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Von Willebrand factor 1 and factor 2 alleles (intron 40) are suitable markers for carrier detection in von Willebrand disease families in the Indian population
Sucheta Trasi, Dipika Mohanty*, Anil Pathare, Shrimati Shetty, Kanjaksha Ghosh
*المؤلف المقابل لهذا العمل
نتاج البحث: المساهمة في مجلةمراجعة النظراء
6 اقتباسات (Scopus)
ملخص
The efficacy of the two von Willebrand factor (vWF) intron 40 variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) markers, vWF1 and vWF2, in the genetic diagnosis of von Willebrand disease (vWD) in Indian patients was studied. Three hundred and sixty-five unrelated normal individuals and 100 vWD patients (type 1: 18; type 2: 21; type 3: 61) were analyzed for the two vWF intron 40 VNTR markers. Polymerase chain reaction of the two markers vWF1 and vWF2 was done using specific primers followed by electrophoresis on 10% polyacrylamide gel. VNTR analysis revealed the presence of VNTR9 and VNTR15 along with the eight alleles VNTR6 to VNTR14 in the vWF1 marker. Furthermore, apart from the six alleles, VNTR1 to VNTR6 of the vWF2 marker, two new alleles, VNTR7 and VNTR8, were also found. The heterozygosity rates were 75 and 74% for vWF1 and vWF2, respectively. Overall, the heterozygosity rate, i.e. when both vWF1 and vWF2 were considered in combination, was 81%. These data were successfully applied for the detection of carriers in 10 severe type 3 vWD families. The high heterozygosity of the two vWF intron 40 VNTR markers and the simplicity of the technique without much cost being involved suggest the practical feasibility of this technique in developing countries like India.
اللغة الأصليةEnglish
الصفحات (من إلى)64-67
عدد الصفحات4
دوريةActa Haematologica
مستوى الصوت115
رقم الإصدار1-2
المعرِّفات الرقمية للأشياء
حالة النشرPublished - يناير 2006
منشور خارجيًانعم
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• ???subjectarea.asjc.2700.2720???
بصمة
أدرس بدقة موضوعات البحث “Von Willebrand factor 1 and factor 2 alleles (intron 40) are suitable markers for carrier detection in von Willebrand disease families in the Indian population'. فهما يشكلان معًا بصمة فريدة.
قم بذكر هذا
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Process Integration Analysis of an Industrial Hydrogen Production Process
The energy efficiency of an industrial hydrogen production process using steam methane reforming (SMR) combined with the water gas shift reaction (WGS) is analyzed using process integration techniques based on heat cascade calculation and pinch analysis with the aim of identifying potential measures to enhance the process performance. The challenge is to satisfy the high temperature heat demand of the SMR reaction by minimizing the consumption of natural gas to feed the combustion and to exploit at maximum the heat excess at low temperature by producing valuable steam or electricity or by performing cogeneration. By applying a systematic methodology based on energy-flow models, process integration techniques and a multi-objective optimization procedure, the process performances defined by the specific natural gas consumption and the specific steam or electricity production is optimized and analyzed for different operating conditions (i.e. air preheating, pre-reforming/reforming, WGS temperature) and process modification options like pre-reformer integration. Identified measures are to increase the production of exportable steam by consuming the entire waste heat and optimizing the steam production pressure level, and to reduce the natural gas consumption by adjusting process parameters. By these measures the performance can be varied between 0.53-0.59 kmol natural gas/kmol H2 for the specific total natural gas consumption and 1.8-3.7 kmol steam/kmol H2 for the specific steam production.
Editor(s):
Stolten, Detlef
Grube, Thomas
Published in:
18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2010 - WHEC 2010 : Parallel Sessions Book 3: Hydrogen Production Technologies - Part 2, 523
Presented at:
WHEC2010; 18th World Hydrogen Energy Conference 2010, Essen, Germany, May 16-21, 2010
Year:
2010
Publisher:
Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Zentralbibliothek, Verlag
ISBN:
978-3-89336-653-8
Keywords:
Laboratories:
Note: The status of this file is: EPFL only
Record created 2010-07-05, last modified 2018-10-01
Postprint:
_HP.6_Tock_Abstract - Download fulltextPDF
HP.6_Tock_final - Download fulltextPDF
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Page:The Federalist (Ford).djvu/32
xxxii seemed at one time to threaten that Madison's claim was to be lost by default. Hamilton's list was published in a widely read periodical in 1807, and the edition of The Federalist printed in 1810 gave further currency and authority to Hamilton's view by ascribing the numbers according to one of his statements. Yet not one word of denial was publicly made by Madison, or by any of his friends for him, until 1817. It has been urged in explanation that Madison's official positions prevented his entering into a controversy, but an adequate reply is furnished by the fact that through his friends the Secretary of State and President conducted several newspaper controversies in these very years.
Another point worth considering is the fact that Hamilton held by far the readier pen, and as the originator of the series undoubtedly intended to take the laboring oar. Madison was the last one of the three to join in the undertaking, and in the first thirty-six essays he wrote but two entirely by himself, the remaining three in which he bore a part having been begun as well by Hamilton. With this in mind let us consider the circumstances that mark a peculiarity in Madison's chief share in the work. At No. 37 Hamilton for the time being ceased all work, and Madison took up the task and wrote twelve consecutive essays, immediately following which come the twelve in dispute. The question naturally arises why Hamilton should suddenly transfer to Madison the continuance of the series, throwing upon him all the work, and the reason is not far to seek. No. 36 of The Federalist, or the last of Hamilton's contributions, was published on January 8. On January 15 the New York state supreme court began its winter term, and Hamilton as a busy lawyer was called upon to attend it. Furthermore, on January
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WIKI
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Frederick Moir (priest)
Frederick Charles Moir (around 1870) was an Anglican priest.
Educated at Selwyn College, Cambridge (1893), his first post was as a curate at St Peter, Glasgow. After this he was the incumbent at St John, Dumfries and then Provost of St Paul's Cathedral, Dundee, a post he held from 1907 until 1920. Later he held posts at St Columba, Largs and St John Aberdeen before retiring in 1940. The 1947-48 Crockford's Clerical Directory states that he had permission to officiate in the Diocese of Moray, Ross and Caithness.
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User:JJulian27/Books/Filibuster
History of the american expansionism
* Filibuster (military)
* Gaston de Raousset-Boulbon
* Narciso López
* John A. Quitman
* William Walker (filibuster)
* William Blount
* Augustus Magee
* George Mathews (Georgia)
* George Rogers Clark
* William Stephens Smith
* Ira Allen
* William A. Chanler
* James Long (filibuster)
* Gregor MacGregor
* Neutrality Act of 1794
* John L. O'Sullivan
* Manifest destiny
* Chatham Roberdeau Wheat
* Louisiana Tigers
* Parker H. French
* Louisiana Purchase
* Spanish Florida
* Aaron Burr
* Hunters' Lodges
* Confederate States of America
* George W. L. Bickley
* Mexican–American War
* John Baylor
* New Mexico Territory
* Brigadier general
* New Mexico Campaign
* Franklin Pierce
* Sons of Liberty
* Clement Vallandigham
* Northwest Territory
* Buckner Stith Morris
* John Wilkes Booth
* Lambdin P. Milligan
* Jesse James
* Sam Houston
* Camp Douglas (Chicago)
* Slave Power
* Charles Duncombe (Upper Canada Rebellion)
* Frères chasseurs
* Rebellions of 1837
* Republic of Sonora
* Crabb massacre
* Outline of Arizona
* Gadsden Purchase
* Traditional Arizona
* Golden Circle (proposed country)
* Deep South
* Knights of the Golden Circle
* Robert Rhett
* All of Mexico Movement
* American imperialism
* History of the United States (1789–1849)
* Slavery in the United States
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WIKI
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The Lovings moved to Washington and had three children, but Mildred Loving did not like living away from her home. In 1963 she wrote to the U.S. attorney general for help. At his suggestion, she contacted the American Civil Liberties Union, which filed a motion in the county court to vacate the sentence and allow the Lovings to live in Virginia as husband and wife. The local judge refused and the ACLU filed subsequent unsuccessful suits in state and federal courts. The United States Supreme Court heard their case, and its unanimous ruling on June 12, 1967, overturned Virginia's law, stating that the freedom to marry a person of another race was an individual civil right that a state could not deny.
Loving and her family returned to Caroline County, where they lived quietly in the home they built together. She often demurred that all we ever wanted was to get married, because we loved each other, but Loving's courage ensured that interracial couples no longer faced legal discrimination against marriage.
Reprinted with permission of the Library of Virginia.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Flexible printed circuit boards: flex and rigid-flex
Publish date 2021-12-20
Printed circuit boards are an extremely versatile technology of building electronic circuits. Their ubiquity is the reason why almost all electronic components are designed to be mounted on them. They are not without their disadvantages though, which become apparent especially in the case of space limitations or high design requirements. However, these limitations can be overcome by using flexible and rigid-flex circuits. Both of these technologies are valued in specialized applications. We are observing their steady growth in consumer electronics as well. In today's article, we'll look at flex and rigid-flex circuit technologies, the advantages they offer and their applications.
Construction and types of elastic circuits
Printed flexible circuits are built almost identically to typical PCBs. Likewise, they consist of one or more conductive copper layers, of which the outer layers may be covered with a solder mask. The main difference is that instead of a rigid fiberglass substrate, they use a much thinner, naturally flexible substrate. In most cases it is made from plastics with high temperature resistance, including, for example, polyimides (Kapton). Because of this, the board can be bent or shaped freely without the risk of breaking or damaging. On the other hand, rigid-flex printed circuit boards are a hybrid of the previously mentioned technologies. They consist of areas of both rigid and flexible substrate, laminated together into a single structure. The rigid areas most often carry electronic components, while the flexible parts serve as connections between them. Advanced manufacturing processes allow the creation of multiple regions with rigid substrates with varying numbers of layers, as well as the derivation of flexible parts from specific layers of a multi-layer board. Read also: Electronic component assembly technologies Rigid-flex boards should not be confused with stiffened flexible circuits. The latter are just fitted with an additional stiffening element – it is often a piece of metal sheet glued to the underside of the flexible circuit. The purpose of the stiffener is usually to strengthen and stabilize the area where components are soldered.
Where and why are flexible circuits used?
Sometimes, we do not have enough space to fit all of the components on a single PCB. Instead of dividing the circuit into many sub-assemblies, we can use flexible boards. Not only are they much thinner, their shape can be also easily adapted to the space available inside the enclosure. A single flex or rigid-flex module allows us to replace a large number of conventional PCBs, along with connections between them. Flexible circuits also allow the size and weight of the circuit to be reduced. This is especially useful in small devices with a high degree of complexity, requiring a large number of components and connections in a limited space. Digital cameras and cell phones are the best examples of such solutions. [caption id="attachment_61823" align="aligncenter" width="930"]Obwód giętki w głowicy napęddu CD-ROM An example of flexible circuits in a CD-ROM drive head. The ability to adapt the board to the shape of the part allows all components to be connected without the need for wires or connectors.[/caption] Flexible circuits, due to their properties can also replace cables and connections. We come across this application in most LCD displays and their touch panels. A piece of flexible tape coming out of them is usually terminated with a ZIF (zero insertion force) connector. The tape can be easily bent and deformed, which allows for some freedom in the installation of the display. Like a regular PCB, the flexible tape can also accommodate additional components such as a touch controller or voltage regulation circuit. Read also: All about TFT LCD displays Flexible circuits are also used in assemblies that are required to move or flex during use. A good example of such an application is a hard drive head. Recently, OLED displays based on flexible substrates have made their appearance. Their flexibility allows them to be freely shaped, bent, or even rolled while in use.
Rigid-flex – the solution for the most demanding applications
Rigid-flex circuits allow us to achieve seamless and reliable connections between rigid and flexible board areas. They provide better signal integrity than even the highest quality connectors, especially in case of high-frequency data lanes. All this helps us to enhance protection against electromagnetic interference and achieve controlled path impedance, while simultaneously meeting high spatial requirements. The ability to derive flexible circuits from selected layers of the rigid board broadens the ability to adapt to specific design requirements even further. However, the use of rigid-flex technology is quite expensive and requires a lot of knowledge and experience. For this reason, it is the preferred solution in areas where reliability and spatial efficiency are key factors. Their applications include medical and military equipment, as well as satellites and space probes.
Difficulties in the design and fabrication of flexible circuits
Designing flexible printed circuit boards can be quite a challenge. Bending causes stresses, which in case of incorrectly designed boards can cause damage to the circuits. Therefore, some specific design rules must be followed and the phenomena occurring during the deformation of the board must be taken into account. An example of a design feature of flexible circuits is the use of "hatched" areas (in the form of a grid) instead of uniform fill regions. It is also a good practice to cover the edges of pads and solder points with solder mask to minimize the risk of their detachment. In applications where the shape of the flexible circuits must be properly adapted to the enclosure, it is essential for the board outline to be drawn correctly and accurately. The designer must consider the three-dimensional shape that the board will take when bent in the desired manner. In addition to extensive knowledge, designing this type of circuits also requires special computer software. Usually, flexible boards must be designed along with mechanical components, and the two teams must work closely together. Difficulties also arise when assembling the boards. Flexible circuit parts make precise positioning and soldering of parts difficult. Often it is necessary to use specially prepared carrier plates, and in case of rigid-flex circuits – properly attaching the rigid parts to the panel using breakaway tabs. Diagnosing and repairing flexible circuits manually is also considerably difficult and sometimes even impossible. The issue of the high cost of manufacturing flexible boards is also unavoidable. Their production is a much more complicated process, requiring special tooling. Due to the often non-standard shape of the boards, the use of the panel surface is worse, which increases the waste of materials. All of these things translate into significantly higher production costs. For this reason, making a custom flex or rigid-flex circuit often exceeds the capabilities of smaller companies and hobbyists.
From concept to finished product – with InterElcom
InterElcom offers a wide range of services related to the design of electronic devices, PCB production and assembly, as well as programming of embedded systems. Many years of experience and competence of our engineers are the reasons why you should pass your project into our hands. We will make sure to choose the most appropriate technologies and components, as well as to provide professional advice and support. We invite you to contact us for a free pricing of your project!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Sometimes it's all about the aesthetics.
5/26/2005
synergy
Synergy seems to be a very promising software. It does everything it said. I compiled Synergy for my IRIX console because there is no binary available for it. It was very easy to set it up, what I did was only cd synergy-1.2.2;./configure --prefix=/opt;make;sudo make install 3 steps. I choose to use my IRIX box as a server because I want to use my decent SGI keyboard more often. I just need to setup the configuration then launch /opt/bin/synergys -f --config synergy.conf . My configuration is like this:
section: screens
servername:
clientname:
end
section: links
servername:
right = clientname
clientname:
left = servername
end
Make sure servername is the exact output of hostname command and clientname is the exact FQDN (or the defined hostname in /etc/hosts) of the client you want to use.
In the meantime, I downloaded the Mac OS X binary of synergy and extract it to some path I'd like to test on my powerbook. This time I don't need a config file for client side, I just need to launch /usr/local/bin/synergyc -f server-host-name (This name doesn't need to be exactly to be servername, it can even be an ip address....) We now have a synergy working. I just need to use the mouse for my IRIX box and move the curser to forward the right side and outside the right boundary of the monitor. Viola! My curser now appears from the left side of my powerbook!
My alt key on SGI keyboard becomes command key, however there is no option key available on SGI keyboard. I am able to copy text from IRIX's X window and paste to my powerbook's Aqua side. But the text I copied from my powerbook is not available in the IRIX side, this is actually a known issue documented in synergy's website.
It seems fun to use this kind of tool when you have several screens but don't want to waste your space. However I agree with my friend julian9:
19:34 <@julian9> mjhsieh: using synergy with 3 machines, then i realizedd that I might need a wireless mouse.
LOL ⌘
No comments:
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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How to Fix Windows 10 Unexpected Store Exception
With Windows 10, you shall be getting plenty of extra features that will make your device better. But sometimes with that also comes unwanted errors. For instance, ‘unexpected store exception.’ This may force users to restart the device. This generally happens whenever the people update their device from the earlier versions.
Source:- How to Fix Windows 10 Unexpected Store ExceptionHow to Fix Windows 10 Unexpected Store Exception
The method of repairing the corrupt files
1. Firstly, run Reimage Plus for scanning as well as restoring corrupt and missing files.
2. Make sure that system files are intact as well as not corrupt.
The method of uninstalling the anti-virus program
1. Firstly, put the combination of Windows+X buttons on your keyboard.
2. Then, choose the ‘Control Panel’ from the list.
3. Next, tap on the Programs option. It shall be present in the control panel.
4. Over here, you will be able to get a list of programs installed on the system. From this list, move further and search anti-virus software of yours.
5. If you have installed many types of security software, then you need to uninstall each. For doing it, you need to do a right-click on them and then press on Uninstall.
6. Your device will ask for the uninstalling confirmation, but yes.
7. Next, you need to do according to the on-screen instruction for completing the uninstallation.
8. Lastly, do restart your device.
The method of disabling Fast Startup
1. Firstly, put the combination of Windows+R for launching the Run application.
2. Then, go to the Dialogue Box and write the ‘control panel’.
3. Next, tap the Enter.
4. Note that it shall result in launching the device control panel.
5. As soon as you go to the control panel, press the Power Options.
6. After going to the Power Options, press the ‘Choose what the power buttons do.’ It shall be located on the left-hand part of the display.
7. Next, press on the option ‘Change Settings that are currently unavailable.’
8. Then, move to the end of the display.
9. Next, un-tick the squares that states ‘Turn on fast startup’. Don’t forget to save the changes before exiting.
10. Lastly, you may require to restart the device. See whether the problem has been solved.
The method of updating the display drivers
1. Firstly, boot the device in a safe mode.
2. As soon as the device has been booted in safe mode, you need to do a right-click on the Windows button.
3. Then, choose Device Manager.
4. Next, expand the Display adapter section,
5. After that, do a right-click on the display hardware.
6. Then, choose the option of Uninstalling device.
7. Next, for giving the confirmation, you need to tap on Ok.
8. After that, restart the device.
9. Then, put the combination of the Windows+S option.
10. Next, go to the Dialogue Box and write Windows update. You need to tap on the top search result.
11. After that, press the option of ‘Check for updates’.
12. As soon as the update is done, see whether your problem is solved.
JEANNE E. WINFIELD is an avid technical blogger, a magazine contributor, a publisher of guides at mcafee.com/activate, and a professional cyber security analyst. Through her writing, she aims to educate people about the dangers and threats lurking in the digital world.
Related Article:- Fix Windows 10 Unexpected Store Exception
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Little Sea (band)
The result was no consensus. Ged UK 13:11, 2 September 2014 (UTC)
Little Sea (band)
* – ( View AfD View log )
Believe that they fail WP:BAND, non notable. Gbawden (talk) 12:11, 6 August 2014 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Australia-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 18:54, 6 August 2014 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Bands and musicians-related deletion discussions. • Gene93k (talk) 18:55, 6 August 2014 (UTC)
* Delete - Agree with nomination. Most references I could find are for band's own tumbler and instagram accounts. AlanS (talk) 12:49, 7 August 2014 (UTC)
* Nominated for speedy due to them being completely insignificant. AlanS (talk) 12:51, 7 August 2014 (UTC)
* I don't think a top 20 hit on the Australian iTunes chart is "completely insignificant". Ritchie333 (talk) (cont) 13:41, 8 August 2014 (UTC)
* Weak keep - it's almost too soon for an article, but the band seems to scrape into criteria #2 of WP:NMUSIC by having a top 5 hit in Australia. My only concern is the source specified is not an official Apple one, and Australian chart stats are not my area of expertise. One news source suggests the EP hit the top 20. Ritchie333 (talk) (cont) 13:50, 8 August 2014 (UTC)
* iTunes charts are not WP:GOODCHARTS and are not Australia's national charts. That would be ARIA charts. No pass on #2. duffbeerforme (talk) 23:39, 11 August 2014 (UTC)
* That guideline only gives a brief passing mention to iTunes and says very little on what the problem is. Are the charts made up? Are their methods of calculation impossible to ascertain? Do they have charts for just about anything and are completely indiscriminate? Or something else? I'd quite like to know the answer to this, as bands seem to be increasingly citing iTunes charts all over the place. It must mean something, the question is - what? Ritchie333 (talk) (cont) 15:24, 12 August 2014 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
* Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, NorthAmerica1000 21:54, 14 August 2014 (UTC)
<hr style="width:55%;" />
* Delete. Very little independent coverage, and the cited chart is not acceptable. However, it would have preferable to leave that ref in during the deletion discussion.Doctorhawkes (talk) 02:24, 16 August 2014 (UTC)
* Per WP:TOOSOON and WP:CRYSTAL, this may be a suitable candidate for the draft namespace. <b style="color:#7F007F">Ritchie333</b> <sup style="color:#7F007F">(talk) <sup style="color:#7F007F">(cont) 08:24, 16 August 2014 (UTC)
* A more recent source (not the unreliable one discussed earlier) published yesterday suggests the EP hit number one in Australia. <b style="color:#7F007F">Ritchie333</b> <sup style="color:#7F007F">(talk) <sup style="color:#7F007F">(cont) 11:02, 21 August 2014 (UTC)
<hr style="width:55%;" />
* Weak keep per significant coverage in The Music and in the Penrith City Gazette. Paul Erik (talk) (contribs) 20:42, 23 August 2014 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion so a clearer consensus may be reached.
* Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, -- RoySmith (talk) 23:10, 23 August 2014 (UTC)
<hr style="width:55%;" />
* Delete Have they got three references or not? If they have then keep, but I think the refs are all from the same "source", so get rid. Jodosma (talk) 20:16, 27 August 2014 (UTC)
* There are indeed three references. I don't understand what you mean "from the same 'source'"... Paul Erik (talk) (contribs) 02:32, 2 September 2014 (UTC)
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Page:AIM-453.djvu/5
of state. Side effects are introduced as a mechanism for effecting such decompositions. We find that the notion of side effect is inextricably wound up with the notion of identity. Dynamic scoping is retrospectively viewed as a restricted kind of side effect.
With this we summarize and conclude with many tantalizing questions yet unanswered.
In Part Three (in a separate paper) we will find that the introduction of side effects forces the issue of the order of evaluation of expressions. We will contrast call-by-name and its variants with call-by-value, and discuss how these control disciplines arise as a consequence of different models of packaging. In particular, call-by-name arises naturally from the syntactic nature of the Algol 60 copy rule. As before, many little interpreters for these disciplines will be exhibited.
In Part Four we will be led to generalize the notion of a syntactic package. We will discuss meta-procedures, which deal with the representations of procedures. The distinction between a procedure and its representation will be more carefully considered. Macro processors, algebraic simplifiers, and compilers will be considered as meta-procedures. Various interpreters, compilers, and simplifiers will be exhibited.
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WIKI
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Sericocarpus rigidus
Sericocarpus rigidus is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae known by the common name Columbian whitetop aster. It is native to the Pacific Northwest of North America, where it is known from southern Vancouver Island in British Columbia south along the coast to Washington and Oregon.
This rhizomatous perennial herb grows up to about 37 centimeters tall. Leaves along the stem are somewhat oval in shape and up to 6 centimeters long. The inflorescence has clusters of flower heads each up to about a centimeter long. Each contains white or off-white disc florets and usually a few white ray florets.
This species grows in grassland habitat which is generally dominated by Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis). It grows in gravelly soils originating from glacier activity in the northern part of its range, and clay soils farther south. The soils are moist most of the year but dry in the summer. Associated species include snowberry (Symphoricarpos albus), serviceberry (Amelanchier alnifolia), Oregon sunshine (Eriophyllum lanatum) and early blue violet (Viola adunca). Much of the habitat is also covered with introduced species such as Scot's broom (Cytisus scoparius) and yellow hairgrass (Aira praecox).
The invasion of the habitat by introduced species is a threat to this plant. Other threats include loss of habitat to development, off-road vehicles, military activity, and fire suppression.
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WIKI
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Entity
Time filter
Source Type
Houston, TX, United States
Marathon Oil Corporation is a United States-based oil and natural gas exploration and production company. Principal exploration activities are in the United States, Norway, Equatorial Guinea, Poland, Angola and Iraqi Kurdistan. Principal production activities are in the United States, the United Kingdom, Norway, and Equatorial Guinea. Within the United States, Marathon Oil has recently focused development efforts on liquids-rich shale plays, including the Bakken and Eagle Ford formations. Marathon Oil owns interests developing Athabasca oil sands resources and in Waha Oil Company . Marathon's headquarters facility is the Marathon Oil Tower in Houston, Texas. Wikipedia.
Grechka V.,Marathon Oil
Geophysics | Year: 2015
A recently published analytic technique for computing locations of microseismic events jointly with velocities of homogeneous isotropic media was extended to surface microseismic monitoring and transversely isotropic models with tilted symmetry axes (TTI). The analysis of traveltimes of the direct P-, SV-, and SH-waves, conducted under the assumptions of homogeneity and weak anisotropy, indicated that the SV-wave data acquired in modern wide-azimuth surface microseismic surveys yield uniquely solvable joint inverse problems for an arbitrary symmetry-axis tilt, whereas the tilts should be close to 90° from the vertical for the P-waves propagating in anelliptically anisotropic media and strictly equal to 90° for the SH-waves to maintain the uniqueness of the joint inversion. These theoretical findings, confirmed on ray-tracing synthetic, were applied to a field microseismic data set. The P-waves excited by microseismic events were found to exhibit significantly flatter moveouts and better focused stacks when located in a constructed effective TTI model compared to those located in a horizontally layered isotropic model provided as a part of conventional microseismic service. © 2015 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
Grechka V.,Marathon Oil
Geophysics | Year: 2013
Two-point ray tracing in anisotropic media requires the group and phase velocities to be calculated along ray directions available at each step of a ray bending algorithm. This computation, usually done iteratively or through velocity tables, becomes exceedingly involved for shear-waves that have multivalued group-velocity surfaces, such as in the presence of triplications on the SV wavefronts in vertically transversely isotropic (VTI) media. The difficulties encountered in computing the SV-wave velocities for a given ray direction can be circumvented by solving a polynomial equation whose real-valued roots provide the phase directions of the P- and either one or three SV-waves propagating along a selected ray; those phase directions then allow the group and phase velocities to be computed in a standard fashion. I construct the polynomial and supply computer codes implementing its solution, the codes that can be used in two-point ray-tracing software to improve its performance. © 2012 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
Grechka V.,Marathon Oil
Geophysics | Year: 2014
Shear waves excited by natural sources constitute a significant part of useful energy recorded in downhole microseismic surveys. In rocks, such as fractured shales, exhibiting symmetries lower than transverse isotropy (TI), the shear wavefronts are always multivalued in certain directions, potentially complicating the data processing and analysis. This paper discusses a basic tool -the computation of the phase and group velocities of all waves propagating along a given ray -that intends to facilitate the understanding of geometries of the shear wavefronts in homogeneous anisotropic media. With this tool, arbitrarily complex group-velocity surfaces can be conveniently analyzed, providing insights into possible challenges to be faced when processing shear waves in anisotropic velocity models that have symmetries lower than TI. Among those challenges are complicated multipathing and the presence of cones of directions, known as internal refraction cones, in which no fast shear waves propagate and the entire shear portion of the body-wave seismic data consists of several branches of the slow shear wavefronts. © 2014 Society of Exploration Geophysicists.
Patent
Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron and Marathon Oil | Date: 2014-12-17
The present invention provides a method for extracting bitumen from an aged oil sands ore stream, the method comprising at least the steps of:
Patent
Royal Dutch Shell, Chevron and Marathon Oil | Date: 2014-11-06
The present invention provides a method of filtering a solvent-containing slurry stream including: (a) providing a solvent-containing slurry stream, the solvent comprising an aliphatic hydrocarbon; (b) depositing the solvent-containing slurry stream provided in step (a) as a filter cake on a filter medium, wherein a top layer of liquid is formed on the filter cake; (c) allowing the top layer of liquid as formed in step (b) to drain through the filter cake such that substantially no liquid remains on top of the filter cake; (d) allowing a gas to partially penetrate into the filter cake thereby obtaining a filter cake with a liquid solvent-depleted top layer; (e) passing liquid solvent through the filter cake with the liquid solvent-depleted top layer as obtained in step (d) thereby obtaining a washed filter cake; (f) removing solvent from the washed filter cake as obtained in step (e) thereby obtaining a solvent-depleted filter cake; and (g) removing the solvent-depleted filter cake as obtained in step (f) from the filter medium.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Lee Richey
The result was delete. Sandstein 21:43, 31 March 2016 (UTC)
Lee Richey
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
No coverage about him whatsoever. Fails all relevant guidelines. Article is a PR piece. FoCuS contribs ; talk to me! 15:19, 8 March 2016 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of People-related deletion discussions. /wiae /tlk 16:00, 8 March 2016 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Radio-related deletion discussions. /wiae /tlk 16:00, 8 March 2016 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of New York-related deletion discussions. /wiae /tlk 16:00, 8 March 2016 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Malcolmxl5 (talk) 00:18, 16 March 2016 (UTC) Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Delete and I may've PRODed at first since there's basically nothing to suggest better improvements and none of this solidly satisfies any applicable notability. SwisterTwister talk 23:22, 21 March 2016 (UTC)
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, North America1000 11:26, 23 March 2016 (UTC)
* Delete – Contrary to the nomination, coverage about the subject is easily found simply by selecting the Google News link atop this discussion page. The depth of coverage the subject has received is not enough to meet WP:BASIC at this time (e.g., , ). North America1000 10:00, 30 March 2016 (UTC)
* I believe you might be confusing those results for other Lee Richeys. Of the 20 or so articles mentioning any Lee Richey at all, the only 3 articles that I found are, and , all briefly mentioning his minor involvement in a local Christmas event - that community has a population of 8 thousand residents, by the way. The only other mention is a press release. Before doubting my nomination rationale please consider actually doing the pertinent research. Thanks! FoCuS contribs ; talk to me! 18:02, 30 March 2016 (UTC)
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WIKI
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A Baker’s cyst, or a popliteal cyst, is the inflammation of a bursa in the back of the knee. This is often caused by rapid accumulation of the fluids in the bursa, which may lead to inflammation from constant rubbing of the muscles and tendons during movement.
While this is more common among adults with a history of knee or leg trauma, a Baker’s cyst can develop with other joint diseases and disorders, such as arthritis and meniscus tears.
Posterior knee anatomy
The knee has several types of bursae that reduce friction between the bones, muscles, and tendons during movement. The Baker’s cyst comes from one of these, which is called the gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa, which is located between the medial condyle of the femur, the semimembranosus tendon, and the medial head of the gastrocnemius, slightly below the popliteal fossa.
Baker’s cyst causes
The gastrocnemius-semimembranosus bursa is a primary cause of Baker’s cyst. Because the bursa has an opening that allows synovial fluid to flow into it in a one-way direction, this flow tends to increase among older people because the joint capsule loses its elasticity with age.
Accumulation of fluids builds up pressure that may eventually rupture through the thin membrane that separates the bursa from surrounding tissues. Even if the bursa does not rupture, the enlargement can cause restriction of knee flexion and extension, joint stiffness, and even pain behind the knee. However, small Baker’s cysts may likely be asymptomatic.
Other causes may be:
• Injury or trauma to the knee
• Torn cartilage in the knee
• Arthritis, particularly rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis
• Infection in the knee that causes fluid buildup
• Underlying knee joint problems like meniscus tears, chondral lesions, and ligament tears
How common are Baker’s Cysts?
Several studies found that the prevalence of Baker’s cyst varies among different populations. Children and adults alike could get this condition.
One German study in 1999 found that among 168 asymptomatic children ages 14 and under, only 2.4% of them—four patients—had a Baker’s cyst. In 2011, a group of German researchers followed 80 children in which 55 of them had a Baker’s cyst, over five consecutive years. At the end of the study, 29% of them had symptoms and complications from the cyst, and knee pain was reported among 56% of the children.
Other countries reported as follows:
• An Egyptian study in 2017 found that nearly 13% of more than 1,500 women between ages 46 and 68 had a Baker’s cyst. Those who are more at risk are those who have knee osteoarthritis, are obese, have large effusion, or had several cartilage removed in at the femur.
• A 2002 German study found that 20 out of 100 patients who had both a Baker’s cyst also had larger medial meniscus tears and higher knee cartilage degradation.
• A 2012 study in Taiwan found that 28 out of 103 patients with gouty arthritis at the knee also had a Baker’s cyst, but only 10 of these were diagnosed.
Baker’s cyst symptoms
Symptoms of a Baker’s cyst include
• Swelling and achy pain behind the knee, which often is more painful when the knee is fully extended
• Limited knee flexion because of large swelling
• Swelling of the calf (edema)
• Symptoms may be similar to deep vein thrombosis and thrombophlebitis
Baker’s cyst treatment
Both surgical and non-surgical treatments have some success in not only reducing the symptoms of Baker’s cyst, but also removing the cyst without compromising knee function and general health.
A 2020 systematic review of 30 qualified studies (9 non-surgical) investigated two primary treatments: corticosteroid injection and surgery.
Corticosteroid injection
Corticosteroid injections, administered either directly into the cyst or into the knee joint, may reduce the size of a Baker’s cyst, as well as decrease pain and disability associated with the cyst.
In the review, eight out of nine studies used corticosteroid injection to the cyst, and one study used radiation therapy. Among the injection studies, all but one also used another type of treatment, such as aspiration (draining of the cyst fluid) and electrical therapy.
Despite the mixed results of these studies, the authors of the systematic review still favor conservative treatment instead of surgery. Ultrasound imaging of the popliteal cyst should be used to predict how a patient would respond to a treatment.
However, cysts with a thick coating may be resistant to injection treatments. They suggested that creating an opening of the cyst (fenestration) to drain the fluid first would have better outcomes.
Surgery
Open surgery has been shown in the review to be successful in removing the cyst with few complications, but it doesn’t address the underlying knee pathology that caused the cyst to manifest. One study in the review showed that patients who undergo open surgery are 7.5 times more likely for the cyst to reform than those who had open surgery and treatment of the underlying knee problem.
In some cases, treating the actual problem, such as meniscus tears with symptomatic Baker’s cyst, can resolve the cyst problem without even touching it. However, the systematic review’s researchers warned that patients with high-grade osteoarthritis may need more surgery to resolve the cyst problem because of persistent joint effusion.
Thus, the authors suggested that a combination of open and arthroscopic surgery should be used, depending on the patients’ condition. However, they warned that open surgery alone shows “no clear demonstration of superior outcomes.”
With the lack of randomized controlled trials and sufficient prospective studies, there are no standard guidelines for clinicians on the best way to diagnose and treat a Baker’s cyst.
Baker’s cyst name origin
While the name Baker’s cyst is named after British physician William Morrant Baker, it was another physician, Robert Adams, who first described the bursa in 1840, including the valve that moderates the fluid flow.
Blome et al. described the findings of French physician E. Foucher in the mid-1850s how the bursa becomes firm when the knee is extended and gets softer when the knee is flexed. During knee flexion, the valve is opened to allow fluid to flow from the cyst to the joint, while during knee extension, the valve is blocked and fluid stays in the cyst.
By the 1870s, after Baker became the Warden of the College of St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in 1867, his subsequent research on the popliteal cyst became more well-known, and the condition was named after him.
In his obituary in The British Medical Journal in 1896, he was described as a more proficient writer than a physiologist, being able to “use his pen and editorial talents for educational purposes. Baker was so respected by his peers and students that they nicknamed a popular physiology textbook at the time (Kirkes’ Handbook of Physiology) “Baker’s book.”
Although Baker was well-known for his studies on the popliteal cyst, he also had contributed to the studies of anthrax, whitlow, and ranula.
Baker’s cysts and massage therapy
Patients or clients with Baker’s cyst should be taken with extra caution, whether they have symptoms or not.
“Cysts do not have to be symptomatic. So a finding—whether from a PT, MD, MT—isn’t indicative of the cyst being a pain generator,” physical therapist and licensed massage therapist Bill Jones said, owner of Jonesercise in Columbus, Georgia. “If a cyst was ‘symptomatic,’ I wouldn’t advise direct treatment to the cyst but more indirect around, above, and below the area as there may be muscular tension or splinting around the cyst area.”
Aside from manual therapy techniques, Jones emphasized that communication skills are another important part of the treatment that some therapists overlook.
“About 95% of the folks I see have had symptoms for years, have had multiple physical therapy treatments, been told different things by different practitioners,” Jones said. “Essentially, I start out by speaking with them. The first thing, for me, is not having any preconceived notions about the person I’m about to see. It takes a lot of practice to let go of any bias I might have and is a continued effort but a worthwhile effort.”
For Jones, listening to his patients is a huge part of what he does. He may pick up something from his patients’ narrative that previous practitioners may have missed. So in terms of dealing with pain behind the knee or other joint and muscle pain, the listening part can be just as beneficial as the hands-on work.
“Their stories are real. What they feel is real. Their descriptions are real,” Jones said. “And trying to get any change at all has to come from respecting their stories,” Jones said.
Further reading
Massage and Joint Pain: a Biopsychosocial Approach
How Massage Can Help Treat Chronic Pain
What Is Pain and Why Do We Feel It?
Website | + posts
A native of San Diego for nearly 40 years, Nick Ng is an editor of Massage & Fitness Magazine, an online publication for manual therapists and the public who want to explore the science behind touch, pain, and exercise, and how to apply that in their hands-on practice or daily lives.
An alumni from San Diego State University with a B.A. in Graphic Communications, Nick also completed his massage therapy training at International Professional School of Bodywork in San Diego in 2014.
When he is not writing or reading, you would likely find him weightlifting at the gym, salsa dancing, or exploring new areas to walk and eat around Southern California.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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BrowserNativeClick Function
Action
Clicks a DOM element with a specified position and mouse button. A left-button click executes the default actions of the clicked element type.
Include file
BrowserAPI.bdh
Syntax
BrowserNativeClick( uTestObject : in union,
nX : in number optional,
nY : in number optional,
nButton : in number optional,
sTimer : in string optional ): boolean;
Parameter Description
uTestObject Either a locator that identifies the DOM element or a handle to a previously found DOM element. Throws an error if an invalid handle is used or if the locator can not be resolved.
nX Optional: X position relative to the top left corner of the DOM element. Defaults to the middle of the DOM element. If the middle of the DOM element cannot be clicked, which can be the case when another element is placed in front of it, a different position will be used. If no such position can be found, a legacy click function will be used instead.
nY Optional: Y position relative to the top left corner of the DOM element. Defaults to the middle of the DOM element. If the middle of the DOM element cannot be clicked, which can be the case when another element is placed in front of it, a different position will be used. If no such position can be found, a legacy click function will be used instead.
nButton Optional: BUTTON_LEFT to use the left mouse button (default), BUTTON_RIGHT to use the right mouse button. You can combine mouse buttons with modifier keys using an OR operator. Specify MODIFIER_SHIFT, MODIFIER_ALT, or MODIFIER_CTRL for the respective modifier key. For example: BUTTON LEFT | MODIFIER_CTRL
sTimer Optional: Name of the timer used for page measurements. If this parameter is omitted, no measurements are performed.
Return value
• true if successful
• false otherwise
Example
benchmark SilkPerformerRecorder
use "Kernel.bdh"
use "BrowserAPI.bdh"
dcluser
user
VUser
transactions
TInit : begin;
TMain : 1;
var
dclrand
dcltrans
transaction TInit
begin
end TInit;
transaction TMain
begin
BrowserStart(BROWSER_MODE_DEFAULT, 800, 600);
BrowserNavigate("http://demo.borland.com/TestSite/gwt/Showcase.html#CwBasicButton");
// store the button press action to perform when if the dialog with the given name pops up during replay
BrowserDlgSetButton("Message from webpage #1", "OK");
// click the button to make the dialog pop up
BrowserNativeClick("//BUTTON[@textContents='Normal Button']", 5, 5, BUTTON_Left);
// clear the dialog command storage
BrowserDlgStop();
end TMain;
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Uniper denies trying to undermine Fortum stake purchase
FRANKFURT/HELSINKI (Reuters) - Germany’s Uniper (UN01.DE) denied on Tuesday trying to undermine a deal that will make Finnish utility Fortum (FORTUM.HE) its top investor, and said it had been open and transparent during the process. Fortum last year agreed to buy a 46.65 percent stake in energy group Uniper from E.ON (EONGn.DE) for 3.8 billion euros ($4.5 billion), despite opposition from Uniper’s management which has argued the two companies are not a good fit. Last month, Fortum won approval from a government commission in Russia to buy up to 50 percent in Uniper, marking a key step in getting the deal done, but Fortum also said Uniper’s management had actively worked against the deal there. “We’ve done nothing wrong,” Uniper CEO Klaus Schaefer told analysts during a call to discuss first-quarter results, adding the company’s behavior had been open and transparent with regard to both Fortum and Russian officials. “In view of the situation after the decision in Russia, which is tolerable for both sides, I’m not quite seeing why Fortum appears to be somewhat annoyed,” Schaefer added. A Fortum spokeswoman said the company stood by its previous accusations, but declined to comment further. It expects to get final regulatory clearances for the acquisition by the middle of the year. Uniper shareholder Cornwall Luxembourg S.a.r.l., which Schaefer says is backed by activist investor Elliott Management, will propose appointing a special auditor at Uniper’s annual general meeting on June 6 to identify possible breaches of duty and violations of the law by members of the management board. Fortum said it had nothing to do with that motion. Uniper has advertised in Finnish newspapers, arguing against the transaction. It is being advised by Morgan Stanley and Rothschild on the deal, sources have told Reuters. ($1 = 0.8415 euros) Reporting by Christoph Steitz in Frankfurt and Jussi Rosendahl in Helsinki; Editing by Maria Sheahan and Mark Potter
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Stairway of Love
"Stairway of Love" is a song written by S. Tepper and R.C. Bennett, sung by Marty Robbins (with Ray Coniff and His Orchestra), and released on the Columbia label. In April 1958, it peaked at No. 2 on Billboard's country and western best seller chart and spent a total of 25 weeks on the charts. It was the "B" side to "Just Married", and the record ranked No. 2 on Billboard's 1958 year-end country and western chart.
