularly to see him and he gave his hostess notice that he would make each of them forgive everything to the other. Lady Agnes declared that all her son had to forgive was her loving him more than her life, and she would have challenged Peter, had he allowed it, on the general ground of the comparative dignity of the two arts of painting portraits and governing nations. Peter declined the challenge; the most he did was to intimate that he perhaps saw Nick more vividly as a painter than as a governor. Later he remembered vaguely something Lady Agnes had said about their being a governing family.
He was going, by what he could ascertain, to a very queer climate, and he had many preparations to make. He gave his best attention to these, and for a couple of hours after leaving Lady Agnes he rummaged London for books from which he
|
WIKI
|
Subset Sum Problem (DP-08)
You are given a set of positive integers and an integer S, you need to find out whether there exists a non-empty subset with sum S.
Sample Input: { 3, 34, 4, 12, 5, 2 }, S = 9
Expected Output: True
Explanation: Subset { 4, 5 } has sum 9. There might be other possible answers as well.
Algorithm:
The problem is a special case of 0-1 knapsack problem.
1. This problem can also be solved using dynamic programming similar to 0-1 knapsack problem.
2. We create a 2D array of size (n+1, S+1).
3. We initialize row 0 to false because using 0 elements, we can only create sum=0. Hence, we initialize DP [0][i] = false where 1<=i<=sum.
4. We initialize column 0 to true because sum=0 can always be created using any number of elements if we exclude all the elements.
5. For any given sum and any given number of elements in the array, there are two possibilities.
Either we include current item in the subset and recur for remaining items with remaining sum.
Or we exclude the current item and recur for remaining elements.
6. The following solution is bottom up approach of dynamic programming.
/* Author => Raunak Jain */
#include <bits/stdc++.h>
using namespace std;
int helper(vector<int> nums, int sum){
int n = nums.size();
vector<vector<bool>> dp(n+1, vector<bool>(sum+1));
for(int i=1; i<=sum; i++){
dp[0][i]=false;
}
for(int i=0; i<=n; i++){
dp[i][0]=true;
}
for(int i=1; i<=n; i++){
for(int j=1; j<=sum; j++){
if(j<nums[i-1]){
dp[i][j]=dp[i-1][j];
}else{
dp[i][j] = dp[i-1][j] || dp[i-1][j-nums[i-1]];
}
}
}
return dp[n][sum];
}
int main(){
vector<int> nums = { 3, 34, 4, 12, 5, 2 };
int sum = 9;
cout<<helper(nums, sum);
return 0;
}
Also, check out another popular interview question 0-1 knapsack.
2 comments
Leave a Reply
Your email address will not be published.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Executive Casualties at War-Game Maker
The runaway success of the video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2 has given way to corporate hostilities. On Tuesday the heads of the game studio Infinity Ward, which produces the Call of Duty games for the publisher Activision Blizzard, abruptly left that company under unclear circumstances, Reuters reported. Activision said that Jason West, the Infinity Ward president, and Vince Zampella, the studio’s chief executive, had both departed. In a statement and in a regulatory filing reported by Reuters, Activision said it was investigating “breaches of contract and insubordination by two senior employees at Infinity Ward,” but did not name the employees. The game publisher also said it was starting its own business unit to produce future Call of Duty titles, and that the decision was unrelated to the exits of Mr. West and Mr. Zampella. Infinity Ward, which released the original Call of Duty game in 2003, was acquired by Activision that same year. Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, which was released in November, became one of the best-selling games of all time, grossing an estimated $310 million in sales in its first day of release and selling more than 12 million copies over all. Activision has two more Call of Duty games planned for 2010 and 2011, neither developed by Infinity Ward.
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Japanese battleship Mikasa
Mikasa (三笠) is a pre-dreadnought battleship built for the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) in the late 1890s, and is the only ship of her class. Named after Mount Mikasa in Nara, Japan, the ship served as the flagship of Vice Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō throughout the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, including the Battle of Port Arthur on the second day of the war and the Battles of the Yellow Sea and Tsushima. Days after the end of the war, Mikasa's magazine accidentally exploded and sank the ship. She was salvaged and her repairs took over two years to complete. Afterwards, the ship served as a coast-defence ship during World War I and supported Japanese forces during the Siberian Intervention in the Russian Civil War.
After 1922, Mikasa was decommissioned in accordance with the Washington Naval Treaty and preserved as a museum ship at Yokosuka. She was badly neglected during the post-World War II Occupation of Japan and required extensive refurbishing in the late 1950s. She has been partially restored, and is now a museum ship located at Mikasa Park in Yokosuka. Mikasa is the last remaining example of a pre-dreadnought battleship anywhere in the world and also the last example of a British-built battleship still existing.
Background
The combat experience of the lightly armoured Matsushima-class cruisers during the First Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 convinced the Imperial Japanese Navy of weaknesses in the Jeune Ecole naval philosophy, and Japan embarked on a program to modernize and expand its fleet in preparation for further confrontations. In particular, Japan promulgated a ten-year naval build-up programme, with the construction of six battleships and six armoured cruisers at its core. These ships were paid for from the £30,000,000 indemnity paid by China after losing the First Sino-Japanese War.
As with the earlier Fuji-class battleship and Shikishima-class battleships, Japan lacked the technology and capability to construct its own battleships, and turned again to the United Kingdom for the four remaining battleships of the programme. Mikasa, the last of these ships, was ordered from the Vickers shipyard in Barrow-in-Furness in 1898 at the cost of £880,000 (8.8 million yen at that time). Although she closely resembled several of the other ships ordered in this program, she was the only ship in her class.
Design and description
The design of Mikasa was a modified version of the Formidable-class battleships of the Royal Navy with two additional 6 in guns. Mikasa had an overall length of 432 ft, a beam of 76 ft, and a normal draught of 27 ft. She displaced 15140 LT at normal load. The crew numbered about 830 officers and enlisted men.
The ship was powered by two vertical triple-expansion steam engines, each driving one propeller, using steam generated by 25 Belleville boilers. The engines were rated at 15000 ihp using forced draught, and designed to reach a top speed of 18 kn although Mikasa proved to be faster during her sea trials in December 1901, reaching 18.45 kn from 16341 ihp. She carried a maximum of 2000 LT of coal which allowed her to steam for 9000 nmi at a speed of 10 kn.
Mikasa's main battery consisted of the same four Elswick Ordnance Company 40-calibre twelve-inch guns used in all of the preceding Japanese battleships. They were mounted in twin-gun barbettes fore and aft of the superstructure which were additionally protected with armoured hoods, thus resembling true gun turrets. The hydraulically powered mountings could be loaded at all angles of traverse while the guns were loaded at a fixed angle of +13.5°. They fired 850 lb projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2400 ft/s.
The ship's secondary armament consisted of fourteen 40-calibre 6 in quick-firing guns mounted in casemates. Ten of these guns were positioned on the main deck and the other four guns were placed above them at the corners of the superstructure. They fired 100 lb shells at a muzzle velocity of 2300 ft/s. Protection against torpedo boat attacks was provided by twenty QF 12-pounder 12 cwt guns. The 12-pounders fired 3 in, 12.5 lb projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 2359 ft/s. Lighter guns consisted of eight 47 mm three-pounder Hotchkiss guns and eight 47-millimetre 2.5-pounder Hotchkiss guns. The three-pounder gun fired 3.19 lb projectiles at a muzzle velocity of 1927 ft/s while the 2.5-pounder fired 2.5 lb shells at a muzzle velocity of 1420 ft/s. The ship was also equipped with four submerged 18-inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes, two on each broadside.
The waterline armour belt of Mikasa consisted of Krupp cemented armour that had a maximum thickness of 9 in over the middle of the ship. It was only 4 in thick at the ends of the ship and was surmounted by a six-inch strake of armour that ran between the barbettes. The barbettes were 14 in thick, but reduced to six inches at the level of the lower deck. The armour of the barbette hoods had a thickness of 8 - 10 in. The casemates protecting the secondary armament were 2 - 6 in thick and the deck armour was 2 - 3 in in thickness. The forward conning tower was protected by 14 inches of armour, but the aft conning tower only had four inches of armour.
Mikasa, like all the other Japanese battleships of the time, was fitted with four Barr & Stroud FA3 coincidence rangefinders that had an effective range of 7300 m. In addition the ships were also fitted with 24-power magnification telescopic gunsights.
Construction and career
Mikasa, named after Mount Mikasa, was laid down by Vickers at their Barrow-in-Furness shipyard on 24 January 1899. Baroness (later Countess) Hayashi, the wife of the then resident minister to Great Britain (later Ambassador), served as Mikasa's sponsor, launching the hull on a rainy, but otherwise perfect ceremony on 8 November 1900. She would be completed on 1 March 1902, and after a visit to Devonport, she left Plymouth on 13 March, bound for Yokohama, under the command of Captain Hayasaki.
At the start of the Russo-Japanese War, Mikasa, commanded by Captain Hikojirō Ijichi, was assigned to the 1st Division of the 1st Fleet. She participated in the Battle of Port Arthur on 9 February 1904 when Admiral Tōgō Heihachirō led the 1st Fleet in an attack on the Russian ships of the Pacific Squadron anchored just outside Port Arthur. Tōgō had expected his surprise night attack on the Russians by his destroyers to be much more successful than it actually was and expected to find them badly disorganized and weakened, but the Russians had recovered from their surprise and were ready for his attack. The Japanese ships were spotted by the cruiser RUSSIAN CRUISER Boyarin which was patrolling offshore and alerted the Russian defences. Tōgō chose to attack the Russian coastal defences with his main armament and engage the Russian ships with his secondary guns. Splitting his fire proved to be a bad idea as the Japanese 8 in and six-inch guns inflicted very little significant damage on the Russian ships who concentrated all their fire on the Japanese ships with some effect. Although a large number of ships on both sides were hit, Russian casualties numbered only 17 while the Japanese suffered 60 killed and wounded before Tōgō disengaged. Mikasa was hit by two ten-inch shells during the engagement that wounded seven crewmen.
The ship participated in the action of 13 April when Tōgō successfully lured out a portion of the Pacific Squadron, including Vice Admiral Stepan Makarov's flagship, the battleship RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Petropavlovsk. When Makarov spotted the five battleships of the 1st Division, he turned back for Port Arthur and Petropavlovsk struck a minefield laid by the Japanese the previous night. The Russian battleship sank in less than two minutes after one of her magazines exploded, and Makarov was one of the 677 killed. Emboldened by his success, Tōgō resumed long-range bombardment missions, which prompted the Russians to lay more minefields which sank two Japanese battleships the following month.
During the Battle of the Yellow Sea on 10 August, Mikasa was at the head of the column of Japanese battleships and was one of the primary targets of the Russian ships. She was hit twenty times, two of which knocked out her aft 12-inch gun turret, and suffered 125 casualties among her crew. In turn, she concentrated most of her fire upon the battleships RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Poltava and RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Tsesarevich although both ships were only lightly damaged by the Japanese shells which generally failed to penetrate any armour and detonated on impact.
Battle of Tsushima
At the Battle of Tsushima on 27 May 1905, Mikasa again led the 1st Fleet into combat, this time against the Second and Third Pacific Squadrons detached from the Baltic Fleet. The ship opened fire at the battleship RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Knyaz Suvorov, the Russian flagship, at 14:10, and was joined by the battleship JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Asahi and the armoured cruiser JAPANESE CRUISER Azuma shortly afterwards. Within an hour the Japanese ships had started a serious fire aboard the Russian ship, badly wounded the fleet commander, Vice Admiral Zinovy Rozhestvensky, knocked out her rear twelve-inch gun turret, and jammed Knyaz Suvorov's steering so that she fell out of formation. During this time, Mikasa was the focus of the Russian fire as the leading ship in the Japanese column and was hit by 6 twelve-inch and 19 six-inch shells. They did very little damage and Tōgō was able to cross the T of the Russian squadrons. Knyaz Suvorov's steering was later repaired, but she blundered between the Japanese and Russian fleets several times later in the battle and Mikasa fired three torpedoes at her to no avail. Later in the battle, the ship appears to have fired mostly on the battleship RUSSIAN BATTLESHIP Borodino although JAPANESE BATTLESHIP Fuji fired the shots that caused the Russian ship's magazines to explode and sink her. At 18:04, a twelve-inch shell detonated prematurely in the barrel of the right gun of the forward turret, disabling the gun and knocking out the left gun until 18:40. Another twelve-inch shell had exploded in that same barrel almost two hours earlier, but had not damaged the gun. One six-inch gun jammed after firing 19 rounds, but the only other damage to any of the ship's guns was one six-inch gun that was disabled by a Russian shell of the same size that entered through the gun port. She fired 124 twelve-inch shells during the battle, more than any other ship except Asahi's 142. In total, Mikasa was hit more than 40 times during the battle, including 10 twelve-inch and 22 six-inch shells, but none of them seriously damaged her. While Mikasa suffered 113 personnel casualties, the entire Japanese force combined only lost 117 men killed and 583 wounded to all causes during the battle.
Six days after the Treaty of Portsmouth that ended the war was signed, Mikasa sank at her moorings after a fire and magazine explosion at Sasebo on the night of 11/12 September 1905 that killed 251 crewmen. She was refloated on 7 August 1906, reconstructed and repaired at Sasebo Naval Arsenal. The navy took the opportunity to upgrade her existing armament with more powerful 45-calibre twelve-inch and six-inch guns during the two years it took to repair the ship. Mikasa was restored to active service on 24 August 1908. In 1912, Mikasa came extremely close to suffering another main magazine detonation, when a suicidal sailor attempted to blow her up at anchor near Kobe. During World War I, she served on coast-defence duties, based at Maizuru, during 1914–15 and was then assigned to the Second and Fifth Squadrons, in that order, for the rest of the war. The ship supported the Japanese intervention in Siberia during the Russian Civil War during 1921 and was reclassified on 1 September 1921 as a first-class coast-defence ship. On 17 September, Mikasa ran aground near Askold Island off Vladivostok, but was not seriously damaged.
Preservation
The ship was decommissioned on 23 September 1923 following the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922 and scheduled for destruction. However, at the request of the Japanese government, each of the signatory countries to the treaty agreed that Mikasa could be preserved as a memorial ship with her hull encased in concrete. All of her engines and guns were removed. On 12 November 1926, Mikasa was opened for display in Yokosuka in the presence of Crown Prince Hirohito and Tōgō. Following the surrender of Japan in 1945, the ship deteriorated under control of the occupation forces. Mikasa had been heavily damaged by U.S. bombers during World War II and after the war American troops removed her superstructure, added a Quonset hut on her deck, and turned the remaining wreckage of Mikasa into an aquarium and "Club Mikasa", a nightclub for American servicemen. When the Japanese and Americans later restored Mikasa in the 1950s they were able to retrieve some of the removed superstructure for restoration, but the majority of the new Mikasa museum ship's superstructure was actually made up of cannibalized sections from the decommissioned Chilean dreadnought battleship Almirante Latorre and, possibly, the Argentine dreadnought battleship ARA Moreno. In 1955, American businessman John Rubin, formerly of Barrow, England, wrote a letter to the Japan Times about the state of the ship, which was the catalyst for a new restoration campaign. With the support of the Japanese public, and also Fleet Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, the restored battleship reopened in 1961. On 5 August 2009, Mikasa was repainted by sailors from USS Nimitz (CVN-68). Mikasa is the only surviving example of a pre-dreadnought battleship in the world. Unfortunately, all the guns and turrets on Mikasa are replicas. Almost all of the equipment and superstructure on Mikasa today are replicas or equipment taken from other vessels.
Mikasa is remembered in Barrow-in-Furness, the town of her construction, by Mikasa Street on Walney Island.
|
WIKI
|
Page:Adventures of Susan Hopley (Volume 1).pdf/29
16 gone down to Portsmouth to meet the Major. But the letter said, that although the fleet was come in, the transport in which Major Leeson had embarked had parted company with the others, and was not yet arrived, but it was expected hourly.
"I was in the room when my mistress read the letter, for we were all too anxious to keep out of it; and I shall never forget her face. Oh! the change that came over it! The falling from the great hope to the heavy fear! She said nothing, but she turned very pale; and her lips trembled, and her hand shook; and Harry looked at her with an amazed and serious look, for the child felt damped too—'What ma?' he said, 'Soon, love; soon!' she murmured as she kissed his forehead, and the words came with a deep gasp and a great swelling of the heart. Then she rose and went to her bed-room; and Dobbs and I knew that she passed almost all that day upon her knees. Sometimes we could distinguish her foot pacing the room; but whenever there was silence, we knew that she was praying; and at night it was the same. I don't think she ever passed another night in her bed till she laid herself down in it to rise no more.
"Well, Sir, the sun rose and set-but still
|
WIKI
|
CORRECTED-UK's Genel Energy says FY production to fall 34 pct
(Corrects 2016 net production average to 53,300 bopd from 53,33 bopd in second paragraph)
Jan 25 (Reuters) - Iraqi Kurdistan-focused oil company Genel Energy Plc said on Thursday its full-year net production would fall about 34 percent, as output at its main Taq Taq oilfield dropped.
Net production averaged 35,200 barrels of oil per day (bopd)in 2017, compared with 53,300 bopd in 2016, Genel said.
Genel, one of a handful of foreign oil companies in Iraqi Kurdistan, said combined net production for 2018 from oil producing fields Tawke and Taq Taq is expected to be close to fourth-quarter 2017 levels. (Reporting by Arathy S Nair in Bengaluru; Editing by Amrutha Gayathri)
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Page:CTRL0000034607 - Deposition of Ali Alexander, (Dec. 9, 2021).pdf/109
109 I gave general tweets where I was, like, you know, hey, if we needed money to, like, mainly flights and hotels and food, water, security, if we were paying for them, signs, rally signs.
But there was no staging. You know, we just worked with the police. So we didn't even need a permit there. Our permitting activities were really focused for Washington, D.C., because we took things seriously up here.
* BY :
Sorry. Let me clarify and ask it at a more granular level.
What was the actual mechanism that you used to fundraise? So, like, I think you said you did tweets. There was like a link to a donation page? Like, what was the actual fundraising mechanism?
Oh, yes, it was usually tweets to—the fundraising platform we were using was Donorbox.
Okay. Was that all you were using at the time in November, or were you using any cryptocurrency then?
Okay. So Stop the Steal starts on November 4th. And at that point I'm basically alone. There's no Stop the Steal organization. There's me. And I said, "Hey, if you guys want to send me personal donations, I will redistribute this and I'll buy people's flights."
And then when we formed Stop the Steal and we provided that type of documentation and finally got to move over to Donorbox, that made me feel easier, because then we were doing something with some organizations, some rhythm. And that's consistent with, you know, whatever.
So, however, I collected personal donations for that. I think it was a week. It could have been two.
|
WIKI
|
Lost identity - AGAIN
Recommended Posts
I use sync across 3 macs on a local network. And I have lost count of the number of times this has happened to me - driving me crazy. I have 15TB+ of data synced, and every time I have to re-sync you're killing my hard drives.
I have my machines set on a schedule to reboot / install updates periodically. I believe this is when it must happen - fairly unacceptable that Sync can't just fall back to the last saved version of the identity when this happens, rather than prompt for a new one. When I've poked around in application files - resilio sync etc there do seem to be backups that Sync is creating - what is the point of these if not to prevent this kind of crap happening?
I also have each computer backed up with Time Machine. I've tried restoring the Sync files in Application Support, to no avail. Oddly, when I go ahead and create the new identity, it seems to remember my preferences (schedule, rate limits etc), just not my identity / folder indexing.
If Sync isn't able to fall back to the last saved version, help me out - how do I do it via time machine? Is there no way to back up sync??? Very simple - what file / folder do I need to restore to get my old identity back and not have to re-index everything?
Link to post
Share on other sites
Have you also checked this thread?
On 12/17/2017 at 3:15 PM, hannahbanana said:
Sync can't just fall back to the last saved version of the identity when this happens
well, actually it does. You can see two files sync.dat and sync.dat.old. The latter is the 'last saved version of the identity'. If both are corrupt and nonreadable, you're prompted for new identity. So you might want to backup these two somewhere
On 12/17/2017 at 3:15 PM, hannahbanana said:
resilio sync etc there do seem to be backups that Sync is creating
I guess you're talking about sync-v2.X.X-######.backup folder? It's created after each update, just in case, but Sync does not look into it.
Link to post
Share on other sites
Hi helen
yes sync.dat and sync.dat.old are backed up, they are the ones I’ve tried restoring to no avail.
Upon being prompted for a new identity, ive quit sync, then restored, then restarted sync. I’ve tried numerous times - first just restoring sync.dat, also trying with sync.dat.old, restoring both, and restoring the entire sync folder from the <user>/ application settings, to no avail. How and what exactly should I restore to make this work?
Link to post
Share on other sites
1) sync.dat and sync.dat.old from storage; if they don't work -> 2) sync.dat from storage\sync-v2.X.X-######.backup folder; if it won't work -> any sync.dat that you might have backed up any where; if that won't work, then there are no any other backups.
Link to post
Share on other sites
• 4 weeks later...
On 2017-12-21 at 4:03 AM, hannahbanana said:
Hi helen
yes sync.dat and sync.dat.old are backed up, they are the ones I’ve tried restoring to no avail.
Upon being prompted for a new identity, ive quit sync, then restored, then restarted sync. I’ve tried numerous times - first just restoring sync.dat, also trying with sync.dat.old, restoring both, and restoring the entire sync folder from the <user>/ application settings, to no avail. How and what exactly should I restore to make this work?
I'm having the same problem, and I'm trying the same things you are, and I'm making no progress. I have a TimeMachine backup going back a year. My machine froze yesterday and I had to do a hard reboot. When Sync launches, it wanted to create a new identity. So I found this thread and followed Helen's instructions, restoring sync.dat from backup. Same problem.
The instructions on how to restore a corrupt settings file from backup after a crash are clearly incomplete. there must be a step that we're missing. old backups of a good file don't just "go bad".
Please, what else can we try to restore our identify from backup?
Link to post
Share on other sites
Yes there is clearly a step missing. I can use time machine to restore the entire application folder to 3 days before the identity was lost, to no avail. There ha to be something else.
Strangely, when I re-add the folders to sync with the new identity, it recognises that it was previously owned by another instance. Not sure if that is useful information?
Edited by hannahbanana
Link to post
Share on other sites
my log file shows these messages on the first time Sync ran upon rebooting after the machine froze...
[20180116 18:24:06.712] VerifyFileWithHash failed on file /Users/admin/Library/Application Support/Resilio Sync//sync.dat with status 4.
[20180116 18:24:06.713] VerifyFileWithHash failed on file /Users/admin/Library/Application Support/Resilio Sync//sync.dat with status 2.
[20180116 18:24:06.714] VerifyFileWithHash failed on file /Users/admin/Library/Application Support/Resilio Sync//sync.dat with status 4.
[20180116 18:24:06.715] Unsupported or empty sync.dat file
I've resorted this file from backup, but I continue to get the same error.
Link to post
Share on other sites
Quote
1) check that you indeed have only 1 sync process especially on a linux. Check that Sync uses the same storage folder each time you start it. Covers >50% of reports.
2) check that you quit Sync correctly and give it time to save settings. Especially if you've just made some changes to identity - added advanced folders, linked devices, applied license, etc. Especially if you have a lot of sync shares with big database - shutting down will take a while. Don't do kill -9 or just press power button and don't 'shut down anyway' on windows. Covers ~45% of reports.
3) Check that you're on today's latest Sync version. Some old version indeed had troubles with saving settings in some cases, all of them are addressed. Covers around 3% of reports.
4) Some other undiscovered issue. With these, please contact support directly, send the debug logs to them and some details about your setup - if there's anything special about it, the pattern for the problem, etc. Thank you.
looks shutting down the machine does not let sync save settings all right.
Link to post
Share on other sites
We know that an improper shutdown causes the identity to be lost - but sometimes improper shutdown is unavoidable, if the system freezes or occasionally during an update.
The main issue is that we cannot back up our identities somehow. Why should the backup identity and everything else also be corrupted? Including versions in time machine that were saved a week prior to the improper shutdown?
We know how to shut down properly - it’s just sometimes isn’t possible. That shouldn’t mean we have to restart our identities from scratch.
Edited by hannahbanana
Link to post
Share on other sites
^ I thought it was only me who had this problem. I posted it here "https://forum.resilio.com/topic/43932-closed-suddenly-linked-devices-are-lost-on-1pc-now-re-syncing-or-doing-something/ - however no proper resolution for me except to resync again.
My only advice (as I don't completely trust my understanding of Resilio of the process of syncing) - especially when trying to sync two existing directory (even if they should be the same...)
I deleted all files from my target computer so that it synced from the original.
- couldn't bear the risk of Resilio somehow deleting any files as I've seen happen in dropbox quite a few times. At least I am confident that dropbox keeps an archive.
Would like to know if you guys do find a solution to this.
Link to post
Share on other sites
my best guess is that Resilio's settings file - sync.dat and maybe others, are held in an open state all the time. this would explain why they often go "corrupt" when your machine looses power, and why backup programs fail to accurately back them up.
newest version of Resilio's release notes says it improves on this problem, but I don't know how. real solution is to not hold these files open all the time.
perhaps I should make a new habit - each time I change an important setting or add a new synced folder, I should quit resilio, backup it's sync.dat file, and start it again. I'll just run around to all the machines that I sync folders with and make copies of this obscure settings file.
or maybe, just maybe, the next version of resilio could just do this for me.
Link to post
Share on other sites
Join the conversation
You can post now and register later. If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account.
Note: Your post will require moderator approval before it will be visible.
Guest
Reply to this topic...
× Pasted as rich text. Paste as plain text instead
Only 75 emoji are allowed.
× Your link has been automatically embedded. Display as a link instead
× Your previous content has been restored. Clear editor
× You cannot paste images directly. Upload or insert images from URL.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Attorney General Woodruff
Attorney General Woodruff may refer to:
* Aaron Woodruff (1762–1817), Attorney General of New Jersey
* George Washington Woodruff (1864–1934), Attorney General of Pennsylvania
|
WIKI
|
John Wilkes Booth, a name that will forever be etched in American history, is known as the infamous assassin of the 16th President of the United States, Abraham Lincoln. Born on May 10, 1838, Booth was a member of a prominent family of actors and became a successful stage actor himself. While his acting prowess earned him fame and fortune, it was his radical political beliefs and actions that catapulted him into the annals of history. In this article, we delve into the lesser-known and intriguing aspects of Booth’s life, as well as the bizarre circumstances surrounding his assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
Booth’s Theatrical Triumphs and Family Ties
Born into a family of accomplished actors, it is no surprise that John Wilkes Booth followed in their footsteps. His father, Junius Brutus Booth, was a renowned Shakespearean actor, while his older brother, Edwin Booth, was considered one of the greatest actors of the 19th century. The Booth family’s acting dynasty began with their patriarch, Richard Booth, who was also a talented performer.
John Wilkes Booth’s love for the stage was evident from an early age. He made his acting debut at the age of 17 in a supporting role in Richard III. His good looks and undeniable talent quickly propelled him to stardom. Over the course of his career, Booth performed in over 70 plays and was particularly adept at playing the villain. He earned a reputation as a “matinee idol” and was known for his dramatic flair and passionate performances.
However, it was not just his family’s legacy that made Booth a remarkable actor. He was a gifted athlete, skilled at fencing and horsemanship, and often incorporated these abilities into his performances. This physical prowess, combined with his good looks and charisma, made him a popular figure among theatergoers. Despite his success on stage, Booth harbored deep-seated political beliefs that would eventually lead him down a dark and treacherous path.
Booth’s Darker Side and Involvement in a Kidnapping Conspiracy
While John Wilkes Booth’s acting career was flourishing, his political beliefs became increasingly radical. He was a staunch supporter of slavery and the Confederacy during the Civil War. As his anger and resentment towards the Union grew, Booth became involved with a secret society known as the Knights of the Golden Circle. This organization was dedicated to promoting the interests of the Southern states and sought to establish a new nation where slavery would be preserved.
It was through his association with the Knights of the Golden Circle that Booth began plotting to kidnap President Abraham Lincoln. He believed that by abducting the president, he could force the Union to release Confederate prisoners of war and negotiate a peace favorable to the South. Booth assembled a small group of co-conspirators, including George Atzerodt, David Herold, and Lewis Powell, to carry out the daring plan.
However, fate had other plans. The kidnapping plot was foiled when Lincoln changed his schedule, and Booth’s co-conspirators failed to act on several other opportunities to abduct the president. Frustrated and desperate, Booth decided to take a more drastic course of action: assassination.
The Strange and Eerie Coincidences of the Lincoln Assassination
The assassination of President Abraham Lincoln on April 14, 1865, is filled with a series of bizarre coincidences that continue to captivate historians and conspiracy theorists alike. One of the most intriguing of these is the fact that Lincoln’s son, Robert Todd Lincoln, had a brush with death just weeks before his father’s assassination. He was saved by none other than Edwin Booth, John Wilkes Booth’s older brother. The incident occurred at a train station, where Robert Todd Lincoln nearly fell onto the tracks in front of an oncoming train. Edwin Booth’s quick actions pulled him to safety, saving his life.
Another eerie coincidence is the connection between the Lincoln and Kennedy assassinations. Both presidents were shot in the head on a Friday and were succeeded by vice presidents named Johnson. Additionally, Lincoln was assassinated at Ford’s Theatre, while Kennedy was assassinated in a Lincoln automobile, made by the Ford Motor Company. Although these coincidences are likely just that – coincidences – they have fueled speculation and fascination for generations.
The Dramatic Escape and Pursuit of John Wilkes Booth
Following the assassination of President Lincoln, John Wilkes Booth made a dramatic escape from Ford’s Theatre, leaping onto the stage and shouting “Sic semper tyrannis!” – the Virginia state motto meaning “Thus always to tyrants.” He then fled the scene on horseback, setting off a 12-day manhunt that would ultimately lead to his capture.
Booth’s flight took him through Maryland and into Virginia, evading capture at every turn. He was aided by a network of Confederate sympathizers who provided him with shelter, food, and medical care for a broken leg he sustained during his escape. Meanwhile, a massive manhunt was underway, with thousands of Union soldiers and detectives scouring the countryside for any trace of the assassin.
On April 26, 1865, Booth’s luck finally ran out when he was discovered hiding in a barn on the property of Richard Garrett, a Confederate sympathizer. Surrounded by Union soldiers, Booth refused to surrender and was ultimately shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett, who claimed he fired in self-defense. Booth’s final words, as he lay dying, were reportedly, “Tell my mother I die for my country.”
Booth’s Turbulent Love Affairs and Secret Engagements
John Wilkes Booth’s romantic life was as tumultuous and dramatic as his acting career. He was known to be a ladies’ man and had numerous love affairs, often with women who were also involved in the theater world. One such relationship was with Lucy Hale, the daughter of U.S. Senator John Parker Hale, who was an ardent abolitionist. Ironically, Booth, a fervent Confederate sympathizer, became engaged to Lucy in secret while planning Lincoln’s assassination.
Another notable relationship was with Isabel Sumner, a stage actress who was Booth’s fiancée before he met Lucy Hale. However, Booth’s infidelities and increasingly erratic behavior strained their relationship, ultimately leading to its demise. Booth’s troubled romantic life, much like his political beliefs, seemed to be a constant source of turmoil and drama.
The Unlikely Partnership Between Booth and Dr. Samuel Mudd
One of the lesser-known characters in Booth’s assassination plot is Dr. Samuel Mudd, a Maryland physician who had become acquainted with Booth in 1864. Although there is debate about the extent of Mudd’s involvement in the conspiracy, it is known that he treated Booth’s broken leg after the assassination and allowed the fugitive to stay at his home.
Mudd’s decision to aid Booth would have dire consequences for his life and career. He was arrested, tried, and convicted of conspiring with Booth to assassinate Lincoln. Mudd was sentenced to life in prison and sent to the infamous Fort Jefferson in the Dry Tortugas. However, he was later pardoned by President Andrew Johnson after serving four years of his sentence. Mudd’s life serves as a stark reminder of the far-reaching consequences of Booth’s actions.
The Mysterious Connection Between Booth and Mary Surratt
Mary Surratt, a widow who owned a boarding house in Washington, D.C., became entangled in Booth’s web of conspiracy due to her connections with Confederate sympathizers. Her boarding house served as a meeting place for Booth and his co-conspirators, and she was suspected of actively participating in the planning of Lincoln’s assassination.
Surratt’s involvement with Booth and his associates remains shrouded in mystery, and there is still debate over her level of complicity. However, her fate was sealed when she was arrested, tried, and convicted as part of the assassination plot. She was executed by hanging on July 7, 1865, becoming the first woman to be executed by the United States federal government. Surratt’s story highlights the complex web of relationships that Booth cultivated in his quest to bring down the president.
John Wilkes Booth’s life was filled with contradictions and mysteries. He was an immensely talented actor who garnered fame and adoration, yet he will forever be remembered as the man who murdered one of the most beloved presidents in American history. His story is a cautionary tale of how radical beliefs and political extremism can lead individuals down a dark and dangerous path.
The strange and fascinating facts surrounding Booth’s life and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln continue to captivate and intrigue us, providing a glimpse into the complexities of human nature and the often unpredictable course of history. As we reflect on the life of John Wilkes Booth, we are reminded of the power of individual actions and the indelible mark they can leave on the world.
|
FINEWEB-EDU
|
Home » How to use SolidWorks Treehouse?
Treehouse is a Solidworks tool with several auxiliary features. It is a stand-alone tool that allows you to create and maintain assembly structures before you begin modeling in Solidworks. Treehouse makes it simple to create new configurations, import and update existing assemblies, export documents to Solidworks and Microsoft Excel, and save your layout for an overhead view. Treehouse is an advanced tool for developing and managing assembly structures that is included with every Solidworks 3D CAD license.
Users of Solidworks Treehouse may utilize a drag-and-drop interface to construct assemblies from pre-existing parts. Users can also use pre-defined Solidworks templates to design new components. When an assembly hierarchy is complete, you can export it and Solidworks will automatically build new parts and assemblies with references. One of the most widely utilized automated procedures in a PDM vault is Solidworks Product Data Management (PDM) templates. They may be used to create new project folder sets, write ECOs and ECRs, and generate new Solidworks files, among other things. You may build a new project and instantly begin designing the design structure for your project by including a Solidworks Treehouse template in your Solidworks PDM projects template.
