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Saratoga thoroughbred meet like no other opens with no fans - Washington Times
SARATOGA SPRINGS, N.Y. (AP) - A thoroughbred racing season like no other in Saratoga Race Course's long history began Thursday under a gray sky, with jockeys wearing masks, a smattering of fans trying to peer through fencing to at least get a glimpse of the horses, and management hopeful of something good in spite of the new coronavirus. In terms of getting everything ready and running the races it's similar, said Dave O'Rourke, in his second year as president and CEO of the New York Racing Association. In terms of people lining up outside the gates and getting ready for really what becomes a 40-day party here in terms of the racing world, it's weird. But 2020 has been weird in a lot of different ways. So far, so good. Saratoga has 71 stakes races on the schedule worth $14.45 million, down from last year's totals of 76 and nearly $21 million in purses. That's a direct result of the impact of the pandemic. We've forecasted out the whole year, O'Rourke said. We're not going to make money this year, but the last few years we've done well, so we have reserves. The idea will be, can we bridge ourselves into 2021 and, are things normal and if not, how do we at least keep moving forward? You have to see daylight at some point. I'm hopeful. Everyone is. Saratoga, which has been running since 1863, is the crown jewel for NYRA and one of the most important meets in the nation. Last summer's 40 days of racing set a record for all-sources betting handle at over $705 million, even though weather knocked out a full day of racing and half of another. The Spa also attracted over 1 million in paid attendance for the fifth straight year. That impressive attendance streak is over. New York Gov. Andrew Cuomo and health officials decided in mid-May that racing could be held in the state but without spectators because of COVID-19. And although there's been talk that a small number of spectators might be allowed inside toward the end of the meet, that's probably not likely. You need two weeks of lead time to prepare (for fans), O'Rourke said. You can't just switch immediately. It's not really possible. NYRA has closed the track to anyone not essential, jockeys are not allowed on the backstretch or the training track and have to meet their horses in the paddock before races. Protocols announced two days ago bar jockeys from racing elsewhere and any who choose to won't be allowed back. Factor in that Del Mar in California canceled its weekend racing program on Wednesday after 14 jockeys tested positive for the coronavirus, and the trepidation is real. Despite the attendance hit, NYRA is projecting a $650 million handle for the meet, a boon afforded by the increased use of mobile wagering. It's a trend that we identified strategically about two to three years ago, O'Rourke said. What we might have thought was going to occur in two, three, or four years is happening right now. From a betting standpoint, we believe that we can maintain the same type of numbers that we had last year as long as the weather cooperates, added Tony Allevato, president of NYRA Bets. The trends have been good from a wagering standpoint. With other sports coming back we are going to have some competition. We're not going to be the only game in town. But from an online business standpoint, the hardest thing is to get the customer to come into your store. Once you have that customer in your store, it's a lot easier to keep them engaged. Also aiding the bottom line is NYRA's Saratoga Live program, which will air daily television coverage of the meet - over 210 hours in all - on FOX Sports and MSG Networks. I'm not sure exactly where we'd be if we didn't have that relationship, Allevato said. They've stepped up and given us a lot of hours. Racing will be held Wednesdays through Sundays through Labor Day and the highlight of the meet, as always, is the $1 million Travers Stakes on Aug. 8. NYRA has erected temporary privacy curtains to block the view through the chain-link fences along two avenues that border the oldest racetrack in the nation. The goal is to prevent the general public from gathering. That didn't stop the diehards on this day as a group of fans, a couple on short stools, lined the fence along Union Avenue. It's my 48th consecutive opening day, so now I've got to put an asterisk next to it, said Joe Labunski, a retiree from nearly Stillwater. I just had to come. So, too, did Red Carr. I want to be able to say I seen at least one race at Saratoga this year, Carr said right before the horses in the first race sped by. I couldn't tell you how disappointed I am. I'm not a happy camper. ___ More AP sports: https://apnews.com/apf-sports and https://twitter.com/AP_Sports Copyright 2021 The Washington Times, LLC. Copyright 2021 The Washington Times, LLC3600 New York Avenue NE, Washington, DC 20002 Switch to Desktop version
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Labeo pietschmanni is a species of fish in the genus Labeo. It is found in Indonesia.
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In re Russell L. SMITH and Joy C. Smith, Debtors. Russell L. Smith and Joy C. Smith, Appellants, v. Elizabeth F. Rojas, Chapter 13 Trustee; United States Trustee, Appellees. In re Steven Hamburg and Michelle Hamburg, Debtors. Steven Hamburg and Michelle Hamburg, Appellants, v. Elizabeth F. Rojas, Chapter 13 Trustee; United States Trustee, Appellees.
BAP Nos. CC-09-1321-DMkJa, CC-09-1364-DMkJa.
Bankruptcy Nos. SV 09-13847-MT, SV 09-17343-MT.
United States Bankruptcy Appellate Panel of the Ninth Circuit.
Argued and Submitted on May 20, 2010.
Filed July 8, 2010.
Before: DUNN, MARKELL and JAROSLOVSKY, Bankruptcy Judges.
. Hon. Alan Jaroslovsky, U.S. Bankruptcy Judge for the Northern District of California, sitting by designation.
OPINION
DUNN, Bankruptcy Judge.
The bankruptcy court dismissed debtors’ chapter 13 cases on the basis that the debtors exceeded the § 109(e) unsecured debt limit for chapter 13 eligibility. Asserting that the bankruptcy court erred when it included in the unsecured debt calculation the amount owed on wholly unsecured junior consensual liens, the debtors appealed. We AFFIRM.
I. FACTS
The parties in these cases are casualties of the steep decline in real property values that resulted when the so-called “Housing Bubble” burst.
The Smiths
On September 20, 2006, Russell and Joy Smith purchased their California residence (“Smith Residence”) for $570,000. Countrywide Home Loans (“Countrywide”) financed the purchase price with a $545,000 loan to the Smiths, secured by a first position deed of trust on the Smith Residence. One year later, Washington Mutual Bank (“WAMU”) loaned the Smiths an additional $250,000, secured by a second position deed of trust on the Smith Residence. One year and five days later, the Smiths filed a voluntary chapter 13 petition. In their bankruptcy schedules, the Smiths asserted the value of the Smith Residence as of the petition date was $370,000, based on an appraisal dated October 13, 2008. The outstanding balance owed to Countrywide was $547,782 pursuant to the Smiths’ Schedule D filed in the case. Because the value of the Smith Residence as of the petition date was less than the amount owed to Countrywide on the first lien, the Smiths sought a determination from the bankruptcy court that they could (1) stop making payments to WAMU and (2) treat WAMU’s claim as “wholly unsecured for purposes of plan confirmation.” The bankruptcy court entered an order on May 15, 2009, determining that the value of the Smith Residence was $370,000, and that WAMU’s claim “is un-dersecured for purposes of this Chapter 13 Case, such that upon confirmation of Debtors’ Chapter 13 plan, [WAMU] will be treated as a general unsecured claim and paid pro rata with other allowed unsecured claims.” In their chapter 13 plan, the Smiths proposed to treat WAMU as an unsecured creditor.
The chapter 13 trustee moved to dismiss the Smiths’ bankruptcy case, or convert it to a chapter 7 case, asserting that because WAMU’s claim was not secured by a lien, the debt underlying the claim must be counted as unsecured debt for purposes of chapter 13 eligibility. Adding WAMU’s unsecured debt to the unsecured debt the Smiths included in their Schedule F brought the Smiths’ total unsecured debt to $470,035.36, an amount that exceeded the $336,900 statutory maximum for chapter 13 eligibility. The Smiths countered that the WAMU debt remained secured, notwithstanding WAMU’s treatment under the Smith Plan, both because the “strip off’ occurred postpetition, and because WAMU’s lien would not actually be void until the Smiths received their chapter 13 discharge. Asserting itself to be bound by the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Scovis v. Henrichsen (In re Scovis), 249 F.3d 975, 981 (9th Cir.2001), the bankruptcy court entered its Memorandum of Law (“Eligibility Memorandum”) determining that the Smiths exceeded the unsecured debt limit for chapter 13 eligibility and granting the chapter 13 Trustee’s motion to dismiss. The Smiths timely filed their notice of appeal.
Concerned that the appeal ultimately would be rendered moot by the Smiths’ inability to perform any plan in the event the dismissal order was reversed, the bankruptcy court confirmed the Smith Plan and abated the dismissal order until the appeal could be decided so that the Smiths could continue making payments under the Smith Plan. Further, the bankruptcy court, observing the implications on chapter 13 eligibility in a time of substantially reduced property values, certified the issue as appropriate for a direct appeal to the Ninth Circuit.
The Hamburgs
Steven and Michelle Hamburg purchased their California residence (“Hamburg Residence”) in August 2003. Flags-tar Bank (“Flagstar”) is the beneficial holder of the note secured by a first position deed of trust on the Hamburg Residence. Subsequently, BAC Home Loans Servicing, LP, fka Countrywide Home Loans Servicing LP (“BAC”), loaned the Hamburgs additional funds, secured by a second position deed of trust on the Hamburg Residence. On April 3, 2009, the Hamburgs filed a voluntary chapter 13 petition. In their bankruptcy schedules, the Hamburgs asserted the value of the Hamburg Residence as of the petition date was $480,000, based on an appraisal dated January 11, 2009. As set forth in their Schedule D, the outstanding balance to Flagstar was $483,988. Because the value of the Hamburg Residence as of the petition date was less than the amount owed to Flagstar on the first lien, the Hamburgs sought a determination from the bankruptcy that they could (1) stop making payments to BAC and (2) treat BAC’s claim as “wholly unsecured for purposes of plan confirmation.” The Hamburgs also requested that BAC’s lien be “extinguished and reconveyed” upon the successful completion of their chapter 13 plan and subsequent chapter 13 discharge. The bankruptcy court entered an order on July 10, 2009, voiding BAC’s consensual lien, and authorizing that BAC’s claim “be treated as an unsecured claim ... to be paid through the plan, pro rata, with all other general unsecured claims.” The order also excused the Hamburgs from making monthly payments on BAC’s note and trust deed during the pendency of the case; the Hamburgs were to be permanently relieved from making these payments “upon completion of their Chapter 13 plan and subsequent entry of the Chapter 13 discharge in the instant proceeding.” In their chapter 13 plan, the Hamburgs proposed to treat BAC as an unsecured creditor.
After entering the Eligibility Memorandum in the Smith case, the bankruptcy court determined, apparently sua sponte, that its analysis applied to the Hamburgs’ case as well. Because the Hamburgs’ unsecured debt, taking into consideration the amount of the BAC claim, exceeded the $336,900 unsecured debt limit established by § 109(e), the bankruptcy court dismissed the Hamburgs’ case, but confirmed the Hamburg Plan and stayed the effectiveness of the dismissal order until resolution of this appeal. The Hamburgs timely filed their notice of appeal.
II. JURISDICTION
The bankruptcy court had jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1334 and 157(b)(2)(A) and (O).
28 U.S.C. § 158(c) provides that jurisdiction over a timely appeal from a bankruptcy court order lies with this panel, unless (1) the parties make a timely election to have the appeal heard by the district court, 28 U.S.C. § 158(c), or unless the bankruptcy court has certified, inter alia, that the order appealed from involves a matter of public importance. 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(2)(A)(i). To facilitate the direct appeal process for the issue in these appeals, the bankruptcy court stated in the Eligibility Memorandum:
There have been a number of other cases presenting this same issue, but they have been dismissed or converted to Chapter 7 for failure to make plan payments before any ruling on the debt limits issue could be issued. Debtors making decisions about how to save their home need to know clearly before a case is filed whether Chapter 13 is a viable option or whether they must find a way to file a much more expensive Chapter 11 case. This is a matter of significant public importance in an area where foreclosure rates are at an historic high and the debt limits set by Congress do not adequately address a large number of average home owners in financial distress.
Eligibility Memorandum at 10:6-13.
Consistent with this invitation of the bankruptcy court, the Smiths and the Hamburgs invoked Rule 8001(f)(4) and requested that the bankruptcy court certify their appeal to be heard directly by the court of appeals, which it did. However, other than requesting and obtaining the certification, neither debtors took any other necessary action to bring the appeals before the Ninth Circuit. In particular, they did not comply with Rule 8001(f)(5), which is titled explicitly “Duties of Parties After Certification.” Rule 8001(f)(5) provides: “A petition for permission to appeal in accordance with Fed. R.App. P. 5 shall be filed no later than 30 days after a certification has become effective as provided in subdivision (f)(1).” The importance of complying with Fed. R.App. P. 5 cannot be overstated, because certification is only the first step in obtaining a direct appeal; the second is that the circuit court must accept the appeal. The Ninth Circuit explained the direct appeal process thoroughly in Blausey v. U.S. Trustee, 552 F.3d 1124 (9th Cir.2009), emphasizing that only if the court of appeals grants permission to appeal under Fed. R.App. P. 5 does it assume jurisdiction over the appeal.
The bankruptcy clerk properly transmitted each of these appeals to our BAP Clerk, notwithstanding the existence of the certification. Blausey at 1128 (“The bankruptcy court should not have sent the record to our court until we granted the petition for permission to appeal.”). Thereafter, the BAP Clerk issued the briefing schedule.
In the Smith appeal, the Smiths brought the issue of the direct appeal certification to our attention by their motion requesting that our briefing schedule be vacated. Our motions panel granted an extension of the briefing dates, but noted that the mere existence of the certification did not suspend prosecution of an appeal before the BAP. Similarly, in the Hamburg appeal, the Hamburgs brought the issue of the direct appeal certification to our attention by their response to our Clerk’s Notice of Deficient Appeal and Impending Dismissal, issued because the Hamburgs had not completed the record in their appeal. In this response, the Hamburgs requested that we transfer the appeal directly to the Ninth Circuit. Our motions panel denied the request that we certify the matter to the court of appeals, stating: “The bankruptcy court already made the predicate certification; Appellants did not file a timely petition for leave to appeal; it is up to the court of appeals, and not this panel, to decide whether to entertain a late petition for leave to appeal.”
The Ninth Circuit has not granted permission for either appeal to be heard as a direct appeal; we therefore retain jurisdiction to decide these appeals pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 158.
III. ISSUE
Whether a debt secured by a consensual lien that is wholly unsecured under § 506(a) should be counted as unsecured debt for purposes of determining the eligibility of debtors for chapter 13 relief under § 109(e).
IV. STANDARDS OF REVIEW
Eligibility determinations under § 109 involve issues of statutory construction and conclusions of law, including interpretation of Bankruptcy Code provisions, which we review de novo. See Mendez v. Salven (In re Mendez), 367 B.R. 109, 113 (9th Cir.BAP 2007)(§ 109(h)); see also Soderlund v. Cohen (In re Soderlund), 236 B.R. 271, 272-73 (9th Cir.BAP 1999)(whether a debt is liquidated or contingent is a question of statutory interpretation under § 109(e) which is reviewed de novo). De novo review requires that we consider a matter anew, as if it had not been heard before, and as if no decision had been rendered previously. United States v. Silverman, 861 F.2d 571, 576 (9th Cir.1988); B-Real, LLC v. Chaussee (In re Chaussee), 399 B.R. 225, 229 (9th Cir.BAP 2008).
y. DISCUSSION
A. The Problem
These appeals have arisen during the current difficult economic time which is being referred to as “The Great Recession.” The collapse of the “Housing Bubble” has been identified as a significant cause of a severely depressed housing market. The Central District of California, where these appeals originate, is one region that has been particularly hard hit by the downturn in the prices of homes. In some areas, home values are a mere 50% of what they were when the home values peaked a few years ago.
During the accelerated growth of home values as the bubble was building, homeowners gained substantial equity very quickly. Many homeowners accessed that equity through credit lines or other loans secured by second and sometimes third deeds of trust on their homes. As with the Smiths and Hamburgs, many individuals find themselves owing significantly more for their homes than the homes are now worth, and are struggling to meet the substantial payment obligations incurred both to purchase their homes and for their equity borrowings.
As mortgage defaults have increased, so have bankruptcy filings. While many homeowners have walked or will walk away from their homes, others are trying to save their homes by using the provisions of chapter 13. These appeals address one major challenge faced by homeowners attempting to save their homes in chapter 13: debt limits for chapter 13 eligibility.
As relevant to these appeals involving joint debtors, section 109(e) provides:
Only ... an individual with regular income and such individual’s spouse, that owe, on the date of the filing of the petition, noncontingent, liquidated unsecured debts that aggregate less than $336,900 ... may be a debtor under chapter 13 of this title.
We are asked to determine whether, when the debt of a creditor that holds a second mortgage on a debtor’s residence is wholly unsecured on the petition date, the debt constitutes unsecured debt for purposes of the § 109(e) eligibility calculation, notwithstanding that the creditor’s lien has not been avoided judicially as of the petition date.
By way of background, we restate certain bankruptcy fundamentals, “The term ‘debt’ means liability on a claim.” § 101(12). “The term ‘claim’ means ... right to payment, whether ... such right is ... secured, or unsecured .... ” § 101(5)(A). “The term ‘creditor’ means ... entity that has a claim against the debtor that arose at the time of or before the order for relief concerning the debtor .... ” § 101(10)(A). Thus, for bankruptcy purposes, the second lienholders are simply creditors who hold claims. As an independent fact, each also holds a lien, which is defined as a “charge against or interest in property to secure payment of a debt ....”§ 101(37).
B. “Strip Off” Can Be Favorable to Chapter IS Debtors
Section 1322(b)(2) provides that a chapter 13 plan may “modify the rights of holders of secured claims, other than a claim secured only by a security interest in real property that is the debtor’s principal residence.... ” While this provision prohibits the “strip down” of a partially secured lien on a debtor’s principal residence, it does not prohibit the “strip off’ of a wholly unsecured lien. Compare Nobelman v. American Sav. Bank (In re Nobelman), 508 U.S. 324, 113 S.Ct. 2106, 124 L.Ed.2d 228 (1993), with Zimmer v. PSB Lending Corp. (In re Zimmer), 313 F.3d 1220 (9th Cir.2002).
When, as in the cases before us, a home’s value has fallen to the point that the second lienholder is fully unsecured, § 1322(b)(2) allows a chapter 13 debtor to “strip off’ the second lien.
The context in which “strip off’ has become important to chapter 13 debtors in these “Housing Bubble” cases is in the application of § 1325(a)(5) to the lien of a wholly unsecured creditor. The requirements for confirmation of a chapter 13 plan are found in § 1325.
With respect to secured creditors, § 1325(a)(5) requires generally that a chapter 13 plan must provide one of three alternative treatments: treatment to which the secured creditor consents; retention of collateral by the debtor with a stream of payments to the secured creditor; or surrender of the collateral to the secured creditor.
Trejos v. VW Credit, Inc. (In re Trejos), 374 B.R. 210, 214 (9th Cir.BAP 2007). Thus, under § 1325(a)(5), unless the holders of allowed secured claims have consented to receiving no payments, they must receive a “stream of payments” having a present value equal to their allowed secured claims if the debtors intend to keep their residences. However, by its terms, § 1325(a)(5) applies only to an “allowed secured claim.”
The actual lien stripping process is effectuated through § 506, which appropriately is entitled “Determination of secured status.” Section 506(a) states that to be an “allowed secured claim,” the prerequisite for payment under § 1325(a)(5), there must be value to which the lien of a secured creditor can attach. Thus, a determination under § 506(a) that a creditor is wholly unsecured effectively excuses debtors from treating the creditor’s claim as secured under the chapter 13 plan.
The purpose of § 506 is “to give the [bankruptcy] court appropriate authority to ensure that collateral or its proceeds is returned to the proper creditor.” H.R.Rep. No. 95-595, at 382 (1977), U.S. Code Cong. & Admin.News 1978, pp. 5963, 6338. Under nonbankruptcy law, to be a “secured claim,” a claim need only be secured by collateral of some sort; the value of the collateral does not matter, unless and until enforcement against the collateral is undertaken, at which time “the actual value of the security interest is most often determined by the enforcement procedure.” 4 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 506.03[4][a][i], at pp. 506-21-506-22 (Alan N. Resnick & Henry J. Sommer, eds., 16th ed.2010). “Section 506(a) operates as a substitute for enforcement in the sense of fixing the value of a secured creditor’s legal entitlements associated with its security interest while avoiding the enforcement process itself so that the property may be used or disposed of in a manner consistent with the goals of the Bankruptcy Code.” 4 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY ¶ 506.03[4][a][ii], at p. 506-23.
Section 506(a)(1) provides that
An allowed claim of a creditor secured by a lien on property in which the estate has an interest ... is a secured claim to the extent of the value of such creditor’s interest in the estate’s interest in such property, ... and is an unsecured claim to the extent that the value of such creditor’s interest ... is less than the amount of such allowed claim.
Rule 3012 implements § 506(a) by authorizing the bankruptcy court to determine the value of a claim. The Advisory Committee note to Rule 3012 explains:
Pursuant to § 506(a) of the Code, secured claims are to be valued and allowed as secured to the extent of the value of the collateral and unsecured, to the extent it is enforceable, for the excess over such value. The vahiation of secured claims may become important in different contexts ....
(Emphasis added.)
Appellants invoked the provisions of § 506(a) and asked the bankruptcy court to determine the value of the legal entitlements associated with second lien claims while avoiding the enforcement process of foreclosure. With the uncontested valuations Appellants presented to the bankruptcy court, the Appellants achieved their desired result: there was no value to which the liens could attach. As a consequence, the second lienholders did not hold allowed secured claims, and Appellants were allowed to treat them as general unsecured creditors in the context of their bankruptcy cases.
C. Implications of “Strip Off" for Chapter IS Eligibility
An unintended consequence of “strip off’ is the impact that changing a claim’s “status” from secured to unsecured can have on chapter 13 debtor eligibility under § 109(e).
The Smiths and Hamburgs appear to concede that the claims of the wholly unse-cured second lienholders, like any other unsecured claim, will be discharged upon completion of their chapter 13 plans. See Lam v. Investors Thrift (In re Lam), 211 B.R. 36, 41 (9th Cir.BAP 1997). However, they contend that the second lienholders retain the rights of secured creditors until the moment of discharge, and therefore, their claims cannot be counted as unsecured for chapter 13 eligibility purposes.
The Smiths and Hamburgs invoked § 506(a) to determine the secured status of the second lienholder claims and obtained a determination that both claims were wholly unsecured. They assert on appeal that this is all the relief they requested, and the bankruptcy court erred when it took the further step of determining that the second lienholder claims must be counted as unsecured for purposes of chapter 13 eligibility.
1. Scovis is controlling authority
The bankruptcy court recognized that Scovis v. Henrichsen (In re Scovis), 249 F.3d 975, 981 (9th Cir.2001), provided binding precedent for deciding that under § 506(a), the claims of the second lienhold-ers were to be counted as unsecured claims as of the petition date for purposes of § 109(e) eligibility.
Appellants urge a “mechanical” application of Scovis based on the following language:
We now simply and explicitly state the rule for determining Chapter 13 eligibility under § 109(e) to be that eligibility should normally be determined by the debtor’s originally filed schedules, checking only to see if the schedules were made in good faith.
Scovis, 249 F.3d at 982.
We agree with Appellants that no issue was raised that their schedules were not filed in good faith. Thus, they assert, if Scovis is to be applied “mechanically,” the bankruptcy court erred when it failed to count the second lienholder claims as secured claims simply because they were included as “Creditors Holding Secured Claims” on Schedule D, and not as “Creditors Holding Unsecured Nonpriority Claims” on Schedule F. Appellants find fault with the bankruptcy preparation software, asserting that it, not they, reduced the amount of the secured claims of the second lienholders to zero on Schedule D. Scovis, however, was intended to ensure a straightforward and realistic application by incorporating into eligibility determinations the concept that a debt’s “status” could be as readily ascertainable as its “amount,” no matter in which schedule the debt appeared. See id. at 984. We observe that the software conducted exactly the simple formulaic calculation that the bankruptcy court otherwise would have done manually in this case, and the Appellants attested to the accuracy of their schedules by signing them “under penalty of perjury.”
Scovis hinged on the status of a junior judgment lien. In ascertaining the extent to which the judgment lien, included in Schedule D rather than in Schedule F, was unsecured for § 109(e) purposes, Scovis considered not only the scheduled value of the property, the amount of the first trust deed and the amount of the judgment lien, but also the debtors’ declared California homestead exemption. The Scovis court determined that, because the debtors had listed both the homestead exemption and the judgment lien on the schedules, the bankruptcy court was provided a “sufficient degree of certainty” to regard the entire judgment lien as unsecured for eligibility purposes. This was true even though the debtors, as in the cases before us, had not included any portion of the judicial lien as an unsecured claim on their Schedule F.
In the cases before us, both the Smiths and the Hamburgs listed in Schedule D the value of their residence and the amount owing on the first trust deed. Because the first trust deed in each case exceeded the value of the residence, the bankruptcy court had a “sufficient degree of certainty” to determine that the second liens were wholly unsecured under § 506(a). Indeed, the only reason that the second liens could be avoided in chapter 13 is because they were wholly unsecured, not undersecured. Otherwise, § 1322(b)(2), by its plain terms, would preclude modifying the rights of the second lienholders in a chapter 13 plan.
Appellants also contend that under Slack v. Wilshire Ins. Co. (In re Slack), 187 F.3d 1070, 1073 (9th Cir.1999), the “bankruptcy court cannot look to post-petition events to determine the amount of the debt.” Appellants would have us read this phrase with “unsecured” as a modifier to “debt.” However, the issue in Slack was whether a debt was noncontingent and liquidated, and therefore whether it should be counted at all in a chapter 13 eligibility determination. There is no dispute before us that the amount of the debt of the second lienholders is fixed as of the petition date; our issue is whether the debt is unsecured. Significantly, this exact issue was addressed by the Scovis court:
Although [in Slack] we were defining the term ‘liquidated’ and not ‘secured,’ we included in the eligibility determination readily ascertainable amounts, even though liability on the debt had not been finally decided.... This principle of certainty carries equal force in the present context, where the homestead exemption’s effect on the status of Debtors’ debt as secured or unsecured is readily ascertainable.
Scovis, 249 F.3d at 984.
In the context before us, the “principle of certainty” applies where the effect of the value of the property on the status of Appellants’ debts as secured or unsecured is readily ascertainable. A claim is secured only to the extent of the value of a creditor’s interest in the estate’s interest in such property. § 506(a)(1). Thus, the question for the bankruptcy court was, on the petition date, did the second lienhold-ers have secured or unsecured claims for purposes of § 109(e).
Appellants appear to concede that, in light of its rebanee on Miller v. United States Through Farmers Home Admin. (In re Miller), 907 F.2d 80 (8th Cir.1990), Scovis applies to at least a subset of consensual liens. In Miller, the formulaic calculation of unsecured debt adopted by Scovis was applied to a consensual lien that was secured not only by the debtor’s residence, but also by farmland and farm equipment. Id. at 81. The only issue we see, and as raised by the Smiths and the Hamburgs, is whether the Scovis analysis changes because the second lien claims in these cases were consensual bens secured solely by real property that is the principal residence of the debtors. Appellants, in a surprising inconsistency, argue that it is § 1322(b)(2) that prohibits a change in the status of the second lienholders’ claims because it precludes modification of the rights of claims secured only by a debtor’s principal residence to render those claims unsecured. However, that is in actuality what Appellants sought and accomplished through their motions to determine the secured status of the WAMU and BAC claims. It is disingenuous for Appellants now to assert that all § 1322(b)(2) allows is the cessation of payments during the pen-dency of the case. Appellants have in fact modified the rights of the second lienhold-ers within the bankruptcy context; by operation of § 506(a), the second lienholders no longer hold secured claims for purposes of their bankruptcy cases.
2. Timing of lien “avoidance” does not matter
Nor are we persuaded that the Scovis analysis is in any way altered because the second liens may not have been avoided. Scovis itself involved a judgment ben that had not yet been avoided. In fact, it is difficult to imagine any situation where the original schedules in a case ever would include as a secured ben, a ben that already had been avoided in the bankruptcy case.
Scovis instructs that determination of the “status” of a judicial ben claim as secured or unsecured requires the application of § 506(a). Id. at 983. “[A] vast majority of courts, and all circuit courts that have considered the issue, have held that the unsecured portion of underse-cured debt is counted as unsecured for § 109(e) eligibility purposes.” Id.
Appellants assert “[the second lienhold-ers] retain all rights and remedies under California law, as well as their security interest, and therefore are secured for purposes of section 109(e) eligibility.” Appellants’ Opening Brief at 17:5-7. They contend that because the second liens are not irrevocably void until the chapter 13 discharge is entered, and because their lien rights are not eliminated under California law until foreclosure, see, e.g., Cal. Civ. Code § 2903, the second lienholders remain secured creditors even though they cannot enforce their rights in the collateral in the bankruptcy case.
We do not dispute that the determination of property rights by the bankruptcy court ordinarily is controlled by state law. Butner v. United States, 440 U.S. 48, 54, 99 S.Ct. 914, 59 L.Ed.2d 136 (1979). However, we disagree that merely holding a security interest on the petition date means that the creditor is a secured creditor for purposes of the Bankruptcy Code generally, or § 109(e) specifically.
Under section 506(a), a creditor’s rights in property are dependent on the bankruptcy estate’s interest in property; the determination of the estate’s interest is separate from and must precede the determination of the creditor’s interest. If the estate has no interest in the property at issue, ... it is not possible for the claim of [the] creditor ... to be secured by that property under section 506(a).
United States v. Snyder, 343 F.3d 1171, 1176 (9th Cir.2003). While Snyder addressed what happened to a creditor’s lien if the property to which it attached never became property of the bankruptcy estate under § 541(c)(2), it is instructive in the chapter 13 eligibility analysis: where a creditor cannot enforce its security interest in property of the estate, the creditor is precluded from “attaining secured status in the bankruptcy proceeding.” Id. at 1179, quoting In re Taylor, 289 B.R. 379, 383-84 (Bankr.N.D.Ind.2003) (“[T]he fact that a creditor does not hold a lien upon property of the estate does not mean there is no underlying right to payment; only that the claim is not ‘secured’ in the bankruptcy sense of the word.”).
YI. CONCLUSION
Section 1322(b)(2) allows chapter 13 debtors to “strip off’ from their residences wholly unsecured liens. Section 506(a) provides that an allowed “claim” of a “creditor” secured by a “lien” on “property in which the estate has an interest ... is a secured claim to the extent of the value of such creditor’s interest in the estate’s interest in such property, ... and is an unsecured claim to the extent that the value of such creditor’s interest ... is less than the amount of such allowed claim.” Thus, by its terms, § 506(a) provides that the undersecured portion of a lien claim is an unsecured claim. Section 506(d) implements § 506(a) by providing that the lien is void as to any unsecured portion of the claim.
The bankruptcy court did no more than it was asked: it determined the secured status of the WAMU and BAC claims under § 506(a). By application of § 506(a), that portion of the claim of a secured creditor that is undersecured is an unsecured claim. Having asked the bankruptcy court to determine that the WAMU and BAC claims were wholly unsecured, and having scheduled them as such, the debtors cannot now complain because the Bankruptcy Code requires classification of those claims as unsecured claims in their full amounts, especially where they intend to treat the second lienholders as wholly unsecured creditors for all purposes under their plans.
The bankruptcy court correctly determined that the Smiths and the Hamburgs exceeded the unsecured debt limits for chapter 13 eligibility in light of Scovis. Therefore, unless the Ninth Circuit revisits and alters the Scovis decision in this context, dismissal of the Appellants’ chapter 13 cases cannot constitute error.
Chapter 13 debt limits are mandated by statute. Bankruptcy courts are required to apply the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code as they are written.- To the extent the existing chapter 13 debt limits are too low to provide chapter 13 relief to homeowners impacted by the current economic climate, that is a matter within the purview of Congress.
We AFFIRM.
JAROSLOVSKY, Bankruptcy Judge, concurring:
The decision of my brethren is a proper application of binding case law, and I accordingly concur. I write separately only to point out that the confluence of new circumstances and old cases has created a perfect Catch-22 for the Smiths and the Hamburgs: they are ineligible for chapter 13 because they need the relief afforded by chapter 13, and would be eligible if they did not need the relief.
I begin by noting that we are declaring ineligible debtors who were clearly intended by Congress to be eligible for chapter 13 relief. They are solid middle-class wage earners. When Congress fashioned the debt limits set forth in § 109(e) of the Bankruptcy Code, it had in mind debtors who owned a middle-class residence with, typically, a first and second mortgage, a vehicle loan or two, and a significant but not excessive amount of unsecured debt, typically credit card obligations. I quite agree that courts cannot create eligibility where none has been intended by Congress. Quintana v. Internal Revenue Service (In re Quintana), 107 B.R. 234, 241 (9th Cir. BAP 1989). However, in this case we are taking away eligibility which Congress intended. Eligibility for chapter 13 should be liberally interpreted so as not to unnecessarily obstruct the eligibility of debtors desiring relief. In re Lambert, 43 B.R. 913, 919 (Bankr.D.Utah 1984). This is especially the case when the debtors seeking relief are exactly the kind of debtors Congress had in mind when fashioning eligibility.
The only meaningful relief under the Bankruptcy Code for debtors caught in the mortgage crisis is the ability, in some chapter 13 cases, to remove junior encumbrances from their home. For most of these debtors, the complexity and expense of a chapter 11 case is beyond their means. My sense of fairness and the depth of the crisis lead me to look for a way to make chapter 13 available to debtors like the Smiths and the Hamburgs.
We are expected by the Court of Appeals to follow the decisions of other circuits in most instances. United States v. Battley (In re Berg), 188 B.R. 615, 620 (9th Cir.BAP1995). This direction requires my concurrence. However, the Court of Appeals has the power to distinguish its prior decisions and consider whether it should follow those of other circuits. I believe that such an approach to the issue of chapter 13 eligibility would be wise.
The Smiths and Hamburgs have been declared ineligible because Scovis v. Henrichsen (In re Scovis), 249 F.3d 975 (9th Cir.2001) and Miller v. United States (In re Miller), 907 F.2d 80 (8th Cir.1990), require the court to add some debt secured by a mortgage to the unsecured debt total. These two cases, combined with an unforeseen and unprecedented drop in home values, have created an impediment to chapter 13 relief certainly not within the contemplation of Congress in 1978.
Scovis is readily distinguishable on its facts. That case found that a debt: (1) which began as unsecured, (2) became secured by legal process, and (3) was readily returnable by operation of law to unsecured status, should be treated as unsecured for eligibility purposes. In that case, the intent of Congress was clearly honored; an unsecured debt was treated as such notwithstanding its fleeting status as technically secured. If Scovis were the only applicable case, I would urge that it be distinguished on that ground. However, Miller represents a more serious hurdle, as the Smiths and Hamburgs cannot prevail unless a conflict between the circuits is created.
In most instances, revisiting a more or less settled issue of law is not sound policy. However, this instance is the exception because application of Miller to the current situation creates losers without any winners. In the Smiths’ case, it was the chapter 13 trustee who sought dismissal. In the Hamburgs’ case, the court apparently raised the issue on its own. In neither case did the junior deed of trust holder object to avoidance of its lien; economic circumstance, not bankruptcy law, has rendered the liens worthless. It is purposeless to the point of cruelty to maintain a rule of law which benefits nobody, does only harm and severely limits the availability of a salutary law.
If I were free to visit the issue anew, I would hold that for chapter 13 eligibility purposes ordinary residential mortgage debt is properly treated as secured notwithstanding the current value of the collateral. Because I feel bound by Miller, I must concur in a different result.
. Unless otherwise indicated, all chapter and section references are to the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. §§ 101-1532. All "Rule” or "FRBP” references are to the Federal Rules of Bankruptcy Procedure, Rules 1001-9037.
.There are no factual disputes in these appeals.
. The Smiths' original Schedule D dated September 24, 2008, reflected a value for the residence of $425,000. Their amended Schedule D dated December 15, 2008, was filed to reflect the appraised value of $370,000.
. After the Smiths filed their notice of appeal, the bankruptcy court issued an amended Eligibility Memorandum. It appears that the purpose of the amendment was (1) to add to the caption debtor names and case numbers for two other cases already included in the discussion and to whom the Eligibility Memorandum related, and (2) to add the signatures of five additional Central District bankruptcy judges who joined in the ruling contained in the Eligibility Memorandum.
. As a matter of semantics, the Appellants prefer to characterize the second lienholders' claims as "undersecured.” They attempt to create a distinction where there is no real difference. Under their respective plans, the Smiths and the Hamburgs treat the second lienholders as having wholly unsecured claims. As noted by the bankruptcy court, "unsecured” is the more "accurate term.” Eligibility Memorandum, at p. 4 n. 5.
. Appellants argue at great length in their briefs that their motions before the bankruptcy court sought only to reclassify wholly unsecured deeds of trust, not to attack the validity or priority of the liens. They assert that due process requires that an adversary proceeding be filed "to determine the validity, priority, or extent of a lien or other interest in property ...” prior to actual avoidance of the wholly unsecured lien. Rule 7001(2). We need not reach this issue. For our purposes, we need only decide whether the application of § 506(a) can operate to change the status of a claim from secured to unsecured in a bankruptcy case and whether such change impacts a § 109(e) eligibility determination. We observe that § 506(d) provides: "To the extent that a lien secures a claim against the debtor that is not an allowed secured claim, such lien is void....” Further, § 1327(c) provides: "Except as otherwise provided in the plan or the order confirming the plan, the property vesting in the debtor under subsection (b) of this section is free and clear of any claim or interest of any creditor provided for by the plan.”
. The term "Catch-22” is familiar to those of a certain age who remember the 1961 black satire of that title by Joseph Heller. Set in World War II, it described army regulations which purported to allow a bomber pilot driven to insanity by the dangers of combat to request relief, but also specified that concern for one’s safety in the face of dangerous combat was the process of a rational mind. Thus, anyone who asked to be relieved was by definition sane and not eligible to be relieved.
. A review of the legislative history of § 109(e) makes it clear that the dollar amounts were deemed necessary by Congress because chapter 13 was being opened to small businesses, a major change from old chapter XIII which was limited to wage earners. The limitations were deemed necessary to keep businesses out of chapter 13 which were more properly reorganized in chapter 11. 9 Bkr.L.Ed, Legislative History § 82:4. Congress clearly did not intend the limits to keep ordinary middle class wage earners out of chapter 13.
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CASELAW
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Smyrna Elementary School
Smyrna Elementary School is a historic elementary school building located at Smyrna in Chenango County, New York. The original 86000 sqft, L-shaped school was constructed in 1941. In 1956, a 4650 sqft addition was completed in two sections; a classroom section to the east and small kitchen addition to the south. It is a single-story building with basement and mezzanine work space. The building is in the Art Moderne style. The school closed in the late 1970s after consolidation in the Sherburne-Earlville Central School.
It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.
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WIKI
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List:Commits« Previous MessageNext Message »
From:marko.makela Date:October 19 2010 6:45am
Subject:bzr push into mysql-5.5-innodb branch (marko.makela:3187 to 3188)
View as plain text
3188 Marko Mäkelä 2010-10-19
ibuf_set_del_mark(): Do not complain about already delete-marked records.
According to a comment in row_upd_sec_index_entry(), it is a
legitimate situation that can be caused by a lock wait.
modified:
storage/innobase/ibuf/ibuf0ibuf.c
3187 Marko Mäkelä 2010-10-19 [merge]
Merge Bug #56680 from mysql-5.1.
Additional fixes in 5.5:
ibuf_set_del_mark(): Add diagnostics when setting a buffered delete-mark fails.
ibuf_delete(): Correct a misleading comment about non-found records.
rec_print(): Add a const qualifier to the index parameter.
Bug #56680 wrong InnoDB results from a case-insensitive covering index
row_search_for_mysql(): When a secondary index record might not be
visible in the current transaction's read view and we consult the
clustered index and optionally some undo log records, return the
relevant columns of the clustered index record to MySQL instead of the
secondary index record.
ibuf_insert_to_index_page_low(): New function, refactored from
ibuf_insert_to_index_page().
ibuf_insert_to_index_page(): When we are inserting a record in place
of a delete-marked record and some fields of the record differ, update
that record just like row_ins_sec_index_entry_by_modify() would do.
btr_cur_update_alloc_zip(): Make the function public.
mysql_row_templ_t: Add clust_rec_field_no.
row_sel_store_mysql_rec(), row_sel_push_cache_row_for_mysql(): Add the
flag rec_clust, for returning data at clust_rec_field_no instead of
rec_field_no. Resurrect the debug assertion that the record not be
marked for deletion. (Bug #55626)
[UNIV_DEBUG || UNIV_IBUF_DEBUG] ibuf_debug, buf_page_get_gen(),
buf_flush_page_try():
Implement innodb_change_buffering_debug=1 for evicting pages from the
buffer pool, so that change buffering will be attempted more
frequently.
added:
mysql-test/suite/innodb/r/innodb_bug56680.result
mysql-test/suite/innodb/t/innodb_bug56680.test
modified:
storage/innobase/btr/btr0cur.c
storage/innobase/buf/buf0buf.c
storage/innobase/buf/buf0flu.c
storage/innobase/handler/ha_innodb.cc
storage/innobase/ibuf/ibuf0ibuf.c
storage/innobase/include/btr0cur.h
storage/innobase/include/buf0flu.h
storage/innobase/include/ibuf0ibuf.h
storage/innobase/include/rem0rec.h
storage/innobase/include/row0mysql.h
storage/innobase/include/row0upd.h
storage/innobase/rem/rem0rec.c
storage/innobase/row/row0mysql.c
storage/innobase/row/row0sel.c
storage/innobase/row/row0upd.c
=== modified file 'storage/innobase/ibuf/ibuf0ibuf.c'
--- a/storage/innobase/ibuf/ibuf0ibuf.c revid:marko.makela@strippedo0fdd
+++ b/storage/innobase/ibuf/ibuf0ibuf.c revid:marko.makela@stripped
@@ -3997,21 +3997,22 @@ ibuf_set_del_mark(
rec = page_cur_get_rec(&page_cur);
page_zip = page_cur_get_page_zip(&page_cur);
- if (UNIV_UNLIKELY
- (rec_get_deleted_flag(
+ /* Delete mark the old index record. According to a
+ comment in row_upd_sec_index_entry(), it can already
+ have been delete marked if a lock wait occurred in
+ row_ins_index_entry() in a previous invocation of
+ row_upd_sec_index_entry(). */
+
+ if (UNIV_LIKELY
+ (!rec_get_deleted_flag(
rec, dict_table_is_comp(index->table)))) {
- ut_print_timestamp(stderr);
- fputs(" InnoDB: record is already delete-marked\n",
- stderr);
- goto failure;
+ btr_cur_set_deleted_flag_for_ibuf(rec, page_zip,
+ TRUE, mtr);
}
-
- btr_cur_set_deleted_flag_for_ibuf(rec, page_zip, TRUE, mtr);
} else {
ut_print_timestamp(stderr);
fputs(" InnoDB: unable to find a record to delete-mark\n",
stderr);
-failure:
fputs("InnoDB: tuple ", stderr);
dtuple_print(stderr, entry);
fputs("\n"
Attachment: [text/bzr-bundle] bzr/marko.makela@oracle.com-20101019064438-gfls1n6fign1brrh.bundle
Thread
bzr push into mysql-5.5-innodb branch (marko.makela:3187 to 3188) marko.makela19 Oct
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Introduction
Flow cytometry, by providing the possibility of rapid, accurate, and unbiased measurements of a variety of cell components on a cell by cell basis, has become an indispensable methodology in the analysis of cell death (see reviews in refs 1-6). One area of application of flow cytometry is in studies of the mechanism of cell death. In this application, flow cytometry is primarily used to immunocytochemically detect and measure the cellular levels of proteins such as members of the Bcl-2 family, proto-oncogenes c-myc or ras, tumour suppressor genes p53, pRB, and other molecules that play a role in cell death. It is also used in studies of cell function, particularly mitochondrial metabolism, which is closely associated with mechanisms regulating cell sensitivity to apoptosis (e.g. 7, 8). The major virtue of flow cytometry in this application is that it offers the possibility of multiparametric analysis of a multitude of cell attributes. This allows one to study the mutual relationship between the measured constituents. When one of the measured attributes is cellular DNA content, a relationship of other parameters to the cell cycle position or DNA ploidy is analysed. Because individual cells are measured the intercellular variability can be assessed, cell subpopulations identified, and rare cells detected.
Another area of application of flow cytometry is in the identification and quantitation of apoptotic or necrotic cells. Their recognition is generally based on the presence of a particular biochemical or molecular marker that is characteristic for either apoptosis or necrosis. A variety of methods have been developed, especially for identification of apoptotic cells. The apoptosis-associated changes in cell size and granularity can be detected by analysis of laser light scattered by the cell in forward and side directions (9). Some of the methods rely on the apoptosis-associated changes in the distribution of plasma membrane phospholipids (5,10). Others measure the transport function of the plasma membrane. Still other methods probe the mitochondrial transmembrane potential, which decreases early during apoptosis (7, 8, 11). Endonucleolytic DNA degradation that results in extraction of low MW DNA from the cell provides yet another marker of apoptosis. Apoptotic cells are then recognized either by their fractional DNA content (12,13) or by the presence of DNA strand breaks which can be detected by labelling their 3'-OH ends with fluorochrome-conjugated nucleotides in a reaction utilizing exogenous terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) (14-18).
The common drawback of flow cytometric methods is that the identification of apoptotic or necrotic cells relies on a single parameter reflecting a change in a biochemical or molecular feature of the cell that is assumed to represent apoptosis or necrosis. However, such a feature may be absent when apoptosis is atypical, as is known to occur, e.g. in cells of epithelial and fibroblast lineage (19-21). Atypical apoptosis is also caused by agents that inhibit apoptotic effectors. For example, induction of apoptosis by an inhibitor of the endo-nuclease results in a lack of DNA fragmentation, while inhibitors of proteases prevent degradation of particular proteins such as 'death substrates' (e.g. ref. 22). Identification of apoptotic cells based on the missing attribute(s) (e.g. DNA fragmentation or degradation of a particular protein) is impossible in such cases. Therefore, the characteristic changes in cell morphology, as originally described (23, 24) and discussed in Chapter 2, still remain the gold standard for recognition of apoptotic cell death.
The laser-scanning cytometer (CompuCyte, Cambridge, MA) is a microscope-based cytofluorometer that offers advantages of both flow cytometry and image analysis (for reviews see refs 25 and 26). Thus, fluorescence of individual cells is measured rapidly by laser-scanning cytometry (LSC) and with an accuracy similar to that of flow cytometry. Since cell position on the slide is recorded together with other measured cell parameters in a listmode fashion, the cells can be relocated after measurements and re-examined visually or subjected to image analysis (e.g. 27, 28). Furthermore, the geometry of cells attached to the slide, especially when flattened by cytocen-trifugation, is more favourable for their morphometric analysis than when in suspension. More information on cell morphology, therefore, can be obtained by LSC than by flow cytometry. In the analysis of apoptosis and necrosis, an opportunity to examine measured cells visually, as offered by LSC, is of particular value. Furthermore, cell analysis on slides eliminates cell loss, which generally occurs during repeated centrifugations in sample preparation for flow cytometry.