In the UK, there were cover versions by Alma Cogan, Michael Holliday and by Terry Dene. The Holliday version was the most successful reaching No. 3 in the UK charts. The Dene record also charted in the #16 position.
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WIKI
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Wilhelm Piec
Wilhelm Piec (born Wilhelm Pietz; 2 November 1915 – 4 April 1954) was a Polish soccer forward player.
Wilhelm was one of the best players of interwar Poland. Together with his older (and more famous) brother Ryszard Piec, they represented Naprzód Lipiny - a small team from a small hamlet of Lipiny, which never managed to qualify to the Polish Soccer League, but which played a significant role in interwar Polish soccer.
He was part of Poland's squad at the 1936 Summer Olympics, but he did not play in any matches. Piec represented Poland in 4 games. He went to the 1938 FIFA World Cup in France, but did not play in the legendary Poland - Brazil game which ended 5-6 (5 June 1938, Strasbourg). During the war he continued playing in Naprzód, which was forced to change its name to TuS Lipine. After the war, in 1946-47, he played in AKS Chorzów.
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WIKI
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Best Explanation of Ryotwari Settlement
The Ryotwari Settlement was a land revenue system that was implemented in parts of India during the 19th century. It was designed to replace the traditional land revenue systems that had been in place in India, and it was intended to provide a more efficient and equitable method for collecting taxes from landowners.
Under the Ryotwari Settlement, individual peasants were recognized as the owners of the land they cultivated. They were responsible for paying a fixed amount of revenue to the government in return for the right to cultivate the land. This revenue was typically paid in cash, and it was based on the amount of land owned and the quality of the land.
One of the main advantages of the Ryotwari Settlement was that it eliminated the intermediaries who had previously collected land revenue on behalf of the government. This made the system more efficient and reduced the possibility of corruption. It also ensured that the government received a larger portion of the revenue collected, as intermediaries had often taken a cut of the revenue for themselves.
Another advantage of the Ryotwari Settlement was that it provided greater security of tenure for peasants. Under the traditional land revenue systems, peasants did not have secure ownership of the land they cultivated, and they could be removed from their land at any time. The Ryotwari Settlement, on the other hand, recognized the rights of peasants to cultivate the land they owned, and it provided them with greater security of tenure.
However, the Ryotwari Settlement also had some disadvantages. One of the main criticisms of the system was that it was based on a fixed revenue demand, which meant that it did not take into account fluctuations in crop yields or changes in market prices. This could result in peasants paying more than they could afford in times of poor harvests or low crop prices, which could lead to financial hardship or even land loss.
Another disadvantage of the Ryotwari Settlement was that it did not provide for the development of irrigation or other infrastructure, which was necessary for improving agricultural productivity. This meant that peasants had to rely on their own resources to develop their land, which could be difficult for those who were financially disadvantaged.
Despite these criticisms, the Ryotwari Settlement was widely adopted in India and it remained in place for many years. It was eventually replaced by the Zamindari system in the late 19th century, which provided for the development of irrigation and other infrastructure but also had its own set of disadvantages.
The Ryotwari Settlement was an important reform of the land revenue system in India that provided greater security of tenure and reduced the possibility of corruption. However, it also had some disadvantages, particularly in terms of its lack of flexibility and its failure to provide for the development of irrigation and other infrastructure.
This article is related to Indian history… continue…
- Raja Ram Mohan Roy: Biography And Role In Indian History
- The Rise Of The Novel In India
- Discuss The Role Of Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar In Taking Forward The Social Reforms In India.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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User:HydrogenOxide
My real name is Stephen Lord. Hi!
Why HydrogenOxide... well I was in the mood for buying a domain name one evening and wondered if some geeky things like the chemical name for water, have yet to be registered. It wasn't so I'm now the proud owner of HydrogenOxide.com.
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WIKI
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Blog
What is Edge Computing?
December 05, 2019 / super user
Reading Time: 9 minutes
The Internet of Things (IoT) has the potential to gather large amounts of data at the edge of a network. However, organizations must also bring the processing of that data closer to a network’s edge to take full advantage of it. Edge computing is a new approach to computing that helps organizations exceed the limitations of a strictly cloud-based network. Cloud computing will continue to play a vital role in network architecture, but organizations must change the way they use their IT infrastructure if they’re to remain competitive.
Edge computing offers a number of advantages over traditional data processing solutions, especially for companies who deliver content services or want to break into the IoT market. Realizing these benefits requires consideration of the following areas:
• Security
• Reliability
• Scalability
• Speed
• Versatility
Overview
Edge computing is a paradigm of distributed computing in which resources such as processing and storage are performed closer to the location where they’re needed than in other models, primarily for the purpose of reducing response times and conserving bandwidth.
Karim Arabi generally defined edge computing at the 2014 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Design Automation Conference (DAC) as computing performed outside the cloud. Arabi also defined edge computing more specifically as computing performed in applications requiring data processing in near real-time. This view makes a clear distinction between cloud computing and edge computing based on whether the data is needed as quickly as possible after it’s gathered. Alex Reznik, Chairman of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) industry specification group (ISG) defines edge computing more broadly. He considers edge computing to be any computing performed outside a traditional data center, since such a location would be the edge of a network for someone.
The explosive growth of IoT devices has resulted in an equally dramatic increase in the amount of data that data centers must process, which is often limited by the available bandwidth of their network. Data centers are often unable to provide acceptable response times and transfer rates, which are typically critical requirements for cloud applications.
Edge devices in the cloud computing model need data from cloud servers, requiring organizations to develop networks that decentralize the provisioning of data and services to these devices. The goal of edge computing is to move computation out of the data center by leveraging the processing capability of edge devices such as smartphones and network gateways. This process improves throughput by reducing the data caching, storage and management requirements of the data center. However, the distribution of logic to multiple network nodes also creates additional challenges not found in traditional cloud computing.
Edge Computing Flow from the Edge to the Internet of Things
Applications
Edge computing allows organizations to expand their network services into areas that were previously out of their reach. Edge devices like medical sensors and autonomous vehicles will also become increasingly more common, with the potential for saving lives. For example, patients in remote rural areas can use medical devices to monitor their condition. Autonomous vehicles can also save lives by reducing accident rates. Additional applications for edge devices include industrial safety, where they could identify faulty equipment before they actually malfunction.
Billions of edge devices are already connected to the Internet, and this number will continue to increase rapidly for the foreseeable future. The large number of IT devices currently in operation is already changing the way organizations approach systems design. For example, the growing demand for faster services and content delivery is driving organizations to improve the capabilities of their existing networks. Organizations need to begin investing in its competing now to avoid getting left behind by their competitors.
Data processing presents a particular problem for organizations using their own data center or private cloud, as it requires the data to be transmitted to a centralized location before it can be analyzed and stored. This architecture often causes network bandwidth to be the bottleneck in performance, which organizations are solving with its systems. Instead of moving data to a single location in the network’s core, organizations can distribute their data to multiple local data centers and other devices closer to its collection source. In addition to the savings in bandwidth, edge computing can also reduce costs and increase operational efficiency.
Security
The distributed nature of edge computing involves many changes in security from cloud computing. Data must routinely be encrypted before it can be transmitted to another node through the internet, which is a public network. Furthermore, multiple encryption schemes must be used since data will pass through multiple nodes before reaching a private cloud.
Edge devices often have only a small amount of computing resources, which can limit the security methods they can use. Edge computing also requires a shift to a decentralized infrastructure, further complicating security requirements. For example, it generally involves shifting the ownership of collected data from service provider to the end users.
The growing number of edge devices increases a network’s overall attack surface, but it also provides some advantages in security. A traditional cloud computing system is necessarily centralized, making it particularly vulnerable to power outages and denial of service (DoS) attacks. These types of attacks are less likely to take down an entire edge computing network because applications and resources are distributed across many data centers and edge devices. One of the greatest security concerns in edge computing is that any edge device is a potential entry point for an attack, allowing malware to infect the network. This possibility is a legitimate risk, but system administrators can also isolate compromised portions of an edge computing system more easily without shutting the entire network down.
Edge computing also reduces the amount of data at risk at any given time since it doesn’t need to be transmitted to a centralized data center. Attackers can only intercept the data transmitted to the local server, which is much less than the data typically stored on a central server. Some edge computing networks do use data centers at the edge, which should have additional security measures to protect against local threats such as DOS attacks. Edge data centers should also provide clients with tools they can use to monitor their networks for these attacks.
Reliability
The security advantages of edge systems can also make them more reliable. Achieving reliability in a distributed system like an edge architecture requires the network to manage node failures efficiently. Users should always be able to access the service without interruption, even when a single node goes down. Edge computing systems must also notify users when such a failure occurs, which generally requires each node to maintain the topology of the entire network. This capability allows the system to quickly detect errors and recover from them.
Additional factors that can affect reliability in an edge system include the technology used to maintain connections between nodes. The accuracy of data produced a network’s edge may also be less reliable, since Edge devices may have less protection from environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. However, these devices are also located closer to the user, so network problems are less likely to affect them. Edge devices can also perform critical functions, allowing them to continue operating effectively in the event that a local data center does experience an outage.
Processing data closer to its source increases the overall speed of the remaining traffic that’s transmitted to the primary network. Prioritizing this traffic can lead to lower latency, which becomes more important as the physical distance between a centralized data center and the edge of the network increases. Placing secondary data centers geographically closer to end-users also becomes a critical design consideration in edge systems when a network is pushed to the limits of its performance. Edge networks need to provide a seamless experience for end-users, who increasingly expect to access content and applications on demand.
A single failure will be less likely to completely shut down network services as the number of edge data centers and devices increases. The ability to reroute data through multiple paths will help users maintain continual access to the services they require. An edge system can thus provide users with unparalleled reliability provided designers effectively incorporate edge devices and data centers into the architecture.
Scalability
Distributed networks like edge systems have scalability considerations that are distinct from cloud systems. The primary issue is that an edge architecture must account for the large differences in edge devices, especially with respect to performance and power constraints. Connection reliability and environmental conditions of edge devices are also highly variable compared to the stability of a data center in the cloud. Furthermore, the security requirements of edge systems can increase latency, hampering their scalability.
Organizations are often unable to effectively anticipate their future IT infrastructure requirements, especially when they expand rapidly. Building an in-house data center to meet these needs incurs significant capital expenditures to upgrade the infrastructure in addition to the operational expenses needed to maintain it. Furthermore, forecasting their future needs locks organizations into an upgrade path that can constrain expansion when the predictions aren’t accurate. Organizations that grow faster than expected may also lack the resources needed to capitalize on their new opportunities.
Cloud and edge computing technologies facilitate scaling by allowing organizations to pay only for the computing resources they actually use. Devices located closer to their end-users are providing these resources with growing frequency, allowing organizations to easily expand the capabilities and reach of their edge networks. Private data centers are therefore less important in collecting and analyzing data, especially when organizations combine edge computing data centers with co-location services. Organizations can now expand their IT infrastructure quickly and cost-effectively in response to their growing needs and evolving markets.
Edge computing thus provides a less expensive solution for scaling their operations through the use of edge data centers and IoT devices. Furthermore, adding a new edge device doesn’t significantly increase the bandwidth requirement of the network’s core.
Speed
Rapid data transmission is a critical operational requirement for many organizations that has become a best practice rather than just a competitive advantage. For example, a delay of even a fraction of a second can make the difference between life and death in the healthcare industry. The slowdown of a few milliseconds can have expensive consequences in the financial industry due to its current reliance on high-frequency trading algorithms. Businesses that provide data-driven services from the customers can suffer long-term damage to their brand as a result of a lagging network.
The most important advantage of edge computing with respect to transmission speed is its ability to reduce latency. Edge devices perform their own data processing or send the data they collect to a local data center, which doesn’t require the data to travel nearly as far as it would in a typical cloud architecture. Furthermore, data transmission speeds will always be limited by the speed of light, which is approximately 186,000 miles per second.
Fiber-optic technology currently limits the maximum speed of data transmission to 2/3 speed of light, meaning that data requires at least 21 milliseconds (ms) to travel from Los Angeles to New York. A network’s actual transmission speed is likely to be much lower than this when data is accumulated faster than they can be transmitted. Analysts expect information systems to generate about 44 zettabytes (ZB) of data in 2020, which virtually guarantees significant slowdowns with current technology.
Networks typically experience the greatest latency during the “last mile,” where data is routed through local area network (LAN) before it reaches the user. LAN connections can add another 10 to 65 ms of latency, depending on their quality. Processing data closer to its source can eliminate this requirement, which can reduce latency from milliseconds to microseconds. This advantage of edge computing can be quite significant, considering the cost of latency for many organizations.
Versatility
An edge computing system’s scalability also gives it great versatility. Business can easily reach their target markets without investing in the expansion of their own data center by forming partnerships with local data center providers. This strategy allows organizations to serve their end-users in a cost-effective manner that minimizes latency. The elimination of an on-premises data center with a heavy footprint also allows organizations to quickly shift their focus to other markets when economic conditions change.
The ability of an edge system to gather large amounts of actionable data with IoT devices also adds to its versatility. These devices are always on and connected to the internet, so they can collect data continually. In contrast, cloud systems require users to log on with a device before it can interact with a server. Another aspect of an edge system’s versatility is that raw data can be processed locally or transmitted back to a central server, which typically has more powerful analytics capabilities that can provide better insights into the data. Organizations can then use this analysis to meet the needs of their market more effectively.
Incorporating new edge devices into a network allows organizations to provide additional services for their users, which could otherwise require them to replace their on-premises infrastructure. Edge devices are often designed to serve a specific purpose, which creates additional possibilities for driving an organization’s growth. For example, edge computing provides organizations with the ability to expand their networks into areas with limited conductivity, which is particularly beneficial for sectors such as agriculture, health care and manufacturing.
Summary
Companies can leverage the growing number of IoT devices to shift their data processing from a private cloud to the edge of their network, which improves data transmission speeds and improves customer experiences. Edge systems are also more scalable than centralized data centers, often making them the preferred choice for rapidly expanding companies that need to remain responsive to changes in customer needs. This advantage is particularly strong when an organization is already using a cloud infrastructure with multiple collocated data centers. Edge computing also allows companies to provide more flexible and reliable services for customers who expect to remain connected to services at all times.
The advantages of edge computing over traditional network architectures will continue to become more evident as organizations implement digital technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI), augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR). These technologies are only beginning to show the potential of the IoT devices currently becoming available, especially in markets such as education, entertainment and media. AR/VR technologies are advancing particularly rapidly and may shortly prove to be one of the biggest uses of edge computing.
Posted in DevOps
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Deuterostome
Deuterostomes (from Greek: lit. 'mouth second') are bilaterian animals of the superphylum Deuterostomia, typically characterized by their anus forming before the mouth during embryonic development. Deuterostomia is further divided into 4 phyla: Chordata, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, and the extinct Vetulicolia known from Cambrian fossils. The extinct clade Cambroernida is also thought to be a member of Deuterostomia.
In deuterostomy, the developing embryo's first opening (the blastopore) becomes the anus and cloaca, while the mouth is formed at a different site later on. This was initially the group's distinguishing characteristic, but deuterostomy has since been discovered among protostomes as well. This group is also known as enterocoelomates, because their coelom develops through enterocoely.
Deuterostomia's sister clade is Protostomia, animals that develop mouth first and whose digestive tract development is more varied. Protostomia includes the ecdysozoans (panarthropods, nematoids, penis worms, mud dragons etc.) and spiralians (mollusks, annelids, flatworms, rotifers, arrow worms, etc.), as well as the extinct Kimberella. Together with Protostomia and their outgroup Xenacoelomorpha, they constitute the large infrakingdom Bilateria, i.e. animals with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers.
History
Initially, Deuterostomia included the phyla Brachiopoda, Bryozoa, Chaetognatha, and Phoronida based on morphological and embryological characteristics. However, Deuterostomia was redefined in 1995 based on DNA molecular sequence analyses, leading to the removal of the lophophorates which was later combined with other protostome animals to form the superphylum Lophotrochozoa. The arrow worms may also be deuterostomes, but molecular studies have placed them in the protostomes more often. Genetic studies have also revealed that deuterostomes have more than 30 genes not found in any other animal groups, but which yet are present in some marine algae and prokaryotes. This could mean they are very ancient genes that were lost in other organisms, or that a common ancestor acquired them through horizontal gene transfer.
Classification
This is the generally agreed upon phylogeny of the deuterostomes:
* Superphylum Deuterostomia
* Phylum Chordata
* Subphylum Cephalochordata (lancelets)
* Clade Olfactores
* Subphylum Tunicata (tunicates)
* Subphylum Vertebrata
* Superclass Agnatha (jawless fish)
* Infraphylum Gnathostomata (jawed fish)
* Class Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish)
* Superclass Osteichthyes (bony fish - includes tetrapods)
* Clade Ambulacraria
* Phylum Hemichordata
* Class Planctosphaeroidea
* Class Enteropneusta (acorn worms)
* Class Pterobranchia
* Phylum Echinodermata
* Subphylum Asterozoa
* Class Asteroidea (starfish)
* Class Ophiuroidea (brittle stars)
* Subphylum Blastozoa †
* Subphylum Crinozoa (sea lillies and extinct relatives)
* Subphylum Echinozoa
* Echinoidea (sea urchins)
* Holothuriodea (sea cucumbers)
There is a possibility that Ambulacraria is the sister clade to Xenacoelomorpha, and could form the Xenambulacraria group.
Notable characteristics
In both deuterostomes and protostomes, a zygote first develops into a hollow ball of cells, called a blastula. In deuterostomes, the early divisions occur parallel or perpendicular to the polar axis. This is called radial cleavage, and also occurs in certain protostomes, such as the lophophorates.
Most deuterostomes display indeterminate cleavage, in which the developmental fate of the cells in the developing embryo is not determined by the identity of the parent cell. Thus, if the first four cells are separated, each can develop into a complete small larva; and if a cell is removed from the blastula, the other cells will compensate. This is the source of identical twins.
In deuterostomes the mesoderm forms as evaginations of the developed gut that pinch off to form the coelom. This process is called enterocoely.
Another feature present in both the Hemichordata and Chordata is pharyngotremy — the presence of spiracles or gill slits into the pharynx, which is also found in some primitive fossil echinoderms (mitrates).
A hollow nerve cord is found in all chordates, including tunicates (in the larval stage). Some hemichordates also have a tubular nerve cord. In the early embryonic stage, it looks like the hollow nerve cord of chordates.
Both the hemichordates and the chordates have a thickening of the aorta, homologous to the chordate heart, which contracts to pump blood. This suggests a presence in the deuterostome ancestor of the three groups, with the echinoderms having secondarily lost it.
The highly modified nervous system of echinoderms obscures much about their ancestry, but several facts suggest that all present deuterostomes evolved from a common ancestor that had pharyngeal gill slits, a hollow nerve cord, circular and longitudinal muscles and a segmented body.
Formation of mouth and anus
The defining characteristic of the deuterostome is the fact that the blastopore (the opening at the bottom of the forming gastrula) becomes the anus, whereas in protostomes the blastopore becomes the mouth. The deuterostome mouth develops at the opposite end of the embryo, from the blastopore, and a digestive tract develops in the middle, connecting the two.
In many animals, these early development stages later evolved in ways that no longer reflect these original patterns. For instance, humans have already formed a gut tube at the time of formation of the mouth and anus. Then the mouth forms first, during the fourth week of development, and the anus forms four weeks later, temporarily forming a cloaca.
Origins and evolution
Bilateria, one of the five major lineages of animals, is split into two groups; the protostomes and deuterostomes. Deuterostomes consist of chordates (which include the vertebrates) and ambulacrarians. It seems likely that the Kimberella was a member of the protostomes. That implies that the protostome and deuterostome lineages split some time before Kimberella appeared — at least, and hence well before the start of the Cambrian , i.e. during the later part of the Ediacaran Period (circa 635-539 Mya, around the end of global Marinoan glaciation in the late Neoproterozoic). It has been proposed that the ancestral deuterostome, before the chordate/ambulacrarian split, could have been a chordate-like animal with a terminal anus and pharyngeal openings but no gill slits, with active suspension feeding strategy.
The last common ancestor of the deuterostomes had lost all innexin diversity.
Fossils of one major deuterostome group, the echinoderms (whose modern members include sea stars, sea urchins and crinoids), are quite common from the start of Series 2 of the Cambrian,. The Mid Cambrian fossil Rhabdotubus johanssoni has been interpreted as a pterobranch hemichordate. Opinions differ about whether the Chengjiang fauna fossil Yunnanozoon, from the earlier Cambrian, was a hemichordate or chordate. Another Chengjiang fossil, Haikouella lanceolata, is interpreted as a chordate and possibly a craniate, as it shows signs of a heart, arteries, gill filaments, a tail, a neural chord with a brain at the front end, and possibly eyes — although it also had short tentacles round its mouth. Haikouichthys and Myllokunmingia, also from the Chengjiang fauna, are regarded as fish. Pikaia, discovered much earlier but from the Mid Cambrian Burgess Shale, is also regarded as a primitive chordate.
On the other hand, fossils of early chordates are very rare, as non-vertebrate chordates have no bone tissue or teeth, and fossils of no Post-Cambrian non-vertebrate chordates are known aside from the Permian-aged Paleobranchiostoma, trace fossils of the Ordovician colonial tunicate Catellocaula, and various Jurassic-aged and Tertiary-aged spicules tentatively attributed to ascidians.
Phylogeny
Below is a phylogenetic tree showing consensus relationships among deuterostome taxa. Phylogenomic evidence suggests the enteropneust family, Torquaratoridae, fall within the Ptychoderidae. The tree is based on 16S +18S rRNA sequence data and phylogenomic studies from multiple sources. The approximate dates for each radiation into a new clade are given in millions of years ago (Mya). Not all dates are consistent, as of date ranges only the center is given.
Support for the clade Deuterostomia is not unequivocal. In particular, the Ambulacraria are sometimes shown to be related to the Xenacoelomorpha. If true, this raises two possibilities: either the Ambulacraria are taken out of the deuterostome-protostome dichotomy (in which case the grouping Deuterostomia dissolves, with Chordata and Protostomia grouped together as Centroneuralia), or the Xenacoelomorpha are re-positioned next to Ambulacraria within the Deuterostomia as in the above diagram.
Fossil record
Deuterostomes have a rich fossil record with thousands of fossil species being found throughout the Phanerozoic. The earliest undisputed deuterostomes are forms such as the early chordate Pikaia and the early echinoderm Helicoplacus, each from about 515 million years ago. There are also a few earlier fossils that may represent deuterostomes, but these remain debated. The earliest of these disputed fossils are the tunicate-like organisms Finkoella and Ausia from the Ediacaran period. While these may in fact be tunicates, others have interpreted them as cnidarians or sponges, and as such their true affinity remains uncertain. Another Ediacaran fossil, Arkarua, may represent the earliest echinoderm, while Yanjiahella from the early Cambrian (Fortunian) period is another notable stem group echinoderm.
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WIKI
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Jonathan E. LYERLY and Sharon Lyerly, Plaintiffs; v. UNITED STATES of America, Defendant.
2:15-cv-745-LSC
United States District Court, N.D. Alabama, Southern Division.
Signed November 3, 2016
Charlie Cleveland, Kenneth Lee Cleveland, Cleveland & Cleveland PC, Birmingham, AL, for Plaintiffs.
Joyce White Vance, US Attorney, US Attorney’s Office, Birmingham, AL, William E. Farrior, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, for Defendant.
MEMORANDUM OF OPINION
L. Scott Coogler, United States District Judge
Before the Court are Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment (doc. 27), Defendant’s Motion for Summary Judgment (doc. 29) and Plaintiffs’ Motion to Strike Evidence (doc. 34). Plaintiffs, Jonathan and Sharon Lyerly, brought this case based on tax penalties that they allege were wrongfully assessed by the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”). The Lyerlys seek a refund of overpayments, damages, and a declaration of their correct tax liability. For the reasons stated below, Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment is due to be granted in part and denied in part. Defendant’s motion is due to be denied. Plaintiffs’ motion to strike is due to be denied as moot.
I. Background
Jonathan (“Rick”) and Sharon Lyerly (collectively “the Lyerlys”) are a married couple living in Hoover, Alabama. Rick is an attorney with a general practice who does not do any tax or bankruptcy work. Rick suffers from many health problems, including diabetes, high blood pressure, a broken hip, a hernia, a prostate problem that required surgery, five heart bypass surgeries, internal bleeding, panic attacks, and anxiety. His anxiety is apparently tied to dealing with financial matters and sometimes manifests itself as shortness of breath, sweating, shaking, and almost losing consciousness. In 2009, Rick began to take Klonopin for his anxiety, which helped reduce these symptoms dramatically. Because of this anxiety, Rick relied almost entirely on others to take care of his financial matters, including filing his tax returns. He delegated this responsibility to Doug Hill (“Hill”), his accountant, and various office managers that he employed. Rick expected his office managers to gather and transmit financial information to Hill, who would then prepare his tax returns. Rick would simply sign his tax returns, apparently without reading them.
Mary Dobbs served as Rick’s office manager until April 2007. She apparently did not attend to the tax matters that Rick had assigned her. She was then replaced by Joy Simeone (“Simeone”), who also did not handle Rick’s tax matters appropriately. In fact, Rick alleges that Simeone embezzled from him and destroyed or altered his financial records. However, she also sent a memo to Rick in September 2007 about problems that the firm was having in complying with tax obligations. Simeone was fired in July 2008 when Rick discovered her embezzlement. Sharon then attempted to gather the necessary financial information herself for submission to Hill. However, she found this to be difficult because of the damage Simeone had done to Rick’s records.
A. Criminal Trial
For the years 2005, 2006, and 2007, Rick failed to file tax returns with the IRS. Rick alleges, and the IRS disputes, that he always intended to file these returns. While the IRS claims that Rick knew he was late in filing his taxes, Rick contends that he thought his tax returns were covered by “extensions” because Hill never told him otherwise. According to Rick, he did not know his taxes were overdue until Jason Ward, an IRS criminal investigator, visited him on August 27,2009.
During that visit, Rick told Ward that he thought the returns had been handled, but that he would check with Hill to make sure. Rick also told Ward that he was welcome to speak to Hill if he wanted more information about Rick’s taxes, and even told Hill to cooperate with Ward and to give him “whatever he asked for.” (PI. Ex. 6 at 310.) Rick explained that he kept his financial records on Microsoft Money and instructed his secretary to put the records on a CD and give it to Ward. The next day, Ward went to Hill’s office, talked to Hill, and collected some of Rick’s records. Ward also visited and spoke to Dr. Bair, the psychologist who was treating Rick for his anxiety issues. Dr. Bair informed Ward that Rick had been diagnosed with “simple phobia and anxiety disorder primarily focused around financial matters.” (PI. Ex. 4 at 151.)
On October 10, 2012, the United States filed an information against Rick in the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama, alleging three counts of willful failure to file income tax returns for the years 2005, 2006, and 2007. During the criminal trial, Sharon and Rick testified that Rick had filed his taxes for these years on October 14, 2010, and that the delay in filing was not willful, but rather, was for “reasonable cause.” Rick was found not guilty of all three counts on August 9, 2018.
B.2005 Taxes
Even though Rick filed his 2005 tax return in 2010, he did not pay his taxes for that year until September 20, 2012, when he mailed the IRS a check “For 2005 Tax/Estimated Penalties.” (PL Ex. 16 at 2.) The IRS replied to his payment on December 10, 2012 with a letter stating that Rick owed $5,273.83 for the year 2005 for “penalties and interest figured to December 31, 2012.” (PI. Ex. 17 at 1.) Rick responded by sending the IRS a check on December 29, 2012 marked “For 2005/2007 Taxes” in the amount of $8,962.69, enough to cover the $5,273.83 he owed on his 2005 taxes and the $3,688.46 he owed on his 2007 taxes. (PI. Ex. 19.) The IRS applied this payment to Rick’s 2006 taxes because, according to the United States, he submitted the check with a 2006 payment voucher. Rick, however, argues that the IRS misapplied the check and therefore created a credit balance of $8,962.69 for the year 2006 which was never corrected. Rick also claims that if the check had been correctly applied, the taxes for the year 2005 would have been paid in full with a credit balance in his favor.
On September 9, 2013, the IRS sent the Lyerlys a letter stating that Rick still owed $5,384.20 on his 2005 taxes. On October 4, 2013 Rick replied, explaining that the IRS had misapplied his December 29, 2012 payment. Jacquelyne Yarbrough, an accounts manager with the IRS, responded to Rick’s letter, stating that “we have not completed all the research necessary for a complete response.. .You don’t need to do anything further now on this matter.” (PL Ex. 24.) She also stated that the IRS would contact him within 45 days about the matter. (Id.) However, the IRS never followed up with Rick or changed the application of that payment.
C. 2006 Taxes
On August 27, 2012, the Lyerlys received a notice from the IRS that showed an outstanding balance of $35,853.14 on their 2006 taxes. (Pl. Ex. 29.) The notice stated “[s]end us the amount due...by September 17, 2012, to avoid additional penalty and interest charges.” (Id.) Rick paid the outstanding balance by check on September 7, 2012. The December 10, 2012 letter from the IRS listing the Lyerlys’ outstanding obligations showed a balance remaining for the tax years of 2005 and 2007, but did not show there was any balance remaining for 2006.
D. 2007 Taxes
Rick sent the IRS a check for $25,440 on September 20, 2012 with a memo that the payment was for “2007 Tax/Estimated Interest.” (Pl. Ex. 16.) The IRS responded on December 10, 2012 stating that “[t]he amount [Rick] owe[d] for the tax period... including] penalties and interest figured to Dec. 31, 2012” was $3,688.46. (PL Ex. 17.) On December 29, 2012, Rick sent the IRS a check for $8,962.69, which included the $3,688.46 which he owed for his 2007 taxes and $5,273.83 that he owed for his 2005 taxes. The check was labeled “For 2005/2007 Taxes”, but the IRS applied this payment to Rick’s 2006 taxes. The United States argues that they correctly applied the check to the 2006 taxes because Rick submitted the payment with a 2006 payment voucher. However, Rick alleges that if the check had been rightfully applied to the 2007 taxes, the 2007 account would have been paid in full and would show a credit balance in his favor of $1,492.40.
On May 13, 2013, the Lyerlys received notice from the IRS that an overpayment of $6,989 from their 2012 taxes was applied to their 2007 account, leaving a balance of $22,644.28 on their 2007 account. Rick alleges that this means that his September 20, 2012 and December 29, 2012 payments had never been applied to his 2007 taxes, Regardless, the parties dispute what taxes Rick properly owed for 2007.
E. 2008 Taxes
The Lyerlys filed their 2008 tax return on time and submitted a payment of $16,228 on October 19, 2009. However, the payment was not immediately posted to the Lyerlys’ account, according to an IRS report, “due to the module being frozen by Criminal Investigation;” (PI. Ex. 41.) On June 16,2014, the Lyerlys received an IRS notice showing a balance of $4,905.09 on their 2008 account. This notice showed failure to file, failure to pay proper estimated tax and failure to pay penalties as well as interest. (PI, Ex. 43.) On September 1, 2014, the Lyerlys received another notice that they owed $4,936.23 for 2008 taxes. (PI. Ex. 44.) Rick paid that balance by check on September 9, 2014. (PI. Ex. 45.)
The Lyerlys allege that the penalties were wrongful, but the United States claims that their payments were both late and inadequate. According to the United States, the Lyerlys should have paid a higher estimated tax amount, and should have paid by April 15, 2009 instead of in October 2009.
F. Assessment of Penalties
The IRS transferred Rick’s case to Maria Flournoy (“Flournoy”) and her supervisor Dorothy Randle (“Randle”) on August 26, 2013. While the case was Flournoy’s responsibility, the case file was updated with a Civil Penalty Approval Sheet which stated that “Failure to File and Failure to Pay penalties were considered and determined to be inapplicable... no penalties will be asserted by exam in tax years 2005 through 2007.” (PL Ex. 13.) From October 1, 2013 until October 17, 2013, the federal government was shut down, and federal employees, including those employed by the IRS, were ordered not to report to work. The Lyerlys claim that this resulted in IRS employees not being allowed to do any work. The United States asserts that “the IRS was required to continue taking action to protect the United States’ property interests including making assessments prior to statute expirations as required by law.” (Doc. 38 at 6.)
The Lyerlys received two letters dated October 3, 2013 from Randle, which stated that the IRS had “completed the review of the examination of [the Lyerlys’] tax return for the year(s) [2005, 2006, and 2007].” (PI. Ex. 14.) One of these letters showed no penalties and no interest for the year 2006, and the other showed no penalties and no interest for the years 2005 and 2007. (Id.) However, Rick then received a notice dated October 9, 2013 of penalties and interest which had been assessed for 2005 and 2006. (PI. Ex. 25 & 32.) As a result, the Lyerlys met with Randle on October 30, 2013 to clear up the obvious inconsistencies in the IRS’s communications. Randle told the Lyerlys that she would investigate the matter, and that the Lyerlys should call her back in four to six weeks.
While the Lyerlys were at the IRS office on October 30, they obtained a copy of their account transcript for 2005 and 2006, and found that the penalties allegedly assessed on October 9, 2013 were not on the transcript. (PI. Ex. 26 & 33.) The parties do not dispute that these assessments were logged onto the computer record between October 30, 2013 and November 19, 2013. As a result, the Lyerlys claim that the penalties were assessed after the October 14, 2013 statute of limitations had expired. However, the United States insists that quick assessments are not always immediately logged onto account records. The Lyerlys and the United States also dispute whether proper procedures for assessing these penalties were followed. For example, the Lyerlys claim that the required forms were not completed and filed prior to this assessment and that they did not receive notice and an opportunity to provide an explanation.
G. Payment of Penalties
On April 15, 2014, the Lyerlys filed a joint tax return for 2013, showing an overpayment of $19,731, which they requested be credited to their 2014 taxes. The IRS sent back a notice that they had applied some of the overpayment to the Lyerlys’ 2005 taxes. However, the Lyerlys maintain that they did not owe money on their 2005 taxes.
On September 1, 2014, Rick received an IRS notice of intent to levy which stated that he owed a total of $9,913 for the year 2005 and $6,003.52 for 2006. This sum included penalties, interest, and the outstanding'taxes on his account. Rick paid the 2005 and 2006 balances on September 9, 2014. (PI. Ex. 27 & 34.)
The Lyerlys filed the current action in this Court seeking a refund of overpaid taxes, a declaration of the proper tax liability and an order requiring the IRS to retransfer the allegedly misallocated payments. They also seek compensatory damages for mental anguish as well as punitive damages.
II. Standard of Review
Summary judgment is appropriate “if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). A fact is “material” if it -“might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing law.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986). There is a “genuine dispute” as to a material fact “if the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Id. The trial judge should not weigh the evidence but must simply determine whether there are any genuine.issues that should be resolved at trial. Id. at 249, 106 S.Ct. 2505.
In considering a motion for summary judgment, trial courts must give deference to the honmoving party by “considering all of the evidence and the inferences it may yield in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” McGee v. Sentinel Offender Services, LLC, 719 F.3d 1236, 1242 (11th Cir. 2013) (citing Ellis v. England, 432 F.3d 1321, 1325 (11th Cir. 2005)). In prosecuting a motion for summary judgment, “the moving party has the burden of either negating an essential element of the nonmoving party’s case or showing that there is no evidence to prove a fact necessary to the nonmoving party’s case.” Id. Although the trial courts must use caution when granting motions for summary judgment, “[sjummary judgment procedure is properly regarded not as a disfavored procedural shortcut, but rather as an integral part of the Federal Rules as a whole.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 327, 106 S.Ct. 2548, 91 L.Ed.2d 265 (1986).
III. Discussion
A. Jurisdiction and Relief
The Lyerlys request that the Court order the IRS to transfer funds to accounts for specific years and determine the proper amount of taxes owed for each of those years. They also request a refund for overpayment of taxes plus interest, as well as compensatory and punitive damages. However, “[t]he United States, as sovereign, is immune from suit save as it consents to be sued.. .and the terms of its consent to be sued in any court define that court’s jurisdiction to entertain the suit.” United States v. Sherwood, 312 U.S. 584, 586, 61 S.Ct. 767, 85 L.Ed. 1058 (1941). These terms, “must be strictly observed and exceptions thereto are not to be implied.” Soriano v. United States, 352 U.S. 270, 276, 77 S.Ct. 269, 1 L.Ed.2d 306 (1957). The United States may be sued for a tax refund under 28 U.S.C § 1346, which states that “[t]he district courts shall have original jurisdiction.. .of.. .[a]ny civil action against the United States for the recovery of any internal-revenue tax alleged to have been erroneously or illegally assessed, or collected, or any penalty claimed to have been collected without authority.”
A taxpayer may also sue for the sum of “actual, direct economic damages sustained ... as a proximate result of the reckless or intentional or negligent actions of the officer or employee and.. .the costs of the action” under 26 U.S.C. § 7433. While the Eleventh Circuit has not yet published a decision interpreting this statute, the Fifth Circuit has, and this Court will look to that circuit’s law for guidance. According to the Fifth Circuit, a successful suit under this statute requires “a taxpayer [to] establish that the Government recklessly or intentionally disregarded a provision of the Code in connection with the collection of federal taxes.” Gandy Nursery, Inc. v. United States, 412 F.3d 602, 605 (5th Cir. 2005) (“Gandy II”). This statute is limited to damages for “unauthorized collection actions.” 26 U.S.C. § 7433. It does not provide a remedy for improper assessment of taxes. Gandy II, 412 F.3d at 607.
The Fifth Circuit explained the difference between proving a case for improper “collection” as compared to improper “assessment” of taxes in Shaw v. United States, 20 F.3d 182, 184 (5th Cir. 1994). It clarified that in order to show “improper assessment, a taxpayer must demonstrate why no taxes are owed,” while “to prove a claim for improper collection practices, the taxpayer must demonstrate that the IRS did not follow the prescribed methods of acquiring assets.” Id. One taxpayer can bring both of these claims, but this “does not affect the separate and distinctive nature of each claim.” Id.
In Gandy II, the IRS was found to have reassessed abated penalties without notice or demand. 412 F.3d 602 at 605. The court found that these violations of proper procedure “specifically focus on the reassessment of.. .tax penalties without notice, not the means by which the Government attempted to thereafter collect on those monies it believed were owed.” Id. In this case, the Lyerlys claim that their penalties were improperly assessed. While they can bring suit for a refund under 26 U.S.C. § 7422 and 28 U.S.C. § 1346, they cannot sue for damages based on that alleged improper assessment. The Lyerlys do argue that the IRS failed to follow assessment procedures. There is no claim that the IRS disregarded proper collection procedures. Instead, the allegations are that the Lyerlys do not owe these penalties. Thus, the Lyerlys’ only possible remedy in this action is a refund of overpaid taxes and the Court will treat this action as a refund action.
B. Assessment of Penalties
The Court has authority to decide if the Lyerlys are entitled to a refund for the alleged wrongfully assessed penalties for failure to file tax returns for the years 2005-2007. The United States asserts that these penalties are mandatory, and therefore, not wrongly assessed. Conversely, the Lyerlys allege that because their failure to file was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, the penalties should not have been assessed. The relevant statute states that “unless it is shown that such failure [to file a return] is due to reasonable cause and not due to willful neglect, there shall be added... 5 percent for each additional month or fraction thereof during which such failure continues.” 26 U.S.C. § 6651(a)(1). The burden of proving reasonable cause ultimately lies with the taxpayer, who must prove “(1) that the failure did not result from “willful neglect’, and (2) that the failure was ‘due to reasonable cause.’” United States v. Boyle, 469 U.S. 241, 245, 105 S.Ct. 687, 83 L.Ed.2d 622 (1985).
Reasonable cause for failure to file exists if “the taxpayer ‘exercised ordinary business care and prudence,’ but nevertheless was unable to file the return on time.” In re Sanford, 979 F.2d 1511, 1514 & n.8 (11th Cir. 1992) (quoting Treas. Reg. § 301.6651-1(c)(1)). Alternatively, a “court may find reasonable cause.. .if a taxpayer convincingly demonstrates that a disability beyond his control rendered him unable to exercise ordinary business care.” Id. This analysis must be conducted for each tax period where penalties were assessed. Id.