Treehouse has some amazing features for developing and maintaining assembly structures. When examining huge assemblies with multiple branches, learning how to use SolidWorks Treehouse makes it simple to visualize the complex relationships. Adding new components and sub-assemblies may be done immediately in the visual representation of the assembly structure, resulting in an accurate and up-to-date Bill of Materials (BOM) for the design. Exporting assembly structure information to Microsoft Excel is an excellent way to share it outside of the design department. You can incorporate component graphical previews, which give even more clarity and reduce the possibility of misidentification. When it comes to building and maintaining assembly structures, Solidworks Treehouse gives you more options.
How to Use Solidworks Treehouse
Contents
SolidWorks Treehouse is an excellent tool for both managers and designers since the user interface helps you to determine how your assembly will be organized before you begin creating. Once you have learned how to use Solidworks Treehouse, you will be able to utilize it to name your components and drag in existing designs. You may also use it to create setups, add custom properties, and do a variety of other tasks. To learn how to use Solidworks Treehouse, follow the instructions below.
Step 1: To start using Treehouse, go to the start menu, then search for, expand, and pick ‘SOLIDWORKS Tools 20XX’ or alternatively, type ‘SOLIDWORKS Treehouse 20XX’ into the search field and proceed from there.
Step 2: If this is your first time using SolidWorks Treehouse, you will need to provide a location for the templates that will be used to generate your assembly, as well as the folder where you will import and export assemblies and components. To add these sites, click the Treehouse options button and enter the addresses.
Step 3: You may save existing SOLIDWORKS documents as new copies when you export a hierarchy from Treehouse. You must work from the top down to save an existing document as a new copy. For example, if you have an existing assembly document in the hierarchy and wish to save one of its components as a new document, you must first save the assembly as a new document. To save an existing document as a new document, right-click an existing document in the hierarchy and select Save As New Document.
Enter a new name and settings for the new document in the Save As New Document dialog box. Then press the OK button. When you export the hierarchy to SOLIDWORKS documents, the node background turns green to signify that the node will be saved as a new document.
Solidworks Treehouse enables you to perform a variety of functions. Some of the functions are explained below.
1. Using Treehouse to Create an Assembly File Structure: To create an assembly structure, start by picking the top-level assembly from a template. Then, using the file explorer, drag and drop the files you want to add to your structure into the Treehouse workspace or pick “Existing file” from the left side of the window under templates to search for the existing file. So when the structure is finished, click the “Export to SOLIDWORKS” button once again to open Solidworks with the assembly attributes and structure selected. If an assembly structure is created from existing components, the assembly must still be properly mated inside SolidWorks before it can be exported.
2. Adding Configuration: You can also add configurations and derived configurations to Treehouse components and assemblies, as well as construct alternative configurations depending on attributes. Pause the pointer over a part or assembly template to reveal the configuration option, then add or update configurations. The configuration dialog box appears when you click. Then click Add Configuration, enter a name for the configuration, and click OK. Proceed to the Click to add configuration instances to the assembly. Click on an existing configuration name and select Add Derived Configuration to add a derived configuration. Click to close the Configuration dialog box.
After adding the configuration, the properties may be modified in the property editor by going to the configuration tab.
3. Exporting to Solidworks: When you’re content with your layout, export the hierarchy to Solidworks documents. Treehouse will generate SOLIDWORKS documentation for you in the place you designate. The structure specified in Treehouse will be used to refer to these documents. You may now begin working on the details of your design.
Treehouse also has the ability to export the structure as a list to Microsoft Excel. To export, go to the toolbar and click the “Open in Excel” button. This will run Excel and display the information from your assembly structure. Images of the models may now be included when exporting to excel to share assembly structures with more clarity.
Protip: Ways to use Solidworks to optimize Your Design Process
1. Capture the design: When working on a major assembly, Treehouse creates all of the sub-assemblies, drawings, and parts that flow into the main assembly. As other individuals complete the design’s parts and sub-assemblies, those pieces appear in the main assembly – fit, assembly sequence, and any design faults can then be observed and rectified much more quickly.
2. Setting up a methodology: You need a framework to aggregate all the pieces, whether you’re doing top-down or bottom-up modeling. From a top-down perspective, defining a structure early on is critical. When utilizing a sketch or envelope to drive sub-assemblies and parts, making a tree and employing templates speeds up the process. The top assembly also serves as a check on the technique to ensure that everyone is adhering to it appropriately.
3. Start at Design Reviews: During evaluations or kick-offs, designs may be revised. It’s simple to write down a structure while designs are being examined, but modeling the structure and showing it to attendees helps demonstrate how a project will be completed and how components will be joined. Treehouse allows you to rearrange the structures you build. This may be a huge help in those long sessions and can help to clear up any doubt regarding the assembly arrangement.
Conclusion
Understanding how the features function is essential to learning how to use SolidWorks Treehouse, and I hope this article was useful.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
[Tkinter][Python]インスパイヤ！！Tkinterで遊んでみた。
ゴールデンウィークにTkinterで遊んだ話。もう１ヶ月経つのか。
ゴールデンウィークに入る前にTkinterでテキストエディタを作りたいって記事読んで、「あ、作ってみよう」と作った。
結果、xmlから表示するロジックは作った。
機能が抽象化しきってないし、汚いコードだけど吐き出しとく。
ところで、PythonGUI用のフレームワークってないのかな？
templates/gui.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<master title="サンプルアプリケーション" minsize="400, 300" maxsize="800, 600">
<menus>
<menu type="cascade" label="ファイル(F)" name="menu_file" underline="5">
<menu type="command" label="新規作成(N)" name="new" underline="5" accelerator="Ctrl-N" />
<menu type="command" label="開く(O)" name="open" underline="5" accelerator="Ctrl-O" />
<menu type="command" label="保存(S)" name="save" underline="5" accelerator="Ctrl-S" />
<menu type="command" label="名前をつけて保存(A)" name="save_as" underline="5" accelerator="Ctrl-A" />
<menu type="separator" />
<menu type="command" label="閉じる(C)" name="close" underline="5" accelerator="Ctrl-C" />
<menu type="command" label="終了(X)" name="quit" underline="5" command="quit()" accelerator="Ctrl-X" />
</menu>
<menu type="cascade" label="編集(E)" name="menu_edit" underline="5">
<menu type="command" label="元に戻す(U)" name="undo" underline="5" accelerator="Ctrl-U" />
<menu type="command" label="やり直す(R)" name="redo" underline="5" accelerator="Ctrl-R" />
<menu type="separator" />
<menu type="command" label="切り取り(T)" name="cut" underline="5" accelerator="Ctrl-T" />
<menu type="command" label="コピー(C)" name="copy" underline="5" accelerator="Ctrl-C" />
<menu type="command" label="貼り付け(P)" name="paste" underline="5" accelerator="Ctrl-P" />
<menu type="command" label="削除(D)" name="delete" underline="5" accelerator="Ctrl-D" />
</menu>
<menu type="cascade" label="ヘルプ(H)" name="menu_help" underline="5" />
</menus>
<text height="7" width="40" bg="white" fg="red" />
</master>
main.py
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
from Tkinter import *
import xml.dom
from xml.dom.minidom import parse
from xml.parsers.expat import ExpatError
#FONT = (u'Helvetica', '10', 'normal')
#FONT = (u'ＭＳ 明朝', '10', 'normal')
FONT = (u'ＭＳ ゴシック', '10', 'normal')
properties = (
# color options
"activebackground",
"activeforeground",
"backgroud",
"bg",
"backgroud",
"foreground",
"fg",
"highlightbackground",
"highlightcolor",
"selectbackground",
"selectforeground",
# length options
"borderwidth",
"highlightthickness",
"padx",
"pady",
"selectborderwidth",
"wraplength",
# font options
"height",
"underline",
"width",
# other options
"anchor",
"command",
"font",
"image",
"justify",
"relief",
"state",
"takefocus",
"text",
"textvariable",
)
class Reader(object):
u"""Reader class."""
pass
class JSONReader(Reader):
u"""JSON Reader class."""
pass
class XMLReader(Reader):
u"""XML Reader"""
def __init__(self, xml=None):
Reader.__init__(self)
self._dom = parse(xml)
def dom(self):
return self._dom
class Application(Frame):
u"""Application class."""
class AttributeDict(dict):
u"""custom attribute class"""
def __getattr__(self, name):
return None
def __init__(self, master=None):
Frame.__init__(self, master)
self.pack()
def set(self):
pass
def set_master(self, dict):
u"""set master value."""
self.master.title(dict.get("title", u''))
self.master.minsize(dict.get("minsize-x"), dict.get("minsize-y"))
self.master.maxsize(dict.get("maxsize-x"), dict.get("maxsize-y"))
def create_menus(self, element):
u"""create menus."""
values = self.attribute(element)
if values.get("type") == "cascade":
exec """self.%(menu_name)s = Menu(self.menu_bar, tearoff=%(tearoff)s)""" % dict(
menu_name=values.get("name", 0),
tearoff=values.get("tearoff", 0),
)
exec """self.menu_bar.add_cascade(label=u"%(label)s", menu=self.%(menu_name)s, underline=%(underline)s, accelerator="%(accelerator)s", font=%(font)s)""" % dict(
menu_name=values.get("name", 0),
label=values.get("label", ""),
underline=values.get("underline", 0),
accelerator=values.get("accelerator", ""),
font=FONT,
)
for node in element.childNodes:
if node.nodeType == xml.dom.Node.ELEMENT_NODE:
self.create_menu(node, parent_name=values.get("name"))
else:
raise ValueError("element type cascade isn't exist.")
class XMLApplication(Application):
u"""xml file based Application class."""
def set(self, file):
self._dom = XMLReader(file).dom()
masters = self._dom.getElementsByTagName("master")
master = masters[0]
key = self.attribute(master)
self.set_master(key)
# menu
self.menu_bar = Menu(self, tearoff=0)
for element in self._dom.getElementsByTagName('menus'):
for node in element.childNodes:
if node.nodeType == xml.dom.Node.ELEMENT_NODE:
self.create_menus(node)
# add menu bar
try:
self.master.config(menu=self.menu_bar) # this required to show the menu bar
except AttributeError:
self.master.Tk.call(self.master, "config", "-menu", self.menu_bar)
if __name__ == '__main__':
application = XMLApplication()
application.set("templates/gui.xml")
application.mainloop()
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
User:Diderot's Ghost
As of March 2006, I have discontinued my participation in the Wikipedia project.
|
WIKI
|
Vocalization Nation
Luke Chesser
Trust your body and the process.
Many women are surprised how their body acclimates to the stress of birth and all the simple strategies that encourage a more empowered birth experience.
Vocalization is a powerful strategy that helps many women self soothe and transition their body through sensations or contractions. First time mothers tend to associate making noise during birth with losing control, when really vocalization harnesses a ton of power within!
What does vocalization mean?
While in labor, your body naturally wants to produce sound in response to the intensity of each contraction. The pitch in these sounds are the key to transforming this natural urge into a useful comfort measure. The higher pitched yells actually trigger our muscles to tense, causing more discomfort and stress. Lowering the tone of your voice into a controlled mantra-like repetition can help ease your baby along and relax your pelvic muscles through contractions.
These sounds are different for everyone because no two birthing mothers are exactly the same. In early labor, lower and slower vocalization techniques help the body relax and open while the sounds in active labor are often more intense and loud while still being deep and within.
So much more than sound.
These low sounds and vibrations create a physiologic connection between the vocal cords, the respiratory diaphragm, and the pelvic floor. Vibrations from these low vowel sounds help your body relax and keep you feeling in control of your body through each contraction.
Let your doula be your guide.
Your doula is there to guide you through the process and encourage these natural sounds to manifest. She can help you take those sounds that are instinctual and help you harness them into something truly powerful as you progress through every phase of birth.
More often than not, a noisy birth is a happier birth!
Vocalization techniques allow parents to feel more confident along the way and vocal coaching can help partners feel more engaged in the process. Don't be afraid to make noises which feel comforting, soothing, encouraging and more.
When you take control of your body and trust in yourself, your strength, your partner and your baby, you'll unleash strengths you didn't know you had.
Photo Credit: Luke Cheser
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Engineering
Releases
News and Events
Spring Cloud Stream - Event Routing
Welcome to another post in a series of posts showcasing the new features of Spring Cloud Stream (SCSt).
In previous posts (available here, here and here), we tried to provide justification for our shift to a functional programming model in Spring Cloud Stream (SCSt). It is less code and less configuration, and your code remains completely decoupled from the internals of SCSt.
Today, we’ll talk about routing with functions.
Routing, in the context of SCSt, is the ability to either a) route events to a particular event subscriber or b) route an event produced by an event subscriber to a particular destination. To help more with the context, let’s quickly look at how things work in the annotation-based programming model. In this post, we’ll refer to it as route ‘TO’ and route ‘FROM’.
For routing TO an event subscriber, we used the condition attribute of the StreamListener annotation, as follows:
@StreamListener(target = Sink.INPUT, condition = "headers['type']=='order'")
public void receiveOrders(Order order) {...}
Here are more details on this approach.
And, for routing FROM an event subscriber, we used Dynamically Bound Destinations - the approach that allows framework to bind to a destination based on some instruction provided within the individual event.
Event Routing with Functions
With the functional approach, we can do all of the above in a more clean and concise way with a few additional features.
Route TO:
Routing ‘TO’ functions can be achieved by relying on the routing function feature available in Spring Cloud Function (SCF).
You can enable routing explicitly by setting the spring.cloud.stream.function.routing.enabled property or implicitly by setting the spring.cloud.function.routing-expression property and providing routing instruction with Spring Expression Language (SpEL). The routing instruction should result in the definition of the function to which to route, ‘TO’.
For the purposes of binding, the name of the routing destination is functionRouter-in-0 (see RoutingFunction.FUNCTION_NAME and the binding naming convention described here).
When a message is sent to this destination, the routing function tries to determine which actual function needs to process such an event. It first tries to access the spring.cloud.function.routing-expression message header and, if provided, determine the name of the actual function to invoke. This is the most dynamic approach. The second most dynamic approach is to provide a spring.cloud.function.definition header, which should contain the definition of the function to which to route ‘TO’. Both approaches require explicit enablement of routing function by setting the spring.cloud.stream.function.routing.enabled property.
As for additional features that were not available in previous versions, the spring.cloud.function.routing-expression can also be used as application property. For example, consider the case when the expression is the same regardless of the incoming event, as in the annotation-based example shown earlier in this post (for example, spring.cloud.function.routing-expression=headers['type']=='order'). For this approach, you need not explicitly enable a routing function, given that spring.cloud.function.routing-expression as an application property has the same effect.
Albeit trivial, the following is a complete example of one of the approaches described above:
@SpringBootApplication
public class RoutingStreamApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(RoutingStreamApplication.class,
"--spring.cloud.function.routing-expression="
+ "T(java.lang.System).nanoTime() % 2 == 0 ? 'even' : 'odd'");
}
@Bean
public Consumer<Integer> even() {
return value -> System.out.println("EVEN: " + value);
}
@Bean
public Consumer<Integer> odd() {
return value -> System.out.println("ODD: " + value);
}
}
By sending a message to the functionRouter-in-0 destination that is exposed by the binder (that is, rabbit or kafka), such a message will be routed to the appropriate (‘even’ or ‘odd’) Consumer bean, based on the value of nanoTime() at the time of message processing.
Route FROM:
As before, routing ‘FROM’ relies on the Dynamically Bound Destinations feature of SCSt. However, as with routing ‘TO’, there are a number of additional features.
The following example shows the basics:
@Autowired
private BinderAwareChannelResolver resolver;
public Consumer<String> send(Message message) {
MessageChannel destination = resolver
.resolveDestination(message.getHeaders().get("type"))
Message outgoingMessage = . . . // your code
destination.send(outgoingMessage);
}
All you need is a reference to BinderAwareChannelResolver (autowired in the proceeding example). Then you can use some logic to determine the destination name (in our case, we use the value of the ‘type’ header). Once the destination name is determined, you can obtain a reference to it by using the BinderAwareChannelResolver.resolveDestination(..) operation and sending a message to it. That is really all it takes.
The downside of the above approach is that some framework-specific abstractions leak into your code. Look at the fact that you need to be aware of BinderAwareChannelResolver and MessageChannel, amongst other things. In fact, most of the code in the preceding example is boilerplate.
A more dynamic and less leaky approach is to rely on spring.cloud.stream.sendto.destination property, which effectively does all of the above - but behind the scenes. The following example shows how to use this approach:
@SpringBootApplication
public class RoutingStreamApplication {
@Bean
public Function<Message<String>, Message<String>> process() {
return message -> {
// some logic to process incoming message
Message<String> outgoingMessage = MessageBuilder
.withPayload("Hello")
.setHeader("spring.cloud.stream.sendto.destination", "even")
.build();
return outgoingMessage;
};
}
}
We no longer have to inject BinderAwareChannelResolver, perform resolution of MessageChannel, and so on. We simply create a new Message that specifies a header that is used by the framework to dynamically resolve destination.
Routing Sources
Last but not least, let’s look at another popular use case of a route ‘FROM’ where the source of data originates outside the context of SCSt but needs to be routed to the appropriate destination:
@Controller
public class SourceWithDynamicDestination {
@Autowired
private ObjectMapper jsonMapper;
private final EmitterProcessor<?> processor = EmitterProcessor.create();
@RequestMapping(path = "/", method = POST, consumes = "*/*")
@ResponseStatus(HttpStatus.ACCEPTED)
public void handleRequest(@RequestBody String body,
@RequestHeader(HttpHeaders.CONTENT_TYPE) Object contentType)
throws Exception {
Map<String, String> payload = jsonMapper.readValue(body, Map.class);
String destination = payload.get("id");
Message<?> message =
MessageBuilder.withPayload(payload)
.setHeader("spring.cloud.stream.sendto.destination", destination)
.build();
processor.onNext(message);
}
@Bean
public Supplier<Flux<?>> source() {
return () -> processor;
}
}
Then we can see the result by running the following curl command:
curl -H "Content-Type: application/json" -X POST -d '{"id":"customerId-1","bill-pay":"100"}' http://localhost:8080
Here, we use both a functional approach and a dusting of the reactive paradigm, by virtue of Supplier<Flux<?>> bean. We have a simple MVC controller, and we want to route requests downstream, based on the value of the ‘id’ attribute of the content.
While the details of the EmitterProcessor and its usage here are a subject for another post, what is important is that it demonstrates a fully functional application where HTTP requests are routed dynamically to destinations managed by the target binder.
NOTE: At the time of this writing, the reference documentation is being actively updated to support the upcoming 3.0.0.RELEASE of SCSt, but you can always use the source of the reference documentation for the most up-to-date information.
Check out Spring Cloud Stream on GitHub.
Also, the previous blogs in the series:
- Spring Cloud Stream - demystified and simplified
- Spring Cloud Stream - functional and reactive
- Spring Cloud Stream & Spring Integration
comments powered by Disqus
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Talk:Nīnole, Hawaii
Name
In creating this article with a macron in the title, I'm well aware that there's generally disapproval of including them in article titles, since this is the English Wikipedia, not the Hawaiian. However: please note the GNIS source that is the basis for most of the article: it lists Nīnole as the official spelling, not Ninole. Nyttend (talk) 00:12, 9 April 2008 (UTC)
Ninole, zip code 96773 is NOT located in the southern end of the Island of Hawaii. It is located on the Northeast Coast at approximately lat 19.92 N and long 155.9 W. Many internet based maps place it on the south coast, but that is not where it is. I live in Ninole and get my mail and the post office in Ninole, 96773. It is not where this article shows it. [above comment added 22:17, May 1, 2010 by User:Paradise1234 ]
Yes, there are two places with this name within Hawaii county. Will try to work on it as time permits. W Nowicki (talk) 21:18, 8 November 2010 (UTC)
|
WIKI
|
Italians in New York, family in Italy worry for each other | The Seattle Times
NEW YORK (AP) Annaelisa Lugini had every intention of returning to Italy after visiting her husband, Gianmarco de Felice, in New York City, where he is spending a few months on a research project. NEW YORK (AP) Annaelisa Lugini had every intention of returning to Italy after visiting her husband, Gianmarco de Felice, in New York City, where he is spending a few months on a research project. But her flight at the beginning of the week left without her on it. Faced with the prospect of a nationwide lockdown on movement in Italy to stem the spread of the coronavirus, they decided it would be better for her to stay and wait it out, rather than being confined to her home, as their parents in Rome are. But her flight at the beginning of the week left without her on it. Faced with the prospect of a nationwide lockdown on movement in Italy to stem the spread of the coronavirus, they decided it would be better for her to stay and wait it out, rather than being confined to her home, as their parents in Rome are. At this point, though, as the virus ramps up in the United States, it's a toss-up for who's more anxious them for their elderly parents in Italy, or their parents for them in New York City. At this point, though, as the virus ramps up in the United States, it's a toss-up for who's more anxious them for their elderly parents in Italy, or their parents for them in New York City. My parents are a little bit worried. … They think that it's only a question of time, de Felice said. Soon in the U.S., she said, the situation will be similar to what is happening in Italy. My parents are a little bit worried. … They think that it's only a question of time, de Felice said. Soon in the U.S., she said, the situation will be similar to what is happening in Italy. For Giovanni Belotti, 26, an Italian expatriate who has been living and working in New York City for several years, as much as he worries about his loved ones, relatives in Florence are actually more worried about me than me worried about them because of the sheer population and density of New York City and its environs. For Giovanni Belotti, 26, an Italian expatriate who has been living and working in New York City for several years, as much as he worries about his loved ones, relatives in Florence are actually more worried about me than me worried about them because of the sheer population and density of New York City and its environs. It's like one-third of the entire Italian country, said Belotti, who works for a company that sells Italian fabrics. So, even as he's telling his mother, grandmother and other family to stay put and avoid other people, they are telling him the same thing. It's like one-third of the entire Italian country, said Belotti, who works for a company that sells Italian fabrics. So, even as he's telling his mother, grandmother and other family to stay put and avoid other people, they are telling him the same thing. The new virus produces only mild or moderate symptoms in most of the people who are infected, like fever and cough. But for a portion of cases, especially in older adults and those who already have health problems, the symptoms can turn into something severe, including pneumonia, and death. The new virus produces only mild or moderate symptoms in most of the people who are infected, like fever and cough. But for a portion of cases, especially in older adults and those who already have health problems, the symptoms can turn into something severe, including pneumonia, and death. But the vast majority recover. The World Health Organization says mild cases take about two weeks for recovery, while more severe illness may take three to six weeks. But the vast majority recover. The World Health Organization says mild cases take about two weeks for recovery, while more severe illness may take three to six weeks. Among European countries, Italy has been the hardest hit, with more than 15,000 cases of infection and 1,000 deaths. The government has ordered residents to stay home and ordered all retail except supermarkets, food stores and pharmacies to close. Among European countries, Italy has been the hardest hit, with more than 15,000 cases of infection and 1,000 deaths. The government has ordered residents to stay home and ordered all retail except supermarkets, food stores and pharmacies to close. In the United States, there have been more than 1,200 cases and more than three dozen deaths. While there have been no large-scale government-mandated quarantines domestically, there has been an increasing number of postponements and cancellations of events like parades and tournaments. In the United States, there have been more than 1,200 cases and more than three dozen deaths. While there have been no large-scale government-mandated quarantines domestically, there has been an increasing number of postponements and cancellations of events like parades and tournaments. But not everyone with a connection to both the United States and Italy is concerned. Fabrizio Bonacchi, 62, plans on leaving New York City and his business for an extended sojourn in Italy, where his daughters and other relatives live. But not everyone with a connection to both the United States and Italy is concerned. Fabrizio Bonacchi, 62, plans on leaving New York City and his business for an extended sojourn in Italy, where his daughters and other relatives live. He wasn't fazed by the quarantine, happy to stay at his Italian home. He wasn't fazed by the quarantine, happy to stay at his Italian home. I'm 62, I already had a nice life, and I keep going to have a nice life, he said. I need to take precaution, yes I agree, but not to be scared of everything. Life, it need to be continued. I'm 62, I already had a nice life, and I keep going to have a nice life, he said. I need to take precaution, yes I agree, but not to be scared of everything. Life, it need to be continued. ___ ___ The Associated Press receives support for health and science coverage from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content. The Associated Press receives support for health and science coverage from the Howard Hughes Medical Institute's Department of Science Education. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Talk:Tadej Pogačar
Currently
Copied from User talk:Paulpat99
I'm sorry, but you're not correct with specifying time as. You need to be more precise WP:PRECISELANG--Vаdiм (talk) 11:11, 9 October 2019 (UTC)
* , I have read that article however all the other cyclist pages e.g: Will Barta, Jakub Mareczko etc all use "Will Barta... who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam CCC Team". I was just reverting it to stick with the stanndard used by al other pages. Paulpat99 (talk) 20:51, 11 October 2019 (UTC)
* What you're referring to is a pattern not a standard. Such a pattern should be avoided in Wikipedia whenever possible. You's specify a more presice date. See also WP:RELTIME --Vаdiм (talk) 15:02, 13 October 2019 (UTC)
* However, what I have just read now "Absolute specifications of time are preferred..." It says they are preferred and then goes on to say "...because the latter may go out of date..." since these pages are updated regularly they wont go out of date I feel that using currently flows better than rewording as; from 2019 rider rode for x team. Paulpat99 (talk) 20:16, 13 October 2019 (UTC)
* Again, this is your personal preference, not a standard. The Manual of Style is based on the common consensus across the Wikipedia and it's the standard to follow. The page in question is a biography of a living person not a news bulletin. The MOS:REALTIME in particular advises that As of style should be used in such contexts.--Vаdiм (talk) 11:58, 14 October 2019 (UTC)
Apparently this discussion goes circles. I've made a request for a third opinion in attempt to resolve it--Vаdiм (talk) 12:08, 14 October 2019 (UTC)
Thanks for sharing your opinion. are you OK with this explanation? --Vаdiм (talk) 16:00, 15 October 2019 (UTC)
* Yes I am happy with the explanation, so going forward would this mean all cyclists will be changed to the appropriate format? Paulpat99 (talk) 20:05, 16 October 2019 (UTC)
* Please do if you can, but there is WP:NORUSH. Cheers! --Vаdiм (talk) 12:06, 17 October 2019 (UTC)
Fignon
Amazing that Fignon, who died in 2010 when Pogaçar would have been 12, already drew comparisons with Merkx... 2603:8000:CE00:7100:1C12:23FF:526:11BA (talk) 23:08, 20 July 2023 (UTC)
|
WIKI
|
When it comes to windstorms, tornadoes receive the most media attention for their destructive nature, spinning in cyclonic fashion across the flatlands of the Midwest, lapping up gravel and detritus — even homes and vehicles — and spitting them out into scatter shots of debris. Yet, straight-line windstorms cause more injuries, deaths and destruction annually. Chief among these storms are derechos.
Derechos are fast-moving, linear winds that can race across hundreds of miles, tearing down nearly everything in their path. Tornadoes typically spin in a range of just a few miles.
The word derecho comes from Spanish, meaning “straight.” These winds are produced by thunderstorm squall lines and can whip up into speeds of 58 miles per hour or more. A tornado by comparison can have rotating winds of more than 250 miles per hour, but their average forward-moving speed is just 30 miles per hour. Both tornadoes and derechos are born from thunderstorms.
When a downburst of wind from a thunderstorm hits the ground it spills out laterally and into straight lines. These are the makings of a derecho. The wind speed builds as the squall line moves ahead pushing winds along. This continuous path is how derechos come to barrel their way for 240 miles or more.
In June 2012 a super derecho pushed its way along an 800-mile path from the Upper Midwest through the Mid-Atlantic States and caused 28 deaths, as well as some $3 billion worth of damage
Meteorologist can usually spot a derecho before or as it forms, but typically there isn’t enough time to warn people in its path because derechos take shape so quickly.
On radar, a squall of thunderstorms appears in the shape of an archer’s bow. This is the first piece of evidence that a derecho may be forming. These bow echo storms concentrate dangerous winds at the center of the curved line formation. If the right type of conditions persist, such as high temperatures, derechos march forward, picking up speed as they go.
Take the 2012 Super Derecho. It began as a small thunderstorm in central Iowa. Record-setting heat that month, however, began to fuel the storm. Thunderstorms muscle up heat into updrafts and downdrafts.
Chugging along into Illinois, the would-be derecho began to strengthen. It narrowly missed hitting Chicago, but lapped up even more heat surrounding the city’s famous “urban heat island,” where temperatures downtown soar on account of blacktops and dark roofs locking in the sun’s rays.
Next, the flat terrain of Indiana gave the derecho the leeway it needed to shift into overdrive, and it began to take its bow shape. By the time the storm reached Ohio it had scaled to Super Derecho status, with wind gusts exceeding 80 miles per hour. From there it zoomed through West Virginia, knocking down trees, and taking out power in Virginia before crashing through Washington, DC and Maryland, where it caused more death and destruction, until heading out to sea.
Derechos die when dry air in the upper atmosphere quash their power, or when the winds pushing it along calm. The cool air of the Atlantic Ocean calmed that particular Super Derecho’s winds.
NOAA calls derechos severe and potentially deadly. If you hear their seemingly strange name, pay close attention to warnings and advisors. Treat them as you might a tornado, and head quickly for sturdy structures and basements, or storm shelters, if they are an option.
Thomas M. Kostigen is the founder of The Climate Survivalist.com and a New York Times bestselling author and journalist. He is the National Geographic author of "The Extreme Weather Survival Guide: Understand, Prepare, Survive, Recover" and the NG Kids book, "Extreme Weather: Surviving Tornadoes, Tsunamis, Hailstorms, Thundersnow, Hurricanes and More!" Follow him @weathersurvival, or email kostigen@theclimatesurvivalist.com
Related on MNN:
Derecho: Destructive winds with a catchy name
These quick-moving winds race across hundreds of miles, tearing down everything in a straight path.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
What Are The Differences Between Organic Pigments And Inorganic Pigments?
Composition of pigments
Pigments colours can be used to give colour to other objects by coating them or blending them with the product ingredients. Organic and inorganic pigments are types of pigments based on their method of formulation. Organic pigments are generally derived from plants. Inorganic pigments use chemical formulations to get the desired product properties for various applications.
Compounds obtained from inorganic metallic compounds and salts such as chromates, metallic oxides, sulphates etc. are used in inorganic pigments. Organic pigments are made up of carbon rings and carbon chains. Chemical compounds can be used during colour production to stabilise the organic pigments. Inorganic compounds primarily use chemical compounds based on a specific chemical composition to create colours.
Based on the properties, the following characteristics make organic pigments different from inorganic pigments:
Particle Size
Organic pigments have smaller particle size compared to inorganic pigment colours.
Brightness
Organic pigments are brighter compared to inorganic pigments. But for long-lasting products, inorganic pigments are preferred because fading and exposure to sunlight or chemicals can take away the bright colour of organic pigments.
Colours
The variety of colours available in inorganic pigments is greater than the variety available in organic pigment colours. Titanium dioxide; Iron oxide, etc. are examples of inorganic pigments. Lake colours are examples of organic pigments.
Ultramarine Blue, Iron Oxide Yellow, Chromium Oxide Green, Manganese Violet, Titanium Dioxide etc. are the colours available in inorganic pigments. India also exports the blended inorganic colourants such as Iron Oxide Burgundy, Iron Oxide Sienna, Iron Oxide Amber etc. Inorganic pigments also comes in Lo Micron Iron Oxide variants such as red, yellow and black.
Organic Pigment colours consist of lake colours such as Lake of Allura Red, Lake Patent Blue, Lake of Indigo Carmine etc. Since organic pigments are derived from minerals, the colours can also be classified on the basis of mineral lakes such as Aluminium (Al) Lakes, Calcium (Ca) Lakes, Barium (Ba) Lakes, and so on.
Cost
Inorganic pigment colours are more economical and cost-effective than organic colorants.
Dispersion
Compared to organic pigments, inorganic pigments are easier to disperse and therefore used for various applications. Particle size and surface chemistries of the compounds used for making pigments are different. Stabilization of the particles poses a challenge in the pigment dispersion process. Incorrect processes can lead to improper dispersion.
Hangzhou Xiaoluan Imp & Exp Co.,Ltd owns factory Hangzhou Anjie Brake Co.,Ltd. Who has focused on topquality Brake calier,brake pads, disc brake, Pigment in China. We offer products, such as: Brake caliper,brake pads disc brakepigment, and so on.
Address: Dijing Business Street 129, Hezhuang Street, Xiaoshan District, Hangzhou City, Zhejaing Province, China
TEL: +86-571-82135908
FAX: +86-571-82135898
E-mail: info@ajl-hzxiaoluan.com
Website: www.ajl-hzxiaoluan.com
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Peter COLLINS, Plaintiff, v. The COUNTY OF KERN, et al., Defendants. AND RELATED CROSS-ACTIONS
No. CVF03-6424 AWI TAG.
United States District Court, E.D. California.
July 26, 2005.
Donald C. Duchow, Law Offices of Donald C. Duchow, Bakersfield, CA, for Plaintiff.
James H. Thebeau, San Bernardino County Counsel, San Bernardino, CA, Mark Lloyd Nations, Andrew C. Thomson, Office of County Counsel, Bakersfield, CA, for Defendants.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER GRANTING MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT
(Document # 19)
ISHII, District Judge.
This action arises from an incident in which Plaintiff Peter Collins was attacked by other inmates while incarcerated at the Lerdo Pre-Trial Facility. The court has federal question jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331 over Plaintiffs civil action against the County of Kern, Sheriff Karl Sparks, D.O. Perkins, and D.O. Reynolds.
PROCEDURAL HISTORY
On October 27, 2003, Plaintiff filed a first amended complaint. The first cause of action is brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and alleges a violation of Plaintiffs Eighth Amendment rights. The second cause of action alleges a conspiracy to interfere with Plaintiffs civil rights in violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1985(c). The third cause of action is brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and alleges a violation of Plaintiffs Fourteenth Amendment rights. The fourth cause of action is brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 and alleges a violation of “Due Process.”
On March 21, 2005, Defendants filed a motion for summary judgment. Defendants contend that there are no facts showing that Defendant D.O. Perkins or Defendant D.O. Reynolds were aware of a threat to Plaintiff or that they acted deliberately indifferent. Defendants contend that Plaintiff cannot establish liability for either Defendant County of Kern or Defendant Sparks because Plaintiff cannot show a violation of his rights and there is no evidence of a policy that caused the attack. Defendants contend that there is no evidence of racial discrimination and they are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs Section 1985(c) claim.