Several flow cytometric methods developed for the identification of apoptotic and necrotic cells have been modified and adapted so that they may be used for LSC (e.g. 29-31). These modifications and changes in methodology required by the adaptation of flow cytometric methods to LSC are presented in this chapter. Also discussed are difficulties in the measurement of apoptosis or necrosis, as well as common errors in the analysis and interpretation of data.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Liberty, Missouri - USA
(816) 366-7077 contact@interapptic.net
Buyout Documentation
2.5.1.Buyout Database Security #
Background
This topic addresses the security settings required in order for users to access the Buyout database. Note that two methods of configuring security are provided. The first (preferred option) is to use Buyout Database Manager (v2.0.37 or higher) to add or remove users. The second option requires the use of Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS).
Controlling User Access via Buyout Database Manager
Note – This process requires Buyout version 2.0.37.
1. Start Buyout Database Manager
2. Select the Buyout database from the list of databases.
3. Click Configure.
4. On the left, click User Access.
5. A list of users (and groups) that have already been granted access will be shown. Click the plus button (+) to add a new user or group.
6. In the Group or User box, enter the fully qualified domain user name or domain group (e.g., MYDOMAIN\username) and click OK.
7. Repeat the above step for each additional user or group that should be granted access.
8. To remove users or groups, click the “X” button.
9. Click Save and then close Buyout Database Manager.
Controlling User Access via Microsoft SQL Management Studio
Note – You may need to install Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio if it is not already installed.
1. Start Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio and connect to the SQL Server instance containing your Buyout database.
2. Expand the Security node and then the Logins node.
3. For each user or group, if you not see the user or group listed here, follow these steps –
1. Right-click on the Logins node and click New Login.
2. In the Login name box type the fully qualified domain user name or domain group (e.g. “MYDOMAIN\username”).
3. Click the Windows authentication radio button.
4. Click OK.
4. Expand the Databases node.
5. Expand the node representing your Buyout database.
6. Expand the Security node and then the Users node.
7. For each user or group , if you do not see the user or group listed here, follow these steps –
1. Right-click on the Users node and click New User.
2. In the User type drop-down, select Windows user.
3. In the User Name and Login Name boxes, type the fully qualified user or group name (e.g., “MYDOMAIN\username”).
4. In the Default Schema box, type dbo.
5. On the left, click Membership and then check the following boxes –
• db_datareader
• db_datawriter
• db_ddladmin
6. Click OK
8. Close Microsoft SQL Server Management Studio.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Père Fouettard
* ) is a character who accompanies Saint Nicholas on his rounds during Saint Nicholas Day (6 December) dispensing lumps of coal and/or beatings to naughty children while St. Nicholas gives gifts to the well behaved. He is known mainly in the far north and eastern regions of France, in the south of Belgium, and in French-speaking Switzerland, although similar characters exist all over Europe (see Companions of Saint Nicholas). This "Happy Father" was said to bring a whip with him to spank all of the naughty children who misbehaved.
Origin
The most popular story about the origin of Père Fouettard was first told about the year 1252. An innkeeper (or a butcher in other versions) captures three boys who appear to be wealthy and on their way to enroll in a religious boarding school. Along with his wife, he kills the children in order to rob them. One gruesome version tells that they drug the children, slit their throats, cut them into pieces, and stew them in a barrel. St. Nicholas discovers the crime and resurrects the children. After this, Père Fouettard repents and becomes St. Nicholas' partner. A slightly different version of this story claims that St. Nicholas forced Père Fouettard to become his assistant as a punishment for his crimes.
Another story states that during the Siege of Metz (a city in Eastern France) in 1552, an effigy of king Charles V was burned and dragged through the city. Meanwhile, an association of tanners created a grotesque character (also a tanner) armed with a whip and bound in chains who punished children. After Metz was liberated, the charred effigy of Charles V and the character created by the tanners somehow assimilated into what is now known as Père Fouettard. Events surrounding the city's liberation and the burning of the effigy coincided with the passage of St. Nicholas, hence Père Fouettard became his "bad cop" counterpart.
In the 1930s, Père Fouettard appeared in the United States under the translated name Father Flog or Spanky. Although almost identical to the original French personification, Father Flog had nothing to do with Christmas and also had a female accomplice named Mother Flog. The two doled out specific punishments for specific childhood crimes (e.g. cutting out the tongue for lying).
Appearance
The most common depiction of Père Fouettard is of a man with a sinister face dressed in dark robes with scraggly unkempt hair and a long beard. He is armed with a whip, a large stick, or bundles of switches. Some incarnations of the character have him wearing a wicker backpack in which children can be placed and carried away. Sometimes he merely carries a large bundle of sticks on his back.
Père Fouettard in popular culture
* Jacques Dutronc's song La Fille du père Noël (The daughter of Father Christmas) is about Père Fouettard's son having a crush on Santa Claus' daughter.
* Another French pop star, Alain DeLorme, mentioned him in the song "Venez Venez St. Nicolas"
* There is a restaurant named Le Père Fouettard at 9 Rue Pierre Lescot, in Paris which features "Classic Parisian Fare".
* Robert Schumann composed a piano piece in 1848 most commonly known as Knecht Ruprecht (a similar character, see Companions of Saint Nicholas), but in some cases the piece is called Le Père Fouettard.
* Black Phoenix Alchemy Lab, a line of hand-blended perfume oils, created a limited-edition Yule scent in 2008 named Le Père Fouettard consisting of "Whip leather, coal dust, gaufrette, and black licorice."
* Père Fouettard (renamed "Gruzzlebeard" in the English translation) was the main antagonist in the animated show The Secret World of Santa Claus.
* In the 2023 Hallmark Channel original film "Joyeux Noel", the character of Mark played by Brant Daugherty is playfully attacked by French children who call him Père Fouettard.
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WIKI
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LAWRENCE + MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Sylvia Mathews BURWELL, Secretary, Department of Health and Human Services, Marilyn Tavenner, Administrator, Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, Robert G. Eaton, Chairman, Medicare Geographic Classification Review Board, Defendants-Appellees.
Docket No. 15-164-cv.
United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.
Argued: Nov. 4, 2015.
Decided: Feb. 4, 2016.
Joseph D. Glazer, Law Office of Joseph D. Glazer, P.C., Princeton, NJ (Steven M. Basche, Law Offices of Steven M. Basche, LLC, on the brief), for Plaintiff-Appellant.
Carolyn Ikari, Assistant United States Attorney, Hartford, CT (Marc H. Silver-man, of counsel, on the brief), Assistant United States Attorney, for Deirdre M. Daly, United States Attorney for the District of Connecticut, for Defendants-Ap-pellees.
Before HALL and LYNCH, Circuit Judges, and RAKOFF, District Judge.
The Honorable Jed S. Rakoff, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
RAKOFF, District Judge:
Under the Medicare Act, a hospital’s classification as “rural” or “urban” may affect the amount of reimbursement that the hospital receives for providing medical services, as well as the hospital’s access to certain medical programs. But a hospital can reasonably be viewed as “rural” in some respects {e.g., it is situated in a rural area and attends to the needs of a rural population) and “urban” in other respects (e.g., it needs to attract trained staff from nearby urban areas and to do so must pay urban wage rates). To accommodate this possibility, the Medicare statute, through a complicated classification process, permits a hospital to be classified as urban for some purposes and rural for others. One such statutory provision, 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(8)(E) — commonly referred to as part of “Section 401” — permits some hospitals that are geographically located in an urban area to be designated as rural “[f]or purposes of this subsection,” ie., subsection (d). They may be able to obtain certain benefits, such as easier access to a more favorable drug pricing program, that would not ordinarily be available to them if they were treated as urban. However, another provision of the same subsection (d), specifically, 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(10), creates a process by which a Medicare Geographic Classification Review Board (“MGCRB”) can redes-ignate hospitals to a different area from that to which they have been otherwise designated, in order to receive a different wage reimbursement rate. The result is that a hospital that is classified as “rural” in order to obtain favorable drug pricing can contemporaneously apply to be designated to an urban area for wage reimbursement purposes.
Notwithstanding these statutory provisions, in 2000 the Secretary of Health and Human Services (the “Secretary”) issued a regulation, known as the “reclassification rule,” 42 C.F.R. § 412.230(a)(5)(iii), which provided that a hospital that has been reclassified from urban to rural under subsection (d)(8)(E) may not thereafter receive an additional reclassification by the MGCRB for reclassification as urban under subsection (d)(10). Because the regulation contravenes the plain language of the statute, it exceeds the Secretary’s authority and must be held invalid, for the reasons stated below.
We begin, as we must, with the text of the statute. The Medicare Act — Title XVIII of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. , § 1395 et seq. — provides for hospitals to be reimbursed for serving Medicare beneficiaries. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395(f); Bellevue Hosp. Ctr. v. Leavitt, 443 F.3d 163, 168 (2d Cir.2006). Hospitals’ reimbursements are calculated based on rates that are prospectively determined for a fiscal year, not on the hospitals’ actual costs. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d); Bellevue, 443 F.3d at 168. To calculate these rates, the Secretary first establishes a nationwide standardized rate for hospitals located in urban or rural areas. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(2)(A)-(D). Hospitals' are initially classified to urban or rural areas based on their geographical location. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(2)(D). The Secretary then multiplies the standardized rate by a “wage index” that accounts for geographical variation in wage-related costs. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395ww(d)(2)(H), (3)(E). The “wage index” reflects the relationship between the local average of hospital rates and the relevant national average. See 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395ww(d)(2)(H), (3)(E).
As initially promulgated, however, this reimbursement determination system “yielded inequitable results for some hospitals,” for example when “a hospital in one area competed for the same labor pool as hospitals in a nearby, larger urban area but received a lower reimbursement” based on its geographical area’s wage index. Robert Wood Johnson Univ. Hosp. v. Thompson, 297 F.3d 273, 276 (3d Cir.2002). Therefore, Congress in 1989 amended the Medicare Act to create the MGCRB. .See Pub.L. No. 101-239, § 6003(h) (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(10)). The MGCRB considers hospitals’ applications to “change the hospital’s geographic classification for purposes of determining” the hospital’s average standardized reimbursement amount or wage index. 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(10)(C)(i).
Pursuant to the Medicare statute, see 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(10)(D)(i), the Secretary publishes guidelines for the MGCRB’s úse in making reclassification decisions. See 42 C.F.R. § 412.230 et seq. According to these guidelines, a hospital must generally meet three criteria to obtain an MGCRB reclassification. First, the hospital must demonstrate proximity to the area to which it seeks redesignation (within 15 miles for an urban hospital and 35 miles for a rural .hospital). See 42 C.F.R. § 412.230(b)(1). Second, the hospital must show that its wages meet certain benchmarks relative to the wages of the area to which it seeks redesignation (84% for an urban hospital and 82% for a rural hospital). See 42 C.F.R. § 412.230(d)(l)(iv)(E). Third, the hospital must demonstrate that its wages meet certain benchmarks relative to the wages of its existing classification area (108% for an urban hospital and 106% for a rural hospital). See 42 C.F.R. § 412.230(d)(l)(iii)(C). Therefore, a hospital’s ability to reclassify through the MGCRB process may (though need not) be affected by its designation as “urban” or “rural.”
Furthermore, a rural hospital is eligible to be treated as a Rural Referral Center (“RRC”) pursuant to another provision of the Medicare statute, see 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(5)(C)(i). The RRC program was established to “take into account the special needs” of certain rural hospitals, such as high-volume institutions. See id. Hospitals with RRC status are exempted from the proximity requirement of the MGCRB process, see 42 C.F.R. § 412.230(a)(3)®, and any hospital that “was ever”'an RRC is exempt from the requirement that its wages meet certain benchmarks'relative to those of its existing classification area. See 42 C.F.R. § 412.230(d)(3)®.
Particularly relevant to this case is the fact that RRCs more easily qualify for preferable drug pricing. The 340B Drug Discount Program, enacted by Section 602 of the Veterans Health Care Act of 1992, Pub.L. 102-585, 42 U.S.C. § 256b, enables certain hospitals to buy covered outpatient drugs at favorable prices. Since 2010, a rural hospital that qualifies as an RRC may more readily access the 340B Drug Discount Program. Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, Pub.L. 111-148, § 7101, 124 Stat. 821-22 (2010). Specifically, a hospital’s “disproportionate share adjustment percentage,” which is based on the percentage of low-income patients that a hospital serves, must generally be 11.75% in order for a hospital to participate in the 340B Drug Discount Program, see 42 U.S.C. § 256b(a)(4)(L)(ii); but an RRC is eligible to participate in the 340B Drug Discount Program if its disproportionate share adjustment percentage is as low as 8%, see 42 U.S.C. § 256b(a)(4)(0). The classification of a hospital as an RRC (which in turn requires the hospital to be classified as rural) may therefore permit an otherwise ineligible hospital to participate in the 340B Drug Discount Program. And, any such hospital may retain its RRC status even after reclassification to ah urban wage index area. Cf. Medicare Program: Geographical Classification Review Board; Procedures and Criteria, 55 Fed. Reg. 36754, 36760 (Sept. 6, 1990) (“A hospital that is reclassified from a rural or other urban area only for purposes of the wage index is not considered urban for any other purpose than its labor market area designation.”)
While the MGCRB process provides a mechanism for hospitals — urban or rural— to seek reclassification to areas with higher wage indices (often, nearby urban areas), another amendment to the Medicare statute permits certain hospitals geographically located in urban areas to be designated as rural for other purposes. This amendment was enacted in 1999 as Section 401 of the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Balanced Budget Refinement Act of 1999, Pub.L. No. 106-113 (“Section 401”). Section 401(a), the provision of Section 401 most here at issue, is codified at 42 U.S.C: § 1395ww(d)(8)(E) and reads in full:
(a) IN GENERAL. — Section 1886(d)(8) (42 U.S.C. 1395ww(d)(8)) is amended by adding at the end the following new subparagraph:
(E)(i) For purposes of this subsection, not later than 60 days after the receipt of an application (in a form and manner determined by the Secretary) from a subsection (d) hospital described in clause (ii), the Secretary shall treat the hospital as being located in the rural area (as defined in paragraph (2)(D)) of the State in which the hospital is located.
(ii) For purposes of clause (i), a subsection (d) hospital described in this clause is a subsection (d) hospital that is located in an urban area (as defined in paragraph (2)(D)) and satisfies any of the following criteria:
(I) The hospital is located in a rural census tract of a metropolitan statistical area (as determined under the most recent modification of the Goldsmith Modification, originally published in the Federal Register on February 27, 1992 (57 Fed.Reg. 6725)).
(II) The hospital is located in an area designated by any law or regulation of such State as a rural area (or is designated by such State as a rural hospital).
(III) The hospital would qualify as a rural, regional, or national referral center under paragraph (5)(C) or as a sole community hospital under paragraph (5)(D) if the hospital were located in a rural area.
(IV) The hospital meets such other criteria as the Secretary may specify. '
42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(8)(E).
Both sides in the instant litigation agree that “this subsection” — in the statement “[f|or purposes of this subsection, ... the Secretary shall treat the hospital as being located in the rural area ... ” — refers to 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d), which also contains the description of the MGCRB process. See 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(10).
The conference report accompanying the legislation enacting Section 401 states, in relevant part, that Section 401
[provides that a hospital in an urban area may apply to the Secretary to be treated as if the hospital were located in a rural area of the State in which the hospital is located. Hospitals qualifying under this section shall be eligible to qualify for all categories and designations available to rural hospitals, including sole community, Medicare dependent, critical access, and referral centers. Additionally, qualifying hospitals shall be eligible to apply to the Medicare Geographic Reclassification Review Board for geographic reclassification to another area. The Board shall regard such hospitals as rural and as entitled to the exceptions extended to referral centers and sole community hospitals, if such hospitals are so designated.
H.R. Conf. Rep. 106-479 (Nov. 18, 1999).
After Section 401 was passed, the Secretary expressly recognized that this section “might create an opportunity for some urban hospitals to take advantage of the MGCRB process by first seeking to be reclassified as. rural under [Section 401] (and receiving the benefits afforded to rural hospitals) and in turn seek reclassification through' the MGCRB back to the urban area for purposes of their standardized amount and wage index and thus also receive the higher payments that might result from being treated as being located in an urban area.” 65 Fed.Reg. 47052, 47087 (Aug. 1, 2000). In response, the Secretary promulgated the regulation challenged in the instant case (the “reclassification rule”), which states, in relevant part, that “[a]n urban hospital that has been granted redesignation as rural under § 412.103 [the regulation implementing Section 401] cannot receive an additional reclassification by the MGCRB based on this acquired rural status for a year in which such redesignation is in effect.” See 65 Fed.Reg. 47052, 47108 (Aug. 1, 2000), 42 C.F.R. § 412.230(a)(5)(iii). In other words, a hospital that has been designated as rural pursuant to Section 401 (a “Section 401 hospital”) may not be reclassified by the MGCRB, unless it first cancels its rural status for the fiscal years for which it seeks reclassification. See 70 Fed.Reg. 47278, 47444 (Aug. 12, 2005).
Against this background, we turn to the facts of this case, which are essentially undisputed. Plaintiff Lawrence + Memorial Hospital (“Lawrence”) is an acute care hospital located in New London, Connecticut. Lawrence’s geographic location for Medicare reimbursement purposes was originally designated as part of the Norwich-New London, Connecticut urban area. On July 2, 2013, Lawrence sought reclassification under Section 401 from an urban to a rural hospital, as well as additional designation as an RRC. On August 13, 2013, the relevant authority, namely, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMMS”), granted both of Lawrence’s requests, and Lawrence was recognized as a rural hospital effective July 3, 2013. Immediately thereafter, however, on September 3] 2013, Lawrence applied to the MGCRB,.¡.seeking reclassification for .wage reimbursement purposes to the Nassau-Suffolk, New York urban area, which had a higher wage index. Since the grant of such request would seemingly violate the reclassification rule promulgated by the Secretary, Lawrence, on October 11, 2013, filed the instant action in the district court, seeking a preliminary injunction to enjoin the defendants (consisting of the Secretary, the Administrator of CMMS, and the Chairman of the MGCRB) from applying the Secretary’s reclassification rule to Lawrence’s MGCRB application.
On December 6, 2013, the district court denied Lawrence’s motion for a preliminary injunction. Consequently, on December 16, 2013, Lawrence requested cancellation (effectively under protest) of its rural status under Section 401. The request was approved on December 19, 2013, and the cancellation of rural status had the additional effect of cancelling Lawrence’s RRC status. Because Lawrence’s disproportionate share adjustment factor for the purposes of the 340B Drug Discount Program is greater than 8% (the threshold for RRCs) but less than 11.75% (the general threshold), Lawrence thus became ineligible to participate in the 340B Drug Discount Program. On January 27, 2014, the MGCRB, having found that Lawrence met all the relevant criteria, see supra, approved Lawrence’s application to be reclassified to the Nassau-Suffolk, New York urban area.
Having thus been deprived (by virtue of the reclassification rule) of its eligibility to participate in the 340B Drug Discount Program, Lawrence filed an amended complaint on March 25, 2014, seeking a declaration that the Secretary’s regulatory scheme violates the Medicare Act and the Administrative Procedure Act; a permanent injunction, an order of mandamus, or both, prohibiting the Secretary and other officials from applying the reclassification rule to any future MGCRB applications by Lawrence; and a permanent injunction, an order of mandamus, or both, ordering the Secretary and other officials to consider plaintiff (a) to be reclassified to the Nassau-Suffolk urban area; and (b) to be a rural hospital and an RRC. In June 2014, both parties moved for summary judgment. On December 23, 2014, the district court granted the defendants’ motion and entered judgment in favor of defendants.
The district court provided the reasons for her ruling in a memorandum issued on December 22, 2014. The district court noted that “[t]here do not appear to be any genuine issues of material fact here” and determined that the parties’ disagreement over the proper interpretation of Section 401 would be analyzed under the framework set out by Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). The district court reasoned that under Chevron Step One — which, she held, requires the Court to consider “whether Congress has clearly spoken in Section 401 as to whether the Secretary is required to treat hospitals with acquired rural status as ‘rural’ for the purposes of an application to the MGCRB for geographic classification,” Lawrence & Memorial Hosp. v. Burwell, No. 13-1495, 2014 WL 7338859, at *5 (D.Conn. Dec. 22, 2014) — the statutory text was ambiguous, because Section 401 “does not discuss the intersection of redesignation and geographic reclassification under the Medicare Act” and “does not address the standards by which the MGCRB should evaluate a hospital’s eligibility for geographic classification.” Id. at *6 (internal quotation marks omitted). In so holding, the district court rejected Lawrence’s argument that the statutory language was unambiguous and that any alleged ambiguity was definitively resolved in Lawrence’s favor by the conference report accompanying Section 401. Having instead concluded that the statutory text was ambiguous, the district court moved to Chevron Step Two (according deference to the Secretary’s interpretation of the statute), as well as to the claim that the Secretary’s regulation was “arbitrary and capricious” under the Administrative Procedure Act. The district court concluded that the Secretary made a “deliberate, logical, and considered” decision based on a permissible construction of the statute and upheld the contested regulation. On January 20, 2015, Lawrence filed a timely notice of appeal.
This Court reviews a grant of summary judgment by the district court de novo. See Allianz Ins. Co. v. Lerner, 416 F.3d 109, 113 (2d Cir.2005). At issue in the instant case is the Secretary’s interpretation of the Medicare statute set forth in the Secretary’s reclassification rule, 42 C.F.R. § 412.230(a)(5)(iii). As the district court correctly held, challenges to an agency’s interpretation of a statute that it administers are reviewed within the framework of Chevron. Step One of Chevron analysis requires the court to determine “whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue. If the intent of Congress is clear, that is the end of the matter; for the court, as well as the agency, must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842-43, 104 S.Ct. 2778. As for Step Two, “[i]f the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843, 104 S.Ct. 2778. At this stage, an agency regulation warrants deference unless it is “arbitrary, capricious, or manifestly contrary to the statute.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 844, 104 S.Ct. 2778. Similarly, in reviewing agency actions under the Administrative Procedure Act, a court asks whether the agency’s action was “arbitrary, capricious, [or] an abuse of discretion.” 5 U.S.C. § 706(2)(A).
Turning to the Chevron Step One inquiry, “[t]o ascertain Congress’s intent, we begin with the statutory text because if its language is unambiguous, nó further inquiry is necessary.' If the statutory language is ambiguous, however, we will resort first to canons of statutory construction, and, if the statutory meaning remains ambiguous, to legislative history.” Cohen v. JP Morgan Chase & Co., 498 F.3d 111, 116 (2d Cir.2007) (internal citations and modifications omitted). Furthermore, “[i]f, in light of its text, legislative history, structure, and purpose, a statute is found to be plain in its meaning, then Congress has expressed its intention as to the question, and deference is not appropriate.” Li v. Renaud, 654 F.3d 376, 382 (2d Cir.2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Here, we hold that the text of the statute unambiguously supports Lawrence’s position that the MGCRB must review reclassification applications by Section 401 hospitals according to the standards applied, to hospitals geographically located in a rural area. Thus, 42 C.F.R. § 412.230(a)(5)(iii) violates the Medicare statute.
The relevant provision of -Section 401(a), 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(8)(E), states: “For purposes of this subsection, not later than 60 days after the receipt of an application (in a form and manner determined by the Secretary) from a subsection (d) hospital described in clause (ii), the Secretary shall treat the hospital as being located in the rural area (as defined in paragraph (2)(D)) of the State in which the hospital is located.” 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(8)(E). As noted, both Lawrence and defendants agree that the term “this subsection” refers to 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d), which also sets out the MGCRB process. See 42 U.S.C. ' § 1395ww(d)(10)(A) (“There is hereby established the Medicare Geographic Classification Review Board ... ”) Lawrence therefore argues, and we agree, that Section 401 thereby unequivocally directs the Secretary to consider MGCRB applications from hospitals that have been granted rural status pursuant to Section 401 in the same way as the Secretary treats applications from other rural hospitals. To write the phrase “for the purposes of this subsection” out of the text would be “at odds with one of the most basic interpretive canons, that a statute should be construed so that effect is given to all its provisions, so that no part will be inoperative or superfluous, void or insignificant.” Corley v. United States, 556 U.S. 303, 314, 129 S.Ct. 1558, 173 L.Ed.2d 443 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted).
Congress in Section 401 also used the mandatory term “shall.” See United States v. Monsanto, 491 U.S. 600, 607, 109 S.Ct. 2657, 105 L.Ed.2d 512 (1989) (“Congress could not have chosen stronger words [than ‘shall forfeit’ and ‘shall order’] to express its intent that forfeiture be mandatory in cases where the statute applied ... ”). Congress did not grant the Secretary discretion in carrying out the provision “the Secretary shall treat the hospital as being located in the rural area,” as it did in other parts of Section 401. See, e.g., Section 401(a) (codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(8)(E)) (providing that an application for Section 401 status should be “in a form and manner determined by the Secretary,” 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(8)(E)(i), and that the criteria for qualifying hospitals include hospitals that “meet[] such other criteria as the Secretary may specify,” 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(8)(E)(ii)(IV)). The Secretary’s regulation stating that “[a]n urban hospital that has been granted redesig-nation as rural under § 412.103 [the regulation implementing Section 401] cannot receive an additional reclassification by the MGCRB based on this acquired rural status for a year in which such redesignation is in effect,” 42 C.F.R. § 412.230(a)(5)(iii), therefore contravenes an explicit statement of the statutory text and must be deemed invalid.
The Secretary urges that Section 401 does not directly address the interplay between reclassification under Section 401 and MGCRB reclassification. Accordingly, she argues, the agency may step in to fill the gap. The Secretary further argues that the statutory statement “[fjor purposes of this subsection ... the Secretary shall treat the hospital as being located in the rural area ... of the State in which the hospital is located,” 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(8)(E), can be interpreted to mean that a Section 401 hospital may not receive the wage index of an urban area, since such a hospital must necessarily be treated as “rural.” She also argues that the legislation enacting Section 401 made “conforming changes” to ensure that Section 401 hospitals would be treated as rural for the purposes of outpatient payments and eligibility for critical access hospital status, but did not make similar changes to the MGCRB provision. See, e.g., Pub.L. 106-113, Section 401(b), codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1395Z (t)(16)(A).
These arguments are unpersuasive for several reasons. Most significantly, the Secretary’s reading defies the plain meaning of the Medicare statute. As defendants acknowledged at oral argument, a “geographically rural hospital” — that is, a hospital geographically located in a rural area — may apply to the MGCRB to use an urban wage index while retaining any RRC status or other benefits accruing to rural hospitals. This is precisely what Lawrence sought to do, and the Secretary’s purported distinction between “geographically rural” hospitals and hospitals with “acquired rural status” for the purposes of an MGCRB application appears nowhere in the statute. Because “courts must presume that a legislature says in a statute what it means and means in a statute what it says there,” Barnhart v. Sigmon Coal Co., 534 U.S. 438, 461-62, 122 S.Ct. 941, 151 L.Ed.2d 908 (2002), we must presume that Congress intended hospitals with “acquired rural status”, to be treated like “geographically rural” hospitals when applying for MGCRB reclassification. . As for the Secretary^ argument about conforming changes, Congress did not need to insert language directing conforming changes to specific .parts of 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d) because 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(8)(E);‘already instructs the Secretary to treat, ¡Section 401 hospitals as rural for all purposes referenced in . 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d).
The context of the statement “[f]or purposes of this subsection ... the Secretary shall treat the hospital as being located in the rural area ...” further reinforces the implausibility of the Secretary’s proposed interpretation. See Food & Drug Admin. v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 132-33, 120 S.Ct. 1291, 146 L.Ed.2d 121 (2000) (“the words of a statute must be read in their context and with a view to their place in the overall statutory scheme.”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Congress inserted Section 401 into the Medicare statute a decade after the MGCRB was formed. By using the broad language “for the purposes of this subsection,” Congress mandated that specified hospitals be treated as rural for the purposes of the entire section, including the already — existing MGCRB application process. A rule that required Congress to expressly reference the interplay between each aspect of the relevant subsection and Section 401 reclassification would hinder Congress’s ability to amend statutes across wide swaths of legislative territory. See also Geisinger, 794 F.3d at 393 (“To comprehensively amend subsection (d) — which contains dozens of paragraphs and subparagraphs concerning inpatient reimbursement, many of which involve a hospital’s rural or urban status — rather than each provision within it, Congress necessarily used broad language. Still, as a general matter of statutory construction, a term in a statute is not ambiguous merely because it is broad in scope.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
While ' our view of the statute’s plain meaning trumps any resort to legislative . history, we further note that the legislative history of Section 401 strongly supports our interpretation, not the Secretary’s. A congressional conference committee report is the highest form of legislative history. See Disabled in Action of Metro. New York v. Hammons, 202 F.3d 110, 124 (2d Cir.2000); see also Robert A. Katzmann, Judging Statutes 38, 54 (2014). Here, the conference report accompanying the legislation that enacted Section 401 corroborates that Congress expressly intended what its plain language clearly prescribes. In particular, the conference report states that hospitals qualifying under Section 401 “shall be eligible to apply to the Medicare Geographic Reclassification Review Board for geographic reclassification to another area” and, immediately thereafter, further states that “[t]he Board shall regard such hospitals as rural and as entitled to the exceptions extended to referral centers ... if such hospitals are so designated.” H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 106-479 (Nov. 18, 1999) (Conf.Rep.). This language shows that the treatment of Section 401 hospitals as rural for the purposes of MGCRB reclassification, far from being a-mere oversight, was expressly contemplated when Section 401 was enacted.
Although the Secretary claims that our reading of the statute leads to “anomalous” results, we see nothing anomalous, let alone absurd, in what the plain language of the statute here requires. Part of the Secretary’s concern, as already noted, is simply that “some hospitals might inappropriately seek to be treated as being located in a rural area for some purposes and as being located in an urban area for other purposes.” 65 Fed.Reg. 47054, 47087-88. But this is simply a function of the many different roles that hospitals play and the many different contexts in which they operate. Indeed, hospitals that are geographically located in rural areas and that receive MGCRB reclassification to an urban area for wage index purposes are by that fact alone “treated as being located in a rural area for some purposes and as being located in an urban area for other purposes,” and defendants do not object to this longstanding state of affairs. Section 401 simply increases the number of. situations in which hospitals can be treated as rural for some purposes and urban for others, but there is nothing “absurd” about such a measured approach. “[A]n agency may not rewrite clear statutory terms to suit its own sense of how the statute should operate.” Util. Air Regulatory Grp. v. E.P.A., — U.S. -, 134 S.Ct. 2427, 2446, 189 L.Ed.2d 372 (2014).
Since we find the statutory language to be plain and unambiguous, and at odds with the Secretary’s reclassification rule, 42 C.F.R. § 412.230(a)(5)(iii), we have no need to engage in Step Two of the Chevron inquiry, or to reach th.e question of whether the agency’s regulation violates the Administrative Procedure Act. The regulation is hereby declared invalid, the decision of the district court is reversed, and the case is remanded to the district court so that it may impose appropriate remedies consistent with this opinion.
. Specifically, 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(8)(E) is a codification of Section 401(a) of the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Balanced Budget Refinement Act of 1999, Pub.L. No. 106-113, app. F, 113 Stat. 1501A-321 ("Section 401”). Section 401 contains other sub-parts codified in different areas of the Medicare statute, namely 42 U.S.C. § 13951 (t)(16)(A) and 42 U.S.C. § 1395i-4(c)(2)(B)(i). The parties here refer to all these sub-sections as parts of “Section 401,” and the Court will adopt that reference as well.
. “SCHIP” stands for “State Children’s Health Insurance Program.”
. Lawrence was in fact eligible for MGCRB reclassification regardless of whether it was classified as urban or rural, partially on the basis that it had once been an RRC. Indeed, as noted above, Lawrence ultimately was reclassified to its desired wage index area: the Nassau-Suffolk, New York urban area. The salient point here, however, is that the Secretary's challenged regulation prevented Lawrence from maintaining its RRC status — and hence its eligibility for the 340B Drug Discount Program — while' being reclassified by the MGCRB.
. In finding that the Secretary’s interpretation violates the Medicare statute, we join the Third Circuit, which made a similar finding in July 2015. See Geisinger Community Med. Ctr. v. Sec'y U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 794 F.3d 383 (3d Cir.2015).
. 42 U.S.C. § 1395ww(d)(2)(D) defines an urban area and a "large urban area,” and then defines a rural area as "any area outside such an area or similar area.”
.The citation is to "H.R. Conf. Rep.” because, as a Congressional Research Service report explains, "[e]ach conference report and joint explanatory statement is printed in the House portion of the Congressional Record; in addition, they are printed together as a single House report. Senate Rule XXVIII also requires that the report and statement be printed as a Senate report. By unanimous consent, however, the Senate normally waives this requirement because the report and accompanying statement are printed as a House report, and there is no need for the same documents to be printed twice.” Congressional Research Service, C. Davis, Conference Reports and Joint Explanatory Statements, Congressional Research Service p. 2 (June'll, ' 2015).
. Defendants also claim that the conference report fails to address the situation of hospitals that, like.Lawrence, have maintained the benefits of rural and RRC status in the MGCRB process and been granted MGCRB reclassification, but wish to retain their RRC status after MGCRB reclassification. This Court, however, is not bound by the Secretary’s interpretation of the legislative history, and does not read it remotely as the Secretary does.
. See Lamie v. U.S. Trustee, 540 U.S. 526, 534, 124 S.Ct. 1023, 157 L.Ed.2d 1024 (2004) ("when the statute’s language is plain, the sole function of the courts — at least where the disposition required by the text is not absurd — is to enforce it according to its terms.”) (internal quotation marks omitted).
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CASELAW
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DeploymentsOperationsExtensions.Update(IDeploymentsOperations, String, String, String, String, DeploymentResource) Method
Definition
Operation to update an exiting Deployment.
public static Microsoft.Azure.Management.AppPlatform.Models.DeploymentResource Update (this Microsoft.Azure.Management.AppPlatform.IDeploymentsOperations operations, string resourceGroupName, string serviceName, string appName, string deploymentName, Microsoft.Azure.Management.AppPlatform.Models.DeploymentResource deploymentResource);
static member Update : Microsoft.Azure.Management.AppPlatform.IDeploymentsOperations * string * string * string * string * Microsoft.Azure.Management.AppPlatform.Models.DeploymentResource -> Microsoft.Azure.Management.AppPlatform.Models.DeploymentResource
<Extension()>
Public Function Update (operations As IDeploymentsOperations, resourceGroupName As String, serviceName As String, appName As String, deploymentName As String, deploymentResource As DeploymentResource) As DeploymentResource
Parameters
operations
IDeploymentsOperations
The operations group for this extension method.
resourceGroupName
System.String
The name of the resource group that contains the resource. You can obtain this value from the Azure Resource Manager API or the portal.
serviceName
System.String
The name of the Service resource.
appName
System.String
The name of the App resource.
deploymentName
System.String
The name of the Deployment resource.
deploymentResource
DeploymentResource
Parameters for the update operation
Returns
DeploymentResource
Applies to
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Embedding Python 2.0 and 2.1? Memory usage, Embedded systems and Leakage.
Warren Postma warren-postma at home.com
Tue May 15 00:44:34 EDT 2001
We have a complex embedded system running on a minimal multithreaded OS
(threads only, no processes, no virtual memory).
While Python 1.5.2 is running great, we have a real pain finding genuine
memory leaks, and reference counting problems, because the standard Python
interpreter appears to leave a tonne of stuff for the operating system to
clean up, meaning that it doesn't do "perfect" heap management. It does a
lot of the "leave it there, it will get deallocated when the process ends"
type of thing.
I would immediately start working on porting 2.1 to our embedded operating
system (VenturCom ETS 10.0) if anyone could tell me, do you know, does
Python 2.1 leave as much or more stuff allocated on the heap when it exits,
than Python 1.5.2 did?
I'm about to find out for myself, but I thought I'd ask in case anyone can
save me finding out. If anyone else is interested in making a 2.1 subset
with deterministic "perfect" heap management, I woud like to hear from you,
because it's possible we can work together on this.
Warren
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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304th Infantry Regiment (United States)
The 304th Infantry Regiment currently consists of two battalions in the United States Army Reserve. In the current organizational plan of the U.S. Army, regimental designation is used only in historical tradition; there is no regimental commander, staff or headquarters. The 1st Battalion, 304th Regiment is headquartered in Londonderry, New Hampshire, and the 3rd Battalion, 304th Regiment is headquartered in Saco, Maine.
World War I
The 304th Regiment was created primarily with men from Connecticut as part of the 76th Infantry Division on 29 August 1917, at Camp Devens, Massachusetts, for the purpose of fighting Imperial Germany in World War I. Colonel Joseph S. Herron was appointed as the unit's first commander and set sail with the unit from Boston Harbor on 7 July 1918. The unit arrived in England, rested, then crossed the Channel for Le Havre, France, on 27 July 1918. Once in place in France, the unit served as a replacement regiment, providing officers and soldiers to the units currently fighting on the front line.
The war ended on November 11, 1918, and the unit left France in 1919, being deactivated on 20 January 1919.
Interwar period
The 304th Infantry was reconstituted in the Organized Reserve on 24 June 1921, assigned to the 76th Division, and allotted to the First Corps Area. It was initiated on 23 December 1921 with regimental headquarters at Hartford, Connecticut. Subordinate battalion headquarters concurrently organized as follows: 1st Battalion at Manchester, Connecticut; 2nd Battalion at Hartford; and 3rd Battalion at Torrington, Connecticut. Typically conducted inactive training period meetings at the State Arsenal and Armory in Hartford. The regiment conducted summer training most years with the 9th Division's 5th and 13th Infantry Regiments at Camp Devens, Massachusetts, or Fort Adams, Rhode Island. The regiment also conducted infantry Citizens Military Training Camps some years at Camp Devens as an alternate form of summer training. The primary ROTC "feeder" school for new Reserve lieutenants for the regiment was Connecticut Agricultural College in Storrs, Connecticut. The designated mobilization training station for the regiment was Camp Devens.
World War II
With America's declaration of war on Nazi Germany in 1941, units in the Reserve Forces were called to active duty. The 304th Regiment, with the rest of the 76th Division, was called to active duty on 15 June 1942, and sent to Fort Meade, Maryland, to prepare for deployment overseas. The regiment completed training on 28 September 1942, and would remain on casual status until 25 February 1943.
The regiment returned to combat status on 25 February 1943, and moved to A.P. Hill Military Reservation at Fredericksburg, Virginia. Colonel Wallace A. Choquette took command on 28 September 1943, and the unit set forth for Camp McCoy, Wisconsin. For the next year the unit continued to train, and finally on 11 November 1944, the regiment moved out for Europe.
Once in Europe, the 304th Regiment participated in the Battle of the Bulge, the Battle of the Rhineland and the Battle of Central Germany. When hostilities ended on VE Day, the 304th Regiment was given the task of governing Altenburg and Rochlitz. The regiment was disbanded while still in Germany on 31 August 1945.
Postwar
Just as after World War II, the 304th Regiment was reconstituted in the Army Reserves on 7 October 1946. But the headquarters was moved to Portland, Maine, rather than Hartford, Connecticut. The headquarters was moved to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, in 1952. By 1963, the regiment's executive officer was Lt. Col. Clarence E. "Chief" Boston, who was head football coach of the New Hampshire Wildcats in nearby Durham, New Hampshire. The US Army moved away from the use of regiments as a command structure, and the 304th Regiment ceased to exist as a command on 31 January 1968. However, the three subordinate battalions continued to exist as elements of the 76th Division.
Present day
The 2nd Battalion would eventually also be deactivated, but the 1st and 3rd battalions continue to survive, albeit in different divisions, with presences from Maine to Maryland. The 1st Battalion of the 304th Regiment, known as the Patriot Battalion, is headquartered in Londonderry, New Hampshire, as part of the 98th Division with the mission of executing basic training for the US Army at Fort Leonard Wood, formerly Fort Benning, Georgia, while the 3rd Battalion of the 304th Regiment (Forward Battalion) is headquartered in Saco, Maine, as a part of the 104th Training Division with the mission of supporting military training for the United States Corps of Cadets, United States Military Academy at West Point, New York.
Lineage
* Constituted 5 August 1917 in the National Army as the 304th Infantry and assigned to the 76th Division.
* Organized 29 August 1917 at Camp Devens, Massachusetts.
* Demobilized 20 January 1919 at Camp Devens, Massachusetts.
* Reconstituted 24 June 1921 in the Organized Reserves as the 304th Infantry Regiment and assigned to the 76th Division.
* Organized in December 1921 with headquarters in Hartford, Connecticut.
* Ordered to active duty 15 June 1942 at Fort Meade, Maryland.
* Disbanded 31 August 1945 in Germany.
* Reconstituted 7 October 1946 in the Organized Reserves as the 304th Infantry Regiment and assigned to the 76th Division.
* Activated 17 December 1946 with headquarters in Portland, Maine.
* Headquarters moved to Portsmouth, New Hampshire, on 9 July 1952.
* Reorganized 31 January 1968 to consist of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Battalions as elements of the 76th Division (Training).
* Reorganized 16 October 1996 as the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Battalions as elements of the 98th Division (Institutional Training)
* Reorganized 1 October 2007 as 1st Battalion, 108th Training Command (Initial Entry Training) and 3rd Battalion, 84th Training Command (Unit Readiness). The 2nd Battalion was inactivated effective this date.
Distinctive unit insignia
* Description: A gold metal and enamel device 1+1/4 in in height overall consisting of a shield blazoned: Per fess Azure and Argent, on a low mount an oak tree fructed of thirteen acorns Proper. Attached below the shield a blue scroll inscribed "FORWARD" in gold letters.
* Symbolism: The shield is blue and white, the Infantry colors, and displays the Charter Oak, representative of Connecticut.
* Background: The distinctive unit insignia was originally approved for the 304th Infantry Regiment, Organized Reserves on 14 November 1924. It was redesignated for the 304th Regiment, Army Reserve, on 6 May 1960.
Coat of arms
* Blazon:
* Shield: Per fess Azure and Argent, on a low mount an oak tree fructed of thirteen acorns Proper.
* Crest: That for the regiments and separate battalions of the Army Reserve: From a wreath Argent and Azure, the Lexington Minute Man Proper. The statue of the Minute Man, Captain John Parker (H.H. Kitson, sculptor), stands on the Common in Lexington, Massachusetts.
* Motto: "Forward".
* Symbolism:
* Shield: The shield is blue and white, the Infantry colors, and displays the Charter Oak, representative of Connecticut. Thirteen acorns represent the original colonies.
* Crest: The crest is that of the U.S. Army Reserve.
* Background: The coat of arms was originally approved for the 304th Infantry Regiment, Organized Reserves on 22 August 1924. It was redesignated for the 304th Regiment, Army Reserve, on 6 May 1960.
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Dénes Zsigmondy
Dénes Zsigmondy (9 April 1922 – 15 February 2014) was a Hungarian classical violinist and music educator.
He was born Dénes Liedemann in Budapest, but changed his name to Zsigmondy, his paternal grandmother's surname, as it was more Hungarian than German. In 1944, whilst attending the Summer Academy in Salzburg, he was informed by his parents that he had been drafted into the Hungarian military—to avoid the draft he did not return to Hungary and hid out with a German family at Lake Starnberg. After World War II, Zsigmondy was rejected by several orchestras before joining the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra when he impressed the conductor with his performance of Brahms' Violin Concerto.
Following this appointment, Zsigmondy would perform as a soloist with the Berliner Symphoniker and the Vienna Symphony; the philharmonic orchestras of Tokyo, Budapest and Munich; and the radio orchestras of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation in Sydney and Melbourne, and in Munich; as well as the Stuttgart Chamber Orchestra and the Camerata Salzburg.
From 1971, he was a professor (later emeritus professor) of music at the University of Washington at Seattle, a visiting professor at Boston University, and conducted masterclasses at the New England Conservatory and other institutions around the world. He taught at the Hochschule für Musik Mainz in his later years.
He was married to the pianist Anneliese Nissen, with whom he gave recitals, from 1947 until her death in 2014. The couple had two daughters.
Zsigmondy died, aged 91, at his home in Bavaria, Germany on 15 February 2014.
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Xiang Lanxin
Xiang Lanxin (born 1956, ) is a Chinese scholar of international relations and the history of modern China. He is an expert on relations among China, USA and Europe, an emeritus professor of history and international relations at the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies (IHEID) in Geneva and director of the Center for One Belt, One Road Studies in Shanghai.
Early life and career
Xiang was born in Nanjing, Jiangsu in 1956. He attended college at Fudan University in Shanghai before moving to the United States to earn an MA and PhD from the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies in 1990. He began serving as a professor of International History and Politics Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies in Geneva, Switzerland in 1996. Xiang has spent the majority of his career working outside of China, though he still maintains Chinese citizenship.
Views
Xiang falls within the liberal spectrum of Chinese political thinkers. He considers himself patriotic, but is also critical of the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and believes the country should embrace democracy. In his book The Quest for Legitimacy in Chinese Politics, a New Interpretation he compared CCP leadership to the tsars of Russia leading up to the October Revolution, "with charlatans and sycophants running amuckamok [sic]." Xiang is also highly critical of Montesquieu and his view of democracy, which he sees as racialist and ignorant of China's historical structures of power and governance. Xiang instead advocates a view of democracy informed by Confucianism and direct democracy.
Xiang argues that China had a relatively stable system of governance pilloried by many European thinkers—such as Montesquieu, Marx, Hegel, and Adam Smith—who understood Asia only as a negative example, unworthy of study in its own right.
Xiang is critical of "Wolf Warrior diplomacy", the moniker given to more aggressive and confrontational diplomatic behavior by the People's Republic of China in the 21st century, which he considers unproductive and the result of influence of Martin Jacques' book When China Rules the World.
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WIKI
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Organizational memory
Organizational memory (OM), sometimes called institutional memory or corporate memory, is the accumulated body of data, information, and knowledge created in the course of an organization's existence. The concept of organizational memory includes the ideas of components knowledge acquisition, knowledge processing or maintenance, and knowledge usage like search and retrieval. Falling under the wider disciplinary umbrella of knowledge management, it has two repositories: an organization's archives, including its electronic data bases; and individuals' memories.
Organizational memory can only be applied if it can be accessed. To make use of it, organizations must have effective retrieval systems for their archives and members with good memory recall. Its importance to an organization depends upon how well individuals can apply it, a discipline known as experiential learning or evidence-based practice. In the case of individuals, organizational memory's accuracy is invariably compromised by the inherent limitations of human memory. Individuals' reluctance to admit to mistakes and difficulties compounds the problem. The actively encouraged flexible labor market has imposed an Alzheimer's-like corporate amnesia on organizations that creates an inability to benefit from hindsight.
Nature
Organizational memory is composed of:
* Prior data and information
* All internally generated documentation related to the organization's activities
* Intellectual property (patents, copyrights, trademarks, brands, registered design, trade secrets and processes whose ownership is granted to the company by law, licensing and partnering agreements)
* Details of events, products and individuals (including relationships with people in outside organizations and professional bodies),
* Relevant published reference material
* Institution-created knowledge
Of these, institution-created knowledge is the most important.
The three main facets of organizational memory are data, information, and knowledge. It is important to understand the differences between each of these.
Data is a fact depicted as a figure or a statistic, while data in context—such as in a historical time frame—is information.