The Lyerlys claim that they had reasonable cause for not filing their tax returns because Rick had a multitude of health and emotional problems, their office manager had been embezzling from them, and they had relied on their accountant to timely file their returns. According to the Lyerlys, Rick’s health problems required him to rely on his accountant and office manager to take care of financial matters such as filing tax returns. A “serious illness” of the taxpayer or his immediate family is considered reasonable cause by the IRS. Boyle, 469 U.S. at 245 & n.1, 105 S.Ct. 687. However, “[t]he failure to make a timely filing of a tax return is not excused by the taxpayer’s reliance on an agent, and such reliance is not ‘reasonable cause’ for a late filing.” Id. at 242, 105 S.Ct. 687. Yet, in situations where “a taxpayer relied on an attorney or accountant because the taxpayer, was, for some reason, incapable... of meeting the criteria of ‘ordinary business care and prudence’ ... the disability alone could well be an acceptable excuse for a late filing.” Id. at 248 & n.6. In cases where elements that may constitute reasonable cause are present, the question of the existence of reasonable cause is a question of fact. Id. at 249, 105 S.Ct. 687 & n.8.
Rick’s reliance on his accountant and office manager to file the returns does not constitute reasonable cause for his failure to file but a question of fact remains about whether his illness was “serious” enough to excuse Rick’s late filing. The United States argues that Rick’s illness was not “serious,” while the Lyerlys claim that his anxiety was so severe that it rendered him incapable of filing tax returns.
Further, the IRS considers “destruction by casualty of the taxpayer’s records or place of business” to be reasonable cause, and “casualty” is defined by the IRS as “an identifiable event that is sudden unexpected, or unusual,” such as vandalism. Boyle, 469 U.S. at 245 & n.1, 105 S.Ct. 687; Internal Revenue Service Publication 547 at 2. Here, Simeone indisputably destroyed some of Rick’s records. However, it remains a question of fact if this is enough to be “destruction by casualty” and constitute reasonable cause for his failure to file. Because there is a genuine dispute of material fact as to the presence of reasonable cause, the question of whether or not penalties were mandatory in this case is a question for the finder of fact.
C. Statute of Limitations
The Lyerlys claim that they are owed a refund on the tax penalties that they paid after October 14, 2013, because those penalties were barred by the statute of limitations. The Internal Revenue Code mandates that “the amount of any tax imposed... shall be assessed within 3 years after the return was filed.” 26 U.S.C. § 6501. Here, the tax returns for years 2005, 2006 and 2007 were filed on October 14, 2010. (PI. Ex. 15, 28 & 35.) Therefore, any tax for the years 2005-2007 had to be assessed by October 14, 2013, to fall within the statute of limitations. The Lyerlys received letters dated October 3, 2013 from the IRS saying that no penalties for years 2005-2007 had been assessed. However, Rick then received a notice dated October 9, 2013 assessing penalties and interest. The Lyerlys claim that the IRS could not have assessed these penalties on October 9, because the IRS was closed as part of the government shut down between October 1 and October 17. Thus, the penalties had to have been assessed after October 17. Regardless, the United States points out that the IRS is not required to return collected taxes that were assessed beyond the limitations period “which might have been properly assessed and demanded.” Lewis v. Reynolds, 284 U.S. 281, 283, 52 S.Ct. 145, 76 L.Ed. 293 (1932) modified by 284 U.S. 599, 52 S.Ct. 264, 76 L.Ed. 514 (1932).
In Lewis, the administrator of an estate filed a tax return for 1920 in February of 1921. Id. at 282, 52 S.Ct. 145. The return reported various deductions, and the payment indicated by the return was submitted to the IRS. Id. However, in November 1925, the return was audited, and all deductions except one—for attorney’s fees— were disallowed, leaving a deficiency of $7,297.15, which was paid in March 1926. Id. In July 1926, the petitioners asked that the $7,297.15 be refunded, claiming that the assessment was barred by the applicable five-year statute of limitations. Id. In 1929, the IRS found that the deduction for attorney’s fees should not have been allowed, but set out a new computation deducting the state inheritance taxes. Id. This computation showed that the taxpayers owed more taxes than they had yet paid. As a result, the request for a refund was rejected. Id.
The Court in Lewis held that the Commissioner could lawfully refuse to refund taxes the petitioners had paid because “[wjhile no new assessment can be made, after the bar of the statute has fallen, the taxpayer, nevertheless, is not entitled to a refund unless he has overpaid his tax.” Id. at 283, 52 S.Ct. 145 (quotations omitted). The court went on to hold that “[ajlthough the statute of limitations may have barred the assessment and collection of any additional sum, it does not obliterate the right of the United States to retain payments already received when they do not exceed the amount which might have been properly assessed and demanded.” Id.
Lewis does not involve the assessment of penalties, which is the issue before the Court in this case. Yet, the Fifth Circuit applied Lewis to a case that involved penalties for filing a late tax return. Loftin & Woodard, Inc. v. United States, 577 F.2d 1206, 1245-47 (5th Cir. 1978).In Loftin, a corporation was assessed a 10 percent penalty for a late filing of its 1961 tax return. Id. at 1245. When, in 1962, the corporation filed for a refund of some of the 1961 taxes based on carryback of losses suffered in 1962, the Commissioner audited the 1961 return and disallowed several of the deductions that the corporation had claimed. Id. The disallowance of these deductions increased the corporation’s taxable income for 1961, and therefore, when the penalty was applied to the amount of taxable income, the taxes owed for that year increased, Id. The Commissioner then used the newly calculated taxes for 1961 as a set off against the refund due from the 1962 losses. Id.
The corporation brought suit, claiming that the higher penalty amounted to “additional” taxes, which are barred by the three year statute of limitations. Id. (citing 26 U.S.C. § 6601). However, the court held that the “assessment, as a set-off against a refund, does not represent the imposition of an additional or new tax” because “the delinquency penalty already was in existence prior to the 1962 return [as] the 1961 return was filed late.” Id. at 1247. The court further explained that the increased penalty “did not arise because the Commissioner, in 196[2], suddenly discovered items that had not been reported properly. Had those items been discovered in 1961, the amount owing under the late filing penalty would have been increased.” Id.
The United States also relies on Allen v. United States, which similarly affirmed the denial of a request for a refund by a taxpayer. 51 F.3d 1012 (11th Cir. 1995). In Allen, the taxpayer was convicted of willful failure to pay taxes for the years 1976 and 1976. Id. at 1013. In 1985, the IRS assessed fraud penalties for Allen’s failure to pay, which he paid but quickly requested a refund. Id. In 1990, based on case law holding that fraud penalties were improper for cases such as Allen’s, the IRS decided to refund Allen the fraud penalties. Id. However, it offset the refund “by imposing, instead, delinquency and negligence penalties.” Id. Allen brought suit, claiming that the delinquency and negligence penalties were barred by the statute of limitations. Id. The court, however, held that the reasoning in Lewis applied because “penalties ... shall be assessed, collected, and paid in the same manner as taxes... [and that any] reference.. .to ‘tax’ imposed ... shall be deemed also to refer to .. .penalties.” Id. at 1015 (quoting 26 U.S.C. § 6659). Thus, according to the court, if Lems allowed tax premiums collected after the limitations period to be retained by the IRS, then penalties asserted and collected after the limitations period can also be retained. Id.
In the case before the Court, the penalties were not imposed as the result of an audit. Yet, like in Loftin, the Lyerlys filed their tax return late. Therefore, the reasoning in Loftin, which states that “the.. .penalty already was in existence. . .as the.. .return was filed late” is applicable. 577 F.2d at 1247. No matter when the IRS assessed the penalty, it was not “new” based on Loftin and Lewis, because the penalties “[were] already... in existence” and “might have been properly assessed and demanded” before the statute of limitations expired. Id.; Lewis, 284 U.S. at 283, 52 S.Ct. 145. The date of the assessment of these penalties is irrelevant, because they were already collected and can be retained by the IRS whether or not their assessment was barred by the statute of limitations. Thus, the Lyerlys are not entitled to summary judgment in their favor based on their claim that the penalties were barred by the statute of limitations,
D. Procedural Requirements and Estoppel
The Lyerlys assert that the penalty assessments were invalid because the IRS failed to follow the proper procedural requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. They also claim that the IRS should be estopped from claiming penalties and interest that are greater than the original amount they claimed in early communications with the Lyerlys. As explained above, the Court in this case can only provide the remedy of a refund of overpayment as authorized under § 1346. Lewis makes it clear that a taxpayer is only entitled to a refund if the taxpayer has overpaid his taxes. 284 U.S. at 283, 52 S.Ct. 145; see also Leves v. Commissioner 796 F.2d 1433, 1435 (11th Cir. 1986)(“[R]emedies for the allegedly wrongful assessment are to bring a bring a timely suit in the tax court under ... § 6212... or pay the tax and sue for a refund in district court .. .under § 1346.”). In a refund suit such as this one, “the taxpayer bears the burden of proving the amount he is entitled to recover.” United States v. Janis, 428 U.S. 483, 440, 96 S.Ct. 3021, 49 L.Ed.2d 1046 (1976). This burden is met if a taxpayer shows that “the amount he paid to the IRS ‘exceed[s] the amount which might have been properly assessed and demanded.’ ” United States v. Ryals, 480 F.3d 1101, 1109-10 (11th Cir. 2007) (quoting Lewis, 284 U.S. at 283, 52 S.Ct. 145).
Thus, the Lyerlys bear the burden of showing that there has been an overpayment and the procedural issues or early communications that they bring up are not relevant in making this determination. None of this evidence changes the substantive determination of the amount of taxes owed. In Ryals, the court held that the taxpayer did not meet his burden of proof because he did “not claim that he paid any taxes in excess of the amount(s) properly due or that he does not owe the taxes.” 480 F.3d at 1110. The Lyerlys’ procedural concerns and estoppel allegations do not show that they did not owe these taxes. Further, various courts have held that procedural or administrative errors are not enough to show that a taxpayer is entitled to a refund. See Janis, 428 U.S. at 440, 96 S.Ct. 3021; see also Blansett v. United States, 283 F.2d 474, 479 (8th Cir. 1960); Decker v. Korth, 219 F.2d 732, 739 (10th Cir. 1955); Thomaston Cotton Mills v. Rose, 62 F.2d 982 (5th Cir. 1933). Therefore, the Lyerlys are not entitled to summary judgment in their favor based on the alleged procedural deficiencies in the IRS’s assessment of penalties or on their reliance on IRS letters.
E. Misapplication of Payments
The Lyerlys claim that the IRS misapplied payments that Rick sent to the IRS, and because of that misapplication, they were charged a higher amount of interest and penalties. As discussed above, the Court has jurisdiction in this matter only to order a refund of any overpay-ments that the Lyerlys have made. Because the question of whether or not the penalties were mandatory and rightfully assessed is a question of fact, the Court cannot, at this stage, determine if the alleged misapplication of payments resulted in an overpayment. This issue will have to be resolved after the finder of fact decides if the Lyerlys owed the IRS payment for the penalties assessed.
F. 2008 Penalties
The Lyerlys allege that they are owed a refund of the “failure to file,” “failure to pay proper estimated tax,” and “failure to pay” penalties which were assessed for the year 2008. The United States concedes that the Lyerlys are entitled to a credit of $3,862.75 for the failure to file penalty. Therefore, summary judgment in favor of the Lyerlys is due to be granted as to the 2008 failure to file penalties to the extent of $3,862.75.
However, the United States disputes the Lyerlys’ claim for a refund of the 2008 failure to pay estimated tax and failure to pay penalties. According to the United States, the Lyerlys’ extension only allowed them to file on October 15, 2009, but not to pay on that date. The United States claims that the Lyerlys still had to pay before April 15, 2009. The Lyerlys claim that they paid on time. Automatic extensions give a taxpayer six more months to file a timely return but do not extend the time for payment. 26 U.S.C. § 6081. However, the IRS can also grant six month extensions of time for paying taxes, though these extensions are more unusual. 26 U.S.C. § 6161. The record is unclear as to whether an extension of time for payment was granted, as neither side has presented a copy of the alleged extension, but the Court assumes that the extension granted was an automatic extension for time to file. Therefore, the Lyerlys’ motion for summary judgment as to this claim is due to be denied. If an extension to pay their taxes was granted, such should be presented at the trial of this matter.
IV. Conclusion
For the reasons stated above, Plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment (doc. 27) is due to be GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. Defendant’s motion for summary judgment (doc. 29) is due to be DENIED. Plaintiffs’ motion to strike (doc. 34) is due to be DENIED AS MOOT. Summary judgment in Plaintiffs’ favor as to Plaintiffs’ claims for a refund of failure to file penalties for the year 2008 is due to be granted. Al other claims remain. A separate order consistent with this opinion will be entered by the Court.
DONE and ORDERED this 3rd day of November 2016.
. The Court did not consider the evidence that Plaintiffs object to in their motion to strike. Therefore, the motion to strike will be deemed moot.
. All decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to close of business on September 30, 1981 are binding on the Eleventh Circuit. Bonner v. City of Prichard, Ala., 661 F.2d 1206, 1209 (11th Cir. 1981).
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CASELAW
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Folkrace
Folk racing or folkrace (jokamiesluokka; folkrace; folkreiss; folkeræs; bilcross) is a popular, inexpensive, and entry-level form of Nordic rallycross that originally comes from Finland, where it is also called jokkis or Jokamiehenluokka (everyman's class).
About
The races are run on special gravel or tarmac tracks, 2400 m in length. The tracks are designed to limit the top speed to 80 km/h, but on most of the tracks speeds of over 120 km/h can be reached. The competitions are divided into different classes depending on age and gender. Participants can be as young as 14 years of age.
The race is divided into different heats in which 6 cars usually compete. The driver who wins a race is awarded seven points; the runner-up receives five points; the driver who finished third gets four points, and so on. When all the heats have been driven, the total score is calculated and the top six drivers get to race in the A final, the next six in the B final, and so on. The winner of the A final wins the event.
To maintain its inexpensive nature, there is a rule on car costs. The races are run in standard cars which must meet certain minimum safety regulations. In Finland, cars must not be all-wheel drive and cannot be powered by diesel engines; they must also be family cars with a minimum of 4 seats, and no mid-engine layout. Anyone can place a fixed-price bid on any car, and the buyer is then chosen by draw. The fixed price in Finland is €2,000 (≈US$2,200) or 8,000 SEK (≈US$800) in Sweden. Refusing to sell is grounds for having one's competition licence revoked; however, participants with handicaps can get an exemption if they require special equipment in their cars. Personal equipment such as the seat and safety harness are not included in the sale. This type of system eliminates the motivation for sinking extensive amounts of work and money into a folk racing car.
Folk racing is a full-contact sport like banger racing. While collisions do happen, and cars make contact with each other, intentionally ramming or obstructing a competitor is forbidden, and the safety rules are strict, so that teenagers (14 to 17 years old) and drivers without a regular driver's licence may participate.
In popular culture
* In series 12, episode 3 of Top Gear (2008), James May competes in a Finnish folkrace after receiving training from Mika Häkkinen.
* The 2018 video game Wreckfest features folk racing among its variety of demolition derby events.
Resources
* 2017 AKK official rules for Finland
* Contest Rules of SBF for Sweden
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WIKI
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Page:Dramas 3.pdf/24
22
Dost thou really see him?
Dost thou see him? or hear him?
Is he near us?
Is he on the moor?
Hold your peace, wretches! he may start up by your side in an instant, and scare the very life from your body, if ye forget what I told you.
I have na' forgotten it.
Nor I neither. We're to tak' han's first of a'. (Takes by the hand, and then turns to .) And thine, too, Wilkin.
Meat, meat!
No, glutton; thou mun gi' me thy haun and go round, as I told thee.
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WIKI
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Jan Hus day in Czechia
The Jan Hus Day is a national holiday in Czechia held annually on the same date. Just like the previous day – St Cyril and Methodius, it is a non-working day. It commemorates the martyrdom of Jan Hus an important priest, reformist and a university rector.
Who was Jan Hus?
Jan Hus was born in Bohemia in 1369 and became a priest in 1400 demanding a reform in the Catholic church. Soon he became a rector of the University of Prague – between 1402 and 1403. He was a strong supporter of John Wycliffe and a translator of his works.
Hus is regarded as a predecessor to the Protestant movement and important figure of the Reformation, as he appealed for conducting liturgies in Czech language, for restraining the power of the church within spiritual questions. Moreover, he has firmly declared himself against the popular practice of indulgences (absolving you of your sins in return for a donation to the Church). Hus was found guilty for heresy against the doctrines of the Catholic Church.
Following the process, he was executed on 6th July 1415. His followers are known as Hussites and many of his beliefs found their expression a century later, when Martin Luther nailed his famous list of 95 theses against the Catholic church at Wittenberg, Germany. The last words of Hus were “truth prevails” which is inscribed on the current Czech presidential ensign and is a national motto.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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China's HNA Group to sell overseas property, dispose non-core assets: 21st Century Business Herald
BEIJING (Reuters) - HNA Group Co Ltd’s [HNAIRC.UL] Chief Executive Officer Adam Tan said the aviation-to-financial services conglomerate is negotiating to sell overseas real estate as part of a strategic streamlining, according to an interview published by 21st Century Business Herald. HNA also is looking to set-up investment funds to help sell the properties in New York, Sydney and Hong Kong to outside investors, Tan said. “HNA is a rational investor,” Tan told the mainland China media outlet, adding the company will sell and not just buy assets. HNA has “cleared” more than 100 small companies this year that weren’t key to the firm’s core business, Tan said, and has slowed the pace of its outbound investment since last November. Tan’s remarks come as HNA, which inked deals of $50 billion over two years, including stakes in Hilton Worldwide Holdings Inc (HLT.N) and Deutsche Bank AG (DBKGn.DE), faces increased scrutiny from regulators and bankers due to announced changes to its shareholding structure and its use of leverage. Last week, S&P Global Ratings downgraded HNA’s credit profile by one notch to ‘b’, five notches below investment grade, citing the group’s “aggressive financial policy” and tightening liquidity amid looming debt maturities. HNA’s financing woes continued this week, with a report that airlines owned by the Chinese conglomerate have missed some payments due on leased aircraft, Fred Browne, CEO of aviation lessor Aergo Capital Ltd, told industry publication FlightGlobal. Tan told 21st Century Business Herald that HNA’s access to credit remained sound. Domestic banks had a combined credit line of more than 800 billion yuan ($120.96 billion) with HNA at the end of November, Tan said, and nearly 300 billion yuan of credit lines were unused. The company in a separate filing earlier this year said that it had used 454.5 billion yuan of its 745.2 billion yuan total credit lines as of the end of June. Last month, HNA announced that Shanxi Rural Credit Cooperative opened credit line of 10 billion yuan to HNA, mainly to support financing of the aviation tourism industry in Shanxi Province. HNA is facing a regulatory investigations in Europe, following the July announcement by the conglomerate that named key executives as shareholders. The Swiss Takeover Board said last month HNA gave partially untrue or incomplete information during the takeover of Swiss airline catering firm Gategroup, which the conglomerate bought for $1.5 billion last year. The regulator said the group had failed to disclose that company executives held controlling stakes in the conglomerate. Reporting by Matthew Miller; Editing by Christopher Cushing
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Five different Flames score as Calgary beats Detroit
Mark Giordano and Derek Ryan both collected one goal and one assist as the host Calgary Flames used five different goal scorers to beat the Detroit Red Wings 5-1 on Thursday. In a game his team never trailed, goalie David Rittich made 27 saves to backstop Calgary to a second consecutive win. Calgary’s Andrew Mangiapane opened the scoring at 11:01 of the first period, his second goal in as many games. Mangiapane was setting the screen from the slot when Giordano sent a point shot he deflected into the net. Elias Lindholm doubled the lead with a power-play marker at 9:45 of the second period. Lindholm was at the side of the net and finished a tic-tac-toe three-way passing play to run his goal-scoring streak to three games. He’s tallied four times in five outings. The Red Wings gained a bit of life when Darren Helm put them on the board 28 seconds later, pouncing on a loose puck after Rittich stopped Anthony Mantha’s breakaway attempt to net his third of the season, but it was all Flames the rest of the way. Sam Bennett scored his first of the season at 3:29 of the third period to make it a 3-1 game. After Milan Lucic forced a turnover with his forecheck, he spied Bennett at the doorstep and set him up for the easy tap-in. Then Ryan tallied his first goal of the year at 4:57. Ryan was the last Flames player to touch the puck during a crazy scramble that ended when Detroit’s Taro Hirose put the puck in his own net. Giordano rounded out the scoring with Calgary’s third goal of the third period, a power-play marker at 8:47. The victory came at a cost. Mangiapane left the game in the third period after tumbling into the boards, while Lindholm was on the receiving end of a slash from Helm in the third period — which earned the Red Wings forward a major penalty and game misconduct. Jimmy Howard stopped 31 shots for the Red Wings, who have dropped three straight games in regulation by a combined score of 15-4. —Field Level Media
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Date of Award
Spring 1-1-2010
Document Type
Dissertation
Degree Name
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Department
Electrical, Computer & Energy Engineering
First Advisor
Fabio Somenzi
Second Advisor
Clark Barrett
Third Advisor
Aaron Bradley
Abstract
The Satisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) problem is a decision problem for the satisfiability of first-order formulas with background theories. In the last few years, decision procedures for SMT have been studied intensively, and they are applied successfully to hardware and software verification, compiler optimization, scheduling, and other design automation areas. In particular, during our study, we have found that they are also applicable to constrained random simulation.
SMT solvers have been effectively applied to software verification with predicate abstraction and bounded model checking. Only to a lesser extent, they have been applied to hardware verification. In today's hardware designs, bit-level and word-level operations are often tightly intermingled. On some designs, a bit-level model checker may perform better than a word-level model checker or vice versa.
In my dissertation, we study several efficient SMT solving techniques that can be applied to hardware model checking and constrained random simulation. In particular, we present a hybrid approach for integer difference logic that combines finite instantiation method with Bellman-Ford algorithm. In addition, we present an efficient term-ITE conversion method that improves SMT solving by word-level simplifications. Efficiency of these techniques have been shown in our SMT solver SatEEn that won the 1st places in Integer Difference Logic (IDL) and Linear Integer Arithmetic Logic (LIA) divisions of SMT Competition 2009.
In SMT-based model checking, an efficient encoding plays an important role along with the efficient SMT solving. For hardware model checking, we propose an SMT-based model checking system that consists of modeling and constraint solving components. The modeling component selectively decides the encoding method by analyzing the model, and the constraint solving component uses either Linear Integer Arithmetic Logic (LIA) or Bit-Vector (BV) solver for the encoding. On the other hand, hardware modeling is nontrivial since the behavior of hardware is described with the detailed event semantics of Standard Verilog; hence we define a subset of Verilog with restrictions that guarantee behavioral equivalence between verification condition and simulation of synchronous hardware. The restrictions lead to a concise verification condition and allow controlled nondeterminism that can be easily eliminated for synthesis. In addition, we propose an encoding method that improves SMT solving by maximizing the use of word-level information. For constrained random simulation, we propose to use word-level simplification that reduces the bit-width of each variable in the design.
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COinS
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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What can we learn from billions of years of being part of an evolving ecosystem?
What can we learn from billions of years of being part of an evolving ecosystem?
In telling stories of evolution, we recognise our complicity, our connectedness, our unity with everything as a writhing, chemical concoction. Evolution is a driving force, a process that weaves chemical cocktails into material entities and simultaneously unravels certainties into potential futures made up of our ancestral legacies.
It helps us recognise that the very first living life form is still alive in each and every thing that is metabolising, from bacterium to human. Through a process of reflection and re-situating, an embrace of messy complexity becomes a beautiful emergence of possibility. Evolution is a unifying concept that reflects the multidisciplinary nature of science. It integrates information from the domains of biology, geology, chemistry, archaeology, genetics and ecology. Evolution is driven by changes in the variation of genes due to mutations, sex, recombination, and gene flow. The outcomes include organisms and their ability to adapt, co-evolve, co-operate, speciate, and become extinct. The outcome is a rich matrix of relationships.
Through a process of reflection and re-situating, an embrace of messy complexity becomes a beautiful emergence of possibility. What can we, as humans, learn from this? Image: Aviva Reed
Storying our lives with narratives has been a long-time cultural practice for building scaffoldings of support and comfort; a way to know, and get to know ourselves. The stories we tell shape who we are and who we become, which begs the question: why do we not tell more stories of our evolutionary lives? Of our ancestral beginnings and becomings?
Exploring the story of evolution can be scary. Filled with mystery and voids of deep time, it takes a giant leap into an eternal earthquake of change, a seismic tremor of existential awe. But it is in this space of wonder and mystery that a gentle embodiment of all things, ourselves as all things, can seep into being; a momentary appreciation of change as a beautiful sculpting force. Only through attempts to grapple with these immense scales and processes, temporally and spatially, is it possible to imagine our own molecular memory: that ‘our bones were once stone, and our air cycled our eons, shared with our ancestors’. It is through these grandiose projections of self as a unifying concept of evolution that a present of interrelated life can become a reality.
A page from Aviva’s powerful new book, EON. Image: Aviva Reed
The beauty of evolutionary stories is that they embrace the rigorous, robust science of ecology, whilst also placing every living being into a story. The story that is our story. Where the very first living thing is still alive in each and every thing currently extant. Evolutionary stories evoke patterns, recognitions and connections; a blueprint similar to a multidimensional mapping tool for gaining perspective into interconnection, biological growth, and decay as nutritious decay. Evolutionary stories help us embrace the unknowns of death, providing a poetic analogy of a chemical matrix that situates us in an eon-long process of recycling.
It reminds us that we are the ancestors of tomorrow.
You can purchase Aviva Reed’s book, EON, from Oekologie Studio.
Banner imager courtesy of Aviva Reed.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Secular trends in the incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of transient ischemic attack in Japan: The Hisayama Study
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
2 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
Background and aims: We aimed to investigate secular trends in the incidence, risk factors, and prognosis of transient ischemic attack (TIA) in a general Japanese population. Methods: Two cohorts consisting of stroke-free Japanese individuals aged ≥40 years in 1961 (n = 1621) and 1988 (n = 2646) were followed up for 24 years. The associations of potential risk factors with the development of TIA were estimated by a Cox proportional hazards model. The influence of TIA on the risk of total stroke over the subsequent 10 years was compared between the sub-cohorts of subjects with TIA and age- and sex-matched control subjects from each cohort. Results: During follow-up, 28 subjects in the 1961 cohort and 34 in the 1988 cohort experienced TIA. The age-standardized incidence of TIA was significantly lower in the 1988 cohort than the 1961 cohort (0.66 vs. 1.01 per 1000 person-years, p = 0.02). While elevated systolic blood pressure was significantly associated with the risk of TIA in both cohorts, glucose intolerance and higher serum cholesterol levels were associated with TIA risk only in the 1988 cohort. The subjects experiencing TIA had approximately 7–8-fold higher risks for the 10-year incidence of total and ischemic strokes compared with the corresponding control subjects without TIA both in the 1961 and 1988 sub-cohorts, and the relative risks were not significantly different between sub-cohorts. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the incidence of TIA decreased during the past half century, probably due to the spread of antihypertensive treatments in the general Japanese population.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)84-90
Number of pages7
JournalAtherosclerosis
Volume273
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Jun 2018
All Science Journal Classification (ASJC) codes
• Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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How Unhealthy Eating Can Lead To Mental Health Issues|
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1076
Unhealthy eating
Unhealthy Eating can do more damage to your brain than we are taught. Why eating good food is vital to your mental health
When you think of Unhealthy Eating you tend to think no further than the damages to the physical body. There is usually no conversation around the mental issues unhealthy eating can bring. We know that a healthy body starts with a healthy immune system. And in order to get a healthy immune system you must focus on your digestive health. We also know that unhealthy eating leads to and unhealthy digestive system which then leads to compromised immune health. But how does unhealthy eating effect your mental health?
Eating: The Digestive system & Mental Health
Your digestive system don’t only have an affect on your physical well being it also has an affect on your thoughts. The brain in your head is responsible for processing and thinking, it’s also the central command center for our nervous system. It receives signals from our body sensory gland and once processed it sends the information to the muscles which then creates movements, and feelings. This is where the digestive system comes in. We have a second Brain that is located in the digestive system, thats right a SECOND BRAIN!
eating
The brain located in your gut/ digestive system looks almost identical to main brain in your skull. I mean they can pass for cousins right? The second brain operates independently from our main brain. It controls our entire digestive system, the entire body system and our mental condition. It has neurons and neurotransmitters and proteins that zap messages between neurons. The main brain or brain in your skull communicates to the small gut by communicating with the small commander neurons.
How It works
The commander nuerons in the guts brain controls the activity of the gut. The main brain and the brain in your gut is in an intimate relationship with one another. The main brain protects the brain in the digestive system. In the battle field the main brain will tell the second brain to shut down. It will then scan the gut to make sure everything is alright. They both can have an affect on each other. The term “gut ” feeling or intuition is when we feel something isn’t right or we are nervous. Like butterflies in you tummy or diarrhea. This happens when our second brain sends signals to the main brain that we are not fine.
Research has proven that and unhealthy digestive system causes many neurological and mental health issues. This is due to low levels of healthy bacteria in the gut. The key to taking care of our second brain is supporting our digestive health by eliminating unhealthy eating such as the consumption of fried foods, red meats, and processed foods. Instead we should drink plenty of water, exercise, and take antioxidants everyday which can be found naturally in healthy foods.
If we are being good to our second brain then we are less likely to suffer from illness or other health issues including mental health and neurological issues such as Alzheimers.
Have some personal development information or an inspiring story you want to share? Submit you story along with your bio.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Ravens
Ravens are any of several larger-bodied members of the genus Corvus. These species do not form a single taxonomic group within the genus, but share similar characteristics and appearances that generally separate them from other crows. The largest raven species are the common raven and the thick-billed raven.
Quotes
* Raven, raven, your eggs are shining bright! Raven bird, your eggs are shining bright! Where do people carry off your holy eggs?
* Anonymous, Nanshe and the birds (Nanshe C),.
* That Raven on yon left-hand oak (Curse on his ill-betiding croak) Bodes me no good.
* John Gay, Fables (1727), The Farmer's Wife and the Raven.
* Kahgahgee, the King of Ravens, Gathered all his black marauders, Crows and blackbirds, jays and ravens, Clamorous on the dusky tree-tops.
* Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, The Song of Hiawatha (1855), Part XIII
* The Raven's house is built with reeds,— Sing woe, and alas is me! And the Raven's couch is spread with weeds, High on the hollow tree; And the Raven himself, telling his beads In penance for his past misdeeds, Upon the top I see.
* Thomas D'Arcy McGee, The Penitent Raven; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 656.
* The raven once in snowy plumes was drest, White as the whitest dove's unsullied breast, Fair as the guardian of the Capitol, Soft as the swan; a large and lovely fowl His tongue, his prating tongue had changed him quite To sooty blackness from the purest white.
* Ovid, Metamorphoses, Story of Coronis. Addison's translation; reported in Hoyt's New Cyclopedia Of Practical Quotations (1922), p. 656.
* Ghastly, grim, and ancient Raven, wandering from the Nightly shore,— Tell me what thy lordly name is on the Night's Plutonian shore! Quoth the Raven "Nevermore!"
* Edgar Allen Poe, The Raven (1844), Stanza 8.
* And the Raven, never flitting, Still is sitting, still is sitting On the pallid bust of Pallas Just above my chamber door; And his eyes have all the seeming Of a demon's that is dreaming, And the lamplight o'er him streaming Throws his shadow on the floor, And my soul from out that shadow, That lies floating on the floor, Shall be lifted—nevermore.
* Edgar Allen Poe, The Raven (1844), Stanza 18.
* The croaking raven doth bellow for revenge.
* William Shakespeare, Hamlet (1600-02), Act III, scene 2, line 264.
* The raven himself is hoarse That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan Under my battlements.
* William Shakespeare, Macbeth (1605), Act I, scene 5, line 40.
* O, it comes o'er my memory, As doth the raven o'er the infected house, Boding to all.
* William Shakespeare, Othello (c. 1603), Act IV, scene 1, line 20.
* Did ever raven sing so like a lark, That gives sweet tidings of the sun's uprise?
* William Shakespeare, Titus Andronicus (c. 1584-1590), Act III, scene 1, line 158.
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화학공학소재연구정보센터
Chemical Engineering & Technology, Vol.35, No.3, 440-444, 2012
CO2 Capture in SOFC by Vapor Condensation and CH4 Production in SOEC Storing Excess Electricity
Simple CO2 capture in combined solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) gasification or reforming (of hydrocarbons fossil or biomass) cycles by condensing the water vapor of the anode exhaust gas after CO shifting and H2 recycling by a membrane is simulated. High efficiency of about 60?% is demonstrated. The separated CO2 can be stored in a two-chamber tank at the same pressure and temperature as methane on the two sides of a flexible membrane which divides the tank into chambers since 1?mol CH4 results in 1?mol CO2. In a solid oxide electrolyzer cell (SOEC), CO2 and steam can be recombined to CH4 using excess electricity, e.g., produced by wind or solar power, and O2 is left over. Thus, excess electricity can be stored chemically. Such a cycle allows hybrid vehicles with SOFC as range extender, running as zero-emission vehicles also when using natural gas.
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Laurence DELINOT
Hypnosis practitioner
16bis rue du Docteur Roux
75015 PARIS
+33 6 75 43 47 90
Hypnosis, a very effective tool against burn-out
Hypnosis, a very effective tool against burn-out
Burn-out, or the professional exhaustion syndrome, spares no one and more and more employees become literally “consumed” from the inside. According to the WHO, it is “a feeling of intense fatigue, loss of control and inability to achieve concrete results at work.”
People affected by burn-out can suffer from multiple symptoms: great fatigue – this one is common to all -, sleep disorders, irritability, aggressiveness, excessive overthinking, loss of concentration, negative thoughts, even suicidal, underestimation of oneself, backaches, headaches and stomachaches … This state is insidious, we do not realize it immediately. Exhaustion is progressive until one day, we crack, without warning!
The causes of burn-out are essentially linked to the modern evolution of work. Employees who suffer from it all have one thing in common: they are subjected to significant and repeated stress in their professional environment. They often experience hyperconnection through the use of new technologies, information and work overload, as well as a lack of autonomy. They feel an imbalance between the numerous efforts they make and the reduced recognition they get from their boss, while having little support from their superior and their colleagues.
Even if it is not always obvious, there are solutions to prevent it. The first is to not feel like you are a victim of your job. Employees must look for what motivates them in their respective professional missions, what makes them move forward… It is necessary to find balance between consuming tasks – which lead to chronic stress in the long run – and motivating tasks. In order to feel good, it is essential to take regular breaks and to give oneself small tokens of attention. They allow you to clear your mind, to release tension and to gain in efficiency.
The good news is that burn-out is not irreversible. When you realize that you are suffering from symptoms reminiscent of burn-out, it is urgent to consult a doctor. The latter will do a general health check-up, decide whether or not to stop the patients and prescribe a treatment to support them and enable them to get back on track.
Consulting a qualified hypnotherapist is also essential because hypnosis is a very effective tool to fight burn-out. Indeed, it will allow people to work on their self-esteem, to identify their problems and to modify their behavior. A few sessions will be enough to find balance and a new dynamic in their work.
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Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series I/Volume IV/Donatist Controversy/Answer to the Letters of Petilian, the Donatist/Book III/Chapter 27
32.  But this is not what we are now inquiring.  Let him rather answer (what he wanders off into the most irrelevant matters in order to avoid answering) by what means the conscience of the recipient is cleansed who is unacquainted with the stain on the conscience of the giver, if the conscience of one that gives in holiness is what we look for to cleanse the conscience of the recipient? and from what source he receive faith who is unwittingly baptized by one that is faithless, if he that has wittingly received his faith from one that is faithless receives not faith but guilt?  Omitting, therefore, his revilings, which he has cast at me without any sound consideration, let us still notice that he does not say what we demand in what follows.  But I should like to look at the garrulous mode in which he has set this forth, as though he were sure to overwhelm us with confusion.  "But let us return," he says, "to that argument of your fancy, whereby you seem to have represented to yourself in a form of words the persons you baptize.  For since you do not see the truth, it would have been more seemly to have imagined what was probable."  These words of his own, Petilianus put forth by way of preface, being about to state the words that I had used.  Then he went on to quote:  "Behold, you say, the faithless man stands ready to baptize, but he who is to be baptized knows nothing of his faithlessness."   He has not quoted the whole of my proposition and question; and presently he begins to ask me in his turn, saying, "Who is the man, and from what corner has he started up, that you propose to us?  Why do you seem to see a man who is the produce of your imagination, in order to avoid seeing one whom you are bound to see, and to examine and test most carefully?  But since I see that you are unacquainted with the order of the sacrament, I tell you this as shortly as I can:  you were bound both to examine your baptizer, and to be examined by him."  What is it, then, that we were waiting for?  That he should tell us by what means the conscience of the recipient is to be cleansed, who is unacquainted with the stain on the conscience of him that gives but not in holiness, and whence the man is to receive not guilt but faith, who has received baptism unwittingly from one that is faithless.  All that we have heard is that the baptizer ought most diligently to be examined by him who wishes to receive not guilt but faith, that the latter may make himself acquainted with the conscience of him that gives in holiness, which is to cleanse the conscience of the recipient.  For the man that has failed to make this examination, and has unwittingly received baptism from one that is faithless, from the very fact that he did not make the examination, and therefore did not know of the stain on the conscience of the giver, was incapacitated from receiving faith instead of guilt.  Why therefore did he add what he made so much of adding,—the word wittingly, which he calumniously accused me of having suppressed?  For in his unwillingness that the sentence should run, "He who has received his faith from one that is faithless, receives not faith but guilt," he seems to have left some hope to the man that acts unwittingly.  But now, when he is asked whence that man is to receive faith who is baptized unwittingly by one that is faithless, he has answered that he ought to have examined his baptizer; so that, beyond all doubt, he refuses the wretched man permission even to be ignorant, by not finding out from what source he may receive faith, unless he has placed his trust in the man that is baptizing him.
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1
I have following extended event in SQL Server 2012 to capture CXPACKET waits.
I need to find “other waits” also if the session has a CXPACKET, like the one achieved here using dynamic management view. What is the most light weight way to capture this information?
Also, how to display this information by querying this data aggregating on the thread level or execution_context_id (like total duration of wait for a thread)?
Extended Event
CREATE EVENT SESSION [MyEvent3] ON SERVER
ADD EVENT sqlos.wait_info
(
ACTION (sqlos.cpu_id,
sqlserver.database_name,
sqlserver.request_id,
sqlserver.session_id,
sqlserver.session_nt_username,
sqlserver.sql_text,
sqlserver.transaction_id,
sqlserver.username,
package0.collect_system_time,
package0.collect_cpu_cycle_time,
--package0.callstack,
sqlos.task_address,
sqlos.worker_address
)
WHERE ([wait_type] = 191) --CXPACKET
--map_key value 187 in 2008 and 2008 R2 and 191 in 2012 and 2014 RTM.
AND [database_name] = N'TestDB'
)
ADD TARGET package0.event_file
(
SET
filename = N'G:\XE\event_session_test3_EF.xel',
max_file_size = (20),
max_rollover_files = (2)
)
WITH
(
MAX_MEMORY = 4096 KB,
EVENT_RETENTION_MODE = ALLOW_SINGLE_EVENT_LOSS,
MAX_DISPATCH_LATENCY = 30 SECONDS,
MAX_EVENT_SIZE = 0 KB,
MEMORY_PARTITION_MODE = NONE,
TRACK_CAUSALITY = OFF,
STARTUP_STATE = OFF
);
• 2
Since DMVs only present information when queried, your best bet for getting all of the waits to really find this out would be to alter your extended events session above and capture all waits. Then load the data into a table and munge it around pulling out waits for sessions that had at least 1 CXPacket wait. Otherwise you'll be getting sampled data that may or may not reflect intermediate waits. – Sean Gallardy Sep 27 '16 at 14:50
• Reference: dba.stackexchange.com/questions/126095/… – Lijo Nov 21 '17 at 19:16
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Page:The Woman in White.djvu/284
"Damn it! what do you mean?" cried Sir Percival, as the Count quietly moved away, with his wife, to the door.
"At other times I mean what I say; but at this time I mean what my wife says," replied the impenetrable Italian. "We have changed places, Percival, for once, and Madame Fosco's opinion is—mine."
Sir Percival crumpled up the paper in his hand, and pushing past the Count, with another oath, stood between him and the door.
"Have your own way," he said, with baffled rage in his low, half-whispering tones. "Have your own way—and see what comes of it." With those words, he left the room.
Madame Fosco glanced inquiringly at her husband. "He has gone away very suddenly," she said. "What does it mean?"
"It means that you and I together have brought the worst-tempered man in all England to his senses," answered the Count. "It means, Miss Halcombe, that Lady Glyde is relieved from a gross indignity, and you from the repetition of an unpardonable insult. Suffer me to express my admiration of your conduct and your courage at a very trying moment."
"Sincere admiration," suggested Madame Fosco.