When Plaintiff did not file a timely response to Defendants’ motion, the court took the motion for summary judgment under submission. On April 20, 2005, Plaintiff filed a notice of Plaintiffs inability to respond to Defendants’ motion. Plaintiff requested additional time to conduct discovery. On May 18, 2005, the court determined that Plaintiff had failed to make the request showing to continue the summary judgment motion pursuant to Rule 56(f) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. The court directed Plaintiff to file any response to the motion within ten days.
On May 25, 2005, Plaintiff filed an opposition. Plaintiff contends that because of head wounds, his memory is impaired. Plaintiff attaches the declaration of Michael Pettisford, another inmate. Plaintiff claims that Mr. Pettisford’s statements controvert the facts submitted by Defendants.
On May 27, 2005, Defendants filed a reply. Defendants point out that Plaintiff failed to follow Local Rules and the Rules of Civil Procedure because Plaintiff did not timely oppose Defendants’ motion and Plaintiff did not file a response to Defendants’ undisputed facts. Defendants contend that the declaration of Mr. Pettisford should be disregarded because he is not competent to testify.
FACTS
A. Defendants’ Proposed Undisputed Facts
Plaintiff was in the custody of the Kern County Sheriffs Department at the Lerdo Pre-Trial Facility of the Kern County Jail on June 30, 2001.
On April 2, 2001, Plaintiff was arrested and booked by the Kern County Sheriffs Department. At the time of his booking, Plaintiff claimed a gang affiliation with the “Crips” and requested that he be kept segregated from other people that claimed a gang affiliation with the “Bloods.” Plaintiff denied that there was any other group or person from whom he needed to be segregated.
On June 30, 2001, Plaintiff was transferred to a cell in D-Pod, Unit 5. Plaintiff was transferred out of A-Pod because A-Pod was to be used to house federal inmates.
Neither the Sheriff, Perkins nor Reynolds were involved in the decision to transfer Plaintiff to a cell in D-Pod, Unit 5.
Plaintiff did not inform anyone of any safety concerns or segregation issues at the time that he was transferred to D-Pod, Unit 5.
On June 30, 2001, a fight erupted in D-Pod, Unit 5, between Black and Hispanic inmates. The fight started minutes after Plaintiff arrived in D-Pod. The fight in D-Pod, Unit 5, involved four (4) or more Black inmates and eight (8) or more Hispanic inmates.
Neither the Sheriff, Perkins nor Reynolds had advance information or knowledge that a fight would erupt. Neither the Sheriff, Perkins nor Reynolds had any information that Plaintiff was at risk at being injured in a fight.
Once the fight erupted, Perkins took prompt action to stop the fight, secure the area, and ensure prompt medical treatment for Plaintiff.
Once the fight erupted, Reynolds took prompt action to stop the fight, secure the area, and ensure prompt medical treatment for Plaintiff.
On June 30, 2001, at the time of the fight in D-Pod, Unit 5, Defendant Sheriff Sparks was not present at the Lerdo Detention Facility.
Plaintiff was immediately treated for the injuries he sustained in the fight and was transported to Kern Medical Center Emergency Department where he received immediate medical treatment.
Plaintiff has no information that Perkins and Reynolds acted improperly. According to Plaintiff, the inmates involved in the fight were the people that “were wrong.”
Prior to employment as a Detention Officer with the County of Kern all individuals are required to attend a five to seven week academy that includes training on topics such as security of inmates, facility security, inmate classification, gangs, liability, laws of arrest and search and seizure. The curriculum occupies approximately 200 hours of training.
Perkins is employed as a Detention Officer with the County of Kern, has received the academy training and has also received training in the areas of jail standards, jail operations liability, inmate segregation, emergency procedures and planning, and suicide prevention.
Reynolds is employed as a Detention Officer with the County of Kern, is a Detentions Training Officer and has also received training in the areas of jail standards, jail operations liability, inmate segregation, emergency procedures and planning, and suicide prevention. Reynolds has also completed the required training instructor course in order to become an instructor.
B. Plaintiffs Disputed Facts
Plaintiff provides the declaration of former inmate Michael Pittisford. Mr. Pittisford states that he and other black inmates were confined in D-Pod for approximately 60-days prior to June 30, 2001, without incident or conflict with Mexican American inmates. Mr. Pittis-ford states that:
Immediately before and shortly after inmate Peter Collins entered D-Pod on June 30, 2001, racial insults and threats were loudly made by the Mexican inmates of D-Pod against the personal safety of inmate Peter Collins. Immediately before and shortly after Peter Collins entered D-Pod on June 30, 2001, he (Peter Collins) myself and all other Black inmates of D-Pod were violently attacked and beaten by the Mexican inmates of D-Pod on June 30, 2001. I Personally observed no less than 10 correctional officers stood idle for at least 3-4 minutes while inmate Peter Collins was being beaten, kicked, and stompped (sic.) by no less than 6 Mexican American inmates in D-Pod on June 30, 2001.
LEGAL STANDARD
Summary judgment is appropriate when it is demonstrated that there exists no genuine issue as to any material fact, and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c); Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 157, 90 S.Ct. 1598, 26 L.Ed.2d 142 (1970); Poller v. Columbia Broadcasting System, 368 U.S. 464, 467, 82 S.Ct. 486, 7 L.Ed.2d 458 (1962); Jung v. FMC Corp., 755 F.2d 708, 710 (9th Cir.1985); Loehr v. Ventura County Community College Dist., 743 F.2d 1310, 1313 (9th Cir.1984).
Under summary judgment practice, the moving party [Ajlways bears the initial responsibility of informing the district court of the basis for its motion, and identifying those portions of “the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any,” which it believes demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of material fact.
Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986). “[Wjhere the nonmoving party will bear the burden of proof at trial on a dispositive issue, a summary judgment motion may properly be made in reliance solely on the ‘pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file.’ ” Id. Indeed, summary judgment should be entered, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. Id. at 322, 106 S.Ct. 2548. “[A] complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts immaterial.” Id. In such a circumstance, summary judgment should be granted, “so long as whatever is before the district court demonstrates that the standard for entry of summary judgment, as set forth in Rule 56(c), is satisfied.” Id. at 323, 106 S.Ct. 2548.
If the moving party meets its initial responsibility, the burden then shifts to the opposing party to establish that a genuine issue as to any material fact actually does exist. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586, 106 S.Ct. 1348, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986); First Nat’l Bank of Arizona v. Cities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 288-89, 88 S.Ct. 1575, 20 L.Ed.2d 569 (1968); Ruffin v. County of Los Angeles, 607 F.2d 1276, 1280 (9th Cir.1979), cert. denied, 445 U.S. 951, 100 S.Ct. 1600, 63 L.Ed.2d 786 (1980). In attempting to establish the existence of this factual dispute, the opposing party may not rely upon the mere allegations or denials of its pleadings, but is required to tender evidence of specific facts in the form of affidavits, and/or admissible discovery material, in support of its contention that the dispute exists. Rule 56(e); Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586 n. 11, 106 S.Ct. 1348; First Nat’l Bank, 391 U.S. at 289, 88 S.Ct. 1575; Strong v. France, 474 F.2d 747, 749 (9th Cir.1973). The opposing party must demonstrate that the fact in contention is material, i.e., a fact that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law, Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986); T.W. Elec. Serv., Inc. v. Pacific Elec. Contractors Ass’n, 809 F.2d 626, 630 (9th Cir.1987), and that the dispute is genuine, i.e., the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party, Anderson, 477 U.S. at 248-49, 106 S.Ct. 2505; Wool v. Tandem Computers, Inc., 818 F.2d 1433, 1436 (9th Cir.1987).
In the endeavor to establish the existence of a factual dispute, the opposing party need not establish a material issue of fact conclusively in its favor. It is sufficient that “the claimed factual dispute be shown to require a jury or judge to resolve the parties’ differing versions of the truth at trial.” First Nat’l Bank, 391 U.S. at 290, 88 S.Ct. 1575; T.W. Elec. Serv., 809 F.2d at 631. Thus, the “purpose of summary judgment is to ‘pierce the pleadings and to assess the proof in order to see whether there is a genuine need for trial.’ ” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348 (quoting Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e) advisory committee’s note on 1963 amendments); International Union of Bricklayers v. Martin Jaska, Inc., 752 F.2d 1401, 1405 (9th Cir.1985).
In resolving the summary judgment motion, the court examines the pleadings, depositions, answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if any. Rule 56(c); Poller, 368 U.S. at 468, 82 S.Ct. 486; SEC v. Seaboard Corp., 677 F.2d 1301, 1305-06 (9th Cir.1982). The evidence of the opposing party is to be believed, Anderson, 477 U.S. at 255, 106 S.Ct. 2505, and all reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the facts placed before the court must be drawn in favor of the opposing party, Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348 (citing United States v. Diebold, Inc., 369 U.S. 654, 655, 82 S.Ct. 993, 8 L.Ed.2d 176 (1962))(per curiam); Abramson v. University of Hawaii, 594 F.2d 202, 208 (9th Cir.1979). Nevertheless, inferences are not drawn out of the air, and it is the opposing party’s obligation to produce a factual predicate from which the inference may be drawn. Richards v. Nielsen Freight Lines, 602 F.Supp. 1224, 1244-45 (E.D.Cal.1985), aff'd, 810 F.2d 898, 902 (9th Cir.1987). Finally, to demonstrate a genuine issue, the opposing party “must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the material facts.... Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the nonmoving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’ ” Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587, 106 S.Ct. 1348 (citation omitted).
DISCUSSION
A. Failure to Comply with Local Rules and Federal Rules of Civil Procedure
Defendants contend that the court should not consider Plaintiffs opposition because it was filed late and because Plaintiff failed to respond to Defendants’ statement of undisputed facts. Wdiile Plaintiffs opposition was filed late, in the interests of justice, the court allowed Plaintiff to file a late opposition in response to Plaintiffs statement that more time to conduct discovery was needed. Because Plaintiffs opposition was filed within the time set forth in the court’s May 18, 2005 order, the court will consider Plaintiffs opposition.
Plaintiff failed to comply with the Local Rules when he did not respond to Defendants’ undisputed facts. Local Rule 56-230(b) provides in pertinent part as follows:
Any party opposing a motion for summary judgment or summary adjudication shall reproduce the itemized facts in the Statement of Undisputed Facts and admit those facts which are undisputed and deny those that are disputed, including with each denial a citation to the particular portions of any pleading, affidavit, deposition, interrogatory answer, admission or other document relied upon in support of that denial. The opposing party may also file a concise “Statement of Disputed Facts” and the source thereof in the record, of all additional material facts as to which there is a genuine issue precluding summary judgment or adjudication....
Plaintiff failed to comply with Local Rule 56-230(b) because Plaintiff has not responded to the statement of undisputed facts and has not provided admissions, denials and supporting facts in response.
While Plaintiffs failure to respond to Defendants’ undisputed facts has made it difficult for the court to address Defendants’ motion, the court declines to grant Defendants’ motion on the ground that Plaintiff failed to comply with the Local Rules. The remedy for Plaintiffs failure to address Defendants’ undisputed facts and Defendants’ evidence is to consider this evidence as undisputed. In the interests of justice, the court will consider Mr. Pettisford’s declaration to determine if it contains any evidence to refute Defendants’ evidence. Thus, the court declines to grant Defendants’ motion based on Plaintiffs’ failure to comply with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and Local Rules.
B. Pettisford Declaration
Defendants contend that the court should not consider the declaration of Mr. Pettisford. Defendants point out that Mr. Pettisford is referred to by four different spellings of his last name, including, “Pet-tisford”, “Pittisford”, “Pettsford”, and “Pettiford”. Because the spelling “Pettis-ford” is primarily used in both the opposition and introduction to the declaration, the court could presume that the other references are simply misspellings. However, the declarant signed his name in block letters, “Michael Pettiford.” Thus, Mr. Pettisford’s true name remains unclear. Other than his name, Mr. Pettis-ford is not identified in any manner, such as a current address or prison identification number.
To the extent that Mr. Pettisford’s name is spelled in four different ways, and the execution of the declaration is spelled differently that all other spellings of the name, it appears the declaration was prepared by someone other than Mr. Pettis-ford. The court has concerns that the declaration was not carefully reviewed pri- or to signing because the misspellings were not corrected. This raises concerns about whether Mr. Pettisford really agrees under penalty of perjury with everything he signed. Because Mr. Pettisford is not identified by any other means than his name, the differences in spellings makes it difficult for Defendants or any other party to find Mr. Pettisford and depose him about his knowledge of this case. While the court has concerns about relying on Mr. Pettisford’s declaration, no evidence has been presented to the court showing that Mr. Pettisford does not exist, the declaration was fabricated, and that Mr. Pettisford could not be produced for deposition and/or trial. As such, the court denies Defendants’ request that the court simply disregard Mr. Pettisford’s declaration as false. In addition, the court denies Defendants’ request to award expenses and attorney’s fees incurred in contesting this declaration.
C. Failure to Protect — Eighth Amendment
The first cause of action alleges a violation of the Eighth Amendment. Neither Plaintiffs complaint nor his opposition clarify Plaintiffs exact theory of relief. However, from a liberal reading of the complaint, it appears that Plaintiff is raising two theories. First, Plaintiff is alleging that Defendants failed to protect him from the attack because Defendants put Plaintiff into D-Pod, Unit 5, where the fight began a few minutes after Plaintiffs arrival. Second, Plaintiff is alleging that Defendants failed to protect him because Defendants did not immediately stop the fight.
Preliminarily, the court notes that it is unclear whether Plaintiff was in the Lerdo Pre-Trial Facility awaiting trial or if Plaintiff was serving a sentence. The parties’ focus in their briefs on the Eighth Amendment implies that, at the time of the assault, Plaintiff had been convicted and was serving a sentence. The Eighth Amendment’s prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment protects convicted prisoners. Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979); Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 395 n. 10, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989). The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects pre-trial detainees. Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535 n. 16, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979); Redman v. County of San Diego, 942 F.2d 1435, 1440 (9th Cir.1991). The Eighth Amendment nonetheless serves as a benchmark for evaluating any such claims. See Camell v. Grimm, 74 F.3d 977, 979 (9th Cir.1996) (8th Amendment guarantees provide minimum standard of care for pretrial detainees). As such, courts often borrow from Eighth Amendment principles in shaping standards applicable to pretrial detainees. Alvarez-Machain v. United States, 107 F.3d 696, 701 (9th Cir.1996). In a failure to protect claim, the “deliberate indifference” standard used in Eighth Amendment cases is the level of culpability a pretrial detainee must establish to maintain a failure to protect claim under the Fourteenth Amendment. Redman v. County of San Diego, 942 F.2d 1435, 1442 (9th Cir.1991) (en banc). Because the standard is the same regardless of whether Plaintiff was a pre-trial detainee or had been convicted, the court will analyze Plaintiffs first cause of action under the Eighth Amendment’s standards.
To constitute cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth Amendment, prison conditions must involve “the wanton and unnecessary infliction of pain.” Rhodes v. Chapman, 452 U.S. 337, 347, 101 S.Ct. 2392, 69 L.Ed.2d 59 (1981). Although prison conditions may be restrictive and harsh, prison officials must provide prisoners with food, clothing, shelter, sanitation, medical care, and personal safety. Id.; Toussaint v. McCarthy, 801 F.2d 1080, 1107 (9th Cir.1986); Hoptowit v. Ray, 682 F.2d 1237, 1246 (9th Cir.1982). Prison officials have a duty to take reasonable steps to protect inmates from physical abuse. Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 833, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994); Hoptowit, 682 F.2d at 1250-51. To establish a violation of this duty, a plaintiff must establish that prison officials were “deliberately indifferent to a serious threat to the inmates’s safety.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 834, 114 S.Ct. 1970. First, the plaintiff must show that the alleged deprivation was, in objective terms, “sufficiently serious.” Id. at 834, 114 S.Ct. 1970 (citing Wilson v. Seiter, 501 U.S. 294, 298, 111 S.Ct. 2321, 115 L.Ed.2d 271 (1991)). Second, the plaintiff must show that the prison official knew of and disregarded an excessive risk to an inmate’s health or safety. Id. at 837, 114 S.Ct. 1970.
The prison official must both be aware of facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious harm exists, and he must also draw the inference. Farmer, 511 U.S. at 837, 114 S.Ct. 1970. The prison official need not “believe to a moral certainty that one inmate intends to attack another at a given place at a time certain before [he] is obligated to take steps to prevent such an assault.” Berg v. Kincheloe, 794 F.2d 457, 459 (9th Cir.1986). However, before being required to take action the prison official must have more than a “mere suspicion” that an attack will occur. See id. To prove knowledge of the risk a plaintiff may rely on circumstantial evidence. The obviousness of the risk may be sufficient to establish knowledge. See Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842, 114 S.Ct. 1970; Wallis v. Baldwin, 70 F.3d 1074, 1077 (9th Cir.1995). Thus, “a factfinder may conclude that a prison official knew of a substantial risk from the very fact that the risk was obvious.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 842, 114 S.Ct. 1970.
1. Transfer
It appears that Plaintiff is alleging an Eighth Amendment violation because Defendants moved Plaintiff to D-Pod, Unit 5, where Plaintiff was attacked. To succeed on this theory, Plaintiff must show that placing him in D-Pod, Unit 5, created a sufficiently serious threat to Plaintiffs safety and that Defendants knew of and disregarded this risk when they placed Plaintiff in D-Pod, Unit 5. For the purposes of this motion, the court will presume that placing Plaintiff in D-Pod, Unit 5, created a serious threat to Plaintiffs safety. However, the undisputed facts reveal that no Defendant knew of and disregarded this threat. The undisputed facts include evidence that neither Defendant Sheriff Sparks, Defendant Perkins, nor Defendant Reynolds were involved in the decision to transfer Plaintiff to a cell in D-Pod, Unit 5. At the time of his booking, Plaintiff only claimed a gang affiliation with the Crips and requested to be keep apart from people that claimed a gang affiliation with the Bloods. Plaintiff denied that he needed to be separated from members of any other group. At the time of the move, Plaintiff did not inform anyone of safety concerns or segregation issues. No facts indicate that Defendants had any knowledge that Plaintiff should not be housed with Hispanic inmates and/or the particular inmates in D-Pod, Unit 5. There is no evidence Plaintiff told any Defendant he would be in danger if placed in D-Pod, Unit 5. Based on the undisputed facts, there is no evidence that Defendant Sheriff Sparks, Defendant Perkins, or Defendant Reynolds knew of and disregarded a serious risk to Plaintiffs safety by placing Plaintiff in D-Pod, Unit 5.
A review of the Pettisford declaration does not change this result. Mr. Pettis-ford states that the black inmates and Hispanic inmates in D-Pod, Unit 5, lived together without incident or conflict for 60 days. Mr. Pettisford states that immediately before and shortly after Plaintiff entered D-Pod, racial insults and threats were made against the safety of Plaintiff. Mr. Pettisford states that immediately before and shortly after Plaintiff entered D-Pod, Plaintiff, Mr. Pettisford, and the other Black inmates were attacked and beaten by the Mexican inmates. Putting aside the fact that it would have been impossible for inmates to begin attacking and beating Plaintiff before he entered D-Pod, Mr. Pettisford’s declaration, if believed, provides evidence that at the time Plaintiff was being put into D-Pod, Unit 5, racial insults and threats toward Plaintiff were already being made and Mexican inmates were already attacking Black inmates. This evidence could provide a circumstantial inference that the guards actually moving Plaintiff knew of a risk to Plaintiff if they completed the move and should have stopped or delayed the move upon hearing the threats and seeing other Black inmates being attacked.
However, even if the court presumes that there is a disputed issue of fact on whether the transferring officers were aware of a threat to Plaintiff before he was placed in D-Pod, Unit 5, and attacked, there is no evidence that Defendant Sheriff Sparks, Defendant Reynolds, and Defendant Perkins heard the threats. Defendant Sheriff Sparks has provided evidence he was not even in the facility that day. There is no evidence that either Defendant Reynolds or Defendant Perkins had anything to do with transferring Plaintiff. There is no evidence that Defendant Reynolds or Defendant Perkins heard the threats or saw the attacks prior to Plaintiff being placed in D-Pod, Unit 5. There is no evidence that Defendant Reynold or Defendant Perkins were in a position to stop the transfer upon hearing the threats and seeing other Black inmates be assaulted. Thus, even taking the facts set forth in the Pettisford declaration as true, based on the undisputed facts, the court finds that there is insufficient evidence to find Defendant Sheriff Sparks, Defendant Reynolds, and Defendant Perkins knew of and disregarded an excessive risk to Plaintiffs safety by allowing Plaintiff to be placed in D-Pod, Unit 5.
2. Fight
In the opposition, Plaintiff appears to take the position that Defendants were deliberately indifferent by failing to stop the attack on Plaintiff. The court will presume that the attack on Plaintiff constituted a serious risk to Plaintiffs health and safety. The court will also presume that, upon seeing Plaintiff being attacked, Defendant Reynolds and Defendant Perkins knew of a risk to Plaintiffs health and safety. The issue is whether the undisputed facts show that Defendant Reynolds and Defendant Perkins disregarded the risk to Plaintiffs health and safety.
In the undisputed facts, Defendant Perkins provides evidence that he took prompt action to stop the fight, secure the area, and ensure prompt medical treatment for Plaintiff. In the undisputed facts, Defendant Reynolds provides evidence that he took prompt action to stop the fight, secure the area, and ensure prompt medical treatment for Plaintiff. Defendant Sheriff Sparks provides evidence that he was not present at the Lerdo Detention Facility. Based on these undisputed facts, the court finds that Defendants were not deliberately indifferent to Plaintiffs health and safety when Plaintiff was attacked. Both Defendant Perkins and Defendant Reynolds took prompt action to stop the fight and obtain medical treatment for Plaintiff. Defendant Sheriff Sparks could not have personally stopped the fight because he was not there. Thus, Defendants were not deliberately indifferent based on the undisputed facts.
Even considering the Pettisford declaration, there is no disputed issue of fact on whether Defendants were deliberately indifferent. Mr. Pettisford states:
I Personally observed no less than 10 correctional officers stood idle for at least 3-4 minutes while inmate Peter Collins was being beaten, kicked, and stompped (sic.) by no less then 6 Mexican American inmates in D-Pod on June 30, 2001.
Considering this declaration. Plaintiff has presented evidence that 10 correctional officers did not assist Plaintiff for 3-4 minutes after he was attacked. However, this evidence does not dispute Defendants’ evidence that Defendant Perkins and Defendant Reynolds took prompt action to stop the fight and ensure prompt medical treatment. Mr. Pettisford’s declaration does not state that Defendant Perkins or Defendant Reynolds were among the officers who took no action for 3^4 minutes. Mr. Pettisford’s declaration does not say “all” officers who were present failed to assist Plaintiff, implying Defendant Perkins and Defendant Reynolds must have been among those standing by because they admit they were there. Mr. Pettisford’s declaration does not provide any information on how many officers were present. Ten correctional officers could have been failing to assist for 3-4 minutes and Defendant Perkins, Defendant Reynolds, and possibly other correctional officers could have been assisting and attempting to stop the fight. Thus, reviewing all facts submitted by the parties there is no disputed issue of material fact on what Defendant Perkins and Defendant Reynolds were doing. There is no disputed issue of fact on whether the Defendants, as opposed to unnamed officers, were deliberately indifferent by failing to stop and break up the fight once it occurred.
D. Sheriff Carl Sparks
Defendant Sheriff Carl Sparks contends that summary judgment is appropriate as to him because the undisputed facts do not show that a constitutional violation occurred and do not show a custom or policy by Defendant Sparks that was the moving force behind any constitutional violation. Generally, there is no respondent superior liability under Section 1983. Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir.2002). A supervisor may be liable under Section 1983 only if (1) he or she was personally involved in the constitutional deprivation, or (2) there is a sufficient causal connection between the supervisor’s wrongful conduct and the constitutional violation. Jeffers v. Gomez, 267 F.3d 895, 915 (9th Cir.2001); Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 645-46 (9th Cir.1989). In other words, supervisors can be held liable only if they play an affirmative part in the alleged deprivation of constitutional rights. A supervisor is liable if he sets “in motion a series of acts by others ..., which he knew or reasonably should have known, would cause others to inflict the constitutional injury.” Graves v. City of Coeur D’Alene, 339 F.3d 828, 848 (9th Cir.2003); Larez v. City of LA, 946 F.2d 630, 646 (9th Cir.1991). A supervisor can be liable by implementing a policy so deficient that the policy itself is a repudiation of constitutional rights and is the moving force behind the constitutional violation. Hansen v. Black, 885 F.2d 642, 646 (9th Cir.1989).
The undisputed facts reveal that Defendant Sparks did not personally participate in the alleged deprivation of constitutional rights. Defendant Sparks was not at the jail when the attack on Plaintiff occurred. In addition, there are no facts showing that Defendant Sparks knew of the attack and failed to act to prevent it or promulgated or “implemented a policy so deficient that the policy itself is a repudiation of constitutional rights and was the moving force behind the constitutional violation.” Thus, summary judgment in favor of Defendant Sparks is appropriate.
E. County of Kern
Defendant County of Kern contends that summary judgment is appropriate as to it because the undisputed facts do not show that a constitutional violation occurred and do not show a custom or policy by the County of Kern. Local governments can be “persons” subject to liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). However, a local government unit may not be held responsible for the acts of its employees under a respondeat superior theory of liability. Monell, 436 U.S. at 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018; Fuller v. City of Oakland, 47 F.3d 1522, 1534 (9th Cir.1995). Rather, to state a claim for municipal liability, a plaintiff must allege that he suffered a constitutional deprivation that was the product of a policy or custom of the local government unit. See City of Canton, Ohio. v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 385, 109 S.Ct. 1197, 103 L.Ed.2d 412 (1989). A Section 1983 plaintiff may establish local government liability based on official policy or custom only by (1) showing that a city or county employee committed the alleged constitutional violation under a formal governmental policy or longstanding practice or custom that is the customary operating procedure of the local government entity; (2) establishing that the individual who committed the constitutional tort was an official with final policy-making authority and that the challenged action itself was an act of official governmental policy which was the result of a deliberate choice made among various alternatives; or (3) proving that an official with final policy-making authority either delegated policy-making authority to a subordinate or ratified a subordinate’s unconstitutional decision or action and the basis for it. Monell, 436 U.S. at 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018; Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 1346-47 (9th Cir.1992).
A city or county cannot be liable for damages based on the actions of one of its employees unless the employee inflicted constitutional harm. City of Los Angeles v. Heller, 475 U.S. 796, 799, 106 S.Ct. 1571, 89 L.Ed.2d 806 (1986); Scott v. Henrich, 39 F.3d 912, 916 (9th Cir.1994); Forrester v. City of San Diego, 25 F.3d 804, 808 (9th Cir.1994). This does not mean that the liability of municipalities or counties turns on the liability of individual employees; rather, “it is contingent on a violation of constitutional rights.” Scott, 39 F.3d at 916. Where the conduct of individual employees is found reasonable and proper, the municipality or county cannot generally be held liable because no constitutional violation occurred. See Scott, 39 F.3d at 916; Forrester, 25 F.3d at 808. For the reasons discussed above, the court finds that the undisputed facts presented to the court show that Defendant Sparks, Defendant Perkins, and Defendant Reynolds did not violate Plaintiffs constitutional rights. As such, Defendant County of Kern is entitled to summary judgment.
In addition, Plaintiff has failed to show that Defendant County of Kern had any custom or policy in place that was the moving force behind the alleged constitutional violations. Plaintiff has not alleged, let alone provided evidence, that Defendant County of Kern had a policy of placing inmates in situations where they were likely to be attacked or doing nothing when inmates were attacked. Thus, based on the undisputed facts, Defendant County of Kern is entitled to summary judgment.
F. Conspiracy Pursuant to Section 1985(c)
The second cause of action alleges a conspiracy to violate Plaintiffs constitutional rights pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983(c). Defendants contend that they are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs Section 1985(c) claim. Defendants argue there is no evidence that Defendants’ conspired to deprive Plaintiff of his civil rights because of his race.
To state a cause of action under section 1985(3), a plaintiff must allege: (1) a conspiracy, (2) to deprive any person or class of persons of the equal protection of the laws, (3) an act by one of the conspirators in furtherance of the conspiracy, and (4) a personal injury, property damage, or deprivation of any right or privilege of a citizen of the United States. United Brotherhood of Carpenters and Joiners of America v. Scott, 463 U.S. 825, 828-29, 103 S.Ct. 3352, 77 L.Ed.2d 1049 (1983); Griffin v. Breckenridge, 403 U.S. 88, 102-03, 91 S.Ct. 1790, 29 L.Ed.2d 338 (1971); Sever v. Alaska Pulp Corp., 978 F.2d 1529, 1536 (9th Cir.1992). To meet the second of the four elements, a plaintiff must identify a legally protected right and demonstrate that the deprivation of the right was motivated by “some racial, or perhaps otherwise class-based, invidiously discriminatory animus behind the conspirators’ action.” Bray v. Alexandria Women’s Health Clinic, 506 U.S. 263, 113 S.Ct. 753, 758, 122 L.Ed.2d 34 (1993); Griffin, 403 U.S. at 102, 91 S.Ct. 1790; Sever, 978 F.2d at 1536. The Ninth Circuit’s rule is that Section 1985(3) only extends to plaintiffs that can show they are members of a class that the government has determined requires and warrants “special federal assistance in protecting their civil rights.” Voigt v. Saveli, 70 F.3d 1552, 1564 (9th Cir.1995); Maynard v. City of San Jose, 37 F.3d 1396, 1403 (9th Cir.1994); Sever, 978 F.2d at 1536-37. Specifically, plaintiffs bringing a cause of action under section 1985(3) must show that they are in a class that the courts have designated as a suspect or quasi-suspect class “requiring more exacting scrutiny or that Congress has indicated through legislation that the class required special protection.” Sever, 978 F.2d at 1536.
Defendants contend that there is no evidence that their actions were motivated by racial animosity. In his opposition, Plaintiff has not addressed Defendants’ arguments concerning his Section 1985(c) cause of action. Neither the complaint nor any evidence that has been provided to the court allege or show that Defendants’ actions in this case were caused by Plaintiffs race. Plaintiff has simply not shown that the alleged conspiracy was motivated by a racial or class-based discriminatory animus. Section 1985(3) is not intended to create a general federal tort cause of action for conspiracy; it requires a racial or other class based discriminatory motive. Sever, 978 F.2d at 1537; Gerritsen v. de la Madrid Hurtado, 819 F.2d 1511, 1518-19 (9th Cir.1987). The undisputed facts do not show Defendants’ actions were motivated by Plaintiffs membership in a suspect, quasi-suspect, or other protected class. Thus, Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs second cause of action brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1985(c).
G. Fourteenth Amendment and Due Process
The third cause of action alleges a violation of Plaintiffs Fourteenth Amendment rights. The fourth cause of action alleges a violation of “Due Process.” Neither Plaintiffs complaint nor the opposition provide insight into the basis of Plaintiffs Fourteenth Amendment and Due Process Clause claim.
Preliminarily, the court notes that Plaintiffs references to the Fourteenth Amendment and due process may be a result of Plaintiffs status as a pretrial detainee. As discussed above, the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment protects pretrial detainees from conditions of confinement that amount to punishment. Bell v. Wolfish, 441 U.S. 520, 535 n. 16, 99 S.Ct. 1861, 60 L.Ed.2d 447 (1979). However, the court still applies the deliberate indifference standard of the Eighth Amendment to claims concerning an alleged failure to protect a pretrial detainee. See, e.g., Carnell, 74 F.3d at 979; Redman, 942 F.2d at 1442. If Plaintiffs references to the Fourteenth Amendment and to the Due Process Clause are merely attempts by a pretrial detainee to raise a failure to protect claim, Plaintiffs claim has been addressed above. However, because it is unclear what Plaintiffs references to the Fourteenth Amendment and the Due Process Clause mean, in the interest of caution, the court will also address a procedural and substantive due process claim.
The Due Process clause confers both procedural and substantive rights. United States v. Salerno, 481 U.S. 739, 746, 107 S.Ct. 2095, 95 L.Ed.2d 697 (1987). Procedural due process requires “an opportunity for some kind of hearing prior to the deprivation of a significant property interest.” Memphis Light, Gas & Water Div. v. Craft, 436 U.S. 1, 19, 98 S.Ct. 1554, 56 L.Ed.2d 30 (1978). Before a property interest can be taken, the owner of the interest is entitled to notice and a hearing “at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.” Armstrong v. Manzo, 380 U.S. 545, 552, 85 S.Ct. 1187, 14 L.Ed.2d 62 (1965). In this case, there are no allegations that Defendants took any significant property interest from Plaintiff without a hearing. In fact, no allegations in the complaint or opposition imply this action concerns Defendants’ failure to give Plaintiff a hearing. Thus, the court finds no procedural due process claim is before the court.
The substantive component of the Due Process Clause bars “certain government actions regardless of the fairness of the procedures used to implement them.” County of Sacramento v. Lewis, 523 U.S. 833, 840, 118 S.Ct. 1708, 140 L.Ed.2d 1043 (1998) (quoting Daniels v. Williams, 474 U.S. 327, 331, 106 S.Ct. 662, 88 L.Ed.2d 662 (1986)). “ ‘The touchstone of due process is protection of the individual against arbitrary action of government.’ ” Lewis, 523 U.S. at 845, 118 S.Ct. 1708 (quoting Wolff v. McDonnell, 418 U.S. 539, 558, 94 S.Ct. 2963, 41 L.Ed.2d 935 (1974)). Substantive due process is violated by actions only that can “properly be characterized as arbitrary, or conscience shocking, in a constitutional sense.” Lewis, 523 U.S. at 847, 118 S.Ct. 1708 “[T]he Constitution does not guarantee due care on the part of state officials; liability for negligently inflicted harm is categorically beneath the threshold of constitutional due process.” Id. at 849, 118 S.Ct. 1708.
In Graham v. Connor, the United States Supreme Court found that substantive due process cannot supply the basis for a civil rights claim if the challenged governmental conduct is prohibited by another, more specific, constitutional right. Graham, 490 U.S. 386, 394-95, 109 S.Ct. 1865, 104 L.Ed.2d 443 (1989); Buckles v. King County, 191 F.3d 1127, 1137 (9th Cir.1999); Maori v. King County, 126 F.3d 1125, 1128 (9th Cir.1997). In this action, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants failed to protect him from an attack by other inmates and failed to stop the attack once the attack began. The Eighth Amendment “provides [the] explicit textual source of constitutional protection.... ” Patel v. Penman, 103 F.3d 868, 874 (9th Cir.1996). Thus, Defendants are entitled to summary judgment on Plaintiffs Fourteenth Amendment and Due Process Clause causes of action.