By contrast, knowledge is interpretative and predictive. Its deductive character allows a person with knowledge to understand the implications of information, and act accordingly. The term has been defined variously by different experts: Alvin Goldman described it as justified true belief; Bruce Aune saw it as information in context; Verna Alee defined it as experience or information that can be communicated or shared; and Karl Wiig said it was a body of understanding and insights for interpreting and managing the world around us.
The word knowledge comes from the Saxon word cnaw-lec. The suffix lec has become, in modern English, -like. So, knowledge means "cnaw-like", with cnaw meaning "emerge". Its best interpretation, then, is that it is an emergent phenomenon, an extension of existing erudition.
Once knowledge is documented, it reverts to being information. New knowledge—what some academics call knowledge in action—is that which is either created incrementally, accidentally, or through innovation. Incremental knowledge is the product of prior experience that is already established and recognized—so-called "organic learning" that builds one experience on another (also known as existent or historical knowledge). It is the most common form of learning. By way of a simple illustration, existent knowledge is the established awareness that, because it is hot, it is necessary to avoid sunburn and dehydration. Existent knowledge becomes new knowledge when (for example) a European on a summer vacation in Mexico, being used to wearing a cap on sunny days at home, decides to wear a sombrero.
The second type of knowledge, accidental knowledge, happens unexpectedly—such as what happened in 1928 when a mold spore drifted onto a culture dish in the laboratory of Scottish research scientist Alexander Fleming while he was on a two-week holiday. It seeded a blue mold—penicillin—that killed off a harmful bacterium.
The third type of knowledge, innovative knowledge, is the labor of genius, such as the work of Leonardo da Vinci—who, in the late 15th century, conceptualized cutting-edge ideas like the aeroplane, the parachute, cranes, submarines, tanks, water pumps, canals, and drills. Innovative knowledge encompasses the type of learning that leapfrogs the other types, and—in da Vinci's case—was so advanced that it had to wait hundreds of years for incremental learning to catch up.
The difference between explicit and tacit knowledge
In its modern understanding, knowledge is made up of explicit knowledge, sometimes called skilled knowledge; and tacit or cognitive knowledge (sometimes known as "coping skills"), a category first identified by Michael Polanyi in 1958.
Explicit knowledge is the "what" of know-how: knowledge such as the professional or vocational skills that are recorded in manuals, textbooks, and training courses. Tacit knowledge, on the other hand, is the non-technical "how" of getting things done—what Edward de Bono, the inventor of lateral thinking, calls operacy, or the skill of action, and what Peter Drucker identifies in the use of the word techne, the Greek for "skill". Much of it is implicit and ambiguous, acquired largely by functional, context-specific experience. Typically existing only in the minds of individuals, tacit knowledge is normally very difficult to capture, with most organizations depending almost entirely on the explicit knowledge. This makes experiential learning, productivity gains, and competitiveness slow and expensive to acquire. In business terms, tacit knowledge is a passive misnomer for active sharing of knowledge to make an organization more effective. Training programs, for instance, cannot be limited to a source-recipient model, and should leverage mutual exchanges across generations.
The reality is that even though most organizational work processes are largely designed around documentation, much remains unrecorded, especially that to do with decision-making. The record often reflects the desire to gloss over disagreements and serious questions, or the desire to sell or excuse.
Given the high levels of corporate amnesia in commerce and industry, some organizations are turning to new techniques to preserving their organizational memory and, in particular, their tacit knowledge. The latest capture tools to get attention are the traditional corporate history, usually produced once or twice every 100 years as a public relations medium; and oral debriefing, an augmentation of the old-fashioned prescriptive and formulaic exit interview. Instead of hagiography, organizational memory is being produced as an induction and educational tool that transmits long-term information. Oral debriefing, which concentrates on short- and medium-term memory, targets exiting and key occupant employees, recurring corporate events, and important projects in detailed testimony of participants. Both are designed to extract tacit knowledge in an easily accessible format that also generates the "lessons of history". Its permanent character also means that it does not have to be continually reproduced, just updated, and that its necessary re-interpretation alongside changing circumstances is predicated on a more reliable evidential base.
How experiential learning works
When it comes to experiential learning, an awareness of both the explicit and tacit components of organizational memory on their own is not generally enough to create new knowledge efficiently. As a general rule, it needs to be accompanied by a focused learning phase.
Most models of experiential learning are cyclical and have three basic phases:
* 1) Awareness of an experience or problem situation;
* 2) A reflective phase within which the learner examines the OM around the experience and draws erudition from that reflection; and
* 3) A testing phase within which the new insights or learnings, having been integrated with the learner's own conceptual framework, are applied to a new problem situation or experience.
The concept's starting point is that individuals or organizations seldom learn from experience, unless the experience is assessed and then assigned its own meaning in terms of individual and/or the organization's own goals, aims, ambitions, and expectations. From these processes come insights and added meaning, which is then applied to new circumstances. The end product is better decision-making.
Types
Organizational memory can be subdivided into the following types:
* Professional
* Reference material, documentation, tools, methodologies
* Company
* Organizational structure, activities, products, participants
* Individual
* Status, competencies, know-how, activities
* Project
* Definition, activities, histories, results
Exploring
Key decisions organizations make when exploring organizational memory include:
* What knowledge representation to use (stories, patterns, cases, rules, predicate logic, etc.)
* Who will be the users - what are their information and learning needs?
* How to ensure security and who will be granted access
* How to best integrate with existing sources, stores and systems
* What to do to ensure the current content is correct, applicable, timely and weeded
* How to motivate experts to contribute
* What to do about ephemeral insights, how to capture informal scripts (e.g. e-mail and instant-messenger posts).
Most commercial knowledge management efforts have included building some form of organizational memory to capture expertise, speed learning, help the organization remember, record decision rationale, document achievements, or learn from past failures.
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/195510
Type: Artigo de periódico
Title: Electrochemical Behavior Of Riboflavin Immobilized On Different Matrices.
Author: Pereira, Arnaldo C
Santos, Antonio de S
Kubota, Lauro T
Abstract: The electrochemical behavior of riboflavin (RF) adsorbed on different surfaces of inorganic matrices was investigated using modified carbon paste electrodes. Silica gel and sol-gel silica modified with niobium oxide were denominated as (SN) and (SN(sol-gel)), respectively. These materials were treated with a H3PO4 solution to graft phosphate groups and were denominated as (SNP) and (SNP(sol-gel)). The immobilization of RF on these materials indicated a high electrode stability, avoiding leaching out of the electroactive species (RF) from the electrode surface. The values of formal potential (E0') of the adsorbed RF on the different matrices changed from -283 (SNRF) up to -165 mV (SNPRF(sol-gel)) vs SCE in 0.1 moll(-1) NaNO3 solution at pH 7.0. Compared to the E0' for soluble RF, the values are shifted 183 up to 305 mV toward more positive potentials. The stability of the electrodes and the formal potential of the adsorbed RF on different matrices remained constant upon changing the solution pH from 3 to 8. Some kinetic parameters were estimated; indicating that all systems studied presented a good electron transfer rate.
Subject: Carbon
Electrochemistry
Electrodes
Electrons
Hydrogen-ion Concentration
Kinetics
Niobium
Phase Transition
Phosphates
Riboflavin
Silicon
Rights: fechado
Identifier DOI:
Address: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12962669
Date Issue: 2003
Appears in Collections:Artigos e Materiais de Revistas Científicas - Unicamp
Files in This Item:
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pmed_12962669.pdf152.96 kBAdobe PDFView/Open
Items in DSpace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Structural insight into the differential interactions between the DNA mimic protein SAUGI and two gamma herpesvirus uracil-DNA glycosylases
Yi Ting Liao, Shin Jen Lin, Tzu Ping Ko, Chang Yi Liu, Kai Cheng Hsu, Hao Ching Wang
研究成果: Article同行評審
1 引文 斯高帕斯（Scopus）
摘要
Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UDGs) are conserved DNA-repair enzymes that can be found in many species, including herpesviruses. Since they play crucial roles for efficient viral DNA replication in herpesviruses, they have been considered as potential antiviral targets. In our previous work, Staphylococcus aureus SAUGI was identified as a DNA mimic protein that targets UDGs from S. aureus, human, Herpes simplex virus (HSV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Interestingly, SAUGI has the strongest inhibitory effects with EBVUDG. Here, we determined complex structures of SAUGI with EBVUDG and another γ-herpesvirus UDG from Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHVUDG), which SAUGI fails to effectively inhibit. Structural analysis of the SAUGI/EBVUDG complex suggests that the additional interaction between SAUGI and the leucine loop may explain why SAUGI shows the highest binding capacity with EBVUDG. In contrast, SAUGI appears to make only partial contacts with the key components responsible for the compression and stabilization of the DNA backbone in the leucine loop extension of KSHVUDG. The findings in this study provide a molecular explanation for the differential inhibitory effects and binding strengths that SAUGI has on these two UDGs, and the structural basis of the differences should be helpful in developing inhibitors that would interfere with viral DNA replication.
原文English
頁（從 - 到）903-914
頁數12
期刊International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
160
DOIs
出版狀態Published - 2020 10月 1
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
• 結構生物學
• 生物化學
• 分子生物學
• 經濟學與計量經濟學
• 能源(全部)
指紋
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Prediction: These 3 Tech Stocks Will Be Worth More Than $3 Trillion by 2030
At the beginning of 2000, the biggest company in the world had a market cap of a little over $600 billion. Ten years later, the market cap for the No. 1 company had fallen to under $350 million. By mid-2018, the first company surpassed the $1 trillion threshold.
This brief history gives you some context for how we got to where we are today in the stock market. It also puts into perspective a prediction I'm about to make: I think the following three tech stocks will be worth more than $3 trillion by 2030.
1. Apple
Apple (NASDAQ: AAPL) is the easiest pick. Its market cap already tops $2.6 trillion. The stock would only need to rise by an average of around 1.75% each year to finish above $3 trillion by the end of 2030.
I think Apple will deliver significantly greater gains over the next several years. The most important reason why is, unsurprisingly, the strength of the company's iPhone ecosystem. Even modest growth in sales and profits derived from the annual upgrade cycle could propel Apple to the $3 trillion mark.
But my take is that Apple will vault much higher than that because of its innovation. Sure, the company has lagged behind rivals in some areas in the past. However, I look for augmented reality and new iPhone features including folding phones to boost sales considerably in the not-too-distant future.
I also view Apple's introduction of new high-interest savings accounts as a brilliant move. The company is positioning itself to be a much bigger player in fintech. Could Apple even hit $5 trillion by 2030? It's quite possible.
2. Microsoft
Microsoft (NASDAQ: MSFT) was the company mentioned earlier with a market cap of around $600 billion in early 2000. Although the tech giant went into a major slump that lasted for years, it eventually became a huge comeback story. Today, Microsoft's market cap is more than $2.1 trillion.
To get to $3 trillion by 2030, Microsoft will need to deliver average annual returns in the ballpark of 5%. I think we're already seeing how the company will beat that level -- by integrating AI throughout its products and services.
I suspect that incorporating OpenAI's GPT-4 into its productivity and software development tools will provide a major boost for Microsoft. It should also help the company gain market share for its Azure cloud services.
Investors shouldn't overlook Microsoft's efforts in gaming and promising technologies such as quantum computing, either. There aren't many hot growth areas where the company isn't a major player.
3. Alphabet
I'll readily admit that Alphabet (NASDAQ: GOOG) (NASDAQ: GOOGL) looks like more of a longshot to hit the $3 trillion mark by 2030. For one thing, the company's current market cap of $1.35 trillion is less than halfway to that threshold. Alphabet's shares would need to gain more than 11% on average per year to make it happen. That's not an easy task for an already huge company.
Complicating matters is the possibility that there are rumors that Samsung could ditch Google as the default search engine on its smartphones. I'm not convinced this would hurt Alphabet as much as some think it could even if it happens. However, it does underscore the broader anxiety that Microsoft's AI focus could negatively impact Alphabet's growth.
Don't let the noise distract you from Alphabet's own AI expertise, though. The company has been a leader in AI for years. It appears to be taking the gloves off by combining Google Brain and DeepMind, two AI powerhouses that have operated independently in the past.
Alphabet has multiple growth drivers that could potentially get it to $3 trillion or more over the next few years. Google Cloud and Waymo (the company's self-driving car business) especially stand out. Alphabet is also pioneering new developments in quantum computing, which I view as the most overlooked reason to consider buying the stock.
Importantly, Alphabet is the most attractively valued of all three of these stocks. If the narrative about Alphabet changes (which I think could easily happen), that valuation gap could dwindle and push the stock much higher.
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Suzanne Frey, an executive at Alphabet, is a member of The Motley Fool's board of directors. Keith Speights has positions in Alphabet, Apple, and Microsoft. The Motley Fool has positions in and recommends Alphabet, Apple, and Microsoft. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Mark Taylor (Australian politician)
Mark Owen Taylor (born 28 October 1967) is an Australian politician. He has been a Liberal Party member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly since March 2015, initially representing the electorate of Seven Hills and later Winston Hills. He was previously a councillor of The Hills Shire.
Early life and background
Taylor was born and raised in Toongabbie, Sydney. He was educated at Model Farms High School in Baulkham Hills and James Ruse Agricultural High School in Carlingford. After school, Taylor commenced studies in environmental science at the University of Western Sydney while working for the Ku-ring-gai Council. In 1988 he joined the Australian Federal Police. In 1992 he joined the New South Wales Police Force. He was appointed a police prosecutor in 1995 and was admitted as a solicitor in 2003.
Political career
Taylor was elected as a councillor of The Hills Shire at the 2012 New South Wales council elections and represented North Ward until 2017. In April 2014 it was reported that Taylor had been endorsed as the Liberal candidate for the revived seat of Seven Hills at the state election the following year. Taylor subsequently went on to win the seat with an 8-point margin in 2015 and held it at a 6-point margin in 2019 before it was abolished in the 2021 redistribution. Taylor registered to contest the new seat of Winston Hills at the 2023 election.
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WIKI
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UFC champions: Welterweight division history | Newsday
Optimum Customers: Your Newsday access has been extended until Oct 1st. Enroll now to continue your access. Updated September 9, 2018 9:03 AMBy Newsday.com Originally known as lightweight, the UFC's welterweight class is one of the oldest and most storied divisions in MMA's short history. Follow the path of the 170-pound championship belt. Successful title defenses: 4Perhaps best known for developing Miletich Fighting Systems, Pat Miletich (right) was named the first 170-pound champion at UFC Brazil in 1998 with a controversial split-decision victory over Mikey Burnett. Miletich defended his belt four times, including a win over Andre Pederneiras, founder of the famed Nova União gym in Brazil. Successful title defenses: 0The first man to beat Miletich in the UFC, Carlos Newton (left) stunned the MMA world with a submission victory at UFC 31 on May 4, 2001 to become the second welterweight champion. Successful title defenses: 5At UFC 34, Matt Hughes was caught in a triangle choke as he held Carlos Newton against the cage. As he started to go out from the choke, Hughes slammed Newton to the mat, knocking Newton out cold and making Hughes the third champion in welterweight history. He defended his title five times, including a rematch with Newton and wins over Sean Sherk and Frank Trigg. advertisement Successful title defenses: 0B.J. Penn ended Hughes' run with a rear-naked choke at UFC 46 on January 31, 2004. His title run was short-lived, however, as Penn was stripped of the belt 107 days later after leaving for K-1. He would later win the UFC lightweight title upon his return and was inducted into the UFC Hall of Fame in 2015. Successful title defenses: 2Hughes became the first two-time champion in the division's history after defeating Georges St-Pierre for the vacant title at UFC 50 on Oct 22, 2004. He defended the belt twice more, including avenging his loss to Penn at UFC 63. Successful title defenses: 0Georges St-Pierre avenged the only loss of his career at that point when he ended Matt Hughes' title reign at UFC 65 on November 18, 2006. GSP was the first man to knock out Hughes in the UFC and became the second Canadian to hold a UFC title after Carlos Newton. Successful title defenses: 0Long Island's Matt Serra was granted a title shot after winning Season 4 of The Ultimate Fighter, and The Terror took full advantage. An 11-1 underdog, Serra took the belt from St-Pierre with a first-round knockout in one of the biggest upsets in MMA history. Successful title defenses: 9After winning two fights without the belt, including an interim title bout against Matt Hughes, St-Pierre avenged his loss to Serra at UFC 83 on April 19, 2008 and went on an historic run as welterweight champion. GSP defended the belt nine times, including once against interim champion Carlos Condit at UFC 154. At 2,064 days, St-Pierre's reign was the second-longest in UFC history. He voluntarily vacated the title in December 2013 to take a break from the sport. Successful title defenses: 0After losing a controversial decision in St-Pierre's last fight as champion, Johny Hendricks was able to secure the vacant title with a decision win over Robbie Lawler at UFC 171 on March 15, 2014. Successful title defenses: 2Former Strikeforce middleweight champion Robbie Lawler earned a rematch with Hendricks and capitalized, turning it on in the final round to win a split decision for his first UFC title. He then defended the belt in two of the greatest title matches in UFC history, stopping Rory MacDonald in the final round and winning a split decision over Carlos Condit. Successful title defenses: 4Former Division I All-American wrestler Tyron Woodley became just the second man to stop Robbie Lawler with strikes, knocking out the champion and winning the belt at just 2:12 of the first round on July 30, 2016 at UFC 201. He then fought Stephen Wonderboy Thompson to a majority draw in an epic fight at MSG at UFC 205, won the rematch via majority decision and then stuffed every takedown attempt by Demian Maia en route to a unanimous decision victory. At UFC 228, Woodley submitted Darren Till in the second round, holding him to seven total strikes the entire fight. Copyright 2018 newsday. All rights reserved. newsday.com
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Perks of Doing Yoga
Most of the physicians and health experts suggest the use of preventive medication and other practices like the healthy diet, doing exercise, etc. for making the body able to heal itself. Yoga is another amazing tool which helps in making your body healthy as it is based on the same mechanisms.
How Does Yoga Deal with Your Body?
Yoga is an excellent practice for you if you are suffering from the problems of high blood pressure, diabetes, heart diseases, or high cholesterol. Your body gains a considerable amount of strength, flexibility, and balance by doing yoga. For the patients with heart problems, diabetes, or high blood pressure, doctors recommend performing various yoga postures. But there are certain moves which you need to avoid such as the ones that make you go upside down or those which require the high degree of balance.
For beginners, a smooth yoga practice along with a gentle aerobic activity such as jogging or swimming is the best start. If you have problems with arthritis, yoga can help you to make your body powerful without providing strain to your joints. Moreover, this makes your muscles relaxed and energized.
For pregnant ladies, yoga can help in making the body shape relaxed and sturdy. Ask your doctor for details if you are having any problem related to the health or pregnancy. Go to the instructor who knows how to teach prenatal yoga.
As the size belly grows, you need to adjust your yoga practices as your center of gravity shifts. After first three months, perform the poses which involve lying on the ground. Also, avoid the stretches which you may have done before pregnancy because some hormones may loosen the joints and cause injuries.
Physical Benefits
The relaxing muscle mechanism of yoga can lower the chronic pain in body parts like lower back, arthritis, head, and carpal tunnel syndrome. Yoga aids in reducing the blood pressure and it reduces insomnia.
Some other physical benefits of doing yoga are:
• Amplified flexibility
• Better muscle strength and body tone
• Better respiration, energy, and vigor
• Upholding a balanced metabolism
• Weight loss
• Cardio and vascular health
• Improved athletic activity
• Defense against injury
Mental Benefits
Other than the physical benefit, one of the biggest advantages of practicing yoga is to handle the mental stress, which can cause huge destructive effects on your body and brain. Stress can occur in several ways and can hide in many possible forms like a headache, pain in neck or back, sleeping issues, drug addiction, and loss of focus. Yoga plays a very important role in creating the coping skills and accessing a better way of life.
Yoga which is done with meditation and breathing practices can help in improving the mental wellness. If performed on a regular basis, yoga can clear up your nerves, induces calmness in your mind, increases the mind-body awareness, soothes the fatal stress activities, relaxes the brain, focuses your concentration and sharpens your imagination. By being self-aware, you can overcome other physical issues too.
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## ----include = FALSE---------------------------------------------------------- knitr::opts_chunk$set(collapse = TRUE, comment = "#>") ## ----'install', eval=FALSE---------------------------------------------------- # if (!require("BiocManager", quietly = TRUE)) # install.packages("BiocManager") # # BiocManager::install("ExperimentHub") # BiocManager::install("muleaData") ## ----'example'---------------------------------------------------------------- # Calling the ExperimentHub library. library(ExperimentHub) # Downloading the metadata from ExperimentHub. eh <- ExperimentHub() # Creating the muleaData variable. muleaData <- query(eh, "muleaData") # Checking the muleaData variable. muleaData # Looking for the ExperimentalHub ID of i.e. target genes of transcription # factors from TFLink in Caenorhabditis elegans. mcols(muleaData) %>% as.data.frame() %>% dplyr::filter(species == "Caenorhabditis elegans" & sourceurl == "https://tflink.net/") # Creating a variable for the GMT data.frame of EH8735. # EH8735 contains small-scale measurement results, where the target genes are # coded with Ensembl ID-s Transcription_factor_TFLink_Caenorhabditis_elegans_SS_EnsemblID <- muleaData[["EH8735"]] ## ----'session_info'----------------------------------------------------------- sessionInfo()
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76 A.3d 1076
Gail B. LITZ v. MARYLAND DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT, et al.
No. 75,
Sept. Term, 2012.
Court of Appeals of Maryland.
Sept. 26, 2013.
G. Macy Nelson (David S. Lynch and Michael I. Kroopnick of Law Office of G. Macy Nelson, LLC, Towson, MD; Philip W. Hoon of Hoon & Associates, LLC, Chestertown, MD), on brief, for petitioner.
Steven R. Johnson, Asst. Atty. Gen. (Douglas F. Gansler, Atty. Gen. of Maryland, Baltimore, MD), on brief, for petitioner.
K. Nichole Nesbitt (Linda S. Woolf of Goodell, DeVries, Leech & Dann, LLP, Baltimore, MD), on brief, for respondents.
Argued before BARBERA, C.J., HARRELL, BATTAGLIA, GREENE, ADKINS, McDONALD, and BELL , JJ.
Bell, C J., now retired, participated in the hearing and conference of this case while an active member of this Court; after being recalled pursuant to the Constitution, Article IV, Section 3A, he also participated in the decision and adoption of this opinion.
GREENE, J.
In the present case, we are asked to determine whether the Court of Special Appeals erred when it affirmed the grant of multiple defendants’ motions to dismiss. Specifically, on appeal, we shall address whether the intermediate appellate court was correct that the motions to dismiss causes of action for trespass, negligence, nuisance, and inverse condemnation were properly granted because the causes of action were barred by the statute of limitations. We shall hold that the Court of Special Appeals was correct in determining that the statute of limitations barred Petitioner’s nuisance counts because it is clear from the face of the Complaint that no reasonable trier of fact would infer that a temporary nuisance existed. We conclude, however, that it is unclear from the face of the Complaint (1) that Petitioner’s causes of action for negligence and trespass were not for continuing tortious actions, or “a series of acts or course of conduct ... that would delay the accrual of a cause of action to a later date[,]” MacBride v. Pishvaian, 402 Md. 572, 585, 937 A.2d 233, 241 (2007) (citation omitted); and (2) whether Petitioner’s cause of action for compensation for the denial of her reasonable and effective use of her property through inverse condemnation accrued more than three years before she filed a claim. We shall therefore hold that the Court of Special Appeals erred in determining that the statute of limitations barred Petitioner’s causes of action for negligence, trespass, and inverse condemnation.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND
In her Third Amended Complaint, Gail B. Litz (“Litz”), Petitioner, alleges the following:
Litz formerly owned approximately 140 acres of land (“the Litz Property”) southeast of the town of Goldsboro, Maryland (the “Town” or “Goldsboro”) in Caroline County (the “County”). In approximately 1948, Litz’s parents purchased the Litz Property, which included a pond and a mill. Litz’s parents replaced the mill with a dam in the mid-1950s to form a lake (“Lake Bonnie”) for the irrigation of farm fields. Lake Bonnie primarily receives its water from two local streams, the Oldtown Branch and the Broadway Branch, and discharges a constant overflow of water directly into the Choptank River.
Lake Bonnie provided swimming, fishing, boating, and waterskiing opportunities, and in the 1960s, Litz’s parents opened a public campsite business known as the Lake Bonnie Campsites (the “Campground”), which turned a profit for Litz’s parents for many years. At some point, Litz became a partner with her father in the operation of the Campground, and in 2001, became the owner of the Litz Property. It was Litz’s “intention and expectation that she would continue to own and operate the Campground as her primary occupation and source of income.”
The Broadway Branch and the Oldtown Branch, which continue to supply water to Lake Bonnie, “form the backbone of’ two public drainage associations (the “PDA systems”) which were built between the 1950s and the 1970s. The PDA systems run directly up to, and in some cases into, the incorporated limits of Goldsboro and are intended to drain the local fields. The PDA systems have also, however, “been informally used as storm water drainage systems for the Town, and have been used to remove waste[-]water from the Town.” Water that enters the PDA systems eventually makes its way into the streams, and then into Lake Bonnie.
Goldsboro does not have a public water or sewer system available, and instead relies on private wells and septic systems. “Over time, [the private] septic systems in the Town contaminated the ground and surface water, which, in turn, contaminated Oldtown Branch and Broadway Branch, which, in turn, contaminated Lake Bonnie.” Goldsboro has attempted to correct its “failing community sewage system” since at least 1973 when “the Town began a sewerage feasibility study.”
In the 1980s, the Caroline County Health Department conducted studies, the results of which indicated the significant extent of the pollution and contamination problems caused by the sewage and waste-water. In both 1985 and 1988, residents of the Town rejected plans to address the problems, however, and “continued to oppose any action to improve the situation through 1996.”
“The first documented contamination of Lake Bonnie” occurred in July 1991. Later, in September 1995, the Caroline County Health Department wrote to the Commissioners of the Town and warned that “[t]he use of the storm[-]water management system in the Town as a sewage system has gotten to crisis proportions!,]” and “[t]he system and associated ditches are a health hazard to the residents, which the commissioners must address.” The letter further indicated that “[i]n particular, Lake Bonnie is not safe for swimmers as long as residents dump their waste[-]waters into the storm[-]water system.” Noting that the “residents rejected grants available [in the 1980s] to provide a resolution of this problem!,]” the County Department of Health advised Goldsboro to “investigate sources of funding for the planning stage through the construction for [remedying the problem].” Additionally, in a December 1, 1995 letter, the Maryland Department of the Environment, (“MDE”) reported that “[t]here are actual water quality impacts on Lake Bonnie due to failing septic systems in [the Town].” Additionally, the letter explained that the Town was “identified in the 1980’s as a potential candidate for federal grant funds to do sewer system improvements[,]” and stated that “[i]t now appears that the situation has deteriorated and created environmental concerns that will need to be addressed.”
In a June 12, 1996 letter, the County Health Department notified Litz:
The discharges of waste[-]waters to the Oldtown Branch and Broadway Branch (the headwaters[] of Lake Bonnie) have not been eliminated. This continues to be a health threat for water contact recreation in the lake.... The [T]own was notified they had to eliminate all discharges. MDE was identifying all potential sources of money the [T]own could use to assist in the cost.
This information was confirmed by water samples taken from Lake Bonnie which showed that it was “severely polluted with high amounts of fecal coliform and nitrates.” Additionally, Litz’s residential well was impacted, containing “elevated nitrate levels.”
On August 8, 1996, representatives from MDE and Goldsboro signed a Consent Order (the “Consent Order”). The Consent Order “explained] the problems, order[ed] Goldsboro to take certain actions, impose[d] mandatory reporting obligations and specifie[d] penalties for non-compliance.... ”
Initially, the Town began to perform some of its obligations under the Consent Order. On January 21, 1997, Goldsboro sent MDE, among other things, “a Preliminary Engineering Report” and “the ‘Compliance Plan’ and projected schedule for construction of a public sewer system acceptable to MDE.” There was little activity regarding the Consent Order between 1998 and 2004, however. In 2004, the Caroline County Health Department issued a warning to Goldsboro, along with other towns, that “they should not issue building permits without a Water and Sewer Allocation Request being approved by the Countyf.]”
As of October 1, 2010, the date Litz filed her Third Amended Complaint, “the Town ha[d] failed to comply with any of the material terms of the Consent Order and MDE ha[d] [failed to] enforce[ ] [any] part of it. As a result of the failure of the Town, the County[,] and MDE to address severe pollution problems, Lake Bonnie is now polluted, the [C]amp-ground has been destroyed, and Litz’s property has been substantially devalued.” Because the Campground was generating no income, Litz was unable to pay her mortgage on the Litz Property, and the bank foreclosed on the property and then purchased it at a foreclosure sale for $364,000.
On March 8, 2010, Litz filed a “Complaint for Compensatory Damages, Permanent Injunction, and Declaratory Judgment, and Request for Jury Trial” (“Original Complaint”). In the Original Complaint, Litz sought a permanent injunction against the Town and County. The Original Complaint further advanced causes of action for: (1) negligence, trespass, private nuisance, public nuisance, and inverse condemnation against the Town; (2) negligence, private nuisance, public nuisance, and inverse condemnation against the County; and (3) negligence and inverse condemnation against MDE.
Litz later filed an “Amended Complaint for Compensatory Damages, Permanent Injunction, and Declaratory Judgment, and Request for Jury Trial” (“Amended Complaint”), where she added one count against MDE “for mandamus or equitable relief in accordance with the Environmental Standing Act[,]” and then, on July 27, 2010, filed a “Second Amended Complaint for Compensatory Damages, Permanent Injunction, and Declaratory Judgment, and Request for Jury Trial” (“Second Amended Complaint”), where she added the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (“DHMH”) and the State of Maryland (through the Treasurer of the State) as defendants in the case. In total, the Second Amended Complaint contained the following causes of action:
Count I — Permanent injunction action against the Town, County, DHMH and State
Count II — Environmental Standing Act action against MDE
Count III — Negligence action against the Town, County, DHMH, and State
Count IV — Negligence action against MDE
Count V — Trespass action against the Town, County, DHMH and State
Count VI — Private nuisance action against the Town, County, DHMH and State
Count VII — Public nuisance action against the Town, County, DHMH and State
Count VIII — Inverse condemnation action against the Town, County, MDE, DHMH and State
On September 13, 2010, a hearing (“Hearing I”) was held in the Circuit Court for Caroline County to address motions to dismiss filed by the defendants, including MDE, DHMH, and the State (collectively the “State defendants”). At the end of the hearing, the trial judge, on the record, dismissed all counts against the State defendants on the ground that the State was protected by sovereign immunity and Litz failed to comply with the requirements of the Maryland Tort Claims Act (“MTCA”). He also granted the County’s Motion to Dismiss all counts on the grounds that any claim against the County would be against the County Health Department, which was for the purposes of the present case a State agency. Thereafter, the trial judge issued an Order, in accordance with his earlier pronouncements at Hearing I, granting the County and State defendants’ motions to dismiss.
With regard to the Town, however, the trial judge announced that he was unable, at that time, to rule on Goldsboro’s Motion to Dismiss the Second Amended Complaint. He invited counsel for Litz to file a response to the Town’s Motion to Dismiss and Goldsboro to reply and indicated that “[o]nce we have those pleadings before the [cjourt, we will schedule another hearing so that we can address the only issues presented in the Motion to Dismiss, the opposition to that Motion to Dismiss and the reply.”
On September 22, 2010, Litz moved for the trial court to reconsider dismissing the trespass, private nuisance, public nuisance, and inverse condemnation counts against the State defendants. On October 1, 2010, Litz filed an opposition to the Town’s Motion to Dismiss the Second Amended Complaint. Also on October 1, Litz filed a “Third Amended Complaint for Compensatory Damages, Permanent Injunction, and Declaratory Judgment, and Request for Jury Trial” (“Third Amended Complaint”). In the Third Amended Complaint, Litz asserted the same causes of action against the same defendants as in the Second Amended Complaint, adding only additional facts.
On October 19, 2010, the Town filed a Motion to Dismiss the Third Amended Complaint. On November 5, 2010, Litz filed an opposition to the Town’s Motion to Dismiss, to which Goldsboro replied on November 24, 2010. On February 7, 2011, an Order was issued dismissing all of the counts against the County and the State.
On April 7, 2011, the trial judge presided over a hearing (“Hearing II”) on the Town’s Motion to Dismiss the Third Amended Complaint. During Hearing II, Litz also presented arguments in support of her motion for the trial judge to reconsider dismissing the counts against the State defendants.
Four days later, on April 11, 2011, the trial judge issued an order denying Litz’s Motion for Reconsideration. Also on April 11, the trial judge issued a second Order dismissing the State and County defendants “as defendants in all counts in the Third Amended Complaint!,]” and granting Goldsboro’s Motion to Dismiss the Third Amended Complaint without leave for Litz “to further amend.”
Thereafter, the trial judge issued a Memorandum explaining his Orders. He stated that because the counts against the County and State defendants had been previously dismissed and Litz’s Motion for Reconsideration was denied, “the action against [the State defendants and County] is no longer viable.” He, therefore, dismissed all counts against those parties “with prejudice and without leave to amend.” The trial judge then addressed the Town’s Motion to Dismiss the Third Amended Complaint. After dismissing the claim for an injunction on the grounds that Litz had lost the Litz Property through foreclosure and the Town “lacks the capacity to restore her to ownership of Lake Bonnie[,]” the trial judge dismissed all other causes of action against the Town as untimely. He expressed: (1) “[t]he remaining counts of the Third Amended Complaint sound in tort”; (2) “[e]ach remaining count alleging a tort by Goldsboro is subject to the same statute of limitations”; (3) pursuant to Section 5-101 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article, Litz was required to “bring her claim for damages occasioned by the tortious conduct of Goldsboro before a court within three years of the accrual of the action”; (4) the latest the actions could have accrued was when she took sole possession of the property in 2001; and (5) therefore, her causes of action, filed in 2010, are “time barred and cannot be maintained.”
On May 5, 2011, Litz filed a Notice of Appeal. On appeal, Litz challenged the dismissal of the inverse condemnation claim against the State defendants and the Town. Additionally, Litz challenged the dismissal of the negligence, trespass and nuisance counts against the Town. Litz did not, however, challenge the dismissal of any other counts against the State defendants, Goldsboro, or the County.
The Court of Special Appeals, in an unreported opinion, affirmed the judgment of the trial court granting all motions to dismiss. Although the trial court dismissed the counts against the State defendants based on Litz’s “noncompliance” with the MTCA, the Court of Special Appeals affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of all counts based upon the “much narrower ground ... that all of Litz’s claims are barred by the statute of limitations.” Because the intermediate appellate court affirmed the trial court’s granting of the motions to dismiss on limitations grounds, the court did not address any other basis asserted by the Town or the State defendants that would have supported the dismissal of the negligence, nuisance, trespass, and inverse condemnation causes of action.
Thereafter, Litz filed a petition for certiorari, to this Court, which we granted. Litz v. Maryland Dept. of Environment, 429 Md. 81, 54 A.3d 759 (2012). We have rephrased the underlying questions posed by Litz for purposes of clarity and brevity:
1. Whether it was in error for the Court of Special Appeals to conclude that Litz’s cause of action for nuisance was for a permanent nuisance that was barred by the statute of limitations.
2. Whether it was in error for the Court of Special Appeals to conclude that the negligence and trespass causes of action against the Town were not for ongoing tortious actions, and were barred by the statute of limitations.
3. Whether it was in error to conclude on the basis of a motion to dismiss that Litz’s inverse condemnation causes of action against both the Town and State defendants could be dismissed on the grounds of limitations.
STANDARD OF REVIEW
At issue in the present case is the Court of Special Appeals’s decision to affirm the trial judge’s grant of motions to dismiss pursuant to Maryland Rule 2-322. In Converge Servs. Chp., LLC v. Curran, 383 Md. 462, 860 A.2d 871 (2004), we described the lens through which appellate courts should review motions to dismiss.
In our review of the grant of a motion for dismissal ... we accept all well-pled facts in the complaint, and reasonable inferences drawn from them, in a light most favorable to the non-moving party. Typically, the object of the motion is to argue that as a matter of law relief cannot be granted on the facts alleged. Thus, consideration of the universe of “facts” pertinent to the court’s analysis of the motion are limited generally to the four corners of the complaint and its incorporated supporting exhibits, if any.
383 Md. at 475, 860 A.2d at 878-79 (citations omitted); see also D’Aoust v. Diamond, 424 Md. 549, 572, 36 A.3d 941, 954 (2012). We have also noted that “dismissal is proper only if the alleged facts and permissible inferences, so viewed, would, if proven, nonetheless fail to afford relief to the plaintiff.” Arfaa v. Martino, 404 Md. 364, 380-81, 946 A.2d 995, 1005 (2008) (citations omitted).
DISCUSSION
As indicated above, the Court of Special Appeals affirmed the trial court’s grant of the State defendants’ and the Town’s motions to dismiss based on the intermediate appellate court’s conclusion that all causes of action were barred by the statute of limitations. This Court granted Litz’s petition for certiorari which presented questions pertaining to whether Litz’s causes of action for public and private nuisance, trespass, negligence, and inverse condemnation against the Town and inverse condemnation against the State defendants were barred by limitations. There were no cross-petitions filed raising other issues. Therefore, the focus of this opinion is on the narrow issue upon which we granted certiorari; namely, whether the Court of Special Appeals was correct in its conclusion that those causes of action were untimely. We also do not address whether there are other grounds upon which the Court of Special Appeals could have affirmed the trial judge’s grant of the motions to dismiss Litz’s causes of action. As we noted in Garner v. Archers Glen Partners, Inc., 405 Md. 43, 949 A.2d 639 (2008):
Since the time when this Court’s jurisdiction became largely dependent upon the issuance of a writ of certiorari, we have consistently held that, in a case decided by an intermediate appellate court, we shall not consider an issue unless it was raised in a certiorari petition, a cross-petition, or the order by this Court granting certiorari. We again decline to address an issue not raised fairly in an otherwise successful Petition for Writ of Certiorari.
405 Md. at 60-61, 949 A.2d at 649 (citations omitted). See also Md. Rule 8 — 131(b) (“Unless otherwise provided by the order granting the writ of certiorari, in reviewing a decision rendered by the Court of Special Appeals ... the Court of Appeals ordinarily will consider only an issue that has been raised in the petition for certiorari or any cross-petition and that has been preserved for review by the Court of Appeals.”).
Counts for negligence, trespass, and inverse condemnation are subject to the statute of limitations articulated in Section 5-101 of the Courts and Judicial Proceedings Article of the Maryland Code which requires that a claim must be filed within three years from the date the action accrues. See Electro-Nucleonics v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 315 Md. 361, 372-73, 554 A.2d 804, 809-10 (1989) (applying § 5-101 to an inverse condemnation claim); Booth Glass Co. v. Huntingfield Corp., 304 Md. 615, 500 A.2d 641 (1985) (applying § 5-101 to a negligence action); Bacon v. Arey, 203 Md.App. 606, 620 n. 12, 651-52, 40 A.3d 435, 444 n. 12, 462-63 (2012) (applying § 5-101 to causes of action for, among other things, trespass). Similarly, counts for a permanent nuisance are also subject to Section 5-101’s three-year statute of limitations. See Goldstein v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 285 Md. 673, 689, 404 A.2d 1064, 1072 (1979). In determining when the actions accrue, Maryland courts apply the discovery rule, which tolls the accrual of an action until the plaintiff knows or should have known of the injury giving rise to his or her claim. See Poffenberger v. Risser, 290 Md. 631, 636, 431 A.2d 677, 680 (1981); see also Hecht v. Resolution Trust Corp., 333 Md. 324, 334, 635 A.2d 394, 399 (1994).
The question of when a cause of action accrues is ordinarily “left to judicial determination.” Frederick Road Ltd. P’ship v. Brown & Sturm, 360 Md. 76, 95, 756 A.2d 963, 973 (2000). The determination of when an action accrued “may be based solely on law, solely on fact, or on a combination of law and fact.” Hecht, 333 Md. at 334, 635 A.2d at 399. When it is necessary to make a factual determination to identify the date of accrual, however, those factual determinations are generally made by the trier of fact, and not decided by the court as a matter of law. See O’Hara v. Kovens, 305 Md. 280, 301, 503 A.2d 1313, 1323-24 (1986), and cases therein cited. Motions to dismiss are generally granted in cases where “there [is] no justiciable controversy[.]” Broadwater v. State, 303 Md. 461, 467, 494 A.2d 934, 937 (1985). Therefore, a motion to dismiss ordinarily should not be granted by a trial court based on the assertion that the cause of action is barred by the statute of limitations unless it is clear from the facts and allegations on the face of the complaint that the statute of limitations has run. See Desser v. Woods, 266 Md. 696, 703-04, 296 A.2d 586, 591 (1972) (“It is well settled that the defense! ] of the bar of the statute of limitations ... may only be availed of by demurrer to a bill of complaint when [it] appear[s] on the face of the bill of complaint, itself, and other matters not so appearing cannot be considered in determining whether or not these defenses are a bar to the alleged cause of action.”); see also Doe v. Archdiocese of Washington, 114 Md.App. 169, 175, 689 A.2d 634, 637 (1997) (“If it is apparent from the face of the complaint that the action is barred by the statute of limitations, the complaint fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted and the statute of limitations can be the grounds for a motion to dismiss.”); Goodman v. Praxair, Inc., 494 F.3d 458, 464 (4th Cir.2007) (stating that the “principle” that the affirmative defense that a claim is barred by the Maryland statute of limitations “may be reached by a motion to dismiss filed under [the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure] ... only applies, however, if all facts necessary to the affirmative defense clearly appear on the face of the complaint” (emphasis in original) (quotation and citation omitted)).
In the present case, the Court of Special Appeals concluded that all of Litz’s causes of action against both the Town and State defendants were barred by the statute of limitations. The intermediate appellate court held that when Litz received a notice from the County Health Department on June 26, 1996, “specifically inform[ing] her that ‘discharges of waste[-]waters’ into the headwater of Lake Bonnie continued [to] ‘be a health threat for water contact recreation’ in the Lake[,]” Litz became “fully aware of the nature and cause of her injury — namely, the contamination and potential devaluation of her property and its business.” The Court of Special Appeals, therefore, concluded that “June 26, 1996 was the accrual date of [Litz’s] causes of action and Litz had three years, or until June 26, 1999, to file a complaint against those parties she deemed liable, or potentially liable, for her damages.” The intermediate court, however, did not address any other basis for affirming the trial judge’s decision to grant the motion to dismiss, such as compliance with the MTCA.
Limiting our review to the universe of the facts and allegations contained in Litz’s Third Amended Complaint, assuming the truth of those allegations, and drawing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Litz, we conclude that it was error to affirm the grant of the motions to dismiss Litz’s causes of action for negligence, trespass, and inverse condemnation on the grounds of limitations, but we affirm the judgments of the Circuit Court and the intermediate appellate court in dismissing Litz’s nuisance counts. The Court of Special Appeals, in reaching its conclusion that all of Litz’s causes of action were untimely, focused on the idea that the “nature and cause” of Litz’s injuries was “the contamination and potential devaluation” of Litz’s property and business and that she knew about that when she received the letter from MDE in 1996 informing her about pollution in Lake Bonnie.
When reviewing a motion to dismiss, however, reasonable inferences are drawn in a light favorable to the non-moving party. See RRC Ne., LLC. V BAA Md, Inc., 413 Md. 638, 643, 994 A.2d 430, 433 (2010) (“Considering a motion to dismiss a complaint for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted, a court must assume the truth of, and view in a light most favorable to the non-moving party, all well-pleaded facts and allegations contained in the complaint, as well as all inferences that may reasonably be drawn from them, and order dismissal only if the allegations and permissible inferences, if true, would not afford relief to the plaintiff. ...”). As discussed below, reasonable inferences viewed in a light favorable to Litz, indicate that her counts for negligence, trespass, and inverse condemnation are not barred by limitations, but her causes of action for nuisance are time-barred.
I. Nuisance
In Counts VI and VII of the Third Amended Complaint, Litz alleges causes of action against the Town for a private nuisance and a public nuisance. As noted above, both the trial court and the Court of Special Appeals concluded that these counts against the Town were barred by limitations. We affirm the intermediate appellate court’s judgment dismissing these counts. A reasonable trier of fact could not reasonably infer that a temporary nuisance occurred based on the facts as alleged.
The distinction between a temporary and a permanent nuisance is relevant to the application of the statute of limitations to a nuisance claim. A claim for a permanent nuisance must be brought within three years of the date when “the permanency of the conditions causing the reduction in the market value of the land bec[omes] manifest to a reasonably prudent person[.]” Goldstein v. Potomac Elec. Power Co., 285 Md. 673, 689, 404 A.2d 1064, 1072 (1979); see also Hoffman v. United Iron and Metal Co., 108 Md.App. 117, 144, 671 A.2d 55, 68 (1996) (“[A] suit for damages as a result of a permanent nuisance must be brought within three years of the time that the permanency of the condition becomes manifest to a reasonably prudent person.”). For a temporary nuisance, however, “successive actions may be brought for damages for each invasion of the plaintiffs land until the period of prescription has elapsed, but recovery may only be had for damages actually sustained, other than permanent reduction in the market value of the property, -within three years of the filing of the action.” Goldstein, 285 Md. at 690 n. 4, 404 A.2d at 1072 n. 4. This is because “[w]here a nuisance is temporary and abatable, every repetition of the wrong creates further liability and creates a new cause of action, and a new statute of limitations begins to run after each wrong perpetuated.” Jones v. Speed, 320 Md. 249, 260 n. 4, 577 A.2d 64, 69 n. 4 (1990). At issue in the present case is whether Litz’s allegation of nuisance was for a temporary nuisance giving rise to damages within the three years prior to her filing a claim.
Whether a nuisance is permanent or temporary is determined by whether it is abatable. A temporary nuisance is one that is abatable, Carroll Springs Distilling Co. v. Schnepfe, 111 Md. 420, 428, 74 A. 828, 830 (1909), and a permanent nuisance “will be presumed by its character and circumstances to continue indefinitely.” Hoffman, 108 Md.App. at 143, 671 A.2d at 68. The pertinent question, however, “is not the possibility of abatement but rather it’s likelihood.” Hoffman, 108 Md.App. at 144, 671 A.2d at 68 (emphasis in original) (quotation omitted).
In the present case, the Court of Special Appeals concluded in a footnote at the end of its opinion that “[t]he facts make clear that the nuisance, if any, was permanent.” We agree with this conclusion. Litz failed to show that the lower courts erred when they concluded that her nuisance causes of action were barred by the statute of limitations. The pertinent facts supporting this conclusion are as follows: The Town entered into a Consent Order with MDE on August 8, 1996. Pursuant to that Order, the Town drafted and submitted a compliance plan to MDE on January 21, 1997. Over the next thirteen years, up until Litz’s first Complaint was filed on March 8, 2010, the Town did not comply with any other material terms of the Consent Order and MDE did not enforce any material terms of the Consent Order. Indeed, Litz’s Complaint even admits that during this time, “the Town has failed to comply with any material terms of the Consent Order and MDE has enforced no part of it.”