"Sincere admiration," echoed the Count.
I had no longer the strength of my first angry resistance to outrage and injury to support me. My heart-sick anxiety to see Laura; my sense of my own helpless ignorance of what had happened at the boat-house, pressed on me with an intolerable weight. I tried to keep up appearances, by speaking to the Count and his wife in the tone which they had chosen to adopt in speaking to me. But the words failed on my lips—my breath came short and thick—my eyes looked longingly, in silence, at the door. The Count, understanding my anxiety, opened it, went out, and pulled it to after him. At the same time Sir Percival's heavy step descended the stairs. I heard them whispering together outside, while Madame Fosco was assuring me in her calmest and most conventional manner, that she rejoiced for all our sakes, that Sir Percival's conduct had not obliged her husband and herself to leave Blackwater Park. Before she had done speaking, the whispering ceased, the door opened, and the Count looked in.
"Miss Halcombe," he said, "I am happy to inform you that Lady Glyde is mistress again in her own house. I thought it might be more agreeable to you to hear of this
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What is the Difference Between Molarity and Molality?
Molarity vs Molality
Molarity and molality are two common ways to express concentration of chemical solutions.
Molarity and molality are two common ways to express concentration of chemical solutions. Chris Ryan / Getty Images
Molarity and molality are both measures of the concentration of a chemical solution. Molarity is the ratio of moles to volume of the solution (mol/L) while molality is the ratio of moles to the mass of the solvent (mol/kg). Most of the time, it doesn't matter which unit of concentration you use. However, molality is preferred when a solution will undergo temperature changes because altering temperature affects volume (thus changing the concentration if molarity is used).
Molarity, also known as molar concentration, is the number of moles of a substance per liter of solution. Solutions labeled with the molar concentration are denoted with a capital M. A 1.0 M solution contains 1 mole of solute per liter of solution.
Molality is the number of moles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is important the mass of solvent is used and not the mass of the solution. Solutions labeled with molal concentration are denoted with a lower case m. A 1.0 m solution contains 1 mole of solute per kilogram of solvent.
For aqueous solutions (solutions where water is the solvent) near room temperature, the difference between molar and molal solutions is negligible. This is because around room temperature, water has a density of 1 kg/L. This means the "per L" of molarity is equal to the "per kg" of molality.
For a solvent like ethanol where the density is 0.789 kg/L, a 1 M solution would be 0.789 m.
The important part of remembering the difference is:
molarity - M → moles per liter solution
molality - m → moles per kilogram solvent
Format
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Your Citation
Helmenstine, Todd. "What is the Difference Between Molarity and Molality?" ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/molarity-and-molality-differences-606117. Helmenstine, Todd. (2021, February 16). What is the Difference Between Molarity and Molality? Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/molarity-and-molality-differences-606117 Helmenstine, Todd. "What is the Difference Between Molarity and Molality?" ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/molarity-and-molality-differences-606117 (accessed October 16, 2021).
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Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2024 Beechcraft Bonanza V35 crash
The result was delete__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__. ✗ plicit 14:14, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
2024 Beechcraft Bonanza V35 crash
* – ( View AfD View log | edits since nomination)
Non-notable plane crash. No famous people on board and nothing unusual or notable that would warrant an article on a light aircraft crash. Additionally, the details section is way too clunky, filled with too much information and mostly non-important information. It doesn't really meet Wikipedia:LASTING standards. Aviationwikiflight (talk) 11:21, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the deletion sorting lists for the following topics: Events, Aviation, and Florida. Spiderone (Talk to Spider) 12:10, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
* Comment Two things: It is a little early to state that it has no lasting impact as it literally just happened. Also, the state of the details section has no relevance here as WP:AFDISNOTCLEANUP. Alvaldi (talk) 12:47, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
* What I meant to say was that if the article does stay, the details section needs to be improved. Aviationwikiflight (talk) 13:23, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
* Aviationwikiflight, if the article remains it should be renamed. Why should the title be so specific as to the model of the aircraft, which is not the focus of this ONEEVENT. Also, please note Wikipedia is NOTNEWS. — Jacona (talk) 14:22, 4 February 2024 (UTC)
* But if we were to assume that every GA plane that crashes could have lasting impacts, then wikipedia would be filled with dozens if not hundreds of GA accidents. These accidents happen most of the time without any lasting effects. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:26, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
* Delete. Too soon, it can always be restored if it ends up being a notable. tedder (talk) 00:33, 5 February 2024 (UTC)
* Delete per WP:NOTABILITY Pdubs.94 (talk) 20:02, 6 February 2024 (UTC)
* Keep for now and wait as the crash is a recent event (just happened a few days ago). The article might have been created too soon, we shouldn’t rush to delete articles per There is no deadline. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:27, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
* Sure, there is no deadline but like, an accident investigation lasts ranging from a few months to 2 years. The point is that, as <IP_ADDRESS> stated is that if we wait for the final report of every accident investigation involving light aircraft and it turns out that, like 1 year later, it doesn't lead to major changes, then wikipedia would be cluttered with plenty of Ga aviation accidents.
* You said we shouldn't rush to delete articles but at the same time, we shouldn't rush to create articles without much factual information per Wikipedia:There is no deadline. As of right now, this place crash while tragic isn't notable enough to be on wikipedia Aviationwikiflight (talk) 15:26, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* Comment: It's premature to even say the crash was a result of engine failure. Loss of engine power could have been a result of fuel starvation (fuel selector on the wrong tank) not just an engine mechanical failure. The FAA has not yet even released a preliminary report. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:38, 7 February 2024 (UTC)
* Comment Has the crash been receiving continuous coverage since the crash or did it die down after two or three days? If it is still receiving significant coverage it might indicate that it will have a lasting impact (if not, we can always nominate it again after a year). But if the coverage died down after 2-3 days, then it is more of an indicator that it will not receiving continuous significant coverage in the long term. Alvaldi (talk) 15:47, 8 February 2024 (UTC)
* Major coverage stopped like 5-6 days ago. Local coverage has lasted until the 6th of February (3 days ago) and most of these articles contain the same information. Aviationwikiflight (talk) 09:01, 9 February 2024 (UTC)
* Delete https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:There_is_no_deadline#View_three:_Don't_postpone_dispute_resolutionJames.folsom (talk) 21:58, 10 February 2024 (UTC)
* Delete: Subject currently lacks the sustained coverage, is a failure of WP:NOTNEWS. Let'srun (talk) 01:41, 11 February 2024 (UTC)
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Is It Worth Taking Risk With Saizen Injections?
Saizen injection is a very promising drug and can produce very high levels of muscle mass as well as reduce fat from the body. However, it is not steroid but an injectable version of HGH. Before you decide to use this injection, you must check the risks, so that you can protect yourself against side effects. Since, HGH is a very potent hormone you must know its effect, which can influence you both positively as well as negatively. Particularly the risks associated must be carefully evaluated.
Basic details of Saizen injection
Saizen has been developed by Merck for the treatment of both children and adults, who are suffering from growth hormone deficiency. There are many other pharmaceutical companies also manufacturing this drug and every manufacturer recommends different dosage levels. However the common practice is 0.18 mg per kg of weight of the individual. The dosage can either be taken six times or three alternating week days.
Saizen is an injectable somatropin, which is administered either under the skin or into a muscle. If you buy this injection from any illegal underground source then it is injected by using traditional needle and syringe. In many cases, it is supplied in powder form, which is mixed with sterile liquid solution for injecting.
Merck supplies its injection form with a device designed for children, so that it is easier to administer them. It almost looks like a magic marker pen. These pens have pre-set dosage and the needle remains hidden. The device is just pressed against the skin. Some manufacturers also make needle free device that uses a spring like mechanism, which needs to be inserted into the skin.
Dosage requirements for bodybuilders may vary from one person to another. The premeasured dosages are generally between 5 mg to 8.8 mg cartridges. Dosages are based on varieties of reasons like age, gender etc., usually this hormone is used for 6 days in a week.
Bodybuilders usually take higher dosage than what is recommended for medical usage.
Side effects of Saizen injection
Side effects can also happen, during medical use of this drug. Therefore doctors usually start with lower dosage and carefully monitor the condition. Generally, the dosages are increased at very small rate so that side effects can be minimized.
Body builders should therefore use this injection for limited period and if no results are observed then they must stop using it.
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Four-Mations
Four-Mations was a regular animation strand broadcast in the United Kingdom on Channel 4 in the 1990s. The series featured short animated films, tributes, and sometimes a documentary on animation. The series was notable for co-financing some films and broadcasting animated films from around the world. The series was first broadcast in 1990 and finished in 1998.
In 2008 a website made for people to upload, view and share animated films and games 4mations, borrowing the 4 Mation title.
Notable animations
Notable animations broadcast as part of 4 Mations:
* George Pal - Puppetoons
* Knick Knack in its uncut form
* Red's Dream
* Tin Toy
* Luxo Jr.
* Films by Candy Guard - Fatty Issues, Hair, Alternative Fringe etc.
* Nick Park - Creature Comforts
* Daddie's Little Piece of Dresden China
* Films by David Anderson such as Deadsy and The Door
* Ah Pook Is Here
* The Springer and the SS by Jiří Trnka
* Films by Dianne Jackson
* Paul Driessen - Tip Top, Elbowing, The Killing of an Egg, Sunny Side Up, On Land, at Sea and in the Air etc.
* Bob Godfrey - Do It Yourself Cartoon Kit, Henry 9 To 5, It's a square world, Alf, Bill and Fred
* Paul Klee - Taking a Line for a walk
* Bill Plympton - Push Comes to Shove
* Phil Mulloy - Cowboys
* Chage and Aska - On Your Mark
* Yellow Submarine
* The Smurfs - I've Got a Little Puppy
* The Blue Gum Boy (film) (Banned Fourmation)
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Pruksa Real Estate
Pruksa Real Estate Public Company Limited or simply Pruksa Real Estate (บริษัท พฤกษา เรียลเอสเตท จำกัด (มหาชน)) is one of the largest real estate developers company in Thailand. It has been listed on the Stock Exchange of Thailand. The company was founded on 20 April 1993 and has its headquartered in Bangkok, Thailand.
Pruksa Real Estate focuses on residential houses, townhouse, condominium located in Thailand, Maldives and India.
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Peter McInerney
Peter Aloysius McInerney, (1927-2014) was an Australian barrister and New South Wales Supreme Court judge.
Biography
McInerney was born in Goulburn, New South Wales, the only child of grazier Leslie McInerney and his wife, Florence (née Smith). Forebears had farmed in the Southern Tablelands for more than 150 years, and Peter grew up on the family property, Moonyah, near Collector.
His initial education was by correspondence, then at the tiny Breadalbane Primary School. He completed his Leaving Certificate in 1945 at St. Joseph's College in Hunters Hill, where he led the senior debating team. He matriculated to receive a double degree in Arts and Law from the University of Sydney.
Legal career
After graduation, McInerney commenced as an associate to New South Wales Supreme Court judges John Clancy and Cyril Walsh. He was admitted to the New South Wales Bar in 1955 and practised from Selborne Chambers focussing on common and criminal law. He represented many clients in the Newcastle and Broken Hill regions in industrial injury matters and appeared in a number of cases for battered women accused of murdering their husbands. He was a brilliant trial advocate, always meticulously prepared.
He was appointed a Queen's Counsel (QC) in 1974 and appeared for prisoners in the Nagle Royal Commission(1976–78) into the Bathurst prison riots.
Judicial career
He was appointed a judge of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in 1985. He presided over many high-profile trials including that of Gregory Allen Brown the Downunder Hostel arsonist.
In 1997, the long convicted sadistic murderer Kevin Crump successfully applied to the Supreme Court of NSW to convert his life sentence into a minimum term and an additional term. McInerney heard the appeal and maintained the severity of the initial term, sentencing Crump to a minimum term of 30 years and an additional term for the remainder of his life In February 2016 the NSW Court of Criminal Appeal dismissed Crump's application for leave to appeal McInerney's 1997 sentence determination.
Other appointments
McInerney was called out of retirement twice to head judicial inquiries into the Glenbrook (1999) and the Waterfall (2003) rail accidents.
Personal life
He married Jeanette Hardie in 1956, and the couple raised five children in Killara, New South Wales. For seventeen years he was President of The Australian Golf Club in Sydney.
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Benjamin Haas - Fotolia
Get started Bring yourself up to speed with our introductory content.
An inside look at beacon technology, manufacturers and use cases
Beacons have been making headlines for a couple of years now, yet their true potential has not been reaped. Is it finally the beacon's time to shine?
If beacon technology is so great, why are we still waiting for it to give electronic shape to our physical horizons?
In 2013, the advent of iBeacon was supposed to knock the socks off the retail world. Fast forward to today and the technology is still making sock-knocking headlines. ABI Research recently predicted that not only will the total number of Bluetooth Low Energy shipments "comfortably" exceed 400 million units in 2020 but also that dedicated BLE advertising networks will be worth more than $2 billion by the same year. Shouldn't we be barefoot by now?
What are beacons?
With the release of the company's own beacon technology, Google developers said, "Just like lighthouses have helped sailors navigate the world for thousands of years, electronic beacons can be used to provide precise location and contextual cues within apps to help you navigate the world."
The beacon itself is a small location-based technology device that transmits a signal using Bluetooth Low Energy (also known as Bluetooth Smart). They are generally low-cost, battery-powered and used to transmit location-based services to nearby devices. Beacons can be so precise as to target a user standing in front of a particular product at a store, viewing a particular painting at a museum or sitting in a certain seat at an arena.
Beacons in their simplest sense are unaware of themselves or any devices around them; they merely transmit a signal that can be picked up by nearby smart devices. Once a device receives a signal from a beacon, it will connect to the internet and reference the beacon's ID, at which point appropriate data is then sent to the target device. While many beacons need a mobile app installed for the transmission to be successful, some beacon protocols do not require specially crafted apps.
Traditional beacons are not necessarily Wi-Fi connected, but many manufacturers today offer beacons that now contain memory, additional sensors such as temperature and motion, and cloud-connecting capabilities. Most beacons used today use Nordic Semiconductor or Texas Instruments chipsets.
Beacon signal range can vary from two to 80 meters, dependent on obstructions, settings and battery power.
Beacon challenges -- and solutions
Many beacon network deployments may not have made it beyond the planning room due to the fact that they are often perceived to be quite challenging. While there are a few issues surrounding beacons, vendors and service providers are actively working to fix these problems.
Whatever their benefits, beacons can have issues around calibration, the number needed to provide service throughout a given area and a natural reluctance to put ugly warts all over one's walls.
Calibration is critical. And due to signal strength and placement restraints, many beacons may be required in a particular location to achieve the desired results. Also, if beacons are too far away, they will not reach their intended recipient, but if too many beacons are in a tight area, beacon signals can potentially overlap.
Because beacons generally attach to the wall, they are sometimes considered not aesthetically pleasing. However, newer, more discreet beacon options are available that can be built into sockets and other systems. Also, due to their physical location, beacons can potentially be stolen; again, building them into sockets or even light bulbs can prevent this.
As beacons are placed in physical locations and do not have a physical identifier on the device, it can be easy to mix them up. However, beacons can be reprogrammed if necessary, and it is always possible to write an ID on the beacon itself and inventory them.
The majority of beacons run on battery power, though there are now options that use USB ports or that plug in. The battery factor means testing and replacing; once again human error may lead to location mix-ups. Many beacon services, however, offer software tools to help with the management and monitoring of a beacon network.
Mapping the proper content from a beacon to a desired device also requires proper management to ensure the right data reaches the right recipient.
Beacon security is generally not a major issue, but they can be subject to hijacking, cracking and other risks. Many beacon vendors offer security protections.
Top beacon protocols
The most popular Beacon implementations are Apple's iBeacon and Google's Eddystone.
Apple spelled out its framework for location-based technologies with iBeacon, first introduced in 2013 with iOS 7. Apple has kept the protocol proprietary, requiring non-disclosure agreements with third-party implementations such as those built for the Android platform.
Google's Eddystone, in contrast, offers open source beaconing with cross-platform support. Eddystone, arriving only in July 2015, supports multiple approaches to the basic beacon interaction. Eddystone-URL broadcasts URLs; Eddystone-UID broadcast's the beacon's ID; and Eddystone-TLM provides beacon telemetry.
Google Maps has already launched beacon-based transit notifications in Portland, Ore.; the Google Maps app can now send transit schedules and alerts to transit riders. Google also plans to soon add beacons to Google Now.
Beacon manufacturers
Three of the top beacon hardware manufacturers are Estimote, Kontakt.io and Radius Networks.
Estimote's offering -- compatible with iBeacon and Eddystone -- boasts a default battery life of about three years, a range of up to 70 meters, and an ARM Cortex-M0 core processor. The company's beacons offer motion and temperature sensors, as well as UUID rotation mode to improve security.
Estimote Sticker Beacons -- tiny beacons that the company dubs "nearables" -- were released in 2014. The devices, at 3 millimeters thick, can turn items into smart objects detectable by smartphones. For example, Estimote says its nearables and associated mobile apps can tell you when your house plant was last watered, help you figure out your bike routes and mileage, and even adjust your alarm clock depending on nearby traffic. Estimote offers packs of three beacons or 10 nearables for $99.
Estimote's beacon kit
Estimote's beacon kit
Started in 2013, the Polish startup Kontakt.io offers two standard location-based technologies: the Smart Beacon and Tough Beacon. Both are compatible with iBeacon and Eddystone. Smart Beacons are built on a Nordic Semiconductor chip, contain an ARM Cortext-M0 core, have batteries that last up to two years under default settings, and can scan for Bluetooth Low Energy packets more than 50 meters away. The Tough Beacon ruggedizes the hardware, combining the capabilities as the Smart Beacon for the elements; it is shatter-resistant, waterproof, and works in extreme temperatures, from -4 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit. Beacons are sold in groups of three for $84 to $99.
The Kontakt.io Cloud Beacon, introduced in late 2014 and first shipped in early 2015, offers Wi-Fi connectivity, opening its capabilities to not only transmit data to devices, but also collect data from those devices and send it to the cloud for analysis. The Wi-Fi range on the beacon technology is up to 200 meters.
Kontakt.io's Tough Beacon
Kontakt.io's Tough Beacon
Radius Networks, founded in 2011, offers a variety of proximity beacons, including RadBeacon Dot, RadBeacon USB and RadBeacon X4. Its smallest beacon, RadBeacon Dot, offers an adjustable range of five to 50 meters, battery life of 30 to 285 days depending on usage, and works on a replaceable coin cell battery. Its USB beacon offers a range of five to 30 meters and is powered by any USB charger. The X4 beacon is Radius Networks' all-weather Bluetooth Low Energy beacon that offers five to 50 meters range with up to 184 months battery life, in -40 to 140 degrees Fahrenheit. Radius Networks beacons range from $10 to $51.
Radius Networks beacons work with iBeacon and Eddystone as well as AltBeacon -- the company's own answer to an open and interoperable proximity beacon specification.
Radius Networks' RadBeacon USB
Radius Networks' RadBeacon USB
Other beacon manufacturers include Blesh, Bluvision, BKON, Gimbal, and Sensorberg.
How is beacon technology used in the real world?
Though their use cases extend far beyond it, beacons are most often associated with retail environments. In the most common example, beacon technology can help detect when a customer is in a certain part of a store or even in front of a particular product, and then augment the customer's in-store experience by sending a coupon to the customer's device, asking if they need assistance or, later when the customer logs into the retail mobile app at home, showing them the items they were looking at in the store that day.
As it evolves, beacon technology is being used not only in retail and other customer service applications, but also at airports, zoos, museums and even at home or in the office.
In consumer-facing environments, NHL hockey rinks and MLB ballparks across North America have implemented location-based marketing with a beacon network to improve fan experience. Restaurants, such as Pizza Huts in China, are using beacons to offer diners coupons and other special offers. Museums and zoos are using beacons to provide a personalized experience to viewers depending on the exhibit they are visiting.
Beacons are also being used in banks, such as Britain's Barclays and Australia's St. George Bank, to deliver customized notifications to customers when they enter a branch. South Africa's Nedbank is using beacons to implement mobile payments for its customers in retail stores.
Other environments are also benefitting from beacon technology. In the transportation sector, many airlines and railway systems are already knee-deep in the technology, using mobile apps to help travelers navigate airports and stations, receive notifications about their flights and trains, and find nearby amenities. A pilot beacon network project at the MBTA rail stations in Boston aims to improve commuter experience and enhance engagement and communication between the organization and its riders.
In the classroom, beacon networks are helping students feel safe on campus, download course materials and even check the occupancy of the library to ensure quality study time.
At home, beacon technology can help you stick to your diet, make sure you remember to take your pills and turn the lights and some music on as soon as you unlock the door. The indoor positioning systems are moving outside, revolutionizing navigation for the visually impaired and even helping you track your children at the beach.
In the healthcare sector, beacon networks have been used to manage inventory, such as wheelchairs, medical equipment, vehicles and personnel. Beacon location-based technologies have also been used to track construction site progress and safety, as well as help emergency response personnel find those in need of help rather than relying on a GPS-based coordinate given by a mobile device. Beacons can also be used not only to monitor energy use at home and in the workplace but also to unlock cars and take the guesswork out of commuting and traffic. In industrial settings, beacons aid with asset tracking, inventory management and cargo assurance.
In the enterprise, beacon networks can help employees schedule conference rooms; if a beacon is in a particular room, an app could notify users who is in that room, if it is empty, and whether meetings end early or run late. Beacons can also provide hands-free check-ins and payments, as well as access control and security clearance to buildings. Beacons have also been used to track employee attendance and help employees navigate office buildings.
Next Steps
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Habits that Help With Sleep
Habits that Prevent Sleep
Sleep Environment
Sleep Facts
Miscellaneous
100
To have better sleep at night, which of the following should you do? a) Exercise 15 minutes before bedtime, b) Watch an exciting movie to help you fall asleep, c) Avoid drinking bubble tea
C) Avoid drinking bubble tea
100
True or False: Napping frequently promotes good sleep.
False
100
True or False: Taking a warm shower or a bath before bed can prevent you from sleeping well.
False
100
How do you maintain a regular sleeping schedule?
Go to bed every night at the same time and wake up every morning at the same time (even on weekends)
100
List 2 products that contain caffeine.
Coffee...Tea...Energy drinks...Bubble tea...Milk tea...Frappucinos...Soda
200
When is the best time to stop eating before bedtime?
2-3 hours
200
True or False: Watching YouTube 30 minutes before bedtime will help you relax and fall asleep faster.
False
200
True or False: It is ok to use your bed for other activities besides sleeping like doing your homework, playing games, watching movies, and eating.
False
200
Name 2 reasons why we need sleep.
The body needs a break... Helps you to be in a good mood... Allows the body to rest for the next day... Your body stays healthy and it is easier to fight illnesses... Helps you remember things you learn... Helps you solve problems and think of new ideas... Helps you pay attention and concentrate... Helps your muscles, bones, and skin grow... Your body heals injuries more easily
200
Which side is better to sleep on for proper breathing?
Left
300
Name a naturally occurring chemical that promotes sleepiness
Melatonin (hormone) and Tryptophan (amino acid)
300
List 2 examples of a sleeping environment that will make it harder for you to fall asleep at night
Noisy room... distractions (laptop, cellphone, iPad, computer)... uncomfortable bed... room not dark enough
300
How many minutes or hours before bedtime should you stop looking at your screen devices to help you sleep well at night?
At least 1 hour/ 60 minutes before bedtime
300
What is the recommended number of hours of sleep per night for adults?
7-9 hours
300
How many stages are there in 1 sleep cycle?
4 stages in 1 sleep cycle
400
Name 3 methods you can do to help promote sleep
Meditation... relaxing muscles... turning off lights... avoiding caffeine... doing regular exercise...not watching television in bed... warm shower/bath... drinking warm milk/water
400
How does Alcohol inhibit sleep?
Metabolizing and REM prevention
400
Name 3 ways of how your bedroom should be to have a good night's sleep.
Quiet and comfortable... Keep bedroom dark enough for your sleep... No TV or other forms of distractions ie. laptops, iPads, cell phones in the bedroom...
400
What is sleep hygiene?
Good sleep habits that can help you get a good night’s sleep.
400
If you really need to nap, how long should your nap be?
Less than 30 minutes
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Norm
ASTM C673 - 97(2018) en
Standard Classification of Fireclay and High-Alumina Plastic Refractories and Ramming Mixes
50,24 54,76 Incl BTW
Over deze norm
Status Definitief
Aantal pagina's 2
Gepubliceerd op 01-10-2018
Taal Engels
1.1 This classification covers fireclay and high-alumina plastic refractories and ramming mixes that can be pounded or rammed into place to form a monolithic structure. The terms “plastic” and “ramming mix” are generally intended to describe the workability of the material. In this regard, plastics are considered to be materials having a workability index of more than 15 % in accordance with Test Method C181, while ramming mixes generally have less than 15 % workability by the same procedure.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Details
ICS-code 81.080
Engelse titel Standard Classification of Fireclay and High-Alumina Plastic Refractories and Ramming Mixes
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Robert Staddon
Robert Staddon may refer to:
* Robert Staddon (English sportsman) (born 1944), English cricketer and rugby union footballer
* Robert Staddon (swimmer) (born 1960), Australian Paralympic swimmer
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WIKI
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Waseda United
Waseda United (早稲田ユナイテッド) is a football club based in Nishitōkyō, Tokyo, which is located in Tokyo, Japan. They played in the Kantō Soccer League, until 2019, when they were relegated to the Tokyo prefectural league, which is part of Japanese Regional Leagues.
History
Their main goal is becoming a professional football club, even though they only formed in 2007 and still play in the 2nd division of the Kanto Soccer League.
Current squad
Updated to 15 November 2017.
League record
* Key
* Pos. = Position in league; P = Games played; W = Games won; D = Games drawn; L = Games lost; F = Goals scored; A = Goals conceded; GD = Goals difference; Pts = Points gained
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WIKI
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South Carolina Primary Results - June 25, 1998
1998 State Primary Special 1998 Gubernatorial Ratings 8-10, 7-20, 6-30, 6-8, 5-19, 4-29, 4-6, 3-16, 2-24, 2-2 1998 House Ratings 9-1, 8-5, 7-3, 6-23, 6-2, 5-13, 4-21, 3-30, 2-12 1998 Senate Ratings 8-26,7-28,7-6,6-15,5-27, 5-5, 4-13, 3-24, 3-3, 2-9 GOP Sees Arkansas' 2nd C.D. As An Opportunity (9-1-98) A Crowded Field In Massaschusetts's 8th C.D. (8-26-98) Republicans Upbeat About Indiana's 10th C.D. (8-10-98) 'Carpetbagger' Label Could Hurt Maine Challenger (8-5-98) GOP Looks For A Beachhead In Massachusetts (7-28-98) A Surprising Challenger For Minnesota's Rep. Luther (7-20-98) Dems Target Rep. White In Washington's 1st C.D. (7-13-98) More Rothenberg reports for 1998 7-6, 6-30, 6-23, 6-15, 6-8, 6-2, 5-27, 5-19, 5-13, 5-7, 5-5, 4-29, 4-21, 4-13, 4-6, 3-30, 3-24, 3-16, 3-3, 2-24, 2-16, 2-9, 2-2, 1-29 Help • Susan McDougal Released From Prison• Supreme Court Deletes Line-Item Veto• Attorney-Client Privilege Holds Even After Death, High Court Rules• House Approves IRS Overhaul Bill• Gore To Make Push To Raise Money For Democrats• Blumenthal Testifies Before Grand Jury; Tripp Expected Tuesday• Justice Moving Toward New Probe Of MLK Slaying• House Republicans Announce Details Of Their Anti-Smoking Bill• China Seen In Two Divergent Lights In Halls Of Congress• Pentagon Adviser Says Clinton Administration Lax On Technology Exports• Mississippi Primary Results• New Mexico Primary Results• South Carolina Primary Results• Utah Primary Results• Sen. Helms To Have Knee Surgery• House Panel Votes To Restore Money For NEA• Clinton Announces New Rules For Minority Business Preferences• House, Senate Differ On Basic Training For Male And Female Recruits• Watergate Hotel Likely To Get New Owners, Possible New Name Copyright 1998 AllPolitics All Rights Reserved.Terms under which this information is provided to you.Read our privacy guidelines.Who we are.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Article
Wilson DO, Weissfeld JL, Fuhrman CR, et al. The Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study (PLuSS): outcomes within 3 years of a first computed tomography scan
Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA.
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine (Impact Factor: 13). 11/2008; 178(9):956-61. DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200802-336OC
Source: PubMed
ABSTRACT The role of computed tomography (CT) screening for lung cancer is controversial, currently under study, and not yet fully elucidated.
To report findings from initial and 1-year repeat screening low-radiation-dose CT of the chest and 3-year outcomes for 50- to 79-year-old current and ex-smokers in the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study (PLuSS).
Notified of findings on screening CT, subjects received diagnostic advice from both study and personal physicians. Tracking subjects for up to three years since initial screening, we obtained medical records to document diagnostic procedures, lung cancer diagnoses, and deaths.
3,642 and 3,423 subjects had initial and repeat screening. A total of 1,477 (40.6% of 3,624) were told about noncalcified lung nodules on the initial screening and, before repeat screening, 821 (55.6% of 1,477, 22.5% of 3,642) obtained one or more subsequent diagnostic imaging studies (CT, positron emission tomography [PET], or PET-CT). Tracking identified 80 subjects with lung cancer, including 53 subjects with tumor seen at initial screening. In all, 36 subjects (1.0% of the 3,642 screened), referred for abnormalities on either the initial or repeat screening, had a major thoracic surgical procedure (thoracotomy, video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery [VATS], median sternotomy, or mediastinoscopy) leading to a noncancer final diagnosis. Out of 82 subjects with thoracotomy or VATS to exclude malignancy in a lung nodule, 28 (34.1%) received a noncancer final diagnosis. Forty of 69 (58%) subjects with non-small cell lung cancer had stage I disease at diagnosis.
Though leading to the discovery of early stage lung cancer, CT screening also led to many diagnostic follow-up procedures, including major thoracic surgical procedures with noncancer outcomes.
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• "The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) demonstrated that screening smokers and ex-smokers for lung cancer can lead to early diagnosis and reduced lung cancer mortality [6]. However, the low (4%) positive predictive value (PPV) of CT screening in the NLST cohort leads to a large number of unnecessary follow-up procedures, including surgery for benign nodules, as was first reported in the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study (PLuSS) and later in the NLST [6,7]. The European NELSON CT screening study includes tumor volume and doubling time in the assessment of pulmonary nodules and improves the PPV to 41% by only referring small nodules (50-500 mm3) for clinical follow-up if they show evidence of growth and a doubling time of less than 400 days [8,9]. "
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ABSTRACT: Background CT screening for lung cancer is effective in reducing mortality, but there are areas of concern, including a positive predictive value of 4% and development of interval cancers. A blood test that could manage these limitations would be useful, but development of such tests has been impaired by variations in blood collection that may lead to poor reproducibility across populations. Results Blood-based proteomic profiles were generated with SOMAscan technology, which measured 1033 proteins. First, preanalytic variability was evaluated with Sample Mapping Vectors (SMV), which are panels of proteins that detect confounders in protein levels related to sample collection. A subset of well collected serum samples not influenced by preanalytic variability was selected for discovery of lung cancer biomarkers. The impact of sample collection variation on these candidate markers was tested in the subset of samples with higher SMV scores so that the most robust markers could be used to create disease classifiers. The discovery sample set (n = 363) was from a multi-center study of 94 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cases and 269 long-term smokers and benign pulmonary nodule controls. The analysis resulted in a 7-marker panel with an AUC of 0.85 for all cases (68% adenocarcinoma, 32% squamous) and an AUC of 0.93 for squamous cell carcinoma in particular. This panel was validated by making blinded predictions in two independent cohorts (n = 138 in the first validation and n = 135 in the second). The model was recalibrated for a panel format prior to unblinding the second cohort. The AUCs overall were 0.81 and 0.77, and for squamous cell tumors alone were 0.89 and 0.87. The estimated negative predictive value for a 15% disease prevalence was 93% overall and 99% for squamous lung tumors. The proteins in the classifier function in destruction of the extracellular matrix, metabolic homeostasis and inflammation. Conclusions Selecting biomarkers resistant to sample processing variation led to robust lung cancer biomarkers that performed consistently in independent validations. They form a sensitive signature for detection of lung cancer, especially squamous cell histology. This non-invasive test could be used to improve the positive predictive value of CT screening, with the potential to avoid invasive evaluation of nonmalignant pulmonary nodules.
Clinical Proteomics 08/2014; 11(1):32. DOI:10.1186/1559-0275-11-32
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• "Study participants for the replication cohort were from the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study (PLuSS), a volunteer cohort established to investigate lung cancer biomarkers in an at-risk population of smokers which has previously been described [21,22]. From the total cohort (n = 3638), 490 NHW individuals (183 men and 307 women) had information allowing classification with respect to chronic mucous hypersecretion and had provided sputum for DNA isolation. "
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ABSTRACT: Chronic mucous hypersecretion (CMH) contributes to COPD exacerbations and increased risk for lung cancer. Because methylation of gene promoters in sputum has been shown to be associated with lung cancer risk, we tested whether such methylation was more common in persons with CMH. Eleven genes commonly silenced by promoter methylation in lung cancer and associated with cancer risk were selected. Methylation specific PCR (MSP) was used to profile the sputum of 900 individuals in the Lovelace Smokers Cohort (LSC). Replication was performed in 490 individuals from the Pittsburgh Lung Screening Study (PLuSS). CMH was significantly associated with an overall increased number of methylated genes, with SULF2 methylation demonstrating the most consistent association. The association between SULF2 methylation and CMH was significantly increased in males but not in females both in the LSC and PLuSS (OR = 2.72, 95 % CI = 1.51-4.91, p = 0.001 and OR = 2.97, 95 % CI = 1.48-5.95, p = 0.002, respectively). Further, the association between methylation and CMH was more pronounced among 139 male former smokers with persistent CMH compared to current smokers (SULF2; OR = 3.65, 95 % CI = 1.59-8.37, p = 0.002). These findings demonstrate that especially male former smokers with persistent CMH have markedly increased promoter methylation of lung cancer risk genes and potentially could be at increased risk for lung cancer.
Respiratory research 01/2014; 15(1):2. DOI:10.1186/1465-9921-15-2 · 3.09 Impact Factor
• Source
• "A recent survey of individuals with a high risk for developing lung cancer by the National Institutes of Health demonstrated that the patients screened through low-dose helical computed tomography (CT) had a 20% lower mortality rate than those screened by a traditional chest x-ray, presumably due to the improved image quality associated with the CT (Aberle et al. 2011). However, the relatively high cost of the helical CT, a limited access to this technology in some geographical areas, and problems of differentiating benign pulmonary nodules from lung cancer (Welch et al. 2007; Wilson et al. 2008), leading to higher-than-desired false-positive rates, have limited its widespread use. Molecular tests based on glycoconjugate measurements have also been developed to identify potential markers of lung cancer (Heo et al. 2007; Ueda et al. 2009; Zeng et al. 2010; Arnold et al. 2011). "
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ABSTRACT: Glycosylation is a key post-translational protein modification which appears important in malignant transformation and tumor metastasis. Abnormal glycosylation of different proteins can often be measured in blood serum. In this study, we extend our serum-based structural investigations to samples provided by patients diagnosed with lung cancer, paying particular attention to the effects of smoking on the serum glycomic traces. Following a battery of glycomic tests, we find that several fucosylated tetra-antennary structures with varying degrees of sialylation are increased in their abundances in control samples provided by the former smokers, with further elevations in the lung cancer patients who were former smokers. Further detailed investigations demonstrated that the level of outer-arm fucosylation was elevated in the control samples of the former smokers and again in the lung cancer samples provided by the former smokers. This trend was particularly noticeable for the tri- and tetra-antennary structures. Different ratios of sialylation linkages were also observed that could be correlated with the different states-of-health and smoking status. Decreases in the abundance levels of isomers with two and three α2,3-linked sialic acids and an increased abundance of an isomer with two α2,6-linked sialic acids were noted for a fucosylated tri-sialylated tri-antennary glycan. These results demonstrate the long-term effects of smoking on glycomic profiles and that this factor needs to be considered in these and other serum-based analyses.
Glycobiology 07/2012; 22(12). DOI:10.1093/glycob/cws108 · 3.15 Impact Factor
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. Progesterone and estrogen regulate Alzheimer-like neuropathology in female 3xTg-AD mice. J Neurosci. 2007 Nov 28;27(48):13357-65. PubMed.
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1. Estrogen combined with progesterone (CEE+MPT, or Prempro) constitutes the most common HRT for postmenopausal women who still have their uterus. Research on the combined HRT in AD is rather limited and controversial. However, there is now experimental evidence that the aging nervous system remains sensitive to progesterone in both males and females, while decreases in neuronal sensitivity to estrogen were observed in the female aged brain (Vina et al., 2007; Frye et al., 2006).
The current study by Pike et al. is interesting and important. It provides new insight into the mechanism of progesterone alone on AD pathology, by altering both tau biology and cognitive behavior. Little information is known concerning changes in the brain levels of progesterone with aging and in AD. Brain hormone levels, including that of estrogen, might be more critical than peripheral hormone levels to AD development (Yue et al., 2005). Therefore, it would be interesting to identify the role of brain progesterone (and keep in mind that progesterone could be processed further into estradiol) in AD animal models in future studies. This will help both basic and clinical research in developing new HRT for the prevention of AD. In addition, because both aged males and females in animal studies retain neuronal responses to progesterone (Ibanez et al., 2004; Stein and Hoffman, 2003), the study of progesterone in aging and AD might provide a new therapeutic approach for AD for both genders.
References:
. Effect of gender on mitochondrial toxicity of Alzheimer's Abeta peptide. Antioxid Redox Signal. 2007 Oct;9(10):1677-90. PubMed.
. Progesterone's effects to reduce anxiety behavior of aged mice do not require actions via intracellular progestin receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2006 Jun;186(3):312-22. PubMed.
. Brain estrogen deficiency accelerates Abeta plaque formation in an Alzheimer's disease animal model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Dec 27;102(52):19198-203. PubMed.
. Systemic progesterone administration results in a partial reversal of the age-associated decline in CNS remyelination following toxin-induced demyelination in male rats. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2004 Feb;30(1):80-9. PubMed.
. Estrogen and progesterone as neuroprotective agents in the treatment of acute brain injuries. Pediatr Rehabil. 2003 Jan-Mar;6(1):13-22. PubMed.
2. The Many Faces of Progesterone: The Other Ovarian Hormone
While the issue of hormone therapy and Alzheimer disease (AD) is still controversial, the increased risk and prevalence of AD in women remain a therapeutic and health care challenge. In this regard, the present findings from the Pike laboratory provide an important advance in our understanding of hormonal regulation of Alzheimer’s pathology and the potential impact for the chronic continuous combined regimen for hormone therapy (1).
As part of our NIA program project on Progesterone in Brain Aging and Alzheimer’s disease, Christian Pike and his team sought to determine the direct impact of progesterone (P4) on β amyloid (Aβ) load and hyperphosphorylated tau, followed by an analysis of P4 effects on estradiol (E2) regulation of AD pathology. Using the LaFerla lab’s triple transgenic mouse model (3xTgAD), Jenna Carroll and her colleagues ovariectomized 3-month-old female 3xTgAD mice and immediately treated animals with vehicle or ovarian hormones, either alone or in a continuous combined regimen for 3 months. At 3 months of age, Aβ is barely detectable and AT8 immunoreactive phospho-tau is not apparent, whereas both Aβ and AT8 positive neurons are detectable by 6 months.
Results of their analyses indicate that in 3xTgAD female mice, E2 alone significantly reduced Aβ load, whereas P4 alone had no significant effect on Aβ load. Despite having no effect by itself, P4 in a chronic continuous combined regimen with E2 did result in a loss of the Aβ-lowering effect of E2 alone.
In contrast to the lack of a direct effect of P4 on Aβ, chronic P4 alone induced a dramatic reduction in hyperphosphorylated tau. E2 alone prevented the ovariectomy-induced rise in the number of neurons positive for hyperphosphorylated tau, whereas either P4 alone or in combination with E2 reduced the number of hyperphosphorylated tau-positive neurons to below that seen in sham control female 3xTgAD mice.
How did these changes in AD pathology map onto a behavioral memory task? At the end of the 3-month hormone intervention, Carroll and colleagues tested all mice on a simple test of working memory, the Y maze. Ovariectomy induced a significant reduction in working memory performance, which was completely prevented by E2 replacement, while P4 alone did not reverse the working memory deficit, nor did it block prevention of the deficit by E2.
The lack of an effect of P4 on the memory task in this study stands in contrast to the finding of van Wingen and coworkers in young women, in which a single dose of P4 was found to impair memory function within 1-3 hours of P4 exposure (2). At least four reasons might account for this disparity:
1. It is well documented that P4 metabolite neurosteroids, such as allopregnanolone, potentiate GABAA receptor function. This can lead to enhanced inhibition, sedation, and thus compromise cognitive function shortly after administration (3).