ORDER
Accordingly, for the reasons stated in the above memorandum opinion, the court ORDERS that:
1. Defendants’ motion for summary judgment is GRANTED; and
2. The Clerk of the Court is DIRECTED to enter judgment for Defendants.
IT IS SO ORDERED.
. Because Plaintiff did not respond to Defendants' proposed undisputed facts, the court deems the facts submitted by Defendants undisputed. Plaintiff's evidence will be considered as proposed disputed facts.
. Mr. Pettisford’s name is spelled numerous ways in Plaintiffs opposition and Mr. Pettis-ford's declaration, including "Pettisford”, "Pittisford”, "Pettsford”, and "Pettiford”. For ease of reference, the court will use the name Mr. Pettisford.
|
CASELAW
|
- March 21, 2012
- Posted by: Madrigal Admin
- Category: Word of the Week Blog
The buckler is a small shield that became very popular in the 16th century. The name is derived from the Old French word bocler, meaning having a boss, a raised centre, which was a feature of the small shield. The word swashbuckler is derived from swash, which means the sound of a heavy blow, combined with buckler. It first referred to the swordsmen banging his sword against his shield and then came to mean the bravado of those that did.
The buckler was an important weapon for light infantry. Rather than being attached to the forearm like larger shields it was held in the non-sword hand and used to deflect blows from the opponent. It was an effective close contact weapon.
Machiavelli described (in 1521 in the Arte of Warre) how at the battle of Barletta in 1503 the Spanish sword and buckler men dealt with the Swiss pikemen:
the Swiss pressed so hard on their enemy with their pikes, that they soon opened their ranks; but the Spaniards, under the cover of their bucklers, nimbly rushed in upon them with their swords, and laid about them so furiously, that they made a very great slaughter of the Swiss, and gained a complete victory.
The unarmoured English bowmen at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415 had bucklers as part of their defence. Richard III’s troops during the later part of the War of the Roses (1455-1485) were recorded as carrying swords accompanied by iron bucklers.
The boss at the centre of the buckler was sometimes replaced with a point, which allowed the buckler to be used more offensively. This modification may have contributed to its demise in England. Elizabeth I passed a statute in 1562 prohibiting any buckler with a sharp point being allowed in London. The sword and buckler also went out of fashion for sparring and the rapier and dagger becoming the more gentlemanly weapons.
For an excellent history of the buckler I recommend the ARMA website page.
|
FINEWEB-EDU
|
"How to Break the Cycle of Tooth Decay - McCarthy Dentistry Marietta Ohio
How to Break the Cycle of Tooth Decay
Tooth Decay
One of the most common tooth diseases in the world is tooth decay, which is also known as dental caries. Tooth decay affects about 92 percent of people. This huge percentage indicates that there is a chance that just about anyone can get it, so it’s important to know how to break this vicious cycle.
Stages of tooth decay
To know how to break the cycle of tooth decay, let us first tell you about the stages of tooth decay. There are roughly six stages of tooth decay, which are as follows:
1. Stage one: Plaque spots
2. Stage two: Enamel decay
3. Stage three: Dentin decay
4. Stage four: Decay of tooth pulp
5. Stage five: Abscess formation
6. Stage six: Tooth loss
Breaking the cycle of tooth decay
Most people aren’t aware of how decay comes about or how to prevent or even manage it. Below are the necessary steps to take in order to break the decay cycle.
The diet matters
They say that we are what we eat. A person’s eating habits can make or break their tooth decay process. Avoid eating sugar-rich foods because they cause the buildup of plaque, which eventually becomes cavities. Also, eat calcium-rich foods for better growth of the bones and teeth. These foods may include broccoli, collard greens and dairy products. Bananas, peas and sprouts are foods that promote the production of saliva, which inhibits bacterial growth, so add them to your daily routine as well.
Eat natural, probiotic foods
Eating probiotic foods can save the teeth from decaying further. This is because bad bacteria typically will hide in spaces between the teeth. With that being said, eating food rich in probiotics helps to balance the acidic pH. Some foods that are rich in probiotics are kefir, kombucha, and also foods like sauerkraut and kimchi. Consuming these foods will surely aid in halting tooth decay.
Habits to develop
Follow a consistent tooth-brushing routine to ensure proper cleaning of the teeth. Fluoride toothpaste is typically the best kind for ensuring that tooth decay is prevented or doesn’t continue. Also, ensure that you brush properly, reaching all of the tooth spaces and corners. A good mouthwash will also slow down the process of tooth decay.
Vitamin Supplements
Taking vitamins regularly is vital to bone development as well as maintaining a healthy body. They also stop the process of cavity buildup and cause more saliva to generate in the mouth, and saliva restricts the harmful bacterial growth in your mouth and decreases plaque development. The essential vitamins include Vitamin B, D, iron and magnesium.
Visit the dentist
Last but not least, be sure to visit the dentist regularly for proper evaluation of your oral health recovery schedule. It’s important to consult with the dentist about the methods that are being implemented in order to break the tooth decay cycle.
Breaking the tooth decay cycle is an important step to take in order to prevent further complications. Decaying teeth can be painful and unhealthy, so fuel the body with good foods and talk with your dentist about the ways to bring tooth decay to a halt.
If you have other questions, let us know. We are happy to be of help to you in any way that we can!
Request an appointment here: https://www.mytotaldentistry.com or call McCarthy Dentistry at (740) 546-5178 for an appointment in our Marietta office.
Recent Posts
How To Avoid Food Getting Stuck In Your Teeth
Food getting stuck in the little hard-to-reach places in our teeth — it happens to the best of us. Oftentimes, food can get wedged into the space between teeth or even into the deep grooves of a molar. What may seem like a harmless annoyance can actually be quite harmful if left alone.Food particles left…
A Guide To Treating And Preventing Cavities
Cavities are one of the most common issues when it comes to oral health. These tiny holes that form in teeth have many causes. If untreated, cavities can grow and cause serious issues like infection and tooth loss.Thankfully, modern dentistry has come a long way. There are many ways to prevent cavities or treat cavities…
Dental Health And Dementia Risk
According to a U.S. study, people who maintain teeth and gum health by brushing may have a reduced risk of having dementia eventually in life. Scientists from the University of California monitored almost 5,500 elderly people throughout an 18-year period and discovered that people who said they did not keep up with brushing once daily…
Mouthwash: Can It Really Help Your Oral Health?
Rinsing with a mouthwash on a regular basis is a step that some people often don’t take while maintaining their oral routines. It’s hard to understand why because, while brushing and flossing daily is a great way to ensure that a healthy oral hygiene is kept, rinsing with mouthwash afterwards is another step that’s crucial…
Recent Posts
The Differences Between Invisalign And Invisible Braces
The Differences Between Invisalign And Invisible Braces
Invisible braces and Invisalign aligners are two options people use to fix problems with their teeth. Since both allow people to fix teeth discreetly, they are often confused with each other. To help clear up the confusion, we will take a look at both orthodontic devices and highlight the differences between them.While both clear braces…
Is A Dental Crown Necessary After Root Canal Treatment?
Is A Dental Crown Necessary After Root Canal Treatment?
Dental crowns are the final step in many root canal treatments, but still, many wonder if they are necessary. Patients tend to be intimidated by the root canal procedure in itself, but when adding the factor of a dental crown, it may seem even more daunting.Root canals may be one of the most misunderstood procedures…
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Ingunn Bollerud
Ingunn Bollerud (born 16 November 1972) is a Norwegian former cyclist. She was born in Nes municipality in Akershus. She won the Norwegian National Road Race Championship in 1996.
She competed at the 1992, 1996 and 2000 Summer Olympics.
|
WIKI
|
Abstract
A feed-forward compensated negative feedback circuit comprises an operational amplifier having an inverting and a non-inverting input and an output. A feedback element is connected between the output of the operational amplifier and its inverting input to form a negative feedback loop. The inverting input of the op-amp is driven with a first transconductance amplifier which produces an output current proportional to an input voltage. A feed-forward transconductance amplifier receives the input voltage and produces an inverted output current proportional to the input voltage. A feed-forward current is injected at the output of the operational amplifier. By providing at the output of the op-amp the current it would be required to carry over the feedback loop, a voltage differential at the op-amp inputs is avoided, thus eliminating parasitic current flows across the parasitic input capacitance and thereby improving the circuits overall performance. In a second embodiment of the invention, a unity-gain buffer is included in the feedback loop to produce a unidirectional path. To reduce the power requirements of the buffer, a feed-forward current is injected at a point between the feedback impedance element and the unity-gain feedback buffer such that the buffer does not need to source any current through the impedance element.
Disciplines
Electrical and Computer Engineering
Number of Pages
8
Publisher statement
Also available from the United States Patent and Trademark Office. Website: http://www.uspto.gov.
Share
COinS
URL: http://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/eeng_fac/165
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
#!/bin/bash PATH=$PWD:$PATH screen -dmS console sleep 1 screen -S console -X screen -t trace_proxy trace_proxy screen -S console -X screen -t spg_auth spg_auth screen -S console -X screen -t log_proxy log_proxy sleep 1 screen -S console -X screen -t console_idle console_idle screen -S console -X screen -t console_dt_model console_dt_model screen -S console -X screen -t console_j2000tracker console_j2000tracker #screen -S console -X screen -t console_j2000_indi indiserver console_j2000_indi screen -S console -X screen -t console_moontracker console_moontracker screen -S console -X screen -t console_suntracker console_suntracker screen -S console -X screen -t console_azel console_azel screen -S console -X screen -t console_manual console_manual screen -S console -X screen -t console_sattracker console_sattracker screen -S console -X screen -t console_weather console_weather screen -S console -X screen -t console_httpd console_httpd screen -S console -X screen -t console_trace2port ../../common/trace/trace2port -d localhost Azimuth_Position Elevation_Position azimuth_setpoint_error.difference elevation_setpoint_error.difference Azimuth_Speed Elevation_Speed_Right screen -S console -X screen -t trace_az_pos ../../common/trace/trace2file localhost 10000 Azimuth_Position /var/log/dt/traces/Azimuth_Position.trace 15000 100000 5 screen -S console -X screen -t trace_az_pos ../../common/trace/trace2file localhost 10000 Elevation_Position /var/log/dt/traces/Elevation_Position.trace 15000 100000 5 screen -S console -X screen -t trace_az_pos ../../common/trace/trace2file localhost 10000 Azimuth_Speed traces/Azimuth_Speed.trace 15000 100000 5 screen -S console -X screen -t trace_az_pos ../../common/trace/trace2file localhost 10000 Elevation_Speed_Right /var/log/dt/traces/Elevation_Speed_Right.trace 15000 100000 5 screen -S console -X screen -t trace_az_pos ../../common/trace/trace2file localhost 10000 Elevation_Speed_Left /var/log/dt/traces/Elevation_Speed_Left.trace 15000 100000 5
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Labor is a 3-stage process leading up to birth. The first stage begins when a pregnant woman's uterus contracts and her cervix dilates. The uterine contractions that occur with labor are caused by the hormones oxytocin and prostaglandin. During the second stage of labor, the baby is pushed through the vagina. The third stage of labor is the delivery of the placenta and fetal membranes, which happens just a few minutes after the baby is born. The length and experience of labor varies considerably among women.
Your doctor uses certain guidelines to determine if your labor is progressing normally. Occasionally, labor does not progress normally, and medical assistance or a cesarean section may be needed. If labor begins before the 37th week of pregnancy, it is considered preterm. If you have any symptoms of labor before the 37th week, you should call your doctor immediately.
There are many different aspects to labor. Here is some information on signs, stages, and what you can expect.
Your due date is only an estimate of when labor will begin. It is normal for labor to begin anytime within 2 weeks before or after your due date. Labor will begin with regular contractions of the uterus and the opening and thinning of the cervix. When your body is preparing for labor, you may experience the following signs:
Baby Dropping
It will feel as if your baby has dropped lower in your abdomen. This happens when your baby's head settles deeper into your pelvis. This occurs a few weeks to a few hours before labor begins.
Mucus Plug or "Show"
You may pass a thick plug of cervical mucus or have an increase of vaginal discharge that may look clear, slightly bloody, or pink. The mucus plug is pushed into the vagina when the cervix begins to open. This may occur several days before labor begins or during the onset of labor.
Water "Breaks"
You may feel a continuous trickle or a gush of fluid from your vagina. This is caused when the amniotic sac breaks, releasing the fluid that surrounded your baby during pregnancy. The water may break before labor starts, or it may not break until after labor has begun.
Regular Contractions
When regular contractions occur, you may actually be going into labor. Effective labor contractions (as opposed to false labor contractions) are usually felt in the abdomen, but with a heavy sense of low-back pressure or discomfort.
When you actually go into labor, you will experience the following signs:
• Contractions that come at regular intervals and last about 30-40 seconds. The contractions will become closer together with increasing intensity.
• Contractions that do not go away when you move around.
• Pain from the contractions that may be felt in the back and the front of your abdomen.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
GM CEO Mary Barra: 'Time is not our friend'
Risk Takers 2019: Sometimes a risk works. Sometimes it fails. Sometimes it takes years before you know. See who else made the list. Mary Barra, the boss of General Motors, didn't win friends in Washington when she announced the company would shut down four US plants and lay off thousands of employees. The move seemed heartless, especially since GM had just said it could take in record profits, a decade after its bankruptcy had been funded by taxpayers. The decision said a lot about Barra — but not that she's coldhearted. In fact, she was deeply affected by the criticism from some GM employees that she was uncaring, according to someone who knows her. Barra decided to close the plants after analyzing GM's business needs. General Motors must position itself for the future in an industry that is clearly shifting. Better to make adjustments now, when the economy and the company are healthy, rather than to do so in the throes of a financial crisis as most automakers — GM included — would usually have done. "I am forever grateful for the assistance we received in 2009, and one of my primary responsibilities is to ensure it never happens again," Barra said in an email interview with CNN Business. The layoffs were wrenching for workers. As it turned out, however, almost all the hourly factory employees who weren't eligible for retirement have since found work at other GM plants, although some had to relocate. Even the salaried employees, who lack the protection of a union, should have an easier time finding other work now when the labor market is strong and jobs are plentiful, GM executives say. From Barra's perspective, she sees where the industry is heading and she's making sure GM won't fall behind. "Five years ago, when I first got into the job, I said I expected to see more change in the auto industry in the next five years than we had in the last 50," Barra told CNN Business. "Today, we are seeing the changes and transformation accelerate." 'Time is not our friend' The key thing to remember about Barra is that she is, by training, an engineer, and she is obsessed with speed. Not speed going down the road or around a track. There are other people at GM who can take care of that. Barra is obsessed with speed of action, how fast she can find the right solution and make it happen. "Innovate now," is one of her mantras, because, to her, the greatest risk is inaction. Her master class in the danger of organizational inertia was the GM ignition switch crisis. In 2001, long before she became CEO, a few GM engineers realized there was a problem with the ignition switches in some of the company's small cars. They could accidentally turn off while driving, leaving startled drivers without power steering, power brakes or airbags. It was a dangerous defect demanding immediate attention. For the next 15 years, GM failed to take effective action. Meetings were held. Reports were written. Committees were created and forgotten. That blind inaction, caused by a culture of bureaucracy and buck-passing, contributed to the deaths of 124 people. A recall only took place after Barra took over as CEO. The experience made it clear to Barra that GM's famously careful and rigid culture needed to change. "I never want to put this behind us," Barra said in a companywide video conference at the time. "I want to put this painful experience permanently in our collective memories." Barra set about creating an atmosphere inside GM in which no one feared to speak and, when they did, they were heard. She simplified things, doing away with cumbersome rules whenever possible. One small example is GM's dress code. Once a book, Barra brought it down to two words: "Dress appropriately." "Having gone through bankruptcy and then the ignition switch crisis has fundamentally made me more impatient," Barra told CNN Business. "Time is not our friend." She doesn't over analyze and wait for every data point before acting, realizing that a great thought not acted on is as good as not thinking at all. "If we get 80% of what we need to know we're probably directionally correct," said the person familiar with Barra's management style. "As more information comes in, changes can be made later." Even with the urgent speed of her decision-making, Barra never seems flustered. And not just in public, according to those who know her. Unlike some legendary auto industry executives, she does not yell, bang on desks or slam down phones to get her way. "A forceful, militaristic style makes sense when you're on a battlefield," said Jeffrey Sonnenfeld, senior associate dean for leadership studies at Yale School of Management. "When you're going through a time of more wrenching change, it takes persuasion and understanding and vision, and she has buckets of that." People who know Barra describe her as fearless when it comes to digging in, finding the problems and fixing them. She doesn't concern herself with the way things have been done before. In 2017, GM announced it was selling off its European brands, Opel and Vauxhall, to Groupe PSA, the French company that makes Citroën and Peugeot. To a casual observer, the decision might have seemed obvious. The brands had struggled for decades to earn a profit in a hyper-competitive European market. But both brands, Opel, in Germany, and Britain's Vauxhall, had been part of GM since the 1920s and were integrated into the global company. Selling them wasn't like selling a sofa. It was like selling a room of your house. These businesses had to be carefully carved out and the weak points left by their absence — the lost engineering and design talent, for instance, that had gone to Groupe PSA — had to be shored up. Selling Opel and Vauxhall meant that GM would give up any claim to being the world's largest automaker or, for that matter, a global automaker at all. Barra had, in a single move, redefined what it meant to be General Motors. But GM's long-term survival and success required thinking differently about the business. "We don't have a right to exist," Barra said in an interview with former Goldman Sachs CEO Lloyd Blankfein last May. "We have to earn our right to be General Motors." Driving change Even more interesting than the parts of the operation that Barra has pared back are the areas where she has pushed the company forward. She created a vision for GM summarized in three goals: "Zero crashes, zero emissions and zero congestion." Those goals sound impossible, even though they're not paired with even a vague timeframe. Still, they give employees something to aim for as the company embraces the brave new world of electric vehicles, self-driving cars and car-sharing. In 2016, GM bought Cruise Automation, a small San Francisco company working on autonomous driving technology, in a deal worth about $581 million in cash and stock. Honda and Japan's Softbank also put major investments into the company last year. Now, GM has become the first company to make self-driving cars on a moving assembly line. In short, GM now looks like one of the best-prepared companies in the world to capitalize on self-driving technology. It has some of the most advanced tech, it is already learning to produce that technology at scale and it can combine that with decades of experience in "networked cars," thanks to its OnStar subsidiary. GM also launched Maven, a car-sharing service similar to Zipcar, in 2016. It first started by renting out a fleet of GM vehicles through an app. Now Maven also allows owners of GM vehicles to rent out their own cars and SUVs using the app. Maven is helping GM learn about the mobility needs of people who may not own cars at all and about the prospects for revenue streams outside of traditional car sales. "It's ripe for disruption," Barra said of the auto industry in her talk with Blankfein, "and technology is making that possible." GM also began selling the Bolt EV electric car that same year, beating Tesla to market with a broadly affordable electric car. More electric cars are planned for coming years, with Cadillac leading the way as GM rolls out a new generation of EV technology. Electric cars are not big profit makers, at least not now. Ford has been slow to market EVs on anything like GM's scale. Toyota is also taking a much more cautious approach. "We believe in an all-electric future," Barra has said. "Both battery-electric and hydrogen fuel cell." (Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity on board a vehicle from hydrogen gas.) Since Tesla and a number of other startups have entered the market, a new term has been created for companies like General Motors. They're called "legacy automakers." The term connotes a company that was once great, now viewed respectfully as it fades away in the rearview mirror. But if Barra has her way, she will make sure that term no longer applies to GM. Next from Risk Takers 2019: Ginni Rometty is shaping IBM's future with a $34 billion acquisition
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Ante-Nicene Fathers/Volume II/Fragments
'''Fragments. '''
I.
his treatise, Concerning Perfection according to the Saviour, he writes, “Consent indeed fits for prayer, but fellowship in corruption weakens supplication. At any rate, by the permission he certainly, though delicately, forbids; for while he permits them to return to the same on account of Satan and incontinence, he exhibits a man who will attempt to serve two masters—God by the ‘consent’ (1 Cor. 7:5), but by want of consent, incontinence, fornication, and the devil.”—: Strom., iii. c. 12.
II.
A certain person inveighs against generation, calling it corruptible and destructive; and some one does violence [to Scripture], applying to pro-creation the Saviour’s words, “Lay not up treasure on earth, where moth and rust corrupt;” and he is not ashamed to add to these the words of the prophet: “You all shall grow old as a garment, and the moth shall devour you.”
And, in like manner, they adduce the saying concerning the resurrection of the dead, “The sons of that world neither marry nor are given in marriage.”—: iii. c. 12, § 86.
III.
Tatian, who maintaining the imaginary flesh of Christ, pronounces all sexual connection impure, who was also the very violent heresiarch of the Encratites, employs an argument of this sort: “If any one sows to the flesh, of the flesh he shall reap corruption;” but he sows to the flesh who is joined to a woman; therefore he who takes a wife and sows in the flesh, of the flesh he shall reap corruption.—.: ''Com. in Ep. ad Gal.''
IV.
Seceding from the Church, and being elated and puffed up by a conceit of his teacher, as if he were superior to the rest, he formed his own peculiar type of doctrine. Imagining certain invisible Æons like those of Valentinus, and denouncing marriage as defilement and fornication in the same way as Marcion and Saturninus, and denying the salvation of Adam as an opinion of his own.—: Adv. Hœr., i. 28.
V.
Tatian attempting from time to time to make use of Paul’s language, that in Adam all die, but ignoring that “where sin abounded, grace has much more abounded.”—: ''Adv. Heres.'', iii. 37.
VI.
Against Tatian, who says that the words, “Let there be light,” are to be taken as a prayer. If He who uttered it knew a superior God, how is it that He says, “I am God, and there is none beside me”?
He said that there are punishments for blasphemies, foolish talking, and licentious words, which are punished and chastised by the Logos. And he said that women were punished on account of their hair and ornaments by a power placed over those things, which also gave strength to Samson by his hair, and punishes those who by the ornament of their hair are urged on to fornication.—: Frag.
VII.
But Tatian, not understanding that the expression “Let there be” is not always precative but sometimes imperative, most impiously imagined concerning God, who said “Let there be light,” that He prayed rather than commanded light to be, as if, as he impiously thought, God was in darkness.—: De Orat.
VIII.
Tatian separates the old man and the new, but not, as we say, understanding the old man to be the law, and the new man to be the Gospel. We agree with him in saying the same thing, but not in the sense he wishes, abrogating the law as if it belonged to another God.—: Strom., iii. 12.
IX.
Tatian condemns and rejects not only marriage, but also meats which God has created for use.—: Adv. Jovin., i. 3.
X.
“But ye gave the Nazarites wine to drink, and commanded the prophets, saying, Prophesy not.” On this, perhaps, Tatian the chief of the Encratites endeavours to build his heresy, asserting that wine is not to be drunk, since it was
commanded in the law that the Nazarites were not to drink wine, and now those who give the Nazarites wine are accused by the prophet.—: ''Com. in Amos.''
XI.
Tatian, the patriarch of the Encratites, who himself rejected some of Paul’s Epistles, believed this especially, that is [addressed] to Titus, ought to be declared to be the apostle’s, thinking little of the assertion of Marcion and others, who agree with him on this point.—: ''Præf. in Com. ad Tit.''
XII.
[Archelaus ( 280), Bishop of Carrha in Mesopotamia, classes his countryman Tatian with “Marcion, Sabellius, and others who have made up for themselves a peculiar science,” i.e., a theology of their own.—: Reliquiæ, tom. v. p. 137. But see Edinburgh Series of this work, vol. xx. p. 267.]
|
WIKI
|
MRI contrast agent
MRI contrast agents are contrast agents used to improve the visibility of internal body structures in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The most commonly used compounds for contrast enhancement are gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs). Such MRI contrast agents shorten the relaxation times of nuclei within body tissues following oral or intravenous administration.
Theory of operation
In MRI scanners, sections of the body are exposed to a strong magnetic field causing primarily the hydrogen nuclei ("spins") of water in tissues to be polarized in the direction of the magnetic field. An intense radiofrequency pulse is applied that tips the magnetization generated by the hydrogen nuclei in the direction of the receiver coil where the spin polarization can be detected. Random molecular rotational oscillations matching the resonance frequency of the nuclear spins provide the "relaxation" mechanisms that bring the net magnetization back to its equilibrium position in alignment with the applied magnetic field. The magnitude of the spin polarization detected by the receiver is used to form the MR image but decays with a characteristic time constant known as the T1 relaxation time. Water protons in different tissues have different T1 values, which is one of the main sources of contrast in MR images. A contrast agent usually shortens, but in some instances increases, the value of T1 of nearby water protons thereby altering the contrast in the image.
Most clinically used MRI contrast agents work by shortening the T1 relaxation time of protons inside tissues via interactions with the nearby contrast agent. Thermally driven motion of the strongly paramagnetic metal ions in the contrast agent generate the oscillating magnetic fields that provide the relaxation mechanisms that enhance the rate of decay of the induced polarization. The systematic sampling of this polarization over the spatial region of the tissue being examined forms the basis for construction of the image.
MRI contrast agents may be administered by injection into the blood stream or orally, depending on the subject of interest. Oral administration is well suited to gastrointestinal tract scans, while intravascular administration proves more useful for most other scans.
MRI contrast agents can be classified by their:
* Chemical composition
* Administration route
* Magnetic properties
* Biodistribution and applications:
* Extracellular fluid agents (intravenous contrast agents)
* Blood pool agents (intravascular contrast agents)
* Organ specific agents (gastrointestinal contrast agents and hepatobiliary contrast agents)
* Active targeting/cell labeling agents (tumor-specific agents)
* Responsive (smart or bioactivated) agents
* pH-sensitive agents
Gadolinium(III)
Gadolinium(III) containing MRI contrast agents (often termed simply "gado" or "gad") are the most commonly used for enhancement of vessels in MR angiography or for brain tumor enhancement associated with the degradation of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Over 450 million doses have been administered worldwide from 1988 to 2017. For large vessels such as the aorta and its branches, the dose can be as low as 0.1 mmol/kg of body mass. Higher concentrations are often used for finer vasculature. At much higher concentration, there is more T2 shortening effect of gadolinium, causing gadolinium brightness to be less than surrounding body tissues. However at such concentration, it will cause greater toxicity to bodily tissues.
Gd3+ chelates are hydrophilic and do not readily cross the intact blood–brain barrier. Thus, they are useful in enhancing lesions and tumors where the blood–brain barrier is compromised and the Gd(III) leaks out. In the rest of the body, the Gd3+ initially remains in the circulation but then distributes into the interstitial space or is eliminated by the kidneys.
Available gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) (brand names, approved for human use by EMA and by the FDA in 1988; (standard dose )):
Extracellular fluid agents
* Macrocyclic
* ionic
* gadoterate (Dotarem, Clariscan): EMA, FDA (SD: 0.1 mmol/kg)
* non-ionic
* gadobutrol (Gadovist [EU] / Gadavist [US]): EMA, FDA (SD: 0.1 mmol/kg)
* gadoteridol (ProHance): EMA, FDA (SD: 0.1 mmol/kg)
* gadopiclenol (Elucirem, Vueway): EMA, FDA (SD: 0.05 mmol/kg)
* Linear (suspended by EMA )
* ionic
* gadopentetate (Magnevist, EU: Magnegita, Gado-MRT ratiopharm): FDA (SD: 0.1 mmol/kg)
* gadobenate (MultiHance): FDA, EMA (liver) (SD: 0.1 mmol/kg)
* gadopentetic acid dimeglumine (Magnetol)
* gadoxetate (Eovist, EU: Primovist): FDA (SD: 0.025 mmol/kg)
* non-ionic
* gadoversetamide (OptiMARK): FDA (SD: 0.1 mmol/kg)
* gadodiamide (Omniscan): FDA (SD: 0.1 mmol/kg)
Blood pool agents
* Albumin-binding gadolinium complexes
* gadofosveset (Ablavar, formerly Vasovist): FDA (SD: 0.1 mmol/kg)
* gadocoletic acid
* Polymeric gadolinium complexes
* gadomelitol
* gadomer 17
Hepatobiliary (liver) agents
* gadoxetic acid (Primovist [EU] / Eovist [US]) is used as a hepatobiliary agent as 50% is taken up and excreted by the liver and 50% by the kidneys.
Safety
As a free solubilized aqueous ion, gadolinium(III) is highly toxic, but chelated compound are generally regarded as safe enough to be administered. Free Gd3+ has a median lethal dose of 0.34 mmol/kg (IV, mouse) or 100–200 mg/kg, but the LD50 is increased by a factor of 31 times when Gd3+ is chelated.
The spectrum of adverse drug reactions is greater with gadolinium-based contrast agents than with iodinated contrast agents (radiocontrast agents).
The use of Gd3+ chelates in persons with acute or chronic kidney disease can cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), a rare but severe systemic disease resembling scleromyxedema and to some extent scleroderma. It may occur months after contrast injection. Patients with deteriorated kidney function are more at risk for NSF, with dialysis patients being more at risk than patients with chronic kidney disease. NSF can be caused by linear and macrocyclic (macrocyclic ionic compounds have been found the least likely to release the Gd3+), gadolinium-containing MRI contrast agents although much more frequently by linear.
Gadolinium has been found to remain in the brain, heart muscle, kidney, liver, and other organs after one or more injections of a linear or macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agents, even after a prolonged period of time. The amount differs with the presence of kidney injury at the moment of injection, the molecular geometry of the ligand, and the dose administered.
While NSF is a severe form of disease, gadolinium deposition disease (GDD) is a mild variant with pain (e.g. headache), fatigue, and / or gadolinium depositions.
In vitro studies have found gadolinium-based contrast agents to be neurotoxic, and a study found signal intensity in the dentate nucleus of MRI (indicative of gadolinium deposition) to be correlated with lower verbal fluency. Confusion is often reported as a possible clinical symptom. The FDA has asked doctors to limit the use of gadolinium contrast agents to examinations where necessary information is obtained only through its use. Intrathecal injections of doses higher than 1 mmol are associated with severe neurological complications and can lead to death. The glymphatic system could be the main access of GBCA to the brain in intravenous injection.
Continuing evidence of the retention of gadolinium in brain and other tissues following exposure to gadolinium containing contrast media, has led to a safety review by the Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) which led the EMA to suspend linear gadolinium-based media, in which Gd3+ has a lower binding affinity, in 2017.
In the United States, the research has led the FDA to revise its class warnings for all gadolinium-based contrast media. It is advised that the use of gadolinium-based media is based on careful consideration of the retention characteristics of the contrast. Extra care being taken in patients requiring multiple lifetime doses, pregnant, and paediatric patients, and patients with inflammatory conditions. Minimizing repeated GBCA imaging studies when possible, particularly closely spaced MRI studies. However, do not avoid or defer necessary GBCA MRI scans.
In December 2017, the FDA announced in a drug safety communication it is requiring these new warnings to be included on all GBCAs. The FDA also called for increased patient education and requiring gadolinium contrast vendors to conduct additional animal and clinical studies to assess the safety of these agents.
The French health authority recommends to use the lowest possible dose of a GBCA and only when essential diagnostic information cannot be obtained without it.
The World Health Organization issued a restriction on use of several gadolinium contrast agents in November 2009 stating that "High-risk gadolinium-containing contrast agents (Optimark, Omniscan, Magnevist, Magnegita, and Gado-MRT ratiopharm) are contraindicated in patients with severe kidney problems, in patients who are scheduled for or have recently received a liver transplant, and in newborn babies up to four weeks of age."
In magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancy, gadolinium contrast agents in the first trimester is associated with a slightly increased risk of a childhood diagnosis of several forms of rheumatism, inflammatory disorders, or infiltrative skin conditions, according to a retrospective study including 397 infants prenatally exposed to gadolinium contrast. In the second and third trimester, gadolinium contrast is associated with a slightly increased risk of stillbirth or neonatal death, by the same study.
Anaphylactoid reactions are rare, occurring in about 0.03–0.1%.
Iron oxide: superparamagnetic
Two types of iron oxide contrast agents exist: superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO). These contrast agents consist of suspended colloids of iron oxide nanoparticles and when injected during imaging reduce the T2 signals of absorbing tissues. SPIO and USPIO contrast agents have been used successfully in some instances for liver lesion evaluation.
* Feridex I.V. (also known as Endorem and ferumoxides). This product was discontinued by AMAG Pharma in November 2008.
* Resovist (also known as Cliavist). This was approved for the European market in 2001, but production was abandoned in 2009.
* Sinerem (also known as Combidex). Guerbet withdrew the marketing authorization application for this product in 2007.
* Lumirem (also known as Gastromark). Gastromark was approved by the FDA in 1996 and was discontinued by its manufacturer in 2012.
* Clariscan (also known as PEG-fero, Feruglose, and NC100150). This iron based contrast agent was never commercially launched and its development was discontinued in early 2000s due to safety concerns. In 2017 GE Healthcare launched a macrocyclic extracellular gadolinium based contrast agent containing gadoteric acid as gadoterate meglumine under the trade name Clariscan.
Iron platinum: superparamagnetic
Superparamagnetic iron–platinum particles (SIPPs) have been reported and had significantly better T2 relaxivities compared with the more common iron oxide nanoparticles. SIPPs were also encapsulated with phospholipids to create multifunctional SIPP stealth immunomicelles that specifically targeted human prostate cancer cells. These are, however, investigational agents which have not yet been tried in humans. In a recent study, multifunctional SIPP micelles were synthesized and conjugated to a monoclonal antibody against prostate-specific membrane antigen. The complex specifically targeted human prostate cancer cells in vitro, and these results suggest that SIPPs may have a role in the future as tumor-specific contrast agents.
Manganese
Manganese(II) chelates such as Mn-DPDP (mangafodipir) enhance the T1 signal. The chelate dissociates in vivo into manganese and DPDP; the manganese is excreted in bile, while DPDP is eliminated via kidney filtration. Mangafodipir has been used in human neuroimaging clinical trials, including for neurodegenerative diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Manganese(II) ions are often used as a contrast agent in animal studies, often called MEMRI (manganese-enhanced MRI). Because Mn2+ ions can enter cells through calcium transport channels, it has been used for functional brain imaging.