The only reasonable inference that can be drawn from these facts is that the nuisance was likely to continue indefinitely. In other words, if Litz’s allegations are that her claim is for permanent nuisance, more than three years have passed since the accrual of this cause of action and a count for permanent nuisance is therefore time-barred. If Litz’s allegations are for temporary nuisance, the facts alleged and reasonable inference drawn from those facts do not support such a claim and the Circuit Court and intermediate appellate court were correct to dismiss them.
II. Negligence and Trespass
As noted above, the Court of Special Appeals held that all of Litz’s causes of action against the Town, including the trespass and negligence actions, accrued in 1996 and are barred by the statute of limitations. The Town similarly argues in its brief to this Court that Litz’s causes of action arise from the “property damage that resulted from actions or inactions that occurred — at the latest — by 1996, when the County Health Department notified [Litz] that contamination of Lake Bonnie rendered it unsafe for water contact recreation.”
Litz argued to both the intermediate appellate court and to this Court that even if her causes of action initially accrued in the 1990s, because of the ongoing or continuing nature of the Town’s tortious actions, Litz can recover damages from the tortious conduct during the three years prior to filing a claim against the Town in 2010. The Court of Special Appeals noted that in MacBride v. Pishvaian, 402 Md. 572, 937 A.2d 233 (2007), this Court held that the statute of limitations may be tolled for “continuing unlawful acts” but it is not tolled “merely [for] the continuing effects of a single earlier act.” 402 Md. at 584, 937 A.2d at 240. The Court of Special Appeals concluded that Litz pled “only the ongoing adverse consequences of [the Town’s] original alleged wrongdoing,” but did not plead “a series of acts or course of conduct that could toll the statute of limitations.” (Quotation omitted). Applying MacBride, the intermediate appellate court concluded that, therefore, the accrual of Litz’s causes of action, including trespass and negligence, was not tolled.
“[T]he ‘continuing harm’ or ‘continuing violation’ doctrine ... tolls the statute of limitations in cases where there are continuing violations.” MacBride, 402 Md. at 584, 937 A.2d at 240. When a claimant brings a cause of action for continuing acts of negligence or trespass, we apply the same principle as with a temporary nuisance claim where “every repetition of the wrong creates further liability and creates a new cause of action, and a new statute of limitations begins to run after each wrong perpetuated.” Jones, 320 Md. at 260 n. 4, 577 A.2d at 69 n. 4; see also Consol. Pub. Utils., Co. v. Baile, 152 Md. 371, 376, 136 A. 825, 827 (1927) (holding that the three year statute of limitations started anew once defendant’s negligent conduct ceased). Therefore, “violations that are continuing in nature are not barred by the statute of limitations merely because one or more of them occurred earlier in time.” MacBride, 402 Md. at 584, 937 A.2d at 240. Although an action for a continuing tort may not be barred by the statute of limitations, damages for such causes of action are limited to those occurring within the “three year period prior to the filing of the action.” Shell Oil Co. v. Parker, 265 Md. 631, 636, 291 A.2d 64, 67 (1972); see also Singer Co. v. BG & E, 79 Md.App. 461, 476-77, 558 A.2d 419, 426 (1989) (noting that where negligence causes of action were “premised” upon the electric company’s breach of “ongoing duties owed [to] its customers,” causes of action for damages incurred “within three years of the commencement of the present action” were not barred by the statute of limitations (emphasis added)).
As noted above, the Court of Special Appeals relied on our decision in MacBride to conclude that the statute of limitations on Litz’s causes of action was not tolled because she pled only the “ongoing adverse consequences” of the initial tortious action rather than continuous tortious actions. In MacBride, the plaintiff brought a claim against her landlord for “damages stemming from the poor living conditions of the apartment she rented” from him. 402 Md. at 575-76, 937 A.2d at 235. At issue before this Court was whether the plaintiffs claim that the landlord employed “unfair and deceptive trade practices” was barred by the three-year statute of limitations. 402 Md. at 576, 937 A.2d at 235. We held that “[g]iven that the jury found that [the plaintiff] knew or should have known of the unfair and deceptive trade practices more than six years before she filed her complaint,” limitations barred her claim. Id. This Court further rejected the plaintiffs assertion that even if she knew or should have known about the unfair and deceptive trade practices more than three years before she filed suit, the statute of limitations should be tolled by the “continuing harm rule.” 402 Md. at 579, 585-86, 937 A.2d at 237, 241. We concluded that although the plaintiff may have suffered from an “ongoing harm,” namely the “deteriorating condition of her apartment,” her complaint alleges “merely the continuing ill effects from the original alleged violation, and not a series of acts or course of conduct that would delay the accrual of a cause of action to a later date.” 402 Md. at 585, 937 A.2d at 240-41 (quotation omitted).
In the present case, we address the judgment of the Court of Special Appeals to affirm the trial judge’s grant of motions to dismiss. The case has not yet been presented to a trier of fact to determine whether the only acts of negligence or trespass happened more than three years before Litz filed a claim, and the fact-finder has not had an opportunity to determine if the negligence or trespass actions were ongoing. Therefore, although the proposition in MacBride that the continuing harm doctrine tolls the statute of limitations in cases of ongoing trespass and negligence is applicable here, its facts and subsequent holding are distinguishable.
In her cause of action for negligence, which is Count III of the Third Amended Complaint, Litz alleges that Goldsboro “had and has a duty to use reasonable care to control the discharge of ground and surface water onto Litz’s property[,]” and “breached [its] duties by allowing the discharge of contaminated ground and surface water onto Litz’s property.” Additionally, in Litz’s claim for a permanent injunction, the factual allegations of which were incorporated in the negligence cause of action, Litz alleges that “[t]he Town [and other defendants] improperly allow the discharge of contaminated ground and surface water onto Litz’s property[,]” and that the defendants “continuously and artificially collect and channel ground and surface water and discharge those waters in unnatural and harmful quantities, qualities, and rates of flow onto Litz’s property.”
Several well-pleaded facts lend credence to Litz’s contention that the statute of limitations does not bar her cause of action for negligence. As early as 1985, the Caroline County Department of Health informed the Town of its water contamination problems, stemming from “a precedent of dumping waste water directly into the storm water system (and therefore the PDAs and nearby streams).” Over ten years later, the health department again contacted the Town concerning its water contamination, and specifically cited Lake Bonnie, stating that the contamination had “gotten to crisis proportions.” In 1996, Litz was notified of the contamination, and the Town entered into a Consent Order to remedy the problem, an order that had not been complied with as of the date this action was filed. Due to the Town’s failure to comply with any material terms of the Consent Order, Lake Bonnie is polluted severely.
Drawing reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Litz, a trier of fact could conclude that the Town’s duties were ongoing and continuous. Litz’s claim that Goldsboro “had and has” a duty to control the discharge of contaminated ground and surface water could assert an ongoing duty, and the allegation that the Town has “breached” its duties suggests that the Town has continuously breached this duty. This is especially true in light of the other incorporated allegations that Goldsboro “improperly allow[s] the discharge of contaminated ground and surface water onto Litz’s property” and “continuously ” discharges “ground and surface water ... in unnatural and harmful quantities, qualities, and rates of flow onto Litz’s property.” (Emphasis added). Nothing in the Complaint indicates that the Town’s allegedly negligent actions ceased before March 2007, three years before Litz filed her cause of action in March 2010. Because a reasonable trier of fact could determine that the allegedly negligent actions by the Town were ongoing and continued to occur during the three years prior to Litz filing a claim, it is not clear on the face of the Complaint that the cause of action for negligence is barred by the statute of limitations. See Desser, 266 Md. at 703-04, 296 A.2d at 591.
In Count V of the Third Amended Complaint, the cause of action for trespass against the Town and other defendants, Litz maintains that Goldsboro and the other defendants “are invading and have invaded Litz’s property by approving residential septic systems in the Town that channel polluted ground water and discharge those waters in unnatural quantities, qualities and rates of flow onto Litz’s property.” Although her cause of action for trespass appears to be in reference to the ongoing effects from the approval of the septic systems, drawing reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to Litz, we do not construe this allegation to assert that the Town on a single occasion approved a septic system in Goldsboro that has channeled polluted water onto her property. Additionally, there is nothing in the Complaint that indicates that the Town did not approve any septic systems within three years of Litz filing a claim in 2010. From the earlier allegations that the private septic systems all penetrated the groundwater, that they were contributing to contamination of the ground and surface water, that such water was channeled eventually into Lake Bonnie, and that the contamination problems continued over a long period of time, one could infer reasonably that approval of septic systems by the Town contributed to the continual flow of effluent from the Town to Lake Bonnie.
While facts may arise at a later stage that indicate that the Town did not approve of the construction of septic systems on an ongoing basis, or that Goldsboro did not approve of any septic systems in the three years before Litz brought her cause of action for trespass, from the face of her Complaint, it is not apparent that Litz’s trespass count is barred by the statute of limitations. Therefore, it was improper to affirm the grant of a motion to dismiss based on limitations. See Desser, 266 Md. at 703-04, 296 A.2d at 591.
III. Inverse Condemnation
As noted above, the Court of Special Appeals affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of Litz’s inverse condemnation counts against both the State defendants and the Town because the intermediate appellate court concluded that the causes of action were barred by the statute of limitations. A cause of action for inverse condemnation must be filed within three years of the date the action accrues. See Electro-Nucleonics v. Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n, 315 Md. 361, 372-73, 554 A.2d 804, 809-10 (1989). The parties disagree whether the Court of Special Appeals was correct in its conclusion that Litz’s inverse condemnation causes of action accrued in 1996. We hold that the Circuit Court and the intermediate appellate court erred in dismissing the cause of action for inverse condemnation on the grounds of limitations.
Litz asserts that her cause of action did not accrue until May 14, 2010, the date the bank foreclosed on the Litz property. Litz asserts that the defendants caused the pollution of the Litz Property which prevented Litz from operating the Campground profitably and, consequently, resulted in Litz’s inability to pay her mortgage. Litz relies on federal inverse condemnation cases and “[g]eneral principles of Maryland law” for her argument that her cause of action accrued on the date of foreclosure. She cites United States v. Dickinson, 331 U.S. 745, 67 S.Ct. 1382, 91 L.Ed. 1789 (1947), United States v. Dow, 357 U.S. 17, 78 S.Ct. 1039, 2 L.Ed.2d 1109 (1958), Barnes v. United States, 538 F.2d 865 (Ct.Cl.1976), and Applegate v. United States, 25 F.3d 1579 (Fed.Cir.1994) for the proposition that the date of accrual begins when “it bec[omes] apparent that the physical invasion had become permanent ... or stabilized!.]”
The Town and the State both argue that the intermediate appellate court was correct that, if Litz put forth causes of action against them for inverse condemnation, they accrued in 1996. The State defendants note that in Duke Street Ltd. P’ship v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm’rs of Calvert Cnty., 112 Md.App. 37, 684 A.2d 40 (1996), the Court of Special Appeals applied the discovery rule to an inverse condemnation cause of action and “held that ‘a cause of action accrues when the affected party knew or should have known of the unlawful action and its probable effect!,]’ ” and that “[i]t is not necessary for the affected party to know the ‘precise nature and amount of economic impact’ [for an inverse condemnation claim to accrue].” Duke Street, 112 Md.App. at 54, 684 A.2d at 49. Employing this principle, the State defendants assert that any cause of action Litz would have for inverse condemnation would have arisen more than three years before she filed her causes of action in 2010. The State defendants maintain that “by June 26, 1996, Litz was ‘fully aware of the nature and cause of her injury — namely, the contamination and potential devaluation of her property and its business[,]’ ” and her cause of action accrued at that time.
Thus, before us is the question of when Litz’s cause of action for inverse condemnation accrued. As Judge Robert M. Bell, later Chief Judge of this Court, wrote for the Court of Special Appeals in Millison v. Wilzack, 77 Md.App. 676, 551 A.2d 899 (1989), an action for inverse condemnation accrues when both “all of its elements have occurred,” and “the plaintiff knows, or, through the exercise of due diligence, should have known that they have occurred.” 77 Md.App. at 685, 551 A.2d at 903 (citations omitted); see also Hopland Band of Pomo Indians v. United States, 855 F.2d 1573, 1577 (Fed.Cir.1988) (“Thus, for the purposes of [the statute of limitations in the United States Court of Federal Claims], it would appear more accurate to state that a cause of action against the government has first accrued only when all the events which fix the governments’s alleged liability have occurred and the plaintiff was or should have been aware of their existence.” (emphasis in original) (quotation omitted)); cf. Berman v. Karvounis, 308 Md. 259, 268, 518 A.2d 726, 730 (1987) (noting that the statute of limitations will not begin to run on a claim for malicious use of process until termination, one of the elements necessary to bring a cause of action, occurs); Trimper v. Porter-Hayden, 305 Md. 31, 42, 501 A.2d 446, 452 (1985) (expressing that a claim accrues when “all of the elements of a cause of action have occurred so that it is complete”).
Inverse condemnation is a taking without just compensation. See College Bowl, Inc. v. Mayor of Baltimore, 394 Md. 482, 489, 907 A.2d 153, 157 (2006) (expressing that an inverse condemnation claim is “a shorthand description of the manner in which a landowner recovers just compensation for a taking of his property when condemnation proceedings have not been instituted[,]” or “a cause of action against a governmental defendant to recover the value of property which has been taken in fact by the governmental defendant, even though no formal exercise of the power of eminent domain has been attempted by the taking agency” (emphasis added) (citations omitted)). Thus, an inverse condemnation cause of action, at minimum, requires a taking by a government entity, and regardless of what the plaintiff knows or should know, the statute of limitations on an inverse condemnation cause of action does not begin to run until a taking has occurred.
The next logical inquiry is into what constitutes a taking. “That inquiry, by its nature, does not lend itself to any set formula, and the determination whether justice and fairness require that economic injuries caused by public action [must] be compensated by the government, rather than remain disproportionately concentrated on a few persons, is essentially ad hoc and fact intensive.” Eastern Enters. v. Apfel, 524 U.S. 498, 523, 118 S.Ct. 2131, 2146, 141 L.Ed.2d 451, 471 (1998) (quotations omitted) (citation omitted). “The modern, prevailing view is that any substantial interference with private property which destroys or lessens its value (or by which the owner’s right to its use or enjoyment is in any substantial degree abridged or destroyed) is, in fact and in law, a ‘taking’ in the constitutional sense, to the extent of the damages suffered, even though the title and possession of the owner remain undisturbed.” Md. Port Admin. v. QC Corp., 310 Md. 379, 387, 529 A.2d 829, 832 (1987) (citation omitted); see also Hardesty v. State Rd. Comm’n of the State Hwy. Admin., 276 Md. 25, 32, 343 A.2d 884, 888 (1975) (“[N]ot every injury to property involves a taking, that compensation for a taking may be exacted only for severe interferences which are tantamount to deprivations of use or enjoyment, and that whether there has been a taking is dependent on the facts of each case.”). That is not to say that a taking cannot occur because of a loss of title, however. See College Bowl, 394 Md. at 489, 907 A.2d at 157 (holding that a taking “can take many forms, [such as] ... conduct that causes physical invasion of a property, ... [or] conduct that effectively forces an owner to sell.”)
It is also important to note, particularly in this context, that a taking may be partial or complete. A partial taking is one in which “there would be an intrusion so immediate and direct as to subtract from the owner’s full enjoyment of the property and to limit his exploitation of it.” U.S. v. Causby, 328 U.S. 256, 265, 66 S.Ct. 1062, 1067-68, 90 L.Ed. 1206, 1212 (1946). The measure of damages for such a taking may be calculated by “the actual value of the part taken plus any severance or resulting damages to the remaining land by reason of the taking and of future use by the plaintiff of the part taken.” Washington Suburban Sanitary Comm’n v. CAE-Link Corp., 330 Md. 115, 151, 622 A.2d 745, 763 (1993) (citation omitted); see Reichs Ford Rd. Joint Venture v. State Rds. Comm’n of the State Hwy. Admin., 388 Md. 500, 522-23, 880 A.2d 307, 320 (2005) (noting that “ ‘just compensation’ [includes] the recovery of lost rents and other damages to an interest in the real property prior to the actual condemnation ... [to] protect[ ] property owners by creating an incentive for the State expeditiously to resolve or prosecute condemnation proceedings rather than ... possibly dragging its feet”); Md. Code (1974, 2003 RepLVol.), § 12-105 of the Real Property Article.
A complete taking, however, has not “occurred” and the statute of limitations does not begin to run until the taking becomes permanent or stabilized. In United States v. Dickinson, 331 U.S. 745, 67 S.Ct. 1382, 91 L.Ed. 1789 (1947) the Supreme Court held that the statute of limitations on the landowner’s claim did not begin to run until the “taking” was complete, or in other words, until the full extent of the taking could be ascertained. 331 U.S. at 749, 67 S.Ct. at 1385, 91 L.Ed. at 1794. In that case, a cause of action was brought after the government built a dam that caused the water level in a river to rise over the course of several years, resulting in the flooding of Dickinson’s property. 331 U.S. at 746-47, 67 S.Ct. at 1384, 91 L.Ed. at 1792-93. The Supreme Court noted that “[t]he source of the entire claim — the overflow due to rises in the level of the river — is not a single event; it is continuous!, a]nd as there is nothing in reason, so there is nothing in legal doctrine, to preclude the law from meeting such a process by postponing suit until the situation becomes stabilized.” 331 U.S. at 749, 67 S.Ct. at 1385, 91 L.Ed. at 1794.
The Supreme Court further clarified that “when the Government chooses not to condemn land but to bring about a taking by a continuing process of physical events, the owner is not required to resort either to piecemeal or to premature litigation to ascertain the just compensation for what is really ‘taken.’ ” Id.; see also Nw. LA Fish & Game Preserve Comm’n v. United States, 446 F.3d 1285, 1291 (Fed.Cir.2006) (noting that the accrual date for the inverse condemnation cause of action was when the situation had “stabilized” and there is a “permanent taking,” not when “there was only the possibility or threat of damage or a taking” or when the damages are “unquantifiable and speculative”). The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (the “Federal Circuit”) has illuminated the current state of the “stabilization” concept:
[SJtablization occurs when it becomes clear that the gradual process set into motion by the government has effected a permanent taking, not when the process has ceased or when the entire extent of the damage is determined. Thus, during the time when it is uncertain whether the gradual process will result in a permanent taking, the plaintiff need not sue, but once it is clear that the process has resulted in a permanent taking and the extent of the damage is reasonably foreseeable, the claim accrues and the statute of limitations begins to run.
Boling v. United States, 220 F.3d 1365, 1370-71 (Fed.Cir. 2000).
In her Third Amended Complaint, Litz alleges several facts that are applicable to her inverse condemnation cause of action. She alleges that “[a]s a result of the failure of the [defendants] to address severe pollution problems, Lake Bonnie is now polluted, the campground has been destroyed, and [her] property has been substantially devalued.” Litz further alleges that because of the lack of income generated by the Campground due to the pollution, she was unable to pay the mortgage on the property. Litz’s property was subsequently foreclosed upon, and Provident State Bank purchased the property at the foreclosure sale for $364,000. In Count VIII for inverse condemnation, Litz alleges that the defendants, “took from Litz the effective and reasonable use of her property without having formally instituted condemnation proceedings,” and their “wrongful conduct has forced Litz to bear alone the cost of accepting sewage generated by residents in the Town[,]” a cost that should be born by the public as a whole. Moreover, Litz alleges that the defendants’ “wrongful conduct effectively denied Litz the physical or economically viable use of her property.”
Based on the allegations made on the face of the Complaint and reasonable inferences that can be drawn from them, one could conclude that the continuous pollution entering Litz’s property was a partial, continuous taking which culminated with a final, complete taking when Litz’s property was foreclosed upon in May 2010. A reasonable trier of fact could infer that Litz alleges two distinct takings: (1) the loss of the use and enjoyment of Lake Bonnie and the Campground; and (2) the foreclosure of her property in May 2010. There may have been a time before the three years prior to the filing of Litz’s Complaint when it became clear that the first taking caused by the pollution became permanent or stabilized. Even if this initial partial taking is time-barred, however, a reasonable trier of fact could conclude that the final, complete taking of Litz’s property occurred in May 2010, and is not time-barred by the three-year statutory period. That is not to say that a reasonable trier of fact could not also conclude that the taking of Litz’s property was fully effectuated at some point prior to the three years of Litz’s filing of her Complaint when the pollution of her property became stabilized, but based on the facts alleged and reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, the Motion to Dismiss should have been denied.
CONCLUSION
In the present case, we address only what we have granted certiorari to address, namely whether it was proper to affirm the Town and the State defendants’ motions to dismiss based on the statute of limitations. We, therefore, do not address whether there are any other grounds properly advanced by the Town or the State defendants upon which the Court of Special Appeals could have affirmed the trial judge’s grant of the motions to dismiss. On remand, the intermediate appellate court shall have the opportunity to entertain any other arguments properly before the court. Additionally, there may be facts established at a later stage of the proceedings that indicate the statute of limitations bars some or all of Litz’s causes of action. Because it was not clear from the face of her Complaint that Litz’s causes of action for negligence, trespass, and inverse condemnation were barred by limitations, the Court of Special Appeals erred in affirming the motion to dismiss on those counts. Litz’s causes of action for nuisance were barred by limitations, however, and the Court of Special Appeals was correct in affirming the motion to dismiss.
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF SPECIAL APPEALS AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART. CASE REMANDED TO THAT COURT FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS CONSISTENT WITH THIS OPINION. RESPONDENTS TO PAY COSTS IN THIS COURT.
. A "headwater” is "the source of a stream.” Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary 574 (11th ed.2005).
. The Maryland Environmental Standing Act is codified in Md.Code (1973, 2005 Repl.Vol., 2010 Cum.Supp.), § 1-501 et seq. of the Natural Resources Article.
. The MTCA is codified in Md.Code (1984, 2009 Repl.Vol., 2010 Cum. Supp.), § 12-101 et seq. of the State Government Article.
. Md.Code (1973, 2006 Repl.Vol., 2010 Cum.Supp.), § 5-101 provides: "A civil action at law shall be filed within three years from the date it accrues unless another provision of the Code provides a different period of time within which an action shall be commenced.”
. In her brief to the Court of Special Appeals, Litz argued that the trial court erred when it held that: (1) "inverse condemnation was a tort and that Litz's failure to provide timely notice in accordance with the [MTCA] barred her claim for inverse condemnation against the State Defendants”; (2) "the statute of limitations barred Litz’s claim for inverse condemnation against the Town”; and (3) "the statute of limitations barred Litz's counts for continuing negligence, continuing temporary nuisance and continuing trespass against the Town because Maryland law allows Litz to recover damages that she sustained within three years of the date she filed suit.”
. The State defendants asserted that the Court of Special Appeals should affirm the dismissal "on far simpler grounds.” Namely, the State defendants argued that the dismissal of the inverse condemnation claim could be affirmed because Litz did not allege any facts which, if proven, would establish that any acts by the State was the proximate cause of an “alleged taking” and the statute of limitations barred the claim. In addition to contending that Litz’s causes of action for negligence, nuisance, trespass, and inverse condemnation were barred by the statute of limitations, the Town maintained that: (1) Litz failed to properly state a claim for inverse condemnation against the Town; (2) Goldsboro is entitled to "governmental immunity” for all counts against it; (3) Litz failed to comply with the notice requirement of the Local Government Tort Acts; (4) Litz did not allege facts necessary to establish that the Town owed a duty to Litz; and (5) Litz lacked standing to bring an enforcement action against the Town. None of these issues, however, were addressed by the Court of Special Appeals.
. Litz’s certiorari petition presented the following questions: "(1) Whether Maryland's statute of limitations bars a claim against a defendant who has continuously and on a daily basis contaminated surface and groundwater for longer than three years, and who continues to contaminate that water[;] (2) Whether groundwater contamination that polluted [Litz’s] lake is a permanent nuisance notwithstanding that the Defendants had entered into a Consent Order which required the Town to abate the nuisance[:] (3) Whether [Litz's] cause of action for inverse condemnation accrued when her lake was first polluted in 1996 or when the bank foreclosed on her property in 2010[; and] (4) Whether the [Court of Special Appeals] erred when it held that 'Litz has pled only the ongoing adverse consequence of [the defendants’] alleged wrongdoing, but has not shown a 'series of acts or course of conduct’ that could toll the statute of limitations.”
. It is clear that the trial judge addressed the defendants’ requests to dismiss the case as motions to dismiss. During Hearing I, all of the defendants agreed that the judge should address their filings as motions to dismiss, not motions for summary judgment, and when counsel for Litz began to address facts outside the "four corners of the complaint,” the trial court stopped him, noting that the case was not “ripe” for summary judgment. Additionally, there is nothing in the trial court’s findings that indicates that he considered facts outside the Complaint.
. The Court of Special Appeals additionally cited MacBride for the proposition that "the continuing violation doctrine, if applicable, would not toll the statute of limitations if [Litz] sooner knew or should have known of the injury or harm.” (Emphasis added). (Quotations omitted). The quoted language, specifically the phrase "sooner knew or should have known of the injury or harm,” is a misstatement of law and having relied upon it, the Court of Special Appeals was misled. It is hereby disavowed and is not applicable to the continuing harm analysis. Because we had already determined that the continuing harm rule did not apply, this statement was inapplicable to our ultimate holding in MacBride. This dictum in MacBride effectively — and inadvertently — ■ eliminated the continuing harm doctrine. The purpose of the continuing harm doctrine is to avoid punishing a plaintiff "because one or more [violations] occurred earlier in time” ... when such violations "are continuing in nature.” 402 Md. at 584, 937 A.2d at 240; see, e.g., Shell Oil Co. v. Parker, 265 Md. 631, 634-36, 291 A.2d 64, 66-67 (1972) (holding that where Plaintiffs’ harm, which had persisted for five or six years and which Plaintiffs knew about for that duration, was "continuing in nature” and their right to bring suit was “not barred by the three year Statute of Limitations for the continuing violation during the three year period prior to the filing of the action”). A potential plaintiff's knowledge of the harm, therefore, is inconsequential. To be sure, "the discovery rule does not impede the operation of the continuing-tort doctrine[,]” Rhodes v. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 657 F.Supp.2d 751, 761 (S.D.W.Va.2009), aff'd in part, appeal dismissed in part, 636 F.3d 88 (4th Cir.2011), and the continuing harm doctrine tolls the statute of limitations regardless of a potential plaintiff’s discovery of the wrong.
. Counsel for the Town alleged in oral argument before this Court that it is clear from the Third Amended Complaint that the Campground was closed down in 1996 due to pollution. It is unclear what provision in the Third Amended Complaint Counsel relies on for this assertion.
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CASELAW
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Hawaii Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation
The Hawaii Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (DCR) is a department within the executive branch of the government of the U.S. state of Hawaii. The mission of the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation is "to provide a secure correctional environment for comprehensive rehabilitative, holistic, and wraparound re-entry services to persons sentenced to our custody and care with professionalism, integrity, respect, and fairness."
History and establishment
Prior to 2024, the department was called as the Hawaii Department of Public Safety and it managed Hawaii's jails and prisons as well as some of the state's law enforcement functions, including the Hawaii State Sheriff. Beginning on January 1, 2024, as directed by Act 278, which was passed by the Hawaii State Legislature in 2022, those law enforcement functions were moved into a separate Department of Law Enforcement, while the Department of Public Safety retained the corrections functions and was renamed as the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. According to the Act 278, the Legislature believed that the reorganization would "allow the efficient use of resources in administering correctional programs and administering and maintaining public and private correctional services."
Organization
The Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation has the following divisions: Office of the Director, Administration, Corrections, and Rehabilitation Services and Programs.
Office of the Director
* The Civil Rights Compliance Office is responsible for ensuring the department's compliance with applicable federal and state civil rights laws, regulations, directives, and executive orders.
* The Internal Affairs Office (IAO) is responsible for conducting internal investigations of department employees.
* The Inspections and Investigations Office (IIO) works to ensure the department's programs are operated safely, humanely, and lawfully.
Administration Division
This division provides administrative support to the department. It comprises the fiscal office, human resources office, and training and staff development.
Corrections Division
The Corrections Division comprises the following units:
* The Inmate Classification Office (ICO) is responsible for custody designations and the placement of inmates in correctional institutions.
* The Correctional Industries (CI) Division manages vocational rehabilitation programs designed to provide work experience and skills training for inmates.
* The Corrections Program Services (CPS) manages educational, nutritional, religious, and substance abuse and sex offender treatment programs.
* The Health Care Division (HCD) maintains health care programs at correctional facilities.
* The Intake Service Centers Division (ISCD) provides pretrial evaluations, assessments, and supervision and oversees jail and prison diversion programs in coordination with the Hawaii State Judiciary and the Hawaii Department of Health.
* The Offender Management Office (OMO) oversees sentence computation in coordination with the Hawaii State Judiciary and law enforcement agencies.
Jails
The division oversees four jails, which house pretrial inmates, short-term misdemeanants, and felony offenders who have almost completed their sentences:
* Hawaii Community Correctional Center in the County of Hawaii
* Kauai Community Correctional Center in the County of Kauai
* Maui Community Correctional Center in the County of Maui
* Oahu Community Correctional Center in the City and County of Honolulu
Prisons
The division is also responsible for overseeing four prisons:
* Halawa Correctional Facility
* Waiawa Correctional Facility
* Kulani Correctional Facility
* Women's Community Correctional Center
Kulani Correctional Facility is located on the Big Island of Hawaii, while the remaining three prisons are located on the island of Oahu.
Private prisons
In 1995 the State of Hawaii began contracting with prisons outside of Hawaii to house prisoners from Hawaii. The criteria for sending inmates to private prisons on the mainland include a minimum sentence of 24 months, a lack of pending criminal cases in Hawaii, and a lack of major health and medical issues. Attorney Daphne Barbee said that she had clients with cases pending who were sent to the mainland anyway. According to Kevin Dayton of the Honolulu Advertiser, some inmates prefer to stay on the mainland for superior educational programs, drug treatment programs, and other programs that a prisoner would complete before he or she is considered for parole. Other prisoners, particularly those with young children and families, prefer to stay in Hawaii.
The Mainland Section initially contracted with three facilities, one in Kentucky and two in Arizona, to house prisoners sentenced in Hawaii.
The Kentucky prison, Otter Creek Correctional Center, was a designated women's prison run by Corrections Corporation of America. After numerous reports of prison staff sexually abusing inmates, Hawaii brought its prisoners home from the facility in August 2009. CCA closed the facility in 2013.
The state also removed its prisoners from CCA's Red Rock Correctional Center in Arizona in 2014.
About 1,900 male Hawaii state inmates are held at CCA's Saguaro Correctional Center in Eloy, Arizona. This represents the majority of Hawaii's male inmate population.
Rehabilitation Services and Programs Division
The Rehabilitation Services and Programs Division provides education, job training, and furlough programs and resources to inmates.
Attached agencies
* Hawaii Paroling Authority
* Hawaii Correctional Industries
* Crime Victim Compensation Commission, provides compensation to victims of violent crimes for their crime-related injuries and losses, and to “Good Samaritans” for injuries or property damage suffered in the prevention of a crime or apprehension of a criminal.
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Why vultures are invulnerable to all kin ...
Why vultures are invulnerable to all kinds of poison?
Oct 28, 2022
During his 1835 expedition aboard the Beagle, Charles Darwin encountered a bird that disgusted him so much that he wrote about it in his diary, "These birds are disgusting and live to feed on the stench." The bird Darwin described was no other than a vulture.
Rotting meat usually contains a lot of bacteria and viruses. Why is this carrion, which is a deterrent to other animals, a feast for vultures? Won't they be poisoned?
The mystery is that vultures have a powerful stomach that makes them invulnerable to all kinds of poison.
Vulture stomachs are ten times more acidic than human stomach acid, which can destroy large amounts of ingested disease-causing bacteria. Scientists once dissected a vulture and found that 85% of the facial skin microbes were missing from its large intestinal contents. Even so, some difficult bacteria can still survive in a vulture's body. The microbial community in a vulture's colon consists primarily of two anaerobic species - Clostridium and Clostridium - both of which are lethal to other animals, such as certain Clostridium species that can cause mass mortality in waterfowl and Clostridium perfringens - which can cause colon cancer in humans. Vultures, however, can coexist peacefully with both types of bacteria.
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How fast can a Genesis GV70 2023 go?
The top speed of the 2023 Genesis GV70 is not yet officially announced, as the vehicle is still in development and not yet released.
However, based on the specifications of the 2022 model, it's possible to make an educated estimate.
The 2022 Genesis GV70 offers two engine options, a 2.5-liter turbocharged four-cylinder engine and a 3.5-liter V6 engine.
The 2.5-liter turbo engine is capable of producing 300 horsepower, while the V6 engine produces 375 horsepower.
With these specifications in mind, it's reasonable to assume that the 2023 Genesis GV70 will have a top speed in the range of 130-150 mph,
depending on the engine option and other factors such as weight and aerodynamics. However,
this is just an estimate and official top speed figures for the 2023 Genesis GV70 will be announced closer to the vehicle's release.
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post #1 of 1
Thread Starter
As a person that has always had smaller partitions on my hard drives or separate USB drives set as virtual memory, I ve recently discovered a USB drive that can be repartitioned and used as 7 (seven) Virtual Memory Drives with significant performance results.
STAPLES ( yep, the office superstore) has a 32 gig USB drive named RELAY. Staples brand.
Using the Control panel/ administrative tools/ computer management/ storage / disk management
Delete the primary partition (left click) Delete Volume
Once the drive is clean, Right click, Create Partition, etc ...
I choose a size of 4100
Repeat Six more times, you end up with 3 primary partitions and 4 extended partitions, the last partition is about 5 + gigs
Set the partitions as virtual memory by getting preferences on "my computer"/ properties / , go to advanced system settings/ Performance / advanced
Set the minimum for each Virtual Memory drive to 3950 and the max to 4000. I found significant performance enhancement across all areas from downloads to benchmarks. Its like having an extra 28 gig just sitting around waiting to be used. Hope this works for you.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Knuckle Sandwich Nancy (song)
The result was merge to Till Deaf Do Us Part. Jayjg (talk) 04:36, 24 November 2010 (UTC)
Knuckle Sandwich Nancy (song)
* – ( View AfD View log ) •
Non-notable song that didn't chart. E. Fokker (talk) 21:00, 2 November 2010 (UTC) Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Ron Ritzman (talk) 00:32, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
* Single has background information - regardless of chart performance. Only non-charting single throught 1980 to 1988 for Slade. Rock band Queen has 6 number one singles, just like Slade and yet Queen has article's for all singles such as these which has not only less info but it did not chart:
* Jealousy (Queen song)
* Pain Is So Close to Pleasure
* One Year of Love
* I did not realise that some popular band's are given more effort and care than others in the similar popularity. Why should this article be deleted quickly when the articles mentioned have been alerted and yet remain active? Ajsmith141 (talk) 21:06, 2 November 2010 (UTC)
* WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS. Also, Delete for lack of individual notability per WP:NSONGS; the superfluous (song) makes it unfeasible as a redirect. Ten Pound Hammer, his otters and a clue-bat • (Otters want attention) 21:11, 2 November 2010 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Albums and songs-related deletion discussions. -- Ron Ritzman (talk) 00:33, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
* Merge into Till Deaf Do Us Part, as per the WP:NSONG guideline, singles (excluding a few very special examples) should be merged with the relevant album.--hkr Laozi speak 04:42, 9 November 2010 (UTC)
It is going to break the chronology chain, the consecutive listing of complete singles although not all are completed yet, this single was chosen next as it had plenty of information. Unfortunately, there's a lot of heartless editors out there who just don't care. There has been info on the article that states it's importance. Ajsmith141 (talk) 18:27, 12 November 2010 (UTC) Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Wifione ....... Leave a message 08:39, 16 November 2010 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
I really do not see the harm in this article. There is a fair amount of information on the page which is much more than the usual single article has. It is also by no means complete and so more information will be added. Ajsmith141 (talk) 10:24, 16 November 2010 (UTC)
With what reason? Ajsmith141 (talk) 17:20, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
* Merge to Till Deaf Do Us Part. -- Whpq (talk) 15:41, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
* Reply - because the song fails to meet notability for a song. per WP:NSONG. -- Whpq (talk) 17:33, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
As stated on the notability page: "A separate article on a song should only exist when there is enough verifiable material to have a reasonably detailed article. Articles unlikely ever to grow beyond stubs should be merged to articles about an artist or album".Ajsmith141 (talk) 19:46, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
* Reply - That is a necessary but not sufficient condition to establish that a separate article for a song should be created. You carefully snipped the text out of context. Right before that little passage you quote is "Most songs do not rise to notability for an independent article and should redirect to another relevant article, such as for the songwriter, a prominent album or for the artist who prominently performed the song. Songs that have been ranked on national or significant music charts, that have won significant awards or honors or that have been independently released as a recording by several notable artists, bands or groups are probably notable. Notability aside..." which identifies the how to decide that a song would meet notability. The part you have quoted is an addiitonal condition, that even if a song has charted, it still needs sourcing such that a fully developed article can be created. The article, as it stands right now, has no reliable sources. A blog on Bloglspot is not a reliable source. And I see no substantial coverage about the song. So it fails notability, and fails sourcing even if notability were otherwise established through charting. -- Whpq (talk) 19:56, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
Reference added which includes newspaper articles based on the matter. Notability - due to this very single, the departure of manager Chas Chandler who guided, produced and led the band to six number one hits in the 70s, a total of 17 top 20 hits. Fair amount of press coverage on the incident which the single was based on. Only non-charting single from 1980 to 1988.Ajsmith141 (talk) 21:15, 17 November 2010 (UTC)
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Page:The Anatomy of Tobacco.pdf/143
ginning of time. But notwithstanding the force of this argument Dummerkopfius does not hesitate to pronounce it "crassa et putida æquivocatio, et nihil amplius"—a crass and putid equivocation, and nothing more.
On the other hand, those who affirm that it is impossible that a pipe should ever cease to exist argue as follows:—That which exists cannot cease to exist (since matter is indestructible). A pipe exists! therefore a pipe is indestructible, whence, combining these two conclusions, we determine that pipes have neither a beginning nor ending, which determination cannot fail to produce a calm and equable habit of the mind. For example, yesterday, having the wherewithal, thou didst buy a meerschaum, cunningly and rarely adorned, as if from the very hands of Dædalus, giving, in exchange for it, much gold. And to-day, meeting a friend, in the pride and joy of thine heart thou didst, without delay, pull it forth to exhibit it, and have much honour thereby. But, alas! it slipped from thine hands,
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Use this URL to cite or link to this record in EThOS: http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.696447
Title: Synaptic transmission in the rat medial superior olivary nucleus
Author: Smith, Amanda Jane
Awarding Body: University of Leicester
Current Institution: University of Leicester
Date of Award: 1998
Availability of Full Text:
Access through EThOS:
Access through Institution:
Abstract:
The medial superior olivary (MSO) nucleus forms part of the binaural auditory pathway in the brain stem where it is involved in sound source localisation. It detects interaural time differences (ITDs) of sounds arriving at the two ears by functioning as a coincidence detector of the bilateral excitatory inputs from spherical bushy cells of the anterior ventral cochlear nuclei (AVCN). The MSO also receives a unilateral inhibitory synaptic input from globular bushy cells of the contralateral AVCN, via the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB). Investigations in this thesis focus on the inhibitory synaptic input. Transverse brain stem slices were prepared from 6-13 day old Lister Hooded rats and whole cell patch clamp recordings were made from visually identified MSO neurones. Synaptic currents were evoked using a bipolar platinum stimulating electrode positioned over the ipsilateral MNTB. The excitatory synaptic input from the contralateral AVCN was mediated by glutamate receptors. Inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs), generated by stimulation of the ipsilateral MNTB reversed around the chloride equilibrium potential and were blocked by 1microM strychnine, suggesting them to be glycine receptor mediated. The EPSCs had a mean 10-90% rise time of 0.71+/-0.12ms (n=9) and decayed over a double exponential time course with time constants of 8.54+/-0.44ms and 41.50+/-1.84ms (n=81) at 25°C. The decay time course of the IPSC had a Q10 of ~2 and was slightly voltage-dependent. The IPSCs were also modulated by 5HT, metabotropic glutamate and GABA B receptors, the latter of which, based on miniature current analysis was suggested to be via a presynaptic site. This work confirms that there is a functional synapse between the MNTB and MSO which is mediated by the inhibitory transmitter, glycine and hence suggests that models of sound source localisation should incorporate this important observation.
Supervisor: Not available Sponsor: Not available
Qualification Name: Thesis (Ph.D.) Qualification Level: Doctoral
EThOS ID: uk.bl.ethos.696447 DOI: Not available
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-- Accused JFK Airport Plotter Was a `Homegrown Extremist,' Prosecutor Says
An ex-airport employee accused of
plotting to blow up fuel lines and tanks at New York’s John F.
Kennedy International Airport was a “homegrown extremist,” a
prosecutor said in closing arguments at his terrorism trial.
“The years Russell Defreitas spent in this country have
been years of quiet, seething rage,” Assistant U.S. Attorney
Zainab Ahmad told jurors in federal court today in Brooklyn, New
York. “Russell Defreitas gave voice to that anger by devising a
plot to blow up JFK.”
Defreitas , a former Evergreen Airlines cargo worker, and
Abdul Kadir , a citizen of Guyana who served in that country’s
parliament, are charged with participating in a plot hatched in
January 2006. They circulated their plan to an international
network of Muslim extremists, the government alleges.
The attacks were designed to destroy “the whole of
Kennedy,” the largest airport in the New York City area,
Defreitas said in a taped conversation played for the jury. The
plot was foiled in the planning stages with the aid of an
informant, according to prosecutors.
The trial of Defreitas, 67, a U.S. citizen and native of
Guyana, and Kadir began June 30 with opening statements. The
jury is scheduled to begin its deliberations tomorrow. The two
men face life in prison if convicted.
“Russell Defreitas is a man with a small mind, a big mouth
and an ugly imagination,” Mildred Whalen, one of his lawyers,
told jurors today. “Those are character flaws, not crimes.”
Pushed to Plot
Whalen said the government informant, Steven Francis,
pushed Defreitas to pursue the plot, and without him Defreitas
wouldn’t have been able to conduct surveillance of the airport.
Defreitas was “a man who takes what’s on offer,”
including an apartment the government paid for and rides from
Francis “all over New York City,” Whalen said.
The moment Defreitas and Kadir agreed to destroy the
airport, they became guilty of conspiracy, and their actions
after the fact show they were serious and determined, Ahmad
said.
She played tapes in which Kadir instructed Defreitas to get
images of the airport from Google Inc.’s Earth mapping service
and said he would try to connect him with Abu Bakr for funding
and support. Abu Bakr is the head of Jamaat Al Muslimeen, which
staged a coup attempt in Trinidad in 1990.
Ahmad said the plotters wanted to get to Abu Bakr to meet
“a seasoned terrorist,” Adnan G. El Shukrijumah, who is wanted
in connection with possible terrorist threats against the U.S.
and who is a member of al-Qaeda, the Muslim terrorist group led
by Osama bin Laden .
Failure to Connect
“Lucky for us, the plotters never found Shukrijumah,”
Ahmad said.
The mention of Shukrijumah underscores the absurdity of the
charges, said Whalen, Defreitas’s lawyer.
“At this point it’s clear that these guys have seen too
many Bruce Willis movies and don’t have enough to do with their
time,” she told the jurors. “When does stupid, ugly talk
become a conspiracy to commit a crime?”
Defreitas could be heard on tape boasting that he worked
20 years at Kennedy, when he worked there only three years, and
complaining that he loaded U.S. weapons bound for Israel, when
there was testimony that no such weapons are shipped from
Kennedy, Whalen said.
Ahmad told the jurors that Kadir’s testimony that he never
agreed to be part of the plot and was hoping to “rehabilitate”
the others wasn’t credible.
Kadir’s Role
Kadir agreed to let the plotters keep money for the plan in
one of his bank accounts and advised Francis to be careful with
a Google Earth printout of the airport on a trip to Trinidad
with Defreitas to try to meet Bakr, the prosecutor said.
“Kadir gives Steven Francis good advice because he wants
the plot to succeed,” she said.
No evidence was introduced to show that Kadir ever
contacted anyone on behalf of the alleged plotters, including
Bakr or Shukrijumah, and the money would go into his account for
his mosque, not a terror plot, Kafahni Nkrumah, a lawyer for
Kadir, told the jurors today.
When Kadir mentioned Google Earth to the others, he hadn’t
yet been told of the JFK plot, Nkrumah said.
“Abdul Kadir at no time ever had the intent to join this
conspiracy,” Nkrumah said. “Abdul Kadir at no time ever
assisted Steven Francis or Russell Defreitas in advancing the
objectives of this conspiracy.”
A third defendant, Kareem Ibrahim , a citizen of Trinidad,
was granted a separate trial at a later date due to a medical
condition. Abdel Nur, a citizen of Guyana, pleaded guilty June
29 to one count of providing support to terrorists.
The case is U.S. v. Defreitas, 07-cr-00543, U.S. District
Court, Eastern District of New York (Brooklyn).
To contact the reporter on this story:
Thom Weidlich in Brooklyn, New York,
at tweidlich@bloomberg.net .
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Talk:Battle of Apache Pass
Before the battle
Need to research, I believe the California Column did not travel along the entire Butterfield Stage route From Yuma AZ to El Paso TX as a single unit of 1500 to 2800 men and supplies. It moved in smaller groups. The Capture_of_Tucson_(1862) happened on 20 May 1862. Advanced elements of the Column reached the abandoned Fort Thorn on the Rio Grand on 4 July 1862. The Apache Pass battle was on 24 July and involved 140 men of two companies of the California Column. I assume that these two companies were a typical traveling group that the Apaches decided to attack.Rcollman (talk) 12:49, 10 April 2017 (UTC)
Apache casualty numbers
Given the primary sources give between 10-63 Apache killed in the article itself, I see no reason to trust an obscure encyclopedia over primary sources in order to list the tally as 66 Apache killed.Cheetaiean (talk) 23:45, 15 November 2021 (UTC)
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The Ghost in the Forest
N.Y.C. Nature The translucent white stems of Indian pipe seem completely out of place in New York City’s July woodlands — icy specters in the stuffy heat of the deep forest. Nearby, in open fields and meadows, myriad brilliantly colored wildflowers continue their ancient dance with pollinators. The Indian pipe’s evolution toward reproductive success is by no means simpler, but the species has certainly marched to the beat of a different drummer. Eschewing pigment altogether, colorlessness turns out to be remarkably, even miraculously, attention-getting. Measuring anywhere from 3 to 9 inches, the Indian pipe is often found in dry woodlands where oaks or beeches predominate. Hikers often mistake Indian pipe for a mushroom or fungus of some sort; it is actually a blueberry relative without chlorophyll. Here, under the trees’ shady canopy, an additional layer of shrubs often prevents the little remaining sunlight from penetrating to the forest floor. Indian pipes’ adaptive strategy suits this habitat beautifully. No chlorophyll is necessary if there is little light, and without light, there is little competition. Until relatively recently, Indian pipe (Monotropa uniflora) was considered a saprophyte, feeding on decomposing leaves, stems, roots and other forest debris. The reality is far more complex. Indian pipes insinuate themselves into the relationship between fungi and the tree roots with which they form symbiotic relationships. The Indian pipes deceive the fungi into entering a relationship, but in essence, the relationship is parasitic, and the carbohydrates (energy) produced by the tree are carried to the Monotropa with only a stopover in the mushrooms. The Indian pipe’s role in this interspecific ménage à trois is called myco-heterotrophy. Many plants, from orchids to ferns, enjoy the benefits of this evolutionary trickery. Each Indian pipe stem is tipped with a single flower, which droops at an acute angle. The result is an adaptation to growing in situations where rain or other condensation might ruin valuable pollen or other flower parts. It is also a useful deterrent to unwelcome (nonpollinating) insects, who might prefer to feed on the pollen or the flower’s delicate reproductive parts. Though Indian pipes are sometimes found individually as a single “pipe” emerging along a trailside, they are also observed pushing through the leaf litter in tight bunches, sometimes numbering 30 or 40 stems. I have even encountered woodland sites where the bunches themselves were numerous, and where counting the individuals seemed futile. This is rare, but generally speaking, if you find one, look for others nearby. At this time of year, New York City woodlands are often insufferably hot by midday, but for the rare New Yorker with no early morning commitments, it is a good time to search. Fortunately, the oblique angle of late-day light also penetrates the canopy and heightens the contrast between the dark forest floor and the Arctic white flowers, so hunting in the evenings works almost as well. If you’re looking to find this pale New Yorker, start your hunt in the dry woodlands of Queens, the Bronx or Staten Island.
