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Lessons Learned About
What is Lasik and is the Procedure Safe?
If you are someone who sits looking at a computer every day, then you know the feeling of waking every day with blurred eyes and the pressure is heightened when you do not know what you can wear for a special occasion and therefore the need to have Lasik.
The Lasik procedure which is the eye surgery is done if you happen to have astigmatism or either you are far sighted or near sighted and this service is available at Focal Point Vision for example.
However, before the procedure the surgeon will advise you if you are legible for Lasik and therefore there are multiple exams which will be dome to you to determine if the surgery is fit for you and will be checking for the eye dryness, cornea size, pupil shape and refractive errors.
Laski is not done to everyone especially you have large pupils, if you are a nursing mother, you are pregnant, you are under 18 years and if you have scarred cornea and you can visit Lasik San Antonio.
Once the doctor has examined and found that there are no factors which are inhibiting you from doing Lasik, then you are given a go ahead to a 20/20 step closer to vision and this service can be accessed at lasik san antonio for example.
One way to know if Lasik is safe or not is by judging by the results however, not many people are willing to talk about it because people have accepted that having a 20/20 vision is normal.
If you are wondering what Lasik is and why you need it to improve your eyesight, you can have the eye surgeon explaining the details to you so that you have the information on Lasik, you can also visit lasik eye surgery san antonio.
Lasik involves having the doctor use a laser to open a thin flap of the cornea surface, another laser is used to reshape the cornea and once the procedure is complete a thin flap is placed over your cornea, because of this the eye will not be stitched and there is no use of bandage hence no eye infections.
Once the procedure is completed, there is no stitching or ruse of bandage required hence there are minimal cases of eye infection with Lasik, see more now.
Some of the either complication which could arise after Lasik is over correction or under correction and you may be forced to use glasses for some activities though it is not common especially when it is done by a professional from Focal Point Vision for example.
After the procedure and the eye has healed you may experience dry eye syndrome however you can contact your doctor, and this is why you need to look for the best Lasik surgeons in San Antonio for instance. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
stickest
Verb
* 1) * 1787,, "Hitopadesa of Vishnusarman" (1787, aka "Hitopadesa of Vishnu Sarman"); repr. in Works (1807), Vol. 13, p. 8:
* alas! my child, by not passing the night wisely in reading, when thou art among the learned, thou stickest like a calf in the mud.
* 1) * 1787,, "Hitopadesa of Vishnusarman" (1787, aka "Hitopadesa of Vishnu Sarman"); repr. in Works (1807), Vol. 13, p. 8:
* alas! my child, by not passing the night wisely in reading, when thou art among the learned, thou stickest like a calf in the mud.
Etymology 2
From.
Adjective
* 1) (stickiest).
* What is the stickest kind of gum?
* What is the stickest tape to hold something up with?
* What is the stickest thing on earth? | WIKI |
Phoenix man indicted on 8 counts of murder
(CNN)A man accused in a series of apparently random street shootings in the Phoenix area has been indicted on eight counts of first-degree murder, authorities said Friday. Aaron Saucedo, 23, is being held in the Maricopa County Jail on $8 million bail. Court documents obtained from CNN affiliate KTVK/KPHO show Saucedo was also indicted on two counts of aggravated assault with a deadly weapon, one count of discharging a firearm, one count of endangerment, six counts of drive-by shooting, and two counts of attempted first degree murder. Suspect arrested after pistol found in pawn shop The man called "the serial street shooter" usually struck at night, standing outside his car and blasting away with a semi-automatic pistol. The city's fear peaked because most of the killings came in a cluster, with seven people slain in a two-and-a-half-month period in the spring of 2016. The deadliest shooting happened June 12, when three people -- a 12-year-old girl and two women in their 30s -- died after being shot outside a house. Police said most of the shootings happened in the low-income neighborhood of Maryvale as the victims walked down streets or stood in their yards. Saucedo was charged last May in the street shootings. He was already in jail on charges he killed his mother's boyfriend in August 2015, said Maricopa County Attorney spokeswoman Amanda Jacinto. In all, he is now charged with nine counts of murder. Saucedo's next scheduled court appearance is July 6. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:History of Greece Vol VI.djvu/179