Manganese(III) chelates with porphyrins and phthalocyanines have also been studied.
Unlike the other well-studied iron oxide-based nanoparticles, research on Mn-based nanoparticles is at a relatively early stage.
Oral administration
A wide variety of oral contrast agents can enhance images of the gastrointestinal tract. They include gadolinium and manganese chelates, or iron salts for T1 signal enhancement. SPIO, barium sulfate, air and clay have been used to lower T2 signal. Natural products with high manganese concentration such as blueberry and green tea can also be used for T1 increasing contrast enhancement.
Perflubron, a type of perfluorocarbon, has been used as a gastrointestinal MRI contrast agent for pediatric imaging. This contrast agent works by reducing the number of hydrogen ions in a body cavity, thus causing it to appear dark in the images.
Protein-based MRI contrast agents
Newer research suggests the possibility of protein based contrast agents, based on the abilities of some amino acids to bind with gadolinium.
|
WIKI
|
BRIEF-Paramount Extends Revolving Credit Facility From Nov 2018 To Jan 2022
Jan 16 (Reuters) - Paramount Group Inc:
* PARAMOUNT EXTENDS AND EXPANDS REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY * PARAMOUNT GROUP - OPERATING PARTNERSHIP, PARAMOUNT GROUP OPERATING PARTNERSHIP LP, EXTENDED ITS REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY FROM NOV 2018 TO JAN 2022
* PARAMOUNT GROUP INC - OPERATING PARTNERSHIP INCREASED REVOLVING CREDIT FACILITY CAPACITY TO $1.0 BILLION FROM $800.0 MILLION Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage:
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Paris Protocols
The Paris Protocols were an agreement between Nazi Germany and Vichy France negotiated in May 1941. Although not ratified, the protocols were implemented. Admiral François Darlan represented the French and the German ambassador to France, Otto Abetz, represented the Nazis. Signed on 28 May 1941, the Paris Protocols granted the Germans military facilities in Syria, Tunisia, and French West Africa. In exchange, the French received reduced occupation costs (down to 15 million Reichsmarks a day from 20 million), return of some 6,800 French experts from prisoner-of-war camps, and ease on the restrictions between "occupied France" and "unoccupied France."
The Paris Protocols are considered the highpoint of Vichy French collaboration with the Nazis. But Darlan wanted still better terms and ultimately the protocols lapsed.
|
WIKI
|
Soccer-Paraguay stadium closed due to cracks in stand
ASUNCION, April 13 (Reuters) - Paraguay’s iconic Defensores del Chaco, the country’s only stadium permitted to hold World Cup qualifiers, was ordered to be temporarily closed on Wednesday because of cracks in one of the stands. The order from Asuncion’s city hall came hours after the Paraguayan FA (APF) announced it was sealing off the north stand for repairs. “The municipal government is responsible for the physical integrity of people in crowded places,” councillor Daniel Centurion said. “We want to be sure the stadium is safe beyond the north stand,” he said ahead of an inspection of the stadium. The repairs on the 99-year-old stadium must be finished by Sept. 1 when Paraguay host a 2018 South American World Cup qualifier against Chile, APF president Ramon Gonzalez Daher said. The last time the concrete 40,000-capacity stadium was closed was after the death of two police officers when part of a stand collapsed during a domestic match in 2009. The Defensores (defenders) del Chaco, named after soldiers killed during the 1932-35 Chaco War against neighbouring Bolivia, hosts all Paraguay’s home international matches, a majority of South American club matches involving teams in the capital and major domestic games. Paraguay are seventh after six matches in the 10-nation South American group from which the top four qualify for the finals in Russia. The fifth team will go into an intercontinental playoff. (Reporting by Rex Gowar, editing by Ed Osmond)
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Khwaja Ghar District
Khwaja Ghar District is a district of Takhar Province, Afghanistan. The district was badly destroyed during the 1996-2001 Afghan Civil War in fighting between the Taliban and the Northern Alliance.
Geography
Khwaja Ghar has an area of 402 square kilometers, comparatively equivalent to the area of the Isle of Wight. There are main roads connecting the district with Dasht-i-Archi, and Taloqan, the provincial capital, but they are mined. There is a smaller road connecting Khwaja Ghar with Dashti Qala District. Khwaja Ghar is located within the watershed of the Kokcha River and the Amu Darya River.
Khwaja Ghar is bordered by Dashti Qala and Rustaq District to the northeast, Hazar Sumuch District to the east, Baharak District to the south, Dashte Archi to the west, and Khatlon to the north. Khatlon is a province located in Tajikistan, and Dashte Archi is located in Kunduz Province. All other districts it borders are located in Takhar Province.
History
Khwaja Ghar was first mapped by Mohammed Ashraf in 1973 to prepare for a census.
Later, in 2001, the Taliban captured Khwaja Ghar in Early 2001, and held it until November of that year. The fighting was the heaviest in 20 years and destroyed much of the district.
In 2005, Dashti Qala District was created from part of Khwaja Ghar. Mohammad Omar became district governor in 2006.
The Taliban started challenging the government for control of Khwaja Ghar in early 2010, receiving support from insurgents in Dashte Archi District. In late 2010, much of the district was contested, Taliban controlled, or self governed.
In August 2006, the Taliban took control of the district center for a short period of time before being pushed back by security forces. Civilians said that the locals were harassed while they were in the district center. The Taliban claimed that they controlled 20% of Khwaja Ghar in March 2017. 10 villages were later taken by the Taliban in June of that year. There have been many incidents in Khwaja Ghar since then. At the end of 2018, the district was considered to be insurgent influenced.
Demographics
The district has a population of 74769 and a sex ratio of 21 males for every 20 females. Khwaja Ghar has an Uzbek majority with Pashtun and Tajik minorities. The median age is 16.4 and about 40% of the population is working. 10% of the unemployed are seeking a job. The district is home to about 10,500 households, with an average size of 7.1 people.
There are 62 villages located in this district.
Economy
40% of employed people work in agriculture, hunting, fishing, or foresting- making it is the biggest sector in Khwaja Ghar. The main crops are wheat, barley, cotton, and flax. There are about 14,000 hectares of irrigated land and 32,000 hectares of rain-fed land, but not all of the land is used. Irrigation is provided by the Taloqan River, but the water level is low by the time it reaches Khwaja Ghar. Agricultural output is low due to lack of seeds, training, modern farming methods, equipment, and cold storage houses. Livestock is also raised in the district, with mostly sheep and goats being raised.
Another 30% of the workforce works in the service sector. The majority of women work in weaving and tailoring.
The district bazaar is one of the largest in the northeast, probably because of its proximity to Tajikistan. Khwaja Ghar benefits from cross-border trade, both legal and illegal.
Education and Healthcare
Khwaja Ghar has a 50% literacy rate for people ages 15–24. There are 5 secondary schools, 7 primary schools, and a religious school, with around 150 teachers. However, the schools are badly equipped and are in need of funds, teachers, buildings, and transportation.
The district has 3 health clinics and 9 pharmacies. Khwaja Ghar suffers from a lack of drinking water, doctors, and professional midwives. On 1 March 2020, one clinic was closed.
|
WIKI
|
Slavín
Slavín is a memorial monument and military cemetery in Bratislava, the capital of Slovakia. It is the burial ground of thousands of Soviet Army soldiers who fell during World War II while taking over the city in April 1945 from the occupying German Wehrmacht units and the remaining Slovak troops who supported the clero-fascist Tiso government. It is situated on a hill amidst a rich villa quarter of the capital and embassy residences close to the centre of Bratislava.
It was constructed between 1957 and 1960 on the site of a field cemetery, and opened on April 3, 1960 on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the city's liberation. The monument was constructed similar in kind to the Palace of Culture and Science in Stalinist architectural style. In 1961 it was declared a National Cultural Monument. Its designer was Ján Svetlík.
History
The monument was inaugurated in 1960 on the occasion of the 15th anniversary of the liberation of the city by the Soviet army. Cities with dates of their liberation are listed on its walls. 6,845 soldiers are buried in the cemetery.
Description
This monument and cemetery of the soldiers of the Soviet Army killed while liberating Bratislava near the end of the Second World War was designated a National Cultural Monument in 1961. On top of the 42 metre tall obelisk is a from Slovak sculptor Alexander Trizuljak. The soldier is holding up a flag in his right hand and crushing the swastika with his left boot. The bronze caisson door of the memorial auditorium is decorated with reliefs by R. Pribiš.
The site consists of:
* A solemn staircase
* A cemetery with graves (6 mass graves, 278 individual graves) of 6,845 Soviet soldiers who fell while liberating Bratislava
* The central solemn hall with various statues, inscriptions, and a symbolic sarcophagus made of white marble. It also features a 42 m high obelisk topped with a statue of a Soviet soldier, and on the outside walls are inscriptions of the dates of liberation of various places in Slovakia during 1944–45.
Other facts about Slavín:
* The monument is situated on top of the Slavín hill, one of Bratislava Old Town's topographic highs (part of the Male Karpaty mts.). The location offers excellent views of much of Bratislava, which makes it a popular destination for walks for local residents.
* In the area of Slavín there are also more statues of Slovak famous artists, such as Jan Kulich, Tibor Bártfay and Jozef Kostka.
* In 2005, Vladimir Putin, the Russian president, visited it during his meeting with G. W. Bush in Bratislava.
* The day of Bratislava's liberation is 4 April, when people and president show their honor to fallen Soviet soldiers.
* In 2015, Sergey Lavrov, the Russian foreign minister, visited Slavín on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of Bratislava's liberation.
|
WIKI
|
-- Group Five Says Congo Projects Not at Risk From Rebellion
Group Five Ltd. (GRF) , a South African
construction company, said a rebellion in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo would not jeopardize its building projects
in the mineral-rich African nation. Renegade fighters captured the DRC border city of Goma on
Nov. 20 after ending an unofficial three-month ceasefire. The
group is made up of soldiers who mutinied in April and is headed
by General Bosco Ntaganda, who is wanted by the International
Criminal Court for war crimes . “We have operated in dangerous places before,” Group Five
Chief Executive Officer Mike Upton said at a media briefing in
Johannesburg today. “We have no issues from the DRC at the
moment.” Group Five, based in Johannesburg, is building copper,
cobalt and gold mines near the DRC southern city of Lubumbashi
and in the northeast on behalf of mining companies, Upton said.
The company’s closest projects to Goma are 400 kilometers (248
miles) to 500 kilometers away. The projects are not at risk from rebels, according to Guy
Mottram, the company’s risk officer. Group Five has refreshed
its emergency and evacuation plans in the Congo in the event the
situation worsens, Mottram said. The DRC’s rebels, known as M23, said today they’re
preparing to withdraw from Goma as the U.S. pressed Rwanda ’s
government to help end the crisis. To contact the reporter on this story:
Jaco Visser in Johannesburg at
avisser3@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
John Viljoen at
jviljoen@bloomberg.net
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Tituss Burgess
Tituss Burgess (born February 21, 1979) is an American actor and singer. He has appeared in several Broadway musicals and is known for his high tenor voice. He is best known for starring as Titus Andromedon on the Netflix comedy series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt (2015–2020), for which he received five Primetime Emmy Award nominations. He was also featured in Schmigadoon! (2023).
On the Broadway stage, Burgess originated the role of Sebastian in The Little Mermaid and played the role of Nicely-Nicely Johnson in the 2009 revival of Guys and Dolls. In 2023, he played the role of Harold Zidler in Moulin Rouge!
Personal life
Born and raised in Athens, Georgia, Burgess attended Cedar Shoals High School where he was active in the theatre program. He graduated from the University of Georgia with a Bachelor of Art degree in music. Burgess is gay.
2005–2014: Broadway debut
Burgess made his Broadway debut in the musical Good Vibrations as Eddie in 2005, and then appeared in Jersey Boys in 2005 as Hal Miller. Burgess originated the role of Sebastian the Crab in the Broadway musical The Little Mermaid in 2007 opposite Sierra Boggess, Sean Palmer, and Norm Lewis. Burgess portrayed Nicely-Nicely Johnson, traditionally played by a white actor, in the revival of Guys and Dolls in 2009. He has also performed in several regional theater productions, including The Wiz and Jesus Christ Superstar.
Burgess performed at the "Broadway for Obama" benefit concert at the State Theatre Center for the Arts in Easton, Pennsylvania on October 20, 2008. He performed at the "Broadway After Dark" benefit concert on October 26, 2008, in New York City, and in a solo concert at Birdland in New York City on July 27, 2009.
In July 2009, he was a performer on the R Family Vacations Summer Cruise. Three months later, he was featured on an episode of the popular web show The Battery's Down. He appeared in Season 5 of 30 Rock as D'Fwan, a member of Tracy Jordan's wife's entourage. He reprised the role in Season 6. He was cast as The Caterpillar in the 2011 Broadway musical Wonderland in October 2010. A month later he dropped out of the project.
In March 2013, Burgess performed "And I Am Telling You I'm Not Going" from the Broadway musical Dreamgirls at Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS fundraising concert Broadway Backwards. He was cast as The Witch, a role traditionally played by a female, in Into the Woods in a 2015 production by DreamCatcher Theatre, presented in Miami's Carnival Studio Theater at the Adrienne Arsht Center.
2015–2019: Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt
On March 6, 2015, Netflix released the first season of Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt which stars Burgess in a main role as Titus Andromedon, Kimmy's roommate. He received universal acclaim for his performance, with The New York Times saying the role was "tailor-made" for him. For his performance in the first season, he received a nomination for Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series at the 2015 Critics' Choice Television Awards and an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series at the 2015 ceremony.
In June 2016, Burgess and Norm Lewis reprised their roles of Sebastian the Crab and King Triton in the Hollywood Bowl concert event of The Little Mermaid opposite Sara Bareilles, Rebel Wilson, and Darren Criss. He also took a voice role in The Angry Birds Movie (2016). He also was a guest star judge in the third season of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars (2017). He also took guest roles in Miracle Workers (2019) and The Good Fight (2019).
2020–present: Return to Broadway
Since May 2020, he has starred in the musical cartoon series Central Park as Cole Tillerman, with Leslie Odom Jr., Kristen Bell, Daveed Diggs, Josh Gad, Kathryn Hahn and Stanley Tucci. Burgess starred as Remy in a benefit concert presentation of Ratatouille the Musical, an internet meme that originated on TikTok, inspired by the 2007 Disney/Pixar film. It streamed on TodayTix on January 1, 2021. On December 2, 2021, he played Rooster Hannigan in the NBC special Annie Live!.
In 2023, he played the Narrator in the second season of the Apple TV+ musical comedy series Schmigadoon!. From October 10 to December 17, 2023, he returned to Broadway in Moulin Rouge! as Harold Zidler.
Discography
* Jersey Boys (2005) Original Cast Recording
* Here's To You (2006) debut solo studio album, available on iTunes
* Disney's The Little Mermaid (2008) Original Cast Recording
* The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (2018) Audiobook, Narrator
* Saint Tituss (2019)
|
WIKI
|
Need help with orleans?
Click the “chat” button below for chat support from the developer who created it, or find similar developers for support.
About the developer
dotnet
7.9K Stars 1.7K Forks MIT License 5.1K Commits 526 Opened issues
Description
Orleans is a cross-platform framework for building distributed applications with .NET
Services available
!
?
Need anything else?
Contributors list
Orleans logo
NuGet Gitter
Orleans is a cross-platform framework for building robust, scalable distributed applications
Orleans builds on the developer productivity of .NET and brings it to the world of distributed applications, such as cloud services. Orleans scales from a single on-premises server to globally distributed, highly-available applications in the cloud.
Orleans takes familiar concepts like objects, interfaces, async/await, and try/catch and extends them to multi-server environments. As such, it helps developers experienced with single-server applications transition to building resilient, scalable cloud services and other distributed applications. For this reason, Orleans has often been referred to as "Distributed .NET".
It was created by Microsoft Research and introduced the Virtual Actor Model as a novel approach to building a new generation of distributed systems for the Cloud era. The core contribution of Orleans is its programming model which tames the complexity inherent to highly-parallel distributed systems without restricting capabilities or imposing onerous constraints on the developer.
Grains
A grain is composed of a stable identity, behavior, and state
The fundamental building block in any Orleans application is a grain. Grains are entities comprising user-defined identity, behavior, and state. Grain identities are user-defined keys which make Grains always available for invocation. Grains can be invoked by other grains or by external clients such as Web frontends, via strongly-typed communication interfaces (contracts). Each grain is an instance of a class which implements one or more of these interfaces.
Grains can have volatile and/or persistent state that can be stored in any storage system. As such, grains implicitly partition application state, enabling automatic scalability and simplifying recovery from failures. Grain state is kept in memory while the grain is active, leading to lower latency and less load on data stores.
A diagram showing the managed lifecycle of a grain
Instantiation of grains is automatically performed on demand by the Orleans runtime. Grains which are not used for a while are automatically removed from memory to free up resources. This is possible because of their stable identity, which allows invoking grains whether they are already loaded into memory or not. This also allows for transparent recovery from failure because the caller does not need to know on which server a grain is instantiated on at any point in time. Grains have a managed lifecycle, with the Orleans runtime responsible for activating/deactivating, and placing/locating grains as needed. This allows the developer to write code as if all grains were always in-memory.
Taken together, the stable identity, statefulness, and managed lifecycle of Grains are core factors that make systems built on Orleans scalable, performant, & reliable without forcing developers to write complex distributed systems code.
Example: Internet of Things Cloud Backend
Consider a cloud backend for an Internet of Things system. This application needs to process incoming device data, filter, aggregate, and process this information, and enable sending commands to devices. In Orleans, it is natural to model each device with a grain which becomes a digital twin of the physical device it corresponds to. These grains keep the latest device data in memory, so that they can be quickly queried and processed without the need to communicate with the physical device directly. By observing streams of time-series data from the device, the grain can detect changes in conditions, such as measurements exceeding a threshold, and trigger an action.
A simple thermostat could be modeled as follows:
public interface IThermostat : IGrainWithStringKey
{
Task> OnUpdate(ThermostatStatus update);
}
Events arriving from the thermostat from a Web frontend can be sent to its grain by invoking the
OnUpdate
method which optionally returns a command back to the device.
var thermostat = client.GetGrain(id);
return await thermostat.OnUpdate(update);
The same thermostat grain can implement a separate interface for control systems to interact with:
public interface IThermostatControl : IGrainWithStringKey
{
Task GetStatus();
Task UpdateConfiguration(ThermostatConfiguration config); }
These two interfaces (
IThermostat
and
IThermostatControl
) are implemented by a single implementation class:
public class ThermostatGrain : Grain, IThermostat, IThermostatControl
{
private ThermostatStatus _status;
private List _commands;
public Task> OnUpdate(ThermostatStatus status) { _status = status; var result = _commands; _commands = new List(); return Task.FromResult(result); }
public Task GetStatus() => Task.FromResult(_status);
public Task UpdateConfiguration(ThermostatConfiguration config) { _commands.Add(new ConfigUpdateCommand(config)); return Task.CompletedTask; } }
The grain class above does not persist its state. A more thorough example demonstrating state persistence is available in the documentation.
Orleans Runtime
The Orleans runtime is what implements the programming model for applications. The main component of the runtime is the silo, which is responsible for hosting grains. Typically, a group of silos run as a cluster for scalability and fault-tolerance. When run as a cluster, silos coordinate with each other to distribute work, detect and recover from failures. The runtime enables grains hosted in the cluster to communicate with each other as if they are within a single process.
In addition to the core programming model, the silo provides grains with a set of runtime services, such as timers, reminders (persistent timers), persistence, transactions, streams, and more. See the features section below for more detail.
Web frontends and other external clients call grains in the cluster using the client library which automatically manages network communication. Clients can also be co-hosted in the same process with silos for simplicity.
Orleans is compatible with .NET Standard 2.0 and above, running on Windows, Linux, and macOS, in full .NET Framework or .NET Core.
Features
Persistence
Orleans provides a simple persistence model which ensures that state is available to a grain before requests are processed and that consistency is maintained. Grains can have multiple named persistent data objects, for example, one called "profile" for a user's profile and one called "inventory" for their inventory. This state can be stored in any storage system. For example, profile data may be stored in one database and inventory in another. While a grain is running, this state is kept in memory so that read requests can be served without accessing storage. When the grain updates its state, a
state.WriteStateAsync()
call ensures that the backing store is updated for durability and consistency. For more information, see the Grain Persistence documentation.
Distributed ACID Transactions
In addition to the simple persistence model described above, grains can have transactional state. Multiple grains can participate in ACID transactions together regardless of where their state is ultimately stored. Transactions in Orleans are distributed and decentralized (there is no central transaction manager or transaction coordinator) and have serializable isolation. For more information on transactions in Orleans, see the documentation and the Microsoft Research technical report.
Streams
Streams help developers to process series of data items in near-real time. Streams in Orleans are managed: streams do not need to be created or registered before a grain or client publishes to a stream or subscribes to a stream. This allows for greater decoupling of stream producers and consumers from each other and from the infrastructure. Stream processing is reliable: grains can store checkpoints (cursors) and reset to a stored checkpoint during activation or at any point afterwards. Streams supports batch delivery of messages to consumers to improve efficiency and recovery performance. Streams are backed by queueing services such as Azure Event Hubs, Amazon Kinesis, and others. An arbitrary number of streams can be multiplexed onto a smaller number of queues and the responsibility for processing these queues is balanced evenly across the cluster.
Timers & Reminders
Reminders are a durable scheduling mechanism for grains. They can be used to ensure that some action is completed at a future point even if the grain is not currently activated at that time. Timers are the non-durable counterpart to reminders and can be used for high-frequency events which do not require reliability. For more information, see the Timers and Reminders documentation.
Flexible Grain Placement
When a grain is activated in Orleans, the runtime decides which server (silo) to activate that grain on. This is called grain placement. The placement process in Orleans is fully configurable: developers can choose from a set of out-of-the-box placement policies such as random, prefer-local, and load-based, or custom logic can be configured. This allows for full flexibility in deciding where grains are created. For example, grains can be placed on a server close to resources which they need to operate on or other grains which they communicate with.
Grain Versioning & Heterogeneous Clusters
Application code evolves over time and upgrading live, production systems in a manner which safely accounts for these changes can be challenging, particularly in stateful systems. Grain interfaces in Orleans can be optionally versioned. The cluster maintains a mapping of which grain implementations are available on which silos in the cluster and the versions of those implementations. This version information is used by the runtime in conjunction with placement strategies to make placement decisions when routing calls to grains. In addition to safe update of versioned grains, this also enables heterogeneous clusters, where different silos have different sets of grain implementations available. For more information, see the Grain Versioning documentation.
Elastic Scalability & Fault Tolerance
Orleans is designed to scale elastically. When a silo joins a cluster it is able to accept new activations and when a silo leaves the cluster (either because of scale down or a machine failure) the grains which were activated on that silo will be re-activated on remaining silos as needed. An Orleans cluster can be scaled down to a single silo. The same properties which enable elastic scalability also enable fault tolerance: the cluster automatically detects and quickly recovers from failures.
Run Anywhere
Orleans runs anywhere that .NET Core or .NET Framework are supported. This includes hosting on Linux, Windows, and macOS and deploying to Kubernetes, virtual or physical machines, on premises or in the cloud, and PaaS services such as Azure Cloud Services.
Stateless Workers
Stateless workers are specially marked grains which do not have any associated state and can be activated on multiple silos simultaneously. This enables increased parallelism for stateless functions. For more information, see the Stateless Worker Grains documentation.
Grain Call Filters
Logic which is common to many grains can be expressed as Grain Call Filters. Orleans supports filters for both incoming and outgoing calls. Some common use-cases of filters are: authorization, logging and telemetry, and error handling.
Request Context
Metadata and other information can be passed along a series of requests using request context. Request context can be used for holding distributed tracing information or any other user-defined values.
Documentation
Documentation is located here
Samples
A variety of samples are available in the samples directory.
Getting Started
Please see the getting started tutorial.
Building
On Windows, run the
build.cmd
script to build the NuGet packages locally, then reference the required NuGet packages from
/Artifacts/Release/*
. You can run
Test.cmd
to run all BVT tests, and
TestAll.cmd
to also run Functional tests.
On Linux and macOS, run the
build.sh
script or
dotnet build
to build Orleans.
Official Builds
The latest stable, production-quality release is located here.
Nightly builds are published to a NuGet feed. These builds pass all functional tests, but are not thoroughly tested as the stable builds or pre-release builds published to NuGet.
Using the nightly build packages in your project
To use nightly builds in your project, add the MyGet feed using either of the following methods:
1. Changing the .csproj file to include this section:
<restoresources>
$(RestoreSources);
https://orleans.pkgs.visualstudio.com/orleans-public/_packaging/orleans-builds/nuget/v3/index.json;
</restoresources>
or
1. Creating a NuGet.config file in the solution directory with the following contents:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<configuration>
<packagesources>
<clear></clear>
<add key="orleans-builds" value="https://orleans.pkgs.visualstudio.com/orleans-public/_packaging/orleans-builds/nuget/v3/index.json"></add>
<add key="nuget" value="https://api.nuget.org/v3/index.json"></add>
</packagesources>
</configuration>
Community
License
This project is licensed under the MIT license.
Quick Links
We use cookies. If you continue to browse the site, you agree to the use of cookies. For more information on our use of cookies please see our Privacy Policy.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Talk:Philae (spacecraft)/Archive 1
Konferences about PHILAE
First Post-Launch PHILAE Experimenters Workshop 4 - 6 April 2005 Teistungen - Germany
2nd Philae Science Team Meeting 3 -6 September 2006 Helsinki - Finland
--Stone 12:42, 9 June 2006 (UTC)
Images?
An image of the lander was removed. Replace it someone. '''An image of the lander was removed. Why? --Planetary 06:40, 2 September 2006 & 01:03, 12 February 2007'''(UTC)Doc'd colleagues uns'd self-rev'n--Jerzy•t 08:25, 18 November 2014 (UTC)
* This is a "lifesize" model of Philae. But there is absolutely nothing in the image to give a hint as to its size. From looking at the image, Philae could be any size from a shoebox, to a full-size automobile. No way to tell. Nick Beeson (talk) 12:10, 4 August 2014 (UTC)
Pronunciation
Everyone in the ESA live feed says /fi:li:/, not /faili:/. Greek Φιλαί is also in no way pronounced with /ai/. Is there any reliable source for such pronounciation?
* I only got the feed to work beiefly, but the only pronunciation I heard was /'fi:leɪ/. I didn't hear /faili:/ or /fi:li:/ at all. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:35, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
* Me again. /'fi:leɪ/ is attested at 0:07 in this ESA video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AvkPFXdpOQQ I've changed the article and used this video as a source. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 21:50, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
* from the reference link to a CNN video, from what I'm hearing, the news reporter didn't say /'fi:leɪ/; it was more like /fi:li:/
* Traditional English pronunciation is /ˈfaɪli:/ (/i:/ as in happy) . Junip (talk) 13:49, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
Fly wheel
Currently says Germany and UK supplied the single Fly Wheel, does anybody know which country/company/organisation really supplied the flywheel?
Touch down time
The article says that the probe touched down at 16:08 UTC, but as that news was reported as early as 16:10 UTC (by the BBC, which actually says "about 1605 GMT"), that surely means that we received its touch down signal around that time -- it would have landed ~28 minutes earlier, based on the distance from 67P to Earth. Can we get some information on this?
CRGreathouse (t | c) 16:56, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
* That's the media being stupid. The signal got to Earth around 1605 UTC, lander actually touched down something around 1525, give or take. Oddly, I'm having a lot of problems with finding even estimated times right now...literally every news source, plus NASA and ESA, are only giving the ~1600 time. Oi. — Huntster (t @ c) 17:19, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
* Also, at this rate, we may have a Landing 1 time, Landing 2 time, etc. Lots of conflicting information coming out of ESA as to Philae's status. Off topic, I vastly prefer NASA handles media relations on their missions. — Huntster (t @ c) 17:53, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
* Emily's blog shows 15:35, and she's usually reliable: . -84user (talk) 17:59, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
* Below images would seem to indicate that the final landing occurred some time after 11/12/2014 15:43, as that is when it "bounced". Shouldn't Wikipedia change the landing time?- Robinlrandall http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta Of course 15:35 may be the time of the first bounce, but final landing should be near 3rd bounce 1km away. List that time as well. Also, if Philae is in the photo I trust that is close to when the shot was taken (not 28 minutes later.) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2834382/It-s-time-risks-coming-end-Rosetta-probe-deploy-drill-ditch-attempt-comet-samples-clock-ticks-fading-battery-power.html
— Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs) 22:04, 25 November 2014 (UTC)
* Isn't that when the photo was taken? Which is not the same as when the landing occurred. —EncMstr (talk) 23:45, 25 November 2014 (UTC)
Sky & Telescope has a good article with times, backed with a Twitter post on the Philae account. I'll be editing the article this evening and will work the times in somewhere somehow. — Huntster (t @ c) 21:01, 27 November 2014 (UTC)
Congrats
The 10 year wait aside, the final 20-odd minutes' wait for the first data to arrive must have been nerve-wracking. DonL (talk) 17:55, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
Where is the comet
In relation to the earth right now? Lugnuts Dick Laurent is dead 20:48, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
* If you click the "Ephemeris" link here you can generate a list of positions for the comet. Today it is listed as RA 19 15 45.50 and DEC -28 15 38.8, which is somewhere in Sagittarius. -- John of Reading (talk) 21:52, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 12 November 2014
Please change (just grammar and broken links fixes) the Philae_(spacecraft) section for Spain. to:
* Spain : The Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, and the Spanish National Research Council Madrid, have contributed to the Mission of designing and manufacturing ship medium-gain antenna system, thermal control antennas and the Osiris camera, while its Center in Tres Cantos (Madrid) has developed and manufactured the Star Tracker and the navigation camera control units. The GMV Spanish division has been responsible for the maintenance of the calculation tools to calculate the criteria of lighting and visibility necessary to decide the point of landing on the comet, as well as the possible trajectories of decline of the Philae module. SENER, a Spanish Aeronautics and Engineering Company was responsible for the supply of two deployable masts, 15 shades of active thermal control and electronic control of all the Giada instrument unit, as well as optical displays of attenuation of incident radiation on two navigation cameras and the two trackers of stars, and the driver of the filter wheel of cameras NAC and WAC of the Osiris instrument (the instrument onboard Rosetta ship to photographed the Comet), among other components. Crisa group, has also provided the electronic unit from the star browser and navigation camera; Division of the Elecnor group Deimos Space, which has defined the path to reach the destination. Other important Spanish companies or educational institutions that have been contributed are as follows: INTA, Airbus Defence and Space Spanish division, and the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:01, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
[Refs provided by 112.198...:]Slight clarifying rev'n--Jerzy•t 08:50, 18 November 2014 (UTC)
✅:. G S Palmer (talk • contribs) 23:38, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
Sense of scale for photo
For the image with the caption "Photograph of comet 67P [...]", it would be great if we could find out and add some rough measurements about the area featured in the photo. I was originally thinking it was a small area and the largest rocks were smaller than a shoe, but if the image was taken from 10km away it seems more likely it's a large area and the rocks are the size of a car or bigger. Is this information available anywhere? Some guy (talk) 23:20, 12 November 2014 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 13 November 2014
Please add for the United Kingdoms contribution: e2v, based in Chelmsford, which designed and supplied the Civa camera system that will take pictures of the comet’s surface, as well as the Rolis system which will film during the descent and take images of the sites sampled by Philae’s instruments. The company also built three other camera systems on the main spacecraft, one that produced all the pictures shown so far, and others used for navigation and helping map the landing spot
source: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/engineering/11221945/UK-space-industry-behind-Rosetta-comet-mission.html
Alaskanthumper (talk) 00:32, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* Yes check.svg Done Stickee (talk) 00:45, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
Philae's force of attraction to the comet
I'm not sure if the following constitutes original research, but if not it might be of interest to others to know the attraction the comet has for Philae. The local acceleration of gravity was quoted in the comet article to be 1/10000 that of the earth's.
The force of attraction of the comet for Philae is calculated from the local acceleration of gravity gl at the comet's surface (one-ten-thousandth that of on earth, gl = 0.000981 m/s2) and the Philae's total mass (97.9 kg) to be:
* F = M · gl = 0.000981 · 97.9 = 0.096 N or 0.044 lbf
Zedshort (talk) 03:56, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* "1/10000 that of the earth's". And to at least approximately 3 decimal places according to the calculation! Really? AlexFekken (talk) 04:09, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* Here's a reliable source. Also says that Philae actually bounced a whole kilometer away from the comet over the course of 2 hours! It's second bounce lasted 17 minutes before it finally landed for real. Fnordware (talk) 04:16, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* "Without the harpoons, the lander could tumble around the comet, whose gravity is only 1/60,000th as strong as that on Earth." Bus stop (talk) 04:22, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* From Stefan Ulamec (Lander Manager, DLR) at 15:20 we have some data from where to aproximate the value of g in the comet:
* A)1st touchdown speed at 1m/s
* B)1st bounce speed v0=0.38m/s
* C)1st bounce max height (v=0)-->y=1000m
* D)1st bounce aprox. distance x≈1000m
* E)2nd touchdown time aprox. t=6660s (1h 51min)
* F)2nd bounce speed v0=0.03m/s
* G)3rd final touchdown time aprox. t=(6660+420)s
* By applying v(t)=-g·t+v0 ---> if v(t)=0 ---> t=v0/g and y(t)=((-g·(t^2))/2) + v0·t + y0 and trying several values for g until y=1000m you get ---> g=7.18E-5 // t(y max)=5290 // y(max)=1005m // y(end 1st bounce)=+938m. But something tells me that some data must be wrong, or gravity is very variable.Iagocasabiell (talk) 22:17, 15 November 2014 (UTC)
Google doodle
Instead of just stating there is a google doodle for today, can the image itself or a thumbnail be added? https://www.google.ca/logos/doodles/2014/philae-robotic-lander-lands-on-comet-67pchuryumovgerasimenko-5668009628663808-hp.gif Stéphane Charette (talk) 05:15, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* No, as the image itself is not freely licensed and there is no way to justify fair use for it. — Huntster (t @ c) 05:33, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* I question whether this "google doodle" should be mentioned at all. The "doodle" is a marketing tool of a private company.--345Kai (talk) 21:20, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* It's a symbol of popular culture. It's relevant. sudo people 21:23, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* Unless a reliable third party has published a notable story on the Google doodle, it's irrelevant as far as this encyclopedia is concerned. Google doodles are not "a symbol of popular culture". nagual design 22:24, 15 November 2014 (UTC)
* You must not have seen the two news articles I referenced. Or they're not reliable or notable enough for you. In that case, here's a few more. Maybe you can point out to us how they're not relevant or notable. sudo people 23:35, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
* Since when did Wikipedia become a marketing tool for Google? Just because they link Wikipedia does not mean that they should receive preferential treatment. I hope there is no one here pushing the Google doodles that would have a conflict of interest by representing a multi-billion dollar company. Lets stick to technical aspects and not mere internet sound bites. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 07:56, 18 November 2014 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 13 November 2014
Addendum of Belgian contribution to the mission (Adding following text to section 3 of the article):
Belgium
The Belgian Institute for Space and Aeronomy (BIRA) cooperated with different partners to build one of the sensors (DFMS) of the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis (ROSINA) instrument.