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~cypheon/pkgsrc-wip
pkgsrc-wip/java-charva/DESCR -rw-r--r-- 631 bytes
5f1bf4f5 — Johann Rudloff Subst PLIST paths for platform specific files for other architectures 6 months ago
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CHARVA is a Java framework for presenting a "graphical" user interface,
composed of elements such as windows, dialogs, menus, textfields and buttons,
on a traditional character-cell ASCII terminal. It has an API based on that
of "Swing" (a.k.a. the Java Foundation Classes). Programmers familiar with
AWT and Swing will find programming CHARVA straightforward. User interfaces
can be designed on WYSIWYG IDEs such as Borland JBuilder and then easily
converted to CHARVA merely by changing the "import" statements to import the
"charva.awt and "charvax.swing" packages instead of the standard "java.awt"
and "javax.swing" packages.
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MacGuffin
In fiction, a MacGuffin (sometimes McGuffin) is an object, device, or event that is necessary to the plot and the motivation of the characters, but insignificant, unimportant, or irrelevant in itself. The term was originated by Angus MacPhail for film, adopted by Alfred Hitchcock, and later extended to a similar device in other fiction.
The MacGuffin technique is common in films, especially thrillers. Usually, the MacGuffin is revealed in the first act, and thereafter declines in importance. It can reappear at the climax of the story but may actually be forgotten by the end of the story. Multiple MacGuffins are sometimes derisively identified as plot coupons.
History and use
The use of a MacGuffin as a plot device predates the name MacGuffin. The Holy Grail of Arthurian legend has been cited as an early example of a MacGuffin. The Holy Grail is the desired object that is essential to initiate and advance the plot, but the final disposition of the Grail is never revealed, suggesting that the object is not of significance in itself. An even earlier example would be the Golden Fleece of Greek mythology, in the quest of Jason and the Argonauts; "the Fleece itself, the raison d'être of this entire epic geste, remains a complete [...] mystery. The full reason for its Grail-like desirability [...] is never explained."
The World War I-era actress Pearl White used the term "weenie" to identify whatever object (a roll of film, a rare coin, expensive diamonds, etc.) impelled the heroes and villains to pursue each other through the convoluted plots of The Perils of Pauline and the other silent film serials in which she starred. In the 1930 detective novel The Maltese Falcon, a small statuette provides both the book's title and its motive for intrigue.
The name MacGuffin was coined by British screenwriter Angus MacPhail. It has been posited that " 'guff', as a word for anything trivial or worthless, may lie at the root".
Alfred Hitchcock
Director and producer Alfred Hitchcock popularized the term MacGuffin and the technique with his 1935 film The 39 Steps, in which the MacGuffin is some otherwise incidental military secrets. Hitchcock explained the term MacGuffin in a 1939 lecture at Columbia University in New York City:
"It might be a Scottish name, taken from a story about two men on a train. One man says, 'What's that package up there in the baggage rack?' And the other answers, 'Oh, that's a MacGuffin.' The first one asks, 'What's a MacGuffin?' 'Well,' the other man says, 'it's an apparatus for trapping lions in the Scottish Highlands.' The first man says, 'But there are no lions in the Scottish Highlands,' and the other one answers, 'Well then, that's no MacGuffin!' So you see that a MacGuffin is actually nothing at all."
In a 1966 interview with François Truffaut, Hitchcock explained the term using the same story. He also related this anecdote in a television interview for Richard Schickel's documentary The Men Who Made the Movies, and in an interview with Dick Cavett.
Hitchcock also said, "The MacGuffin is the thing that the spies are after, but the audience doesn't care."
George Lucas
In contrast to Hitchcock's view, George Lucas believes that "the audience should care about [the MacGuffin] almost as much as the dueling heroes and villains on-screen." Lucas describes R2-D2 as the MacGuffin of the original Star Wars film, and said that the Ark of the Covenant, the titular MacGuffin in Raiders of the Lost Ark, was an excellent example as opposed to the more obscure MacGuffin in Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom and the "feeble" MacGuffin in Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade. The use of MacGuffins in Indiana Jones films later continued with the titular crystal skull in Kingdom of the Crystal Skull and Archimedes' Dial in the Dial of Destiny.
Yves Lavandier
Filmmaker and drama writing theorist Yves Lavandier suggests that a MacGuffin is a secret that motivates the villains. North by Northwest's MacGuffin is nothing that motivates the protagonist; Roger Thornhill's objective is to extricate himself from the predicament that the mistaken identity has created, and what matters to Vandamm and the CIA is of little importance to Thornhill. A similar lack of motivating power applies to the MacGuffins of the 1930s films The Lady Vanishes, The 39 Steps, and Foreign Correspondent. In a broader sense, says Lavandier, a MacGuffin denotes any justification for the external conflict in a work.
Examples
Alfred Hitchcock popularized the use of the MacGuffin technique. Examples from Hitchcock's films include plans for a silent plane engine in The 39 Steps (1935), radioactive uranium ore in Notorious (1946), and a clause from a secret peace treaty in Foreign Correspondent (1940).
A more recent MacGuffin is the briefcase in Pulp Fiction (1994), which motivates several of the characters during many of the film's major plot points but whose contents are never revealed.
Similarly, the plot of the 1998 film Ronin revolves around a case, the contents of which remain unknown. At the end of the film, it is said to have led to a historic peace agreement and an end to the Troubles in Northern Ireland.
George Lucas also used MacGuffins in the Star Wars saga. He "decided that the Force could be intensified through the possession of a mystical Kiber Crystal [sic]—Lucas's first, but by no means last, great MacGuffin."
A similar usage was employed in John Carpenter's Escape from New York, where the protagonist Snake Plissken is tasked with rescuing both the President of the United States and a cassette tape that will prevent a devastating war between the country and its enemies. While there are hints throughout the film, the contents of the tape are never revealed to the audience.
Cultural references
In Mel Brooks's parody of Hitchcock films, High Anxiety (1977), Brooks's character's hotel room is moved from the 2nd to the 17th floor at the request of a Mr. MacGuffin, a recognition by name of Hitchcock's use of the device.
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Talk:Opportunity management
Object to the deletion, verbatim material deleted. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Nlreda (talk • contribs) 16:28, 9 February 2012 (UTC)
To Do
Please add inline citations to clarify.
:- ) DCS 04:36, 18 January 2012 (UTC)
Many External links broken.
marceloparedesbreilh 11:01, 11 June 2020 (UTC)
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Andrew Hartzler
The result was delete. Discounting the rationales provided by sockpuppets, consensus seems to be that WP:BLP1E applies here. Aoidh (talk) 00:42, 31 March 2023 (UTC)
Andrew Hartzler
* – ( View AfD View log | edits since nomination)
Seems to be a case of WP:BLP1E with all the coverage relating to a court case. SmartSE (talk) 17:41, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
Keep - The subject qualifies for the clause 3 of article (WP:BLP1E). — Preceding unsigned comment added by Twineforce (talk • contribs) 20:24, 24 March 2023 (UTC) Keep- As it's said above, it passes the clause 3 of (WP:BLP1E), it's a significant event and the individual's role is substantial and it is very well documented. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Topboy101 (talk • contribs) 14:35, 29 March 2023 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Missouri-related deletion discussions. SmartSE (talk) 17:41, 23 March 2023 (UTC)
* Delete - appears to be a clear case of WP:BIO1E. Onel 5969 TT me 00:58, 29 March 2023 (UTC)
* Comment - the two keep !votes above have a total of 17 edits, including the creation of the article. Onel 5969 TT me 21:55, 29 March 2023 (UTC)
* delete most famous for a lawsuit and because his aunt was a politician does not equal a notability pass DiamondRemley39 (talk) 02:18, 30 March 2023 (UTC)
* Keep - As mentioned, the article should remain published as it is per clause 3 of (WP:BLP1E), the subject is notable for campaigning for LGBT rights which establishes his importance.theworldofxyz (talk) 15:144, 30 March 2023 (UTC)
* Comment - another new user whose first edit is this AfD. Onel 5969 TT me 20:19, 30 March 2023 (UTC)
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Ahmed Salah Abdelfatah
Ahmed Salah Abdelfatah (أحمد صلاح عبد الفتاح; born in 1949) is a Dutch actor raised in France who has Moroccan-Yemenite roots. He is usually typecast to play an old Moroccan man, either an imam or a grandfather. He lives in Amsterdam, is married and has a daughter and a son. He has acted in the following productions:
Career
* Films
* Coach (2009, Joram Lürsen)
* Dunya & Desie (2008, Dana Nechustan)
* Sextet (2007, Eddy Terstall)
* Color me bad (2007, Hesdy Lonwijk),
* Shouf Shouf Habibi! (2004, Albert ter Heerdt),
* Oesters van Nam Kee (2002, Pollo de Pimentel),
* Polleke (2003, Ineke Houtman),
* Najib en Julia (2003, Theo van Gogh),
* The Zone (2001),
* do not disturb (1999, Dick Maas),
* TV:
* Onderweg naar Morgen,
* Goede Tijden, Slechte Tijden,
* Shouf Shouf Habibi!, the series,
* Dunya and Desi, the series,
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Monte San Giorgio
Monte San Giorgio is a pyramid-shaped, wooded mountain, which lies south of Lake Lugano in Ticino Canton. The site contains internationally important fossil remains from the Middle Triassic period. San Giorgio lies within an area identified as a Landscape Protection Zone under Swiss law.
The Mid Triassic rock succession rests on older, Permian volcanic rocks exposed on the north face of Monte San Giorgio. The Mid Triassic sequence consists of approximately 1,000 m of reef limestones, dolomites and bituminous shales which formed in marine conditions on the margins of the Triassic 'Tethys' Ocean. The exceptional fossil interest within the sequence arises because of the presence of five distinct, fossiliferous formations, the 'Grenzbitumenzone', the Cava Inferiore, Cava Superiore, Cassina Beds and the 'Kalkschieferzone'. The sequence records life in a tropical lagoon environment, sheltered and partially separated from the open sea by an offshore reef. A diversity of marine life flourished within this lagoon, including reptiles, fish, bivalves, ammonites, echinoderms and crustaceans. A stagnant and undisturbed seabed provided ideal conditions for the preservation of these animals, when they died and fell to the sea floor. Today, fossils are abundant and exceptionally detailed. Because the lagoon was near to land, the fossil remains also include some land-based fossils including reptiles, insects and plants. The fossiliferous rock succession is exposed in Switzerland on Monte San Giorgio as well as in the immediately adjacent area of Italy, in the area around Besano. Fossils from the mountain have been known to science for over 150 years. The vertebrate material includes particularly spectacular specimens, including large, articulated skeletons up to 6 m in length. Complete skeletons include ichthyosaurs, nothosaurs, placodonts, and the remarkable 'giraffe-necked' saurian, Tanystropheus. The land-based fauna is more restricted, but includes a significant and unique complete skeleton of the archosaur, Ticinosuchus, the first complete skeleton from this group to be discovered in the northern hemisphere.
Although it is primarily of geological significance, Monte San Giorgio also displays other natural values, as well as cultural links between the geology and the life of the local community. Noteworthy features include dry meadows on limestone subsoils that are home to plant populations not found elsewhere in Switzerland or in the entire southern Alpine zone of Italy. The site is rich in fungi and has 37 of the modern vertebrate species on the national Red List, 21 of which are protected under the Berne Convention.
Monte San Giorgio is unique in the world as the best single fossil record of Triassic marine life. The strict, systematic and continuous scientific research that has been carried out for over 75 years in Switzerland and Italy, almost exclusively by the universities of Zurich and Milan, have resulted in a remarkably complete and coordinated record of the site.
The site is in the ownership of three different local communes. Around 10% is cultivated, privately owned land, mostly near Meride and Riva San Vitale. The presence of five distinct fossiliferous levels provides the opportunity for comparative and evolutionary studies through time.
Other significant Triassic fossil sites of equivalent international importance provide evidence of terrestrial, rather than marine life.
The quantity and quality of fossil biota enables interpretation of species evolution, palaeo-environments and land-forming processes that existed 200 million years ago. The site provides a record of marine life during a critical period in vertebrate evolution on Earth, and has an importance that extends beyond representation of life in the Triassic 'Tethys' Ocean, to provide a global reference point for comparative studies of evolution.
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Supplementary Material for: Functions of Lipopeptides Bacillomycin D and Fengycin in Antagonism of <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> C06 towards <i>Monilinia fructicola</i> Liu J. Zhou T. He D. Li X. Wu H. Liu W. Gao X. 10.6084/m9.figshare.5121634.v1 https://karger.figshare.com/articles/Supplementary_Material_for_Functions_of_Lipopeptides_Bacillomycin_D_and_Fengycin_in_Antagonism_of_i_Bacillus_amyloliquefaciens_i_C06_towards_i_Monilinia_fructicola_i_/5121634 In previous studies, <i>Bacillus amyloliquefaciens</i> C06 has been proven to be effective in controlling brown rot of stone fruit caused by <i>Monilinia fructicola.</i> When tested in vitro, cell-free filtrate of <i>B. amyloliquefaciens</i> C06 significantly inhibited mycelial growth and conidial germination of the fungal pathogen. This study aimed to determine the role of the antifungal compound(s) in the cell-free filtrate of <i>B. amyloliquefaciens</i> C06 by an approach combining a DNA-based suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method with MALDI-TOF-MS analysis. It was demonstrated that <i>B. amyloliquefaciens</i> C06 harbored two genes, <i>bmyC</i> and <i>fenD</i>, involved in biosynthesis of bacillomycin D and fengycin, two lipopeptides belonging to the iturin and fengycin family, respectively. To determine the roles of bacillomycin D and fengycin of <i>B. amyloliquefaciens</i> C06 in suppressing <i>M. fructicola</i>, the mutants of <i>B. amyloliquefaciens</i> C06 deficient in producing bacillomy- cin D, fengycin or both were constructed, and evaluated in vitro together with the wild-type <i>B. amyloliquefaciens</i> C06. The results indicated that bacillomycin D and fengycin jointly contributed to the inhibition of conidial germination of <i>M. fructicola, </i>and fengycin played a major role in suppressing mycelial growth of the fungal pathogen. 2011-02-18 00:00:00 Mycelial growth Conidial germination Monilinia fructicola Bacillus amyloliquefaciens C06 Bacillomycin D Fengycin
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2020 Women's Tour of Thailand
The 2020 The Princess Maha Chackri Sirindhorn's Cup "Women's Tour of Thailand" is a women's cycle stage race held in Thailand from 14 to 16 October, 2020. The tour has an UCI rating of 2.2.
The race was won for the second consecutive year by Jutatip Maneephan.
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WIKI
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Draft:Grey Seal (song)
"Grey Seal" is a song by the English musician Elton John from his 1974 album Goodbye Yellow Brick Road.
Personnel
According to authors Romuald Ollivier and Olivier Roubin:
* Elton John – vocals, piano, mellotron, Fender Rhodes
* Davey Johnstone – electric guitar
* Dee Murray – bass
* Nigel Olsson – drums, conga
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WIKI
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Phylloxylon arenicola
Phylloxylon arenicola is a species of legume (bean) in the family Fabaceae. It is found only in Madagascar.
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WIKI
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Chimney Rock National Historic Site
Chimney Rock National Historic Site is a United States National Historic Site located in the Nebraska Panhandle. It contains the famous landmark Chimney Rock, which helped emigrants on the Oregon Trail find their way.
Understand
Chimney Rock in far-western Nebraska is a sandstone rock formation which rises over the North Platte Valley. It is noted for its strange spire formation and for its history with the Oregon, Mormon, and California Trails.
History
Chimney Rock has had a lot of history in its existence. Before the rock was just one, it was a large bluff connected with a series of bluffs right next to it. It was part of the ancient High Plains. After a while, erosion destroyed the weaker parts of the bluff and the stronger parts stayed such as Chimney Rock. For hundreds of years, Native Americans used the rock formation to kill and chase buffalo down it. It is believed that when the Native Americans used it, the rock was almost as tall as the nearby Scotts Bluff National Monument, which is tall. It is also believed that since the Native Americans called the rock "teepee", it used to be in the form of a mountain peak and erosion wore it down to make it look like a spire. Through the years, though, erosion weakened the rock and made it smaller. In the 1800s, emigrants began traveling west for a better life on the Oregon and Mormon Trails. As the emigrants passed by this rock, most of them noted in their diaries or journals that they "were glad to see that they are going the right direction" and it "spired to the heavens." It was the most-noted landmark along the Oregon Trail. It was about 490 ft when the pioneers passed it. As time passed through the early 1900s erosion made it shorter and shorter faster than ever.
In the 1970s, the National Park Service agreed to make Chimney Rock a national historic site. In 1995, a visitors center and museum was built on the national historic site. There are no trails or roads leading to the rock, but in the future, there may be. In April 2006, Nebraska's state quarter was released with the rock on the back.
Flora and fauna
Tall grass and yucca plants are very common in the region.
Climate
The climate of the region is semi-arid. It is a combination of desert and plains land. Chimney Rock is contained in a scenic and huge expanse called the North Platte River Valley. Inside the valley, the elevation is generally in the range of 3000-3500 feet (914-1066 m). The bluffs surrounding the valley have an elevation in the range of 4000-5000 feet (1220-1524 m). Summers have humid and hot temperatures, sometimes causing severe thunderstorms. Falls bring mild temperatures and comfortable conditions. Winters are usually more severe in this region of the state than in any other region. Blizzards are very common during the winter. Springs bring mild temperatures, along with a very unresting storm season.
Get in
On Nebraska State Route 92, turn south on Chimney Rock Road and drive 1.5 miles until you get to the visitors center. Follow the signs.
Chimney Rock National Historic Site is 5 miles south of Bayard, 20 miles southeast of Scottsbluff and Gering, and 24 miles southeast of Scotts Bluff National Monument.
Fees and permits
Entry fee is $3 for adults. Children with adults enter free. Admission fees are waived for Nebraska State Historical Society members. Note that the NPS interagency park passes do not apply here.
See
What you can see is Chimney Rock and the series of bluffs behind it. You can see these things for miles away.
The park offers one photo opportunity after another with all of its breathtaking sights, and has been featured in major motion pictures such as Last of the Mohicans. You can spend a day, a week, or perhaps just the afternoon hiking the trails or enjoying the scenic views that the park has to offer.
Do
The museum offers a lot of information about the rock. There also is a hands-on covered wagon in the museum and a movie about the rock.
Chimney Rock Park offers rock climbing instruction. It doesn't matter how skilled you are because the park offers expert instruction from Adam Fox from Fox Mountain Guides. You can call to sign up for your next Chimney Rock Park adventure.
Buy
There is a gift shop located in the visitors center. There is also a great gift shop just down the road about 1/10 of a mile (160 m) from the center. It has a wide variety of gifts and souvenirs to choose from.
Eat
There are some restaurants in Bayard. There are many drive-thrus and restaurants in nearby Scottsbluff-Gering.
Just up the road from Chimney Rock about 1/10 mile is a great place to grab an all natural longhorn beef burger for lunch. Other sandwiches are also available. Try one of the famous homemade wafflecones and ice cream for dessert.
Drink
The Squat N' Surp on route 32 has very good milkshakes and beverages.
Lodging
There are hotels in the nearby Gering-Scottsbluff metro area.
Camping
Chimney Rock Pioneer Crossing campground sits right at the base of Chimney Rock. It is open May through October each year.
Stay safe
Stay on the pavement the visitor center has. There are many rattlesnakes in the area.
Go next
* Agate Fossil Beds National Monument 60 mi. NW
* Scotts Bluff National Monument 24 mi. NW
* Ft. Robinson State Park 100 mi. N
* Ash Hollow State Historical Park 80 mi. SE
* Wildcat Hills State Recreation Area 17 mi. W
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WIKI
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Comparative genomics and proteomics of Eubacterium maltosivorans: functional identification of trimethylamine methyltransferases and bacterial microcompartments in a human intestinal bacterium with a versatile lifestyle
Yuan Feng, Thi Phuong Nam Bui, Alfons J.M. Stams, Sjef Boeren, Irene Sánchez-Andrea, Willem M. de Vos*
*Corresponding author for this work
Research output: Contribution to journalArticleAcademicpeer-review
9 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
Eubacterium maltosivorans YIT is a human intestinal isolate capable of acetogenic, propionogenic and butyrogenic growth. Its 4.3-Mb genome sequence contains coding sequences for 4227 proteins, including 41 different methyltransferases. Comparative proteomics of strain YIT showed the Wood–Ljungdahl pathway proteins to be actively produced during homoacetogenic growth on H2 and CO2 while butyrogenic growth on a mixture of lactate and acetate significantly upregulated the production of proteins encoded by the recently identified lctABCDEF cluster and accessory proteins. Growth on H2 and CO2 unexpectedly induced the production of two related trimethylamine methyltransferases. Moreover, a set of 16 different trimethylamine methyltransferases together with proteins for bacterial microcompartments were produced during growth and deamination of the quaternary amines, betaine, carnitine and choline. Growth of strain YIT on 1,2-propanediol generated propionate with propanol and induced the formation of bacterial microcompartments that were also prominently visible in betaine-grown cells. The present study demonstrates that E. maltosivorans is highly versatile in converting low-energy fermentation end-products in the human gut into butyrate and propionate whilst being capable of preventing the formation of the undesired trimethylamine by converting betaine and other quaternary amines in bacterial microcompartments into acetate and butyrate.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)517-534
JournalEnvironmental Microbiology
Volume24
Issue number1
Early online date2 Jan 2022
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jan 2022
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Lobelia deckenii
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Lobelia deckenii
Lobelia keniensis.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Asterales
Family: Campanulaceae
Genus: Lobelia
Species:
L. deckenii
Binomial name
Lobelia deckenii
Hemsl., 1877 [1]
Lobelia deckenii (syn. Lobelia keniensis) is a species of giant lobelia of the mountains of East Africa. It grows in moist areas, such as valley bottoms and moorland, in contrast to Lobelia telekii which grows in a similar but drier habitat. These two species produce occasional hybrids. Lobelia deckenii plants usually produce multiple rosettes. Each rosette grows for several decades, produces a single large inflorescence and hundreds of thousands of seeds, then dies. Because individual plants have multiple rosettes, they survive to reproduce repeatedly, and plants with more rosettes flower more frequently. It is iteroparous.[2]
Lobelia deckenii plants usually form between one and eighteen rosettes which are connected underground. The individual rosettes grow slowly in the alpine environment,[2] and may take decades to reach reproductive size. The rosette that produces an inflorescence dies after flowering, but the remaining connected rosettes live on.[2]
Lobelia deckenii is the only alpine species of lobelia that is native to Kilimanjaro,[3] occurring between 3,800 and 4,300 m (12,500 and 14,100 ft).[4]
Lobelia deckenii ssp. keniensis is the variety of Lobelia deckenii that occurs on Mount Kenya, between 3,300 and 4,600 m (10,800 and 15,100 ft). It is eaten less by rock hyrax than Lobelia telekii, which occurs more often in hyrax habitat. The lobelia species on Mount Kenya are both pollinated by birds,[5][6] especially the scarlet-tufted sunbird and the alpine chat.[7]
This species of giant lobelia is known for the reservoirs of water held in its rosettes, which freeze at night and protect the apical meristem which is contained in a dense central leaf bud. When this reservoir is drained, the temperature of the inner meristem drops below freezing, which does not occur when the fluid is left intact.[8] The crescent-shaped ice cubes formed in these rosettes gave rise to the nickname, "gin and tonic lobelia".
Gallery[edit]
References[edit]
1. ^ International Plant Names Index
2. ^ a b c Young, Truman P. (1984). "The comparative demography of semelparous Lobelia telekii and iteroparous Lobelia keniensis on Mount Kenya". Journal of Ecology. 72 (2): 637–650. doi:10.2307/2260073. JSTOR 2260073.
3. ^ Young, T.P. 1991. The flora, fauna, and ecology of Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro. Pp. 37-49 In: Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro (Iain Allan, ed.) Mountain Club of Kenya ISBN 978-9966-9856-0-6
4. ^ Kilimanjaro. O rei da África. Revista Planeta, dezembro de 2005.
5. ^ Young, Truman P. (1982). "Bird visitation, seed set, and germination rates in two species of Lobelia on Mount Kenya". Ecology. 68: 1983–1986. doi:10.2307/1940139.
6. ^ Burd, Martin (1995). "Pollinator behavioural responses to reward size in Lobelia deckenii: no escape from pollen limitation of seed set". Journal of Ecology. 83: 865–872. doi:10.2307/2261423.
7. ^ Smith, Alan P.; Truman P. Young (1987). "Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 18: 137–158. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001033.
8. ^ Young, Truman P.; Susan Van Orden Robe (1986). "Micro-environmental role of a secreted aqueous solution in afro-alpine Lobelia keniensis". Biotropica. 18 (3): 267–269. doi:10.2307/2388496. JSTOR 2388496.
External links[edit]
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Wikipedia:Redirects for discussion/Log/2015 February 1
February 1
This is a list of redirects that have been proposed for deletion or other action on February 1, 2015.
Charles O&
* The result of the discussion was delete. --BDD (talk) 20:27, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
* Charles O& → Charles O& (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_O%26&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* Con O& → Con O& (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Con_O%26&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* James O& → James O& (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_O%26&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* Jerry Joseph O& → Jerry J. O& (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Joseph_O%26&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* John O& → John O& (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_O%26&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* Maureen O& → Maureen (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maureen_O%26&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* New York World& → Unisphere (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_World%26&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* Pozna& → Poznań (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pozna%26&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* Richard O& → Richard O& (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_O%26&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* Ronald & → Ronald M. Sega (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ronald_%26&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
Delete these redirects from encoding problems. ⟨Charles O&⟩, for example, is short for ⟨Charles O&#039;Brien (colonial governor)⟩, but everything after the ⟨#⟩ was cut off because Wikipedia treats that as a section link. Gorobay (talk) 16:56, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
Roger Collingwood
* The result of the discussion was Speedied - target was Robin. [Additional comments.] Peridon (talk) 14:01, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
* Roger Collingwood → R. G. Collingwood (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Collingwood&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
"Roger" not mentioned in target 野狼院ひさし u/t/c 15:02, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
* probably, mea culpa. I use that reason as search request from lv:Māksla-- Albedo @ 18:26, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
London Lights
* The result of the discussion was delete. --BDD (talk) 17:31, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
* London Lights → Meghan Trainor (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=London_Lights&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
Should be deleted per WP:R, criteria #10. Redirects to article fully protected until 18 Feb 2015, nothing in article about "London Lights" (which I assume is the name of a song). -- WV ● <span style="text-shadow: 4px 4px 15px #FF9900, -4px -4px 15px #FF0099;">✉ ✓ 14:44, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
* Comment: it seems to be a duet with Harry Styles, maybe it can be mentioned on the page. Siuenti (talk) 14:56, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
* I've started a discussion at Talk:Meghan_Trainor Siuenti (talk) 14:59, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
* Not a duet, as we both now know. Still, no mention of it in the article, that should qualify this redirect to be deleted. Can't figure if the person who created it is wanting to start an article on it or just wants some promotion for Trainor and the song. -- <span style="text-shadow: 4px 4px 15px #0099FF, -4px -4px 15px #99FF00;">WV ● <span style="text-shadow: 4px 4px 15px #FF9900, -4px -4px 15px #FF0099;">✉ ✓ 00:07, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
* Anyway it doesn't look like it's going to be mentioned so delete unless that happens. Siuenti (talk) 22:32, 5 February 2015 (UTC)
Strange metal
Relisted, see Redirects for discussion/Log/2015 February 9%23Strange metal
2023 in the United States
<div class="boilerplate rfd vfd xfd-closed" style="background:#FFEEDD; margin-top:0.5em; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #888888;">
* The result of the discussion was all speedy deleted WP:CSD at author's request. JohnCD (talk) 20:59, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
* 2023 in the United States → 2015 in the United States (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2023_in_the_United_States&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* 2022 in the United States → 2015 in the United States (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2022_in_the_United_States&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* 2021 in the United States → 2015 in the United States (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2021_in_the_United_States&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* 2020 in the United States → 2015 in the United States (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2020_in_the_United_States&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* 2019 in the United States → 2015 in the United States (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2019_in_the_United_States&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* 2018 in the United States → 2015 in the United States (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_in_the_United_States&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* 2017 in the United States → 2015 in the United States (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_in_the_United_States&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* 2016 in the United States → 2015 in the United States (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2016_in_the_United_States&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* 2025 in the United States → 2015 in the United States (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2025_in_the_United_States&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* Delete all by same reasoning as at Redirects_for_discussion/Log/2015_January_14 and WP:RFD, likely to cause confusion. Si Trew (talk) 12:33, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
* Delete all by my request (the author)--Coekon (talk) 20:29, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
6 S3
<div class="boilerplate rfd vfd xfd-closed" style="background:#FFEEDD; margin-top:0.5em; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #888888;">
* The result of the discussion was delete. --BDD (talk) 17:28, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
* 6 S3 → Smartphone (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=6_S3&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
Delete, despite the fact it was a popular redlink. Not mentioned at target, and it's not clear from Google search results that this means anything in particular. Siuenti (talk) 10:17, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
* Delete as not being mentioned at the target article, and since the Google search returns results that vary from being a hack that can be done on the iOS for the Samsung Galaxy S3, to a battery that is used for the Acer Aspire. In other words, the term is too ambiguous to be helpful. Steel1943 (talk) 19:57, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
* Delete as vague -- Lenticel ( talk ) 00:08, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
<span id="Crazy in Love (Be...ncé Knowles song)">Crazy in Love (Be...ncé Knowles song)
<div class="boilerplate rfd vfd xfd-closed" style="background:#FFEEDD; margin-top:0.5em; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #888888;">
* The result of the discussion was delete. Unopposed. Malcolmxl5 (talk) 20:23, 15 February 2015 (UTC)
* <span id="Crazy in Love (Be...ncé Knowles song)">Crazy in Love (Be...ncé Knowles song) → Crazy in Love (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crazy_in_Love_(Be...nc%C3%A9_Knowles_song)&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
Extremely unlikely search term, replacing three letters with periods. If it were the letter with a diacritic, that might be understandable, but this? WP:RFD #8. BDD (talk) 05:06, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
* Delete per WP:RDF, but not sure what you mean by "the letter with a diacritic", an ellipsis? Isn't it only two letters that are replaced ("yo")? Si Trew (talk) 12:45, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
* I meant if the omitted character was the é, i.e., Crazy in Love (Beyonc. Knowles song), I would at least be able to guess why it exists. --BDD (talk) 15:54, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
* Delete. Too unlikely of a search term. Steel1943 (talk) 15:31, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
* Delete per nom -- Lenticel ( talk ) 06:19, 2 February 2015 (UTC)
<span id="PÄ“rkons">PÄ“rkons
<div class="boilerplate rfd vfd xfd-closed" style="background:#FFEEDD; margin-top:0.5em; padding:0 10px 0 10px; border:1px solid #888888;">
* The result of the discussion was delete. --BDD (talk) 20:23, 8 February 2015 (UTC)
* <span id="PÄ“rkons">PÄ“rkons → Pērkons (band) (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%84%E2%80%9Crkons&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* PA"rkons → Pērkons (band) (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PA%22rkons&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* <span id="Jacques Boucher de CrèvecÅ“ur de Perthes">Jacques Boucher de CrèvecÅ“ur de Perthes → Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Boucher_de_Cr%C3%A8vec%C3%85%E2%80%9Cur_de_Perthes&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* Jacques Boucher de CrevecA"ur de Perthes → Jacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Perthes (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Boucher_de_CrevecA%22ur_de_Perthes&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* <span id="Marie Pierre KÅ“nig">Marie Pierre KÅ“nig → Marie-Pierre Kœnig (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Pierre_K%C3%85%E2%80%9Cnig&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* Marie Pierre KA"nig → Marie-Pierre Kœnig (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_Pierre_KA%22nig&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
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* <span id="GÄ™siówka">GÄ™siówka → Gęsiówka (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%84%E2%84%A2si%C3%B3wka&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* GAsiowka → Gęsiówka (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GAsiowka&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* <span id="LÄ™bork">LÄ™bork → Lębork (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%84%E2%84%A2bork&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
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* <span id="PÅ™íhody Lišky Bystroušky">PÅ™íhody Lišky Bystroušky → The Cunning Little Vixen (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%85%E2%84%A2%C3%ADhody_Li%C5%A1ky_Bystrou%C5%A1ky&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* <span id="WÄ™grów">WÄ™grów → Węgrów (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=W%C3%84%E2%84%A2gr%C3%B3w&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* WAgrow → Węgrów (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WAgrow&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* <span id="Bajki i przypowieÅ›ci">Bajki i przypowieÅ›ci → Fables and Parables (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bajki_i_przypowie%C3%85%E2%80%BAci&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* <span id="Gryzelda Konstancja z Zamoyskich WiÅ›niowiecka">Gryzelda Konstancja z Zamoyskich WiÅ›niowiecka → Gryzelda Konstancja Zamoyska (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gryzelda_Konstancja_z_Zamoyskich_Wi%C3%85%E2%80%BAniowiecka&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
* <span id="Marta WiÅ›niewska">Marta WiÅ›niewska → Mandaryna (links · [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marta_Wi%C3%85%E2%80%BAniewska&action=history history] · stats) [ Closure: [ keep]/[ delete] ]
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Delete mojibake. Gorobay (talk) 04:35, 1 February 2015 (UTC)
<span id="Extremaduran (línguistics)">Extremaduran (línguistics)
Relisted, see Redirects for discussion/Log/2015 February 9%23Extremaduran (línguistics)
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Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 94 Part 3.djvu/930
94 STAT. 3574
26 USC 7213.
Effective date. 26 USC 6103 note. 26 USC 7213.
Effective date. 26 USC 7213 note. Ante, p. 532.
42 USC 651. 42 USC 655.
PUBLIC LAW 96-611—DEC. 28, 1980
(I) striking out "(1)(6)" and inserting in lieu thereof "(1)(6) or (7)", and (II) striking out "(1)(6) or (7)" and inserting in lieu thereof "(1)(6), (7), or (8)"; and (iv) in subparagraph (D), by C striking out "subsection (d), (1)(6) or (m)(4)(B)" and D inserting in lieu thereof "subsection (d), (1)(6) or (7), or (m)(4)(B)", and (II) striking out "subsection (d), (1)(6) or (7), or (m)(4)(B)" and inserting in lieu thereof "subsection (d), (1)(6), (7), or (8), or(m)(4)(B)". (3) The amendment made by paragraph (1) shall take effect on May 26, 1980 and the amendments made by paragraph (2) shall take effect on June 9, 1980. (4)(A) The first sentence of section 7213(a)(2) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954 (relating to unauthorized disclosure of information by State and other employees) is amended by striking out "(1)(6) or (7)" and inserting in lieu thereof "(1)(6), (7), or (8)". (B) The amendment made by subparagraph (A) shall take effect on December 5, 1980. (b)(1) Section 309 of the Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act of 1980 is amended by striking out "fiscal year 1977 or fiscal year 1978 shall be made prior to October 1, 1980" and inserting in lieu thereof "any of the fiscal years 1977 through 1980 shall be made prior to October 1, 1981". (2) The regulations pertaining to audit criteria (as set forth in 45 CFR 305.20) and the regulations pertaining to penalty for failure to have an effective child support enforcement program (as set forth in 45 CFR 305.50), under the child support program established by title IV-D of the Social Security Act, as in effect on the date of enactment of this Act, shall remain in effect until October 1, 1981. (c) Section 455(a) of the Social Security Act is amended by striking out the semicolon at the end thereof and inserting in lieu thereof a period. Approved December 28, 1980.
LEGISLATIVE HISTORY: CONGRESSIONAL RECORD, Vol. 126 (1980): Dec. 5, considered and passed House. Dec. 13, considered and passed Senate, amended; House agreed to Senate amendments.
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Quantcast
Surface plasmon driven scalable low-loss negative-index metamaterials at visible spectrum
Research paper by Muhammad I. Aslam, Durdu Ö. Güney
Indexed on: 15 Nov '11Published on: 15 Nov '11Published in: Physics - Optics
Abstract
We demonstrate that surface plasmons of a thin metal film interacting with a periodic array of nano-structures around it can be utilized to make bulk negative index metamaterials at visible spectrum with simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability. These surface plasmon driven metamaterials have high figure of merit and can be tuned arbitrarily to operate at any wavelength in the visible spectrum and possibly at ultraviolet spectrum. We numerically demonstrate the idea by a metamaterial structure which exhibits a strong magnetic response resulting in a negative index of refraction in the green region of the electromagnetic spectrum at 536nm with a figure of merit of 3.67. We also demonstrate by simply changing the constituent material only, hence by modifying the underlying surface plasmon dispersion, that the operating wavelength of the structure can be blue-shifted to the violet region at 406nm with a figure of merit of 2.27. In contrast to the fishnet-structure based approaches for visible metamaterials, our proposed approach offers a more frequency scalable way of achieving negative index of refraction in the visible and possibly at ultraviolet wavelengths with high figure of merit.
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Dropbox Encryption: Everything You Need to Know
By Katrina | Posted to Cloud Encryption on November 7th, 2019 |
Summary: If you love using Dropbox in your daily life and store a lot of confidential files there, you may worry about its reliability. This article will evaluate Dropbox security from a technical perspective and talk about how to encrypt your Dropbox files/folders from hackers and unauthorized access. The most reliable way is using a Cloud encryption software to add additional layer of protection to your data.
Table of Contents
1. What is Dropbox and how it works?
2. What is Dropbox encryption?
3. Is Dropbox encryption as secure as expected?
4. How to make Dropbox more secure?
5. Bonus tips to secure your Dropbox account
6. Conclusion
What is Dropbox and How does it Work?
Dropbox is a file hosting service that provides cloud storage, file synchronization, personal cloud, and client software. Dropbox allows you to store, share, and access all your files from various devices including desktops, smartphones, tablets, anytime and anywhere through the internet.
Dropbox
Since Dropbox has grown to a robust and popular cloud storage solution, many people have enjoyed its benefit. But online file sharing is always potentially considered to be high-risk. When you upload a file to Dropbox, have you ever thought of questions like "is Dropbox secure"? Well, Dropbox integrates with encryption methods to protect customers' data. What is Dropbox encryption? How strong is it? Let's move forward.
What is Dropbox Encryption?
Dropbox has beefed up its multiple layer of encryption. It protects the data in transit between Dropbox app and server with SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) or TLS (Transport Layer Security) so no one can intercept or read the information in transit. When it reaches Dropbox's server, your data is encrypted with 256-bit AES (Advanced Encryption Standard). That is to say, only the account owner can decrypt and access the files with a secret key.
All this looks quite safe for the first sight, but is Dropbox encryption flawless? Is Dropbox secure in reality? Keep reading.
Is Dropbox Encryption as Secure as Expected?
Dropbox security is one of the things that most people concern about. Dropbox claims to put the security of customers at the highest priority, but truth be told, Dropbox encryption is not as strong as it presents.
First of all, if you read the privacy policy of Dropbox carefully, you may learn that Dropbox will retain and store your information like user usernames, emails, addresses, phone numbers, credit card information and social network details when you sign up. Even if you delete your Dropbox account, you can't delete this personal information.
Besides, Dropbox doesn't provide end-to-end encryption. In other words, when you upload your data to your account, Dropbox has the encryption key to view all your files on their servers.
Although Dropbox makes it clear that it will never manipulate or sell personal information, a rogue Dropbox employee or hacker will be able to breach the systems and steal this sensitive information.
How to Make Dropbox More Secure?
Dropbox isn't the most secure cloud storage service out there, but with a bit of effort, you can do it on your own to improve the safety of your files.
1. Use a Strong Password
Please choose a password that is dynamic and hard to be cracked. Please don't choose a password that you use in another place. Dropbox suggests using non-standard uppercasing, non-standard word spelling, a personal slang word, non-obvious numbers, and symbols. You are able to test your password using the Dropbox password strength estimator.
Use a strong password
2. Enable Two-step Verification
Two-step verification is available on the most popular online service nowadays, including Gmail and Facebook. It requires you to enter the code sent to your smartphone every time you sign in to Dropbox.
Follow the steps below to turn on two-step verification:
Step 1: Sign in to dropbox.com on a web browser.
Step 2: Click your avatar at the top of any page and choose Settings in the top right-hand corner of your account homepage.
Step 3: Select the Security tab.
Step 4: Toggle Two-step verification On.
Enable Dropbox Two-step Verification
Note: If you see "Manage by single sign-on" under the Security tab, you might not be able to use two-step verification as your team uses a single sign-on (SSO).
Step 5: Click Get started and type your password.
Step 6: You will be asked if you want your security codes sent to your phone by using a text message or a mobile app such as Google Authenticator.
3. Encrypt Dropbox files with Third-party Cloud Encryption Software
One highly effective way to protect your account from unauthorized access is to use reliable Cloud encryption software. These tools can password-protect all your Dropbox files and folders with strong end-to-end encryption, meaning no one but you can access your data. In addition, they can do well in Onedrive, Google drive encryption. There are many options in the market, like Boxcryptor, Kruptos 2, Cryptomator. You can choose one you love.
Bonus Tips to Secure Your Dropbox Account
Dropbox comes equipped with some ways to secure your account. It's important to set up the following stuff to protect yourself when storing files.
1. Delist Old Devices and Apps
If you have used Dropbox for a long time, you may have connected various devices or apps to your account. Dropbox tracks all of them and that poses a security risk. Therefore, you can check a list of all devices or apps and unlink any of them you no longer have or use.
It's very easy to do that. Sign up the Dropbox website. Click on your name in the top-right menu. Go to Setting > Security > Devices. Here you can see the names of the devices or apps that have access permission to your Dropbox account. To unlink a device or app, click the corresponding "X" at the far right of its name.
Delist old devices
2. Monitor Web Sessions
Dropbox has a security checkup tool to let you review each place you've signed in to your Dropbox account. Under the Security tab of the Setting page, you can view a list of Web browsers that are currently logged into your account, if you see an unfamiliar web session, or one you no longer use, click the X beside it.
Monitor web sessions
3. Set up Email Notifications
Dropbox enables you to receive emails whenever something changes. When you access Dropbox on a new device or browser, a notification will be sent to the email address on your account. This is an effective way to monitor any unauthorized activity.
To set up this feature, you need to click Notifications under Settings. Then check the boxes next to the email notifications.
Set up email notifications
Conclusion
If you use Dropbox, then you may have no doubt appreciated its convenience for data storage, data backup, file sharing, and work collaboration. It includes a security feature that not only protects your data during transmission but also encrypts files stored on the Dropbox server. However, Dropbox doesn't utilize end-to-end encryption and can leave customers' data exposed.
To minimize that sort of risk, you can create a strong password and make use of Dropbox security checkup tools. But if you really want to ensure that your data cannot be peeked at, then a third-party cloud encryption tool is your best choice. With this tool, you can encrypt your sensitive data yourself before sending it to your Dropbox account so that you can take control of your own data security.
Katrina
Katrina is a data recovery expert @iBoysoft who loves to help readers solve various data recovery problems.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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User:Drakeanthony04/Sports medicine
Article Draft
The number of people leading sedentary lifestyles is increasing daily. Presently, people have become less interested in participating in physical exercise, with most of them arguing that they are too busy pursuing the American Dream. The worst part is that individuals engaging in physical activity get discouraged after participating in certain training practices without seeing immediate results. However, findings suggest that this is because they do not comprehend the exact practices that can help them achieve their training objectives. The situation worsens when these people sustain injuries during training. Without the help of an expert, these injuries may last for days or months. Eventually, when they recover from their injuries, they become traumatized to engage in physical activity again, thinking they could sustain similar injuries. The outcome is that more and more people are becoming less interested in participating in physical activity, resulting in a rise in other conditions like obesity and diabetes. Looking for specialized experts in the sports medicine field can help people achieve their exercise objectives without experiencing increased distress.
Chen et al., in “The role of advanced academic degrees in orthopaedic sports medicine faculty,” discuss the importance of specialists in physical training. The authors present various ideas to persuade the reader to understand why most people do not engage in physical activity. According to the authors, people leading sedentary lifestyles do not comprehend the significance of healthy lifestyles. The article suggests that most people leading sedentary lifestyles are focused on other needs like working more to increase their financial situation. In this case, the desire to achieve the American Dream has caused people to take multiple jobs to ensure that they save enough money to lead a better life. As a result, such individuals rarely get free time to participate in physical education. They wake up early to go to work and get home late in the evening, leaving them little time to participate in their physical activity. Still, these people do not comprehend the benefits of physical education, regardless of whether or not they are busy. Chen et al. conclude that the only way such people can understand the significance of physical activity is to have a medical expert explain why and how they can engage in physical activity. The authors conduct a step-by-step analysis of the topic. The information presented effectively shows why medical or physical education experts are important in helping one achieve their physical activity objectives.
The article, “Ranking of the education and social benefits, the responsibilities, the professional competencies of sport counseling process in the opinion of sports and physical education experts” by Badau examines how physical education experts can help people become more physically. The article presents a literary analysis of the past studies to persuade the audience of the significance of training and medical experts in helping people achieve their physical wellness. According to Badau, people need to understand how they can plan their days to be more physically active regardless of their busy schedules. The article asserts that experts in the medical and physical education field can use techniques such as advising people to walk to their workplaces or participate in leisure bicycle riding activities when they are free. This would help them manage to practice despite having busy schedules. In this case, one would not need to stop going to work to exercise because they can improvise and start walking part or full of the distance from their home to their workplace and back. As a result, they can achieve the American Dream while ensuring that their bodies are in proper condition. The information presented in this article effectively persuades the audience because it uses evidence from other studies to back up its ideas. This demonstrates the objectivity of the authors.