2. Chronic exposure to P4 may lead to adaptation of the brain to P4’s modifying effects on memory circuits.
3. Memory function in mice may not be a good predictor of human memory function.
4. Acute versus chronic dosing is a substantial difference in the studies, and requires further investigation of impact on cognitive function.
5. The memory tasks used in the studies are quite different in both content and complexity, and thus may be differentially affected by P4.
In a larger context, these data once again (see below) demonstrate the profound impact that a loss of ovarian hormones can have on development of AD pathology in the brain. Further, these data from an animal trial of continuous combined ovarian hormone intervention raise concerns regarding the long-term impact of continuous combined hormone therapy regimens in humans. Pike and colleagues are currently testing the impact of cyclical hormone replacement on AD pathology development in female 3xTgAD animals. As part of our NIA program project, five research projects are investigating the “critical window of opportunity” hypothesis with the goal of providing insights into the optimal time and type of hormone intervention.
The present study by Carroll and coworkers builds on earlier in-vitro and in-vivo basic science studies that investigated the impact of ovariectomy and E2 replacement on development of AD pathology. In the first in-vivo report of E2 regulation of Aβ, Suzana Petanceska, Sam Gandy, and colleagues found that removal of the ovaries increased Aβ level in guinea pig brain with a greater increase in Aβ42 relative to Aβ40 (4). These early findings were later replicated in three transgenic mouse strains with increased Aβ accumulation in brain (5,6). In both Karen Hsiao’s Tg2576 APP and Karen Duff’s PS1/APP transgenic mice, ovariectomy significantly increased Aβ level in brain, and in both models E2 replacement partially reversed the ovariectomy-induced rise (5). Further, in the PS1/APP mice, E2 preferentially reduced Aβ42 with a less dramatic effect on Aβ1-40, which suggested either an effect on APP processing or Aβ clearance, or both (5,7). Several laboratories, including our own, have noted that female AD transgenic mice show a greater amyloid accumulation in brain relative to age and transgene-matched males (8).
Results of the Pike study in the 3xTgAD mouse model replicated both the ovariectomy-induced rise in Aβ and reversal of the increase by E2 replacement. It should be noted that not all transgenic AD mouse models show an ovariectomy-induced rise in Aβ, and these models similarly do not show an E2 response (9). However, across the four animal models in which ovariectomy resulted in an increase in Aβ (1,4-6), several common features emerge:
1. Ovariectomy results in a significant and substantial increase in Aβ.
2. The ovariectomy-induced rise in Aβ occurs within a matter of weeks.
3. The route of E2 administration can vary from inclusion in rat chow as a powder (4) to administration through the drinking water (5) to implantation of a subcutaneous pellet (1,5) without a loss in efficacy.
4. It appears that delay in administering E2 results in diminished efficacy.
A final note on a mechanistic perspective. As P4 alone neither increased nor decreased Aβ levels, this would suggest that P4 is blocking E2 action through regulating E2 receptors. Alternatively, the P4-induced signaling pathway could interact with the E2 signaling cascade to derail E2’s prevention of the Aβ rise following ovariectomy. Regardless of the mechanism, it appears that chronic continuous exposure to P4 alone has a substantial benefit on reducing hyperphosphorylation of tau in neurons, but that it is without effect to either prevent ovariectomy-induced rise in Aβ load or deficit in working memory. Collectively, these data from the Pike study indicate that chronic continuous combined E2 and P4 generates a mixed profile of efficacy with a particularly disturbing loss in E2 regulation of Aβ production.
References:
. Progesterone and estrogen regulate Alzheimer-like neuropathology in female 3xTg-AD mice. J Neurosci. 2007 Nov 28;27(48):13357-65. PubMed.
. How progesterone impairs memory for biologically salient stimuli in healthy young women. J Neurosci. 2007 Oct 17;27(42):11416-23. PubMed.
. Neurosteroids: endogenous regulators of the GABA(A) receptor. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2005 Jul;6(7):565-75. PubMed.
. Ovariectomy and 17beta-estradiol modulate the levels of Alzheimer's amyloid beta peptides in brain. Neurology. 2000 Jun 27;54(12):2212-7. PubMed.
. Modulation of A(beta) peptides by estrogen in mouse models. J Neurochem. 2002 Jan;80(1):191-6. PubMed.
. Brain estrogen deficiency accelerates Abeta plaque formation in an Alzheimer's disease animal model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005 Dec 27;102(52):19198-203. PubMed.
. Estrogen lowers Alzheimer beta-amyloid generation by stimulating trans-Golgi network vesicle biogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2002 Apr 5;277(14):12128-36. PubMed.
. Augmented senile plaque load in aged female beta-amyloid precursor protein-transgenic mice. Am J Pathol. 2001 Mar;158(3):1173-7. PubMed.
. Estrogen therapy fails to alter amyloid deposition in the PDAPP model of Alzheimer's disease. Endocrinology. 2005 Jun;146(6):2774-81. PubMed.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Internet Security
With security at the forefront of IT these days, you hear a lot about firewalls. A firewall acts as a barrier between an internal local area network (LAN) and the “outside world” – the LAN’s connection to the Internet or another internetwork. Another type of intermediary is a proxy server. It’s important for IT professionals to understand the difference between the two.
What’s a Proxy?
First, let’s distinguish between proxy servers and full-fledged firewalls. A proxy is a stand-in; it sits between the internal and external networks and acts as a go-between for communications that are exchanged between the two. The word “proxy” means “one who is authorized to act on behalf of another.” You’ve probably heard of proxy weddings, whereby someone stands in for one of the parties (bride or groom) so a wedding ceremony can legally be performed without both being physically present. Proxy servers are so named because, like the hapless stand-in who says “I do” when it’s really someone else who does, they act as go-betweens to allow something to take place (in this case, network communications) between systems that must remain separate.
Proxy servers provide a measure of security to the internal network. The proxy usually uses Network Address Translation (NAT) to allow all the internal computers to connect to the Internet using only a single public IP address (that of the proxy server itself). The other computers’ internal IP addresses are not visible over the Internet; to outsiders it looks as if the proxy server is the only machine that is there. Proxies can also provide performance enhancement, by caching objects that are retrieved frequently from the ‘Net and making them available locally to the internal network. Just as a web browser’s cache speeds up access to web pages you visit often by storing copies of them on your local disk, a proxy performs the same function for the entire LAN.
What’s a Firewall?
Like the proxy server, a firewall is a “middle man” that sets between the internal and external networks. However, it goes further than the proxy in terms of controlling what goes into and out of the LAN. A product can be both a proxy and a firewall; Microsoft’s ISA Server is a good example of this. While its predecessor, Microsoft Proxy Server, was not considered to be a full-fledged firewall, ISA is.
The job of a firewall is to use filtering to prevent unauthorized data from entering the network and restricting the data that can be sent out. Just as a physical firewall in a building or vehicle is designed to stop a fire from spreading from one area to another, a network firewall is designed to keep data in or out of a network.
Firewalls can be hardware devices, which are dedicated single-purpose computers that run proprietary software, or they can be software-only packages that are installed on a regular PC running on top of on operating system like Windows or UNIX. Hardware firewalls tend to be more expensive (since you’re buying both hardware and software) but also usually offer better performance. Firewalls use NAT or router software to get data to the appropriate internal computer after checking it to ensure that the filtering rules allow it to go through.
Firewall Filtering
Firewalls can filter data at different levels (different layers of the OSI networking model). The most common filtering methods are:
• Packet filtering, which works primarily at the network layer
• Circuit filtering, which works at the transport layer
• Application filtering, which works at the application layer
Packet filters examine the information in the IP packet headers of messages and make the decision as to whether the data is allowed in (or out) based on that information. Thus packet filtering allows you to designate specific IP addresses (or host or domain names) that will be specifically blocked or specifically allowed. Filters can also process information at the transport layer (TCP and UDP port numbers). Specific ports can be blocked or left open. Because particular services use specific ports (for example, POP 3 incoming email uses port 110), this allows you to prevent specific types of data from entering the network (in this case, incoming POP3 email). There are two types of filtering, static and dynamic. With dynamic filtering, the necessary ports are opened up only when a communication is actually taking place, rather than staying open all the time. As soon as the communication ends, the port is closed.
Written by
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Wolfgang Bartels (politician, born 1903)
Wolfgang Bartels (13 August 1903 – 13 December 1975) was a German politician of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU) and former member of the German Bundestag.
Life
From 1953 to 1956 he was deputy district chairman of the CDU in Bochum and chairman of the CDU economic committee in the city.
Bartels was a city councillor in Bochum for many years. From 1957 to 1961 he was a member of the German Bundestag.
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WIKI
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Jun
11
awarded Yearling
Jan
10
awarded Nice Answer
Jul
8
awarded Revival
Apr
6
comment looking for a small CMS with features
Why is not being able to do enterprise a BAD thing? Frankly, no one is going to create a cms that is not usable for most sites - it just wouldn't be worth it, and most people would hate the cms for not being flexible enough. Inline editing requires a higher end system as well.
Apr
5
comment joomla vs concrete5 for database driven site
In that case, definitely concrete5. It by far has the best interface for computer idiots to work with.
Feb
23
comment HTML Scrollable table vertically and horizontally
As for your text too long dilemma mentioned in the comments, are you using any server side language? IF so, I would create a function to use substring to try and add a "-" to the middle of the word if over a certain amount of characters.
Feb
23
comment HTML Scrollable table vertically and horizontally
Well, the width should be <1900 if you know you will have 19 columns, correct?
Feb
23
answered HTML Scrollable table vertically and horizontally
Apr
20
comment PHP: trying to create a new line with "\n"
Did you View source if you are using a browser? That is where the newline would show, in just the source code. Also, what OS are you using? Some require an \r\n.
Apr
7
comment What efforts exist to use programming languages to model legal code?
I look at it this way - ever see sql generated by a program, vs a person? It is quite verbose. Legalese is verbose enough as it is, and has to take into account the different interpretations of words that can be read into a multitude of ways. The only place I can see this working is VERY basic contracts (legalzoom etc). Even such basic contracts as the AIA contract used for Construction gets modified on a job by job basis. I guess the real issue is making sure the legalese is vetted, and takes into account all the other jurisdictions.
Apr
4
revised Decoding mysql_real_escape_string() for outputting HTML
added 387 characters in body; added 218 characters in body
Apr
4
comment Decoding mysql_real_escape_string() for outputting HTML
That question has no reference at all to this (it is not about whether slashes take up characters in mysql). A. I don't use magic quotes B. I stand corrected on needing to use stripslashes on html_entity_decode. It is not clearly documented on the manual page, and it is nice to know. HOWEVER, it is not necesarily a bad thing to get into the habit of doing (running stripslashes before anything else), in case you want the option of making the entities converted or not.
Apr
4
comment Decoding mysql_real_escape_string() for outputting HTML
My database class runs real_escape_string before every insert. In order to get rid of the slashes in front of the quotes, I have to run stripslashes, or the slashes are escaped. I absolutely know how it works - I write this stuff all the time. He's trying to get his html back, there are slashes. How other than stripslashes do you plan on doing this without overcomplicating it? He needs to make sure he has the entities back first though! The issues is he's running strip first, he should be running decode first.
Apr
4
revised Decoding mysql_real_escape_string() for outputting HTML
added 1 characters in body; added 214 characters in body
Apr
4
comment Decoding mysql_real_escape_string() for outputting HTML
He DOES need to strip the slashes out, as he ran escape string on it first. He encoded it, now he needs to decode it to get rid of the slashes in the output. Hence the \ appearing before the ".
Apr
4
answered Decoding mysql_real_escape_string() for outputting HTML
Mar
31
comment How to check if all values in array are identical?
Or, you can create a new variable with the array in it, and leave the original array alone.
Mar
27
answered How to target specific letter/word with jquery?
Mar
27
comment How to target specific letter/word with jquery?
In a case like this, is this running through a program which will correct the html entities first? & is often outputted as &
Mar
21
answered netbeans ftp configuration
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Carmin Tropical
Carmin Tropical is a 2014 Mexican drama film directed by Rigoberto Pérezcano. The film was named on the shortlist for Mexico's entry for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards, but it was not selected.
Plot
Mabel, a muxe who lives in Veracruz, returns to her hometown in Oaxaca to find the murderer of her friend Daniela. During her trip she meets Modesto, a cab driver who reminds her of the time when she was one of the most recognized cabaret singers in the community, which she gave up to go in search of a man's love.
Cast
* José Pecina as Mabel
* Luis Alberti as Modesto
* Everardo Trejo as Faraón Morales
* Juan Carlos Medellin as Darina
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WIKI
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The lottery is a traditional gambling game in which players buy tickets and hope to win a prize. However, it’s also used in other ways: a person might be chosen for a job by lottery or be selected to receive a medical procedure through a lottery. There is even a type of lottery that determines who gets to live in an apartment building or subsidized housing unit. These types of lotteries are often used to help the poor or those with special needs. This article looks at the history, meaning, and modern usage of the word lottery.
The word “lottery” is derived from the Latin word for chance, or fate. Throughout history, governments have used lotteries to give away goods and services in order to raise money. In fact, the Bible instructs Moses to conduct a lottery to divide land among Israel. The Roman emperors often gave away property and slaves through the lottery, while the British colonists introduced lotteries to the United States in the 18th century. These state-run lotteries were criticized for being unfair to poor people and were eventually banned in several states.
Today, the term lottery has a much more general meaning, and it refers to any distribution of prizes through chance, including games of chance. For example, one might play a lottery to win a house or car, or a person might be chosen to be a jury member by lottery. Many companies use lotteries as a way to promote their products, and people often play them for charity. However, the lottery has a negative connotation for some people because it can be addictive and harmful to mental health.
In the United States, state-run lotteries are the most common form of a lottery. Historically, they have raised billions of dollars for public goods and services, such as education, road construction, and water supply. However, a private lottery can also be organized to raise money for a specific cause. Unlike state-run lotteries, private lotteries are usually not tax-deductible.
One of the most important things to know about playing a lottery is that the odds are stacked against you. You have a one in three million chance of winning, which means that the vast majority of tickets will never be winners. Nevertheless, people continue to spend huge sums of money on lottery tickets. Some people have even created quote-unquote systems, which are totally unsupported by statistical reasoning, to increase their chances of winning. They may choose certain numbers or go to particular stores or purchase a special type of ticket.
Some of these systems, like Richard Lustig’s infamous How to Win the Lottery – The System That Works, suggest that you should avoid picking numbers that end with the same digit. They also suggest that you should play more than one lottery at a time, which is not practical for large lotteries such as Powerball or Mega Millions. Regardless of the method you choose, it is essential to realize that you have a very small chance of winning.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Wikipedia:Bots/Requests for approval/TinucherianBot 4
* The following discussion is an archived debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section. The result of the discussion was Symbol keep vote.svg Approved.
TinucherianBot 4
Operator: -- TinuCherian (Chat?) -
Automatic or Manually Assisted: Automatic
Programming Language(s): AutoWikiBrowser and Ganeshk's Category creation plugin
Function Summary: Create the category tree for WP1.0 assessments for WikiProjects or Taskforces
Edit period(s) (e.g. Continuous, daily, one time run): once per WikiProject or Taskforce.
Already has a bot flag (Y/N): Y
Function Details: Create the category tree for WP1.0 assessments for WikiProjects or Taskforces.
The Tool for Generating Categories is only available to admins. The task will generate the categories and the corresponding tree and dependencies, links etc.
Steps:
* Copy the DLL to the AWB folder
* Start AWB
* Select Plugins - WPAssessmentsCatCreatorPlugin
* WikiProject name - Wikipedia:WikiProject
* Template Name - Template Name without the Template: prefix
* WikiProject abbreviation - For use within category name, For example: FA-Class articles.
* WikiProject category - Enter the parent category for the assessment categories (without the Category: prefix).
* Parent project name - For use with taskforces. It will add the parent category. Leave empty for root projects.
* Options - Track priority or importance - Check if used.
* Options - Priority or Importance
* Options - Category Intersection - Check if Class and Importance intersection categories need to be created.
* Classes supported - Check the classes supported by the project banner.
* Click OK
* Click Start to start the process.
It supports for both WikiProjects and Taskforces.
* Category:A-Class Foo articles
* Category:B-Class Foo articles
* Category:C-Class Foo articles
* Category:FA-Class Foo articles
* Category:FL-Class Foo articles
* Category:GA-Class Foo articles
* Category:Start-Class Foo articles
* Category:Stub-Class Foo articles
* Category:List-Class Foo articles
* Category:Unassessed-Class Foo articles
* Category:Template-Class Foo articles
* Category:Category-Class Foo articles
* Category:Disambig-Class Foo articles
* Category:Image-Class Foo articles
* Category:Portal-Class Foo articles
* Category:Needed-Class Foo articles
* Category:Non-article Foo pages
* Category:Foo articles with comments
* Category:Foo articles by quality
* Category:Foo articles by importance
* Category:Top-importance Foo articles
* Category:High-importance Foo articles
* Category:Mid-importance Foo articles
* Category:Low-importance Foo articles
* Category:Unknown-importance Foo articles
It also supports Category Intersections if needed. WP1.0 doesnt support the category intersection yet but it will be available in the for the next version of the WP 1.0 bot code. Project like INDIA have already adopted the category intersections for their purposes.
* Category:A-Class Foo articles
* Category:A-Class Foo articles of Top-importance
* Category:A-Class Foo articles of High-importance
* Category:A-Class Foo articles of Mid-importance
* Category:A-Class Foo articles of Low-importance
* Category:A-Class Foo articles of unknown-importance
* Category:B-Class Foo articles
* Category:B-Class Foo articles of Top-importance
* Category:B-Class Foo articles of High-importance
* Category:B-Class Foo articles of Mid-importance
* Category:B-Class Foo articles of Low-importance
* Category:B-Class Foo articles of unknown-importance
* Category:C-Class Foo articles
* Category:C-Class Foo articles of Top-importance
* Category:C-Class Foo articles of High-importance
* Category:C-Class Foo articles of Mid-importance
* Category:C-Class Foo articles of Low-importance
* Category:C-Class Foo articles of unknown-importance
* Category:FA-Class Foo articles
* Category:FA-Class Foo articles of Top-importance
* Category:FA-Class Foo articles of High-importance
* Category:FA-Class Foo articles of Mid-importance
* Category:FA-Class Foo articles of Low-importance
* Category:FA-Class Foo articles of unknown-importance
* Category:FL-Class Foo articles
* Category:FL-Class Foo articles of Top-importance
* Category:FL-Class Foo articles of High-importance
* Category:FL-Class Foo articles of Mid-importance
* Category:FL-Class Foo articles of Low-importance
* Category:FL-Class Foo articles of unknown-importance
* Category:GA-Class Foo articles
* Category:GA-Class Foo articles of Top-importance
* Category:GA-Class Foo articles of High-importance
* Category:GA-Class Foo articles of Mid-importance
* Category:GA-Class Foo articles of Low-importance
* Category:GA-Class Foo articles of unknown-importance
* Category:Start-Class Foo articles
* Category:Start-Class Foo articles of Top-importance
* Category:Start-Class Foo articles of High-importance
* Category:Start-Class Foo articles of Mid-importance
* Category:Start-Class Foo articles of Low-importance
* Category:Start-Class Foo articles of unknown-importance
* Category:Stub-Class Foo articles
* Category:Stub-Class Foo articles of Top-importance
* Category:Stub-Class Foo articles of High-importance
* Category:Stub-Class Foo articles of Mid-importance
* Category:Stub-Class Foo articles of Low-importance
* Category:Stub-Class Foo articles of unknown-importance
* Category:List-Class Foo articles
* Category:List-Class Foo articles of Top-importance
* Category:List-Class Foo articles of High-importance
* Category:List-Class Foo articles of Mid-importance
* Category:List-Class Foo articles of Low-importance
* Category:List-Class Foo articles of unknown-importance
* Category:Unassessed-Class Foo articles
* Category:Unassessed-Class Foo articles of Top-importance
* Category:Unassessed-Class Foo articles of High-importance
* Category:Unassessed-Class Foo articles of Mid-importance
* Category:Unassessed-Class Foo articles of Low-importance
* Category:Unassessed-Class Foo articles of unknown-importance
* Category:Template-Class Foo articles
* Category:Category-Class Foo articles
* Category:Disambig-Class Foo articles
* Category:Image-Class Foo articles
* Category:Portal-Class Foo articles
* Category:Needed-Class Foo articles
* Category:Non-article Foo pages
* Category:Foo articles with comments
* Category:Foo articles by quality
* Category:Foo articles by importance
* Category:Top-importance Foo articles
* Category:High-importance Foo articles
* Category:Mid-importance Foo articles
* Category:Low-importance Foo articles
* Category:Unknown-importance Foo articles
* Category:Foo articles by quality and importance
I had successfuly tried this on my normal account.
For the Bot trial, I can create for Early computers task force of COMP per this discussion. -- TinuCherian (Chat?) - 07:12, 10 July 2008 (UTC)
Discussion
* I am agnostic about whether this task is useful to Wikipedia. If it is useful, then this is a good way to go about doing it. TinuCherian, you say you successfully did this once with your main account. When and what project? Could we see the links/logs? – Quadell (talk) 13:29, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
For example ,I did that for Lakshadweep workgroup for INDIA like this -- TinuCherian (Chat?) - 14:01, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
* I am not sure whether the link will work for you as I had set the Maximum number of changes to show in expanded watchlist as 500. I would recommend having a look at Category:Lakshadweep articles by quality, Category:Lakshadweep articles by importance and Category:Lakshadweep articles by quality and importance and its subcategories -- TinuCherian (Chat?) - 15:37, 14 July 2008 (UTC)
BotTrial|edits=10 - let's see exactly what we get / what the community reaction is -- Tawker (talk) 22:18, 16 July 2008 (UTC)
* Can you approve atleast 25 edits ? That is the minimum number of categories needed ( without intersection) to build the category tree properly. -- Tinu Cherian - 04:57, 17 July 2008 (UTC)
-- Tawker (talk) 21:25, 17 July 2008 (UTC)
* : Thanks. I will update once it is completed -- Tinu Cherian - 04:27, 18 July 2008 (UTC)
* Trial: See Contribs and the category tree created below
-- Tinu Cherian - 05:43, 18 July 2008 (UTC)
* Category:Early computers articles by quality
* Category:Early computers articles by importance
Technically wise, it looks solid - what I'm concerned about is the community implications - do they need / want the categories. I've made a couple posts requesting input as to that aspect and hence, things are on hold until there is discussion from the broader community -- Tawker (talk) 21:14, 18 July 2008 (UTC)
* Let me explain... These categories are used by every WikiProject and taskforces for Article Assessment based on WP1.0 selections. See also how every WProjects does this like here . This is how the categories are created easily :Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Generate categories, but the tool is available only for admins. Non-admins of WikiProjects create them manually , which is very tedious. This task is to help them. -- Tinu Cherian - 04:55, 19 July 2008 (UTC)
* Um, the reason the /Generate categories subpage is protected (and hence is editable only by admins) is that Mathbot creates a category tree with all the categories used by WP 1.0 bot, but in most cases, those categories will need at least a few to be deleted. Not all WikiProjects use List-Class, or worse, Assessed-Class, but the admin can delete those unneeded categories if he's watching the bot create the tree and is on standby for the cleanup. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 08:45, 19 July 2008 (UTC)
* If you see the configuration of this plugin created by an admin, it allows creation of only the required categories. This avoids the needs of deletion of unnecessary categories as in case of Math bot.It is also future proof and allows category intersections which is already in adopted by some WikiProjects like INDIA -- Tinu Cherian - 12:01, 19 July 2008 (UTC)
The idea of this bot task is just an alternative for the existing method, for the WikiProject members to use the method which ever he wants. Unlike the Mathbot, This also gives some very useful advantages
* No need of deletion of unnecessary categories. The required categories can be selected and only created.
* No need of admin supervision.
* Allows category intersections which will come in next version of WP1.0 and already in practice by some projects etc -- <em style="font-family:Kristen ITC;color:#ff0000"> Tinu <em style="font-family:Kristen ITC;color:#ff0000">Cherian - 10:32, 22 July 2008 (UTC)
* All right, although I'm concerned about category intersection: We have no idea how we're going to implement that (the Physics method does not scale to the rest of Wikipedia—too many pages!), so I would hold off on enabling that as an option for now. Tito xd (?!? - cool stuff) 07:03, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
* Category intersection is an extended feature for the WikiProjects. If any wikiproject needs that too, we will give them. Otherwise the normal 25 categories only. FYI, INDIA and its 50+ workgroups have already adopted Category intersection.
* The advantage is huge for a WikiProject: It helps to identify say a Top/High importance article but of poor quality and help to improve it.
* As a task, Without category intersection is the default option and If the requester needs the category intersection, we will provide the facility too. Having said that , If the bot doesnt do the category intersection , the project member may create it manually also. -- <em style="font-family:Kristen ITC;color:#ff0000"> Tinu <em style="font-family:Kristen ITC;color:#ff0000">Cherian - 08:28, 23 July 2008 (UTC)
BJ Talk 00:20, 24 July 2008 (UTC)
* The above discussion is preserved as an archive of the debate. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section.
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WIKI
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RPCS3 Forums
Full Version: RPCS3 interface freezes after few seconds !
You're currently viewing a stripped down version of our content. View the full version with proper formatting.
MadMod
The emulator freezes without any explanation some seconds after started, boot a game or not. It makes it impossible to run any game or use the emulator interface. It is not possible to even close the emulator it is necessary to "finish the process" using the Windows task manager.
The emulator dont generate any log error or warning.
Specs:
OS: Windows 10 (v1809 updated)
VGA: GTX 1080 (drivers: 417.22)
RAM: 16 GB
CPU: Intel 8700K
PS3 Firmware: v4.83
RPCS3 tested Builds (https://rpcs3.net/compatibility?b):
0.0.5-7563
0.0.5-7550
0.0.5-7499
Missing log file which always persists even after emulator hard crashes. Or at least show what settings you're using and games you're trying to start with.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Talk:Rufus Logan
Dates
The Library of Congress site says the paper lasted until the beginning of the 1920s1920sbut theindie media source gives 1909 as a possible date. FloridaArmy (talk) 12:51, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
Something about him is noted in this 1909 news clipping. FloridaArmy (talk) 12:59, 28 April 2021 (UTC)
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WIKI
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John R. Eckel Jr.
John R. Eckel Jr. (October 22, 1951 – November 13, 2009) was an American businessman and art collector. He was the founder, CEO, and chairman of Houston-based Copano Energy.
Biography
Eckel was born on October 22, 1951, in Houston and graduated from Columbia University in 1973. After graduating, he worked for the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York and Lehman Brothers before joining the energy sector, working for various energy drilling, service and E&P companies. Eckel founded Copano Energy in 1992 and served as its president and CEO until April 2003, when he became chairman and CEO. Under his tenure, the company grew from having a 23-mile pipeline to a publicly trading midstream natural gas company with more than 6,000 miles of pipeline and seven processing plants across four states. He died in 2009 after suffering liver failure.
Art collection
Eckel is most known for his art collection, which focused on a few American designers and artists, including Paul Evans, Harry Bertoia, Edward Ruscha, and Edward Wormley. After his death, his eponymous foundation has been focusing on supporting art groups and other charities, and his collection went to the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (MFAH). He is the namesake of the John R. Eckel, Jr. Foundation Gallery on the first floor of the newly opened Whitney Museum.
His collection was the subject of a 2012 exhibition titled The Spirit of Modernism: The John R. Eckel, Jr. Foundation Gift to the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, held at the MFAH. As art collector, he was praised for having a "wonderfully holistic vision of a moment in time" by the museum's curators and for being a "brilliant, largely self-directed collector" by the Houston Chronicle.
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WIKI
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Panu Ervamaa > DBIx-Class-Migration-0.040 > DBIx::Class::Migration::RunScript::Trait::Dump
Download:
DBIx-Class-Migration-0.040.tar.gz
Dependencies
Annotate this POD
Website
View/Report Bugs
Source Latest Release: DBIx-Class-Migration-0.044
NAME ^
DBIx::Class::Migration::RunScript::Trait::Dump - Dump fixtures
SYNOPSIS ^
use DBIx::Class::Migration::RunScript;
builder {
'SchemaLoader',
'Dump',
sub {
shift->dump('countries');
};
};
DESCRIPTION ^
This is a Moose::Role that adds a dump method to your run script. This will let you dump fixtures from your runscripts, based on previously defined fixture configurations.
This might be useful to you if you are building fixtures if they don't already exist (see DBIx::Class::Migration::RunScript::Trait::Populate) and then want to dump them as part of building up your database. For example:
use DBIx::Class::Migration::RunScript;
migrate {
my $self = shift;
if($self->set_has_fixtures('all_tables')) {
$self->populate('all_tables');
} else {
$self->schema
->resultset('Country')
->populate([
['code'],
['bel'],
['deu'],
['fra'],
]);
$self->dump('all_tables');
}
};
In the above example if the fixture set exists and has previously been dumped we will populate the database with it. Else, we will create some data manually and then dump it so that next time it is available.
This trait requires a schema previously defined, such as provided by DBIx::Class::Migration::RunScript::Trait::SchemaLoader.
This trait is one of the defaults for the exported method migrate in DBIx::Class::Migration::RunScript.
methods ^
This class defines the follow methods.
dump
Requires $arg || @args
Given a fixture set (or list of sets), use DBIx::Class::Fixtures to dump them from the current database.
When naming sets, you skip the '.json' extension.
SEE ALSO ^
DBIx::Class::Migration, DBIx::Class::Migration::RunScript
AUTHOR ^
See DBIx::Class::Migration for author information
COPYRIGHT & LICENSE ^
See DBIx::Class::Migration for copyright and license information
syntax highlighting:
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Page:Faction display'd. A poem. Answer'd paragraph by paragraph.pdf/20
''Matchless Genius! Whose Exalted Lays'' Transcend my humble and unequal Praise. Not fam'd Apelles Pencil could express The Beauteous Heav'n of Cytherea's Face; Nor any Art your Muse's Image draw, Who what she is, like Light, herself can only show. Let
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WIKI
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Beauty / Wellbeing
Targeted WFH workouts you can do in less than 15 minutes
Finding a home workout schedule that you can actually stick too isn't easy. Finding the time amidst busy weekends and busier wfh-days is a challenge to put it lightly. But it is important to move, even if you can only find 10 or 15 minutes.
We first spoke to Amy Carmody from Amy Carmody Yoga at the beginning of the coronavirus pandemic for advice on working from home stretches to get the kinks out of our necks. Now, she's sharing her best home workouts you can do even when you only have 10 minutes.
When we first spoke back in April about the ergonomic conditions of working from home, I prompted people to move in shorter bursts more often, rather than going through huge working weeks at the desk and only doing three hour-long workouts a week.
I encourage my students to have the following post-it notes on their screen; "Water" "Posture" and "MOVE".
I impart this message daily, because when we are in one position for too long, our connective tissue known as fascia, will literally get stuck in that position, that's why posture is so important. But movement is the actual solution.
Fascia needs lubrication, hydration and the ability to glide well so we don't get that "stagnant" or "tight" feeling in our body. So moving every 20 minutes will continue that desired gliding effect. We also need to consider what muscles atrophy when excessive sitting takes place; glutes, core & shoulders.
This week put Post-it notes up on your screen, hydrate frequently, sit with a more upright posture and move more often. And as for moving, try some of these quick moves for a short wfh workout. They're all from my 'Resets' and 'Movement Snacks' - classes that are less than 20 minutes long.
1. The Elevated Clam
Elevated Clam
A new and improved version of the classic clam. Rather than only opening and closing the knees, lift the side of your pelvis off the ground every time the knees separate. The point of the clam is to target the lateral fibres of our glutes known as Gluteus Medius & Gluteus Minimus. These hip muscles are responsible for not only hip abduction and internal rotation, but they are bipedal muscles, which means our ancestors, the apes, didn't need them as they are quadrupedal creatures. So training these muscles are key to balancing on one leg and vital for hikers and runners for improving their gate stride.
How to: Lay on your side, using one hand to support the side of your skull. Bring the knees out 90 degrees of the hips, and the feet inline with your knees. Keeping the feet together, move the top leg to open the knees apart, repeat until you feel your outer glutes, if the strength is there then try adding a lift off your pelvis every time the knees part.
2. Goddess Squat
This pose is not only a big test in leg strength and endurance but due to the wide stance it will also relieve the inner leg muscles by putting the adductors under an active stretch. I try to be efficient with my clients, be they athletes, the desk workers, nurses or stay at home parents. I attempt to achieve both a 'stretch & strength' element in poses and the Goddess Squat is a great example of this.
How to: Take a stance slightly wider than shoulder width, turn your feet slightly outwards so your hips can externally rotate, bend the knees to initiate a high squat position, hinge from your hip joints to bring your torso more parallel to the floor, place the hands on a block or a chair, you can challenge your glutes by adding small pulses or choose a static hold and exhale from the mouth, releasing tension from the inner thighs and jaw.
Prenatal chooses a narrower stance to keep the groins stable.
3. Dolphin Pose
Not only is this one of the most effective and efficient poses you can do, it's also really tough. It's basically Downward Facing Dog pose on steroids. By standing on the forearms rather than the hands, it puts more demand on the proximal joints (the joints closer to the trunk). The pose not only lengthens the connective tissue in the back of the body, it puts serious load on the shoulders. We lack strength in the muscles surrounding the shoulder blades, because we don't weight-bare on our hands enough throughout our day. Subsequently, we lose that neurological connection to really important postural muscles that stop us from hunching over!
How to: Begin on all fours, lower to your forearms with the palms together, fingers interlaced and elbows shoulder width. Draw the chin to the throat, look back at your feet throughout, tucking the toes under, lift off your knees and begin to walk your feet toward your face. Allow the knees to stay bent and heels to hover to ensure you're staying as straight in your spine as possible. Push the ground with your forearms, thinking "shoulders up toward your ears", lift the front ribs and belly away from the ground. Hold for 1o breaths, pedaling the feet or shifting the pelvis from side to side to unstick any tightness.
4. The Sassy Roll
This is an ACY favourite, in fact there's even been a meme made for this move! It's so simple and something you can do anywhere anytime. You'll find you naturally do this in some way or another throughout the day, we've just formalised it and celebrate this move in most classes.
How to: Come into a 90/90 low lunge position. Squeeze the back glute strongly so you can feel a stretch at the front of your hip joint. Keep the lower belly draw back and front ribs down, skull on top of your pelvis. Let the arms hang by your side, then with a soft bend to the elbows simply roll your shoulders in circles in a backward motion. This will lubricate the joints that have probably been in the same position all day, getting all the fascia around your thoracic spine moving.
5. The Lemon Squeezer
Everyone needs to be doing more core work. It is so essential that our core can do it's basic requirement: stabilise. Our core isn't simply a six pack, it's a dynamic group of proximal muscles that are responsible for keeping us upright, to protect the spinal column and to allow a varied choice to our movement. There are too many people suffering lower back pain, it's generally a combination of atrophied glute muscles, the intrinsic core lacking stability and a loss of mobility in the tissues surrounding our joints.
How to: lay on your back, feet under the knees, interlace all 10 fingers behind the skull and bring the elbows as close together as possible. Take the feet & legs toward the ceiling, a bend to the knees is fine. Keep the tailbone on the ground, inhale, then exhale keeping the elbows close, lift your head & shoulders off the floor. Keeping the legs long, cross the left leg in front of the right, imagine there was a lemon between your upper thighs, staying off your shoulders "squeeze all the juice from the lemon" uncross the legs, inhale lower head back down. Repeat, now crossing the right leg in front. If possible, repeat 10-15 times.
Amy Carmody Yoga - Resets
Since launching my platform I have a category called 'Resets'. These are short classes less than 15 minutes, and specifically designed to target glutes, core & shoulders. I learnt this method from LYT training, a method of yoga designed by a physical therapist. I want my students to schedule these movements throughout their day. It is about prioritising the necessary, and being as efficient as possible in the least amount of time.
This demand for better movement (and more of it), was not only coming from me, but my members were actually craving it too.
So I listened, and days later I launched a category called 'Movement Snacks'. All classes are under 20 minutes - it removed the guilt of attempting then failing to exercise. Most people have 20 minutes in their day, and fitting in a full class in that time is highly motivating. These 'Movement Snack' classes vary in focus, with students having a choice of classes from a list of different anatomical points of the body such as: "The Neck", "The Core" "The Hips" and even "Ankles Feet & Toes" and more.
You can access these short workouts and other classes at Amy Carmody Yoga.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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STORLEY et al. v. ARMOUR & CO.
No. 11460.
Circuit Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.
Nov. 10, 1939.
E. T. Conmy, of Fargo, N. D. (G. T. Westlund, of Fargo, N. D., on the brief), for appellants.
Howard G. Fuller, of Fargo, N. D. (Fuller & Powers, of Fargo, N. D., and Walter C. Kirk and John A. McKee, both of Chicago, Ill., on the brief), for appellee.
Before GARDNER, SANBORN, and WOODROUGH, Circuit Judges.
SANBORN, Circuit Judge.
Fifty-eight plaintiffs, in a class suit brought to enjoin Armour & Company from polluting the Sheyenne River with the effluent from its packing plant situated in the village of West Fargo, North Dakota, and for damages resulting to the plaintiffs from such pollution, have appealed from a decree directing the entry of fifty judgments in their favor, upon the ground that the awards made by the court were less than the law required.
The Sheyenne River is a small -river which rises in the central part of North. Dakota and is approximately 250 miles long. After flowing east and south through Valley City and Lisbon, it flows east and north through West Fargo and thence north by northeast to its junction with the Red River of the North at a point about 16 miles from West Fargo. Between West Fargo and the mouth of the Sheyenne there are seventy farms of varying sizes bordering the river. In 1919 the Equity Cooperative Packing Association built a packing plant in West Fargo on the east bank of the river. This plant was operated for about three years and then lay idle until 1925, when it was acquired by Armour & Company, which has ever since been operating it. A pool created by a dam in the river above the plant furnished the necessary supply of water for the .plant. The river, below the plant, furnished the only means for the disposal of plant waste and sewage from the plant and the village. The effect of the operation of the plant was to turn the river below the plant into an open sewer. The water became not only unfit for all domestic purposes, but unwholesome for cattle to drink. The river became useless for bathing, boating, fishing or swimming and for the taking of ice, and during the summer months became a breeding place for flies. Instead of being a benefit to those who occupied the farms along its banks, it became a detriment and a source of discomfort to them because of putrefying matter and filth which gave off noxious odors. Protests against the defilement of the river were made by those affected as early as 1926, but conditions were not remedied.
In 1934 John Storley and thirty-one others who owned and occupied farms bordering the river below the plant brought separate suits in the State Court of Cass County, North Dakota, for injunctions against the pollution of the river by Armour & Company and for-damages. These 32 suits weré removed to the District Court of the United States. Thereafter all of the plaintiffs except Storley amended their complaints by eliminating prayers for equitable relief. All of the suits where the damages prayed did not exceed $3,000 were remanded to the State Court. Those in which the prayer was for damages in excess of $3,000 were retained. In 1935 Armour & Company settled with the 32 plaintiffs for all damages which had accrued up to January 1, 1936, for the sum of $26,500, which gave to each of the 32 plaintiffs less than one hundred dollars per year as damages. The 32 cases were then-dismissed, with the exception of the Storley suit, and it was agreed that that suit should be continued as a class suit until November 1, 1935; that in the meantime Armour & Company should install “facilities for primary treatment by screening and settling of packing house waste”; that if, after November 1, 1935, it was still believed that unlawful pollution of the river existed, the Storley suit might he brought on for trial, but that all damages accruing to Storley up to January 1, 1936, had been paid and that that issue was eliminated from his complaint. In October, 1936, the Storley suit was set for trial on December 8, 1936. By stipulation, the other plaintiffs here claiming damages due to the pollution of the river were joined with Storley. In January, 1937, the District Court entered an interlocutory decree to the effect that the nuisance created by the pollution of the river still existed; that the entry of a final decree enjoining Armour & Company from polluting the river should be stayed for a year in order to enable it to find some additional means of treating the waste from the plant so as to abate the nuisance; and that jurisdiction to assess damages should be retained. See Armour & Co. v. Miller, 8 Cir., 91 F.2d 521, 525. In January, 1938, testimony was taken relative to damages claimed to have been suffered by those who owned or occupied 50 farms bordering the river below the plant. The testimony as to damages was not taken before the court, but was, by order of the court and consent of the parties, taken by the court reporter as a special examiner, and reported to the court. After the transcript had been prepared by the reporter, counsel for the plaintiffs prepared and filed itemized statements of the damages claimed by each of the plaintiffs. The case, as to damages, was submitted to the court upon the evidence adduced before the court reporter, the statements of their claims filed by the plaintiffs, and briefs and arguments of counsel. With few exceptions, the damages to be determined were those accruing between January 1, 1936, and January 1, 1938.