Oli4vd (talk) 08:37, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* ✅: . G S Palmer (talk • contribs) 14:23, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 13 November 2014
Please change: (SSTL) constructed the momentum wheel for the lander. to: (SSTL) constructed the Reaction wheel for the lander. Reason: This better describes the part and adds its article link.
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:54, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* ✅: . G S Palmer (talk • contribs) 14:27, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
Detaching of the lander
There is a line which says " On 12 November 2014, Philae remained attached to the Rosetta spacecraft after rendezvousing with comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko." Was Philae not detached after the rendezvous that day? Obviously not. This sentence needs clarification. It contradicts with the others.The Average Wikipedian (talk) 11:29, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
Consensus on CIVA vs ÇIVA
It's not clear whether it should be CIVA or ÇIVA. I had changed it to C, based on the fact it's an acronym for Comet (nucleus) Infrared and Visible Analyser (per http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2004-006C-01 [link corrected 2014-11-14]). Others quite properly believe it to be Ç based on the listing at http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Rosetta/CIVA and changed it back.
It's not clear to me the the soft Ç would stand for, and the acronym is given at NASA. The principal researchers are French, perhaps it's just a typo? (French is comète with hard C.) The Hindu god Shiva is sometimes spelled Çiva in French.
As the NASA document is more recent (dated today) than the ESA one (dated February), is longer and gives an explanation, may I suggest we change it to CIVA ?
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:11, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* I was about to ask why the acronym ÇIVA contains a Ç|c-cedilla. If nobody can provide a justification, please remove it. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:36, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* It is definitely not a typo, given it was very consistently used by ESA and project scientists at the beginning of the project. Over time, people just started to use a regular "C", for simplicity's sake I assume. I've found no evidence that it is an acronym of anything, so perhaps it was simply the stylistic choice of the experiment's scientists. Regardless, ÇIVA appears to be the official rendering, so I don't see why we should change it. — Huntster (t @ c) 03:51, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
* Apologies for broken link, corrected above to http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2004-006C-01 where the name is given and explained as an acronym "Comet nucleus Infrared and Visible Analyzer (CIVA)". Accepted that it's certainly not a typo in Wikipedia.
* Space-X who made it refer to it with C at http://www.space-x.ch/?page_id=216 and Jean-Pierre Bibring its principal investigator presents a CNRS video in French, the titles show CIVA, and he pronounces it approximately "cheeva" http://www.insu.cnrs.fr/node/5069 [link added]. Many of the other words are spelled in correctly accented French. The paper in Science Reviews with Bibring as first author (DOI: 10.1007/s11214-006-9135-5 preview available http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11214-006-9135-5#page-1 ) begins "CIVA Comet Infrared and Visible Analyser ...", bold in original, accents present on other words. I suggest that's sufficiently reliable source for the acronym and non-cedilla C. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:48, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
There certainly are both C and Ç in both primary and secondary references (Biele, J. and Ulamec, S. (2008), Space Science Rev. 138, 275-289), though as far as I can tell a) all current documents show C, b) there are more C than Ç, c) Bibring et all (given above) uses C ... proposed wording is to use CIVA throughout, and added "(sometimes given as ÇIVA)" in the instruments section. How does that seem? <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:45, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
* After three days without comment, I made this edit to the article, references included for both usages. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:34, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
This decision to erase the Ç|c-cedilla is somewhat troubling. It's an ESA project on an ESA space craft, named by an ESA group. They consistently use a cedilla, and there's no indication anywhere that they didn't mean to. That NASA do not is irrelevant, and going with NASA over ESA seems annoyingly US-centric. It's true that comète has no cedilla, but maybe a scientist wanted to name that instrument array after his cat, who knows. All that matters is what ESA call the ESA project on an ESA space craft, and that's ÇIVA not CIVA. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:06, 22 November 2014 (UTC)
* Sorry you're troubled by this. Agreed that NASA usage is more-or-less irrelevant, and what counts is what ESA, and to a degree, credible secondary sources, do: ESA's usage is mixed but seems more often C (recent 2007) while only occasionally Ç here. ESA's social media uses C on flickr and twitter. Principal investigator Jean-Paul Bibring's paper uses C in Space Science journal; CNES (who made the cameras) uses C link; Le Monde uses CIVA and occasionally Civa. My change was certainly not based on US- or Anglo-centrism, it was based on what I could reference, including in French where of course the writers would have Ç on their keyboards. I hope that agree these references are adequate. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:46, 5 December 2014 (UTC)
Media Briefing 13 November 2014
Short transcription of the press conference found at Livestream.
Stated facts:
* The lander most likely did not come to a final stop on site J (aka Agilkia), but on the opposite side of site B, precise location is speculation at the moment.
* It is currently unknown why the harpoons did not fire
* The coils for rewinding the harpoon cable did activate
* Experiments will be performed from least to most risky
* Magnetic field readings & thermography have been acquired
* Images of comet surface have been acquired. (Can be found on Rosetta blog)
* Probably landed at the foot of a "cliff", leading to more shadow.
* 2 lander bounces confirmed through magnetic field readings, landing gear readings and rotation of the lander (not possible when on surface).
* 1st bounce approx 110 minutes
* One of the feet not in contact with surface (confirmed?)
* 1st radar analysis has been performed, used (among other means) to determine where lander probably is.
* 1km of distance over surface covered because of bounce.
* Still not anchored
* AOS = timeframe with sattelite link
* No damage to scientific instruments found so far.
* Less solar power than expected. Only ±90 minutes per rotation of the comet, not the expected 6-7 hours.
* A lot of particles around and on comet. Dust is mobilised on the surfaced through some means, possibly sublimation and other causes
* Initial point of contact was almost dead center on site J.
Parts will be added to article when I have more time, or when someone beats me to it.
DCLukas (talk) 15:41, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
Mission Duration
The sidebar is inconsistent with itself in terms of mission duration. One lie says: "Mission duration 1–6 weeks (planned)". But, under "Start of mission" we have "Launch date 2 March 2004, 07:17 UTC", implying that the "mission" is actually 10 years long and counting. If it were up to me, I would opt for the latter definition of "mission". We wouldn't exclude the travel to and from the Moon from the mission duration of Apollo 11. In any case, we have to choose one or the other. Originalname37 (Talk?) 21:09, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* Good catch. One way that Philae differs from the Apollo 11 mission though is that Apollo was the spacecraft and Eagle was the lander. So, you'd be better off comparing Apollo 11 to Rosetta mission. Anyway, I think it's somewhat reasonable to remove the duration for now since it's ongoing. sudo people 21:19, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
WP:XKCD and WP:IPC as it applies here
From WP:IPC: ''When trying to decide if a pop culture reference is appropriate to an article, ask yourself the following: Has the subject acknowledged the existence of the reference? Have multiple reliable sources pointed out the reference? Did any real-world event occur because of the cultural element covered by the reference? If you cannot answer "yes" to at least one of these, you are just adding trivia. Get all three, and you are adding genuinely encyclopedic content.'' I don't see how the recent XKCD comic meets any of the above conditions. Unlike most XKCD cartoons, Google Doodles often receive press coverage of the reference. OhNo itsJamie Talk 21:39, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* You're right. Thanks. There's a bit of vandalism here at the moment I'm trying to suss out and I reacted to your edit hastily. sudo people 21:42, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* No worries. I like XKCD, but get tired of people trying to add a mention to Wikipedia for nearly every comic he publishes. Cheers, OhNo itsJamie Talk 23:21, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* You should start every edit with "I like XKCD but..." - I instinctively trust XKCD readers more than normal humans. Hahaha ;) Thanks for the edit and conversation. sudo people 23:27, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
xkcd was mentioned on air on TRMS. Google shows other sources too. --Jeremyb (talk) 23:15, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
Add videos of ESA scientist's reactions
I would suggest to pick some of the recap videos of ESA's Youtube channel with the reactions to the key moment of the mission (both for Philae and Rosetta): the wakeup in January 2014, the arrival at the comet on 6th August, and the most exciting moments on landing day, as confirmation of separation from Rosetta, and touchdown signal (even though we later learnt that while scientists thought to be on the surface Philae was actually dangerously floating in open space after rebouncing). I think they are indeed remarkable documents which make possible to relive the key moments of an important milestone in space exploration. Shony87 (talk) 22:42, 13 November 2014 (UTC)
* How do the scientists' reaction videos contribute in any way to the readers' understanding of the articles? That's nothing more than fluff. — Huntster (t @ c) 03:58, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
* I'm not talking about interviews or similar videos, I'm talking about the live videos of the key moments of the mission. Those are, in my opinion, historical documents of what really happened in that precise moment, separation of the spacecraft, touchdown. It's like the radio recordings of speakers talking about first Moon landing. The difference is that nowadays we have live video streaming in the main control room, so we are able to collect in an encyclopedia actual videos of what happened 12th November 2014. I personally think that would be a huge added value to an encyclopedia. Moreover, I think this is the first historical space mission which had such an extensive tv (or live web streaming) coverage, giving common people the possibility to follow it in realtime. Therefore, I think it shouldn't be considered fluff for an encyclopedia to give the possibility to common people to re-live the key moments of the mission.
* I'm not allowed to post the link, but you can search Youtube for the video "Philae landing: touchdown highlights" of European Space Agency Shony87 (talk) 14:23, 15 November 2014 (UTC)
International contributions
No mention of Canada?
http://www.cp24.com/news/two-canadian-firms-play-key-roles-in-comet-landing-1.2099251
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:41, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
* As far as I can tell, neither company actually contributed to the spacecraft itself, though certainly to the overall mission. SED Systems provided ground stations, while ADGA-RHEA Group provided software that appears to have been used to test and develop flight software. — Huntster (t @ c) 04:05, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
Speaking of Conspiracy Theories
Interesting coverage in The Guardian and Metro.--Nowa (talk) 11:20, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
* “Philae comet lander alien ‘cover-up’ conspiracy theories emerge” The Guardian
* “Is there an alien base inside Rosetta’s comet? Five reasons rock is not what it seems” Metro
* This is sensationalist clickbait and flat out nonsense. These "theories" pop up every time and add nothing to the discussion. DCLukas (talk) 11:31, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
* Why won't this go away? In the last 24 hours, two editors have insisted on keeping an ongoing conspiracy theory/hoax conversation here. They include a 172.56.*.* troll and User:Nowa. One of them has been blocked for it. sudo people 19:04, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
* Just revert it and move on. Conspiracy wackos and internet trolls are like cockroaches. • Sbmeirow • Talk • 04:08, 15 November 2014 (UTC)
* If you react blindly to something, you miss a lot. My point of positing the links was to show you that the subject of “conspiracy theories” is getting RS coverage and hence is legitimate for discussion on a talk page. I don't care if we include it or not, but I have no patience with wikibullies that try to shut new posters down just because they are offended by what he/she said. If someone is trolling, just don't respond. They will go away.--Nowa (talk) 15:48, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
* Wikipedia is NOT the National Enquirer nor Buzzfeed, and we aren't wikibullies for NOT wanting Wikipedia to become such low-quality either. • Sbmeirow • Talk • 23:04, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
* Then don't refer to other editors as “cockroaches”. If multiple RS covers a topic, read the RS and then make an informed decision as to whether or not it belongs in the article.--Nowa (talk) 23:46, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
* Yes, using the term cochroach is inappropriate. The fact remains, however, that conspiracy theory nonsense does not belong in the article. Extraordinary claims require extraordinary backing, and these sources don't cut it. — Huntster (t @ c) 00:18, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
* I agree.--Nowa (talk) 11:01, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
* "...just don't respond. They will go away." - I'm still waiting. sudo people 23:39, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
Incorrect Caption
"Photograph of comet 67P taken by Philae approximately 10 km from the surface on 9 November 2014. This image represents an area 857x857 meters." The image has been taken with Rosettas Navcam and not by Philaes CIVA or ROLIS cams. See — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 12:45, 14 November 2014
* I've removed it. Not particularly relevant to the landing, anyway. --Njardarlogar (talk) 19:50, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
Semi-protected edit request on 14 November 2014
Please change: Philae is tracked and operated from the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) at Darmstadt, Germany.[12] to: Philae is operated by the DLR Lander Control Centre (LCC) in Cologne, Germany. The commands issued by the LCC are sent to Philae via the European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt operating the Rosetta orbiter.
Steers b (talk) 23:28, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
* Padlock-silver-open.svg Not done: The page's protection level and/or your user rights have changed since this request was placed. You should now be able to edit the page yourself. If you still seem to be unable to, please reopen the request with further details. Stickee (talk) 00:26, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
Requesting for more Technical Details
Please add more technical details for Philae, such as Processor, Memory, Electrical Storage, Solar Cell Size, ... Thanks! • Sbmeirow • Talk • 05:45, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
* I added a couple of lines about the batteries and solar panels. -84user (talk) 15:31, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
Add the bouncing part to the Landing section
The part that the lander bounced two times should be added to the "Landing" section instead of "Operations on Surface". — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sohebbasharat (talk • contribs) 09:57, 16 November 2014
Twitter account of Philae
Should the twitter account of "philae" (and also rosetta) be added along with the website? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Sohebbasharat (talk • contribs) 10:01, 16 November 2014
* It has been added to "Social media coverage" on the Rosetta mission page. DCLukas (talk) 17:13, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
* I added info about the Twitter account used by the lander's handlers. Frmorrison (talk) 23:02, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
Reawaking of probe
I posted some new information that quoted the project director, was well sourced, and created a new subsection for future reawakening. It seems there are 2 editors (I am suspicious about it being 2) who are hell bent on deleting it with no justifiable excuse. If they wanted to modify or add more that would be fine but deleting is unproductive. I am done dealing with them but someone who cares about the article could review my edit and add as you see fit. Thanks <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:21, 18 November 2014 (UTC)
Philae's final moments of battery power
This is a very good account by a planetary scientist of the final "death watch" of the Philae lander. Seems to me it would be a good source for improving the article. Now Philae down to sleep, by Emily Lakdawalla, who was present at the ESA control room. Cheers. N2e (talk) 20:11, 18 November 2014 (UTC)
Subtitle error on video
At 8:58, speaker talk about CNES CNES, but it is written NASA in subtitles! Don't know how to fix that ...
* It seems like a minor error, and the video is not hosted on this page. I would not worry about it. Frmorrison (talk) 22:57, 21 November 2014 (UTC)
Material from Rosetta article
Sticking this here from the Rosetta article (diff), as it has no application over there. Will try to integrate this material when I have time. — Huntster (t @ c) 15:18, 3 December 2014 (UTC)
The Philae lander is equipped with the SD2 (Sample Drilling and Distribution) system, which has the job of collecting soil samples and transferring them to the probe where a range of devices will conduct in-situ analyses. SD2 - which was designed by Tecnospazio SpA (now Selex ES S.p.A.), in collaboration and with financing from the Italian Space Agency and under the scientific supervision of the Principal Investigator, Professor Amalia Ercoli-Finzi (Polytechnic University of Milan) and built and tested by Tecnomare S.p.A. (a company wholly owned by Eni S.p.A. ) – includes a miniaturised drilling and sampling tool. SD2 has the job of collecting soil samples and transferring them to the probe where a range of devices will conduct in-situ analyses. Based on the requirements of scientists, the team headed by Tecnospazio SpA, with Eni/Tecnomare as the main partner, developed the tool for the collection of samples from the surface of the comet (“driller/sampler” and “volume checker”), as well as overseeing the engineering, construction, testing and preparation for integration with the lander, i.e. the probe module that landed on the comet. The driller/sampler is a mechanically complex miniaturised tool that can drill to a depth of 230 mm and collect soil samples from the bottom. The device, that is made of steel and titanium, holds and releases material by means of an internal coaxial mechanism. Samples are stored in an electromechanical volume checker that measures the quantity and the material is then placed in the various analysers using a carousel mechanism. The drilling capacity adapts to the wide range of conditions and resistance of the surface of the comet, that can have a consistency similar to pack ice, limiting the force of the drilling mechanism to avoid compromising the anchoring system.
"Controlled touchdown"?
The lead section currently states, On 12 November 2014, the lander achieved the first-ever controlled touchdown on a comet nucleus (emphasis mine). Would "soft landing" be more appropriate? All we're really saying is that it wasn't an EOL-type crash-landing or an impactor, but the touchdown itself was not 'controlled' by any definition, was it? nagual design 04:18, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
* I agree that better wording can be found, and "soft landing" is probably better. "Controlled touchdown" is accurate in a broad sense in that the flywheel did provide some control in its orientation during descent. — Huntster (t @ c) 05:01, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
* Wording changed on both the Rosetta and Philae articles. — Huntster (t @ c) 10:52, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
Touchdown velocity
Perhaps I am being dense, but it seems odd to me that Philae, falling from orbit, should arrive with a velocity greater than the comet's escape velocity. Chrisbaarry (talk) 23:25, 6 December 2014 (UTC)
* Good point. The original reference was self published. I found a RS reference that indicated that the escape velocity was about 1 m/s, or about equal to the landing velocity.--Nowa (talk) 03:06, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
* Thank you Nowa for changing that source. It is the correct change to make, but the data may not actually be correct. That article is operating on assumptions made in January 2014, when data on the comet was largely still unknown, and an estimated mass of 3.14 x 10^12 was used to make calculations. In August 2014, with Rosetta in orbit, the estimated mass was updated to 1.0 X 10^13, and I've yet to see an updated escape velocity to match. So, 1.0 m/s is good for now, but please keep an eye out for better figures. I wish ESA would release a detailed breakdown on 67P's stats. — Huntster (t @ c) 10:45, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
* You know, that's a good point. I doubt ESA will publish an "escape velocity" since the comet has a significant dumbbell shape. If I recall my freshman physics correctly, the escape velocity will depend upon where you are on the comet surface relative to the center of mass.--Nowa (talk) 13:35, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
* By the way, there is a very cool sequence of photos showing the rotating comet nucleus here. Since it is an ESA publication, is it available for Wikipedia?--Nowa (talk) 13:49, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
* That's correct regarding the escape velocity depending on center of mass, but ESA has shone a willingness to use generalisations for the sake of public interest. As for the image, it is available at File:NavCam Comet 67P animation 20140806.gif, but due to the size of the file the animation cannot be shown in thumbnail form. I have no way of modifying it to work, but I'll see if I can find a Commons editor who will. — Huntster (t @ c) 20:52, 7 December 2014 (UTC)
, check out File:NavCam Comet 67P animation 20140806 (cropped).gif, provided by a kindly editor at Commons with GIF-fu. Hope you find a good use for it. — Huntster (t @ c) 05:03, 9 December 2014 (UTC)
* Awesome. I added it to 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko--Nowa (talk) 02:20, 10 December 2014 (UTC)
Where is the lander?
Couldn't we at least get a shot of the 6 football fields of area where they feel Philae ended up? I think that would be appropriate for all the huppla. Robin Randall 20:17, 13 January 2015 (UTC) — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk)
* They've been trying to locate Philae since it landed, but it is a very small machine in a very large rubble field, and cloaked in darkness for the time being. — Huntster (t @ c) 06:19, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
Disagreement on label used in infobox
Before I consider to ask User:Huntster to follow me to the WP:DRN, I'd like to hear a second opinion from somebody else about a label used in the infobox he and I disagree upon. To hear somebody else's point of view might be very helpful, since I never engage in edit-wars and I do not intend to change that. Thank you. Unfortunately, I couldn't come up with a better label due to the restrictions given by the template. What do you think? Cheers, -- R fassbind -talk 18:06, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
* Detail: the infobox shows the label "67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko lander", while I think it should display "Descent on 67P of lander". To me, the label 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko lander is a misnomer, because the entire article is about the lander (i.e. Lander=Philae), and may mislead or confuse the average reader. Also, Descent on 67P of lander seems to fit the other labels, such as End of mission, Instruments, Spacecraft properties, or Start of mission, especially since the label is used for "Landing date" and "Landing site". In addition it makes sense to abbreviate the comet's name in the label.
* Going straight to WP:DRN would have been highly inappropriate anyway, considering no attempt at discussion was ever made before now. You were bold in your change, I reverted the change as I felt it was not appropriate, now you should try to find consensus if you want that change to be reinstated. I see no issue with the original wording; the infobox has been set up in a specific way so that it has a consistent display across all the articles it is used in. There is no reason to kludge in excess wording. I have no objection if you want to abbreviate the comet to "67P" in the box...if you want to make that particular change, you have my support. — Huntster (t @ c) 18:24, 14 January 2015 (UTC)
* Well nobody seems to care. I see that you now started to undo several other edits of mine. The way you visulally experience a wikipedia article is obviously not the way I do, and I presume this includes most other visitors. You have spent a lot of time in refining this and other similar articles and you certainly did well. I guess it must be quite difficult for you to imagine how such an article presents itself to a general reader on his or her first visit. If my experience on the presentational side of websites is contrary to your understanding, then I won't start arguing with you. So let's just agree to disagree and see how things will evolve, OK? Cheers -- R fassbind -talk 02:31, 29 January 2015 (UTC)
Photos transmitted from Philae
ESA published some photos (or composite) takes by Philae. Someone can updates? — Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:39, 30 March 2015 (UTC)
* Photographs taken by Philae are not freely licensed, unlike Rosetta's Navcam images, so we cannot use them. — Huntster (t @ c) 03:56, 30 March 2015 (UTC)
* Is there an image especially appropriate for the article? Like this "lander candidate"? We could ask permission: ESA images are to be used in advertising or any commercial promotion, layout and copy must be submitted to ESA beforehand for approval to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>(talk) 15:43, 6 July 2015 (UTC)
|
WIKI
|
Planta Med 2010; 76 - P311
DOI: 10.1055/s-0030-1264609
Triterpenoid saponins of the Caryophyllaceae and Illecebraceae family
S Böttger 1, M Melzig 1
• 1Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy, Koenigin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
The closely related plant families of Caryophyllaceae and Illecebraceae are reviewed for their saponins. An overview with special attention on the contained sapogenins and their linkage of sugar moieties is provided. Gypsogenin, Gypsogenic acid and Quillaic acid turned out to be widely spread in the family of Caryophyllaceae. Gypsogenin is found in 46% of the examined species. The occurrence of Gypsogenin is 1.5-fold higher than that of Gypsogenic acid or Quillaic acid, which occur with the same frequency. The genus Gypsophila L. of the family of Caryophyllaceae has the highest accumulation of Gypsogenin. 75% of the examined species comprehend Gypsogenin. It occurs 3-fold more often than Gypsogenic acid or Quillaic acid in this genus. In contrast all examined species of the family of Illecebraceae lack of Gypsogenin. Since certain bisdesmosidic Gypsogenin-based saponins of Gypsophila paniculata L. recently showed the ability to drastically amplify the toxicity of cellular membrane-impermeable type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (type I RIPs), the analysis reveals other possible natural sources for further testing [1, 2, 3].
References: 1. Weng, A. et al. (2008) Chem.-Biol. Interact. 176:204–211.
2. Weng, A. et al. (2009) Chem.-Biol. Interact. 181:424–429.
3. Hebestreit, P. et al. (2006) Toxicon 47:330–335.
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
1877–78 FA Cup
The 1877–78 Football Association Challenge Cup was the seventh staging of the FA Cup, England's oldest football tournament. Forty-three teams entered, four more than the previous season, although four of the forty-three never played a match.
|
WIKI
|
Charles Grippo
Charles Grippo is an American attorney, playwright, author, and producer. His plays have been produced in multiple states throughout America, including Illinois, Indiana, New York, and California. He is best known for his plays, Sex Marks the Spot and When Angels Wept When Angels Wept is based on the 1958 fire at the Our Lady of the Angels Catholic School, in which ninety two children and three nuns died''. He also wrote the books Stage Producer's Business and Legal Guide and Business and Legal Forms for the Theater '', both of which have gone into second editions. He is president of New Lincoln Theatre, Inc., a commercial theater company, and Grippo Stage Company, Inc., a (501 (c) (3) public charity. He produced a revival of James Sherman's comedy The God of Isaac. With Dennis Zacek, he produced Confessions of a P.I.M.P., written and performed by Tony Award (c) winner Andre De Shields. He produced the world premiere of The Ben Hecht Show, written and performed by James Sherman, based on the writings of Ben Hecht.
|
WIKI
|
Salon de la Sécession
The Salon de la Sécession was an Avant-gardist art exhibition which was held in Luxembourg each year from 1927 to 1930. It was the main event of the Luxembourg Secession movement which had been founded in 1926 by a number of artists including Claus Cito, Nico Klopp, Joseph Kutter and Auguste Trémont who were unhappy with the academic approach of the Cercle artistique de Luxembourg and its support of Impressionism. Hoping to develop interest in Fauvism and Expressionism, they had been inspired by similar but substantially earlier secessionist movements in Munich (1892), Vienna (1896) and Berlin (1897). The Luxembourg movement folded in 1930 following the reconciliation of the Secession movement and the Cercle artistique.
The Salon's first exhibition was held in Luxembourg's city hall in 1927. The participating artists were Claus Cito, Nico Klopp, Joseph Kutter, Jemp Michels, Harry Rabinger, Jean Schaak, Jos Sünnen, Jean-Joseph Thiry and Auguste Trémont.
|
WIKI
|
Rep. Pompeo won't challenge Sen. Moran in primary
Kansas GOP Rep. Mike Pompeo will not launch a primary challenge against Sen. Jerry Moran, allowing Senate Republicans to exhale after they'd been bracing for a nasty internecine battle as Pompeo flirted with a run. Pompeo — a West Point and Harvard Law graduate who represents the Wichita area in the House — publicly mused about challenging the first-term Moran after he seemed to signal openness to meeting with Merrick Garland, President Barack Obama’s nominee to the Supreme Court. He released an unusual statement after Moran said he'd like the confirmation hearing process to move forward, lashing Moran for using a "liberal Democrat talking point" by saying that considering nominations is part of his job. In the three weeks following that broadside against Moran, Pompeo did nothing to quell speculation around his intentions, until today. But even Monday's lengthy statement didn't mention Moran by name, and Pompeo merely said the compressed time period before the June election would not allow him to wage a full-bore campaign — not exactly an attempt to bury the hatchet. “The 85 days remaining before the first votes are cast plus my especially consuming commitments to current duties on the Benghazi Committee, the House Intelligence Committee and a new investigatory Intelligence Task Force will preclude the kind of campaign that Kansans deserve,” Pompeo said in a statement to supporters. “Kansas is a big and glorious state. To simply blanket it with TV and radio ads and bombard voters with direct mail might well prove to be effective and sufficient to win in both August and November. But, it would not square with the way Susan and I view our obligation to you." In reaction to Pompeo's decision, Moran simply said that he looks "forward to working with Congressman Pompeo and the entire Kansas Congressional Delegation to improve our state and nation for the next generation." Republicans on Capitol Hill were readying for a difficult and pricey battle against an existing primary challenger when Pompeo began tweaking Moran, and Pompeo only made them more nervous by attacking Moran as a latecomer to the GOP's movement to abolish the IRS just a few days ago. National Republican Senatorial Committee chairman Roger Wicker (Miss.) made it clear the Senate GOP's campaign arm would do whatever it takes to defend Moran, a former chairman of the unit. Pompeo said behind the scenes the intervention was even worse. He alleged Monday that "federal sleuths" were digging up opposition research on his family while he toyed with a run and party bosses were trying to dissuade him privately not to "rock the boat." All along, Moran was in the dark about Pompeo's intentions while attempting to show strength in public. He still may get a conservative primary challenge from Milton Wolf, who challenged longtime Sen. Pat Roberts (R) in 2014. "We are prepared for a primary. We’re prepared for a general election. I’ve never had a campaign in better shape," Moran said in an interview this month. "We are fully prepared." That a primary challenge could emerge over Moran's Supreme Court stance -- he was always in opposition to Garland but uncomfortable with blocking him from hearings — showed how consequential breaking ranks could be for Senate Republicans uncomfortable with their party’s position. Pompeo may not be running, but his exploration of a candidacy made it far less likely that Senate Republicans will break with Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell’s blockade for fear of political consequences. Even on Monday Pompeo continued to hit Moran, although not by name. "Filling this vacancy on the U.S. Supreme Court is the transgenerational issue of our time. No fight is more worth having. The Senate cannot fold again on this one. As I watched this waffling up close, I began to contemplate a Senate run," Pompeo said on Monday,. Republican insiders speculate that Pompeo is eyeing higher office no matter his decision not to challenge Moran. The 52-year-old Pompeo will be a likely frontrunner if Roberts decides not to run for re-election in 2020, or he may consider running for governor in 2018. Now without a primary, Moran will be heavily favored to win a second term in the Senate even as conservative groups like the Senate Conservatives Fund looks for someone to knock out Moran, who is seen as a figurehead for the D.C. establishment after the NRSC defeated Wolf in Kansas and Chris McDaniel in Mississippi. Democrats would love a distracting primary out in Kansas as Republicans work to defend a tenuous 54-seat majority and a difficult map. Wolf has yet to rule out a race and would be underfunded against Moran, but he clearly still gets under Senate Republicans' skin. When asked about Wolf recently, Roberts responded: "What about him?" “Worried is not the word that I would use. I think Jerry is, like everybody, very much aware of the anger and frustration that is in the body politic," Roberts said. "I think that he will be fine."
|
NEWS-MULTISOURCE
|
Talk:Meena Kotwal
With a citation from United Nations that uncovers an official communications from United Nations to Govt. of India about the subject of this article, it appears that this article no longer lacks a reliable secondary source to meet Wikipedia's notability guideline for biographies and therefore learned experienced editors may consider removing this template message. JournoRaj (talk) 21:00, 10 April 2022 (UTC)
|
WIKI
|
Linda Grace BOYD v. John Brent BOYD.
No. 2010 CA 1369.
Court of Appeal of Louisiana, First Circuit.
Feb. 11, 2011.
■Phil E. Miley, Mark D. Miley, Baton Rouge, LA, 'for Plaintiff-Appellee, Linda Grace Boyd.
Peter J. Losavio, Jr., Kent S. DeJean, Baton Rouge, LA, for Defendant-Appellant, John Brent Boyd.
Before KUHN, PETTIGREW and HIGGINBOTHAM, JJ.
HIGGINBOTHAM, J.
| gDefendant, the trustee and co-beneficiary of his parents’ living trust, appeals a trial court judgment holding him in contempt and assessing him with a fine for failing to timely furnish an accounting to plaintiff, his sister and co-beneficiary of the trust. Defendant also appeals various reimbursements and disbursements that the trial court ordered to be paid to plaintiff from his attorney’s client trust account. For the following reasons, wé reverse in part and affirm in part.
FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Vernon E. Boyd, Sr. and Dorothy Daspit Boyd (collectively referred to as the “set-tlors” or the “parents”) were married and survived by two children, John Brent Boyd (the “defendant”) and Linda Grace Boyd (the “plaintiff’). By an authentic act executed on April 24, 2001, the parents created a revocable trust known as The Vernon E. and Dorothy Daspit Boyd Living Trust (hereafter referred to as the “Parents’ Trust” or the “common trust”). The property conveyed by each settlor was an undivided community interest. According to defendant, the parents’ Parkwood Drive residence in Baton Rouge, which was eventually sold for approximately $104,000.00, was the only asset of the Parents’ Trust. However, plaintiff maintains that the Parents’ Trust also included a Saloman Smith Barney (SSB) account consisting of approximately $75,000.00 worth of stock and mutual fund investments. The record on appeal contains a copy of the trust instrument that was introduced into evidence at the first hearing in this case, but the Istrust instrument unfortunately does not include a list or description (referred to as “Schedule A” in the trust instrument) of the trust property that had been incorporated into and attached to the original trust instrument.
The Parents’ Trust was created as one trust until the death of either settlor, when it automatically divided into two trusts with each trust owning an undivided one-half interest of the assets owned by the original common trust. The term of the Parents’ Trust was the joint lifetimes of the original settlors. Vernon died on April 30, 2001; therefore, pursuant to the specific provisions in the Parents’ Trust, the original common trust automatically became two separate trusts at Vernon’s death. One trust was referred to as the first-to-die trust, the ‘Vernon E. Boyd, Sr. Trust,” which became irrevocable by the terms of Paragraph 2.04 of the Parents’ Trust. The other trust was referred to as the survivor’s trust, the “Dorothy Daspit Boyd Living Trust,” which remained revocable until Dorothy’s death, as specifically provided by the terms of Paragraph 2.04 in the Parents’ Trust.
Vernon and Dorothy were the initial income beneficiaries in the common trust, but when Vernon died, Dorothy succeeded to Vernon’s original undivided income beneficiary interest. Upon Dorothy’s death on June 14, 2007, the Parents’ Trust provided in Paragraph 3.01 that plaintiff and defendant were to succeed to equal separate property interests as the seeond-ary/successor income beneficiaries. Plaintiff and defendant were also designated as the original principal beneficiaries of the Parents’ Trust, with equal interests. Additionally, the Parents’ Trust designated defendant as the original trustee, and plaintiff as the successor trustee.
Thus, when Vernon died on April 30, 2001, just a few days after the Parents’ Trust was created, Dorothy became the income beneficiary for both |4Vernon’s irrevocable first-to-die trust and her own revocable survivor’s trust. As trustee, defendant expended income from both trusts to provide for Dorothy’s living expenses at home and later at the Southside Gardens Assisted Living facility, until Dorothy’s death on June 14, 2007. A dispute between plaintiff and defendant arose over the funds in the trusts and the expenditures made by defendant. Plaintiff complained that defendant provided minimal information to her after she questioned the financial affairs and status of the trusts. Plaintiff filed suit against defendant on November 8, 2007, requesting that defendant be ordered to furnish an accounting pursuant to LSA-R.S. 9:2088, covering the period from Vernon’s death on April 30, 2001, to the current date. The trial court ordered the accounting as requested. in open court on January 14, 2008, and signed the interlocutory judgment on April 1, 2008.