Ovcharuk et al., in their article, "Forming competency in health promotion in technical specialists using physical education," outline why having medical and training experts can help people achieve better goals following their participation in physical activity. The article conducts an experiment with two hundred and forty-one subjects in the experimental group and two hundred and thirty-seven subjects in the control group to persuade the audience why having a medical or physical education expert can significantly boost one's chances of achieving the best results within a short time. Findings from the study reveal that people are eighty percent more likely to achieve their physical training objectives quickly with a physical training expert than when they do it without these experts. One of the reasons for this is that training without a physical education expert causes people to fail to realize the limit of their exercises and how surpassing these limits could affect them. This causes them to sustain injuries that put them on the sidelines for a long time. As a result, they end up not participating in these training activities, which leads them to become physically inactive again. Most people experiencing these situations develop negative attitudes towards physical activity, thus worsening their physical health situation. By conducting an actual experiment and using findings from external studies to back up their arguments, the authors effectively persuade the audience regarding their ideas.
Kanaley et al.’s article “Exercise/Physical activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes: a consensus statement from the American College of Sports Medicine” discusses how people with conditions such as type 2 diabetes can benefit from medical and physical training experts to ensure that they effectively manage their condition. According to the article, it is sometimes difficult for people with conditions such as diabetes and obesity to engage in physical activity without seeking the help of an expert. This is because individuals with such conditions experience pain whenever they participate in physical activity. For instance, an individual with obesity may experience joint pain and other issues whenever they attempt to engage in physical activity. Similarly, people with conditions like diabetes experience particular complications that need them to avoid particular exercises or employ particular techniques while participating in physical activity to attain their overall objectives. Therefore, if such individuals do not have a physical or medical trainer by their side, they may get involved in an exercise that exacerbates their conditions. However, with a physical expert, these people can identify what they can do to effectively train without hurting themselves or pushing themselves to limits that could impair their progress. The authors use evidence from scholarly articles to support their argument, which shows that participation in physical activity with an expert improves outcomes. This shows how the study effectively persuades the audience regarding the significance of seeking the help of physical trainers.
Lynagh et al., in their article, "Attitudes and beliefs of nonspecialist and specialist trainee health and physical education teachers towards obese children: Evidence for "anti-fat" bias," explain why having a physical education expert can sometimes help an individual perform better in their attempts to improve their physical wellbeing. According to this article, training and medical experts help people engage in specific training practices that help them achieve their exercise objectives better and faster. For instance, if a person wants to reduce their body fats, the experts can suggest the exact physical exercises they should pursue. Similarly, if someone wants to strengthen their arms, the experts can provide them with specific suggestions for achieving that. The outcome is that such individuals achieve their goals early. The authors argue that when people practice without an expert, it sometimes takes them long before they can achieve their goals. This affects their exercise participation, whereby some individuals give up early enough before achieving their goals. When people engage in physical exercise, they need to identify various milestones throughout their training process. This keeps them motivated, allowing them to achieve their long-term and short-term goals. Without a physical trainer or medical expert, such people do not have someone to motivate them, which causes them to fall back into their sedentary lifestyles.
In “Inflation-adjusted Medicare reimbursement has decreased for orthopaedic sports medicine procedures: Analysis from 2000 to 2020,” Pullock et al. examine how injuries are some of the major injuries preventing people from exercising and why having a medical expert could effectively increase one’s chances of performing better in their training practices. According to the article, when most people start to exercise, they do so at a high intensity to achieve their goals fast. Such individuals fail to realize that starting these exercises with a high intensity could hurt them. As a result, most of them sustain injuries not so long into their practice. They no longer can engage in physical activity as they would have wanted. Without the help of medical experts, these injuries can become prolonged, making it difficult for the individuals to return to training on time to impact their physical wellness. However, the article suggests that with a medical expert such as an orthopaedic or physical trainer, such individuals can be educated on the significance of starting the exercise with a lower intensity and then gradually increasing the intensity as time passes. Besides, having an orthopaedic could help one address their injury issues timely and effectively such that they can continue to engage in their physical exercise and improve their physical wellness. The study uses data from relevant medical centers and backs its arguments with credible sources, implying how they effectively demonstrate the importance of medical and physical training experts in achieving the best exercise goals.
In conclusion, looking for specialized experts in the sports medicine field can help people achieve their exercise objectives without experiencing increased distress. This is because medical and training experts help people realize the importance of participating in physical activity. Besides, these experts help one understand the exact training practices they should engage in. Lastly, physical training and medical experts make it easy to prevent or address any injuries that could emerge during exercise, allowing people to be more confident as they seek their physical wellness.
References
Badau, D. (2020). Ranking of the education and social benefits, the responsibilities, the professional competencies of sport counseling process in the opinion of sports and physical education experts. International Journal of Sport, Exercise & Training Sciences. https://doi.org/10.18826/useeabd.815406
Chen, A. Z., Greaves, K. M., Fortney, T. A., Ahmad, C. S., Levine, W. N., Trofa, D. P., & Lynch, T. S. (2022). The role of advanced academic degrees in orthopaedic sports medicine faculty. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 10(2),<PHONE_NUMBER>10737. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211073713
Kanaley, J. A., Colberg, S. R., Corcoran, M. H., Malin, S. K., Rodriguez, N. R., Crespo, C. J., Kirwan, J. P., & Zierath, J. R. (2022). Exercise/Physical activity in individuals with type 2 diabetes: A consensus statement from the American College of Sports Medicine. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 54(2), 353-368. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000002800
Lynagh, M., Cliff, K., & Morgan, P. J. (2015). Attitudes and beliefs of Nonspecialist and specialist trainee health and physical education teachers toward obese children: Evidence for “anti-fat” bias. Journal of School Health, 85(9), 595-603. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12287
Ovcharuk, V., Maksymchuk, B., Ovcharuk, V., Khomenko, O., Khomenko, S., Yevtushenko, Y., Rybalko, P., Pustovit, H., Myronenko, N., Syvokhop, Y., Sheian, M., Matviichuk, T., Solovyov, V., & Maksymchuk, I. (2021). Forming competency in health promotion in technical specialists using physical education. Revista Romaneasca pentru Educatie Multidimensionala, 13(3), 01-19. https://doi.org/10.18662/rrem/13.3/437
Pollock, J. R., Richman, E. H., Estipona, B. I., Moore, M. L., Brinkman, J. C., Hinckley, N. B., Haglin, J. M., & Chhabra, A. (2022). Inflation-adjusted Medicare reimbursement has decreased for orthopaedic sports medicine procedures: Analysis from 2000 to 2020. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine, 10(2),<PHONE_NUMBER>10737. https://doi.org/10.1177/23259671211073722
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Sea Limited IPO: What Investors Need to Know
Unicorns are spawning everywhere in the world.
That's "unicorn" in the financial sense -- an early-stage company valued at over $1 billion. One of these rare creatures, Singapore-headquartered Sea Limited , will land on our shores after a splashy IPO. That's coming soon, so let's take a closer look at the company and its issue.
Swimming on top of the market
Sea Limited, known until recently as Garena, was founded in 2009 as an online games portal. Today's Sea Limited makes the bulk of its revenue from digital entertainment -- in fact, the digital-entertainment division retains the name Garena -- mainly by selling in-game items to players of its 18 titles.
In a logical outgrowth of that activity, Sea Limited has also branched out into e-commerce and digital financial services. Its brands in these segments are known as Shopee and AirPay, respectively.
Sea Limited operates in its native region of greater Southeast Asia (GSEA), consisting of Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, and Taiwan, in addition to Singapore. All told, around 585 million souls live in the neighborhood.
The company proudly claims to be GSEA's top provider of digital entertainment in terms of revenue, and No. 1 in the e-commerce space when measured by gross merchandise value and number of orders. It also says it's the winner in the digital financial-services segment, in terms of e-wallet gross transaction value (GTV).
Overall, Sea Limited's revenue has risen steeply over the past few years. The annual top line more than doubled from 2014 to 2016, ending up at almost $346 million in the latter year. The e-commerce and financial-services realms combined still form only a small fraction of revenue (5% in 2016), although they're growing at almost twice the rate of the entertainment wing.
Sea Limited hasn't been profitable, however. Net loss deepened from $88 million in 2014 to $103 million the following year, to nearly $223 million for 2016. Much of the blame can be laid at the feet of sales and marketing expenses, and general and administrative costs. These two cost items grew at faster rates than revenue.
What to expect from Sea
Sea Limited's status as the big e-gaming player in the region is helped greatly by its position as a regional distributor for League of Legends , the wildly popular multiplayer fantasy title from Tencent Holdings (NASDAQOTH: TCEHY) unit Riot Games.
Tencent, by the way, is a top shareholder of Sea Limited. The monster Chinese internet conglomerate will hold around 30% of total voting power after the IPO; company founder Forrest Li, along with other top executives, will own just over 52%. Potential investors need to be aware of this heavy concentration.
Sea Limited touts research from Frost & Sullivan indicating that the GSEA game market will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of almost 20% between 2016 and 2021. The e-commerce space should expand at a 29% clip, and the company quotes a 30% CAGR estimate from IDC for e-wallet payment volume.
I have little doubt Garena will reap the benefits of the anticipated rise in gaming, but I'm not so sure about the other two units.
Shopee competes with fellow regional operator Lazada, owned by hot Chinese e-commerce playerAlibaba (NYSE: BABA) . Lazada's last reported annual gross merchandise value tally was just over $1 billion for 2015; that's not far from Shopee's $1.15 billion for 2016. Alibaba is a giant with plenty of muscle, so Lazada represents tough competition.
AirPay, meanwhile, has potential. But despite its No. 1 position in the market, the AirPay app is available only in Thailand, Vietnam, and and Taiwan. Sea Limited says it "expect[s] to expand our AirPay services to other GSEA markets in the future." That vague pronouncement indicates to me that it's not in a great rush.
Nevertheless, I think Sea Limited has plenty of potential in its core gaming segment alone. So despite those losses on the bottom line, the company represents a strong play in a thriving region that's often ignored. Consequently, I think there will be much interest in this stock, and good potential for it to rise in price.
The details
Sea Limited is selling just under 49.7 million American depositary shares (ADS) in an offering, at a price of $12 to $14 per ADS. They should start trading on Friday, Oct. 20, on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol SE.
The lead underwriters of the issue are Goldman Sachs , Morgan Stanley , and Credit Suisse .
10 stocks we like better than Wal-Mart
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The author(s) may have a position in any stocks mentioned.
Eric Volkman has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy .
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
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Fort Howard Hospital
Fort Howard Hospital is located within the Heritage Hill State Historical Park in Green Bay, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 for its historical significance in architectural, military and social history.
History
The United States Army built the hospital in the 1830s for Fort Howard. After the fort's decommissioning, the building was moved to the corner of Kellogg Street and Chestnut Street and was used as a private residence. In 1975, it was moved to its current location. Currently, it serves as a museum.
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WIKI
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Help protect the Great Barrier Reef with TensorFlow on Kaggle Join Challenge
tf.sparse.to_indicator
TensorFlow 1 version View source on GitHub
Converts a SparseTensor of ids into a dense bool indicator tensor.
The last dimension of sp_input.indices is discarded and replaced with the values of sp_input. If sp_input.dense_shape = [D0, D1, ..., Dn, K], then output.shape = [D0, D1, ..., Dn, vocab_size], where
output[d_0, d_1, ..., d_n, sp_input[d_0, d_1, ..., d_n, k]] = True
and False elsewhere in output.
For example, if sp_input.dense_shape = [2, 3, 4] with non-empty values:
[0, 0, 0]: 0
[0, 1, 0]: 10
[1, 0, 3]: 103
[1, 1, 1]: 150
[1, 1, 2]: 149
[1, 1, 3]: 150
[1, 2, 1]: 121
and vocab_size = 200, then the output will be a [2, 3, 200] dense bool tensor with False everywhere except at positions
(0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 10), (1, 0, 103), (1, 1, 149), (1, 1, 150),
(1, 2, 121).
Note that repeats are allowed in the input SparseTensor. This op is useful for converting SparseTensors into dense formats for compatibility with ops that expect dense tensors.
The input SparseTensor must be in row-major order.
sp_input A SparseTensor with values property of type int32 or int64.
vocab_size A scalar int64 Tensor (or Python int) containing the new size of the last dimension, all(0 <= sp_input.values < vocab_size).
name A name prefix for the returned tensors (optional)
A dense bool indicator tensor representing the indices with specified value.
TypeError If sp_input is not a SparseTensor.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Chris Chris - 6 months ago 13
SQL Question
CakePHP: Joined Table Data Not Displaying in View
I have two Models linked in a hasMany/belongsTo relationship. Here is the hasMany definition:
//Table hr_emp_ids. Each employee can have many HR cases.
public $hasMany = array(
'HrCase' => array(
'className' => 'HrCase',
'foreignKey' => 'emp_user_id'
)
);
And here is the belongsTo definition:
//Table hr_cases. Each HR case is owned by an employee.
public $belongsTo = array(
'HrEmpId' => array(
'className'=> 'HrEmpId',
'foreignKey' => 'emp_user_id'
);
The Controller for my view is dead simple:
public function view($id = null) {
$this->HrCase->id = $id;
if (!$this->HrCase->exists()) {
throw new NotFoundException(__('Invalid Case ID'));
}
$options = array('conditions' => array('HrCase.' . $this->HrCase->primaryKey => $id));
$this->set('case', $this->HrCase->find('first', $options));
}
All I'm trying to do is display the hire_date and ssn from the hr_emp_ids table based on hr_cases.emp_user_id = hr_emp_ids = emp_user_id. Here is the View code:
<tr>
<td><strong>Employee: </strong><br><?php echo h($case['HrCase']['full_name']); ?></td>
<td><strong>Date of Hire: </strong><br><?php echo h($case['HrEmpId']['hire_date']); ?></td>
<td><strong>SSN: </strong><br><?php echo h($case['HrEmpId']['ssn']); ?></td>
Table structures:
desc hr_emp_ids;
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| hire_date | date | YES | | NULL | |
| ssn | varchar(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| emp_user_id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
+-------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
desc hr_cases; (truncated)
+--------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| emp_user_id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
Nothing from the HrEmpId model will display. I'm not sure what I'm doing wrong here. I've made associations like this dozens of times with no trouble. What might I be missing?
Answer
I don't see any immediate reason why the associated data isn't showing. Your find code here
$options = array('conditions' => array('HrCase.' . $this->HrCase->primaryKey => $id));
$this->set('case', $this->HrCase->find('first', $options));
looks like it could be simplified by using getById(), because the only condition in $options is checking the $id. It's worth adding the Containable Behavior to the HrCase model and then setting the second argument of getById() to true. This should allow you to specify exactly what associated data is returned.
Edit:
In the HrCase model you are setting up a $belongsTo relationship with the foreign key emp_user_id, but this is not the primary key in hr_emp_ids. This is why the associated data isn't being returned. You need to set up something like this:
public $belongsTo = array(
'HrEmpId' => array(
'foreignKey' => false,
'conditions' => array(
'HrEmpId.emp_user_id = HrCase.emp_user_id'
),
)
);
see this for more info How to associate model in CakePHP by fields not named by convention?
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:The Spirit of Russia by T G Masaryk, volume 1.pdf/9
HOMAS GARRIGUE MASARYK was born at Göding, Moravia, in the year 1850. The child of poor parents, after passing through the primary school he was apprenticed to a blacksmith and worked at this trade for some time. He studied in Vienna and in Leipzig, and at the age of twenty-nine he became lecturer on philosophy at the university of Vienna. His first publication was a work on suicide, which he regarded as a morbid symptom of the condition of contemporary Europe, declaring its chief cause to be the decay in religious sentiment. In 1882 he was appointed professor of philosophy at the newly founded Czech university of Prague. Extremely well versed in English philosophy, and a critical student of Hume, John Stuart Mill, and Herbert Spencer, he has published a monograph on the first-named writer. Comte and modern French philosophy, Kant and modern German philosophy, have likewise been two of the main factors in his mental development, so that his whole reading of history is based upon a philosophical and humanist foundation. Prior to the war, it was perhaps among Marxist students that his name was most widely known in this country and the United States, for he is the author of a detailed study of Marxism, and is an opponent of the famous doctrine of historical materialism.
From the opening of his career, Masaryk's influence in Bohemia has been extraordinary, his leadership being accepted in all branches of public life, political, scientific, and philosophical. Apart from his popularisation, always more or less critical, of the teaching of the French and British positivists, he has been a close student of French, English, and Russian literature,
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WIKI
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Abdullah Mubarak Al-Sabah
Sheikh Abdullah Al-Mubarak Al-Sabah (الشيخ عبدالله المبارك الصباح; 23 August 1914 – 15 June 1991) was the youngest son of the founder of the modern state of Kuwait Sheikh Mubarak Al-Kabir (“Mubarak the Great”).
Career
In 1926, Abdullah Al-Mubarak commenced his duty in the field of public service at an early age, when he was assigned to ensure security of one of the gates of the wall of Kuwait. He succeeded in the execution of the assignment in an impressive manner. From 1940 to 1946, Abdullah Al-Mubarak supported institutional work in Kuwait in several sectors. During 1942, he assumed the presidency of the General Security Department and became Governor of Kuwait City. In 1945, he headed a special court to settle disputes, quarrels and thefts, and the task of achieving security in Kuwait. The court was located in the Safat area. Additionally, the UK asserted that the Security Department handles all security work within Kuwait City, under the administration of the court headed by Abdullah Al-Mubarak. He was also awarded the Order of the Indian Empire from the British government as a companion CIE, in appreciation of his efforts during the Second World War. By 1948, Abdullah Al-Mubarak assumed responsibility for starting the Kuwaiti Defense Forces, and established an administration that handles passport and nationality affairs upon the request of the Emir of Kuwait, Ahmed Al-Jaber. During 1949, he envisioned building the Kuwait Army, and he laid the foundation of its mission and goals. From 1950 to 1960, he was Deputy Ruler of Kuwait and acted as the de facto ruler on a frequent and consecutive basis, from three months to eleven months in the last three years during this period, most of which were under his rule, due to the illness of Abdullah Al-Salem and his travel outside Kuwait. in 1951, Abdullah Al-Mubarak headed Kuwait Radio with the launch of its broadcast for the first time from the police and public security building, where he continued until 1960 as its president. In 1952, he announced in an interview with the “BBC” that a desalination plant in Kuwait will be operated and water pipelines will be extended to Kuwaiti homes for the first time, as the drinking water crisis in Kuwait ended. By 1953, he created the Aviation Club and appointed his English coach, Captain Lash, and inaugurated the Club and Flight School in the same year. During 1954, he escaped a serious accident after his car was destroyed as a result of his pursuit of a number of smugglers. He was also appointed as Commander-in-Chief of the army. By 1957, an Emiri Decree merged the “Security Forces” and “Border Forces” under the chairmanship of Abdullah Al-Mubarak. In 1959, Abdullah Al-Salem issued a decree merging the police and public security into a single department headed by Abdullah Al-Mubarak. In 1960, he received the Grand Sash of the Lebanese Order of Merit. By 1961, Abdullah had resigned from all political posts, and in 1973, his son, Mubarak, passed away, and was buried in Egypt.
He died 15 June 1991 in London and he was buried in the Sulaibikhat Cemetery in Kuwait the next day.
Personal life
Sheikh Abdullah Al-Mubarak married Sheikha Dr. Souad Mohammed Al-Sabah in 1960.
Honours and awards
He received the Syrian Medal of Merit by Syrian President Adib Al-Shishkli in 1952. In 1960, he was awarded the Grand Sash of the Lebanese Order of Merit from President of the Republic, Fouad Shehab.
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WIKI
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Sat 05 May 2018
Filed under Gentoo
Tags gentoo linux virtualization
The story
After struggling with HiDPI issues on native GNU/Linux and battery life issues on macOS, I resorted to using Windows 10 as the main operating system on my laptop. Though there's WSL, it's not running Gentoo and has a severely degraded performance. As crossdev is really easy to use for building a cross-compile toolchain (the reason that I needed a cross-compile toolchain) with crossdev. So, I need a virtual machine running Gentoo on my Windows 10 system. This article logs the process of installing Gentoo inside Hyper-V, Windows 10's built-in hypervisor.
Enable Hyper-V on Windows 10
First of all, we need to enable Hyper-V on our Windows 10 host. With Hyper-V, the underlying structure of Windows changes greatly; read this for a detailed explanation of the Hyper-V architecture. Navigate to Control Panel -> Programs and Features -> Enable or disable Windows features (my system is in Japanese, so this maybe inaccurate; follow what's shown on your system), where you'll see an item called Hyper-V. Tick both "Hyper-V platform" and "Hyper-V management tools". Note that you'll need at least the Pro x64 version of Windows to see that "Hyper-V platform" feature. Reboot after committing the changes.
Downloading the install ISO and creating the virtual machine
We need the minimal ISO for amd64 to install. Navigate to your favorite mirror site and pick up the ISO image in releases/amd64/autobuilds/current-install-amd64-minimal/. The link I used is here (hosted by TUNA Association of Tsinghua University).
Locate and open the Hyper-V Manager on Windows (hint: use Windows Search). Create a virtual machine from Operations (right sidebar) -> New -> Virtual Machine. (Again, this may not be what's exactly displayed on the screen; follow what you see that has the most similar meanings.) Follow the wizard to create the virtual machine. When you're prompted to select the Generation of the new VM, choose Gen 1, which means BIOS boot--UEFI is an overkill here; when prompted for CD/DVD drive, choose the ISO you just downloaded. As this is a Gentoo guest, I would recommend as much RAM as possible (I gave 16GB out of a total physical RAM of 32GB--your mileage may vary). The VM should now be successfully created.
Before starting the virtual machine, we need to configure several things. Right click on the newly-created virtual machine and select Settings.
• Select the Processor page from the left sidebar, and adjust the number of cores you wish to grant to the Gentoo guest.
• Select the Network page from the left sidebar, and choose the adapter type. The default switch is configured to do NAT for the virtual machine. If you want to access the virtual machine from outside the host OS, create a new Switch by selecting the Virtual Switch Manager from the right sidebar in the Hyper-V Manager main window and creating a new switch that bridges the virtual machines' NICs with the interface you choose on the host.
NOTE: for Gen 1 virtual machines to boot, the boot drive (virtual disk on which the OS sits) has to be an IDE drive. SCSI drives won't work as boot drives; they'll function as data drives only. Double-check your configuration to make sure that you'll install Gentoo (at least the bootloader) on an IDE drive, otherwise you'll encounter cryptic errors (such as garbled text in VM firmware).
Boot the virtual machine and install system
Double-click on the configured virtual machine in Hyper-V Manager, then choose Start. Install Gentoo as usual (AMD64 Handbook for reference). If the Hyper-V console was too cumbersome to use, enable sshd in LiveCD and connect to the virtual machine via XShell, PuTTY, or any SSH client of your choice. Check the VM's ip address via ip addr; depending on your virtual machine network configuration, you may see a NAT address (172.17.0.0/16) or an address from your upstream network (if in bridged mode). Connect to the address the VM got.
When configuring the kernel, note that the following options are needed for Hyper-V guest support; otherwise the kernel may not be able to find the root partition or other devices.
CONFIG_HYPERV=y
CONFIG_HYPERV_STORAGE=y
CONFIG_HYPERV_NET=y
CONFIG_HYPERV_KEYBOARD=y
CONFIG_HYPERV_UTILS=y
CONFIG_HYPERV_BALLOON=y
CONFIG_FB_HYPERV=y
CONFIG_HID_HYPERV_MOUSE=y
I prefer a minimal kernel config, to speed up build time and to reduce final kernel image size. This is the config I use, with most unneeded drivers removed.
For bootloader, I've picked LILO, as it has the run-parts plugin for kernel install, and LILO itself is very lightweight and easy to configure. Refer to LILO's Gentoo Wiki page for information about how to install and configure.
Bootstrap a aarch64 cross-compile toolchain
This is the point of having Gentoo as the guest OS, instead of just using Ubuntu in WSL or some other distribution. Emerge crossdev and build a cross-compile toolchain for CHOST=aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu. Note that before using crossdev, we'll need an overlay to store the modified ebuilds in. Consult this article for how to setup an overlay for crossdev.
localhost / # emerge -v crossdev
localhost / # crossdev -S -P -v -t aarch64
Verify that the newly-created toolchain works fine by compiling a simple "Hello, world!" program and executing it on the target machine:
localhost ~ # cat > hello.cc << EOF
#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << "Hello, world!" << std::endl;
return 0;
}
EOF
localhost ~ # aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu-g++ hello.cc -o hello -static
localhost ~ # file hello
hello: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, ARM aarch64, version 1 (GNU/Linux), statically linked, for GNU/Linux 3.7.0, not stripped
localhost ~ #
Transfer the hello executable to the target machine and see if it works.
$ adb push hello /sdcard/
( ... output elided ... )
$ adb shell
angler:/# cd /sdcard
angler:/sdcard# ./hello
Hello, world!
angler:/sdcard#
Comment
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Restarting the Economy Is About Lives Versus Livelihoods
Want this in your inbox each morning? Sign up here. President Trump signaled yesterday that he’s open to lifting restrictions soon on social distancing in an effort to get the American economy back to normal. It’s a moral trade-off between saving lives and sustaining economic livelihoods. He has heard publicly and privately from advisers and business leaders who’ve repeated variations on the line “the cure can’t be worse than the disease,” including the former Goldman Sachs executives Lloyd Blankfein and Gary Cohn and the White House economic adviser Larry Kudlow. In announcing that he may relax social restriction guidelines, Mr. Trump said yesterday, “America will again — and soon — be open for business.” Behind his change in thinking is fear of plunging markets and a shut-down American economy. “He is worried about the impact of soaring unemployment numbers and severe economic contraction on his 2020 re-election bid,” the WaPo reports. Loosening restrictions after what the White House has called “15 Days to Slow the Spread” — which runs until Monday — represents a risky gamble. It’s the opposite tack of countries like Italy, France and now Britain, which last night announced a virtual lockdown that closes most businesses and restricts people’s movements. The Dutch recently extended a ban on gatherings until June 1. • It’s also against the advice of Mr. Trump’s health experts, like Dr. Anthony Fauci of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. Mr. Trump is reportedly losing his patience with the outspoken Dr. Fauci, but still listens to his advice. (That said, he’s been missing from the White House’s daily briefing in recent days.) • What remains to be seen: Whether the governors of states that have imposed strict lockdowns, including New York and California, will comply. The central bank is pulling out all the stops, including a raft of new programs to unclog credit markets and lend directly to companies hit by the economic downturn. The central bank is offering what looks like infinite money — officially, “the amounts needed to support smooth market functioning.” That means it will buy bonds in unlimited quantities, and not just the usual government-backed debt: For the first time, the Fed will purchase corporate bonds, including exchange-traded funds that track these bonds. It also said it would soon unveil a “Main Street Business Lending Program” to cover smaller firms that don’t tend to tap the bond markets. • What does it all mean? The NYT’s Neil Irwin breaks down the strategy, while Ben Casselman answers common questions about how it works. Markets said “meh.” Although the Fed has effectively cut interest rates to zero and promised to run its money printing presses at full speed, the stock market fell yesterday. All eyes are now on Congress, as lawmakers wrangle over a stimulus bill aimed at the workers and companies that the Fed’s programs don’t address, at least not directly. • It’s an acknowledgment that the Fed is pushing up against the limits of what it can do. Over the past week or so, it has launched so many targeted lending programs that it’s hard to keep track of all the acronyms. A non-exhaustive list: C.P.F.F., M.M.L.F., M.S.B.L.P., P.D.C.F., P.M.C.C.F., S.M.C.C.F. and T.A.L.F. Futures markets are up today on signs of a compromise in Congress over a $2 trillion economic package. Steven Rattner, who led the 2009 auto bailout under President Barack Obama, writes in an NYT opinion piece: “Distasteful as they may be, we need rescue plans urgently, for both small and large business, and we need to apply them prudently and wisely.” Home delivery, streaming movies, social networking, video-calling: The pandemic has deepened reliance on services provided by the world’s biggest technology firms. In a sweeping overview, the NYT’s tech team writes: “When the economy does eventually improve, Big Tech could benefit from changes in consumer habits. And despite more than 18 months of criticism from lawmakers, regulators and competitors before the pandemic hit the United States, the biggest companies are likely to finish the year stronger than ever.” It’s an emerging theme, with The Information detailing the end of the pre-crisis “techlash” and Medium’s Marker explaining Amazon’s “mind-boggling image makeover.” Away from the trillion-dollar giants, no company has thrived in the stay-at-home economy more than Zoom, the videoconferencing company. The company’s shares have more than doubled this year and, as many have pointed out, Zoom is now worth more in market cap than airlines, hotels and other companies that rely on people moving around. News that the beleaguered Japanese company will sell up to $41 billion worth of assets to buy back $18 billion worth of shares and pay down debt heartened investors. But the move raises questions about the conglomerate’s future. SoftBank shareholders loved yesterday’s announcement, as the company’s shares closed up 19 percent in Tokyo today. Bondholders also applauded the move, with the price of some of its bonds rising as well. • Among those pleased with the move is Elliott Management, the activist investor that had called for a buyback of up to $20 billion, Michael has learned. The hedge fund has argued that SoftBank — whose $70 billion market value is well below its roughly $250 billion sum-of-the-parts valuation — is effectively buying back shares in itself at 30 cents on the dollar. But SoftBank will have to raise money by selling assets in a chaotic market, potentially fetching poor prices. It’s reportedly considering selling up to $15 billion worth of its $120 billion stake in Alibaba of China, and its stakes in its Japanese telecom affiliate and in Sprint in the U.S. are also on the table. One investor told Michael that the trade-off made sense, however: The buybacks will generate more value than the assets being sold, which were overdue to be offloaded anyway. Will SoftBank now retrench? It has long been known for ambitious deal-making, especially through its Vision Fund. But yesterday’s move could be read as adopting a more defensive posture. And many of its investments are in businesses vulnerable to the coronavirus crisis, like Uber, WeWork and the Indian hospitality company Oyo. • Striking scenes of normally bustling cities that are now all but empty are chronicled in this series by NYT photographers. • The NYT’s Opinion team created some amazing maps that track smartphone movements across the U.S. • The CityMapper app is publishing a daily index of how much its users around the world are moving around compared with normal times: On Sunday, Milan was 3 percent of normal, New York City was 8 percent and London was 23 percent (which may explain the lockdown that the British government announced last night). Deals • Barclays traders reportedly made $250 million in revenue in just one day last week. (Business Insider) • The luxury department store chain Neiman Marcus is reportedly considering filing for bankruptcy protection, again. (Bloomberg) Tech • Voice recognition systems from five tech giants misunderstand black users nearly twice as often as white users, according to a new research paper. (NYT) Best of the rest • How green should any economic stimulus package be? (Bloomberg) • The sports goods retailer Modell halted its going-out-of-business sale because … there are no shoppers. (Bloomberg) • Even spies have to work from home these days. (Time) We’d love your feedback. Please email thoughts and suggestions to dealbook@nytimes.com. Updated March 24, 2020
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Adventures in Machine Learning
Unleashing the Power of Recursive Queries in SQL: Techniques for Analyzing Hierarchies
Building Organizational Charts in SQL
Creating an organizational chart is essential for any company that wants to keep track of its employees’ structure. An organizational chart is a diagram that shows the hierarchical structure of an organization and how employees fit into it.
In this article, we will discuss how to build an organizational chart in SQL.
Understanding Organizational Charts in Table Form
Before creating an organizational chart in SQL, it’s crucial to understand how organizational charts can be represented in table form. One way to represent the structure is by using an employee table with two columns.
The first column contains the name of the employee, and the second column contains the employee’s manager’s name. This table can be used to create an organizational chart.
Counting All Employees Under Each Manager
To count all the employees under each manager, a self-join can be used in SQL. A self-join is when a table is joined to itself.
In this case, the employee table is joined with itself using the manager’s name. The result is a table that shows each manager and the number of employees under them.
Finding Direct Subordinates Under Each Manager
Another way to analyze the organizational chart is by finding the direct subordinates under each manager. This can be done by using a left join.
A left join is when all the rows from the left table are retained, and only the matching rows from the right table are included.
Finding Both Direct and Indirect Subordinates Under Each Manager
To find both direct and indirect subordinates under each manager, a recursive query using a Common Table Expression (CTE) can be used. A recursive query is a query that refers to the same table multiple times in the same query, building a hierarchy.
CTEs are temporary result sets that can be referenced within a SQL statement.
Building a Recursive CTE to Find All Subordinates
A recursive CTE can be used to find all the subordinates under each manager. The CTE starts with the managers and then recursively adds their subordinates.
The recursion stops when there are no more subordinates to add. The result is a table that shows each manager and their subordinates.
Anatomy of Employee Table
In SQL, an employee table is a table that contains information about employees. The table can have multiple columns, each representing a different piece of information about the employee.
Employee Table Columns
Some essential columns of an employee table are the employee ID, employee name, job title, department, and hire date. The employee ID is a unique identifier assigned to each employee, the employee name is the employee’s full name, the job title is the employee’s position within the company, the department is the department in which the employee works, and the hire date is the date the employee joined the company.
Employee Table Records
The employee table contains records of every employee in the company. Each record represents one employee and contains all the columns specified in the table.
As the company grows, more records will be added to the table.
Employee Table Joining
In SQL, the employee table can be joined with itself to analyze relationships between employees, such as employees who report directly to each other or employees who work in the same department. A self-join is used when joining a table to itself.
Conclusion
In conclusion, creating an organizational chart in SQL is a useful way to visualize the structure of an organization. It can be beneficial in many ways, such as analyzing the responsibility of each employee, identifying where bottlenecks exist, and finding potential successors for a position.
An employee table can provide valuable insight into the company’s employees’ information, such as job titles, departments, and hire dates. By using SQL, building and analyzing organizational charts becomes a straightforward process that can provide valuable insights into the structure of a company.
Recursive Queries Overview
A recursive query is a technique used to query hierarchical data in SQL. Hierarchical data refers to data that has a parent-child relationship, where each child may have other children.
Recursive queries allow us to retrieve data in a way that reflects this parent-child relationship. The recursive query works by recursively joining a table to itself until the desired result set is retrieved.
The recursive query is composed of two parts: the anchor member and the recursive member. The anchor member is the non-recursive part of the query, and it establishes the starting point for the recursion.
The recursive member is the part of the query that defines how to join the table to itself to obtain the desired result set.
Writing a Recursive Query
To write a recursive query, we must first define the anchor member. The anchor member is the non-recursive query that establishes the starting point of the recursion.
In the anchor member, we select the base case, which is the data we want to start from. For example, if we want to retrieve all the employees who report to a particular manager, we start with the manager’s employee ID.
Next, we define the recursive member. The recursive member is the part of the query that defines how to join the table to itself to obtain the desired result set.
In the recursive member, we specify the join condition between the table and itself, and we define the termination condition, which determines when the recursion should stop. To write a recursive query, we use a Common Table Expression (CTE).
A CTE is a temporary named result set that can be referred to within a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement. In the CTE, we define the anchor member in the first SELECT statement. Then, we define the recursive member in a second SELECT statement that references the CTE. In the second SELECT statement, we specify the join condition between the table and itself, and we define the termination condition.
Counting All Employees Under Each Manager
To count all the employees under each manager, we can use a self-join on the employee table. In a self-join, a table is joined to itself using a foreign key relationship.
In the case of the employee table, we join the table to itself using the manager_id column. To count the number of employees under each manager, we can use the COUNT() function with the GROUP BY clause.
The COUNT() function returns the number of rows that match the specified condition. The GROUP BY clause groups the result set by the specified column.
For example, to count the total number of employees under each manager, we can use the following SQL query:
SELECT manager_id, COUNT(*) as total_employees
FROM employees
GROUP BY manager_id;
Using Aggregate Functions
Aggregate functions are functions that operate on a set of values and return a single value. In SQL, aggregate functions include functions such as COUNT(), SUM(), AVG(), MIN(), and MAX().
Aggregate functions are often used to summarize data. To count the total number of employees under each manager, we used the COUNT() function with the GROUP BY clause.
We can also use other aggregate functions to summarize data based on a specific column. For example, to find the average salary of employees under each manager, we can use the AVG() function as follows:
SELECT manager_id, AVG(salary) as average_salary
FROM employees
GROUP BY manager_id;
In this query, we group the result set by the manager_id column and calculate the average salary of the employees under each manager.
Conclusion
Recursive queries are a powerful technique that allows us to query hierarchical data in SQL. By using recursive queries, we can retrieve data in a way that reflects the parent-child relationship in the data.
Self-joins are a common technique used when querying hierarchical data. Aggregate functions are often used to summarize data based on a specific column.
By using these techniques, we can gain valuable insights into the structure and relationships within our data.
Finding Direct Subordinates Under Each Manager
To find the direct subordinates under each manager, we can use a left join to include null values. In a left join, all the rows from the left table are preserved, and the matching rows from the right table are included.
If there is no match for a row in the left table, the columns from the right table in the result will contain null values. In the context of finding the direct subordinates under each manager, we can use a self-join on the employee table.
By joining the employee table to itself using the manager_id as the join condition, we obtain a table that contains each employee’s information, along with their manager’s information. To include null values, we use a left join to preserve all the managers’ information, including those that have no subordinates.
The resulting table will contain each manager’s information, along with the direct subordinates’ information. Any managers without subordinates will have null values in the subordinates’ columns.
Using Left Join to Include Null Values
To find the direct subordinates under each manager, we can use the following SQL query:
SELECT
e.employee_id AS employee_id,
e.employee_name AS employee_name,
m.employee_name AS manager_name
FROM employees AS e
LEFT JOIN employees AS m
ON e.manager_id = m.employee_id;
In this query, we join the employee table to itself using a left join. We use the employee table alias ‘e’ to represent the left table and ‘m’ to represent the right table.
We match the manager_id column from the left table to the employee_id column from the right table. The SELECT statement retrieves the employee’s ID and name, along with their manager’s name. If an employee has no manager, the manager_name column will contain a null value.
Finding Both Direct and Indirect Subordinates Under Each Manager
To find both direct and indirect subordinates under each manager, we need to build a recursive Common Table Expression (CTE). A recursive CTE allows us to define a recursive query in SQL that can traverse a hierarchy of data and return all the child data for a given parent.
Building a Recursive CTE
To build a recursive CTE to find both direct and indirect subordinates under each manager, we need to define the anchor member and the recursive member. The anchor member defines the starting point of our recursion by selecting all the managers’ information from the employee table.
The recursive member defines the recursion by joining the employee table to the CTE on the manager_id column. We use the UNION ALL operator to combine the anchor and recursive members.
UNION ALL is similar to the UNION operator, but it includes all rows from both result sets, including duplicate rows. The recursion stops when there are no more subordinates to add.
We define the termination condition by selecting the employees that do not have any subordinates. For example, the following SQL query defines a recursive CTE that returns all the subordinates under each manager:
WITH RECURSIVE subordinates AS (
SELECT
employee_id, employee_name, manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT
e.employee_id,
e.employee_name,
e.manager_id
FROM employees AS e
JOIN subordinates AS s
ON e.manager_id = s.employee_id
)
SELECT
manager_id, COUNT(*) AS total_subordinates
FROM subordinates
WHERE manager_id IS NOT NULL
GROUP BY manager_id;
Incorporating Recursive CTE into Query
To incorporate the recursive CTE into a query that counts both direct and indirect subordinates under each manager, we can modify the left join query we used earlier. Instead of joining the employee table to itself, we join the employee table to the subordinates CTE using a left join.
We then count the total number of subordinates for each manager using the COUNT() function with the GROUP BY clause. For example, the following SQL query incorporates the recursive CTE into a query that counts both direct and indirect subordinates under each manager:
WITH RECURSIVE subordinates AS (
SELECT
employee_id, manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL
UNION ALL
SELECT
e.employee_id,
e.manager_id
FROM employees AS e
JOIN subordinates AS s
ON e.manager_id = s.employee_id
)
SELECT
m.employee_name AS manager_name,
COUNT(s.employee_id) AS total_subordinates
FROM subordinates AS s
LEFT JOIN employees AS m
ON s.manager_id = m.employee_id
GROUP BY s.manager_id, m.employee_name;
In this query, we count the number of subordinates for each manager_id and include the manager_name from the employees table using a left join. We group the result set by the manager_id and manager_name columns.
Conclusion
In this article, we covered various techniques for finding the subordinates under each manager in SQL. We started by using a left join to find the direct subordinates under each manager and then moved on to using a recursive CTE to find both direct and indirect subordinates under each manager.
By using self-joins, left joins, and recursive CTEs, we can easily traverse hierarchical data and extract meaningful insights from it.
Conclusion
In this article, we covered the importance of recursive queries in SQL and various techniques for querying hierarchical data. Recursive queries allow us to traverse hierarchical data and extract meaningful insights from it.
We explored techniques such as self-joins, left joins, and recursive CTEs to find the subordinates under each manager. Recursive queries are essential when we need to work with hierarchical data.
Many real-world applications generate data in a hierarchical structure, such as organizational charts, file systems, family trees, and hierarchical data models. In all these cases, recursive queries are a critical tool in extracting meaningful information from the data.
Recursive queries are also used in complex algorithms, such as search algorithms, path-finding algorithms, and tree-traversal algorithms. These algorithms are fundamental in many computer science applications, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data mining.
In summary, the importance of recursive queries in SQL cannot be overstated. Recursive queries allow us to traverse hierarchical data, extract meaningful insights, and perform complex algorithms efficiently.
By understanding the techniques covered in this article, we can unlock the full potential of recursive queries and SQL as a whole. In conclusion, recursive queries are an essential tool for working with hierarchical data in SQL.
By understanding techniques such as self-joins, left joins, and recursive CTEs, we can easily extract meaningful insights from our data. Recursive queries are also essential for complex algorithms used in computer science, such as artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data mining.
As such, incorporating techniques for recursive queries into our skill set as SQL developers can give us an edge in the industry. The takeaways from this article are the importance and versatility of recursive queries, which can help us better understand hierarchical data and improve our abilities as SQL developers.
Popular Posts
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Lobini H1
The Lobini H1 is a sports car produced by the Brazilian automaker Lobini. It first appeared in 2005 and went through a minor redesign in 2007. It has a carbon steel tubular chassis and a fiberglass body shell. It makes use of a Volkswagen 1.8L turbocharged 20V engine, the same used in some versions of both Volkswagen Golf and Audi A3.
Background
The Lobini H1 was idealized by José Orlando Lobo and Fábio Birolini, and is the first car to be produced by Lobini. It was designed by Graham Holmes, former Lotus designer, and was clearly inspired by the Lotus Elise. The car's prototype was first presented to the public at the 22nd São Paulo Motor Show, in 2002, and the first finished unit was sold in 2005. At that time, it was only available in the targa top configuration. In 2006, minor redesigns were announced for the 2007 model. Also, at the 26th São Paulo Motor Show a new coupé model was introduced and a racing model was shown.
Though it was well received by Brazilian enthusiasts, it is considered too expensive by most in that specific market. In fact, most of its production is directed towards the American and British markets.
Engine
The H1 has an I4, 20V turbocharged 1.8L engine, the same as used in the Brazilian Volkswagen Golf GTI, transversally mounted in front of the rear axle. It attains 178 hp at 5700 rpm, and makes the H1 go from 0 to 100 km/h in 6.5 seconds. With this engine, the car has a maximum speed of 225 km/h.
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After #OscarsSoWhite, Hispanics Seek Their Hollywood Moment
LOS ANGELES — After black actors and films that focused on black characters were overlooked for Oscar nominations in 2015 and 2016, the #OscarsSoWhite social media outcry was so fierce that Hollywood was forced to listen. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences began a determined diversification effort, and last year there were six black acting nominees, a record. Whitewashing, or casting white actors as nonwhite characters, has galvanized Asian-Americans in Hollywood. Stars like Constance Wu have railed against the practice, hurting ticket sales for films like “Ghost in the Shell,” a Japanese manga adaptation starring Scarlett Johansson. But as Hollywood tries to deal with those issues, not to mention the fallout from the harassment crisis that began with Harvey Weinstein’s downfall, the minority group that Hollywood excludes the most onscreen — Latinos — is trying to create its own bullhorn moment. “We are expecting that we are going to have to go to the Academy Awards this year and demonstrate,” said Alex Nogales, president of the National Hispanic Media Coalition, a watchdog organization. “We’ve tried to push in less hostile ways. But these studios don’t seem to understand anything else.” Latinos make up 18 percent of the population in the United States and 23 percent of frequent moviegoers — those who go to the movies at least once a month. But only about 3 percent of speaking characters in films during the last decade were Latino, according to a study released in July by Stacy L. Smith, an associate professor at the University of Southern California. (Ms. Smith’s team found that 13.6 percent of speaking characters were black, while African-Americans make up 13.3 percent of the population. For Asians, the shares matched: 5.7 percent.) The last Hispanic actor to win an Oscar was Penélope Cruz, from Spain, who was honored nine years ago for her supporting role in “Vicky Cristina Barcelona.” The last time the Academy Awards had a Hispanic acting nominee was 2012, when Demián Bichir was given a nod for his portrayal of an undocumented Los Angeles gardener in “A Better Life” and the Argentina-born French actress Bérénice Bejo was nominated for playing a dancer in “The Artist.” Only one Hispanic man has ever won the best actor Oscar — José Ferrer, for “Cyrano de Bergerac” in 1951 — and no Hispanic woman has ever been named best actress. None of that will change this year. When nominations for the 90th Academy Awards are announced on Tuesday morning, almost all of the acting nominees are again expected to be white. The Vietnamese-American actress Hong Chau, who has a supporting role as a brusque refugee in “Downsizing,” could get a nod. Among black actors, Daniel Kaluuya, the “Get Out” star, and Mary J. Blige, who plays a hardened homemaker in “Mudbound,” could also snare nominations. But it is almost certain that there will be no Hispanic acting nominees. None are even seen as being in the running, according to Gold Derby, a predictions site. “We’re stuck,” Mr. Nogales said. “When will our exclusion matter?” Thomas E. Rothman, chairman of the Sony Pictures Film Group, said in an email: “Clearly the United States Hispanic moviegoing audience, which is quite strong, is underserved in terms of stories and characters they can relate to. We hope that ‘Miss Bala,’ with its empowered Latina protagonist, can be a step forward in addressing this need.” Sony is remaking that 2011 Mexican thriller with Gina Rodriguez and Ismael Cruz Córdova as the leads. Hollywood’s other major studios declined to comment for this article, though several studio executives privately expressed frustration with the number of inclusion issues they are being asked to immediately address. At the moment, they said, the #MeToo fight against sexual harassment and gender equality has become all-consuming. They are also under pressure from activists working for improved onscreen representation for gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender people. Representatives for people with disabilities are also pushing for more respect. The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences referred a reporter to comments that John Bailey, the organization’s president, made in an interview with The New York Times in August. The academy, which is 72 percent male and 87 percent white, roughly reflecting the demographics of the film industry, has pledged to double female and minority membership by 2020. “We’re going to keep doing everything we can to be more inclusive,” Mr. Bailey said then. “But the academy is not the industry. We can jump in to work to solve this issue — and we are. But we can’t bear sole responsibility. The jobs have to be there.” There are signs of progress. In November, Disney released “Coco,” centered on the festive Mexican holiday honoring the dead and with characters voiced by an all-Latino cast, which is likely to be nominated for best animated film. The Guatemalan-born actor Oscar Isaac plays a primary character in the studio’s latest “Star Wars” trilogy. A remake of the Goldie Hawn comedy “Overboard,” which Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Pantelion Films are scheduled to release on April 13, stars the Mexican actor Eugenio Derbez. And Latinos have been honored for their work behind the camera in recent years at the Oscars. The 2014 directing prize went to Alfonso Cuarón for “Gravity.” Alejandro G. Iñárritu collected back-to-back directing Oscars in 2015 and 2016 for “Birdman” and “The Revenant.” This year, Guillermo del Toro is expected to be a directing nominee for “The Shape of Water.” Hollywood has come under fire for ignoring Latinos before. Chris Rock got the film industry’s attention in 2014 when he wrote a blistering essay on diversity for The Hollywood Reporter. “Forget whether Hollywood is black enough,” Mr. Rock wrote. “A better question is: Is Hollywood Mexican enough? You’re in L.A., you’ve got to try not to hire Mexicans.” But the underrepresentation of Latinos, unlike the sidelining of other minority groups, has never truly entered the public conversation. One possible reason is the diversity of Hispanics themselves, with their distinct cultures and races from different regions and countries, from Venezuela to Spain. It can be difficult, activists say, to rally uniform support for Latino-focused films, much less orchestrate a cohesive repudiation of Hollywood practices. Another explanation may involve the approach that many Hispanic advocates have taken. Rather than use direct confrontation — as when Spike Lee stood before academy members in 2015 and shouted, “Get some flave up in this!” — Hispanic stars like Eva Longoria and America Ferrera, and even people like Mr. Nogales, have instead tried to build consensus, often speaking out in passionate yet measured tones. Christy Haubegger, the founder of Latina magazine, for instance, has been trying to push for change from within the Hollywood system. She joined Creative Artists Agency in 2005 with a mandate to make the company and Hollywood more diverse. Creative Artists now represents more than 100 Hispanic clients, including Ms. Rodriguez, Ms. Cruz, Mr. Iñárritu and Ms. Longoria. “To create sustainable, long-term change in the entertainment industry, we have to start at the bottom and touch every rung of the ladder on up,” Ms. Haubegger said. “It’s really hard, and it takes patience. We’re still in early days, which I know sounds crazy.” She pointed to other efforts at Creative Artists, including overhauling the agency’s internship program, which was almost entirely white and male a decade ago and is now 65 percent minorities and female; establishing a series of conferences, called Amplify, that aim to accelerate diversity efforts in Hollywood and beyond; and presenting Creative Artists-conducted research to studios. One study, for instance, analyzed box office results for more than 500 films released between 2014 and 2016 and found that movies with casts that were 30 percent or more diverse outperformed non-diverse counterparts. “And that’s true at every budget level,” Ms. Haubegger said. One specific box office statistic, however, may help explain why most studios have not moved faster to include Hispanic actors: the relatively high percentage of frequent moviegoers who are Hispanic. “Their attitude is: ‘Why should we do anything different? They are already coming,’” Ana-Christina Ramón, an author of several reports on Hollywood and race at the University of California, Los Angeles, said of the studios. Ms. Ramón answers that question by pointing back to the data, which shows a sharp decline in the number of Hispanic frequent moviegoers over time. In 2013, for instance, 11.6 million Hispanics attended the movies frequently, according to the Motion Picture Association of America. In 2016, the last year for which figures are available, that number had fallen to 8.3 million. “They are losing loyal customers,” Ms. Ramón said.