After the submission of the case and on September 28, 1938, the court filed an opinion ruling that certain items of damages claimed were disallowed: (1) Damages claimed because of the unfitness of the river water for drinking and culinary purposes; because the river water had not been fit for such purposes prior to the existence of the nuisance. (2) Damages claimed for loss of cattle due to Bang’s disease; for the reason that the evidence that the pollution of the river was the proximate cause thereof was speculative. (3) Damages claimed for the death of turkeys ; because the evidence was speculative. (4) Exemplary damages; for the reason that the court was satisfied that exemplary damages should not be allowed. (5) Damages claimed to “feeders”; because no suitable foundation in the evidence to form an estimate of the amount of damage existed. (6) Damages claimed for loss of calves; because the evidence was speculative. (7) Damages claimed to “milkers”; because the evidence was insufficient to form any basis for an estimate of damages except as to one plaintiff.
In the opinion the court further ruled that landlords out of possession were entitled to recover for diminution of the rental value of their lands caused by the condition of the river; that tenants in possession were entitled to recover actual damages proved; that damages for the following items were allowed: (1) Interference with comfortable living; (2) pumping water for stock; (3) time spent washing stock;' (4) loss of swimming, boating and fishing privileges; (5) loss of ice-taking privilege; (6) expense. of fly spray and poison. The court attached to its opinion itemized statements of the amounts allowed to each of the plaintiffs as damages. The plaintiffs filed a petition for rehearing. On October 17, 1938, the court supplemented its original opinion, making some additions to the allowances made to some of the plaintiffs. On November 28, 1938, a further supplemental opinion was filed, making certain additional allowances. The petition for rehearing was denied. On December 8, 1938, formal findings of fact and declarations of law and a decree were filed, which specified the aggregate amount of the judgment to which each of the plaintiffs was found to be entitled.
Twenty-six of the plaintiffs accepted the awards made them by the court. Their judgments were paid and satisfied. Nevertheless they joined in this appeal. They have no standing in this Court. The judgments in their favor were for all damages to which the court determined they were entitled for the period in question. “Accepting the fruits of a judgment and thereafter appealing therefrom are totally inconsistent positions, and the election to pursue one course is deemed an abandonment of the other.” Kaiser v. Standard Oil Co., 5 Cir., 89 F.2d 58, 59; Altman v. Shopping Center Bldg. Co., 8 Cir., 82 F.2d 521, 527, and cases cited. Whether the judgments awarded these twenty-six plaintiffs, and which they satisfied, were right or wrong can now be of no concern to this Court. This eliminates from consideration the claim of Edwin Waa and Theodore Waa.
The broad question which the trial court was obliged to determine was, what amount of money would reasonably compensate each of the plaintiffs for the losses caused him by the unlawful pollution of the Sheyenne River by the defendant, Armour & Company, considering the nature, extent and duration of such losses.
While the unlawful pollution was conceded, the burden of proving the nature and extent of the damages suffered by each of the plaintiffs was upon him. The controlling law is that of North Dakota. The theory of the District Court, acquiesced in by the plaintiffs and not seriously controverted by the defendant, was that, under the law of that State, the measure of damages where the riparian lands affected were leased was diminution of rental value, and where they were occupied the damages-were “actual damages” proximately caused by the pollution. We think there is much force in the defendant’s contention that the proper measure of damages would be the diminution in rental value of leased lands,, and diminution in the use value of those farms which were occupied, caused by the unlawful pollution of the river. It would seem that the difference between the fair rental or use value of a farm upon the river with the defendant making only such use of the river as it might lawfully make and its-fair rental value in the condition resulting from the defendant’s unlawful use during the period in question, should constitute a. fair and proper measure of the general damages suffered by the owners or occupants of' all of these farms. Such a measure would naturally embrace all such items of damages-as persons negotiating a lease might reasonably take into consideration in arriving at a. fair rental value for any particular farm,, which would necessarily include interference-with comfortable living due to odors, inability to use the river for a water supply or for swimming, fishing, boating or for ice, increase in the number of flies, and everything else which would obviously affect the value of a farm for the highest and best use for which it would normally be available. However, the defendant has taken no cross-appeal. The appellants put in their evidence upon the theory adopted by the trial court, and there is no certainty that the law of North Dakota required that diminution of rental or use value be taken as the sole measure for ascertaining general damages. The question, so far as we are concerned, is of academic importance only, except as to the claim of Frithjof Selberg hereinafter referred to.
While the case was pleaded and tried and has been appealed with some considerable lack of formality, the questions which the plaintiffs seek to present are sufficiently clear and understandable.
Claimed Unfitness of River Water for Domestic Purposes.
The court below found that “the river water prior to the creation of the nuisance was not fit for drinking or culinary purposes.” This finding is challenged by the plaintiffs. The evidence of the plaintiffs tended to show that, prior to the time the packing plant was first operated —which was before its acquisition by the defendant — some of the riparian owners used river water for drinking and culinary purposes without injury; that some of them made such use of it after the plant first shut down; and that the river water above the plant was safe for such purposes. The evidence of the defendant tended to show that the river was not fit for such uses above the dam nor below the dam prior to the taking over of the plant by the defendant ; that the river above the dam had been used by some farmers for sewage disposal; that dead animals had been seen in it at times; that it drained farms and farm yards and contained bacteria which, without the presence of packing house waste, rendered it unfit for use by human beings. It is unnecessary to set out the evidence in detail, since it is elementary that a finding by a trier of the facts based upon conflicting evidence will not be disturbed by an appellate court. H. H. Cross Co. v. Simmons, 8 Cir., 96 F.2d 482, 486; Crowell v. Baker Oil Tools, 9 Cir., 99 F.2d 574, 577. There was virtually no evidence which would have justified a finding that if the river had been subjected to such use as the village of West Fargo and the defendant were lawfully privileged to make of it, the water below the plant would have been fit for drinking or culinary use.
Claim for Loss of Cattle Through Bang’s Disease.
The court made no allowance for loss of cattle due to Bang’s disease. It is contended, on behalf of one of the plaintiffs, Stephen H. Hoag, that the evidence required such an allowance to him.
The evidence of this plaintiff was that in 1936 he had a herd of Guernseys which had been tested in 1934 and 1935 for Bang’s disease with negative results; that the herd was not permitted to run with other cattle; that in May, 1936, the herd was found to be infected; that some of the cattle were condemned and all were sold; that in the spring of 1936 the defendant killed cattle in its plant which were infected with Bang’s disease; that infection could have been carried in the waste from these cattle down the stream; and that Hoag’s cattle, which had access to the river, could have been infected through drink the water. Dr. Nelson, an expert for the plaintiffs, testified that if the waste from the slaughtered cattle afflicted with Bang’s disease had been deposited by the defendant in the river in the usual way, small bits of the intestinal tracts which carry the bacteria of the disease would float down the stream, and that the bacteria might live for eight or ten days and perhaps as long as forty days. Dr. Dunham, another expert for the plaintiffs, testified, in answer to a hypothetical question which included the assumption that the defendant had dumped waste from the slaughtered cattle which were infected with Bang’s disease into the river, that it was a possibility, and a very good possibility, that the Bang’s disease was carried through the stream and consumed by Hoag’s cattle.
The question, however, which the court was called upon to decide was not what might have caused the infection of Hoag’s cattle, but whether the pollution of the river did cause it. No expert expressed any opinion that the infection was caused by the pollution of the river. The defendant’s testimony negatived any such theory. It was shown that the intestinal tracts of the cattle which were slaughtered, which tracts might carry the germs of the disease, were preserved and cooked in the plant and a by-product made from them. It was also shown that cattle afflicted with Bang’s disease on farms upstream from Hoag’s farm had access to the river and might have deposited bacteria in it. In addition, there was expert testimony on behalf of the defendant that there was nothing to indicate that Bang’s disease is a water-borne disease; that there is a possibility that it is, but not a probability; and that there was no authenticated case where an outbreak of Bang’s disease had been definitely attributed to water supply.
The District Court was justified in determining that the plaintiffs had failed to prove any adequate causal connection between the pollution of the river and the losses suffered by Mr. Hoag from the infection of his cattle with .Bang’s disease.
Claims for Loss of Turkeys.
The court denied recovery for the loss of turkeys which was attributed by certain plaintiffs to pollution of the river. The contention that the court erred in this regard is based largely upon expert testimony to the effect “that any decomposing food would be dangerous to young chickens or young turkeys and might well result in their death.” In addition there was evidence which indicated that there were only normal losses among turkeys which were fenced away from the river, while there were abnormal losses among those which were not fenced away from it.
It is to be noted that, here again, there is a lack of any definite proof, expert or otherwise, that the turkeys which died, died because they ate anything which was placed in the river by the defendant. The evidence of the defendant indicated that turkeys are difficult to raise, and that farmers along the river above the plant had suffered similar losses. The evidence did not compel the court below to find that the loss of turkeys was proximately caused by the pollution of the river.
Claims for Reduction in Calf Crop.
The court declined to make any allowance to Edgar I. Olson and his wife for a claimed reduction in calf crop. The contention is that the evidence required such an allowance. Mr. Olson, a graduate of the State Agricultural College, a former County Agent, and an experienced and successful stock raiser who owns a 260-acre farm bordering the river downstream from the packing plant and also another farm nearby which is not on the river, testified that: “We generally expect a ninety per cent calf crop, that is, from every breeding animal we expect one calf every year in ninety per cent of the cases. I think it is generally accepted that cattle in poor condition are not as sure or regular breeders as cows that are in good flesh. Naturally, our cattle, due to the quality of the water and the presence of flies, were not in such condition that they would produce a normal calf crop. As a result we got only about a seventy-five per cent crop.” On cross-examination this plaintiff testified that he had changed bulls on his river farm in 1936.
The District Court was not bound to accept the observation or opinion of Mr. Olson .as to the cause of the reduction of his calf crop. “Expert opinions are controlling only in so far as found to be reasonable, and their weight is'for the trier of the facts to determine. No rule of law compels him to give a controlling influence to opinions of experts or to surrender his own judgment.” United States v. Washington Dehydrated Food Co., 8 Cir., 89 F.2d 606, 609. There is evidence in the record that Mr. Olson’s cattle were watered from a well. There is also evidence which would have justified the court in concludmg that flies along the river above the plant were almost as annoying to farmers and their cattle as flies were below the plant; and we think it cannot be said that the evidence compelled a finding that the pollution of the river caused the reduction of the calf crop of which Mr. Olson complains. We cannot say that the finding of the court in this respect was “clearly erroneous”.
Claims for Loss of Milk and Beef Profits.
The court made no allowance for damages to feeder stock. It made an allowance to Edgar I. Olson for decrease in butter fat. It made no allowance on that account to other plaintiffs claiming similar damages.
The plaintiffs contend that the evidence required that an allowance be made to all of the plaintiffs who are alleged to have suffered such claimed damages to feeders and milkers. There was evidence that foul water and flies are detrimental to stock, whether milk or beef cattle, and that for the best results in cattle raising a supply of good water is essential. Edgar I. Olson expressed the opinion that the average milk loss per ordinary grade cow, because of the river conditions due to the pollution, would be from $15 to $25 per year, and that the loss of beef stock would be $9 per head per year. As we have already pointed out, the court which tried this case was not compelled to accept Mr. Olson’s estimate in this regard. It seems to us — as it seemed to the trial court — that, in order to invoke an allowance of damages for losses due to the failure of cattle to produce the normal amount of milk or the normal amount of beef, proof should have been offered which would have enabled the court to find, with some reasonable degree of accuracy, what amount of milk or what amount of beef would have been normally produced on each of the farms where cattle were kept, what amount was in fact produced, and what loss in profits resulted.
Ordinarily, anticipated profits are dependent upon so many uncertain contingencies that they are not susceptible of that clear and direct proof which the law requires (United States v. Behan, 110 U.S. 338, 344, 4 S.Ct. 81, 28 L.Ed. 168; White River Levee District v. McWilliams Dredging Co., 8 Cir., 40 F.2d 873, 876), although where the evidence shows the extent of such losses as a matter of just and reasonable inference, they may be recovered. Manhattan Oil Co. v. Mosby, 8 Cir., 72 F.2d 840, 846, 847.
In Holden v. Great Lakes Pipe Line Co., 139 Kan. 71, 29 P.2d 1076, damages for loss of anticipated profits from the sale of milk were allowed where the evidence disclosed the number of cows milked, the average milking period of the cows, the average quantity of milk produced prior to the pollution of the water consumed by the cows, the quantity of milk produced after the pollution, the total sales of milk and cream after the pollution, and the rate of profit on such sales. In Indian Territory Illuminating Oil Co. v. Townley, 10 Cir., 81 F.2d 159, such damages were allowed where the evidence disclosed the size of the herd, the decrease in milk, the price of milk sold, and the rate of profit. See also, Texas & P. R. Co. v. Mercer, 127 Tex. 220, 90 S.W.2d 557, 106 A.L.R. 1299.
In this case, Edgar I. Olson proved his- loss of anticipated profits from milk production by the following testimony: “I have the same kind of stock on this farm as on my farm in Hannaford. Comparing the milk production from the milkers on the farm located on the Sheyenne River with the production of the milkers on the Hannaford farm, feed conditions being equal the production on the Hannaford farm is about twenty-five per cent greater, and as a matter of fact feed conditions were better on this farm than on Hanna-ford farm. We have kept records on our cows both on the Hannaford farm and on this farm out here. For the last thirteen or fourteen years our average production on the Hannaford farm has been in the neighborhood of three hundred pounds of butter fat annually; the production of the Harwood-farm about two hundred pounds. With the average price of butter fat in the neighborhood of about twenty-five cents a pound it would make a difference of about twenty-five dollars annually in the revenue per head. In case of a good grade milker under the same circumstances the decline in milk production would be approximately the same, although the capacity of the average grade cow to produce butter fat is not as high as that of the good pure bred. In my opinion the loss in production of butter fat on a good grade cow per year would be from fifteen to twenty-five dollars.” Olson had 14 cows, and was allowed a recovery of $21 a year per cow. No question as to the propriety of this allowance is raised. There was, however, no proof in the record that other plaintiffs who were milk producers had the kind of cows about which Mr. Olson testified, that their cows were of good grade, or that conditions as to their feed and care were similar. Therefore, a factual basis for the application of Mr. Olson’s opinion to the claims of other plaintiffs for damages on account of losses of anticipated profits in the sale of milk was not present.
In support of their claimed right to damages for loss of anticipated profits on “feeder” stock, reliance is placed by the plaintiffs upon our opinion in Manhattan Oil Co. v. Mosby, 8 Cir., 72 F.2d 840. The record in that case shows that the stream running through the plaintiff’s pasture was polluted by the defendant; that the plaintiff’s cattle drank the water reluctantly; that they did not fatten; that in order to fatten cattle, plenty of wholesome water is needed; that the average weight of cattle when placed in the pasture in question was 1050 pounds per head; that in the opinion of experts they should have gained 3 to 3% pounds per head per day over a period of 120 days if the water supply was good, in view of the abundance of feed; that the failure of the cattle to fatten was due to the polluted water; that when the cattle were marketed the average weight was 1187 pounds; and that the market price was a certain amount. The measure of damages applied was the difference in the market value of the cattle when sold and the market value of the cattle as it would have been at that time had they fattened normally. The defendant in that case contended that the loss claimed was too speculative, remote and uncertain to' form a basis for recovery. This Court said (pages 846, 847 of 72 F.2d): “If the plaintiff’s evidence is to be believed, there was nothing particularly speculative or uncertain about his loss of profits. He had the cattle; he had the grass for them to eat and the water for them to drink; if they had gained, as his evidence showed that they would have gained had his stream not been polluted by the defendants, the cattle would have sold for a certain market price, whereas, because of the pollution of his stream, they were prevented from making a normal gain, and therefore brought a much lower price.’’
In the case at bar there was no evidence as to when the cattle were sold or that they were sold, or as to what their weight was when feeding commenced or what their normal weight would have been at the time of sale it the nuisance complained of had not existed. This case in this respect is more nearly analogous to that of Deep Rock Oil Corporation v. Griffeth, 177 Okl. 208, 58 P.2d 323. There the plaintiff sought to recover damages caused by the pollution of the water which his cattle drank. His testimony was as follows (pages 324, 325 of 58 P.2d):
“Q. In addition to procuring other pasture and removing your cattle to it, I will ask you if you observed any difference in the condition of the 42 head of cattle which you were pasturing in that pasture along about that time? (Objection by counsel for defendant.) A. They didn’t do well.
“Q. Be a little more specific in what you observed in the condition of the cattle as to their appearance, etc.? A. When cattle don’t do well, their hair don’t look good and they don’t put on weight. Changing them from one pasture to another.
“Q. Are you able to tell the jury the difference in dollars between the value of those cattle caused by this change of pasture, or taking them off and by reason of having trouble with the water of the creek? (Objection by counsel for defendant.) A. I can give you my judgment.
“Q. That is what I am asking you for, per head? A. I would say $10.00 apiece.
“Q. And there was 42 head? A. Yes, sir.”
The court in that case held that the evidence was insufficient to justify a recovery, because there was no proof of the fair market value of the cattle which were injured by the pollution of the water, either prior to or subsequent to the time of the injury.
It cannot be said that the court below erred in making no allowance for the loss of anticipated profits from feeding cattle.
Claims for Washing Milk Cows.
The court below made an allowance to some of the plaintiffs for washing milk cows, at the rate of fifteen cents per hour. They had asked for sixty to seventy cents per hour. The contention is that the undisputed evidence was that the time spent in washing cows was worth the higher figure. There was testimony by one of the plaintiffs that “a reasonable wage paid a common laborer on this basis would be sixty to sixty-five cents an hour.” Another plaintiff testified: “People say laborers are getting sixty to seventy cents an hour. I don’t hire anybody. I have a brother-in-law working in town getting sixty or. seventy cents an hour.” There was also evidence that one of the plaintiffs had hired ‘his son to operate his farm at a monthly wage of $25 plus board and room. There was no evidence that any of the plaintiffs actually hired anyone to wash cows or paid out any money on that account, nor was there evidence that some washing of cows might not have been necessary if there had been no unlawful pollution of the river. The defendant introduced evidence tending to show that farmers occupying farms on the river above the plant washed milk cows after they had been standing in the river. What constituted, under the circumstances, a reasonable allowance for such washing of cows as was due to the unlawful pollution of the river by the defendant was, under the evidence, a question of fact for the trial court, and we cannot say that its conclusion in that regard was due to any misinterpretation of the evidence or misapplication of the law.
Claim for Maintaining Fence.
The plaintiff Mrs. Charles Nystrum complains of the action of the court in failing to allow her $16 per year for maintaining a fence to keep the cattle upon her 10%-acre farm away from the river. She testified that: “The water in the river is so sour the cattle can’t drink it. It smells awful. We fenced the cattle out of the river. It costs fifteen to sixteen dollars a year to maintain the fence and keep it up.” The record shows that Mrs. Nystrum had lived upon this farm for 40 years, and during the period for which damages are sought was living there with her son, his wife and their children. Mrs. Nystrum received an allowance from the court of $494 for her damages for the two-year period. The court made no explanation as to the disallowance of her claim for maintaining a fence. The defendant contends that there is no showing that the total amount allowed her was inadequate, and no showing that she herself paid for the fence or its maintenance. We think her testimony that “it costs fifteen to sixteen dollars a year to maintain the fence and keep it up,” was not sufficient to compel the court to find that the reasonable cost of maintaining this fence was sixteen dollars a year and that she was out of pocket to that extent in each of the years in question.
Claims for Interference with Living Comfort.
It is contended that the court’s allowance of $150 per year to each of the plaintiffs who occupied their farms, on account of interference with comfortable living due to the pollution of the river, was grossly inadequate and not sustained by any evidence. It would be impossible to ascertain with any degree of accuracy what amount of money would constitute reasonable compensation for the discomfort caused by the foul odors emanating from the river or from the presence of an abnormal number of flies. The responsibility and discretion for determining fair compensation, under the circumstances, was that of the trial court. See Olson v. Armour & Co., 68 N.D. 272, 280 N.W. 200, 203. We cannot say that as a matter of law the evidence compelled a greater allowance for this item.
Claims for Loss of Riparian Privileges.
The allowance by the court of $25 annually for the deprivation of swimming, boating and fishing privileges, which it is contended was grossly inadequate, stands in the same situation. The river below the plant is approximately 15 feet wide and 1% feet deep. Its banks are muddy. There is testimony that the bottom was firm and hard prior to the existence of the nuisance. The deprivation of these privileges did not result in any actual loss of money. What would constitute reasonable compensation for the loss of these privileges was essentially a question for the trier of the facts.
The court allowed $20 annually for the loss of the privilege of taking ice from the river. Many of the plaintiffs filed claims for this item on the theory that they had lost $130 a year by virtue of their inability to use river ice. These claims were based largely upon the testimony of one of the plaintiffs, Roy T. Landblom, whose testimony was to the effect that prior to the operation of the Armour plant he was accustomed to take 40 tons of ice a year from the river; that it cost him twenty-five cents a ton to put up this ice, and that ice from the Red River at Fargo cost him $3.50 a ton. No other plaintiff made any adequate showing that he had used ice from the river-or would have used ice from the river except for the pollution, or that he had any equipment for taking ice' or any place to store ice, or that the river in front of his place was sufficiently deep or wide to enable him to take 40 tons of ice if he had been able to harvest it and store it. The testimony of some of the plaintiffs negatives any idea that they had any means whatever for storing ice. Moreover, there was no showing that the ice in the river, in the absence of unlawful pollution by the defendant and in the presence of a lawful use of it, would have furnished suitable ice. The court was not required to' accept the testimony that 40 tons of ice from the river in front of each of the plaintiff’s farms could be harvested for twenty-five cents a ton. We think it was justified in allowing what it regarded as a fair and reasonable compensation for the deprivation of the privilege of taking ice, classifying that privilege as being in the nature of the other riparian privileges, such as swimming, boating, etc. We are not disposed to disturb the court’s conclusion in this regard.
Claims for Diminution of Rental and Use Value.
Some of the plaintiffs who rented or held for rent their riparian lands complain of the damages allowed them by the court below, claiming that the evidence required greater allowances.
Henry L. Hanson, a plaintiff, testified that he owned a 30-acre improved farm worth $3,000 with half a mile of shore line; that the buildings and garden were rented for $4 a month; that “if the river conditions were right” he “could reasonably get as rent * * * about twenty dollars a month for the whole farm.” The court allowed him $6 a month as damages. His evidence failed to show the reasonable rental value of the entire farm for the years in question. It showed only that he had actually rented a portion of it for $4 a month. ' Whether that rental represented the fair rental value of that portion of his farm was ¡eft to conjecture. Moreover the court below was not bound by the opinion evidence as to rental value, but was free to exercise its own judgment. The Conqueror, 166 U.S. 110, 130, 131, 17 S.Ct. 510, 41 L.Ed. 937; Forsyth v. Doolittle, 120 U.S. 73, 77, 7 S.Ct. 408, 30 L.Ed. 586; Gloyd v. Commissioner, 8 Cir., 63 F.2d 649, 650-652; Emerald Oil Co. v. Commissioner, 10 Cir., 72 F.2d 681, 683; Bryant v. Commissioner, 2 Cir., 76 F.2d 103, 105; Baltimore & O. R. Co. v. Commissioner, 4 Cir., 78 F.2d 460, 464, 465; Readinger v. Rorick, 6 Cir., 92 F.2d 140, 144.
Carl Ingebretson, a plaintiff, testified that he owned a 100-acre farm with about a mile and a half of frontage on the river ; that its present value was $10,000; that during 1936 and 1937 the reasonable rental value was $6 an acre; that he rented the farm for $3 cash rental per acre and that one of his tenants left because of the smell and river conditions. The court allowed $1 an acre a year as damages. The evidence failed to show what the reasonable rental value of the farm was during 1936 and 1937. It merely showed what rent this plaintiff received. It did not even show that that was the best rent obtainable. From this evidence, we think that the court was not compelled to accept the figure of $6 an acre as being the reasonable rental value of the farm in the absence of the nuisance, or the figure of $3 an acre as being the reasonable rental value during the years in question.
Ed. Ornherg, administrator of the estate of Peter Ornberg, also a plaintiff, testified that the estate owned a 10-acre farm on the Sheyenne River below the packing plant; that the buildings, consisting of a house, barn, garage, granary and chicken coop, were worth about $2,000; that the farm had no well; that the average annual rental received since 1933 was $100 a year, and that the reasonable rental value of the whole farm, during the years 1934 to 1937, was about $300 a year. The court rejected the testimony, and said that there was “no showing that it (the farm) is worth more than $100 a year.” The witness laid virtually no foundation and gave no reason for the opinion which he expressed. While his opinion was admissible, the court below was not bound to accept it. Ensign-Bickford Co. v. Reeves, 8 Cir., 95 F.2d 190, 195. The credibility of this witness and the weight of his evidence, in the light of his self-interest and apparent lack of qualifications, was for the court below to determine.
Herman Quan, a plaintiff, testified that he was the owner of a 22.22-acre farm on the Sheyenne River below the packing plant; that the farm was improved with a house, barn, garage and chicken house and was of the value of $2,000 with a normal rental value of $6 or $7 an acre; that during 1936 and 1937 it was held for rent, but was not rented. The court allowed him damages of $100 a year. Computed at $6.00 an acre, the claim for damages would be approximately $132 a year. In contending that his allowance should have been greater, this plaintiff fails to take into consideration that the property no doubt had some rental value during the years in question, even though it was unrented. The plaintiff failed to establish a proper basis for the determination of his damages, and his evidence fails to disclose a sufficient reason for overturning the determination made by the trial court.
E. A. Engebretson, a real estate agent, submitted a claim on behalf of the owners of a 520-acre farm on the Sheyenne River affected by the pollution. The farm was valued at eight or nine thousand dollars. It was improved with a house, a good granary, a barn, a chicken coop and a hog house. The claim was for the diminution of rental value computed on the basis of the difference between one-third and one-fourth of the annual crop plus $5 an acre cash rental for 40 acres of the land. The court allowed the diminution in crop rental, but made no allowance for diminution in cash rental. This is claimed to be error. The testimony upon which the claim for a diminution in cash rental was based is as follows :
“In this district very few farms are leased on a cash rental basis, especially farms of average or more than average size. The usual rental arrangement is a share of the crop and a specified cash rental for a certain acreage devoted to hay pasture and possibly corn. With a farm of this kind used for ordinary farm purposes with a tenant furnishing the seed the usual share for the owner is one-third of the crop and the accompanying cash rental. Sometimes there is an additional cash rental ranging from two to five per cent of the value of the buildings.”
“In this locality I would say that on a well improved farm in that district the minimum rental would not be less than two and one-half to three dollars an acre for any good pasture.”
“During the years 1932 and on I made every effort to rent this property on a one-third basis. I was never able to secure a tenant on that basis but was compelled to rent on a one-fourth basis. The cash rentals were reduced in the same proportion and in this case a little lower than that. In addition to the reduction we were throwing in the forty acres where the buildings are located free of rental during the years 1932, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1936, without any share of the crop or any cash rental. We threw these forty acres in without anything. The rental value of these forty acres not including any rental value of the buildings is about two hundred. dollars a year. This rental value excludes any estimate of the rental value of the buildings.”
The fact that the owners of this farm were “throwing in” the 40 acres rent-free did not establish that the 40 acres had no rental value, and did not supply the court with the necessary basis for determining what, if any, allowance should be made because of the diminution in rental for the 40 acres. Under the circumstances, it cannot be said that the court clearly erred in connection with this allowance.
Frithjof Selberg, a plaintiff, testified that he owned a 220-acre farm 2% miles below the plant; that it was equipped with two houses, a barn, a granary, a chicken coop and a well; that he farmed the place himself with the help of his son hired at a salary of $25 a month with room and board; that the son lived on this farm during the years 1936 and 1937, and that Selberg himself lived on another farm a short distance away; that the river farm was procured for the purpose of raising stock; that the “reasonable rental value of the farm for the purpose I intended to use it for would be about five dollars an acre”; and that “with the present condition of the river I would say that the rental value was cut in half.” The court below at first allowed the witness no damages, saying: “No damages proven because he worked the land himself through hired men at so much a month and he is not entitled to collect for discomfort of his son.” Later the court allowed him $50 a year for pumping water for stock and $4.50 a year for washing cattle. Selberg’s claim was for damages of $2.50 an acre on the basis of the diminution in the rental value of the farm. This particular farm was neither rented nor held for rent. That it was adversely affected by the pollution of the river is unquestioned. Diminution in rental value constituted a proper criterion for determining the diminution of the use value of this farm during the years in question. City of Madisonville v. Nisbit, 239 Ky. 366, 39 S.W.2d 690, 691. We think that the court erred in failing to allow this plaintiff a recovery based upon the measure of damages which he selected. We find nothing in the decisions of the Supreme Court of North Dakota which indicates that this measure of damages, under such circumstances, is not available.
Claims for Exemplary Damages.
The plaintiffs contend that the court was in error in failing to award them exemplary damages.
Section 7145, Compiled Laws of North Dakota for 1913, provides: “In any action for the breach of an obligation not arising from contract, when the defendant has been guilty of oppression, fraud or malice, actual or presumed, the jury in addition to the actual damages may give damages for the sake of example and by way oí punishing the defendant.”
The Supreme Court of North Dakota has declared that exemplary damages may be recovered in an action for breach of an obligation not arising from contract, where a defendant has been guilty of oppression (Stringer v. Elsaas, 37 N.D. 20, 163 N.W. 558, 559; Wuest v. Richmond, 48 N.D. 1081, 188 N.W. 573, 574), fraud or malice (Lindblom v. Sonstelie, 10 N.D. 140, 86 N.W. 357, 358, 359; Powell v. Meiers, 54 N.D. 336, 209 N.W. 547, 549; Lyons v. Thomas, 63 S.D. 334, 258 N.W. 133, 134), in the discretion of the trier of facts (Shoemaker v. Sonju, 15 N.D. 518, 108 N.W. 42, 44, 11 Ann.Cas. 1173.) It seems obvious that the court below was not compelled to allow exemplary damages. Whether it might have done so, we need not decide. No error can be predicated upon the failure of the court to allow exemplary damages.
Claims for Interest.
The plaintiffs contend that the lower court should have awarded them interest upon their judgments.
Section 7143, Compiled Laws of North Dakota for 1913, provides as follows: “In an action for the breach of an obligation, not arising from contract and in every case of oppression, fraud or malice interest may be given in the discretion of the jury.” Under this statute and the decisions of the Supreme Court of North Dakota, the allowance of interest in such a case as this is discretionary with the trier of the facts and not obligatory, and interest may not be awarded as a matter of law. Ell v. Northern Pacific R. Co., 1 N.D. 336, 353, 48 N.W. 222, 12 L.R.A. 97, 26 Am.St.Rep. 621; Johnson v. Northern Pacific R. Co., 1 N.D. 354, 364, 48 N.W. 227; Seckerson v. Sinclair, 24 N.D. 625, 639, 140 N.W. 239, 246; Burke v. Minnekota Elevator Co., 48 N.D. 795, 186 N.W. 948, 950.
Claims for Attorneys’ Fees.
The plaintiffs contend that the trial court should have allowed them, as a part of their costs or damages, attorneys’ fees. This because their counsel will not otherwise be adequately compensated. Whether the court could, in its discretion, have allowed attorneys’ fees, it is not necessary to consider. This is not the type of case in which attorneys’ fees are ordinarily taxed as costs or added to the judgments recovered. Gold Dust Corporation v. Hoffenberg, 2 Cir., 87 F.2d 451, 453; Guardian Trust Co. v. Kansas City So. R. Co., 8 Cir., 28 F.2d 233, 244.
Denial of Petition for Rehearing.
As has already been pointed out, after the District Court had filed its opinion stating the items of damages allowed and the items disallowed and directing counsel for the plaintiffs to prepare findings of fact and declarations of law in accordance with the opinion, the plaintiffs filed a petition for rehearing which, among other things, prayed that the case be reopened with respect to some of the claims of the plaintiffs, for the purpose of enabling them to prove their damages in detail and to the full satisfaction of the court. It is asserted that the court erred in denying this petition, and that -justice required that it should be granted. The petition was addressed to the discretion of the court, and its action in denying it is not reviewable here. First Trust & Savings Bank v. Iowa-Wisconsin Bridge Co., 8 Cir., 98 F.2d 416, 428. It is clear, however, that the court below was not guilty of any abuse of discretion in refusing to reopen the case for the taking of further proofs, upon the showing which was made. There was nothing to indicate that the plaintiffs had not been afforded every opportunity to present their evidence as to their damages in complete detail, and no showing of any excusable neglect on their part or the part of their counsel for their failure to do .so.
The plaintiffs, in appealing, seem to have assumed that this Court, the jurisdiction of which is appellate, would, in effect, retry the issues which were tried in the court below and would substitute its judgment as to damages for that of the trial court. This is a misconception. It is not the function of this Court to retry this case and to pass upon questions of fact the determination of which depended upon the credibility of witnesses and the weight of evidence, or to substitute its judgment for that of the trier of the facts which had reached permissible conclusions. See Helvering v. Johnson, 8 Cir., 104 F.2d 140, 144, and cases cited, and Rule 52(a) of the Rules of Civil Procedure for the District Courts of the United States, 28 U.S.C.A. following section 723c.
The decree is affirmed as to all of the plaintiffs except Frithjof Selberg. As to him the decree is reversed and the case remanded to the lower court with directions to grant him a rehearing and to award him as damages such an amount as will fairly represent the diminution in the reasonable rental or use value of his farm during the years 1936 and 1937, caused by the existence of the nuisance complained of.
A typical statement of claim follows:
“Stephen H. Hoag — aged 60. (Settled with to Jan. 1, 1936.)
Damages for interference with comfortable living by stench and flies ..................$2400.00
Damages for hauling water in 1936, 1 hour a day for 2 weeks, 14 days, at 600 an hour, 8.40
Damages for hauling water in 1937, 1 hour a day for 8 weeks, 56 days at 600 an hour, 33.60
Damages for pumping water in 1936, 2 hours a day (except for 2 weeks) 351 days at 600 an hour, .................. 421.20
Damages for pumping water in 1937, 1% hours a day (except for 8 weeks), 309 days at 600 an hour,............ 370.80
Damages for washing milkers from July 1st to September 15th each year, 150 days, 1 hour a day at 600 an hour,.. 90.00
Damages for treating sore udders from July 1st to September 15th, each year, 150 days, Vz hour a day, at 600 an hour, 45.00
Damages for loss of privilege of taking ice, 40 tons of ice a year for 2 years at $3.25 a ton, ...................... 260.00
Damages for expense of fly poison, $5 a year for 2 years,.. 10.00
Damages for loss of swimming, boating and fishing privilege, $150 a year for 2 years..... 300.00
Exemplary damages (This plaintiff in the settlement got $828 damages, one-thirty-seeond (%2) of $26,500, for 7% years of pollution from July 6, 1928, to Jan. 1, 1936, or an average of $100 plus a year.) at $..... a year for 7% years,.......$......
Damages for loss due to Bang’s disease of 29 Guernseys worth $100 apiece, sold for $47.50 ' apiece, .................... 1522.50”
A typical example is the following:
“Stephen Hoag, (settled with to January 1, 1936.)
Damages for interference with comfortable living, $150.00 per year for 2 years............$ 300.00
Damages for pumping water for stock one year, 1936,........ 50.00
Damages for pumping water for stock, one year, 1937......... 50.00
Damages for washing milkers, 150 days one hour a day at fifteen cents per hour......... 22.50
Damages for loss of ice-taking privilege, two years at $20.00 per year,.................... 40.00
Damages for expense of fly poison, etc., $2.00 per year for two years,.................. 4.00-
Damages for loss of swimming, boating and fishing privilege, 2 years at $25.00 per year,.... 50.00>
$ 516.50^
Sussex Land & Live Stock Co. v. Midwest Refining Co., 8 Cir., 294 F. 597, 34 A.L.R. 249; City of Harrisonville v. W. S. Dickey Clay Mfg. Co., 8 Cir., 61 F.2d 210; Manhattan Oil Co. v. Mosby, 8 Cir., 72 F.2d 840; City of Norwood v. Sheen, 126 Ohio St. 482, 186 N.E. 102, 87 A.L.R. 1375, and cases cited ; Baltimore & Potomac R. Co. v. Fifth Baptist Church, 108 U.S. 317, 327, 2 S.Ct. 719, 27 L.Ed. 739; Oklahoma City v. Tyetenicz, 175 Okl. 228, 52 P.2d 849; Oklahoma City v. Dyer, 177 Okl. 620, 61 P.2d 680; Johnston v. Galva, 316 Ill. 598, 147 N.E. 453, 38 A.L.R. 1384, and cases cited; Waldron v. Page, 191 Minn. 302, 253 N.W. 894; Moorhead v. Minneapolis Seed Co., 139 Minn. 11, 165 N.W. 484, L.R.A.1918C, 391, Ann.Cas.1918E, 481; Vogt v. City of Grinnell, 123 Iowa 332, 98 N.W. 782; City of Ottumwa v. Nicholson, 161 Iowa 473, 143 N.W. 439, L.R.A.1916E, 983; Stovern v. Town of Calmar, 204 Iowa 983, 216 N.W. 112; Quinn v. Chicago, M. & St. P. R. Co., 23 S.D. 126, 120 N.W. 884, 22 L.R.A.,N.S., 789; City of Madisonville v. Nisbit, 239 Ky. 366, 39 S.W.2d 690; 8 R.C.L. 483 ; 20 R.C.L. 470 ; 27 R.C.L. 1122; 15 Am.Jur. 519.
McDonough v. Russell-Miller Milling Co., 38 N.D. 465, 165 N.W. 504; and Id., 47 N.D. 237, 182 N.W. 251; Olson v. Armour & Co., 68 N.D. 272, 280 N.W. 200.
With respect to the disallowance of such claims, the court said:
“Damage to feeders is disallowed for the reason that from the record there is no satisfactory basis from which the Court could reasonably estimate damages other than from pure speculation. With reference to the ease of Edgar I. Olson the record is silent as to the weight of any feeder when taken to the river farm, how long it remained there, what the weight was when sold or removed; how such weight compared with like feeders on the Hannaford farm of the same age, grade or kind.
“Damage to milkers. With reference to the case of Edgar I. Olson it appears that two similar milking herds, one on a farm at Hannaford, North Dakota, and one on the Sheyenne, the milkers were the same grade, all conditions as to feed and care being substantially equal, except drinking water, for the cows; that aeeurate records were kept as to tbe amount of butter fat obtained per cow per year during tbe years for which damages are claimed on both farms, from which said records it appeared that the cows on the farm in question, forced to drink the river water, yielded a substantially less percentage of butter fat each year than on the Hannaford farm. The Court finds that such testimony and records are sufficiently specific to afford a basis for the allowance of damages in accordance with the proof.
“As to similar claims by other plaintiffs, whose claims have been denied, there is an absence of evidence as to similarity of conditions; also to the age, grade and other condition of milk cows, the amount of butter fat actually produced in such various herds or per cow; the amount of butter fat produced by equal grades and ages of milking cows on other places under like conditions except the water.”
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CASELAW
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Bailey Banks & Biddle
Bailey Banks & Biddle was a retailer of jewelry and designer of US medals that was formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in 1832.
History
Bailey & Kitchen, as it was originally known, was founded at 136 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, on September 20, 1832, by Joseph Trowbridge Bailey (1806–1854) and Andrew B. Kitchen (died 1850). The partnership was dissolved in November 1846. It was reformed with new partners as Bailey & Co. in 1841, and on March 1, 1878, again re-established as Bailey Banks & Biddle. From about 1852–1862, the company made its own silver; they were principally supplied by Taylor and Lawrie before 1852, and from about 1862–1870, by George B. Sharp. After 1870, they resold silver from a variety of manufacturers.
At the turn of the century, Bailey Banks & Biddle was commissioned by the U.S. government to update the Great Seal of the United States; its design today remains the official version of the seal. The company also designed and made many of the military medals that are still used today, including the Congressional Medal of Honor, the Silver Star, the Bronze Star the Spanish Campaign Medal and the first 40,000 Purple Hearts awarded, as well as class rings for West Point and Annapolis.
In 1962, Bailey Banks & Biddle became a part of the Zale Corporation. Zale opened many Bailey Banks & Biddle stores in numerous cities. In 2007, Zale Corporation sold the 65-store jewelry chain to Finlay Enterprises. Finlay Enterprises filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in August 2009, and Bailey Banks & Biddle was relaunched as a private company by the new owners in the spring of 2010. The new owners bought the name and eight original locations. They did not honor guarantees on any items purchased prior to their ownership as all prior warranties were voided with the dissolution of Finlay Enterprises. The company utilizing the name Bailey Banks & Biddle declared bankruptcy in November 2019. At the time the company was reduced to one store located in Houston, Texas. The remaining inventory was seized for back taxes, interest and penalties and sold at auction in June 2020. The website for Bailey, Banks and Biddle leads to Finlay as of March 2023 with a copyright dated 2020.
Bailey Buildings
A building which once contained the Bailey Banks & Biddle flagship store and at which the company was flagship occupant exists as at 1218 Chestnut Street near Philadelphia City Hall. It is now a multi tenant corporate office building owned by the Thylan Associates. It backs onto the adjoining former factory building on Sansom Street.
The Bailey & Co. factory building stands at 1217 Sansom St., in Center City, Philadelphia. As of 2019, it has been renovated as the Biddle Building, an office building with a variety of creative and technical industry tenants.