Plaintiff filed a first supplemental and amending petition on January 9, 2009, alleging that defendant had failed and refused to furnish an accounting complying with the trial court’s April 1, 2008 judgment. Plaintiff requested that the trial court hold defendant in contempt of court for breach of his fiduciary duties, that the trial court find sufficient grounds for the removal of defendant as trustee for his intentional withholding of | ¿information requested by a beneficiary, and that the trial court appoint plaintiff as the successor trustee. Plaintiff further requested that defendant be ordered to pay damages, essentially asserting that defendant had not properly accounted for and had inappropriately disbursed or disposed of trust assets without plaintiffs knowledge or consent.
After three separate hearing days, the trial court assigned written reasons on January 29, 2010, and signed a judgment on February 25, 2010, holding defendant in contempt of court for failing to timely furnish an accounting as previously ordered by the court. The trial court fined defendant $500.00 and ordered him to pay an additional $100.00 per day from the date of signing of the judgment for every day that he fáiled to file the appropriate accounting as ordered by the court. Additionally, the trial court ordered defendant to reimburse plaintiff $25,360.64 for inappropriate expenditures, as well as plaintiffs share of rental income. Finally, the trial court ordered defendant’s attorney to disburse one-half of the proceeds from the sale of the settlors’ residence that was previously owned by the common trust, and ordered defendant to either account for $14,000.00 in payments made by plaintiff for the purchase of the settlors’ vehicle or pay one-half of that sum to plaintiff. Defendant filed a suspensive appeal from the trial court’s February 25, 2010 judgment.
ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
On appeal, defendant raises seven assignments of error contending that the trial court legally erred in that: (1) plaintiffs action is perempted under LSA-R.S. 9:2334; (2) plaintiff had no right of action for an accounting [ (,on Dorothy’s trust until the time of her death; (3) defendant was not required to reimburse plaintiff for payments made to Dorothy; (4) no consideration was made for distributions made to plaintiff; (5) defendant was' not required to account for or reimburse plaintiff for car payments when the car was not part of the trust; (6) defendant should not have been held in contempt of court or fined for failing to furnish an accounting; and (7) no consideration was made in the reimbursement amount for the trust funds expended for Dorothy’s support.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
It is well settled that an appellate court cannot set aside a trial court’s findings of fact in the absence of manifest error or unless those findings are clearly wrong. Rosell v. ESCO, 549 So.2d 840, 844 (La.1989). In order to reverse a fact finder’s determination of fact, an appellate court must review the record in its entirety and,(l) find that a reasonable factual basis does not exist for the finding, and (2) further determine that the record establishes that the fact finder is clearly wrong or manifestly erroneous. Stobart v. State, DOTD, 617 So.2d 880, 882 (La.1993). If the trial court’s findings are reasonable in light of the record reviewed in its entirety, the court of appeal may not reverse those findings even though convinced that, had it been sitting as the trier of fact, it would have weighed the evidence differently. Hulsey v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 96-2704 (La.App. 1st Cir.12/29/97), 705 So.2d 1173, 1176-1177.
With regard to questions of law, appellate review is simply a review of whether the trial court was legally correct or legally incorrect. In re Mashburn Marital Trust, 04-1678 (La.App. 1st Cir.12/29/05), 924 So.2d 242, 246, unit denied, 06-1034 (La.9/22/06), 937 So.2d 384. On legal |7issues, the appellate court gives no special weight to the findings of the trial court, but exercises its constitutional duty to review questions of law and render judgment on the record. Id. A legal error occurs when a trial court applies incorrect principles of law and such errors are prejudicial. Legal errors are prejudicial when they materially affect the outcome and deprive a party of substantial rights. When such a prejudicial error of law skews the trial court’s finding as to issues of material fact, the appellate court is required, if it can, to render judgment on the record by applying the correct law and determining the essential material facts de novo. Evans v. Lungrin, 97-0541 (La.2/6/98), 708 So.2d 731, 735. If only one of the factual findings is tainted by the application of incorrect principles of law that are prejudicial, the appellate court’s de novo review is limited to the findings so affected. Picou v. Ferrara, 483 So.2d 915, 918-920 (La.1986); Rideau v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 06-0894 (La.App. 1st Cir.8/29/07), 970 So.2d 564, 571, unit denied, 07-2228 (La.1/11/08), 972 So.2d 1168.
LAW AND DISCUSSION
Time Limitation for Actions against Trustee
In defendant’s first assignment of error, he argues that plaintiffs claims were perempted under LSA-R.S. 9:2234. Thus, defendant asserts that the trial court erred in considering plaintiffs barred action for breach of duty and damages against defendant as trustee of the trusts. We find no merit to this assertion. The two-year and three-year periods of limitation provided for in the controlling statute, LSA-R.S. 9:2234, are peremptive |speriods that are triggered by an accounting rendered and delivered by the trustee. LSA-R.S. 9:2234 A and C. The burden is on the trustee to show when he made an accounting sufficient to trigger the commencement of the time periods provided by LSA-R.S. 9:2234. See Cook v. Cook, 04-0422 (La.App. 4th Cir.11/10/04), 888 So.2d 1061, 1063. However, there is no evidence in the record of any accounting by the trustee (defendant) that would meet the requirements of the Louisiana Trust Code. The trial court [ nspecifically found that defendant never rendered a sufficient accounting of any type to plaintiff or anyone else, including the surviving settlor, Dorothy, before her death. We deduce no manifest error in this finding of fact; our review of the entire record persuades us that a reasonable evidentiary basis exists for that factual determination. Therefore, we conclude that plaintiffs claims against defendant are not perempted and that the trial court did not err in considering plaintiff s action.
Accounting and Contempt
Defendant’s second, fifth, and sixth assignments of error revolve around the accounting previously ordered by the trial court, as well as the trial court’s finding that defendant was in contempt for failing to timely furnish the accounting as ordered. Defendant also contends that the trial court erred when it ordered that plaintiffs payments for the settlors’ car were to be included as a trust.asset in the accounting. After thoroughly reviewing the record, the original trust instrument, and the Louisiana Trust Code, we conclude that the trial court legally erred when it initially ordered defendant to furnish plaintiff an accounting of the Parents’ Trust from April 30, 2001, the date of Vernon’s death, to the current date.
|1nThe Parents’ Trust specifically states in Paragraph 8.04 that the trustee must render accountings to the beneficiaries as required by the Louisiana Trust Code. The Louisiana Trust Code at LSA-R.S. 9:2088 imposes a mandatory duty on the trustee to render annual accounts of the administration of the trust to the beneficiary. If the trust has both income and principal beneficiaries, as in this case, the trustee is obligated to render accounts to all. Edward E. Chase, Jr., Trusts § 14:6, at 280, in 11 Louisiana Civil Law Treatise (2d ed.2009). However, section 2088 A specifically provides that “[i]f the trust is revocable, the trustee has a duty to account to the settlor only.” (Emphasis added.) The rationale for limiting the duty to account in a revocable trust presumably is that the power of revocation effectively renders the settlor the only party at interest in the trust. Chase, supra § 14:6, at 280.
Our research has not revealed any reported cases that have considered a trustee’s duty to account to the settlor only when a revocable trust was involved; thus, this appeal's to be a res nova issue. Defendant asserts that since Dorothy’s survivor trust was revocable until Dorothy’s death on June 14, 2007, he had no duty to account to plaintiff and plaintiff had no right of action against defendant for an accounting. Defendant also insists that Dorothy never questioned or objected to any expenditure from the trust, so he did not furnish an accounting to her as settlor.
I^The trial court’s written reasons and judgment do not reflect that the trial court ever recognized that the Parents’ Trust automatically divided into two trusts at the time of Vernon’s death on April 30, 2001. Likewise, the trial court did not determine or even consider that Vernon’s first-to-die trust was irrevocable and Dorothy’s survivor’s trust was revocable. Instead, the trial court ordered an accounting to plaintiff as a beneficiary on the Parents’ Trust from the time of Vernon’s death to the current date, as if the original common trust was irrevocable at all times after Vernon’s death. We conclude this was legal error on the part of the trial court, because that conclusion ignores the clear and explicit language of the Parents’ Trust. Pursuant to Paragraph 2.05 of the Parents’ Trust, the original common trust “divides into two separate trusts ” at the earlier of Vernon and Dorothy’s deaths. (Emphasis added.) Further, the Parents’ Trust in Paragraph 2.04, clearly provides that at the death of the first-to-die settlor, the first-to-die’s trust becomes irrevocable and the survivor’s trust remains revocable until the death of the surviving spouse when it becomes irrevocable.
In 2001, by Act 2001, No. 594 § 2, the legislature added the sentence at issue to section 2088 A: “if the trust is revocable, the trustee has a duty to account to the settlor only.” LSA-R.S. 9:2088 A. This clear and unambiguous language reveals that defendant had a duty to account to Dorothy only, as settlor of the original common trust, regarding the accounts of the administration of the revocable survivor’s trust. Further, we find that defendant had a duty to account to both plaintiff, as a principal beneficiary, and Dorothy, as an income beneficiary, of the first-to-die irrevocable trust. Louisiana Revised Statutes 9:2088 requires a clear and accurate annual | ^accounting to all principal and income beneficiaries of irrevocable trusts. See Chase, supra § 14:6, at 280.
We find that plaintiff would not have a right of action against defendant for an accounting on the survivor’s trust until that trust became irrevocable at Dorothy’s death on June 14, 2007. Thus, the trial court legally erred when it ordered defendant to furnish a detailed LSA-R.S. 9:2088 accounting to plaintiff on the Parents’ Trust from Vernon’s death to the current date as if it were only one trust. Based upon our de novo interpretation of LSA-R.S. 9:2088 A and the language of the Parents’ Trust, we conclude that plaintiff was entitled to an accounting on Vernon’s first-to-die irrevocable trust from April 30, 2001, to the current date, and on Dorothy’s survivor’s trust once it became irrevocable on June 14, 2007, to the current date.
We are compelled to note, however, that while plaintiff had no right of action for an annual accounting on the survivor’s trust during the time it was revocable, plaintiff did have a right to reasonably request complete and accurate information as to the nature and amount of the trust property in both the first-to-die’s trust and the survivor’s- trust, without regard for the revocability of those trusts. Louisiana Revised Statutes 9:2089 provides: “[a] trustee shall give to a beneficiary upon his request at reasonable times[,] complete and accurate information as to the nature and amount of the trust property, and permit him ... to inspect the subject matter .of the trust, and the accounts, vouchers, and other documents relating to the trust.” The trustee’s 11sduty to furnish information to the beneficiary is mandatory. Holladay v. Fidelity Nat. Bank of Baton Rouge, 312 So.2d 883, 887 (La.App. 1st Cir.1975). Thus, we find no merit to defendant’s contention that since Dorothy (the settlor) never objected to his expenditures from the trusts, that plaintiff had no right to question or receive information about the trusts. Section 2089 states no limitations — both income and principal beneficiaries are entitled to request and receive information from the trustee. Chase,. supra § 14:7,, at 283. Section 2089 does not dictate the form required for the information, but it would be less than what is required for the detailed annual accounting mandated by LSA-R.S. 9:2088. ;
Because the trial court’s contempt ruling dealt with defendant’s failure to furnish the previously-ordered accounting, the trial court never considered whether the information supplied by defendant was a sufficient response to plaintiffs request for information. We conclude this was legal error on the part of the trial court. Plaintiffs original petition requested- that defendant “furnish to her information concerning the financial affairs, creditors, tax returns and expenditures of trust funds but that the defendant has furnished only minimal information concerning the- financial affairs of [t]he [Parents’] Trust.” Plaintiff also alleged that as a beneficiary of the Parents’ Trust, “defendant has an obligation to furnish to her accurate information at reasonable times as to the nature and amount of [t]he [t]rust 114property.” Thus, the issue of whether defendant had provided sufficient information pursuant to plaintiffs request was before the trial court. We find the trial court legally erred by failing to make a ruling on the information issue, and instead looking only to the accounting issue. Our review of the record reveals that the documentation supplied by defendant in response to plaintiffs request for information, while unorganized and provided in a piecemeal fashion, was sufficient to comply with plaintiffs information request under LSA-R.S. 9:2089. We also note that we do not disagree with the trial court’s conclusion that the documentation provided by defendant was insufficient to constitute compliance with the detailed annual account that is required by LSA-R.S. 9:2088. And defendant’s failure to account for the trusts as required by LSA-R.S. 9:2088 is a breach of his fiduciary duty as trustee.
Defendant also argues that the trial court erred in holding him in contempt for his failure to timely furnish the previously-ordered accounting, and in fining him $500.00 plus an additional $100.00 per day until the appropriate accounting is filed. We find no merit to defendant’s argument. A trial court is vested with great discretion in determining whether a party should be held in contempt, and its decision will only be reversed when the appellate court discerns an abuse of that discretion. Rogers v. Dickens, 060898 (La.App. 1st Cir.2/9/07), 959 So.2d 940, 945. While it is true that the [1Btrial court’s ultimate decision to hold a party in contempt of court is subject to review under the abuse of discretion standard, the trial court’s predicate factual determinations are reviewed under the manifest error standard in the case of a civil contempt. Id.
A constructive civil contempt of court includes the “[w]illful disobedience of any lawful judgment, order, mandate, writ, or process of the court.” LSA-C.C.P. art. 224(2). A finding that a person willfully disobeyed a court order in violation of Article 224(2) must be based on a finding that the person violated an order of the court intentionally, knowingly, and purposefully, without justifiable excuse. Lang v. Asten, Inc., 05-1119 (La.1/13/06), 918 So.2d 453, 454 (per curiam). As we have already concluded, our review of the record indicates that defendant complied with plaintiffs request for supplying information regarding the financial affairs and expenditures of the Parents’ Trust, but he fell short of complying with the stringent requirements of annual accountings for the trusts. Although the trial court erred in ordering defendant to account to plaintiff without considering the fact that the Parents’ Trust had divided into two trusts and that defendant did not owe an accounting to plaintiff on the survivor’s trust until Dorothy died on June 14, 2007, we find no abuse of discretion in the trial court’s finding of contempt and the resulting fine for his knowing failure to provide the ordered accounting for Vernon’s first-to-die irrevocable trust as required by statute.
Defendant also asserts one final error with regard to the court-ordered accounting for $14,000.00 in payments made by plaintiff for the purchase of her parents’ vehicle. Defendant argues that as trustee, he is only obligated to account for trust assets, and the car was not a trust asset. Plaintiff testified |1fithat the Parents’ Trust owned the car and that she made payments to the Parents’ Trust in the amount of $500.00 per month from 2001 to 2003. Our review of the record does not reveal any written documentation that the car was ever donated or added as property to the existing Parents’ Trust. And if it was added, there is no evidence that defendant, as trustee, ever accepted the car as additional trust property, as required by LSA-R.S. 9:1932 and 1935.
Furthermore, LSA-R.S. 9:2085 A directs that an “individual trustee shall not directly or indirectly buy or sell property for 4he trust from or to himself or his relative, ... unless the trust instrument provides otherwise, or unless specifically authorized by a court of competent jurisdiction, after a contradictory hearing.” Given the lack of evidence of the settlors’ donation of the car as additional trust property and the prohibition of sales of trust property to relatives of the trustee, we find that the trial court legally erred when it included the car payments of $14,000.00 in the ordered accounting. That portion of the trial court judgment must be reversed.
Trust Reimbursements and Distributions
In defendant’s third, fourth, and seventh assignments of error, he claims the trial court erred in calculating the reimbursements due plaintiff by failing to take into consideration that Dorothy’s living expenses exceeded the income and principal of the trust and that defendant had authority to invade the-principal for the benefit of Dorothy during her lifetime. [ 17Pefendant also argues that previous distributions made to plaintiff should have been considered in the reimbursement calculations.
The trial court was faced with the extremely difficult task of determining the assets and disbursements of the Parents’ Trust without the benefit of annual ac-countings. The Parents’ Trust, in Paragraph 5.01, provided that when the trusts terminate after the close of the trust accounting year in which the surviving spouse’s death occurs, the trustee “must distribute to the principal beneficiary of such trust his or her interest in trust property ... as reflected by the [tjrustee’s books .of account as of the expiration of that accounting year.” Therefore, at the end of 2007 (the year that Dorothy died), the amount that would have been reflected in a proper accounting of the trust property is what should have been, used in calculating the distributions or divisions of the remaining trust property, if any, to plaintiff and defendant. Any distributions for Dorothy’s maintenance and support expenses that were made from the accumulated income and principal of the trust during the six years after Vernon died, were specifically authorized by Article VII of the original trust instrument and should have been considered if properly accounted for. Paragraphs 7.01 and 7.02 of the Parents’ Trust gave the trustee the sole discretion to make income distributions and invade the principal for the benefit of Dorothy. The Parents’ Trust, in Paragraph 8.03, also allowed the trustee to receive reasonable compensation for his services and to recover reasonable expenses and costs.
At the trial on the merits, the trial court heard conflicting testimony about the costs associated with Dorothy’s support and maintenance prior to her death in 2007, as well as compensation for defendant’s services as |1strustee. Additionally, the trial court heard conflicting testimony about some trust expenditures made by defendant for his own personal benefit. It is apparent from the record that the trial court carefully weighed the evidence and considered a large volume of disorganized documentation before concluding that there had been a total of $47,021.30 in inappropriate expenditures from the trust property. The trial court also determined that plaintiff was entitled to $1,850.00 in rental income that defendant had determined to be plaintiffs share. Thus, the trial court found that plaintiff was entitled to a total reimbursement from defendant in the amount of $25,360.64, which represented plaintiffs one-half interest.
After a thorough review’ of the evidence and testimony in its entirety, we find that a reasonable factual basis exists for the trial court’s factual findings. Thus, we find no manifest error in these determinations or in the trial court’s order requiring that plaintiffs reimbursement be disbursed from defendant attorney’s client trust account. Likewise, we find no manifest error in the trial court’s determination that plaintiff was entitled to $52,231.81 for her one-half interest in the net proceeds from the sale of the settlors’ residence, to be disbursed from defendant attorney’s client trust account. Therefore, in the absence of manifest error on such findings of fact, we must affirm the trial court’s judgment awarding these specific reimbursements and distributions to plaintiff. See Curtis v. Breaux, 458 So.2d 582, 588 (La. App. 3d Cm.1984).
^CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth, the judgment of the trial court is reversed in part and affirmed in part. We hereby reverse the portion of the trial court’s judgment ordering defendant to account for the $14,000.00 paid by plaintiff for her parents’ car. We affirm that portion of the trial court’s judgment finding defendant' in contempt of court for his failure to timely furnish an accounting in accordance with LSA-R.S. 9:2088. We also affirm the remainder of the trial court’s judgment ordering that plaintiff be reimbursed a total of $25,360.64 for defendant’s inappropriate expenditures and for plaintiffs share of rental income, as well as the trial court’s order that $52,231.81 be disbursed from defendant attorney’s client trust account for plaintiffs one-half share of the net proceeds from the sale of the settlors’ residence that was owned by the trusts. All costs of this appeal are assessed equally to plaintiff and defendant.
REVERSED IN PART; AFFIRMED IN PART.
. A third child, Vernon E. Boyd, Jr., predeceased his parents and had no descendants.
. The parties stipulated that the net proceeds from the sale of the house were deposited into defendant's attorney's client trust account.
. A judgment that does not determine the merits but only preliminary matters is an interlocutory judgment. LSA-C.C.P. art. 1841. We note that defendant did not appeal or seek supervisory review of this interlocutory ruling. Although interlocutory judgments are generally non-appealable, this court has held that in appropriate cases, when an unrestricted appeal is taken from a final judgment on the merits, the appellant is entitled to seek review of all adverse interlocutory judgments prejudicial to him, in addition to the review of the final judgment. Dean v. Griffin Crane & Steel, Inc., 05-1226 (La.App. 1st Cir.5/5/06), 935 So.2d 186, 189 n. 3, writ denied, 06-1334 (La.9/22/06), 937 So.2d 387. See also Suazo v. Suazo, 10-0111 (La.App. 1st Cir.6/11/10), 39 So.3d 830, 832. The issue of contempt in the final judgment on the merits is closely related and connected to the accounting issue, which was the subject of the interlocutory ruling. Therefore, it is clearly appropriate, as well as necessary for us to review in this appeal the trial court’s initial interlocutory ruling where defendant was ordered to furnish an accounting.
. Testimony was heard on March 2, 2009, and June 1, 2009, with closing arguments made on September 21, 2009.
. Louisiana Revised Statutes 9:2234 provides in pertinent part:
A. An action for damages by a beneficiary against a trustee for any act, omission, or breach of duty shall be brought within two years of the date that the trustee renders, by actual delivery or mail to the beneficiary, ... an accounting for the accounting period in which the alleged act, omission, or breach of duty arising out of the matters disclosed therein occurred. However, such actions shall in all events ..., be filed within three years of the date that the trustee renders an accounting for the accounting period in which the alleged act, omission, or breach of duty occurred....
B. Any action by a beneficiary against a trustee other than those described on Subsection A of this Section is prescribed by two years beginning from the date that the trustee renders his final account to the beneficiary.
C. The provisions of this Section are remedial and apply to all causes of action for damages without regard to the date when the alleged act, omission, or breach of duty occurred. The two-year and three-year periods of limitation provided for in this Section are peremptive periods ... and ... may not be renounced, interrupted, or suspended.
D. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, all actions brought in the state against any trustee, the prescriptive and peremptive period shall be governed exclusively by this Section.
(Emphasis added.)
. Louisiana Revised Statutes 9:2088 governs the accounting duties of the trustee, providing as follows:
A.A trustee is under a duty to a beneficiary to keep and render clear and accurate accounts of the administration of the trust. If the trust is revocable, the trustee has a duty to account to the settlor only.
B. A trustee shall render to,a beneficiary or his legal representative at least once a year a clear and accurate account covering his administration for the preceding year. His first annual account shall relate to the calendar year during which he became responsible for the trust property, or, at his option, the first accounting period of not more than twelve months and shall be rendered within ninety days after the expiration of that calendar year or accounting period. Each annual account shall show in detail all receipts and disbursements of cash and all receipts and deliveries of other trust property during the year, and shall set forth a list of all items of trust property at the end of the year.
C. A trustee upon the termination, revocation, or rescission of the trust, or upon his resignation or removal, shall render to a beneficiary or his legal representative his final account covering the period elapséd since his most recent annual account ..., and setting forth the same information required for annual accounts.
E.A trustee shall not be under a duty, to file his accounts with the court unless he is expressly required to do so by the instrument or by the proper court.
(Emphasis added.)
. We note that defendant did not file a peremptory exception raising the objection of no right of action in the trial court. However, an appellate court may notice the existence or nonexistence of a right of action on its own motion. LSA-C.C.P. art. 927. Therefore, we will consider the issue. Whether plaintiff has a right of action is a question of law, which we review de novo on appeal. Five N Company, L.L.C. v. Stewart, 02-0181 (La.App. 1st Cir.7/2/03), 850 So.2d 51, 58. We must determine whether plaintiff has an interest in judicially enforcing the right assessed. Id.
. The record does not reveal that Dorothy ever requested an accounting on either trust pursuant to LSA-R.S. 9:2088, but regardless of any request, the annual accounting was still a mandatory duty owed by defendant as the trustee of the trusts. See Mashburn Marital Trust, 924 So.2d at 246-247.
. Louisiana Revised Statutes 9:2089 does not authorize the settlor to dispense with the trustee's duty to furnish information requested by a beneficiary. Chase, supra § 14:7, at 285.
. The record contains copies of cancelled checks, copies of bank account statements for trust checking accounts, a copy of a mortgage indebtedness on the settlors' Parkwood Drive residence by the Parents’ Trust, and copies of activity/balance statements for the SSB accounts.
. We make this determination based upon the fact that the trial court found sufficient information in the documentation to provide a ruling on the final disbursements and reimbursements of the trust property.
.The trial court apparently did not find defendant's breach of duty to be sufficient cause to remove defendant as trustee under LSA-R.S. 9:1789, because the trial court's judgment is silent as to the trustee removal issue. It is well settled that silence in a judgment as to any issue litigated is construed as a rejection of that issue. Junot v. Morgan, 01-0237 (La.App. 1st Cir.2/20/02), 818 So.2d 152, 156. The denial of plaintiffs request to have defendant removed as trustee is not at issue in this appeal.
. Paragraph 1.01 of the Parents’ Trust instrument allowed for property to be added by the settlors or third persons. The Louisiana Trust Code section 1932 states that an "addition of property to an existing trust must be made and accepted in the form required for such a donation free of trust.”
. "Relative” for purposes of LSA-R.S. 9:2085 means "a spouse, ascendant, descendant, brother, or sister.” Chase, supra § 14:3, at 270.
. Paragraphs 3.01 and 3.02 of the Parents' Trust provide that plaintiff and defendant are equal successor income beneficiaries and equal principal beneficiaries.
|
CASELAW
|
CITIZENS ACTION COALITION OF INDIANA, INC., Save The Valley, Inc., Sierra Club, Inc., and Valley Watch, Inc., Appellants-Respondents, v. DUKE ENERGY INDIANA, INC., Appellee-Petitioner, Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission, Appellee.
No. 93A02-1503-EX-184.
Court of Appeals of Indiana.
Sept. 23, 2015.
Jerome Polk, Polk & Associates, Davie, FL, Jennifer A. Washburn, Citizens Action Coalition of Indiana, Inc., Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellants.
Jane Dali Wilson, Peter Hatton, Faegre Baker Daniels LLP, Indianapolis, IN, Kelley A. Kam, Elizabeth A. Herriman, Duke Energy, Indiana, Inc., Attorneys for Ap-pellee Duke Energy, Indiana, Inc.
Gregory F. Zoeller,' Attorney General of Indiana, David Lee Steiner, Deputy Attorney General, Beth Krogel Roads, General Counsel, Andrew J. Wells, Assistant General Counsel, Jeremy R. Comeau, Assistant General Counsel, Indianapolis, IN, Attorneys for Appellee Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission.
BARTEAU, Senior Judge.
Statement of the Case
[1] In Citizens Action Coalition of Indiana, Inc. v. Duke Energy Indiana, Inc., 16 N.E.3d 449 (Ind.Ct.App.2014) (Citizens Action I), the Court remanded the case to the Indiana Utility Regulatory Commission (the Commission) for findings on two issues related to Duke Energy Indiana, Inc.’s petition to " recover costs incurred while building its new power plant in Edwardsport, Indiana. On remand, the Commission issued an order with additional findings. Citizen’s Action Coalition of Indiana, Inc., Save the Valley, Inc., Sierra Club, Inc., and Valley Watch, Inc. (collectively, the Intervenors), appeal the Commission’s order. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
Issués
[2] The Intervenors raise two issues, which we restate as:
I. Whether the Commission’s findings on remand are sufficient and' supported by the evidence.'
II. Whether the Commission erred in issuing an order oh remand without reopening the record for the presentation of additional evidence.
Facts and Procedural History
[3] The- facts, as presented in Citizens Action I, are as follows:
In 2006, Duke operated a coal and oil-fired generating station at its Ed-wardsport facility in Knox County, Indiana. The facility, which had a capacity of 160 megawatts, had been placed ‘in-service’ between 1944 and 1951, and was nearing the end of its useful economic life. On September 7, 2006, Duke and Southern Indiana Gas and Electric Company, d/b/a Vectren Energy Delivery of Indianá, Inc., filed a Verified Petition with the Commission, pursuant to Indiana Code chapters 8-1-8.5, 8—1—8.7, .and 8-1-8.8, requesting .the issuance of applicable certificates of public convenience and necessity (‘CPCN’) and applicable certificates of clean coal technology for the construction of a 630-megawatt capacity, integrated gasification combined cycle (‘IGCC’) power plant at the Ed-wardsport location. An IGCC generating facility converts coal into synthesis gas, which is used to fuel highly efficient combustion turbines.
In the Verified Petition, Duke requested: approval of the estimated costs and construction schedule of the IGCC Project (‘the Project); authority pursuant to Indiana Code section 8-1-8.8-12 to recover construction - and operating costs associated with the Project on a timely basis via applicable rate adjustment mechanisms; authority to use accelerated depreciation for the. Project; approval of certain additional financial incentives associated with the Project; authority to defer its prQperty tax expense, post-in-service carrying costs, depreciation costs, and operation and maintenance costs associated with the Project on an interim basis until the applicable costs are reflected in Duke’s retail electric rates; and authority to recover other related costs associated with the Project. In re Duke Energy Ind., Inc., 43114, 2007 WL 4150583 (Nov. 20, 2007). Duke also asked the Commission to conduct an ongoing review'of the construction of the Project. Id.
Pursuant to Indiana Code section 8-1-1.1-5.1, the Indiana Office of the Utility Consumer Counselor (‘OUCC’) participated in the proceedings before the Commission on behalf of consumers and ratepayers. Intervenors, Duke Energy Indiana Industrial' Group (‘Industrial Group’), and Nucor Steel, a Division of Nucor Corporation (‘Nucor’), among others, were additional parties to this proceeding.
On November 20, 2007, the Commission issued its final order in consolidated Cause Numbers 43114 and' 43114-SI and made several determinations, including: (1) approval of CPCNs for the Project under [Indiana'Code chapters] 8-1-8.5 and 8-1-8.7; (2) approval of Duke’s estimated costs of $1.985 billion as reasonable to complete the Project; ' and (3) ágreement that ongoing review of the construction of'and cost recovery for the Project would be conducted in semiannual proceedings. Id. The semiannual proceedings included a rate adjustment mechanism, the IGCC Rider. In each IGCC Rider, the Commission would review the progress of the Project’s construction and consider Duke’s request to immediately recover construction costs, financing costs, and other operating costs that Duke had incurred during the previous six-month period. Once approved, these costs were immediatély added to customers’ rates. Each 'six-month period was numbered, with the first being IGCC-1, the second TGCC-2, and so forth- In the instant action, Intervenors appeal from the Commission’s order (‘Order’) in the ninth,semi-annual review, IGCC-9.
In May 2008, Duke filed its petition in IGCC-rl, which included a request by Duke to revise the projected cost estimate of the Project from $1[.]985 billion to $2.35 billion and a request for approval to undertake studies related to. carbon capture at the Project and for cost recovery for such studies. On January 7, 2009, the Commission issued its order in IGCC-1 approving: (1) Duke’s increase in cost estimate to $2.35 billion and its ongoing review progress report; (2) timely recovery from ratepayers of construction and operating costs, including financing, through the IGCC Rider for the six months under review; and (3) studies related to carbon capture at the Project and cost recovery for such studies. In re Duke Energy Ind., Inc., 431114 IGCC-1, 2009 WL 214580 (Jan. 7, 2009). In the subsequent two. reviews, the Commission also approved Duke’s cost recovery requests in IGCC-2 and IGCC-3.
On November 24, 2009, in connection with IGCC-4,. Duke requested approval from the Commission to recover from ratepayers the costs it had incurred during the six-month period ending September 30, 2009. Duke also requested a subdocket, referred to as IGCC-4S1, asking the Commission to approve an increase to the cost estimate for the entire project. In re Duke Energy Ind., Inc., 2012 WL 6759528 (Ind. U.R.C., Dec. 27, 2012). Under IGCC-4S1, Duke initially .requested ah increase in the Project’s cost from $2.35 billion to $2.88 billion including allowance for funds used during construction (‘AFUDC’). Id. Subsequently, Duke proposed to voluntarily cap the costs that it would seek from customers and sought approval of a Project cost estimate of $2,72 billion in direct construction costs, plus all associated AFUDC costs on the $2.72 billion for a total of approximately $3 billion. Id.
On July 28, 2010, the Commission issued its .interim order in IGCC-4, approving Duke’s six-month costs and the IGCC Rider on an interim basis, pending the outcome of IGCC-4S1. On September 17, 2010, Duke, Industrial Group, and the OUCC submitted a settlement agreement to the Commission ⅛ IGCC-4S1,"'which set a hard cap cost of $2[.]975 billion on the construction costs of the Project. Subsequently, amidst an ethics . scandal involving Duke and the Commission, the settlement agreement was withdrawn.
About two years later, on April 30, 2012, Duke filed a modified settlement agreement in IGCC-4S1 (“Agreement”) to which Duke, Industrial Group, OUCC, and Nucor were all parties. Appellants’ App. at 321-32. This Agreement included a $2[.]595 billion hard cost cap for construction costs and provided a partial cap on capital costs up through the , Plant’s in-service date. .Id. at 322. The Agreement included conditions .that Duke had to meet before the Plant would be declared in-service and also stated that the “In-Service Operational Date shall not be prior to September 24, 2012.” Id. at 323. Intervenors were not signatories to the Agreement in IGCC-4S1 and actively opposed it being approved by the Commission.
On December 27, 2012, the Commission issued, its final order approving the Agreement in IGCC-4S1, again over In-tervenors’ objections. The Commission simultaneously issued final orders in several other IGCC Rider proceedings that were then pending, but were essentially concluded: Cause Nos. 43114 •IGCC-5, IGCC-6, IGCC-7, and IGCC-8. In these - Orders, the Commission began implementation of the IGCC-4S1 settlement. In re Duke Energy Ind., Inc., 2012 WL 6759529 (Ind.U.R.C., Dec. 27, 2012); In re Duke Energy Ind., Inc., 2012 WL 6759530 (Ind.U.R.C., Dec. 27, 2012); In re Duke Energy Ind., Inc., 2012 WL 6759531 (Ind.U.R.C., Dec. 27, 2012); and In re Duke Energy Ind., Inc., 2012 WL 6759532 (Ind.U.R.C., Dec. 27, 2012).
On June 8, 2012, Duke filed its Verified Petition in the instant action, IGCC-9, requesting:
[T]hat the Commission, for ratemaking purposes, authorize the addition of the actual expenditures for its IGCC Project made through March 31, 2012, to the value of Petitioner’s property. Petitioner further requests that the Commission approve and authorize the requested rate adjustment allowing Petitioner to earn a return on said amount, in addition to the return on value of its used and useful utility property and on its construction work in progress investment previously approved by the Commission. Petitioner also requests recovery of certain other applicable costs and credits via the IGCC Rider, including ,.. depreciation, and Indiana Coal Gasi-fication Technology Investment Tax Credit, as well as reconciliation of amounts necessary to adjust the IGCC Rider charges and credits to actual amounts.