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NEW! Now supports FreeBSD! Maildircmd has been updated to work on FreeBSD as well as Linux. It hasn't been tested on other *BSD versions, but ought to work there as well.
Contents:
Other Links:
What is Maildircmd?
Maildircmd is an addition to the serialmail package written by Professor Dan Bernstein. Serialmail provides utilities for taking a maildir full of email messages, and mailing them out using either SMTP or QMTP. This provides the ideal mechanism for a store-and-forward email queue: just store your outgoing emails in a maildir, and periodically forward the messages through your email relay using serialmail.
Maildircmd adds two commands to the serialmail package: maildircmd and rewind. Maildircmd takes the contents of a maildir and pumps the messages one-by-one through a shell command of your choosing. The shell command can do anything: forward the messages by email; throw away duplicate messages; refile or index the messages; compile statistics; etc..
Maildircmd runs your shell command once for each email message in the maildir. The message is on the shell command's standard input. Several environment variables are initialized which describe the message, almost identically to the environment provided for commands in your .qmail file. So any filter in your .qmail file can be run instead from maildircmd, by making only minor adjustments.
Why Use Maildircmd?
There are several reasons to spool email in a maildir, and process it periodically with maildircmd. First, filters run under maildircmd are 100% safe, even under NFS. This is because the messages can be spooled in a maildir without any locks, and maildircmd supplies messages to a filter one-by-one--eliminating any need for locking.
Traditional email filters run whenever a message is received. But two messages might arrive simultaneously; what happens then? Without a locking mechanism, both messages might run through the same filter at nearly the same time, causing a disaster:
• If you use standard UNIX mail, your mail folder might be corrupted, destroying one of the messages--or merging both messages into one nasty mishmash.
• If you use MH, your mh-sequences might be corrupted, causing your mailer to forget what you've read and what you haven't.
• If you record information about emails (like senders, or subject lines) then your log file might become corrupted.
• If you filter out duplicate messages, the filtering might fail when the duplicates arrive together. Since duplicates often DO arrive together, that kinda defeats the purpose.
Filtering tools like procmail and maildrop address this problem, fairly effectively, by using a locking mechanism when delivering messages. Locks are not perfect, however:
• Stale locks can jam up your email delivery. (That's also why Netscape gives you those annoying "I can't save your bookmarks" and "Bookmarks have changed and are being reloaded" messages!)
• If you forget to use locks in the right places, then you're back where you started.
• Sometimes locks just don't work at all: when your files are shared using NFS, most locking mechanisms don't work correctly.
With maildircmd, the need for locks is completely eliminated. Mail is processed sequentially, so collisions cannot occur.
The second benefit of maildircmd is simplicity. A simple shell script usually suffices to filter email; often you really don't need complicated mail-filtering software. When you do, though, you can easily run procmail, maildrop, etc. with maildircmd. That gives you the power of procmail, without any of the risks--thanks to maildircmd, you still don't need to worry about locks.
How do I Install Maildircmd?
First, get the source code for Professor Bernstein's serialmail package, version 0.75, and unpack it in the usual way (there is a local copy at this site for your convenience). Maildircmd is distributed as a patch against DJB's sources. And don't worry: maildircmd does not modify any of the programs which come with serialmail; it simply adds the maildircmd programs and documentation.
Next, download the maildircmd patch. Apply the patch from within the serialmail source directory, using the command:
patch < maildircmd-1.0.patch
Finally, build and install serialmail as usual. That's it!
How do I Use Maildircmd?
That's easy. First, you should arrange for incoming mail to end up in a maildir. There are several ways to do that:
• If email is delivered on your machine using qmail, then just type the following command:
rm -f .qmail*;echo ./Maildir/ > .qmail; touch .qmail-default
• If email is delivered by sendmail, procmail, etc., on your machine, then you need my safecat package, available through http://www.pobox.com/~lbudney/linux/software/safecat.html. The included script maildir allows you to spool your data to a maildir, even when your delivery agent doesn't know about maildirs. Just put the following in your .forward file, or into a procmail recipe. (The USERNAME part should be replaced with your login name. It's a workaround for a very old sendmail bug--don't ask.)
|exec /usr/local/bin/maildir ~/Maildir || exit 75 # USERNAME
• If you fetch your email from a POP server with fetchmail, you can cut out the middleman and put the following into your .fetchmailrc. Be careful! This only works if your POP server uses qmail! Otherwise, the headers will be all wrong, and serialmail won't even be able to see the messages.
poll SERVER, user USER, password PASSWORD, no rewrite,
mda "/usr/bin/env - /usr/local/bin/maildir ~/Maildir"
(Using safecat and maildircmd gives an added benefit to fetchmail users. Fetchmail has reliability problems, and it messes around with email headers. Using this trick, you can make fetchmail leave your email the heck alone!)
Note that you don't have to divert all of your email into a maildir. You can adapt the above instructions to your needs, and spool only certain emails into the maildir. For example, you can use procmail to divert emails matching a certain pattern. Or you can tell fetchmail to use safecat only for certain POP servers. Or you can put the ./Maildir/ instruction into .qmail-EXT, for some EXT, instead of .qmail.
Okay, so now you've got a maildir full of incoming mail. How do you use maildircmd to have some fun with it? First, create a script which does something useful. Here's a good minimal script to try:
#!/bin/sh
#
# Delete duplicate emails in ~/Maildir, and then deliver to my
# inbox. Thanks to maildircmd, no duplicates will be missed, and
# my inbox will never be corrupted.
# First, eliminate duplicates with formail (part of procmail).
if formail -D 65536 "$HOME"/.msgid.cache
then
echo duplicate chucked
exit 99 ;# Message in bit bucket.
fi
# Now, go back to the beginning of the message!
rewind
# Finally, deliver the email. Uncomment the appropriate line.
#/usr/lib/nmh/rcvstore +inbox ;# MH users
#{ echo; echo "$SENDER" `date`; cat } >> $HOME/Mail/inbox ;# mbox users
This simple script eliminates duplicates, and then delivers the message to your inbox. It's not very complicated, but even this simple script gives you the benefit of serialization with maildircmd: no duplicate message will ever make it through; not even when the duplicates arrive simultaneously.
For a more complicated script, look at this example. As a final suggestion, read the manpage for qmail-local(8). Nothing stops you from invoking qmail-local directly, which brings your .qmail files into play (with one important difference: emails are delivered one at a time. Again, you don't need locks and nothing can clobber anything else).
Top
Len Budney
lbudney@pobox.com
Copyright © 1998 - 2004
Page generated: 21:48:26 21-Dec-2004
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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There are many cases of mimicry in nature, which can be the sincerest form of flattery, the severest form of battery, or the weirdest survival strategy.
Surviving by Disguising: Nature’s Game of Charades
One bright October morning, Fabiano Calleia, a researcher with the Federal University of Amazonas, was out in the lowland rainforest of Manaus, Brazil, tracking his usual group of eight pied tamarins as the small, dark monkeys with their dapper white shrugs grazed on the fruits of a fig tree. Suddenly the breakfast calm was shattered by the distinctive sound of a baby tamarin’s cry a series of short, sharp whistles, like a boiling teapot doing Morse code.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Page:Folk-lore - A Quarterly Review. Volume 9, 1898.djvu/314
286 seat by the fire as usual, and putting her pipe to her mouth bent down to the fire to light it. On observing this the ploughman, who had previously put a sixpence in the churn, stopped working, pressed the churn-staff hard down on the silver coin and kept it there. The witch ordered him to go on with his work. He stubbornly refused. She entreated; but he was inexorable. She cried out that she could not get her head up until he began; but begin he would not until she promised that he would have no difficulty with the butter. They were never troubled again by her at the Clermont.
Magpies.—In this district magpies, or pyets, as they are called, were dreaded as birds of ill-omen, even in the third decade of this century. Many people there were who, if they met, while on a journey, an unlucky number of these birds, would immediately turn back. A common rhyme ran thus:
Hare-lip.—It was also believed that if a pregnant woman stepped over "a cutty's clap," that is, a place where a hare had lain, her child, when born, would have "the hare-shach," or hare-lip. A laird in the neighbourhood, some seventy years ago, married his housekeeper. In harvest-time she went out to see what the reapers were doing, and heedlessly stepped over a cutty's clap. The reapers remonstrated with her, but, to show her contempt for their superstition, she forthwith stepped over it repeatedly. The child, when born, proved to be a daughter, and had no upper-lip at all. The laird's indignation at his wife's foolishness was unrelenting.
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WIKI
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Fame Is the Spur
Fame is the Spur is a quotation from John Milton's 1637 poem Lycidas, and may refer to:
* Fame Is the Spur (novel), a 1940 novel
* Fame Is the Spur (film), a 1947 film adapted from the novel
* Fame Is the Spur (TV series), a 1982 series based on the novel
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Talk:Gajraj Rao
Request to remove the redirect of Thai Massage (film)
I have created a page for the movie Thai Massage as the reception and available sources help me to create a standalone page. Thanks! Zodiac009 (talk) 12:06, 19 January 2023 (UTC)
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[ASN.1] BerInputStream will incorrectly resize buffer when the enveloped InputStream has lots of bytes ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Key: HARMONY-5054 URL: https://issues.apache.org/jira/browse/HARMONY-5054 Project: Harmony Issue Type: Bug Components: Classlib Reporter: spark shen I was writing scenario test for ldap service provider, and trying to extract schema information from an Openldap server. The response message is quite long - longer than the initial buffer size of BerInputStream. While decoding the reponse, I got the following exception: I believe the problem resides in a constructor: 137 if (buffer.length < length) { 138 byte[] newBuffer = new byte[length]; And they should be modified into if (buffer.length < (length + offset)) { byte[] newBuffer = new byte[length + offset]; It's hard to write a standalone test case, due to the large number of buffer size. Writing a scenario test would be simpler. I will provide my scenario test and patch soon. -- This message is automatically generated by JIRA. - You can reply to this email to add a comment to the issue online.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Russia Considers Additional Purchases of Spanish State Debt
Russia , holder of the world’s third-
largest reserves, is considering additional purchases of Spanish
bonds after adding debt issued by the euro-area’s fourth-biggest
economy to its list of approved investments in March. “We are much less concerned about Spain than about Greece
because the government is implementing very serious measures
there,” Arkady Dvorkovich , President Dmitry Medvedev ’s economic
aide, told reporters outside Moscow today. Spain aims to cut its deficit to 6 percent of gross
domestic product this year from 9.2 percent in 2010. Prime
Minister Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero met Medvedev during the
St. Petersburg International Economic Forum earlier this month. Russia’s National Wellbeing Fund, one of two funds the
state uses to safeguard windfall oil revenue, could buy Spanish
government bonds with maturities of between three months and one
year starting March 21, according to the Finance Ministry .
Russia’s currency and gold reserves reached $520.3 billion as of
June 17, an increase of more than 8 percent this year. Dollar Holdings Russia may also continue to cut its U.S. dollar holdings,
Dvorkovich said, adding that the euro’s share in reserves is
“unlikely” to increase in the “near future.” The Russian funds are managed by the central bank under
guidelines set down by the Finance Ministry. They can also
invest in state debt of Austria, Belgium, Britain, Germany ,
Canada, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands, U.S., Finland, France
and Sweden, according to the ministry. Russia initially removed Spain and Ireland sovereign debt
from its investment list on Nov. 3 as the two euro-member
countries struggled to contain record deficits. Bank Rossii probably won’t add currencies to its reserves
after expanding into Canadian and Australian dollars, central
bank Deputy Chairman Sergei Shvetsov said in a May 19 interview. The loonie, as Canada’s dollar is sometimes known,
accounted for 0.8 percent of the stockpile at the end of 2010
and may rise to between 1 percent and 2 percent, approaching the
level of the Japanese yen, central bank Chairman Sergey Ignatiev
said in December. Russia’s addition of Canadian dollars came at the expense
of British pound, the central bank said May 16. The regulator
raised the U.S. currency’s portion by 0.7 percentage point to
45.2 percent as of Jan. 1, while reducing the euro’s share by
the same amount. The yen made up made up 1.6 percent of the
total at the start of the year, up from 1.3 percent. To contact the reporter on this story:
Henry Meyer in Moscow at
hmeyer4@bloomberg.net . To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Balazs Penz at
bpenz@bloomberg.net .
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During application development there are many cases in which I am interested in providing the user with the first X (TOP X) number of rows in a query as well as provide an indication that there are more or better yet that there is a specific number number of rows. We have approached this in two different ways, example 1 says there is more, example 2 says there are x rows meeting this condition. Example 2 is preferred but I am concerned about the time it will take to process.
I was wondering if anyone had guidance on which general method is preferred or if there is a better way.
Example 1: SELECT TOP 500 ColumnName, IFNULL ( (SELECT TOP 1 START AT 501 ColumnName FROM Owner.ViewName ORDER BY ColumnName), '0', '1' ) AS MoreRowsExist FROM Owner.ViewName ORDER BY ColumnName
Example 2:
SELECT TOP 500 ColumnName, COUNT(*) OVER() AS NumberOfRows FROM Owner.ViewName ORDER BY ColumnName
Thanks,
Jim
asked 25 Sep '13, 08:29
J%20Diaz's gravatar image
J Diaz
830263144
accept rate: 14%
1
Is it a requirement to use one query? I could imagine (but don't know!) the engine could optimize a separate "SELECT COUNT(*)" statement better than as part of example 2...
FWIW: Here's a FAQ with helpful details whether SELECT COUNT(*) is slow or not... (yes, I'm aware you don't want it to be slow:))
(25 Sep '13, 08:37) Volker Barth
Could do something like this, the row count would repeat on each line, but the count function itself would only fire once I believe ...
select top 500 columnname, row_cnt from tablename , (select count(*) row_cnt from tablename) as mdt ;
Where you use a derived table to get the total count and just retrieve the information from the derived table for each row returned. You could also do a count on the rows retrieved and set a flag to indicate if more rows were available. something like:
select top 500 columnname, row_cnt ,If count(*) <> row_cnt then 'Y' else 'N' endif as MoreRowsAvail ...
permanent link
answered 25 Sep '13, 11:10
trexco's gravatar image
trexco
336111423
accept rate: 0%
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question asked: 25 Sep '13, 08:29
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Alibaba announces CEO Daniel Zhang will succeed Jack Ma as chairman next year – TechCrunch
Following speculation about Jack Ma’s imminent retirement, Alibaba Group announced today that its CEO, Daniel Zhang, will succeed Ma as chairman next year. After stepping down as chairman on September 10, 2019 (exactly a year from now), Ma will continue serving as a board member until its annual general shareholders’ meeting in 2020. After that, Ma will remain a lifetime partner of the Alibaba Partnership, or a group of 36 partners drawn from the senior management ranks of Alibaba Group companies and affiliates. They hold a considerable amount of sway over the company because they have the right to nominate, or in certain situations, appoint up to a simple majority of its board of directors. Alibaba’s announcement follows reports that Ma’s retirement from the company he co-founded in 1999 as an online marketplace was imminent, with Ma, a former English teacher, planning to dedicate his time to philanthropy in education. Ma downplayed those reports, however, telling the South China Morning Post (which is owned by Alibaba) that instead he will gradually reduce his role in the company through a succession plan. Ma stepped down as CEO in 2013, handing the position over to Jonathan Lu. Lu was replaced in 2015 by Zhang, Alibaba’s former COO, after Ma reportedly told employees that it’s time for the company to be run by people born in the 1970s and after (Zhang was born in 1972, three years after Lu). In a letter sent to media outlets today, Ma wrote that Zhang has “demonstrated his superb talent, business acumen and determined leadership” since taking over as CEO. “Under his stewardship, Alibaba has seen consistent and sustainable growth for 13 consecutive quarters,” Ma continued. “His analytical mind is unparalleled, he holds dear our mission and vision, he embraces responsibility with passion, and he has the guts to innovate and test creative business models.” Ma added that “this transition demonstrates that Alibaba has stepped up to the next level of corporate governance from a company that relies on individuals, to one built on systems of organizational excellence and a culture of talent development.” Ma also re-emphasized his narrative that his departure from Alibaba Group will be very gradual. “I have put a lot of thought and preparation into this succession plan for 10 years. I am delighted to announce the plan today thanks to the support of the Alibaba Partnership and our board of directors,” he wrote. Of his plans after Zhang takes over as chairman next year, Ma said he will continue contributing to the Alibaba Partnership, before adding “I also want to return to education, which excites me with so much blessing because this is what I love to do. The world is big, and I am still young, so I want to try new things – because what if new dreams can be realized?! The one thing I can promise everyone is this: Alibaba was never about Jack Ma, but Jack Ma will forever belong to Alibaba.”
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Page:Fighting Back (1924).pdf/56
though, was altogether different. The Kid's classical forehead is drawn together in a frown which ridges it like a washboard, and every now and then he shoots a angry glare at some bozo which is gettin' a close-up of the girl through opera glasses. In fact, his plain air of dislike for matters gets me puzzled.
"What's the big idea, Kid?" I whisper, nudgin' him. "Don't the young lady knock you over as a actress?"
"The costume that child has on is disgraceful!" says the Kid angrily. "Look at these leering beasts about us smacking their lips!"
"Well, she's a tasty number," I says soothingly. "If"
"If I'd had the faintest idea that Désirée would be engaged for any such spectacle as this," goes on Kid Roberts, ignorin' me, "I would never have had her name filed with that infernal theatrical agency. I feel the responsibility is mine, and I shall certainly endeavor to place her elsewhere. That abbreviated costume is so incongruous with her natural innocent naïveté—it is as if a baby's picture was on the label of a whisky bottle!"
Well, as long as we're there we settle back to watch the champion punch the bag, skip rope, box a couple of rounds with a sparrin' partner, and go through other routine trainin' exercises. The heavyweight king was in great shape, there was no gettin' away from that—looked to me to be no more than a month away from his best fighting form.
We're just about to leave, when there comes a startlin' interruption. Oliver's press agent has found out
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WIKI
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Glasses, Contacts, Laser Eye Surgery: Which One Suits My Lifestyle Best?
You may think your glasses or contacts suit your lifestyle, but it’s more likely you’ve adapted your lifestyle to fit around them.
When you decide to use corrective eyewear, you sign an invisible contract that puts certain limitations on what you can and can’t do.
If you’ve lived most of your life under the constraints of one of these contracts, you may not even notice it anymore. Like working a 9-5 job, until you take a sabbatical, have a midlife crisis, or retire, it’s hard to see there’s even any other way to live.
From your hobbies to your career, your temperament to your affinity for travel, eyewear has a significant influence on who you become and how you live. So, even if you’ve never given it much thought before, it’s worth making sure you’ve chosen the right vision correction method for your needs.
Glasses: The Default Option
Glasses have a lot of strong points, and as they’re so easy to use (for most of us) and accessible, they’ve become the default form of vision correction treatment that most of us try first and inevitably stick with.
Unlike contacts and Laser Eye Surgery, they’re also suitable for every age group. From toddlers to your grandma, no one is excluded from being a part of the booming business of spectacles.
What makes them particularly convenient, though, is that they require very little looking after other than a wipe every couple of days. And as they never touch the eyeball itself, they come with very little risk — other than poking yourself in the eye with one of the arms, that is.
If you’ve worn glasses for a while, though, and you like to move once in a while from a sedentary position (who doesn’t?), you’ll have noticed they come with equally as many, and many more, downsides. To name a few, they’re a complete nuisance to carry around with you, can be smudged, scratched, broken, lost and are generally just annoying to wear.
The inconveniences of glasses also mean they’re impractical for everything from jogging and reading to firefighting and instructing ballet. Safe to say, if you want to lead even a slightly active lifestyle, glasses can hold you back or, at the very least, make sure you’re incredibly stressed throughout.
Contacts: An Alternative
Contacts are sold as the active person’s alternative to glasses. And, technically, as they do sit on the surface of your eye, they aren’t affected by the weather as much as glasses and are much harder to lose when playing sports and exercising.
That said, a study published in early 2017 in the Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery found that “the risk of infection with soft contact lens wear seems to be higher than that after LASIK.”, showing that the overall lifetime risk for a sight-threatening corneal infection is much lower for people who have had LASIK than those who wear contact lenses.
In addition to this, contact lens wearers may find that when working at a computer screen (which most people are), they experience issues with contacts contribute to dryness and digital eye strain.
All this means contact lenses are useful as a temporary vision aid, but when it comes to long-term use, they tend to be too uncomfortable and risky to be a viable alternative to glasses.
But, even with all their pitfalls, there’s a reason why glasses and contacts are the most popular modes of vision correction today: convenience.
This brings us to the first reason Laser Eye Surgery isn’t for many people: to have it, you need to take time out of your day to research treatments, find the right clinic, and actually have the procedure. Although the treatment itself is extremely quick, the overall process from your initial inquiry to your first aftercare appointment can take up time that many people just don’t have.
On top of that, in the same way many people prefer to pay to rent a house instead of buying it outright, some people are put off by the high upfront cost of owning your vision. Laser Eye Surgery isn’t cheap, but when compared to the lifetime costs of contacts and glasses, just like owning a house, it is much more economical.
Get past these hurdles and, as it is the same as being able to see without glasses or contacts, you’ll be rewarded by the fact that Laser Eye Surgery places no restrictions on your lifestyle. Whether you want to dance, swim, read, work at a computer, or simply be able to see better, you are free to do it all.
Glasses, Contacts, Laser Eye Surgery: Which One Suits My Lifestyle Best?
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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last updated 19-10-2021
Lithium
Lithium
Lithium is a monovalent cation and behaves much like like Na+ throughout the body. However, the understanding of its pharmacology and therapeutic use for psychiatric disorders continues to grow. It is believed that lithium works by interfering with the post-synaptic receptor response by modulating overactive phosphatidyl inositol metabolism and thereby modulating the activation of ion channels and various intracellular enzymes.Lithium can take up to 2 weeks to exert its therapeutic effects. Therefore
therapy is often initiated with adjunctive agents which will help the acute symptoms. Before lithium is started baseline leucocytes, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, urine specific gravity, TSH and T4, an ECG and a pregnancy test (if indicated) should be obtained. Lithium doses are titrated to therapeutic serum concentrations and these levels are individualized based on the patient's age, weight, salt intake and renal clearance.Drug interactions can be serious with lithium as they can result in wide fluctuations in lithium serum concentrations and CNS toxicity. ACE inhibitors, diuretics and NSAIDs are known to increase lithium levels, whereas acetazolamide, sodium containing products and theophylline are known to decrease lithium levels. CNS toxicity is known to occur with antipsychotics, carbamazepine, and methyldopa. If a patient presents with a sudden onset of a fine hand tremor or GI complaints such as nausea, diarrhea, polyuria, polydipsia or anorexia it is likely they are above the therapeutic range for lithium and experiencing toxicities. If doses are not adjusted, these can progress to lethargy, hyper-reflexia, confusion, stupor, and even seizures, cardiovascular collapse and death.
1
Lithium is eliminated by the:
2
Since lithium can cause stomach upset, a reasonable solution for administration would be to provide the patient with:
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Menticirrhus saxatilis
Menticirrhus saxatilis, the northern kingfish or northern kingcroaker, is a species of marine fish in the family Sciaenidae (commonly known as the "drum" or "croaker" family). It lives in the shallow coastal waters of the western Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico.
Description
The northern kingfish can grow to about 46 cm, but a more usual adult length is 30 cm. It is a slender fish, being most deep bodied in the pectoral region. As in most bottom-feeding fish, its upper jaw projects further than the lower and the snout overhangs the mouth. There is a small barbel on its fleshy lower lip. The dorsal fin is divided into two parts. The front part is triangular, short but tall with 10 spines, the third of which is the longest and is extended into a short filament. The other part of the dorsal fin is long and slightly tapered and has one spine and 24 to 27 soft rays. The pointed pectoral fins are quite large and the anal fin has 1 spine and 8 soft rays. The tailfin has a characteristic slightly concave upper lobe and a rounded lower lobe. The colour is dark grey with a metallic sheen and paler grey below. There are several diagonal bars of darker colour on the upper body. These mostly run towards the rear of the body but one or two bars near the head slope the other way. The fins are a dark colour, tipped with white. Unlike most members of its family, the northern kingfish has no air bladder, so the fish does not make the "croaking" sound that is characteristic of the family.
Distribution and habitat
The northern kingfish is a subtropical, demersal fish found in shallow waters in the western Atlantic Ocean. Its range extends from Massachusetts southwards through the Gulf of Mexico to the Yucatan peninsular of Mexico. It is found in schools in places where the seabed is sand or mud, in the surf zone and in estuaries. It can tolerate low salinity levels and the juveniles are often found in tidal rivers and creeks. It is occasionally seen in Maine and in this more northerly part of its range it is migratory, disappearing from October to May.
Biology
The northern kingfish feeds on benthic invertebrates. The diet consists mainly of small crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs but amphipods, polychaete worms, molluscs, small fish and mysids are also eaten and it also scavenges on carrion.
In the eastern United States, spawning takes place from April to August. The spherical eggs contain oil globules. They are pelagic and disperse with the currents. The developing larvae are somewhat tadpole-like with large heads. By the time the fry reach a length of 5 mm the soft dorsal and anal rays have already appeared and when they are 10 mm long, the spiny rays have also developed. By this stage, their bodies are covered by melanophores. They reach a length of about 12 cm by their first winter and 25 cm by their second.
Uses
The northern kingfish is not fished commercially but from New Jersey southwards it provides good sport to surf anglers and those in boats close to the shore. The bait used can be pieces of squid, clams or bloodworms. The fish has tasty white meat.
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WIKI
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Enoch Turner School
Enoch Turner Schoolhouse is a historic site and museum in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It is a former school owned by the Ontario Heritage Trust. The school was built in 1848 when it was known as the Ward School. The building is located at 106 Trinity Street between King Street East and Eastern Avenue. It is the oldest school standing in the city.
History
The original one-room school was established in 1848 by Enoch Turner (1792-1866), a wealthy brewer and philanthropist, to educate the children in the poor neighbourhood surrounding his brewery. Because many of the area's immigrant families were from County Cork in Ireland, the neighbourhood became known as Corktown – a nickname it still carries today.
Turner supplied the funds to construct the schoolhouse and the land was donated by the adjacent Little Trinity Church. In 1849, the school opened with space for 240 pupils and Turner paid for its operation for three years. It was the first free school in Toronto.
Enoch Turner founded his free school following the Canadian Common Schools Act of 1846. After the act was passed, municipalities had the power to raise funds for public education through taxation. However, city officials were unwilling to introduce such taxes, and as a result, all schools that benefited from any kind of public support were closed for a year. This prompted Turner to establish the school, which was a critical catalyst in the development of a provincially supported free school system.
In 1850, school trustees were elected by the public to oversee educational funding. Free public education officially began at the Trinity Street School in 1851. Daily class size ranged from 80 to 90 students of varying academic levels. There were several different instructors employed by the school trustees - most notably Mrs. Jane Henderson, a Scottish immigrant who taught from 1858-59. In 1859, classes were relocated to the nearby Palace Street School at Palace Street (now Front Street East) and Cherry Street. The Trinity Street School and property were returned to Little Trinity parish, and from the 1860s to the 1960s the school served as a parish hall and Sunday school for the church. In addition, the School and hall served as a recruiting station during the Second Boer War and World War I, and a soup kitchen during the Great Depression. Due to a severe fire at Little Trinity Anglican Church in 1961, the parish could no longer afford to care for the school building, and it fell into disrepair. By the late 1960s, the building was slated for demolition.
To protect the building and raise funds for its restoration, a group of citizens together with members of the Little Trinity Church congregation set up the Enoch Turner Schoolhouse Foundation on October 8, 1970. The former Trinity Street School was renamed Enoch Turner Schoolhouse. After extensive interior and exterior renovations, the schoolhouse opened as a living history site and conference and reception centre. In March 2008, the ownership and operation of the schoolhouse were transferred to the Ontario Heritage Trust from the Foundation. The Enoch Turner Schoolhouse Foundation continues as an independent charitable organization, working with the Trust to support the programming and operation of the schoolhouse. The museum is open for education programs by appointment and open to walk-in visitors during regular business hours.
Several films have been shot at Enoch Turner Schoolhouse, including Down the Road Again (2011).
Architectural style
The design of the one-story Gothic Revival style brick schoolhouse is attributed to an English architect Henry Bowyer Lane, who worked in Canada from about 1841 to 1847 and who also designed the adjacent Little Trinity Church in 1845. The building has an unusual exclamation mark windows that flank the front door. In 1869, the building was expanded to the west with an addition designed by noted Toronto architectural firm Gundry and Langley. The addition is a particularly early work by Henry Langley, who opened his own practice that same year, following the death of Thomas Gundry. Langley went on to become one of the most influential 19th-century architects in Ontario, designing important Toronto landmarks such as the Metropolitan United Church (56 Queen Street East), McMaster Hall (273 Bloor Street West) and the Bank of British North America (49 Yonge Street). In 1910, the south addition was built.
Affiliations
The Museum is affiliated with: CMA, CHIN, and Virtual Museum of Canada.
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WIKI
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Improving Glaucoma Surgery’s Outcomes With Intraoperative Aberrometry
Postoperative refractive error can be reduced in patients undergoing combined glaucoma and cataract surgery.
By Robert J. Noecker, MD, MBA
Due to patient demographics, most glaucoma surgeons perform more combined glaucomacataract surgery than glaucoma surgery alone. Unfortunately, most glaucoma procedures induce astigmatism, which is in direct conflict with the surgeon’s intended outcome of cataract surgery: to provide a good refractive result. Despite this, patients undergoing combined glaucoma-cataract procedures expect refractive outcomes similar to those of cataract surgery alone.
The techniques used in glaucoma surgery naturally change the refractive state of the eye. For example, limbal scleral incisions for flaps, suture tension to prevent leaks or to stretch the trabecular meshwork, and large changes in IOP can all induce astigmatism. Surgeons have important tools that allow them to minimize these negative effects, including modifying the stitches or adding a limbal relaxing incision (LRI) when necessary; without intraoperative aberrometry, however, the effects of these measures are just best guesses. Surgeons with years of practice have an idea of how best to suture an eye, but they do not know the refractive outcome until after surgery.
With the development of intraoperative aberrometry, glaucoma surgeons can more precisely control the astigmatic effects of glaucoma surgery, potentially reducing or eliminating them. The only intraoperative aberrometer currently approved by the FDA is ORA (WaveTec Vision Systems, Inc.). Other companies have similar technologies in various stages of development.
COMBINED SURGERY
Glaucoma surgeons frequently pair glaucoma procedures with cataract surgery. This combination is convenient and effective for the disease processes, but it can lead to unpredictable refractive outcomes due to suturing, IOP changes, and the addition of astigmatism-inducing incisions above and beyond those needed for a typical cataract procedure.
The gold standard glaucoma procedure is trabeculectomy. The difficulty with this procedure is that cutting the scleral flap and tying the sutures on the surface of the eye can induce astigmatism. Because these changes are caused by surgery, astigmatic measurements made preoperatively are no longer accurate. Additionally, many endpoints for glaucoma surgeons are subjective; they tie sutures and determine appropriate tightness based on their experience. Prior to the availability of intraoperative aberrometry, ophthalmologists had no way of knowing if a suture were too tight until after surgery. Even with less invasive procedures such as canaloplasty or drainage devices, astigmatism can still be induced.
Intraoperative aberrometry can help the surgeon to understand the refractive change resulting from a particular glaucoma procedure. In response, he or she can exchange the original IOL for one with a different power to provide a more precise refractive outcome after cataract surgery.
In cases in which intraoperative aberrometry is used, the surgeon completes the glaucoma procedure, remeasures the eye to see whether anything has changed from the preoperative calculations, and then completes cataract surgery. Detecting changes in the refractive measurement provides the surgeon with an opportunity to choose the best lens based on the refractive measurement after glaucoma surgery, thus maximizing the long-term result. It can avoid the need for a secondary procedure to correct astigmatism. Additionally, the surgeon has the option to implant a toric IOL in these patients, and they can still do well.
GLAUCOMA SURGERY AFTER LASIK AND IN HIGH MYOPIA
After LASIK
Glaucoma surgeons are seeing a growing number of post-LASIK patients who have developed cataracts. Previous refractive surgery makes cataract surgery on these eyes more complex, and if a patient had a great result with his or her prior surgery, he or she will expect an excellent outcome with this more complex combined procedure. It is important to minimize the unpredictability that glaucoma surgery brings to this type of case. Intraoperative measurements can be used to assess the refractive impact of the scleral flap and sutures and help determine any necessary steps to leave the patient with the best refractive result. It is easier to plan LRIs to counteract surgically induced astigmatism during glaucoma surgery than to have the patient return to the OR for an enhancement.
High-risk Cases
Certain other high-risk cases are also much easier with the advent of intraoperative aberrometry. For instance, patients with high myopia are considered a high-risk population: they tend to have a greater rate of glaucoma, because a thin cornea is a risk factor for developing the disease. Their eyes also tend to be larger and longer, and it is believed that there is a higher rate of pigment dispersion in this population.1
Eyes with myopia also may already have had a corneal refractive procedure to improve visual quality. If a glaucoma procedure becomes necessary, the lens power calculation is challenging, as it is in any eye after refractive surgery. A number of strategies have been described to calculate IOL power in eyes after refractive surgery, but intraoperative aberrometry measurements can be an additional aid in determining the correct lens power.
BETTER INFORMATION
Glaucoma is entering a new era, and several procedures, including minimally invasive techniques, are under investigation. Evaluating the refractive effects of these procedures with intraoperative aberrometry can help to uncover how much astigmatism they induce, and comprehensive reviews of the charts of patients undergoing these newer procedures will provide surgeons with a quantitative guide for what to expect. In return, surgeons can then compensate for any refractive changes when picking lens implants or planning LRIs. This could signal a new era of information that will help ophthalmologists choose the best glaucoma procedure for each patient; they can decide between surgical options with the same ability to lower IOP but with different refractive impacts.
Intraoperative aberrometry measurements can also help surgeons bring the success of existing glaucoma procedures more in line with the success of cataract procedures. When glaucoma surgery is performed alone, ophthalmologists can modify suture tension or implement LRIs. When glaucoma surgery is combined with cataract surgery, on-demand refractive measurements will help the surgeon to make the best possible decision in regard to the lens’ selection. Ophthalmologists can do well by their patients by controlling their glaucoma surgically— and not at the expense of good, uncorrected visual acuity.
The impact of suture lysis and postoperative healing on refractive error is still somewhat poorly understood. Many glaucoma surgeons have not used intraoperative aberrometry yet, but by using the information obtained from this technology, ophthalmologists may be able to find ways to modify surgical techniques to create more astigmatically neutral outcomes. Suture tensioning and optimal positioning in the OR may lead to less postoperative intervention for therapeutic or IOP-lowering reasons as well. Information about intraoperative and early postoperative IOPs and the effects of sutures on refractive error can help to balance the desired IOP outcome with refractive error resulting from surgical manipulation.
Section Editor Richard A. Lewis, MD, is in private practice in Sacramento, California. Dr. Lewis may be reached at (916) 649-1515; rlewiseyemd.yahoo.com.
Robert J. Noecker, MD, MBA, practices at Ophthalmic Consultants of Connecticut in Fairfield. He acknowledged no financial interest in the product or company mentioned herein. Dr. Noecker may be reached at (203) 366-8000; noeckerrj@gmail.com.
1. Marcus MW, de Vries MM, Montolio FG, Jansonius NM. Myopia as a risk factor for open-angle glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(10):1989-1994.
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User:Bakihonet
morality-is a virtue which is accepted by every one except evil dowers. improvement-implies some good efforts which will be praiseworthy.
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WIKI
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The Arabidopsis dwarf1 mutant is defective in the conversion of 24-methylenecholesterol to campesterol in brassinosteroid biosynthesis. (1/154)
Since the isolation and characterization of dwarf1-1 (dwf1-1) from a T-DNA insertion mutant population, phenotypically similar mutants, including deetiolated2 (det2), constitutive photomorphogenesis and dwarfism (cpd), brassinosteroid insensitive1 (bri1), and dwf4, have been reported to be defective in either the biosynthesis or the perception of brassinosteroids. We present further characterization of dwf1-1 and additional dwf1 alleles. Feeding tests with brassinosteroid-biosynthetic intermediates revealed that dwf1 can be rescued by 22alpha-hydroxycampesterol and downstream intermediates in the brassinosteroid pathway. Analysis of the endogenous levels of brassinosteroid intermediates showed that 24-methylenecholesterol in dwf1 accumulates to 12 times the level of the wild type, whereas the level of campesterol is greatly diminished, indicating that the defective step is in C-24 reduction. Furthermore, the deduced amino acid sequence of DWF1 shows significant similarity to a flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding domain conserved in various oxidoreductases, suggesting an enzymatic role for DWF1. In support of this, 7 of 10 dwf1 mutations directly affected the flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding domain. Our molecular characterization of dwf1 alleles, together with our biochemical data, suggest that the biosynthetic defect in dwf1 results in reduced synthesis of bioactive brassinosteroids, causing dwarfism. (+info)
BAS1: A gene regulating brassinosteroid levels and light responsiveness in Arabidopsis. (2/154)
The Arabidopsis bas1-D mutation suppresses the long hypocotyl phenotype caused by mutations in the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB). The adult phenotype of bas1-D phyB-4 double mutants mimics that of brassinosteroid biosynthetic and response mutants. bas1-D phyB-4 has reduced levels of brassinosteroids and accumulates 26-hydroxybrassinolide in feeding experiments. The basis for the mutant phenotype is the enhanced expression of a cytochrome P450 (CYP72B1). bas1-D suppresses a phyB-null allele, but not a phyA-null mutation, and partially suppresses a cryptochrome-null mutation. Seedlings with reduced BAS1 expression are hyperresponsive to brassinosteroids in a light-dependent manner and display reduced sensitivity to light under a variety of conditions. Thus, BAS1 represents one of the control points between multiple photoreceptor systems and brassinosteroid signal transduction. (+info)
Auxin regulates the initiation and radial position of plant lateral organs. (3/154)
Leaves originate from the shoot apical meristem, a small mound of undifferentiated tissue at the tip of the stem. Leaf formation begins with the selection of a group of founder cells in the so-called peripheral zone at the flank of the meristem, followed by the initiation of local growth and finally morphogenesis of the resulting bulge into a differentiated leaf. Whereas the mechanisms controlling the switch between meristem propagation and leaf initiation are being identified by genetic and molecular analyses, the radial positioning of leaves, known as phyllotaxis, remains poorly understood. Hormones, especially auxin and gibberellin, are known to influence phyllotaxis, but their specific role in the determination of organ position is not clear. We show that inhibition of polar auxin transport blocks leaf formation at the vegetative tomato meristem, resulting in pinlike naked stems with an intact meristem at the tip. Microapplication of the natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) to the apex of such pins restores leaf formation. Similarly, exogenous IAA induces flower formation on Arabidopsis pin-formed1-1 inflorescence apices, which are blocked in flower formation because of a mutation in a putative auxin transport protein. Our results show that auxin is required for and sufficient to induce organogenesis both in the vegetative tomato meristem and in the Arabidopsis inflorescence meristem. In this study, organogenesis always strictly coincided with the site of IAA application in the radial dimension, whereas in the apical-basal dimension, organ formation always occurred at a fixed distance from the summit of the meristem. We propose that auxin determines the radial position and the size of lateral organs but not the apical-basal position or the identity of the induced structures. (+info)
Perception of brassinosteroids by the extracellular domain of the receptor kinase BRI1. (4/154)
An assay was developed to study plant receptor kinase activation and signaling mechanisms. The extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) and transmembrane domains of the Arabidopsis receptor kinase BRI1, which is implicated in brassinosteroid signaling, were fused to the serine/threonine kinase domain of XA21, the rice disease resistance receptor. The chimeric receptor initiates plant defense responses in rice cells upon treatment with brassinosteroids. These results, which indicate that the extracellular domain of BRI1 perceives brassinosteroids, suggest a general signaling mechanism for the LRR receptor kinases of plants. This system should allow the discovery of ligands for the LRR kinases, the largest group of plant receptor kinases. (+info)
Involvement of brassinosteroids in the gravitropic response of primary root of maize. (5/154)
Exogenously applied brassinolide (BL, 10(-9)-10(-5) M) increased gravitropic curvature in maize (Zea mays) primary roots. The BL-enhanced gravitropic curvature was clearly promoted in the presence of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 10(-10)-10(-8) M), indicating that BL is interactive with IAA during the gravitropic response. The interactive effect between BL and IAA was completely diminished by treatment of p-chlorophenoxy isobutric acid, an auxin action antagonist. The activation of the gravitropic response by BL in the absence and in the presence of IAA was nullified by application of 2, 3,5-triiodobenzoic acid, a polar auxin transport inhibitor. The data indicate that brassinosteroids (BRs) might be involved in auxin-mediated processes for the gravitropic response. Gas chromotography-selected ion-monitoring analysis revealed that maize primary roots contained approximately 0.3 ng g(-1) fresh weight castasterone as an endogenous BR. Exogenously applied castasterone also increased the gravitropic response of maize roots in an IAA-dependent manner. This study provides the first evidence, to our knowledge, for occurrence and gravitropic activity of BRs in plant roots. (+info)
Biosynthetic pathways of brassinolide in Arabidopsis. (6/154)
Our previous studies on the endogenous brassinosteroids (BRs) in Arabidopsis have provided suggestive evidence for the operation of the early C6-oxidation and the late C6-oxidation pathways, leading to brassinolide (BL) in Arabidopsis. However, to date the in vivo operation of these pathways has not been fully confirmed in this species. This paper describes metabolic studies using deuterium-labeled BRs in wild-type and BR-insensitive mutant (bri1) seedlings to establish the intermediates of the biosynthetic pathway of BL in Arabidopsis. The first evidence for the conversion of campestanol to 6-deoxocathasterone and the conversion of 6-deoxocathasterone to 6-deoxoteasterone is provided. The later biosynthetic steps (6-deoxoteasterone --> 3-dehydro-6-deoxoteasterone --> 6-deoxotyphasterol --> 6-deoxocastasterone --> 6alpha-hydroxycastasterone --> castasterone --> BL) were demonstrated by stepwise metabolic experiments. Therefore, these studies complete the documentation of the late C6-oxidation pathway. The biosynthetic sequence involved in the early C6-oxidation pathway (teasterone --> 3-dehydroteasterone --> typhasterol --> castasterone --> BL) was also demonstrated. These results show that both the early and late C6-oxidation pathways are functional in Arabidopsis. In addition we report two new observations: the presence of a new branch in the pathway, C6 oxidation of 6-deoxotyphasterol to typhasterol, and increased metabolic flow in BR-insensitive mutants. (+info)
Loss of function of a rice brassinosteroid insensitive1 homolog prevents internode elongation and bending of the lamina joint. (7/154)
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are plant growth-promoting natural products required for plant growth and development. Physiological studies have demonstrated that exogenous BR, alone or in combination with auxin, enhance bending of the lamina joint of rice. However, little is known about the function of endogenous BR in rice or other grass species. We report here the phenotypical and molecular characterization of a rice dwarf mutant, d61, that is less sensitive to BR compared to the wild type. We cloned a rice gene, OsBRI1, with extensive sequence similarity to that of the Arabidopsis BRI gene, which encodes a putative BR receptor kinase. Linkage analysis showed that the OsBRI1 gene is closely linked to the d61 locus. Single nucleotide substitutions found at different sites of the d61 alleles would give rise to amino acid changes in the corresponding polypeptides. Furthermore, introduction of the entire OsBRI1 coding region, including the 5' and 3' flanking sequences, into d61 plants complemented the mutation to display the wild-type phenotype. Transgenic plants carrying the antisense strand of the OsBRI1 transcript showed similar or even more severe phenotypes than those of the d61 mutants. Our results show that OsBRI1 functions in various growth and developmental processes in rice, including (1) internode elongation, by inducing the formation of the intercalary meristem and the longitudinal elongation of internode cells; (2) bending of the lamina joint; and (3) skotomorphogenesis. (+info)
Brassinosteroid levels increase drastically prior to morphogenesis of tracheary elements. (8/154)
As the first step toward understanding the involvement of endogenous brassinosteroids (BRs) in cytodifferentiation, we analyzed biosynthetic activities of BRs in zinnia (Zinnia elegans L. cv Canary Bird) cells differentiating into tracheary elements. The results of feeding experiments suggested that both the early and late C6-oxidation pathways occur during tracheary element differentiation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that five BRs, castasterone, typhasterol, 6-deoxocastasterone, 6-deoxotyphasterol, and 6-deoxoteasterone, actually existed in cultured zinnia cells and culture medium. Quantification of endogenous BRs in each stage of tracheary element differentiation by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry exhibited that they increased dramatically prior to the morphogenesis, which was consistent with the idea that BRs are necessary for the initiation of the final stage of tracheary element differentiation. Moreover, the proportion of each BR in culture medium was quite different from that in cells, suggesting that specific BRs are selectively secreted into medium and may function outside the cells. (+info)
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Pharaoh's Curse (film)
Pharaoh's Curse is a 1957 American horror film directed by Lee Sholem and written by Richard H. Landau. The film stars Mark Dana, Ziva Rodann, Diane Brewster, George N. Neise, Alvaro Guillot and Ben Wright. The film was released in February 1957 by United Artists, as a double feature with Voodoo Island.