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WIKI
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Randomization without replacement
hwilliamsonhwilliamson Community Member Qubie ✭
Randomization without replacement
I have 4 vignettes that I would like each participant to see, in a random order, and then answer one set of questions (from 4 possible sets) after seeing each vignette. I have put all 4 vignettes into a single block and used the randomizer to specify that 1 vignette should be displayed randomly. Then I have the 4 sets of questions in 4 blocks and have used the randomizer to specify that 1 block should be shown. That all works fine, but the problem arises when I go to the next step, with is showing another vignette and another block of questions. My intention is for each of the 4 vignettes and each of the 4 blocks of questions to be shown once, in a random order (for 16 possible combinations) and they should not be repeated once they have been shown. However, once I get to the subsequent sections, it is still just showing any 1 of the 4, including possibly the one they have already seen. Essentially I need randomization without replacement, where each item can only be used once in the survey. Is this possible?
Tagged:
Best Answer
• JenCXJenCX Broomfield, CO Superuser ✭✭✭✭
Accepted Answer
@hwilliams Sorry about that! Okay, so you can do branches within the randomizer to group items of tasks together. In this case, you'll use a branch with any statement that will always be true (I used RecipientEmail not empty) to group your block with your image together with an embedded data field to capture that you used that image:
Then for the remaining 3 sets of randomizers, you'll just double-check that your Embedded Data variable wasn't used for each option, and be sure to set the tag at the end of the branch again:
Answers
• SaurabhPujare_UgamSaurabhPujare_Ugam IndiaCommunity Member Sage ✭✭✭
Hi hwilliamson ,
You can create couple of randomizers, first randomizer will pick vignettes randomly from 4 of your categories, which should include flag say vignettes1 = XYZ.
In 2nd randomizer
You can add a this flag,
E.g. your branch condition will have something like this:
If condition ABC is selected
And vignettes1 is not equal to XYZ
then vegenite2 =XYZ
• hwilliamsonhwilliamson Community Member Qubie ✭
Thanks for your response and I'm glad to hear that this is possible to do, but I am not able to follow your instructions. Can you say more about how to create the flag that tracks which vignette was presented?
• JenCXJenCX Broomfield, COCommunity Member Superuser ✭✭✭✭
@hwilliamson Hi there! Looks like Saurabh has one idea but I'm curious about how you've got your randomizer set up. Can you show us a screenshot of what it looks like?
• hwilliamsonhwilliamson Community Member Qubie ✭
Here's how I have it set up right now, but I can of course change it if it won't work this way. Participants need to see one of the primes, then one of the question blocks, then it repeats 3 times such that they have seen all 4 primes and all 4 question blocks with no repeats. So I have this same thing repeating 3 more times, but obviously right now the randomizer can pick one of the same ones that a previous rendomizer picked.
• JenCXJenCX Broomfield, COCommunity Member Superuser ✭✭✭✭
@hwilliamson Gotcha! Thanks, that helps, I'm a very visual person. To continue the idea about the flags, you'd want to add branches after and before each set (of 2 randomizers). For the after branches, you'd have one for each block to check if a question in that block was answered. If so, you'll set an embedded data variable. This is what it would look like (but I just did 1 question, you'd have 4-one that lives in each question block). Repeat for the images.
For the branching bit, you'll do a randomizer but include branches that check for the use of that Embedded data bit:
• JenCXJenCX Broomfield, COCommunity Member Superuser ✭✭✭✭
@hwilliams Okay hold on...there's an even easier way to do this, with a little less branching. I realized RIGHT after I posted, so forgive me. Will paste in just a sec, didn't want you to see the response and start trying to build this.
• hwilliamsonhwilliamson Community Member Qubie ✭
@jpardicusick This worked perfectly, thank you very much for your help!
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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The History of Private Planes Is Less High Life and More Daily Grind
Past Tense The 41,000-foot commute is still a commute. In many ways, a private plane is the peak of luxury. There’s no waiting at airport security, no contending with a domino effect of delays. Your jet goes where you want, when you want, and only those you want aboard get to come along. But while the Jaggers of the world may gas up their jets for the prestige, for many businesspeople the decision to fly private is one of pure practicality. If a factory is half a state away from a commercial airport, sometimes the only way to get there without sacrificing a whole day to layovers and transfers is to chart your own course. And especially in the days before Google Hangouts, if you wanted to conduct business face-to-face, you had to bring yourself to the customer. Better yet: Invite the customer into a private boardroom in the sky, where you can’t be interrupted, or overheard. A corporate jet is typically a vessel for work, not play — instead of cocktail shakers and Versace cushions, desks and Dictaphones are crammed into a space not much bigger than a generous cubicle. Long before in-flight Wi-Fi, corporate planes were designed for connectivity (see the woman using a built-in radiotelephone in 1930). And when you can’t step out for coffee or close your office door, you are left with little choice but to get to work: In a 2018 survey by the National Business Aviation Association, 66 percent of business travelers reported being more productive on the company plane than at their desks. These days, with plane shares and jet cards, you may not even need to own your own plane outright to reap the benefits of the private jet experience. NetJets, the largest private jet operator in the United States, flies more than 500 flights per day. A plane increases one’s most valuable asset: time. Bob Markowski, the owner of Exec Air, a refueling stop in Grand Island, Neb., took that saying about the currency of minutes literally. In 1963, he started offering a stopwatch service guarantee: If his crew failed to turn around a plane in under 15 minutes, he would fork over $100. (By 1967, he told The Times, he had had to pay up only eight times.) And in those few minutes, Bob’s wife, Ann, laid on the Midwestern V.I.P. treatment: trays of homemade cookies for the larger planes, goody bags for the smaller ones. She even rolled out a red carpet. For a brief moment, a middle manager can feel like a rock star. Then it’s back to the office in the sky. At 41,000 feet, at least it has a nice view.
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A Solid Embedding Vectors Foundation Leads to Powerful NLP AI Apps
In this blog, I’ll describe how vector embeddings have emerged as a powerful tool for representing textual data within AI and natural language processing (NLP). They encode words, phrases, or entire documents into numerical vectors (floating point numbers), enabling various AI-powered tasks like text classification, name entity recognition, and semantic search. As such, embedding vectors have become the foundation for NLP AI systems, enabling machines to understand and process human language more effectively.
Embedding vectors capture the semantic meaning and relationships between words, allowing AI models to understand the context and convey richer information. They are really good at representing individual words. These word embeddings enable NLP models to comprehend similarity, analogies, and contextual associations between words, leading to improved language understanding. These embeddings capture not only the meaning of individual words but also the interplay of words within the sentence, allowing NLP models to understand and compare the meaning of whole sentences or documents.
Converting your unstructured data into vectors is not a trivial task as I’ve mentioned in my previous blog, but once you’ve done so, or “AI-ified” your data, you’re ready to reap the rewards of AI applications such as:
1. Text Classification – Embedding vectors empower NLP models to perform accurate text classification tasks and allow use cases such as sentiment analysis, topic categorization and summary, and intent recognition.
2. Named Entity Recognition – Embedding vectors help NLP models identify and extract named entities from text, such as people, organizations, locations, and other relevant entities. Extracting these values and other key terms from files is an important capability for quickly scanning contracts, agreements, and other legal documents to ensure compliance and avoid non-standard business dealings.
3. Semantic Search – Embedding vectors enable an essential but often times under appreciated capability of semantic similarity search. Encoding words and sentences with vectors allows us to find and retrieve information quickly and accurately. Semantic search is also a powerful partner to generative AI, as it helps LLMs focus on the content that it needs to produce.
It's worth taking the time to draw the relationship between semantic search and generative AI, or as we like to say at Ai Bloks, “integrating Semantic AI + Generative AI.” Generative AI does not create content on its own, at least not content that you’d used in a professional environment. You first need to connect your organizational knowledge to the AI; that’s the job of Semantic AI via embedding vectors. Only then can generative AI product content that is based on organizational data.
From the few examples of capabilities that I’ve listed above, you can see embedding vectors have transformed the landscape of NLP AI by providing a foundation for language understanding, contextual meaning, and semantic relationships. From word embeddings to sentence and document embeddings, embedding vectors empower AI models to comprehend language nuances, capture context, and generate coherent text. Before you get too ambitious with AI applications, make sure you build a strong embedding vector foundation. I will describe the top uses cases in more detail in my next blog.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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M7 cycleway
The M7 cycleway is a 40 km shared use path for cyclists and pedestrians that is generally aligned with the Westlink M7 in Greater Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The southern terminus of the cycleway is located adjacent to the Camden Valley Way at Prestons, while the northern terminus is located adjacent to the Old Windsor Road at. The cycleway crosses the M4 motorway at Eastern Creek.
The cycleway was completed at a cost of $60 million.
Cycleway use
In the twelve months to February 2014, between 200 and 350 cyclists used on the M7 cycleway at Glenwood and at on an average weekday, with a greater number on the weekends.
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WIKI
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Page:The Glugs of Gosh (C. J. Dennis, 1917).djvu/120
102 Said Sym: "Kind friends, and fellow Glugs; My trade is mending pots and mugs. I tinker kettles, and I rhyme To please myself and pass the time, Just as my fancy wandereth." ("He's mine!" quoth Stodge, below his breath.)
Said Sym: "Why I am here to-day I know not; tho' I've heard them say That strife and hatred play some part In this great meeting at the Mart. Nay, brothers, why should hatred lodge . . ." "That's ultra vires!" thundered Stodge.
"'Tis ultra vires!" cried the Knight. "Besides, it isn't half polite. And e'en the dullest Glug should know, 'Tis not pro bono publico. Nay, Glugs, this fellow is no class. Remember! Vincit Veritas!"
With sidelong looks and sheepish grins, Like men found out in secret sins, Glug gazed at Glug in nervous dread; Till one with claims to learning said, "Sir Stodge is talking Greek, you know. He may be bad, but never low."
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WIKI
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High Throughput Analysis of Integron Gene Cassettes in Wastewater Environments
Integrons are extensively targeted as a proxy for anthropogenic impact in the environment. We developed a novel high-throughput amplicon sequencing pipeline that enables characterization of thousands of integron gene cassette-associated reads, and applied it to acquire a comprehensive overview of gene cassette composition in effluents from wastewater treatment facilities across Europe. Between 38 100 and 172 995 reads per-sample were generated and functionally characterized by screening against nr, SEED, ARDB and β-lactamase databases. Over 75% of the reads were characterized as hypothetical, but thousands were associated with toxin-antitoxin systems, DNA repair, cell membrane function, detoxification and aminoglycoside and β-lactam resistance. Among the reads characterized as β-lactamases, the carbapenemase blaOXA was dominant in most of the effluents, except for Cyprus and Israel where blaGES was also abundant. Quantitative PCR assessment of blaOXA and blaGES genes in the European effluents revealed similar trends to those displayed in the integron amplicon sequencing pipeline described above, corroborating the robustness of this method and suggesting that these integron-associated genes may be excellent targets for source tracking of effluents in downstream environments. Further application of the above analyses revealed several order-of-magnitude reductions in effluent-associated β-lactamase genes in effluent-saturated soils, suggesting marginal persistence in the soil microbiome.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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MFSD7
Major facilitator superfamily domain containing 7 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MFSD7 gene.
MFSD7is an atypical SLC, thus a predicted SLC transporter. It clusters phylogenetically to the Atypical MFS Transporter family 5(AMTF5) and the SLC49 family.
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WIKI
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Ostia
Ostia may refer to:
Places
* Ostia (Rome), a municipio (also called Ostia Lido or Lido di Ostia) of Rome
* Ostia Antica, a township and port of ancient Rome
* Ostia Antica (district), a district of the commune of Rome
Arts and entertainment
* Ostia (film), a 1970 Italian comedy film directed by Sergio Citti
* A song by Sepultura from the 2006 album Dante XXI
* A song by Coil from the 1986 album Horse Rotorvator
* A fictional region of the country Lycia in Fire Emblem
* A fictional city in the manga series Negima; see List of Negima! Magister Negi Magi characters
People
* Alberic of Ostia (1080–1148), Catholic Cardinal
* Asterius of Ostia (died 223), Christian priest and martyr
* Hugh of Ostia (disambiguation)
* Leo of Ostia (1046–1110s), Catholic cardinal
* Quiriacus of Ostia (died 235), bishop and saint
* Theobald of Ostia (died 1188), Catholic bishop
* Aurea of Ostia (died mid-3rd century), patron saint of Ostia
Other
* Bishop of Ostia
* The plural form of ostium, an anatomical term meaning a small opening
* The plural form of ostium (sponges), a pore present in sponges
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WIKI
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by Nick MacKinnon
Published: 12 February 2017 (link)
King Lear IV’s realm consisted of a regular hexagon divided into 24 counties that were equal-sized equilateral triangles. In his will he wanted to share the counties among his six daughters, each daughter’s portion having the property that, if you walked in a straight line between any two points in it, then you remained in her portion. If two daughters’ portions had the same area then they had to be of different shapes (and not the mirror image of each other). He wanted Cordelia to have a single county (his favourite county on the edge of the kingdom), he wanted Goneril to have a hexagonal-shaped portion, and he knew the number of counties he wanted to allocate to each of the other daughters, with Reagan’s portion being the largest of all. It turned out that his requirements uniquely determined Goneril’s and Reagan’s counties.
What, in increasing order, were the numbers of counties allocated to the six daughters?
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Away on Staycation: Traveling without a passport, or a lot of money
If you're planning a stay at home vacation nowadays, you don't actually have to stay home. However, you do need a strategy. Traditionally, a "staycation" is time off spent locally. With gas prices remaining relatively low, the distance you can travel cheaply opens more options for expensive time away for your time off, according to experts. "Look at it as though you're new to town. The best way to approach it is you're discovering or rediscovering your own backyard," Jill Gonzalez, analyst at personal finance site WalletHub, told CNBC's "On the Money" in an interview. "Just because it's a staycation, and it could be very laid back, doesn't need to be," she said, adding that preparation and research were critical to having a good time. Gonzalez added that the best staycations are when you get creative and make plans in advance, and having no plan is going to cost more money. A staycation "certainly does not mean you should wing it," she added. Your options depend on where you live, but if you live in Florida, you're in luck. WalletHub ranked the largest 150 U.S. cites as best to worst for staycations, and with theme parks, beaches and warm weather, four Sunshine State cities ranked in the top ten. Orlando, Fort Lauderdale and Tampa took the top three spots, while Tampa's twin city, St. Petersburg, checked in at number nine. In the interior U.S., Minneapolis (known for its freezing winters) ranked one spot higher, at number 8, while Salt Lake City came in fourth. For their criteria, Gonzalez tells CNBC WalletHub judged each of the cities by "28 different metrics….including scores for rest & relaxation, food & entertainment, and recreation." Yet on the flip side of the study, the two biggest cities, and some surrounding cities, came out poorly. New York City and nearby Yonkers ranked near the bottom, at 148 and 146 respectively. Separately, six California cities Fremont, Los Angeles, Fresno, Santa Ana and Oxnard took spots among the bottom ten. Chula Vista took the last spot at number 150. Gonzalez explained there was a logical reason behind why the Big Apple and key Golden State cities brought up the rear. "Costs are so much of a factor of a staycation, that's why you're probably doing it in the first place," she said. "Big cities like New York, like Los Angeles are just not going to be wallet-friendly at all. " She suggests "a month or so before hand" you scour sites like Groupon and Living Social in advance to find local discounts, such as "amusement park tickets, show tickets for anywhere from 40 percent to 70 percent off." On the Money airs on CNBC Saturday at 5:30 am ET, or check listings for air times in local markets.
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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Relationships Among Daytime Napping and Fatigue, Sleep Quality, and Quality of Life in Cancer Patients
Jia Ling Sun, Chia-Chin Lin
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
5 Citations (Scopus)
Abstract
BACKGROUND:: The relationships among napping and sleep quality, fatigue, and quality of life (QOL) in cancer patients are not clearly understood. OBJECTIVE:: The aim of the study was to determine whether daytime napping is associated with nighttime sleep, fatigue, and QOL in cancer patients. METHODS:: In total, 187 cancer patients were recruited. Daytime napping, nighttime self-reported sleep, fatigue, and QOL were assessed using a questionnaire. Objective sleep parameters were collected using a wrist actigraph. RESULTS:: According to waking-after-sleep-onset measurements, patients who napped during the day experienced poorer nighttime sleep than did patients who did not (t = −2.44, P = .02). Daytime napping duration was significantly negatively correlated with QOL. Patients who napped after 4 PM had poorer sleep quality (t = −1.93, P = .05) and a poorer Short-Form Health Survey mental component score (t = 2.06, P = .04) than did patients who did not. Fatigue, daytime napping duration, and sleep quality were significant predictors of the mental component score and physical component score, accounting for 45.7% and 39.3% of the variance, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:: Daytime napping duration was negatively associated with QOL. Napping should be avoided after 4 PM. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:: Daytime napping affects the QOL of cancer patients. Future research can determine the role of napping in the sleep hygiene of cancer patients.
Original languageEnglish
JournalCancer Nursing
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Aug 23 2016
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Oncology
• Oncology(nursing)
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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WordPress.org
Forums
Easy FancyBox
[resolved] How to add some thing below the video? (4 posts)
1. kiavash
Member
Posted 2 years ago #
I want to add some html and php codes under the youtube video
how is that possible
thanks ;)
http://wordpress.org/extend/plugins/easy-fancybox/
2. RavanH
Member
Plugin Author
Posted 2 years ago #
For text or basic HTML you could use the title attribute of your links.
But advanced stuff or PHP? You'll need to switch to inline mode or even iframe mode and create stand-alone pages to do that.
3. kiavash
Member
Posted 2 years ago #
how can i swith to iframe?
and
is it possible to still have the youtube functionality ?
4. RavanH
Member
Plugin Author
Posted 2 years ago #
@kiavash, to view youtube videos in iframe mode you'll need to disable the auto-detection option for youtube links (you can leave short-url detection on) or completely disable the youtube option. Plus, enable and configure the iframe option. Next, you need to change all your youtube links manually:
Go to the Youtube page and choose the "share" option. Then choose the iframe embed option and take the "src" location that is given there. Then return to your own site and use that location URL for the link instead of the URL to the youtube page. Also, give that link the class "fancybox-iframe"...
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Liberty Outdoor Classic
The Liberty Outdoor Classic was the first regular-season professional basketball game played outdoors. It was played between the Indiana Fever and New York Liberty of the Women's National Basketball Association on July 19, 2008, as part of the 2008 Women's National Basketball Association regular-season schedule and the New York Liberty's home schedule. The game was held at Arthur Ashe Stadium, part of the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center located within Flushing Meadows-Corona Park in Flushing, New York, and was the first non-tennis sporting event held in that venue. A portion of the proceeds from the game went to support the Breast Cancer Research Foundation
The Indiana Fever won the game 71–55. Janel McCarville led the scoring for the Liberty with 10 points, while Katie Douglas led the Fever with 20.
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WIKI
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Talk:England
Unsourced
* Remember that you are an Englishman, and have consequently won first prize in the lottery of life
* Cecil Rhodes (attributed).
* England has three great things: tea, that comes from India, and Oscar Wilde and me, who are Irishmen.
* George Bernard Shaw
* The English instinctively admire any man who has no talent and is modest about it.
* James Agate (attributed).
* I like the English. They have the most rigid code of immorality in the world.
* Malcolm Bradbury
* In England there are sixty different religions and only one sauce.
* Francesco Caracciolo
* Not to be English was for my family so terrible a handicap as almost to place the sufferer in the permanent invalid class.
* Osbert Lancaster
* We do not regard Englishmen as foreigners. We look on them only as rather mad Norwegians.
* Halvard Lange
* England is the only country in the world where the food is more dangerous than sex.
* Jackie Mason
* An Englishman, even if he is alone, forms an orderly queue of one.
* George Mikes
* Humour is practically the only thing about which the English are utterly serious.
* Malcolm Muggeridge
* In left-wing circles it is always always felt that there is something slightly disgraceful in being an Englishman and that it is a duty to snigger at every English institution, from horse racing to suet puddings. It is a strange fact, but it is unquestionably true, that almost any English intellectual would feel more ashamed of standing to attention during 'God save the King' than of stealing from a poor box.
* George Orwell
* In England, at any rate, education produces no effect whatsoever. If it did, it would prove a serious danger to the upper classes, and probably lead to acts of violence in Grosvenor Square.
* Oscar Wilde
* You should study the Peerage.... It is the best thing in fiction the English have ever done.
* Oscar Wilde
* On the Continent, people have good food; in England, people have good table manners.
* George Mikes
* Many continentals think life is a game; the English think cricket is a game.
* George Mikes
* Do not be misled by memories of your youth when, on the Continent, wanting to describe someone as exceptionally dull, you remarked: 'He is the type who would discuss the weather with you.' In England this is an ever-interesting, even thrilling topic, and you must be good at discussing the weather.
* George Mikes
England always wins the last battle!
QUOTE: The late M. Venizelos observed that in all her wars England—he should have said Britain, of course—always wins one battle—the last.END OF QUOTE.
Wonder who the creep is who suggested that it is about Britain? Britain is not England. In fact, all Celtic language parts of GB are the exact opposite of England.
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WIKI
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User:Shawnmiller1
Shawn Thomas Miller, CPA, CMA, CIA, CFM (born December 4th, 1975) is the Associate Professor of Accounting at Lone Star College-CyFair. He graduated from the University of Texas at Austin with a Masters in Public Accounting. He currently resides in Katy, Texas with his wife and three children.
Faculty Webpage
He is a member of PowerHouse Christian Centerin Katy, Texas, which is an organization dedicated to helping men, and restoring families.
Hobbies
He also builds and flys large rockets in a hobby known as high powered rocketry.
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WIKI
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Category talk:Templates by country
By topic categorization
, it seems that by adding Category:Society and social science templates by country to Category:Templates by country, you are duplicating existing Category:Country templates by topic. —andrybak (talk) 17:20, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
* , templates by country are not Country templates. I removed the latter now. TerraCyprus (talk) 17:22, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
* , there seems to be a misunderstanding of established category tree structure. "Society and social science" is one of the topics, used throughout the whole tree of template categories, starting with Category:Society and social science templates. As such, Category:Society and social science templates by country must be categorized under some category named "... by topic". And it was categorized into Category:Country templates by topic for seven years since 2013. —andrybak (talk) 17:33, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
* , repeat: "templates by country are not Country templates", wrong since 2013 if it is that way since then. TerraCyprus (talk) 17:42, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
* , please elaborate what you mean by this. Per description at the top of Category:Country templates: Templates relating to present-day sovereign countries, it seems that "templates by country" are very much "Country templates", that's why I have added the new category to Category:Country templates. —andrybak (talk) 17:47, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
Country templates relate to countries, OK, but the templates inside Templates by country relate to many different things and are there only because the "also" relate somehow to a country. But a New York City template is not a country template. It is wrong to categorize templates 'grouped' by country (New York City, Los Angeles fall under United States) into Country templates. Country templates refer to the level of country. TerraCyprus (talk) 17:57, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
* Templates by country (207 C)
* Wikipedia templates by namespace (14 C)
* Wikipedia templates by style (18 C)
* Wikipedia templates by task (19 C)
* Wikipedia templates by topic (15 C)
* Wikipedia templates by topic (15 C)
* , is there anything that's stopping us from utilizing categorization system to group cities under their respective countries? Example: Category:United States contains level of country categories and pages, like article United States, Portal:United States, Category:Economy of the United States, and Category:Geography of the United States. The Category:United States also includes Category:States of the United States, which refer to level of US state. —andrybak (talk) 18:06, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
* , Category:United States templates, NYC, LA templates are there. Category:Country templates contains e.g. Demonym country - that is not "by country", it can be used for any country. "by country" is just a kind of "by location/place". TerraCyprus (talk) 18:18, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
* , "by topic" ... a country can also be a topic, so should all the "by country/location" be inside "by topic"? Time can also be a topic. But Category:History of the United States has: History of the United States by location (15 C) History of the United States by period (32 C) History of the United States by topic (32 C, 70 P). So period and location are placed on the same level as "topic". Topic is very unclear. TerraCyprus (talk) 18:27, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
* , how about creating a new Category:Templates by country by topic to make it more clear? —andrybak (talk) 18:29, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
* Or renaming Category:Country templates by topic to Category:Templates by country by topic? —andrybak (talk) 18:29, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
* rename. And I created Category:Wikipedia templates by location on the same level as Category:Wikipedia templates by topic. Maybe "by time" could also be on the top level, but I don't know that part of the template space so well. TerraCyprus (talk) 18:34, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
* , please have a look what the standard is, is it "by country by topic" or "by country and topic"? And what first, topic or country? You solve it. :-) TerraCyprus (talk) 18:35, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
* CFD: . —andrybak (talk) 18:44, 22 September 2020 (UTC)
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WIKI
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Enumeration
Event ID Constants
Specify the event ID for an Apple event.
Declaration
enum : AEEventID {
...
};
Overview
Apple events are identified by their event class and event ID attributes. The event ID is the attribute that identifies the particular Apple event within its event class. In conjunction with the event class, the event ID uniquely identifies the Apple event and communicates what action the Apple event should perform. The event ID appears in the where field of the event record for an Apple event. For example, an event with ID kAEOpenApplication and class kCoreEventClass is an event sent by the Mac OS that launches an application.
Only a small number of event IDs are shown here. For a more complete listing, see the Apple Event Manager and Open Scripting Architecture header files.
Topics
Constants
kAEOpenApplication
Event that launches an application.
kAEReopenApplication
Event that reopens an application. Sent, for example, when your application is running and a user clicks your application icon in the Dock.
kAEPrintDocuments
Event that provides an application with a list of documents to print.
kAEQuitApplication
Event that causes the application to quit.
kAEAnswer
Event that is a reply Apple event.
kAEApplicationDied
Event sent by the Process Manager to an application that launched another application when the launched application quits or terminates.
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Grevillea dryandroides
Grevillea dryandroides, commonly known as phalanx grevillea, is a species of flowering plant in the family Proteaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. A diffuse, clumping shrub, it often forms suckers and has divided leaves with up to 35 pairs of leaflets, and groups of red to pinkish flowers on an unusually long, trailing peduncle.
Description
Grevillea dryandroides is a diffuse, clumping shrub that typically grows to a height of 10–50 cm and often forms suckers. The leaves are divided, usually 70–140 mm long with ten to thirty-five pairs of spreading, linear to narrow egg-shaped lobes with the narrower end towards the base, the lobes 6–16 mm long and 1.2–2.0 mm wide. The flowers are arranged in groups on a trailing peduncle up to 1 m long, the rachis 30–100 mm long and are red to pinkish red, the pistil 17–23 mm long. The style has shaggy hairs near its base. The fruit is a follicle 14–16.5 mm long.
Taxonomy
Grevillea dryandroides was first formally described in 1933 by Charles Gardner in the Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia from material he collected near Ballidu in 1931. The specific epithet (dryandroides) means "Dryandra-like".
In 1993, Peter M. Olde and Neil R. Marriott described two subspecies of G. dryandroides in the journal Nuytsia and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:
* Grevillea dryandroides C.A.Gardner subsp. dryandroides has leaf lobes less than 10 mm long, the pistil about 17 mm long, and mainly flowers from August to December;
* Grevillea dryandroides subsp. hirsuta Olde & Marriott has leaf lobes more than 12 mm long, the pistil 19–23 mm long, and mainly flowers from September to December.
Distribution and habitat
Phalanyx grevillea grows in open heath and woodland and is restricted to the Avon Wheatbelt biogeographic region of south-western Western Australia. Subspecies dryandroides grows near Ballidu and subsp. hirsuta between Cadoux and Corrigin.
Conservation status
Grevillea dryandroides is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It has a small and severely fragmented distribution, with an estimated area of occupancy of approximately 100km² and is mainly restricted to roadside verges. The population is in decline and is threatened by accidental destruction during road clearing and competition with invasive weeds. It is not known to occur within any protected areas.
Subspecies dryandroides is listed as Endangered on the EPBC Act List of Threatened Flora and as Critically Endangered on the List of Threatened and Priority Flora under the Biodiversity Conservation Act (2016) in Western Australia. Subspecies hirsuta is also listed as Endangered on the EPBC Act List of Threatened Flora and is listed as Vulnerable on the List of Threatened and Priority Flora.
It is also listed as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, but both subspecies are listed as "threatened" meaning that they are in danger of extinction.
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WIKI
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Dental care and oral health information you need
from the Academy of General Dentistry
Wednesday, August 14, 2024
Know Your Teeth Academy of General Dentistry Know Your Teeth
InfoBites
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Learn what those dental words mean.
Check out how your teeth and mouth change in every stage of life.
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Equilibration May Lessen TMD Pain
Chapter: How TMD Pain is Caused
The pain associated with TMD is caused when the temporomandibular joint (the joint that connects the lower jaw to the skull) is damaged or has deteriorated or when the muscles surrounding the joint are malfunctioning, causing an imbalance in the movement of the jaw joint. For instance, TMD can be caused by the impact of an auto accident, an improper bite that causes stress on the chewing muscles or by behaviors associated with stress, such as clenching the jaw or grinding the teeth.
The muscle pain and spasms associated with TMD are often compared to that of a "charley horse" in a runner's leg.
Updated: November 2008
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Meal-time glycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes using multiple daily injections vs insulin pump therapy following carbohydrate-counting education and bolus calculator provision
The Australian JDRF Closed-Loop Research Group, Jean C. Lu, Sara Vogrin, Sybil A. McAuley, Melissa H. Lee, Barbora Paldus, Leon A. Bach, Morton G. Burt, Philip M. Clarke, Neale D. Cohen, Peter G. Colman, Martin I. de Bock, D. Jane Holmes-Walker, Alicia J. Jenkins, Joey Kaye, Anthony C. Keech, Kavita Kumareswaran, Richard J. MacIsaac, Roland W. McCallum, Kerryn RoemCatriona Sims, Stephen N. Stranks, Steven Trawley, Glenn M. Ward, Vijaya Sundararajan, Timothy W. Jones, David N. O'Neal
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
3 Citations (Web of Science)
Abstract
AIMS: To compare meal-time glycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) managed with multiple daily injections (MDI) vs. insulin pump therapy (IPT), using self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG), following diabetes education.
METHODS: Adults with T1D received carbohydrate-counting education and a bolus calculator: MDI (Roche Aviva Expert) and IPT (pump bolus calculator). All then wore 3-weeks of masked-CGM (Enlite, Medtronic). Meal-times were assessed by two approaches: 1) Set time-blocks (breakfast 06:00-10:00hrs; lunch 11:00-15:00hrs; dinner 17:00-21:00hrs) and 2) Bolus-calculator carbohydrate entries signalling meal commencement. Post-meal masked-CGM time-in-range (TIR) 3.9-10.0 mmol/L was the primary outcome.
RESULTS: MDI(n = 61) and IPT (n = 59) participants were equivalent in age, sex, diabetes duration and HbA1c. Median (IQR) education time provided did not differ (MDI: 1.1 h (0.75, 1.5) vs. IPT: 1.1 h (1.0, 2.0); p = 0.86). Overall, daytime (06:00-24:00hrs), lunch and dinner TIR did not differ for MDI vs. IPT participants but was greater for breakfast with IPT in both analyses with a mean difference of 12.8%, (95 CI 4.8, 20.9); p = 0.002 (time-block analysis).
CONCLUSION: After diabetes education, MDI and IPT use were associated with similar day-time glycemia, though IPT users had significantly greater TIR during the breakfast period. With education, meal-time glucose levels are comparable with use of MDI vs. pumps.
Original languageEnglish
Article number109000
JournalDiabetes Research and Clinical Practice
Volume179
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Sept 2021
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Page:The punishments of China.djvu/63
PLATE XII.
A MALEFACTOR CHAINED TO AN IRON-BAR. is neck is encompassed with a very wide cape of iron, which is fitted to his shoulders; his legs are fettered with iron shackles, and from these, as well as from the cape, a few links extend to the bar, which is about half a yard higher than his head. The links, sliding upon the bar, accommodate themselves to the motions of the prisoner; the small piece of plank, that is attached to the shackles, serves him for a seat. From the top of the bar, there depends a little board, upon which the name and crime of the malefactor are inscribed.
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UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Michael ROUX, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 10-2192.
United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.
Argued March 29, 2011.
Decided May 10, 2013.
Richard N. Cox (argued), Joseph H. Hartzler, Attorneys, Office of the United States Attorney, Springfield, IL, for Plaintiff-Appellee.
Martin J. Pruhs (argued), Attorney, Pruhs Law Office, S.C., Milwaukee, WI, for Defendant-Appellant.
Before ROVNER, WILLIAMS, and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.
ROVNER, Circuit Judge.
A jury convicted defendant-appellant Michael Roux of inducing or coercing a minor to create sexually explicit images, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2251(a). Roux appeals, contending that the district court erred in admitting certain evidence against him and that the government committed certain missteps at trial which should have prompted the court to declare a mistrial. Finding no error in any of the district court’s rulings, and being satisfied that Roux received a fair trial, we affirm Roux’s conviction.
I.
On appeal from Roux’s conviction, we are obliged to summarize the evidence in the light most favorable to the government. E.g., United States v. James, 540 F.3d 702, 704 (7th Cir.2008).
In May 2002, after dating Roberta H. for a number of months, Roux moved in with Roberta and her four daughters, who ranged in age from 7 to 14 years old at that time. In November 2003, Roberta’s eldest daughter, CC, reported that Roux was sexually molesting her. Although the Illinois Department of Children and Family Services (“DCFS”) investigated and determined the charge to be unfounded, CC was later removed from the household. She never returned.
After CC’s departure, Roux began molesting another of Roberta’s daughters, EV. The abuse persisted and progressed over a period of years. EV was 9 or 10 years old when Roux first touched her inappropriately: he would rub her beneath her nightgown while she sat on Roux’s lap. When she began high school in 2006, Roux was forcing EV to have sexual intercourse with him.
In March 2008, EV at last told her mother about the abuse. When Roberta confronted Roux, he acknowledged the abuse and she threw him out of the house. But Roux soon commenced an ultimately successful campaign for readmittance to the household, promising both Roberta and a furious EV that he would not touch EV again. The promise proved short-lived; soon enough, the abuse (including oral sex as well as intercourse) resumed.
The abuse finally came to the attention of the authorities in May 2008, when EV was 16. One day Roux, who made a habit of checking up on EV, visited her school and saw her sitting with someone he had forbidden her to see. (Roux had prepared a list of such individuals, had EV sign it, and had given it to the school principal.) Roux told her he was going to remove her from school for the remainder of the year. A panicked EV ran to the school guidance counselor and the school principal, asked them to call the police, and told them that Roux had been raping her for some time and that she could no longer stand it. The principal advised Roux that he was going to contact the authorities and prevented Roux from taking EV with him from the school grounds. Roux found Roberta and pleaded with her to “please back me up on this. You didn’t see anything.” R. 80 at 222, Tr. 320., He then fled, only to be arrested two days later when he, returned home to gather his belongings.
EV subsequently informed the police that during the course of the abuse, Roux had taken sexually explicit photographs of her and had forced her to take similar photographs of himself; some of the photographs were taken while Roux was engaged in intercourse with EV. The photographs had been taken in the previous six months. Armed with this information, investigators seized a computer and two digital cameras from the house that Roux had shared with Roberta and the girls. A computer forensic specialist was able to recover a number of images which had been deleted from the computer after they had been downloaded from a digital camera and then transferred to a USB “thumb” drive. No male face was visible in any of the photographs.
Based on the recovered images, a grand jury charged Roux with one count of knowingly employing, using, persuading, inducing, enticing, or coercing a minor to engage in sexually explicit conduct for the purpose of producing visual depictions of such conduct, using materials that had been mailed, shipped, or transported in interstate commerce, in violation of section 2251(a). (A second count of- the indictment, which sought forfeiture of the images and the equipment used to produce and store them, was later dismissed on the government’s motion.) Roux pleaded not guilty to the charge, and the case was tried to a jury. Roux’s theory of defense was that he was the family disciplinarian, that the girls had begun to rebel against his authority as they grew older, and that Roberta and her daughters were now attempting to frame him with false allegations. Among the government’s witnesses against Roux were both EV and her mother. In addition, pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b) and over Roux’s objection, the court allowed two of EV’s sisters, CC and SH, to give testimony about the sexual abuse that Roux had inflicted on them. Roux took the stand in his own defense, denying that he had ever sexually abused EV or her sisters and also denying that he had taken the sexually explicit photographs of EV or forced her to take the images of herself. At the conclusion of the four-day trial, the jury convicted Roux. The court subsequently ordered Roux to serve a prison term of 360 months.
II.
Roux challenges the fairness of his trial, contending that four errors undermined the presumption of innocence and improperly shifted the burden of proof from the government to him. Specifically, Roux contends that-the district court abused its discretion in admitting both the testimony about the sexual abuse that EV’s sisters suffered and two mug shots reflecting that Roux was' heavier at the time of his arrest than he was at trial. Roux further argues that two errors by the government entitled him to a mistrial, which the district court denied: a prosecutor at one point in the trial referred to certain recorded telephone conversations that Roux had while in pretrial detention as “jail phone calls”; and, while cross-examining Roux, a prosecutor repeatedly asked Roux about various records and witnesses that might corroborate his testimony but which had not been produced.
A. Prior instances of sexual abuse
Prior to trial, the government, citing Federal Rule of Evidence 404(b), filed a motion seeking the court’s permission to introduce testimony from EV’s sisters, CC and SH, that they too had been sexually abused by Roux. Rule 404 prohibits proof of a defendant’s uncharged wrongful acts for the purpose of establishing his propensity to commit the charged offense, but allows the court to admit such evidence for another purpose, such as proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, absence of mistake, or lack of accidents The government offered the evidence of the abuse suffered by EV’s sisters principally to establish Roux’s motive to commit the charged offense and his identity as the perpetrator. R. 76 at 15-16. Roux opposed the government’s motion.
The court conducted a hearing on the motion, at the conclusion of which it found that the proffered evidence of sexual abuse met three of the four criteria we have identified for the admission of other acts evidence. See, e.g., United States v. White, 698 F.3d 1005, 1017-18 (7th Cir. 2012) (per curiam), cert. denied, — U.S. -, 133 S.Ct. 1740, 185 L.Ed.2d 802 (2013). Specifically, the court determined that the government was offering the testimony of EV’s sisters for a purpose other than to establish his criminal propensity; that the proffered testimony was sufficient to establish that Roux had engaged in uncharged acts of sexual abuse; and that although the proffered evidence was “very prejudicial,” the danger of undue prejudice did not substantially outweigh the probative value of this evidence. R. 76 at 28. The court reserved ruling as to the fourth factor: whether the sexual abuse of EV’s sisters was sufficiently similar to the charged offense of using a minor to create sexually explicit photographs, given that EV’s sisters were not photographed. R. 76 at 28.
The court subsequently issued a brief order finding that the proffered testimony met the similarity test and was therefore admissible, relying on this court’s ruling in United States v. Sebolt, 460 F.3d 910, 917 (7th Cir.2006). EV’s sisters joined the roster of witnesses against Roux.
CC, the eldest of Roberta’s daughters and roughly four years older than EV, testified that several months after Roux moved in with her mother in 2002, Roux began to touch her inappropriately, grabbing her breasts and fondling her buttocks. The following year, Roux came into her bedroom while she was sleeping, woke her up, exposed his penis to her, and invited her to compare its size to that of her mother’s ex-boyfriend. Roux left the room when she screamed at him to get out. When CC reported Roux’s misconduct to a school counselor, DCFS conducted an investigation. DCFS concluded that the allegation of abuse was “unfounded.” CC was later placed in foster care after she assaulted Roux, and, as we noted previously, never returned to live with her mother and Roux. CC acknowledged on cross-examination that she had also been sexually abused by both EV’s father, when he lived with Roberta, and by a male babysitter. The parties stipulated that both of those men pleaded guilty to criminal charges after CC reported the abuse.
SH was two years younger than EV. She testified that in late 2006, Roux came into her bedroom one night and, over her protests, touched her underneath her clothing in her “lower area” or “crotch,” moving his hands in a circle and pushing down while he did so. R. 80 at 66-68, Tr. 164-66. She also said that Roux had placed his fingers inside of her. SH indicated that similar incidents occurred both before and after this occasion. On cross-examination, SH agreed that Roberta, CC, and EV did not like Roux and wanted him out of the house.
Roux contends that the admission of this testimony deprived him of a fair trial. “Child sexual abuse has a ‘unique stigma’ in society,” he reasons, “and the introduction of such inflammatory evidence has a correspondingly unique prejudicial effect on juries.” Roux Br. 6. He believes that because the acts described by CC and SH did not involve the creation of photographic images, their testimony had limited probative value with respect to the child pornography offense with which he was charged, and was likely to have misled the-jury into thinking that the trial was about whether Roux had sexually assaulted EV and/or her sisters. At the same time, their testimony was so inherently prejudicial as to make it probable that the jury was likely to convict him on the basis of his prior bad acts, regardless of whether it was convinced beyond a reasonable doubt that he had committed the pornography offense. Finally, Roux argues that CC’s testimony was insufficient to support a finding that Roux in fact committed the acts she described, given that. DCFS investigated her allegations in 2003 and yet labeled them “unfounded.” In any case, because the acts. CC described took place some four years before the charged pornography offense, Roux contends they were too remote to qualify for admission under Rule 404(b). We review the district court’s decision to admit the testimony for abuse of discretion. E.g., White, 698 F.3d at 1018.