Appellants’App. at 36-37.
That same day, the parties offered written testimony into evidence. That evidence was admitted without objection. Duke’s testimony was submitted by W. Michael Womack, Vice President of the Project; Jack L. Stultz, General Manager II, Regulated Fossil Stations; and Diana L. Douglas, Duke’s Director of Rates. Appellant’s App. at 9. Kerwin L. Olson, Executive Director for Citizens Action Coalition of Indiana, Inc., submitted testimony, again without objection, on behalf of Interveners on December 10, 2012. Id. at 10. The pertinent portions of the testimony will be discussed below.
The Commission held a hearing on Duke’s petition on January 15, 2013. About two weeks later, Duke filed its post-hearing argument in the form of a Proposed Order. Intervenors filed Exceptions to Duke’s Proposed Order on February 21, 2013, setting out the following specific legal and factual objections to the relief Duke requested in this case[:]
1. Duke is not entitled to recover financing costs for the three [-] month delay that occurred as a result of events that took place during the review period at issue in this case. Duke failed to carry its burden of proof that the Project financing costs attributable to this three month delay were reasonable and necessary, as required under Indiana Code § 8-1-8.8-12.
2. Duke should not be permitted to increase customer rates by declaring 50% of the plant ‘in-service,’ given that the plant admittedly did not meet the definition of the ‘In-Service Operational Date’ included in the 4S1 Settlement Agreement and approved by the Commission’s 4S1 final order. Duke contends the in-service definition in the Settlement is to be used purely for rate-making purposes. Yet at the same time, Duke’s witness Diana Douglas acknowledged that Duke’s proposed ‘partial’ in-service declaration will, in fact, increase customer rates.
Appellants’App. at 418.
Duke filed a Reply to these arguments on February 28, 2013. Id. at 466-85. In pertinent part, Duke asserted:
3) no evidence has been presented in this proceeding that the schedule update testified 1 to by [Duke’s] witness Mr. Womack was unreasonable or caused by imprudence;
4) the principles of collateral estoppel or issue preclusion do not apply to this proceeding, which covers an entirely different time period than that reviewed by the Commission in IGCC-4S1;
5) the determination that a portion of the Edwardsport IGCC Project should be placed in[-]service for income tax purposes does not contravene the Settlement Agreement approved by the Commission in IGCC-4S1, nor does it negatively impact customers;
6) [Duke’s] calculation of its AFUDC is proper and logical, and [Duke] has not and is not earning a return on its deferred tax balance.
Id. at 466-67.
On April 3, 2013, the Commission entered its Final Order in IGCC-9, approving the financing costs that Duke incurred during the IGCC-9 review, which included an alleged $61- million of financing costs that Duke incurred during the three-month,, delay. The Commission approval allowed Duke to pass along to ratepayers, through the IGCC Rider, all of the IGCC-9 financing costs including the $61 million.
In its order, the Commission set forth ‘Discussions and Findings,’ but failed to make findings regarding the reasonableness of the three-month delay or whether 50% of the IGCC Plant was deemed to be in-service.
Citizens Action I, 16 N.E.3d at 450-455 (footnotes omitted).
[4] On appeal, Intervenors challenged the adequacy of the Commission’s findings and the sufficiency of the evidence to support the findings. The Court remanded the case to the Commission with instructions to issue findings on two issues: (1) “whether the three-month delay was chargeable to Duke, and if so, what impact that delay had on Duke’s customers’ rates;” and (2) “a clear statement of the policy and evidentiary considerations underlying its determination regarding Duke’s request that 50% of the Plant be deemed to be in-service.” Id. at 460, 462. The Court did not express an opinion as to whether the' Commission should reopen the record to receive new evidence.
[5] On remand, Duke filed a motion asserting that the Commission did not need to receive additional evidence and asking the Commission to either: (1) issue additional findings; or (2) set a timetable for the parties to submit proposed findings for the Commission’s review. The Inter-venors objected, claiming that the Court’s opinion in Citizens Action I required the Commission to consider additional evidence. Duke filed a reply.
[6] On February 25, 2015, the Commission issued an: order. The Commission determined, “it is not necessary for the Commission to reopen the record in this cause for taking additional evidence.” Appellants’ App. p. 8.‘Instead, the Commission issued findings on the issues raised by the Court in Citizens Action I. Regarding the three-month delay, the Commission stated, “based on the extensive evidence offered by [Duke] in this proceeding, we find that [Duke’s] actions during the review period were not unreasonable. Specifically, we find that the schedule delays did not result from unreasonable actions taken by [Duke] in light of the complexity of the task being undertaken.” Id. at 9.
[7] As for Duke’s declaration that the plant was partially in-service for federal tax purposes prior to the in-service date it had agreed to in the settlement agreement in IGCC-4S1, the Commission stated:
The Settlement Agreement referenced ■ by the Parties was- approved by the Commission on December 27, 2012 and included requirements that [Duke] had to meet before the IGCC Project would be declared in-service. The entity that ultimately must determine when [Duke] should declare the IGCC Project in-service for federal income ,tax purposes is the Internal Revenue Service, not the Commission. The, Commission determines the in-service date for ratemaking purposes. Utilities often keep separate books and records designed to address different reporting and regulatory requirements, as is generally the case for tax purposes and for regulatory purposes. To be clear, a utility’s taxes due are a cost of service and as such impact the rates that customer’s [sic] pay, so the influence of such decisions must be understood. Specifically, because the tax conditions of a utility impact the weighted average cost of capital and revenue conversion factors that influence rates ultimately charged to, customers, the Commission previously explored and accepted [Duke’s] August 1, 2012 in-service date for tax purposes in Cause Nos. 42061 ECR 19 and ECR 20. These cases were the first to address the IGCC Project’s in-service date for tax purposes and its impact upon rates. In the August 29, 2012 Order, in Cause No. 42061 ECR 19, .the Commission ordered DEI to notify . the Commission in a future ECR proceeding and IGCC. proceeding when a definite determination of the timing of the in-service date for tax purposes has been made. Ms. Douglas’ testimony submitted in this proceeding provided the Commission with the requested notification. Additionally, Joint Intervenors did not question the accuracy of Ms. Douglas’ rate calculations. Because the Commission had allowed the impact of [Duke’s] in-service date for tax purposes to be recognized for rate-making purposes in prior proceedings, and we were not presented with any evidence suggesting a reversal of those decisions, we did not discuss it explicitly in the Commission’s Order.
Appellants’ App. p. 5. This appeal followed.
Discussion and Decision
A. Standard of Review
[8] The General Assembly created the Commission primarily as' an impartial fact-finding body with the technical expertise to administer the regulatory scheme devised by the legislature. N. Ind. Pub. Serv. Co. v. U.S. Steel Corp., 907 N.E.2d 1012, 1015 (Ind.2009). The Commission can only exercise power conferred upon it' by statute. Id. The General Assembly has directed the Commission to ensure that utilities provide “safe, adequate, efficient, and economical retail energy services.” Ind.Code § 8-l-2.5-l(l) (1995). In addition, the General Assembly has stated that Indiana “should encourage the use of advanced clean coal technology, such as in coal gasification.” Ind.Code § 8-l~8.8-l(a)(5) (2011).
[9] A party that is adversely affected by a ruling of the Commission may appeal as follows:
Any person, firm, association, corporation, limited liability company, city, town, or public utility adversely affected by any final decision, ruling, or order of the commission may, within thirty (30) days from the date of entry of such decision, ruling, or order, appeal to the court of appeals of Indiana for errors of law under the same terms and conditions as govern appeals in ordinary civil actions, except as otherwise provided in this chapter and with the right in the .losing party, or parties in the court of appeals to apply to the supreme court for a petition to transfer the cause to said supreme court as in other cases. An assignment of errors that the decision, ruling, or order of the commission is contrary to law shall be .sufficient to present both the sufficiency of the facts found to sustain the decision, ruling, or order, and the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the .finding of facts upon which it was rendered.
Ind.Code § 8-1-3-1 (1993).
[10] The Court implements a multiple tieréd standard of review, as follows:
First, the order must contain specific findings on all the factual determinations material to its ultimate conclusions. We review the conclusions of ultimate facts, or mixed questions of fact and law, for their reasonableness, with greater deference to matters within the [Commission’s] expertise and jurisdiction. Second, the findings of fact must be supported by substantial evidence in the record. We;neither reweigh the evidence nor assess the credibility of witnesses and consider only the evidence most favorable to the [Commission’s] findings. Finally, we review whether [the Commission’s] action is contrary to law, but this constitutionally preserved review is limited to whether the Commission stayed within its jurisdiction and conformed to the statutory standards and legal principles involved in producing its decision, ruling, or order. ' -
Ind. Gas Co. v. Ind. Fin. Auth., 999 N.E.2d 63, 66 (Ind.2013) (citations ’ omitted). The entity challenging'the Commission’s decision has the burden of proof to show that the decision is contrary .to ■ law. City of Fort Wayne v. Util. Ctr., Inc., 840 N.E.2d 836, 839 (Ind.Ct.App.2006).
B. Sufficiency of the Findings and Evidence
1. Three-Month Delay
[11] Intervenors argue that the Commission’s finding on remand that Duke did not act unreasonably in the course of addressing the three-month delay in the plant’s commissioning schedule is insufficient and unsupported, by evidence. ■ ■
[12] The General Assembly instructed the Commission to “encourage clean energy projects” by creating financial incentives for utilities who undertake such projects. Ind.Code § 8-1-8.8-11 . (2011), Clean energy projects, as defined by the General Assembly, include “facilities that employ the use of clean coal technologies.” Ind.Code §. 8-1-8.8-2 (2Ó11). Financial incentives may include “timely recovery of costs and expenses incurred during construction and operation” of clean energy projects, Ind.Code § 8-l-8.8-ll(a)(l). Recoverable costs may include “capital, operation, maintenance, depreciation, tax costs, and financing .costs,” Ind.Code § 8-1-8.8-5. (2002).
[13] With respect to coal gasification power plants such as the one at issue here, the Commission shall allow an eligible business to recover “the costs associated with qualified utility system property; and ... qualified utility system expenses” if the. business “provides substantial documentation that the expected costs and expenses and the schedule for incurring those costs and expenses are reasonable and necessary.” Ind.Code § 8-l-8.8-12(d) (am).;
[14] The Intervenors claim that on remand, the Commission failed to issue specific findings on every factual determination that was material to its ultimate finding of reasonableness, thereby rendering appellate review impossible. In Citizens Action T, the Court directed the Commission to answer a very specific question: “whether the three-month delay was chargeable to Duke, and if so, what impact that delay had on Duke’s customers’ rates.” 16 N.E.3d at 460. The Commission’s order on remand discussed the evidence that the parties had submitted in connection with this issue, determined that Duke’s evidence was entitled to more weight than the Intervenors’ evidence, and found that Duke had established that the costs related to the delay that were incurred' during the review period were not unreasonable. The Commission’s order is sufficient to permit appellate review of the issue.
[15] Next, the Intervenors claim that the Commission inappropriately switched the burden of proof from Duke to them, requiring them to prove that the costs were unreasonable. The evidence indicates otherwise. In the original final order in IGCC-9, the Commission' determined that Duke had “adequately satisfied the information reporting requirements to the Commission” and that Duke’s calculation of construction costs and other expenses “accurately reflects the net retail jurisdictional IGCC Project investment as of March 31, 2012.” Appellee Duke’s App. pp. 108-09. In the order at issue in this appeal, the Commission stated, “based on the extensive evidence offered by [Duke] in this proceeding, we find that the schedule delays did not result from unreasonable actions taken by [Duke].” Appellants’ App. p. 9. The Commission thus indicated that Duke, the party seeking to recover costs, bore the burden of providing sufficient evidence to prove the extent and reasonableness of those costs.
[16] The Commission noted that the Intervenors “offered very little evidence to support their allegations of imprudence” and determined that Duke’s interpretation of reports offered by the Intervenors was “reasonably plausible.” Id. These statements are best understood as weighing the party’s evidence rather than altering the burden of proof. There is no indication that the Commission shifted Indiana Code section 8—1—8.8—12(d)’s burden of proof to the Intervenors. See City of Fort Wayne, 840 N.E.2d at 842 (Commission did not shift burden of proof to respondents; record demonstrated that the petitioner bore the burden of submitting proper documentation to support its requests); Cf. NIPSCO Indus. Group v. N. Ind. Pub. Serv. Co., 31 N.E.3d 1, 9 (Ind.Ct.App.2015) (Commission improperly shifted burden of proof to intervening parties by determining that petitioner’s future projects were presumptively- eligible for rate increases through tracker proceedings that had not yet begun).
[17] The Intervenors also argue that the evidence does not support the Commission’s finding that Duke’s actions in relation to the three-month delay were not unreasonable. Per our standard of review, we consider the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commission’s decision.
[18] As of April 2012, the only construction work remaining to be completed was “10% of pipe insulation, the last 5% of electrical heat tracing,, and punchlist items.” Tr. p. 207. Ninety-one of the 2014 operating systems for the plant had been released to Duke’s control by the systems’ vendors.. The construction portion of the project was “99% complete.” Id.
[19] Nevertheless, issues arose as various systems were installed'and tested, resulting in a three-month delay during the six-month review period at issue here. For example,- a Duke contractor accidentally activated an “ASU train 2 Compan-der” without appropriately oiling the device’s bearings, which damaged the device and required Duke to ship it back to the manufacturer to be rebuilt. Id. at 45-46, 176. Duke’s Vice President in charge of the plant construction project, Michael Womack, attributed the problem to “human error which we can’t completely eliminate from any phase of work.” Tr. pp. 45-46. He also said that the vendor, GE, provided “inaccurate or confusing, conflicting, information on drawings.” Id. at 47, 178-79.
[20] Another compander also had to be sent back to the manufacturer for rebuilding due to rust problems. The manufacturer was able to rebuild one compander and send it back to Duke within several weeks. The other compander was out for fifteen weeks, but that did not impact the construction schedule because Duke needed only one functioning compander to perform startup testing.
[21] On another occasion, commissioning of the “power block” was slowed because GE, who built and installed several crucial systems in the new plant, performed extra tests on two turbines before releasing them to Duke for startup testing. Id. at 65-66. The extra tests would not have been necessary on a more conventional construction ■ project, but the turbines had “a new blade design, new—not built anywhere else.” Id. at 66.- Thus, GE, not Duke, caused a delay by performing additional testing on this new technology-
[22] The parties also discussed a six-week delay eaused by a “water hammer” event that damaged piping and valvés and required a “realignment of the steam turbine;” Id. at 68. The evént' occurred on June 26, 2012, outside the time period for which Duke sought to recover costs in this proceeding (IGCC-9). In any case, the event was eaused by “malfunctioning equipment and control system logic errors,” Id. at 303, rather than negligence or other unreasonable behavior by Duke. The Intervenors also cite two other delays, caused by lengthy detergent cleaning of, gas removal systems and an unexpected need to replace critical control valves in the gasification tower, both of which occurred outside the time period at issue here.
[23] Furthermore, when technical problems or damaged parts caused delays in testing and commissioning systems, the evidence, including internal emails, reflects that Duke acted with necessary speed in identifying and fixing the problems.
[24] ' Based on our review, there is sufficient evidence to support the Commission’s finding that the construction delays during the time period at issue in IGCC-9 were not caused by unreasonable behavior by Duke or its contractors. See Citizens Action Coalition of Ind., Inc. v. Duke Energy Ind., Inc., 15 N.E.3d 1030, 1038 (Ind. Ct.App.2014) (determining that sufficient evidence supported'the Commission’s decision to allow Duke to recover construction costs in IGCC-10), trans. denied.
[25] The Intervenors cite to evidence, consisting mostly of reports from GE, to argue that Duke cut corners during construction and testing, which the Interve-nors claim was unreasonable and resulted in equipment failures. The Commission, as the finder of fact, was free to weigh the reports and determine how credible they were. As the Commission noted in the order at issue here, no one from GE appeared at the Commission’s evidentiary hearing to explain and authenticate GE’s position as stated in the reports and other communications. In addition, Duke submitted evidence refuting GE’s allegations. The Intervenors are essentially asking the Court to reweigh the evidence, in violation of our standard of review.
[26] Finally, the Intervenors assert that the Commission failed to adequately calculate the cost to ratepayers caused by the three-month delay. The Court’s opinion in Citizen Action I directed the Commission to- calculate the costs only if it determined that, the three-month delay was chargeable to Duke. 16 N.E.3d at 460. The Commission, by finding that Duke did not act unreasonably, did not charge the delay to Duke, so we need not address this point further.
2. Resolution of the Plant’s In-Service Date for Tax Purposes
[27] ’ The Intervenors challenge the Commission’s finding that Duke did not violate the settlement agreement in IGCC-4S1 by declaring the Edwardsport plant tó be partially in-service for federal tax purposes prior to the in-service date it had agreed to in the settlement agreement. ‘ The Intervenors further assert that Duke’s declaration violated the plain language of the settlement agreement.
[28] A settlement, agreement is a type of contract. Language in a contract should be. given its plain and ordinary meaning unless a particular term is used in a manner intended to convey á specific technical concept. Washington Nat’l Corp. v. Sears, 474 N.E.2d 116, 121 (Ind.Ct.App.1985), trans. denied. In construing a written instrument, we give technical words and terms of art their technical méaning. George S. May Intern. Co. v. King, 629 N.E.2d 257, 262 (Ind.Ct.App.1994), trans. denied. We presume that the parties know the technical meaning of the language they use in a formal instrument and have adopted that meaning; Id.
[29] The settlement agreement in IGCC-4S1 was intended to resolve “all disputes, claims, and issues .,, relating to the construction costs and allowance for funds used during construction (‘AFUDC’) costs associated with the Edwardsport IGCC Project.” Tr. p. 412. - With respect to an in-service date, the agreement provides, in relevant part:.
‘In-Service Operational Date’ means the ■ first date by which the Project has both
■ (1) been -declared in-service in accordance with FERC guidelines as the earlier of the date the asset is placed in operation or is ready for service; and (2) has operated on both natural gas and syngas; provided .however, that the In-Service Operational Date shall not be , prior to September 24, 2012.
Tr. p. 413.
■ [30] Two observations may be' drawn from the terms of the agreement. First, the agreement was intended to address construction costs -in the context of utility regulation and utility rates. Second, the parties defined “in-service” in highly technical terms, with reference to Federal Energy Regulatory Commission- guidelines and specific technological benchmarks. It thus appears.that the parties limited the definition of “In-Service Operational Date” to utility regulatory matters and did not state a broad, plain-language meaning of the term that might bar Duke from declaring the plant to be in-service for other purposes, such as federal tax accounting.
• [31] In addition, Duke’s ■ Director of Rates, Diana L. Douglas, testified that in her experience as an accountant, there is a difference between declaring a plant in-service for federal tax purposes and declaring a plant in-service for ratemaking purposes. Tr. pp. 363-64, 378-79. There is sufficient evidence in the record to support the Commission’s determination that Duke did not violate the settlement agreement by declaring the plant to be partially in-service for federal tax purposes before the “In-Service Operational Date” set forth in the settlement agreement,
3. Reasonableness of Costs Related to Declaring the Plant In-Service for Tax Purposes
[32] The Intervenors next argue that the Commission erred because Duke and the Commission both concede that Duke’s declaration of the plant as being partially in-service for federal tax purposes raised utility fates, but the Commission failed to consider the impact of those-costsin this proceeding. The Intervenors also presented this argument in Citizens Action /, but we were unable to address the argument then due to the lack of findings related to Duke declaring the plant to bepartially in-service for tax purposes.
[33] On remand, the Commission impli--edly determined that the Impact upon rates was reasonable because it found that it “had allowed the impact of [Duke’s] in-service date for tax purposes to be recognized for ratemaking purposes in prior proceedings, and [it was] not presented with any evidence’ suggesting a reversal of those decisions,” Appellants’ App. p. 5. The Commission cited to orders from prior proceedings, ECR 19 and ECR 20, in support of its finding.
[34] The Intervenors claim that the Commission erred by considering "the orders from ECR 19 and ECR 20, asserting that those orders were not introduced into the record in IGCC-9 and thé Commission did not take proper notice of them. The intervenors are correct. Duke cited to the order from ECR 19 in its Reply Brief to the IURC in this case, but neither Duke nor the Intervenors asked to have that order or the order from ECR 20 admitted as evidence in this case. In addition, the Commission has a procedure for taking administrative notice of its orders from prior cases. See 170 IAC 1-1.1-21 (2012). Nothing-in the record indicates that the Commission followed that-procedure with the orders from ECR 19 and ECR 20. The Commission erred in considering those orders in this proceeding, and its finding related to those orders is not supported by properly admitted evidence.
[35] Next, the Commission found that Duke’s Director of Rates, Diana Douglas, notified the Commission in this case of the date that Duke had declared the plant to be partially in-service for tax purposes. That finding appears to be supported by the record, but does not address the issues of whether-declaring the plant partially in-service affected Duke’s costs in this proceeding and, if so, whether those costs and the impact upon ratepayers are reasonable.
[36] The Commission also found that the Intervenors “did not question the accuracy of Ms. Douglas’ rate calculations'.?’ Appellants’ App. p. 5. It appears from the record that the Intervenors did not challenge her math. However, Duke did not clarify until December 20, 2012, that its petition for cost recovery in this case was affected by declaring the plant partially in-service for tax purposes. On that date, Douglas filed her written rebuttal testimony with the Commission, explaining that Duke’s proposed utility rates were affected by its tax liabilities. The Commission held its evidentiary hearing on January 15, 2013, less than a month after Duke filed Douglas’s rebuttal- testimony. At the hearing, Douglas further clarified that the partial in-service declaration effectively raised the rates on Duke’s utility customers. In Citizens Action I, we noted that these late clarifications deprived the Inter-venors of the opportunity to object to the rate..implications.,of the partial in-service declaration and conduct discovery on Duke’s calculations. 16 N.E.3d at 461.
[37] Nevertheless, although the Inter-venors had limited opportunities to examine Douglas’s calculations for the impact of the in-service declaration, during the evi-dentiary hearing the Intervenors cross-examined Douglas extensively about the rate consequences arising from -Duke’s partial in-service declaration. The Intervenors subsequently stated in their objection toDuke’s proposed final order that the Commission should reject Duke’s proposed rates because the tax consequences resulted in an inappropriate increase to customers’ rates. Thus, the Intervenors presented argument to the Commission on the reasonability of the rate impact resulting from Duke’s declaration that the plant was partially in-service for tax purposes.
[38] We conclude from this evidence that although the settlement in IGCC-4S1 did not bar Duke from declaring the power plant to be partially in-service for federal tax purposes, the Commission was obligated to determine the impact of that in-service declaration upon the rates Duke sought in this action, and whether the rates were reasonable per Indiana Code section 8-l~8.8-12(d). The findings in the Commission’s original order and the order on remand do not adequately address these points. We must reverse and remand. See L.S. Ayres & Co. v. Indianapolis Power & Light Co., 169 Ind.App. 652, 351 N.E.2d 814, 830 (Ind.Ct.App.1976) (reversing and remanding for further proceedings where the commission’s order did not address a key issue raised by a party or articulate the reasons for its decision).
C. Choosing Not to Reopen the Record
[39] The Intervenors argue that the Commission erred by failing to reopen the record on remand to hear additional evidence. The Court in Citizens Action I did not order the Commission to receive additional evidence. The Court also did not bar the Commission from receiving additional evidence if deemed necessary.
[40] Based on our review of the record, there was ample evidence regarding the three-month delay and its impact upon Duke’s petition for cost recovery, and there was no need for additional evidence on remand to address that issue. By contrast, there are insufficient findings as to the value of the rate increases caused by Duke’s declaration that the plant was partially in-service for tax purposes, and whether the increases were reasonable. Furthermore, the Intervenors did not have an opportunity to seek discovery on the rate increases, due to Duke’s late clarification of the issue. In addition, the Commission on remand considered additional evidence in the form of orders from ECR 19 and ECR 20, although those orders were not part of the record in IGCC-9 and the Commission did not follow the procedure for taking administrative notice of prior orders. The Commission’s consideration of these,orders sharply contradicts its determination that it did not need to reopen the record on remand to receive additional evidence.
[41] Under these circumstances, on remand the Commission should reopen the record, receive additional evidence (including any orders and other documents from prior or subsequent cases deemed necessary by the parties and the Commission), and issue findings of fact on these issues: (1) quantifying the impact upon Duke’s proposed rate increases in this case resulting from Duke’s declaration that the plant was partially in-service for tax purposes; and (2) determining whether the proposed increases were reasonable per Indiana Code section 8-l-8.8-12(d). See Civil Commitment of W.S. v. Eskenazi Health, 23 N.E.3d 29, 36 (Ind.Ct.App.2014) (reversing and remanding for additional evi-dentiary hearing where findings of fact were silent on key issue raised by appellant), trans. denied.
Conclusion
[42] For the reasons stated above, we affirm in part the Commission’s order, reverse in part, and remand for further proceedings.
[43] Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
MAY, J., and CRONE, J., concur.
. The Intervenors have filed a Motion for Oral Argument. We deny the Motion by separate order.
|
CASELAW
|
Sunday, 17 June 2012
MVVM–List Item–Hibernate–MySQL–Part 2
In the part 1, we have seen, how to list the records from DB using ZK List box. Now let us go further and see how we can add new record and edit exiting record and update into DB.
In this post, we will see how we can do the following stuffs
1. Add new person by calling a model window in MVVM and update in the DB
2. On Double click of the records in the list item, edit the existing record by calling a modal window in MVVM and update in the DB
3. Then after edit and add, we will refresh the list. Note, after edit, we no need to do anything, because data binding will take care. But after adding new person, we will refresh the list using Global command
Left hug Many thanks to potix Jimmy who helped me to complete this part 2. http://www.zkoss.org/forum/listComment/19829-ZK-MVVM-Modal-Window
ZK Version : ZK 6
Project Name :ListItemMVVMHibernate
Project Structure;
image
Demo.zul
<?page title="Listitem MVVM Demo with Hibernate" contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8"?>
<zk>
<style>
.z-listcell.red .z-listcell-cnt, .z-label.red{ color:red; }
</style>
<window title="Listitem MVVM Demo with Hibernate" border="normal"
apply="org.zkoss.bind.BindComposer"
viewModel="@id('myvm') @init('domainVMS.PersonVM')">
<div>
<button label="Add Person"
onClick="@command('addNewPerson')" />
</div>
<separator />
<listbox id="test" model="@load(myvm.allPersons)"
selectedItem="@bind(myvm.curSelectedPerson)">
<listhead sizable="true">
<listheader label="First Name" width="400px"
sort="auto(firstName)" />
<listheader label="Last Name" width="285px"
sort="auto(lastName)" />
<listheader label="email" width="285px"
sort="auto(email)" />
</listhead>
<template name="model" var="p1">
<listitem onDoubleClick="@command('onDoubleClicked')">
<listcell label="@load(p1.firstName)"
sclass="@load(empty p1.email ?'red':'')" />
<listcell label="@load(p1.lastName)"
sclass="@load(empty p1.email ?'red':'')" />
<listcell label="@load(p1.email)" />
</listitem>
</template>
</listbox>
</window>
</zk>
AddPerson.zul
<zk>
<window id="win" title=" " width="520px" height="220px"
border="normal" minimizable="false" mode="modal" maximizable="false"
closable="true" action="show: slideDown;hide: slideUp"
apply="org.zkoss.bind.BindComposer"
viewModel="@id('vm') @init('domainVMS.PersonCRUDVM')" >
<separator />
<label value="Person information" />
<separator />
<panel width="100%">
<panelchildren>
<separator />
<grid width="99.5%">
<columns>
<column label="" width="150px" />
<column label="" />
</columns>
<rows>
<row>
<hbox>
<label value="First Name" />
<label value="*" />
</hbox>
<textbox name="firstName"
value="@bind(vm.selectedPerson.firstName)" cols="50" />
</row>
<row>
<hbox>
<label value="Last Name" />
<label value="*" />
</hbox>
<textbox name="firstName"
value="@bind(vm.selectedPerson.lastName)" cols="50" />
</row>
<row>
<hbox>
<label value="email" />
<label value="*" />
</hbox>
<textbox name="email"
value="@bind(vm.selectedPerson.email)" cols="50" />
</row>
</rows>
</grid>
</panelchildren>
</panel>
<separator />
<div align="center">
<button label="Submit" onClick="@command('save')" />
<button label="Cancel" onClick="@command('closeThis')" />
</div>
</window>
</zk>
PersonDAO.java
package domainDAO;
import java.util.List;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.Query;
import org.zkoss.zul.Messagebox;
import HibernateUtilities.HibernateUtil;
import mydomain.Person;
public class PersonDAO {
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
public List<Person> getAllPersons() {
List<Person> allrecords = null;
try {
Session session = HibernateUtil.beginTransaction();
Query q1 = session.createQuery("from Person");
allrecords = q1.list();
HibernateUtil.CommitTransaction();
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
return allrecords;
}
public void saveOrUpdate(Person p1) {
try {
Session session = HibernateUtil.beginTransaction();
session.saveOrUpdate(p1);
HibernateUtil.CommitTransaction();
} catch (RuntimeException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
PersonCRUDVM.java
package domainVMS;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Map;
import org.zkoss.bind.BindUtils;
import org.zkoss.bind.annotation.Command;
import org.zkoss.bind.annotation.ContextParam;
import org.zkoss.bind.annotation.ContextType;
import org.zkoss.bind.annotation.ExecutionArgParam;
import org.zkoss.bind.annotation.Init;
import org.zkoss.bind.annotation.NotifyChange;
import org.zkoss.zul.Messagebox;
import org.zkoss.zk.ui.Component;
import domainDAO.PersonDAO;
import mydomain.Person;
import org.zkoss.zk.ui.select.Selectors;
import org.zkoss.zk.ui.select.annotation.Wire;
import org.zkoss.zul.Window;
public class PersonCRUDVM {
@Wire("#win")
private Window win;
private Person selectedPerson;
public Person getSelectedPerson() {
return selectedPerson;
}
public void setSelectedPerson(Person selectedPerson) {
this.selectedPerson = selectedPerson;
}
@Init
public void initSetup(@ContextParam(ContextType.VIEW) Component view, @ExecutionArgParam("selectedPerson") Person selectedPerson) {
Selectors.wireComponents(view, this, false);
if (selectedPerson == null)
this.selectedPerson = new Person();
else
this.selectedPerson = selectedPerson;
}
@Command
public void save() {
new PersonDAO().saveOrUpdate(this.selectedPerson);
Map args = new HashMap();
args.put("newadded", this.selectedPerson);
BindUtils.postGlobalCommand(null, null, "refreshList", args);
win.detach();
}
@Command
public void closeThis() {
win.detach();
}
}
PersonVM.java
package domainVMS;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.List;
import mydomain.Person;
import org.zkoss.bind.annotation.Command;
import org.zkoss.bind.annotation.Init;
import org.zkoss.zk.ui.Executions;
import org.zkoss.zul.Messagebox;
import domainDAO.PersonDAO;
import org.zkoss.bind.annotation.BindingParam;
import org.zkoss.bind.annotation.GlobalCommand;
import org.zkoss.bind.annotation.NotifyChange;
public class PersonVM {
private List<Person> persons = new ArrayList<Person>();
private Person curSelectedPerson;
public Person getCurSelectedPerson() {
return curSelectedPerson;
}
public void setCurSelectedPerson(Person curSelectedPerson) {
this.curSelectedPerson = curSelectedPerson;
}
public List<Person> getallPersons() {
return persons;
}
@Init
public void initSetup() {
persons = new PersonDAO().getAllPersons();
}
@Command
public void onDoubleClicked() {
final HashMap<String, Object> map = new HashMap<String, Object>();
map.put("selectedPerson", curSelectedPerson);
Executions.createComponents("AddPerson.zul", null, map);
}
@Command
public void addNewPerson() {
final HashMap<String, Object> map = new HashMap<String, Object>();
map.put("selectedPerson", null);
Executions.createComponents("AddPerson.zul", null, map);
}
//note this will be executed after when we new person from the model window
@GlobalCommand
@NotifyChange("allPersons")
public void refreshList(@BindingParam("newadded") Person p1)
{
persons.add(p1);
}
}
HibernateUtil.java
package HibernateUtilities;
import org.hibernate.Session;
import org.hibernate.SessionFactory;
import org.hibernate.cfg.Configuration;
import org.hibernate.service.ServiceRegistry;
import org.hibernate.service.ServiceRegistryBuilder;
public class HibernateUtil {
private static SessionFactory factory;
private static ServiceRegistry serviceRegistry;
public static Configuration getInitConfiguration() {
Configuration config = new Configuration();
config.configure();
return config;
}
public static Session getSession() {
if (factory == null) {
Configuration config = HibernateUtil.getInitConfiguration();
serviceRegistry = new ServiceRegistryBuilder().applySettings(
config.getProperties()).buildServiceRegistry();
factory = config.buildSessionFactory(serviceRegistry);
}
Session hibernateSession = factory.getCurrentSession();
return hibernateSession;
}
public static Session beginTransaction() {
Session hibernateSession;
hibernateSession = HibernateUtil.getSession();
hibernateSession.beginTransaction();
return hibernateSession;
}
public static void CommitTransaction() {
HibernateUtil.getSession().getTransaction().commit();
}
public static void closeSession() {
HibernateUtil.getSession().close();
}
public static void rollbackTransaction() {
HibernateUtil.getSession().getTransaction().rollback();
}
}
Now you can run the demo.zul. And click Add Person to add new person or double click any one of the list items to edit.
image
Download the source as war file
continued on next post - Part 3
3 comments:
1. Thanks for posting this. It's very helpful Saw you mentioned it in the ZK forums. Thanks for giving back to the community.
ReplyDelete
2. Hi, since zk 6.0.2, to wire component in a view model, you have to use new @AfterCompose annotation,
please read upgrade note : http://books.zkoss.org/wiki/Small_Talks/2011/November/ZK_6:_Upgrade_Notes#ZK_Bind_Since_6.0.2
ReplyDelete
3. es posible, trabajar con MVC jejejeje
ReplyDelete
|
ESSENTIALAI-STEM
|
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.