Plot
In 1902 Cairo Egypt, as a riot breaks out in the street, Captain Storm is assigned with a small contingent consisting of himself, Gromley, and Smolet to retrieve the members of an unsanctioned archeological expedition in the Valley of the Kings who are seeking the lost tomb of Rahateb. Storm's mission is compounded to escort the expedition leader's wife Sylvia Quentin as they take a planned route, the group encountering a strange woman named Simira whose brother Numar is helping the Rahateb expedition. Though Storm turns down Simira's offer to lead them on a more direct route, he relents after Sylvia is stung by a scorpion. By the time the group arrive to the site, Simira announces they are too late as Robert Quentin and his group have opened a sarcophagus with Numar suddenly collapsing to the floor.
Quentin is upset about learning he is return to Cairo and that Sylvia only came to end their relationship in person. Returning to the tomb with Storm following after him, they find the mummy is missing with cat footprints leading from the sarcophagus to a solid wall. Quentin storms off to confront Numar upon realizing something was off about the guide's joining the expedition, only to learn that Numar is rapidly aging with no pulse. Later that night, Numar enters the tomb complex as Gromley found one of the animals drained of its blood. Storm confines an unhelpful Simira to her tent as the group chase after Numar, the group splitting up and later finding Gromley after Numar drained him of his blood. During Gromley's autopsy, Andrews and Brecht had translated a stone tablet which details the sarcophagus belonging to Rahateb's high priest who executed ritualistic suicide to be bound by a three-thousand year curse to kill all intruders in the tomb after possessing another body.
Storm leads another venture into the tomb before finding a dying Brecht emerging from the Chamber of Bastet where he was attacked by Numar. Storm attempts to grab Numar when he falls back into Rahateb's chamber and unintentionally rips his arm off. As Farraday deduces that Numar's body had decomposed to the point of gradual disintegration, Simara warns Storm that the survivors must leave or also be killed by Numar. Later, a fearful Sylvia runs into the tomb complex after seeing a cat-like shadow prior to Simira's entering her tent. Sylvia is found by Smolet and is brought to Storm, convincing him and the others to find Simira. But Quentin forces Andrews at gunpoint to find a way to open the pathway to Rahateb's resting place, only to be let in by the decaying Numar and fall victim to a rigged cave-in. After Storm and Beauchamp confirm Quentin's death, Beauchamp finds Simira's amulet as the group proceed to leave the tomb complex. But they find the lid of the high priest's sarcophagus back in place, finding the mummy inside to be Numar. The group then realize Numar was the reincarnation of the high priest while deducing that Simira is the goddess Bastet in human form. Everyone agrees to cover up what had occurred and never divulge the tomb's existence.
Cast
* Mark Dana as Capt. Storm
* Ziva Rodann as Simira
* Diane Brewster as Sylvia Quentin
* George N. Neise as Robert Quentin
* Alvaro Guillot as Numar
* Ben Wright as Walter Andrews
* Guy Prescott as Dr. Michael Farraday
* Terence De Marney as Sgt. Smolett
* Richard Peel as Sgt. Gromley
* Kurt Katch as Hans Brecht
* Robert Fortin as Claude Beauchamp
* Ralph Clanton as Col. Cross
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Trump’s shocking comments on dollar are confusing the market: Summers
President-elect Donald Trump's stunning remark Tuesday that the U.S. dollar is too strong was "unusual" and "leaves the market confused," former Clinton Treasury Secretary Larry Summers told CNBC on Wednesday. Summers said Trump is pursuing policies — such as a proposed border tax for companies and other fiscal policy changes — that would boost the currency. "The rise of the dollar is a predictable consequence," Summers told at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland. The argument for weakening the dollar is that a strong greenback runs against plans to rescue American's manufacturing base; a strong dollar makes U.S. exports more expensive for folks overseas to buy. A better way to prevent the "artificial overvaluation" of the dollar that threatens U.S. manufacturing is to "back off the border tax and protectionism and the demonization of Mexico," Summers said in an interview on "Squawk Box. " Summers that presidential administrations taking a shot at the dollar is uncommon and has been "regretted in the past." One well-known example: In 1993, then-Treasury Secretary Lloyd Bentsen jolted the market when he called for a strong yen, sending the dollar crashing. But some experts said Trump's remarks on the dollar were extreme for an incoming president. "This is the first time we have a president-elect say the dollar has gone too far. He's saying things and doing things that no president has ever done before, Marc Chandler, chief foreign exchange strategist, Brown Brothers Harriman, told CNBC on Tuesday. The ICE US Dollar index on Tuesday closed at its lowest level since Dec. 7. Trump's comments were first reported in The Wall Street Journal.
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Perrhybris pamela
Perrhybris pamela, the Pamela, is a butterfly of the family Pieridae. It is found from Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica and Panama, south to Colombia, Venezuela, Suriname, French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. This species breeds in lowland rainforest at altitudes between sea level and about 900 metres. The wingspan is 66 - 70 mm. It is strongly sexually dichromatic, with the female resembling some species of Heliconiini.
Larvae have been recorded on Capparis isthmensis and Capparis pittieri.
Subspecies
* P. p. pamela (Suriname)
* P. p. eleidias (Brazil (Espírito Santo, São Paulo))
* P. p. malenka (Venezuela)
* P. p. alethina (Costa Rica, Panama)
* P. p. flava
* P. p. bogotana (Colombia)
* P. p. amazonica (Peru)
* P. p. glessaria (Ecuador)
* P. p. carmenta (Peru, Bolivia)
* P. p. incisa (Brazil (Bahia))
* P. p. lucasi (French Guiana)
* P. p. fruhstorferi (Panama)
* P. p. boyi (Brazil (Amazonas))
* P. p. chajulensis (Mexico, Honduras)
* P. p. mapa (Mexico)
* P. p. bertha (Peru)
* P. p. mazuka (Peru)
There is also an undescribed subspecies from Costa Rica.
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Health care tops list of Americans' top issues in new poll | TheHill
Health care is the top issue for Americans, according to a new poll from RealClear Opinion Research. The importance of the issue crossed gender, age and party lines, results show. Forty-five percent of Democrats, 30 percent of Republicans and 31 percent of independents chose health care as their top issue from six options, including the economy, education, environment, foreign policy and immigration. Sixty-two percent of respondents ranked health care as either their top or number two issue. Fifty-eight percent of millennials or Generation Z respondents ranked access to health care and the price of care as their top two issues, as did 60 percent of Generation X-ers and 67 percent of baby boomers or the silent generation. A majority of respondents, 67 percent, agreed either with the statement “the system is broken; we need a completely new system” or “the system is not working well; we need to improve the system we have now.” The poll surveyed 2,000 Americans from April 30 to May 5. It has a 2.39-point margin of error. RealClear polling director John Della Volpe said the results suggest Democrats will make health care a central theme ahead of the 2020 presidential election. “We know that health care was a primary driver of success for House Democrats in 2018, but what this poll shows is the importance this issue still holds in the 2020 cycle,” Della Volpe said. “It transcends party, ideology and generation.” The Trump administration is currently arguing in federal court to strike down the Affordable Care Act (ACA), commonly known as ObamaCare. The White House in March claimed a plan to replace the ACA was forthcoming; then, President TrumpDonald John TrumpFacebook releases audit on conservative bias claims Harry Reid: 'Decriminalizing border crossings is not something that should be at the top of the list' Recessions happen when presidents overlook key problems MORE announced that legislation to replace it would instead be introduced after the 2020 election. View the discussion thread. The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc.
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Page:The leopard's spots - a romance of the white man's burden-1865-1900 (IA leopardsspotsrom00dixo).pdf/359
his nerves, broadened his sympathies, and it will make him a man."
A look of longing came over her face. "I don't want him to be too strong without me," she faltered.
"Never fear. He's so despondent at times I have to try to laugh him out of countenance."
She smiled and pressed his hand for answer as he rose to go.
"How do you like these Yankees, Miss Sallie?"
"I've been surprised and charmed beyond measure with everything I've seen!"
"You don't say so! How?"
"Well, I thought they were cold-blooded and inhospitable. I never made a more foolish mistake. I have never been more at home, or been treated more graciously in the South. To tell you the truth, they seem like our most cultured people at home, warm-hearted, cordial, sensible and neighbourly. Mama is so pleased she's trying to claim kin with the Puritans, through her Scotch Covenanter ancestry."
"After all, I believe you are right. I never preached in my life to so sensitive an audience. There's an atmosphere of solid comfort, good sense, and intelligence that holds me in a spell here. This is the place in which I've dreamed I'd like to live and work."
"Then you will accept, Doctor?"
"Now listen to you, child! Don't you think I've a heart too? My brain and body longs for such a home, but my heart's down South with mine own people who love and need me."
The committee did their best to bring the Preacher to a favourable decision at once, but he smiled a firm refusal. They refused to report it to the church, and sent Deacon Crane, now a venerable man of seventy-six, the warmest admirer of the Preacher among them all to
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Double Dare (video game)
Double Dare is a video game published by GameTek and based on the Nickelodeon game show Double Dare. The game was originally released by for IBM PC compatibles and the Commodore 64 in 1988. It was ported to the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) by Rare and re-released for the system in 1990.
Gameplay
Double Dare can be played by one or two players; single players compete against the computer. Before the game starts, players enter their team names and select from four male and four female avatar. Whichever avatar the player picks, the teammate will be of the opposite gender. The game can also be set for one of three levels of difficulty with higher levels offering less time to answer questions and a more difficult computer opponent.
The game plays exactly like its television counterpart, with two rounds of 10-question trivia rounds and a third round featuring an obstacle course. The rules and scoring from the game show all apply. Toss-up challenges determine which team gets initial control of the trivia round. To complete a toss-up, each player determines the precise speed and angle of whatever object they are throwing to hit a target. Physical challenges are played the same way. Each player uses the up or down arrows on the controller to choose answers for trivia questions. The player with the most money at the end of round two proceeds to the obstacle course.
In order to move through an obstacle, the player needs to repeatedly alternate between pressing either the left and right or up and down arrows on the controller's D-pad. In order to grab the flag, the player needs to position the on-screen contestant in just the right spot and then press the A button to jump and retrieve. The obstacles are all based on real obstacles from the show (with one exception, a triangular jungle gym) and are randomized before a game.
Virtual prizes for beating the obstacle course include a BMX bicycle, television set, an NES console, and several other gifts, ending with an exotic vacation received for completing the last obstacle.
Reception
David & Robin Minnick reviewed Double Dare and Hollywood Squares for Compute!'s Gazette and said "Any fan of the TV games will enjoy these 64 versions. And even if you're not a fan, we think you'll get a kick out of these games anyway."
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James Duard Marshall
James Duard Marshall (September 29, 1914 – January 26, 2010) was a painter, lithographer, museum director, and art conservator who lived most of his life in Kansas City. Duard [pronounced "doo-erd"] was a student of Thomas Hart Benton and is best known for his 30-foot mural created for the centennial of Neosho, Missouri in 1939. The civic leaders of Neosho had approached Benton to produce the mural, as Benton had been born in Neosho, but he suggested that his student Marshall do the job. That mural hangs in the Neosho Newton County Library.
Family and academic life
Marshall was born to James Claude Marshall and Bertha Dee Shipley in Springfield, Missouri. Marshall's father died in 1918 when Marshall was just four years old. After the death of his father, Marshall and his family moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas, his mother's hometown. His mother died in 1933 when Duard was 19. Marshall graduated from high school in Fayetteville, Arkansas, in 1933. In 1934 and 1935, he worked for the Federal Emergency Relief Administration teaching art classes in Fayetteville. In 1935, Marshall began to study art at the University of Arkansas with Elizabeth Galbraith, but in September 1935, he entered the Kansas City Art Institute to study with Thomas Hart Benton. In 1937, Marshall married fellow KCAI student, Helen Mitchell of Neosho, Missouri. He remained at KCAI for five years, graduating with a four-year certificate in May 1940. In the summer of 1940, Marshall studied with Boardman Robinson at the Colorado Springs Fine Arts Center, later part of Colorado College. Marshall returned to Colorado College, after a few years in government service during World War II, and finished his bachelor's degree at Colorado College in 1945. Marshall's only child was born in Neosho, Missouri in 1945. In 1951, Marshall and his wife Helen divorced and he was remarried to Bonnie L. Davis. Marshall and Davis remained married until her death in 2006. After completing his undergraduate work at Colorado College, Marshall enrolled at the University of Denver and completed his master's degree in 1951, with a thesis titled "Several Methods for Facilitating Drawing, Painting and Sculptural Art Expression."
Art career
Marshall was very active exhibiting his work in the 1930s and 1940s. For example, he was represented in at least 10 shows in 1940. World War II did interrupt his art career, but following the war he became active in the Denver, Colorado, art scene, participating in the groundbreaking "15 Colorado Arts" show at the Denver Art Museum in 1948. Marshall remained in Denver until 1952 after which he become the director of the Fort Worth (Texas) Children's Museum. He also was an art instructor at Texas Wesleyan College (now Texas Wesleyan University). In 1954, Marshall took a two-year assignment to work for the United States Special Services Division in Germany, teaching art to soldiers of the US Army. After his initial enlistment, Marshall remained in Germany until 1960. In 1956, Marshall exhibited his block print Tourist in Munich at the Knickerbocker Show at the National Arts Club in New York City and the Beaumont Art Museum, now called the Art Museum of Southeast Texas in Beaumont, Texas. In 1960, Marshall returned to Kansas City to help Thomas Hart Benton prepare his mural "Independence and the Opening of the West" in the Truman Library. Marshall also assisted Benton prepare his murals for the New York Power Authority. Back in Kansas City, Marshal made his living doing art restoration, continuing to create art, but not exhibiting very often. In his last years, he went to live with his daughter in Lumberton, New Jersey, where he died in 2010.
Marshall has been included in two important retrospective group shows. The 1993 "Under the Influence: the Students of Thomas Hart Benton" exhibition at the Albrecht-Kemper Museum of Art in St. Joseph, Missouri assembled more than 50 artists who studied with Benton, including Marshall. This show also resulted in an important book-length catalog by museum curator Marianne Bernardi and academic art historian Henry Adams which dedicates three full pages to Marshall. The 2011 "15 Colorado Artists" show at Kirkland Museum of Fine & Decorative Art in Denver, Colorado attempted to reconstitute the groundbreaking 1948 show of the 15 Colorado Artists group. Hugh Grant and Deb Wadsworth, both long involved in the work of the Kirkland Museum and the Colorado arts scene, produced an eight-page color-illustrated article in American Art Review covering the 2011 show.
In 2021, the Neosho Arts Council sponsored a lecture on Duard Marshall and an exhibition of his work at the Neosho Newton County Library, which houses Marshall's 1939 Neosho centennial mural. Guest speaker Daniel Paul Morrison discussed Marshall's biography and art career. A total of seven works were exhibited (in addition to the centennial mural): one oil on canvas, "Missouri Landscape" (1938); two watercolors, "Colorado Landscape" (1940) and "Kansas Wheat Harvest" (1970); one lithograph, "Going Home (1946); two block prints, "Tourist in Munich" (1956) and "At Bat" (1971); and My Road, Marshall's 1941 handmade book with eight lithographs. This was the largest single public exhibition of Marshall's work since the 1940s. "Colorado Landscape" and My Road are part of the collection of the Longwell Museum at Crowder College. All other works are in private collections.
Neosho Centennial Mural
Marshall's most well-known and often-seen work is his Neosho Centennial Mural in the Neosho Newton County Library, in Neosho, Missouri. Consisting of three canvas panels, each seven feet by ten feet, the mural shows the history of the county seat of Newton County from its first settlement in 1839. Initially, civic leaders approached Thomas Hart Benton, who was then on the faculty at the Kansas City Art Institute to prepare the mural which was intended for the new Newtown County courthouse. But Benton's many obligations caused him to decline the offer and suggest in his stead his student, Duard Marshall. And the mural, after being exhibited out-of-doors during the annual Harvest Festival, found its home in the local library, which at that time was housed in the Municipal Hall. Marshall painted the mural in the Haas Building on the Neosho courthouse square in about two months. Marshall was paid $500 for the commission and the mural was first exhibited on September 27, 1939, during the town's centennial celebration.
Foreground figures, from left to right: Two Osage Indians; B. J. Pearman, long-time Neosho city marshal posing as a Union soldier; unknown individual posing as Confederate soldier; Helen Mitchell Marshall, wife of Duard Marshall; perhaps George Washington Carver, who lived in Neosho during his schooldays, but did not smoke a pipe; Paul Hays honing a scythe; Congressman Maecenas Eason Benton, Thomas Hart Benton's father; Congressman M. C. M. Shartel, who represented Newton County at the time the mural was created; William H. Buehler posing as a WWI doughboy; Kenneth Smith, 13, of Neosho; and Mary Louise Stephens.
The mural was not in pristine condition. It was housed in the Municipal Auditorium for 68 years until it was removed in 2007 and reinstalled in the Neosho Newton County Library in 2008. While in the Municipal Auditorium, it was exposed to soot and cooking grease. A portion was cut out to make way for a vent. In 2021, the Neosho Arts Council engaged an art conservator to examine the mural and make a report regarding its treatment. The Council soliciting donations for the mural's restoration. In total, $15,000 was raised and the mural was clean and restored by a conservator in Kansas City. On November 29, 2022, the mural was official welcomed back at the Neosho Newton County Library with a public reception.
Exhibitions
* 1935: Fayetteville Daily Democrat Building. One man show in lobby.
* 1937: Kansas State Teachers College, Emporia. Group show of students of James H. FitzGerald of KCAI.
* 1937: Country Club Annual Art Fair. Marshall wins third prize in the watercolor division.
* 1937: Washington County (Arkansas) Fair.
* 1938: Mid-Western Art Gallery, Kansas City, Kansas.
* 1940: San Francisco Water Color Annual.
* 1940: Arkansas Water Color Society, Shreveport, Louisiana, State Capitol. Purchase prize for “Lost Grandeur."
* 1940: Midwestern Artists’ Exhibition. Kansas City Art Institute. Lithograph titled “The Once Had Leaves.”
* 1941: One-man show. University of Arkansas, Fayetteville.
* 1942: Midwestern Artists’ Exhibition. Kansas City Art Institute. “Colorado Landscape” lithograph.
* 1946: Seventh annual exhibition of the American Color Print Society, Print Club, Philadelphia. Marshall receives honorable mention for “Winter”.
* 1952: Terry National Art Exhibit. Dinner Key Auditorium, Miami, Florida.
* 1960: Sun Carnival Art Exhibit (El Paso, Texas). Entered “Winter” a lithograph from 1946.
* 1993: Under the Influence: the Students of Thomas Hart Benton. Albrecht-Kemper Art Museum, St. Joseph, Missouri.
* 2011: 15 Colorado Artists. Vance Kirkland Museum, Denver, Colorado.
* 2012: Colorado on Paper: Watercolors, Prints, and Drawings from the Moffett Collection. Albrecht-Kemper Art Museum, St. Joseph, Missouri. Included three works by Marshall: "Leadville, Colorado," "Christmas in Colorado," and "Litho Shop."
* 2021: Neosho Arts Council organized a lecture by Daniel Paul Morrison on Marshall and an exhibition of seven works by Marshall, at the Neosho Newton County Library, in Neosho, Missouri.
* 2022: Centennial Mural is reinstalled in the Neosho City County Library after a $15,000 restoration project.
Public collections
Works of art by Duard Marshall are held in a number of public collections.
* The Neosho Newton County Library: Neosho, Missouri. 1 mural (commission 1939).
* The Longwell Museum of Crowder College: Neosho, Missouri. 1 watercolor, 1 handmade book with 8 lithographs (accessions 1981, 1988).
* The Wolfsonian-FIU: Miami, Florida. 6 prints (accessions in 1984, 1986, 1993).
* The Albrecht-Kemper Museum of Art: St. Joseph, Missouri. 1 lithograph (accession 1993).
* The National Gallery of Art: Washington, DC. 2 lithograph (accession 2008).
* The Kirkland Museum of Fine & Decorative Art: Denver, Colorado. 1 oil, 2 watercolors, 1 gouache, 1 ink on paper, 1 lithograph (accessions in 2009, 2011, 2012, 2021).
* The Denver Public Library: Denver, Colorado. 1 pen and ink on paper (accession 2018).
* The Ashby-Hodge Gallery of Central Methodist University: Fayette, Missouri. 1 watercolor and 1 woodcut (accession 1992), 1 tempera (accession 2018).
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Propofol or propofol/ketamine for continuous intravenous anaesthesia in dogs
Nenhuma Miniatura disponível
Data
2013-01-01
Autores
Vieira, Fernando A.F. [UNESP]
Loureiro Luna, Stelio Pacca [UNESP]
Cassu, Renata Navarro
Título da Revista
ISSN da Revista
Título de Volume
Editor
Resumo
This study aimed to investigate the cardiopulmonary and analgesic effects of the continuous intravenous anaesthesia in dogs premedicated with methotrimeprazine, distributed in four groups. The anaesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol IV in groups G1 (n=6) and G1-OSH (n=8), and propofol/ketamine in groups G2 (n=6) and G2-OSH (n=8). In G1 and G2, the dogs were maintained anaesthetised during 60 minutes, while in G1-OSH and G2-OSH the dogs undergoing elective ovariohystectomy. IPPV was used immediately after induction of anaesthesia in all dogs. Electrocardiography, heart and respiratory rates, tidal and minute volume, blood pressure, rectal temperature, oximetry, capnography, arterial blood gases, plasma propofol concentration, analgesia degree, time and quality of anaesthetic recovery were evaluated. Hypothension were observed during anaesthesia. Quality of recovery was similar in all groups, but the recovery time was later in G1-OSH and G2-OSH, with dose-dependent effect. The results suggested that ketamine reduced the propofol infusion rate, however it did not modify cardiovascular depression. The infusion rates of propofol necessary to produce surgical anaesthesia were very high, leading to prolonged recovery times.
Descrição
Palavras-chave
Dog, Ketamine, Ovariohysterectomy, Propofol
Como citar
Revista Brasileira de Medicina Veterinaria, v. 35, n. 2, p. 197-204, 2013.
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The Whisper Market
The Whisper Market is a 1920 American silent drama film directed by George L. Sargent and starring Corinne Griffith, George MacQuarrie and Eulalie Jensen.
Cast
* Corinne Griffith as Erminie North
* George Howard as Basil North
* George MacQuarrie as Burke
* James O'Neill as Hobson
* Eulalie Jensen as Juliet Saltmarsh
* Howard Truesdale as George Saltmarsh
* Jacob Kingsbury as Doucer
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Poland not planning changes in sectoral taxes, VAT for now: deputy PM
WARSAW (Reuters) - Poland is currently not planning to introduce changes in sectoral taxes on banks and the mining sector as well as in the value added tax (VAT), Deputy Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki said on Wednesday. “For now, we are not planning changes in sectoral taxes. We are also not planning changes in VAT,” Morawiecki, who is also economy minister, told a news conference. Management of the state-run copper miner KGHM called earlier in September for changes in the mining tax to be introduced in 2018 to allow the firm to invest more. Reporting by Pawel Sobczak; Writing by Marcin Goettig
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Being royal or common, the things we do in the privacy of our bathrooms are for our eyes only, but this wasn’t always the case. The Groom of the Stool was a person responsible for helping the king in his most intimate moments of excretion and ablution. It may seem like a dirty job, but however, Grooms of The Stoll were highly respected people.
Although it may have existed earlier, this unique courtier role was invented during the Tudor era. The position became noted during the reign of Henry VII whose Groom of the Stool was Hugh Denys of Osterley, who had transformed the Groom of The stool’s role in more than just taking care of the king’s bowel movements. In a way, he developed the Privy Chamber, a department in control of the royal finances which under Denys’s management also gained control over national fiscal policy.
The basic job of the Groom of the Stool was to take care of the bodily functions of the King, and for this purpose, he was entrusted with the “stool” and given a special room with curtains. The groom was also equipped with washing utensils such as bowls and towels. The Groom of the Stool was also responsible for assisting the king in undressing and re-dressing his elaborate clothing during his number twos. He also kept an eye on the king’s diet and meals, planning his daily tasks according to what the king did or eat. All of this was done according to royal protocol, with the highest level of decency.
The word “Stool” in Groom of the Stool refers to a portable commode which was carried by this particular “servant,” along with water towels and a bowl. “Stul” is the Norse and Early English word for chair.
The physical intimacy that the Groom of the Stool had with the king, demanded trustworthiness. That is why monarchs had always chosen a man they had complete confidence in.
The king often revealed royal secrets and relevant information in front of him. This knowledge made the Groom of The Stool influential, respected, and feared in the royal court, but if he chose to disclose any information he would lose his honor.
In the time of Henry the VIII, this position was given to court companions from the privy chamber, usually the sons of nobles, or notable people from the elite. As time went by, they slowly transformed in virtual personal secretaries to the King.
They took care of many administrative tasks in the king’s chambers. Because of the close and direct contact with the king, the Groom of the Stool job was highly desired.
Grooms of the Stools kept tending to the needs of the king until 1558 when Queen Elizabeth the I came to the throne, and Kat Ashley was appointed as First Lady of the Bedchamber. The Groom of the Stool was no longer needed and was replaced with this new position. After the death of Elizabeth, when James I took the throne, the role of Groom of the Stool was returned.
Later, in the Stuart Era, the name of the position changed into “the senior Lord of the Bedchamber.” Again, this person was a member of the nobility.
The Groom of the Stool position was finally abandoned when Queen Victoria ascended the throne and was reintroduced only for a short time during the rule of her successor, Edward VII.
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Viruses
With the exception of newly discovered prions, viruses are the smallest agents of infectious disease. Most viruses are exceedingly small (about 20 - 200 nanometers in diameter) and essentially round in shape. They consist of little more than a small piece of genetic material surrounded by a thin protein coating. Some viruses are also surrounded by a thin, fatty envelope.
Viruses are different from all other infectious microorganisms because they are the only group of microorganisms that cannot replicate outside of a host cell. Because viruses do not eat food - instead they seize materials and energy from host cells by hijacking cellular machinery - some scientists argue that they are more like complex molecules than living creatures. Viruses are known to infect nearly every type of organism on Earth. Some viruses, called bacteriophages, even infect bacteria.
At Microchem Laboratory, we have made use of the physical similarity between animal viruses and certain bacteriophages to do faster, more cost-effective virucidal testing. Simply put, certain bacteriophages are great surrogates for mammalian viruses when it comes to disinfectant testing.
Bacteria
Bacteria are ten to 100 times larger than viruses. They are typically 1 to 3 microns in length and take the shape of a sphere or rod. Most bacteria consist of a ring of DNA surrounded by cellular machinery, all contained within a fatty membrane.
They acquire energy from the same essential sources as humans, including sugars, proteins, and fats. Some bacteria live and multiply in the environment while others are adapted to life within human or animal hosts. Some bacteria can double in number every fifteen minutes, while others take weeks or months to multiply.
Bacteria cause many types of diseases, ranging from mild skin irritation to lethal pneumonia.
Parasites
Parasites are part of a large group of organisms called eukaryotes. Parasites are different from bacteria or viruses because their cells share many features with human cells including a defined nucleus.
Parasites are usually larger than bacteria, although some environmentally resistant forms are nearly as small. Some parasites only replicate within a host organism, but some can multiply freely in the environment. Parasites can be made of one cell, as in the case of Giardia, or many cells, as with parasitic worms.
In developing countries unicellular parasites, such as Plasomdium, the cause of malaria, are a major sources of disease. Waterborne parasites, such as Giardia and Cryptosporidium are the most common causes of parasitic disease in the United States.
Fungi
Fungi are diverse in terms of their shape, size and means of infecting humans. Fungi are eukaryotes, meaning that like parasites, their cells have a true nucleus and complex internal structures.
They are most commonly found as environmentally resistant spores and molds, but can cause disease in humans in the form of yeasts. Fungi most often cause skin infections and pneumonia. Fungal diseases are particularly dangerous to immunocompromised people, such as those suffering from AIDS.
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Windows command prompt Tips & Tricks
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Windows command prompt Tips & Tricks
With the launching of the operating systems, like windows 2000, and windows XP, the use of command prompt has declined considerably. Today, almost everything depends on windows interface, where the user, just need to have a couple of clicks through a pointing device (i.e. mouse), to perform a task. Still, some tasks are there, which can only be handled through command prompt. If it’s about removing a virus, then windows explorer feels helpless .To start the command prompt, go to Start > Run, type cmd, and press the ok button, or hit enter key.
Command Prompt History
Doskey is something, which keeps record of all commands entered in DOS. The commands can be recalled as needed. To view the previously entered commands, hit F7 key, and use the up, and down arrow keys to navigate. To reuse the last command entered, press F3 key .If you want to enter the number of command, simply use the F9 key.
Command prompt after running an application
Some programs use command line execution, when they perform their task instead of GUI, and when they are completed, they automatically close the command window with them. To see, what happens during the processing of the application, use the application name after cmd /k, for example cmd/k chkdsk d: this will check the disk, and will leave the command window opened.
Copy and Paste
Most of us have tried, to copy and paste in the command window, but the shortcuts, [ctrl] + [c], and the [ctrl] + [v], don’t work. To use the copy paste feature in the command prompt window, right-click the title bar, and click on mark. Now we need to drag the box, around the text we want to copy, right-click again, and the text will be copied to clipboard. To paste the text, right-click in the window, and select the paste option from the list.
AutoComplete
Same as the Linux console, windows command prompt also features auto complete. This allows you, to complete the file name without typing it completely. Type the first few characters of the file name, or the folder name, and press the tab key. If there are multiple results, use the tab key to cycle among the choices.
Full Screen Mode
By default, command prompt opens in a window form in Windows operating system. If you wish a full screen mode, you can have it by pressing [alt] + [Enter]. Use it again to switch to the window mode.
Customizing the Command Prompt
The default grey-on-black theme, may seem boring. There are some customizations, which can be done to make it friendlier. By default, the prompt is set to c:, which can also be changed according to the user’s need. The text on the title bar, can also be changed, by using the title command followed by the text we want to see. For example, title %username% %date%. This will display the current username logged in, followed by the current date. It may seem unnecessary, but still you change it if you want. You can also change the color, just right-click on the title bar, and select the properties. Select the font tab, and customize it according to your choice.
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Francisco Goya. Although this name may not be familiar to the average person, numerous of his paintings are likely to be recognized by any individual who has even a passing awareness of art history. Goya is acclaimed as one of the most influential and important artists due to his influence on a variety of painters throughout the 19th and 20th centuries including Picasso, Manet, Degas, etc. While Goya’s art alone is experienced as visually pleasurable or “good” to most people who see it, an interesting aspect of influence on Goya’s work is introduced when discussing the socio-political climate in which Goya came to develop his art. Coming of age during a period of massive philosophical growth and development, Goya would go on to provide a sharp, caricaturistic exemplification of the contradictions which plagued Spanish society from the late 18th to the early 19th century. Along with this clear rapport between Goya’s political beliefs and art, a significant development in his faith in and hope for authentic political change is equally as clear. The stylistic and tonal shifts within Goya’s work reveals the development of a seemingly hopeful, pro-Enlightenment liberal Spaniard into a politically faithless, decrepit husk of his former self. The result could be perceived as politically resentful or hopeless; this development can ostensibly be attributed to the continual failure of Enlightenment ideals to gain socially and politically significant traction during Goya’s lifetime
Goya’s political beliefs can be revealed through various circumstances. For example, according to various sources, Goya was adamantly against various dogmatic practices of the church. Particularly, Goya took issue with the behavior of the Spanish Inquisition and the church's complicity . Along with this, Goya seemed to hold a militancy which favored working people. He was noted to have opposed exploitation of farm workers and tradesmen, likely in adherence to newly circulated Enlightenment values like individual rights. In continual support of said ideas, or rather the incremental addition of them into Spanish society, Goya and many other politically hopeful people supported the rule of King Charles III. In 1789, Goya became a painter for Charles III. Charles, despite growing his absolute rule by centralizing more power into the crown, was very popular amongst the populace. This popularity could be attributed to the comparative prosperity and continual implementation of Enlightenment ideals into policy passed under his kingship. Although he tightened control over local governments, Charles III would lead Spain into a massive economic and cultural revival by dropping commercial restrictions on trade and opening up ports and commerce to all subjects within the Spanish kingdom, a decision which helped to notably grow the Spanish economy. During this period of time, many proponents of Enlightenment thoughts, such as Goya, felt extremely emboldened. The ideals which they had been hoping for seemed to be finally coming into fruition. Charles III’s rule, for many of these individuals, looked like the first step in the direction to the materialization of Enlightenment concepts in Spanish reality. However, this sentiment would quickly be squashed with the death of Charles III as well as the performance of his successor.
As referenced prior, the death of Charles III would lead Spain down a comparatively regressive path. Charles IV, Charles III’s successor, ostensibly pushed Goya’s down this continual path of disillusionment as exemplified through his art during this period, art which conveyed a strong and rationalizing view of Spanish society. Under the rule of Charles IV, Goya became one of the most recognized painters within Spain, being granted the position of first court painter in 1799. Goya’s work of the time, despite his position, offered a stark, rational, and piercingly critical portrayal of the royalty which had presided over continual social and political regression. A clear example can be seen through Goya’s piece titled Charles IV of Spain and His Family, painted in 1800. This painting is often referenced when discussing the political frustration Goya felt during Charles IV’s rule in Spain. In addition to the political regression overseen by the figure, Charles’ family was accused of incestuous and adulterous action during Charles’ reign. The context given to this painting, including Goya’s clear anger towards the regression away from policy informed by Enlightenment thought, has led many to believe that the painting was a satirical depiction of the family. The awkward arrangement of individual canvas along with Goya’s glaring depiction of himself in the corner of the painting could possibly indicate the satirical nature of it. Goya’s awkward depiction in Charles IV and His Family seems purposeful when other work of his from this period is viewed. This awkwardness brings up a questioning of what the motive of the stylistic decision was, as it was not a clear thematic or stylistic continuity within his art during the time. However, it should be noted that there is a significant uncertainty surrounding this interpretation of the piece. As art critic Robert Hughes pointed out, “[y]ou didn’t manage to keep your job as an official court portraitist if you were satirising the people you were painting.”
Another prominent example of Goya’s growing political disillusionment can be seen through his works titled The Madhouse and Los Caprichos. The Madhouse denotes a specific change in the kind of artwork Goya was producing, a notion of the beginning of his discontent with the continual lack of political development and stagnancy within Spain.The Madhouse specifically identifies a distaste for the treatment of individuals within mental asylums. This was inspired by Goya’s visit to the Zaragoza mental asylum. This main shift in Goya’s style is somewhat of a form of exaggerated realism, almost caricature. Los Caprichos helps to further emphasize the upset Goya felt in reference to the socio-political state of Spain during this point of his life. Within the collection of eighty etchings, Goya attacked various religious and political abuses he identified through his piercingly critical view of the world. Goya created a dramatic and fantastical depiction of what he called the “extravagances and folies common to all society.” Funnily enough, many of the etchings were such clear references to well known figures within his society that they had to be withdrawn from sale shortly after their release.
In 1808, Charles IV was forced to abdicate the throne as Napoleon's army entered Spain. Napoleon’s brother became the new king. Goya’s reaction to the political destruction of the period can be seen through the series of etchings known as The Disasters of War. These etching made it clear that the tonal shift in Goya’s work exemplified through Los Caprichos and The Madhouse were not some tangential or momentary shift in his work. The fervently discontented and almost satirical nature Goya had developed prior is nowhere to be found in these desolate works. The set of etching Goya composed during this period of bloodshed and unrest illustrate an extremely bleak, realistic, and brutal portrayal of the French invasion of Spain. Goya’s dismay continued into the rule of Ferdinand VII, the son of Charles the IV who was placed into power in 1814. This dismay was made clear by Goya’s unscrupulous depiction of Ferdinand as the cruel and despicable tyrant which he was. During his reign, Ferdinand drove many of Goya’s friends out of the country and into exile. Goya’s recognition of the absurd reality of a society which once seemed like it was moving towards the Enlightenment goals popularized earlier in his life drove him to willingly enter exile in 1824.
Goya’s austere and critical eye continued as his exile from Spain began. It was during this time period that Goya created art which would go on to be extremely acclaimed despite the fact that he may have never intended the public to see. Goya, during this latter period of his life, would paint murals throughout the house which he was confined to as his health continued to falter. Said paintings would eventually become known colloquially as the “black paintings.” Although the desolate and bleak nature of these paintings was likely influenced by Goya’s continually decreasing quality of health, it is fair to assume that his life-long political disillusionment played a role in the creation of these various paintings. In Goya’s Saturn Devouring His Son, he gruesomely depicts the titan named Kronos eating one of his children. The scene depicted is immensely gruesome. The original story tells of how this titan would eat his children out of fear of them overthrowing him. However, Goya’s depiction is considerably more gruesome and visually obscured than any prior depiction. While the meaning of said painting is up to interpretation, it exemplifies this deeply enigmatic yet dreary nature of Goya’s art as he neared death. Similarly, paintings scavenged after his death like A Pilgrimage to San Isidro and Witches’ Sabbath continue this theme, helping to cement the clear disillusioned, dreary, and hopelessness of Goya perceived through the art he created towards the end of his life.
Throughout his life, Francisco Goya was a strong proponent of pro-Enlightenment, philosophically liberal ideals, and he’d spend his life hoping for the ushering in of said ideas into Spanish society. Despite this, he was met with staunch political inauthenticity and very little palpable change. The tonal and stylistic shifts of Goya’s artwork throughout his life help to create a timeline of a continually dwindling hope and political disillusionment
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Naczelnik
Naczelnik is a Polish word meaning 'leader' or 'chief' (from na czele 'at the forefront'). It may refer to:
* the title used by Tadeusz Kościuszko as the leader of the Kościuszko Uprising, 1794
* Naczelnik Państwa (Chief of State), the title used by Józef Piłsudski as a provisional head of state, 1918–1922
* Naczelnik ZHP, the title used by Chief Scouts of the Polish Scouting and Guiding Association
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Aline Gomes
Aline Gomes Amaro (born 7 July 2005), known as Aline Gomes or just Aline, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays as a forward for Ferroviária.
Club career
Born in Tabatinga, São Paulo, Aline Gomes joined Ferroviária's youth setup in 2020, aged 15. She made her first team debut on 24 June 2021, coming on as a second-half substitute for Aline Milene in a 2–1 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A1 home win over Flamengo.
Aline Gomes scored her first senior goal on 15 August 2021, netting the winner in a 3–2 home success over Santos; at the age of 16 years, one month and eight days, she became the youngest player to score for AFE in the competition. She subsequently started to feature more regularly in the 2022 season, being named the Breakthrough Player of the year's Brasileirão.
International career
After representing Brazil at under-17 and under-20 levels, Aline Gomes received her first call up to the full side by manager Pia Sundhage on 20 March 2023, for the 2023 Women's Finalissima against England.
Aline Gomes was crowned champion of the CONMEBOL Women's Under-19 Evolution League 2023 on Sunday, September 24, by defeating the Paraguayan national team 2-0, and she scored the second goal that sealed the match's result.
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Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Bach, Karl Philipp Emmanuel
BACH, Karl Philipp Emmanuel, second son of the above, was born at Weimar on the 14th March 1714, and died at Hamburg on the 14th September 1788. He was perhaps the most highly gifted musician of the eleven brothers, and his influence on the development of certain musical forms gives him a prominent place in the history of the art. He studied at the Thomasschule and after wards at the university of Leipsic, devoting himself, like several of his brothers, to jurisprudence. In 1738 he took up his residence in Berlin, where he was soon after wards appointed chamber musician to Frederick the Great. In 1767 he was allowed, after considerable negotiation, to relinquish his situation at court in order to accept the post of kapellmeister at Hamburg, where he passed the last twenty-one years of his life. He was a very prolific composer, his most ambitious work being the oratorio of The Israelites in the Wilderness. The majority of his compositions, however, were naturally written for his in strument, the clavier. His Versuch iiber die wahre Art das Klavier zu spielen (Essay on the true method of harpsichord playing) was long a standard work, and dementi pro fessed to have derived from Bach his distinctive style of pianoforte playing. Haydn is said to have acknowledged in his old age his deep obligation to the works of Philipp Emmanuel Bach. From them he certainly learned the form of the sonata and symphony, of which Bach may fairly claim to have been the originator, though Haydn enriched it and gave it permanence. This fact gives Bach s name a distinction to which the intrinsic merits of his compositions might not entitle him, it being now generally agreed by the best critics that he was a somewhat feeble imitator of his father s style.
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Strapping the load tight
Moving, handling and loading our features is generally a tricky thing. Packing them into containers for a month long journey on the ocean is a whole other matter. The features by their very nature tend to be top heavy and somewhat fragile.
Our solution is to weld up a steel framework and then fasten the pieces to it. This secures the bottom so in the event of some rough handling they won't slide from side to side and bump into each other. once secure everything is given the wiggle test. If they wiggle then it is time to do some extra work. Each feature we create has eye bolts welded back to the structure for easy lifting. These sturdy eye bolts provide the perfect place for a multitude of straps to be anchored to the container. Handy steel loops are also welded into the container at four foot intervals for just this purpose. Up to six straps, as necessary are cinched tight at a variety of angles until there is no more wiggle. Then it is on to the next until the container is full.
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Page:How To Tell the Birds From the Flowers, and Other Woodcuts (1917) (IA cu31924027175250).pdf/37
The reason why this beetle gay, Is called the Lady-bird, they say, Is just because he wastes his hours, In running after pretty flowers, Who, quite regardless of conventions, Most openly invite attentions. (And hence are aptly termed the Gent-ians.)
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Template:Did you know nominations/Tony Mott
The result was: rejected by Harrias talk 21:59, 26 January 2017 (UTC)
Tony Mott
* ... that Australia's premier rock photographer, Tony Mott, has had 30,000 photographs published in 20 countries on 900 magazine covers, featuring the world's greatest musicians? Source: SL Magazine: Summer 2015-16 (pp11-12) ; What a Life! Rock photography: Exhibition Catalogue - 17 October 2015 to 7 February 2016 (pp4-10)
Created by Odysseus voyage14 (talk). Self-nominated at 07:03, 7 December 2016 (UTC).
* Comment only ", featuring the world's greatest musicians" should be trimmed, as the preceding text makes it redundant, and brevity is preferable. Edwardx (talk) 01:33, 10 December 2016 (UTC)
* Hello Edwardx (talk) yes I agree, for brevity delete “featuring the world's greatest musicians" or delete “on 900 magazine covers” ie.
* “... that Australia's premier rock photographer, Tony Mott, has had 30,000 photographs published in 20 countries on 900 magazine covers” or,
* “... that Australia's premier rock photographer, Tony Mott, has had 30,000 photographs published in 20 countries featuring the world's greatest musicians? Odysseus voyage14 (talk) 10:56, 10 December 2016 (UTC)
* Thank you, Odysseus voyage14. I would prefer the first of those, and thinking again, another small tweak, changing "on 900 magazine covers" to "including 900 magazine covers". Thus an ALT1 hook:
* ALT1 ... that Australia's premier rock photographer, Tony Mott, has had more than 30,000 photographs published in 20 countries, including 900 magazine covers?
* Symbol question.svg New enough, long enough, neutrally written, well referenced, no close paraphrasing seen. ALT1 hook ref verified and cited inline. I tweaked the hook slightly. No QPQ needed for nominator with less than 5 DYK credits. I read through the whole article and made a few small edits, in addition to reducing the large amount of repetitive linking. I added one cn tag to the last paragraph under "Personal life". Since Wikipedia is timeless, we try to avoid saying "today" and "currently". Kindly add some years to these two sentences. Thanks, Yoninah (talk) 23:54, 15 January 2017 (UTC)
* Yoninah, the nominator hasn't edited on Wikipedia since December 12. If this is going to proceed, someone will need to make the remaining fixes that are needed. BlueMoonset (talk) 19:36, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
* Symbol confirmed.svg No problem, I just deleted the unsourced sentences. ALT1 good to go. Yoninah (talk) 21:13, 24 January 2017 (UTC)
* Symbol possible vote.svg Pulled from prep area - no mention of "20 countries" in the article. The referencing for "premier" is also incorrect, with the wrong author being given for one item, which as the catalogue of Mott's work is dubious as a source for this anyway. Harrias talk 13:39, 26 January 2017 (UTC)
* Symbol delete vote.svg If you knew how long I worked on this... But is right, and I missed those obvious mistakes in the hook. What bothers me most about the article is its promotional tone and WP:PEACOCK phrasing. I have just tagged the article. I'm not willing to work on it anymore; it needs a thorough going-over. I'm going to reject this nomination. Yoninah (talk) 20:37, 26 January 2017 (UTC)
* Given the tag on the page, the fact that the nominator, is not active, and that is no longer willing to work on it, I've formally closed this. Harrias talk 21:59, 26 January 2017 (UTC)
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Tiptoe Giants
TIPTOE GIANTS are an award-winning Australian children's music group made up of Leanne (Lee) King, Megan (Meg) Lipworth, and Vanessa (Vee) Couper. Their music is aimed at children from 0 to 7 years old. Winners of the 2023 APRA Song of the Year for Little River Runs, their collaboration with Josh Pyke, and nominees for Album of the Year for 2023 release Small But Mighty. They were nominated for the ARIA Award for Best Children's Album in 2020 for their sophomore album, Colour the World, and have had successes in the International Songwriting Competition, Australian Independent Record Labels AIR Awards, and more.
Albums
* Little Steps Big Adventures
* Colour the World
* Small But Mighty - Hearty Hits For Living Large
Major Minor Music Awards
! Ref.
* 2023
* "Little River Runs" (with Josh Pyke)
* APRA Song of the Year
* Won
* }
* }
* }
* }
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