The first point bearing mention is that Roux’s defense — that he did not take the sexually explicit photographs of EV and had never engaged with her in the sexual conduct depicted in some of those photographs, and was instead being framed by Roberta and her daughters— necessarily implicated his motive to commit the charged offense. Motive is typically not an element of the offense, but it is a factor that often points to who may have committed the crime. “[Ujnlike issues of knowledge and intent, the defendant’s motive — -an explanation of why the defendant would engage in the charged conduct— becomes highly relevant when the defendant argues that he did not commit the crime.” United States v. Siddiqui, 699 F.3d 690, 702 (2d Cir.2012) (emphasis in original), pet’n for cert. filed (U.S. Apr. 4, 2013) (No. 12-9651); see generally 22A C. Wright & K. Graham, Federal Practice & Procedure: Federal Rules of Evidence § 5240, at 306 (2012) (“Evidence of motive may be offered to prove that the act was committed, to prove the identity of the actor, or to prove the requisite mental state.”); see also, e.g., United States v. Rodriguez-Berrios, 573 F.3d 55, 65 (1st Cir.2009) (other acts evidence relevant to show defendant’s motive, given his claim of innocence). This is why the government sought to establish Roux’s motive to take sexually explicit photographs of his girlfriend’s daughter — to .meet his defense of false accusation-and to show that he in fact was the person who, took the photos. And although both the government and the district court spoke of the evidence being relevant to both motive and identity, what they really meant was that proof of motive would serve to establish the identity of the perpetrator — the ultimate issue in the case. See Wright & Graham § 5246, at 337.
The district court properly determined that the acts of abuse described by CC and SH were probative of Roux’s motive to commit the charged child pornography offense. As Judge Mihm recognized, this court’s decision in Sebolt held that “[p]rior instances of sexual misconduct with a child victim may establish a defendant’s sexual interest in children and thereby serve as evidence of the defendant’s motive to commit a charged offense involving the sexual exploitation of children,” including child pornography offenses, and “it also may serve to identify the defendant to the crime.” 460 F.3d at 917. Apropos of Roux’s observation that child sexual abuse and the production of child pornography are different offenses, such that the commission of the former does not establish a motive to commit the latter would serve only to misdirect and ignite a jury’s passions, is the following passage from Sebolt:
The motive to molest children does not completely overlap with the propensity to possess, transport, or advertise child pornography. See [United States v.] Cunningham, 103 F.3d [553,] at 556-57 [(7th Cir.1996)]. If it did, then there would a greater chance that evidence of molestations introduced in this case was used to prove propensity. (Indeed the motive to molest children would completely overlap only with the propensity to molest children.) And the conceptual gap between molestation and child pornography is not so wide as to “induce the jury to decide the case on an improper basis ... rather than on the evidence presented.” United States v. Thomas, 321 F.3d 627, 630 (7th Cir. 2003) (quotations and citations omitted). In other words, the molestations and the evidence supporting the statutory criminal elements were similar in character, i.e., establishing Sebolt’s sexually deviant mental state, so there is no reason to suspect the jury was inflamed by the admission of the molestations. The prejudicial effect did not substantially outweigh the probative value, and the molestations were appropriately admitted.
460 F.3d at 917. See also United States v. Russell, 662 F.3d 831, 847-48 (7th Cir. 2011) (prior instances of inappropriate touching, by establishing defendant’s sexual interest in his minor daughter, were probative of his motive to induce his daughter to create sexually explicit photographs in violation of section 2251(a)); United States v. Courtright, 632 F.3d 363, 369-70 (7th Cir.2011) (prior instances of sexual misconduct with minor female tends to establish motive to commit charged crime of production, possession, and receipt of child pornography in violation of section 2251(a) and 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)).
Undoubtedly, as Roux argues, testimony that the defendant has sexually abused children is highly prejudicial; but we are not persuaded that the district court wrongfully concluded that the testimony was unfairly prejudicial to Roux. See Fed.R.Evid. 403. Our cases addressing the admission of molestation evidence have recognized the substantial prejudice that it necessarily poses to any defendant; yet, we have regularly sustained the admission of such evidence when probative of a defendant’s motive, intent, or other pertinent (and admissible) factor. See, e.g., United States v. Chambers, 642 F.3d 588, 595-96 (7th Cir.2011); United States v. Zahursky, 580 F.3d 515, 525 (7th Cir. 2009); Sebolt, 460 F.3d at 917. We have also emphasized that we owe deference to a district judge’s balancing of probative value versus risk of undue prejudice under Rule 403, given that the judge presiding over the trial has a superior familiarity with and appreciation for the context and ramifications of the proffered evidence. See, e.g., White, 698 F.3d at 1018; United States v. Hosseini, 679 F.3d 544, 556 (7th Cir.), cert. denied, — U.S.-, 133 S.Ct. 623, 774, 184 L.Ed.2d 396 (2012). The record in this case reveals that the district judge carefully weighed the relevance of CC’s and SH’s testimony along with the prejudice that it posed to Roux’s defense. The judge also gave the jury the standard instruction limiting its consideration of the other acts evidence, and notwithstanding the prejudicial nature of the evidence in this case, we presume that the jury followed that instruction. E.g., Chambers, 642 F.3d at 595-96. And, for what it is worth, we note that Roux does not contend, and the trial record does not indicate, that the government in any way overstepped its bounds with respect to this evidence. See Sebolt, 460 F.3d at 917. Having reviewed the record, we are not convinced that this is a case in which we should disturb the district court’s judgment as to the relative probative value and prejudicial effect of the other acts evidence.
Having said this, we agree with Roux that given the inherently prejudicial effect of Rule 404(b) evidence involving other uncharged acts of sexual abuse, particularly the abuse of minors, courts must take particular care in admitting such evidence and in instructing the jury as to its appropriate use. Courts have a variety of tools at their disposal to address the prejudicial effects of this evidence, including: reserving ruling on the admission of the evidence until trial, when the relevance and ramifications of the evidence may be more concretely assessed, see, e.g., Russell, 662 F.3d at 838-39 (court admitted evidence only after defendant testified in such a manner as to place in issue his purpose and intent in taking charged photographs); placing limits on the extent and detail of the evidence, see id. at 839 (court allowed government to establish that inappropriate touching had occurred, but not to develop the details); and giving stronger and more focused limiting instructions that confine the jury’s consideration of the evidence for the specific purposes identified by the government and approved by the court, rather than the entire range of possible purposes identified in Rule 404, see United States v. Miller, 673 F.3d 688, 701-02 & n. 1 (7th Cir.2012); Seventh Cir. Pattern Crim. Jury Instr. 3.11 & Committee Comment. Roux’s counsel has suggested that the court in this case should have expressly limited the jury’s consideration of the Rule 404(b) evidence to motive and identity; yet, he also concedes that a more focused instruction was never proposed to the court and makes no case for plain error in the court’s omission to give such an instruction on its own initiative. See, e.g., United States v. Christian, 673 F.3d 702, 708 (7th Cir.2012). As we have said, the record indicates that the district judge approached the Rule 404(b) evidence in this case with an appropriate degree of .caution.
Roux’s remaining points require only brief discussion. First, in addition to suggesting that the abuse that CC and SH described was not relevant because it did not involve the creation of sexually explicit photographs — a contention with which Se-bolt dispenses — Roux has also emphasized that, in contrast to EV, they did not describe forced sexual acts. This point may reflect an unduly narrow view of force. In any case, force is not an element of the offense charged here. More to the point, as Sebolt makes clear, the prior acts were relevant to establish Roux’s sexual interest in underaged girls, and thus his motive to cause EV to participate in the creation of sexually explicit photographs; any distinctions between the abuse that CC and SH suffered and the abuse inflicted on EV are immaterial in that regard. Second, Roux renews his contention that because DCFS found CC’s allegations of abuse unfounded, her testimony was insufficient to establish that Roux, in fact, abused her. However, the authorities’ decision not to pursue charges does not render CC’s testimony incredible. See Cookson v. Schwartz, 556 F.3d 647, 655 (7th Cir.2009) (“a conclusion by DCFS that an allegation is ‘unfounded’ does not establish that it is false”) (citing People v. Mason, 219 Ill.App.3d 76, 161 Ill.Dec. 705, 578 N.E.2d 1351, 1356 (1991) (DCFS decision not to pursue charges is neither a judicial decision nor a final determination that the victim’s allegations were false)). Whether to credit her testimony was thus the jury’s prerogative. Finally, the fact that the abuse CC described took place four years before the charged photographs of EV were created does not render the prior acts too remote in time to be relevant. The prior acts were , offered to establish Roux’s sexual interest in minors, a proclivity that, as we pointed out in Russell, is unlikely to vanish with the passage of time. 662 F.3d at 848. More tthe point, one can infer from the testimony that when Roux began to abuse CC in 2002, he commenced a long-term course of abuse that eventually included two of her sisters and continued largely unabated through the creation of the charged photographs of EV four years later. In the circumstances, the acts involving CC were not too remote in time to be admissible under Rule 404(b).
B. Booking photographs of defendant
As we noted earlier, some of the photographs underlying the section 2251(a) charge in this case depicted a man engaged in sexual intercourse with EV. EV would later testify that the man was Roux. The photographs themselves showed only the man’s lower torso, not his face. One identifying characteristic that was evident from the photographs was that the male had a bit of a belly and was thus slightly overweight. By the time of trial, however, Roux (by EVs estimate) weighed some 30 to 40 pounds less than he had at the time of his arrest and appeared noticeably thinner to both EV and her mother at trial. The government was concerned that the jury, on observing a slender Roux in court, might be inclined to discredit EV’s testimony that the male torso depicted in the photographs belonged to Roux. The government thus sought to introduce at trial photographs taken of Roux at the time of Roux’s arrest on state charges in May 2008 and again in February 2009, when federal authorities took over the prosecution and took him into their custody. These were standard booking photographs of Roux from the neck up; but they revealed a somewhat heavier Roux that the jury would see at trial, and to that end would support the government’s position (and EV’s testimony) that Roux was the individual shown in the photographs. Roux objected to the admission of the photographs out of concern that the jury would surmise (correctly) from the nature and dates of the photographs (which were communicated to the jury) not . only that Roux had been arrested and incarcerated prior to trial, but also that his pretrial incarceration was a sign that he was a particularly dangerous individual. The district court found that the photographs were admissible for the purpose articulated by the government. None of the photographs contained any formal indicia (such as prison garb, booking numbers, or height indicator strips) indicating that they were jailhouse booking photographs. To minimize the possibility that the jury would recognize them as such, the court allowed into evidence only the two photographs depicting Roux facing forward and excluded photographs taken of Roux in profile.
Roux renews on his appeal his contention that the admission of the photographs undermined the presumption of innocence to which he was entitled for the reasons he articulated to the district court. Notwithstanding the absence of overt signs that these were jailhouse booking photographs, he asserts that it was obvious to the jury that the admitted photos were, in fact, mug shots. And because the jury knew that the photographs were taken on two different dates some nine months apart, he posits that jurors would have suspected either that he was regarded as so dangerous that he was denied release on bail, or that he committed a second offense resulting in another arrest (and photo) while on pretrial release for the first offense. He adds that there was no genuine need for the government to introduce the photographs, as he had not argued and never did argue based on his weight at the time of trial that he could not be the person depicted with EV in the charged photographs. At the same time, he could not explain that his weight loss was unintentional rather than purposeful and calculated, because to do so would have required him to confirm that he was incarcerated prior to trial and suffered weight loss due to bad jail food and a jailhouse attack that resulted in an injury requiring surgery and a lengthy stay in the jail infirmary.
. The district court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the photographs. The government had a legitimate reason for offering them into evidence: Whether or not Roux argued that he could not be the man depicted in the charged photographs based on his trim physique at the time of trial (and, as we pointed out at oral argument, this was a suggestion that Roux could have reserved for closing argument), the jury might have wondered about this point on its own. The photographs themselves do not strike us as particularly prejudicial. Having'been informed that they are booking photos, it is easy to recognize them as such. Without that foreknowledge, they also appear consistent with passport, driver’s license, and workplace identification photographs, which are often just as unflattering as these photographs of Roux are. Even if jurors correctly guessed the origin of these photographs, it would not have been a surprise to them that Roux had been arrested and photographed at that time, given that he had, after all, been indicted and placed on trial. The notion that they would have further inferred that he was denied bail because he was deemed too dangerous to be released (as opposed to lacking the money to post a bond, for example) or alternatively had committed another offense resulting in a subsequent arrest strikes us as too speculative to have compelled the exclusion of the photographs. Nor are we convinced that the photographs called for some type of explanation from Roux for the weight loss: the government did not argue at trial that he had lost weight deliberately.
C. Prosecutor’s reference to “jail calls”
Roux cites an incident that occurred during trial as a second way in which the government undermined the presumption of innocence. During the cross-examination of Roux, the government played recordings of certain telephone conversations that Roux had while he was incarcerated prior to trial. (The recordings were offered to suggest that Roux had attempted to coach prospective witnesses to support his assertions as to his employment history.) The parties had discussed the recordings prior to trial and had agreed that there would be no mention that Roux was incarcerated at the time of the calls. Yet, when the prosecutor sought to introduce the recordings, he announced:
At this time, Judge, I would move to introduce an exhibit that contains these jail phone calls. I discussed this with [defense counsel] with regard to the foundation. There is a stipulation for foundation. We had a witness present, but there’s [a] stipulation about foundation.
R. 81 at 185, Tr. 588 (emphasis added). Roux’s counsel objected to the description of the recorded conversations as “jail phone calls,” and at sidebar informed the court of the parties’ prior agreement not to refer to them as such. The court admitted the recordings after confirming that the recordings themselves would (further) identify them as jailhouse telephone calls. Roux moved for a mistrial, which the court denied.
Roux contends that the court erred in refusing to declare a mistrial given the prosecutor’s disclosure that he had been incarcerated prior to trial. The disclosure was indeed unfortunate, although it appears to have been inadvertent: the transcript of the sidebar conversation suggests that the prosecutor did not even realize that he had described the conversations as “jail calls” until defense counsel so informed him. R. 81 at 186, Tr. 589. In any case, we have no reason to believe that the single reference to “jail calls” deprived Roux of a fair trial. The jury was properly instructed as to the presumption of innocence in both the initial and final jury instructions. The one-time disclosure that Roux had been in jail prior to trial gives us no reason to doubt that the jury honored that presumption. See United States v. Johnson, 624 F.3d 815, 821-22 (7th Cir. 2010) (recordings of defendant’s jailhouse telephone calls, which began with announcements identifying them as calls made from county jail, did not unduly prejudice defendant).
D. Cross-examination of defendant as to lack of corroborating evidence
Roux was the one and only defense witness. As we have noted, Roux denied that he had taken the sexually explicit photographs of EV or that he had forced her to take the photographs herself; he also denied that he had ever touched any of Roberta’s daughters inappropriately. Roux testified that at one point in time, he had been in the hospital and that when he was discharged, a doctor had advised him not to engage in sexual activity while he was recovering and/or indicated that the medication Roux had been prescribed might render him unable to engage in such activity. (EV had testified that it was at this point in time when Roux had first asked her to have intercourse with him, telling her he was dying; she refused.) Roux also testified that he was working odd jobs as a handyman for various individuals during the times that the government was suggesting he would have been at home alone and, for example, downloading the charged photographs to the family computer and then transferring them to a USB drive. The prosecutor followed up on both of those points during cross-examination.
As to the physician who had told Roux that he should not or could not engage in sexual activity, the prosecutor asked Roux to state the doctor’s name and indicate where his office was. Roux answered both questions. After having Roux confirm that his medical records would be on file with that doctor, the prosecutor asked Roux, “And they [the records] should reflect what you’re telling this jury, right?” R. 81 at 172, Tr. 575. Roux agreed that they would.
On the matter of Roux’s employment, the prosecutor asked Roux a series of questions aimed at establishing that he had not produced the sorts of records that would back up his claims that he had been working. For example, the prosecutor asked Roux whether he had payroll records for the time period during which he had lived with Roberta, and when Roux said that there were boxes of such records in Roberta’s basement, the prosecutor inquired, “What have you done to get those?” and “Well, you’ve tried to get them, haven’t you, or haven’t you?” R. 81 at 177, Tr. 580. Roux said that he had tried, but without success. Next, the prosecutor, after having Roux confirm that his attorneys had an investigator working on his behalf, moved on to tax returns. Roux indicated those too were in the boxes in Roberta’s basement, and among other things they would show that he had “claimed” EV (presumably as a dependent) on his return. The prosecutor observed, “That would show — if you had those forms here in court, you could show that, right?” R. 81 at 177, Tr. 580. To which Roux responded, “If I had them, yes.” R. 81 at 177, Tr. 580. Finally, in discussing various individuals who might be able to confirm his work history, the prosecutor asked Roux questions like “And why can’t he back you up?” and “So if you were there during these times in May, they could back you up, right?” R. 81 at 182-83, Tr. 585-86.
Only after the last of these questions was asked did Roux’s counsel begin to object. At that point, the judge, without being asked, took the opportunity to remind the prosecutor, in the jury’s presence, that Roux was presumed innocent and bore no obligation to present evidence:
DEFENSE COUNSEL: Judge—
THE COURT: I’m going to have to intervene here. I have to make this point clear and it’s going to have to affect your questioning from now on. The law is very clear that the defendant is not only presumed innocent, but he has no duty to prove his innocence or to present evidence or to testify, so—
PROSECUTOR: That’s understood.
THE COURT: Well, I don’t know. I want to be sure the jury understands that because there’s a suggestion in your questions that he ought to be calling these people. He has absolutely no duty to present evidence.
PROSECUTOR: Understood.
R. 81 at 183, Tr. 586. Roux subsequently moved for a mistrial based on the prosecutor’s questions, which the court denied.
Despite the court’s admonishment of the prosecutor in the jury’s presence, Roux contends that the prosecutor’s questions improperly shifted the burden of proof to him and (again) undermined the presumption of innocence. In Roux’s view, the questions caused the jury to look to Roux and his counsel for an explanation as to why he had not presented evidence which would have corroborated his testimony. The court, in his view, was obliged to declare a mistrial.
We disagree. First, we have been skeptical of arguments that a prosecutor’s comments on a defendant’s failure to produce evidence improperly shift the burden of proof to the defense. So long as the jury has been properly instructed that the burden of proof belongs to the government and that the defendant has no burden to present any evidence, we have generally permitted comments on the lack of evidence supporting a theory of defense, provided that the comments do not implicate or “tax” the defendant’s right not to testify. See United States v. Glover, 479 F.3d 511, 520 (7th Cir.2007); United States v. Wesley, 422 F.3d 509, 516-17 (7th Cir. 2005); United States v. Kelly, 991 F.2d 1308, 1314 (7th Cir.1993); United States v. Dahdah, 864 F.2d 55, 59 (7th Cir.1988); United States v, DiCaro, 852 F.2d 259, 263 (7th Cir.1988); United States v. Sblendorio, 830 F.2d 1382, 1391 (7th Cir.1987). Roux, of course, did testify, so there can be no concern that the jury might have penalized him for exercising his Fifth Amendment privilege. See Kelly, 991 F.2d at 1314. Second, when the defendant elects to testify on his own behalf, the government, within reason, may through its questions and argument properly bring to the jury’s attention the extent to which his version of events is uncorroborated and rests on his own credibility. See Dahdah, 864 F.2d at 59; see also United States v. Schmitz, 634 F.3d 1247, 1267 (11th Cir. 2011); United States v. Boulerice, 325 F.3d 75, 86-87 (1st Cir.2003) (coll. cases); United States v. Cabrera, 201 F.3d 1243, 1249-50 (9th Cir.2000). Third, to the extent that the prosecutor in this case may have crossed the line with his repeated inquiries about the records and witnesses that might corroborate Roux’s version of events but had not been presented (not to mention the reference to the investigator assisting the defense team), the district judge’s timely and proactive reminder to the prosecutor and the jury that the defendant has no obligation to produce evidence was sufficient to address the problem. That reminder, coupled with the instructions to the same effect at the start and close of the trial, ensured that the jury properly understood that the burden of proof remained at all times with the government.
E. Cumulative effect of alleged errors
Finally, we reject Roux’s claim that the cumulative effect of the errors he has asserted deprived him of a fair trial even if, individually, they did not. The evidence to which Roux has objected was properly admitted, and to the extent that the prosecutor stepped slightly over the line in the two instances we have discussed, the transgressions were not so serious, even in combination, as to have undermined the presumption of innocence and deprived Roux of a fundamentally fair trial.
III.
Having rejected Roux’s claims of trial error, we AFFIRM his conviction.
. Proof of identity, as a distinct Rule 404(b) factor, would normally entail proof that a defendant's prior acts share distinctive characteristics in common with the charged crime. See Wright & Graham § 5246, at 340-41; see also, e.g., United States v. Simpson, 479 F.3d 492, 497-98 (7th Cir. 2007), abrogated in part on other grounds by United States v. Boone, 628 F.3d 927, 933 (7th Cir.2010); United States v. Connelly, 874 F.2d 412, 416-17 (7th Cir.1989). Although the abuse described by CC and SH certainly share some characteristics in common with the abuse of EV, the briefs have not discussed in any real detail whether the common features are distinctive and meaningful enough to render the prior acts of abuse independently probative and admissible to show the identity of the perpetrator. Given our conclusion that the testimony of CC and SH was admissible as proof of Roux’s motive, we need not explore this subject further.
. The court gave the instruction both just prior to SH's testimony and in the final set of instructions to the juiy. Roux has pointed out that the court did not give the instruction prior to CC’s testimony. That is true, but somewhat misleading. Because CC testified immediately after SH, when the court gave the instruction in advance of SH's testimony, it explained that its testimony was applicable to "the next two witnesses.” R. 80 at 54, Tr. 152. Roux did not ask the court to repeat the instruction when CC took the stand.
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CASELAW
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User:Vanished user 392817/Adoption/Matthew Desjardins/Good articles
Derivative
Type II supernova
Both articles began with a non-technical description, giving a nice introduction for people unfamiliar with those fields. The following sections had definitions or descriptions of it. Overall, the articles had a logical flow from one point to another; each successive point mentioned was related to the sections that came before it (hence "logical flow"). They had multiple subsections to specifically identify what was being discussed, so that anyone requiring information on a part of that topic would not have to read the entire article (in general, the information you would be looking for would be found in those sections, rather than scattered throughout the article, as in found in lower class articles). But one of the main things that I feel makes it a Good Article is the fact that each section doesn't just have a brief description of the topic; they all have well-rounded and full descriptions of several paragraphs, making it a good article for someone requiring research. While these topics may not require it so much, other good articles I've read had many references cited; whereas these articles had many external links and notes (as well as "see also" or "related articles") for those who wish to research further.
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WIKI
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Samarina Republic
Samarina Republic (Republica de la Samarina) or Republic of the Pindus (Δημοκρατία της Πίνδου; Republica Pindului) is a historiographic name for the attempt and proposal to create an Aromanian canton under the protection of Italy during World War I. A declaration of independence was issued on 29 August 1917 by some Aromanian figures at Samarina and other villages of the Pindus mountains of northern Greece during the short period of occupation by Italy of the area in July and August 1917. In the immediate withdrawal of Italians a few days later, Greek troops retook control of the region claimed by the canton without meeting any resistance.
Background
Since Romania's formation in 1859, it tried to win influence over the Aromanian (and also the Megleno-Romanian) population of the Ottoman Empire. In the 1860s, it funded the activity of Apostolos Margaritis who founded Romanian schools in the Ottoman territories of Epirus and Macedonia since the Aromanian language has much in common with the Romanian language. Romania, with the support of Austria-Hungary, succeeded in the acceptance of the Aromanians as a separate millet with the decree (irade) of 22 May 1905 by Sultan Abdulhamid, so the Ullah millet ("Vlach millet", for the Aromanians) could have their own churches and schools. This was a diplomatic success of Romania in European Turkey in the last part of the 19th century.
Romania then funded the construction and operation of many schools in the wider region of Macedonia and Epirus. These schools have continued their operation even when some of the territories of the region of Macedonia and Thrace passed to Greek authority in 1912. Their financing by Romania continued in 1913 with the agreement of the then Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos. In such Romanian schools, there was a coordinated effort to promote the idea of Romanian identity among Aromanians. Graduates of these schools who wanted to continue their education usually went to educational institutions in Romania.
Posteriorly, during the First World War, in 1916, Albania, including Northern Epirus, was split between the Kingdom of Italy which occupied Gjirokastra and France which occupied Korçë (Curceaua, Curceauã, Curceau or Curciau), while in northern and central Albania were occupied by troops of Austria-Hungary.
On 10 December 1916, the French founded the Autonomous Albanian Republic of Korçë. In response, Austria-Hungary went on proclamation of independence of Albania as a protectorate on 3 January 1917, in Shkodra, while on 23 June 1917, the Italians proclaimed the Italian protectorate over Albania in Gjirokastra. Then the Italian forces advanced and they captured Ioannina (Ianina or Enine).
In this environment of occupation and fragmentation of territories in Southern Albania and Northwestern Greece, Italian troops occupied Samarina (Samarina, Xamarina or San Marina) and other villages of the Pindus for a few days at the end of August 1917 to the first two days of September 1917.
History
In 1917, during the occupation of the territories of Albania and Northern Epirus, the Italians tried to win over the Aromanians to convert Aromanian-Romanian relations in favour of Italy, based on historical and linguistic relations and to change the pro-Romanian Aromanians into pro-Italian Aromanians.
In the brief period of Italian occupation of southern Albania, when Italian forces also entered Greek territory in 1917, Aromanians from several villages of the Pindus mountain requested autonomy under the protection of Italy, turning to Romania for help. Letters were sent to several countries, from mayors and representatives of 13 villages." A proclamation was sent on 29 August 1917, from Samarina signed by seven representatives, who had the role of a temporary committee and requested assistance and protection from the Italian Consulate of Ioannina. One of the members of the provisionary committee, Alcibiades Diamandi, went to Ioannina to get an answer. There was an immediate response the next day from the Romanian and the Italian consulates: A clear answer that these actions were wrong and inappropriate, were not approved by anyone, and could not be supported by any party.
One day later, the Italian army departed from Greek territory. From 3 to 7 September the Greek forces entered all the villages unopposed and, on 7 September, they arrested seven men in Samarina, giving an end to the events.
These events are described in later bibliography as an attempt to form a "Principality of the Pindus", while in other sources, no name is assigned to the events of 1917.
Later, in the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and 1920, an Aromanian delegation requested autonomy for the Aromanians.
Villages and people involved
A letter to the Prime Minister of Romania Ion C. Brătianu, sent on 27 July 1917, was signed by mayors and notables of the following villages: Samarina, Avdella (Avdhela), Perivoli (Pirivoli), Vovousa (Bãiasa, Baiesa or Baiasa), Metsovo (Aminciu), Konitsa (Conitsa), Pades (Padzes), Kranea (Turia), Distrato (Briaza), Laista (Laca), Iliochori (Dovrinovo), Armata (Armata) and Smixi (Zmixi).
Furthermore, the assistance request to the Italian Consulate was signed by the seven members of the Provisional Committee:
* Doctor Dimitrie Diamandi
* Ianaculi Dabura
* Mihali Teguiani
* Tachi Nibi
* Zicu Araia, declared as "minister of the schools in the 'Republic of the Pindus'" and as "minister of culture" of the republic
* Alcibiades Diamandi
* Sterie Caragiani
The persons arrested by the Greek authorities in Samarina on 8 September 1917, were:
* Zicu Araia, head teacher of the Romanian school of Samarina
* Guli Papagheorghe, teacher of the Romanian school of Samarina
* Ianache Dabura, former mayor of Samarina
* Gherassim Zica, inhabitant of Samarina
* Ianachi Zuchi, inhabitant of Samarina
* Costachi Surbi, inhabitant of Samarina
Aftermath
In the autumn of 1918, a group of Aromanians from the Pindus declared the "Republic of the Pindus" in Korçë, which lasted for one day. This group even resisted through military means the Greek military detachment that had originally gone to the village of Vovousa to take it over from the withdrawing Italians.
A renewed attempt at the creation of an independent state in the Pindus would take place during World War II with the Principality of the Pindus.
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WIKI
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Page:The grammar of English grammars.djvu/632
woman cast a piece of a millstone upon Abimelech's head, and all to break his skull."--Judges, ix, 53. Perhaps the interpretation of this may be, "and ''so as completely to break'' his skull." The octavo edition stereotyped by "the Bible Association of Friends in America," has it, "and all-to brake his skull." This, most probably, was supposed by the editors to mean, "and ''completely broke his skull;" but all-to'' is no proper compound word, and therefore the change is a perversion. The Septuagint, the Vulgate, and the common French version, all accord with the simple indicative construction, "and broke his skull."
OBS. 27.--According to Lindley Murray, "The infinitive mood is often made absolute, or used independently on [say of] the rest of the sentence, supplying the place of the conjunction that with the potential mood: as, To confess the truth, I was in fault;' To begin with the first;' To proceed;' To conclude;' that is, 'That I may confess,' &c."--Murray's Gram., 8vo, p. 184; Ingersoll's Gram., p. 244. Some other compilers have adopted the same doctrine. But on what ground the substitution of one mood for the other is imagined, I see not. The reader will observe that this potential mood is here just as much "made absolute," as is the infinitive; for there is nothing expressed to which the conjunction that connects the one phrase, or the preposition to the other. But possibly, in either case, there may be an ellipsis of some antecedent term; and surely, if we imagine the construction to be complete without any such term, we make the conjunction the more anomalous word of the two. Confession of the truth, is here the aim of speaking, but not of what is spoken. The whole sentence may be, "In order to confess the truth, I admit that I was in fault." Or, "In order that I may confess the truth, I admit that I was in fault." I do not deny, that the infinitive, or a phrase of which the infinitive is a part, is sometimes put absolute; for, if it is not so in any of the foregoing examples, it appears to be so in the following: "For every object has several faces, so to speak, by which it may be presented to us."--Blair's Rhet., p. 41. "To declare a thing shall be, long before it is in being, and then to bring about the accomplishment of that very thing, according to the same declaration; this, or nothing, is the work of God."--Justin Martyr.
"To be, or not to be;--that is the question."--Shakspeare.
"To die;--to sleep;--To sleep! perchance, to dream!"--Id., Hamlet.
OBS. 28.--The infinitive usually follows the word on which it depends, or to which the particle to connects it; but this order is sometimes reversed: as, "To beg I am ashamed."--Luke, xvi, 3. "To keep them no longer in suspense, [I say plainly,] Sir Roger de Coverly is dead."--Addison. "To suffer, as to do, Our strength is equal."--Milton.
"To catch your vivid scenes, too gross her hand."--Thomson.
OBS. 29.--Though, in respect to its syntax, the infinitive is oftener connected with a verb, a participle, or an adjective, than with a noun or a pronoun, it should never be so placed that the reader will be liable to mistake the person to whom, or the thing to which, the being, action, or passion, pertains. Examples of error: "This system will require a long time to be executed as it should be."--Journal of N. Y. Lit. Convention, 1830, p. 91. It is not the time, that is to be executed; therefore say, "This system, to be executed as it should be, will require a long time." "He spoke in a manner distinct enough to be heard by the whole assembly."--Murray's Key, 8vo, p. 192. This implies that the orator's manner was heard! But the grammarian interprets his own meaning, by the following alternative: "Or--He spoke distinctly enough to be heard by the whole assembly."--Ibid. This suggests that the man himself was heard. "When they hit upon a figure that pleases them, they are loth to part with it, and frequently continue it so long, as to become tedious and intricate."--Murray's Gram., p. 341. Is it the authors, or their figure, that becomes tedious and intricate? If the latter, strike out, "so long, as to become," and say, "till it becomes." "Facts are always of the greatest consequence to be remembered during the course of the pleading."--Blair's Rhet., p. 272. The rhetorician here meant: "The facts stated in an argument, are always those parts of it, which it is most important that the hearers should be made to remember."
OBS. 30.--According to some grammarians, "The Infinitive of the verb to be, is often understood; as, 'I considered it [to be] necessary to send the dispatches.'"--W. Allen's Gram., p. 166. In this example, as in thousands more, of various forms, the verb to be may be inserted without affecting the sense; but I doubt the necessity of supposing an ellipsis in such sentences. The adjective or participle that follows, always relates to the preceding objective; and if a noun is used, it is but an other objective in apposition with the former: as, "I considered it an imposition." The verb to be, with the perfect participle, forms the passive infinitive; and the supposition of such an ellipsis, extensively affects one's mode of parsing. Thus, "He considered himself insulted," "I will suppose the work accomplished," and many similar sentences, might be supposed to contain passive infinitives. Allen says, "In the following construction, the words in italics are (elliptically) passive infinitives; I saw the bird caught, and the hare killed; we heard the letters read."--W. Allen's Gram., p. 168. Dr. Priestley observes, "There is a remarkable ambiguity in the use of the participle preterite, as the same word may express a thing either doing, or done; as, I went to see the child dressed."--Priestley's Gram., p. 125. If the Doctor's participle is ambiguous, I imagine that Allen's infinitives are just as much so. "The participle which we denominate past, often means an action whilst performing: thus, I saw the battle fought, and the standard lowered."--Wilson's Essay, p. 158. Sometimes, especially in familiar conversation, an infinitive verb is suppressed, and the sign of it retained; as, "They might have aided us; they
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WIKI
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Spirulina!
Dear friends of Gramm Bulkshop, we share some information about Spirulina:
Spirulina is a unicellular algae rich in proteins, vitamins and minerals, which makes it an excellent nutritional source.
This organism contains within its cells a single DNA molecule. In addition, it has granules of polyphosphate, glycogen and cyanophycin, which are responsible for the high protein content.
* It has Omega 6 fatty acids, often indicated to regulate cholesterol and triglyceride levels, which in turn translates into a reduction in the risk of angina, heart attacks and other heart problems.
*Useful to protect the skin. Due to its high beta-carotene content, it becomes an effective solution to protect the skin from the effects of the sun, since it stimulates the secretion of melanin, whose function is to protect the skin from solar radiation.
* Provides energy. The energy contribution provided by the consumption of spirulina makes it ideal for people who have high wear and tear on an intellectual and physical level.
*Effective to lose weight; because it has a high content of phenylalanine, an amino acid that has the property of reducing the feeling of hunger and decreases inflammation at the level of adipose tissue.
*They have antioxidant effects
*It has a high protein and mineral content
*It has anti-inflammatory virtues
*Acts as a revitalizer
*It is a prebiotic, as it protects the immune system.
*Source of many vitamins and minerals
*Helps increase muscle mass
*Lowers cholesterol and triglycerides
*Reduces fat accumulated in the liver
*Controls blood pressure
It is a great source of minerals, such as: phosphorus, copper, calcium, iron, chromium, manganese, magnesium, zinc, selenium, potassium and germanium.
Spirulina is considered very effective in improving visual disorders such as night blindness, due to its high levels of vitamin A.
Being a source of antioxidants such as vitamin A and vitamin C, it helps reduce cell damage caused by free radicals.
Use:
Using it in salads, soups, and stir-fries adds color, flavor, and lots of goodness. Thanks to the fact that it contains chlorophyll, it helps to improve intestinal transit and eliminate toxins, which is why it has a purifying effect.
It should be avoided by those taking medications that may increase the risk of bleeding.
People who suffer from hyperthyroidism, liver diseases or autoimmune pathologies should avoid its consumption.
We want to reduce the use of plastic, we use paper covers and we invite you to bring your favorite bag, as well as your containers to fill them with the necessary amount.
Visit our cozy store in Sucre 14-14 and Estevez de Toral, near to San Sebastián Park. 099 505 9604, grammbulkshop@gmail.com
We will be happy to assist you.
Monday to Friday from 9 AM to 5:30 PM
Saturday from 7 AM to 1 PM
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Jessica
099 505 9604
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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Date of Award
2022
Document Type
Open Access Thesis
Degree Name
MS in Physician Assistant Studies (PA)
Department
Physician Assistant Studies
First Advisor
Ryane Lester, PA-C
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Intermittent fasting is a unique intervention that is beginning to be studied more extensively for weight loss, positive alterations in serum lipid profile, and improvement of insulin resistance which are all modifiable risk factors for the development of cardiovascular disease.
Purpose: The research question at the center of this literature review is: does the addition of intermittent fasting reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease? The reduction of cardiovascular disease was studied through alterations in weight, cholesterol, and diabetic labs.
Methods: A comprehensive literature review was conducted using academic search premier ultimate and pubmed using the search terms intermittent fasting, time restricted feeding, weight loss, lipid profile, diabetes, and insulin resistance. Inclusion criteria were primary studies that were published within the last 5 years. Exclusion criteria were review articles and primary studies published prior to 2017.
Conclusions: Intermittent fasting may aid in reductions of modifiable risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease including body weight, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. More research consisting of large, randomized controlled trials is necessary to reproduce the results to incorporate intermittent fasting into medical guidelines.
Identifier
SC 11.PAS.2022.DeKam.E
Included in
Cardiology Commons
Share
COinS
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ESSENTIALAI-STEM
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-- Thailand's Central Retail Made Offer for Italy's Rinascente, Mondo Says
Thailand’s Central Retail Corp Ltd.
made an offer for Italian department store chain La Rinascente,
valuing the company at 200 million euros ($278 million)
excluding real estate, weekly Il Mondo reported. The offer was made earlier this month, Il Mondo reported,
without saying where it got the information. Italy’s Benetton
and De Agostini families may also be interested in the deal,
according to Il Mondo, which is Corriere della Sera’s business
magazine. To contact the reporter on this story:
Armorel Kenna in Milan at
akenna@bloomberg.net To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Celeste Perri at cperri@bloomberg.net
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NEWS-MULTISOURCE
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While attempting to land near a remote site in East Antarctica on 9 December 1987, a ski-equipped Hercules (LC-130) airplane, owned by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and operated by U.S. Navy pilots of the Antarctic Development Squadron Six (VXE-6), crashed. Two of the 11 Navy personnel who were on board the airplane were killed, and one was seriously injured. The airplane, which was completely destroyed, was the only one of NSF's LC-130 airplanes that was configured for aerial photography and other science projects. The LC-130 airplane was making a routine supply delivery to the field camp at the site (called D-59) where Navy personnel, employees of Lockheed Georgia Company, and employees of NSF's Antarctic contractor ITT/Antarctic Services Inc. were working to repair a LC-130 that had crashed in 1971. D-59 is approximately 750 nautical miles (860 statute miles) northwest of McMurdo Station and about 110 nautical miles (125 statute miles) inland from the Adelie Coast. Since mid November, Navy pilots had been making regular flights to this site to bring supplies and equipment.
Rescue efforts at the site Among the first people from the D-59 camp to arrive at the crash site were U. S. Navy Corpsman Second-Class Barney Card and two Lockheed employees Brad Honeycutt and Johnny Howard. Card, the only person at the camp who was qualified to provide medical assistance, and Honeycutt began searching one side of the cockpit of the smoking airplane for survivors, while Howard searched the other. Howard was the first to see the crew struggling to find a way out. As they searched for a way to reach the trapped crew, these three along with others from camp realized that they had very little time. Fuel was already leaking into the cockpit, and the airplane's electrical power was still operating. Finally, they found a small hole in the cockpit and began to pull out the victims one by one.
They moved the victims from the wreckage to snowmobiles so that they could be make the mile-long trek to the camp, The litters were only 15 feet from the airplane when first explosions rocked the burning airplane. All of the victims and some of the cargo, however, had been removed. The men were taken to a makeshift emergency room where they were treated by Card and others under his direction. Although McMurdo Station had been notified, a rescue airplane crew with doctors and other corpsman was delayed by bad weather and did not arrive until eight and half hours after the crash. According to Lt. David S. Kermode, the Navy doctor who cared for the victims at McMurdo, "This was a situation that would have tasked a hospital emergency room. Card had nine cases--four of them serious, one who would have died without him."
Four of the more seriously injured were transported from McMurdo Station to Christchurch, New Zealand, for further treatment. The others were treated at McMurdo Station.
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FINEWEB-EDU
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Hipour
Hipour was a master navigator from the navigational school of Weriyeng and the island of Puluwat.
He is notable for teaching author Thomas Gladwin the art of navigation for his 1970 book, East Is a Big Bird, which greatly reinvigorated interest in traditional Pacific celestial navigation.
Hipour also accompanied David Henry Lewis on his ketch Isbjorn from Puluwat to Saipan and back, using traditional navigation techniques, which helped to fuel a renaissance in voyaging between the Caroline and Mariana Islands.
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WIKI
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User:GeforcebOY
About My Name
It was originally used in a computer forum as my love for Nvidia. I followed them extremely closely and have had every single generation since the TNT minus the Geforce3.
What Brought Me Here
My interest in the new ATi GPU's brought me here.
Your Not Just Into Video Cards?
No i love my cars and snowboarding as well. I am currently in school at my home city of Norwich in the UK.
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WIKI
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