SECOND AND THIRD YEARS OF THE WAR. 157 vision in regard to the future, the same sentiment which Th j- cydides mentions in his preface, 1 as having animated him to the composition of his history, was at that time a duty so little understood, that we have reason to admire not less the manner in which he performs it in practice, than the distinctness with which he conceives it in theory. We may infer from his lan- guage that speculation in his day was active respecting the causes of this plague, according to the vague and fanciful physics and scanty stock of ascertained facts, which was all that could then be consulted. By resisting the itch of theorising from one of those loose hypotheses which then appeared plausibly to explain everything, he probably renounced the point of view from which most credit and interest ^ould be derivable at the time : but his simple and precise summary of observed facts carries with it an imperishable value, and even affords grounds for imagining, that he was no stranger to the habits and training of his contempo rary, Hippokrates, and the other Asklepiads of Cos. 2 unusual rains, watery quality of grain, absence of the Etesian winds, etc., may perhaps be true of the revival of the epidemic in the fifth year of the war, but can hardly be true of its first appearance ; since Tlmcydides states that the year in other respects was unusually healthy, and the epidemic was evidently brought from foreign parts to Peirseus. 1 Thucyd. i, 22. baai vird larpuv uvo/j,aa/4evai elaiv, fcirrtsaav, which would seem to indicate a familiarity with the medical terminology : compare also his allusion to the speculations of the physicians, cited in the previous note; and c. 51 rci irdaij diairy depaKEVofieva, etc. In proof how rare the conception was, in ancient times, of the impor- tance of collecting and registering particular medical facts, I transcribe the following observations from M. Littre ((Euvres d'Hippocrate, torn, iv, p. 646, Rcmarques Retrospectives). " Toutefois ce qu'il importe ici de constatcr, ce n'cst pas qu'Hippocrate a observe' de telle ou telle maniere, mais c'est qu'il a cu 1'idc'e de recueillir et de consigner des fails particuliers. En offer, rien, dans 1'antiquite, n'a etc pins rare que ce soin : outre Hippocrate, je nc connois qu'Erasistrate qui so soit occupe* de relatcr sous cctte forme les rdsultats dc son experience cliniquc. Ni Galicn lui-meme, ni Aretec, ni Soranus, ni les autrcs qui sont arrive's jusqu'a nous, n'ont suivi un aussi louable exemple. Les observa- tions consignees dans la collection Hippocratique constituent la plus grand* partic, a. bcaucoup pres. de cc quo 1'antiquite' a posse'de' en ce genre : et si, en commcntant le travail d'Hippc~rate, on 1'avait un pcu finite', nous
* See the words of Tlmcydides, ii, 49. KOI uiroKadupaeic o/,j)f nuaai, | WIKI |
Elizabeth Wilson (disambiguation)
Elizabeth Wilson (1921–2015) was an American actress.
Elizabeth Wilson (or variants) may also refer to:
Characters
* Liz Wilson, fictional character in Garfield
* Elizabeth "Harriot" Wilson (c. 1762–1786), figure in the folklore of southeastern Pennsylvania
Others
* Lady Elizabeth Wilson (1907–2008), Australian activist
* Bettie Wilson (1890–2006), American supercentenarian
* Betty Wilson (1921–2010), cricketer
* Betty Wilson (politician) (born 1932), American politician in New Jersey
* Betty Wilson, final victim of serial killer Richard Laurence Marquette
* Elizabeth Wilson (author) (born 1936), feminist independent researcher and writer
* Elizabeth Wilson (doctor) (1926–2016), family planning physician and right to die campaigner
* Elizabeth A. Wilson, professor of women’s, gender, and sexuality studies
* Elizabeth Wilson (screenwriter) (1914–2000), American screenwriter
* Elizabeth Wilson (politician) (born 1964), American politician in Iowa
* Elizabeth Wilson (biographer), author of the lives of Rostropovich and Shostakovich | WIKI |
Oru Muthassi Katha
Oru Muthassi Katha is a 1988 Indian Malayalam-language drama film directed by Priyadarshan and written by Jagadeesh. The film stars Vineeth and Nirosha, supported by Thiagarajan with K. B. Ganesh Kumar, M. G. Soman, Innocent and Lizy playing other important roles. The film was failure at the box office.
Plot
The story is set in a fisherman village in the western coast of Kerala. The story revolves around the antagonist Chemparundu who is responsible for many murders in the village. Karthu, the daughter of Chemparundu falls for Chanthu, an orphan. As the story progresses, Unnikrishnan, a young man with mysterious intentions arrives at the village for fishing business.
Cast
* Vineeth as Chanthu
* Nirosha as Karthu
* Thiagarajan as Chemparundu Machan
* K. B. Ganesh Kumar as Unnikrishnan
* M. G. Soman as Mayinkutty
* Sukumaran as Rajasekharan
* Jalaja as Parvathi
* Innocent as Thampuran
* Lizy as Thresia
* Maniyanpilla Raju as Abdu
* Jagadish as Anthappan
* Jagathy Sreekumar as Chellayyan
* Thikkurissy Sukumaran Nair as Uppooppa
* Sukumari as Akkan
* Kuthiravattam Pappu as Koyammedikka
* Bobby Kottarakkara as Varghese
* Jose as Bapputty
* Santhosh as Karuppayyan
* Jayalalita as Valli
* V. K. Pavithran
* Philomina as Unniyeri, Guest Appearance in Song "Nalla Muthassiyamma"
Soundtrack
The music has been provided by Ouseppachan for the lyrics written by Shibu Chakravarthy.
Trivia
* This is one of the rare Malayalam films of Priyadarshan without his friend and actor Mohanlal.
* Film maker V. K. Pavithran appeared in a cameo for Oru Muthassi Katha
* Malayalam script writer and actor Sreenivasan dubbed for Thiagarajan | WIKI |
Page:The Granite Monthly Volume 9.djvu/375
Banks and Bankers of Concord.
��345
��The deposits iu September of the current 3'ear amounted to §886,690.72, while the surplus, guaranty fund, and premium 6n stocks and bonds aggre- gated the resources of the bank to $1,010,178.38.
Hon. John Kimball, the treasurer, has received, in an earlier volume of the Granite Monthly, a brief bio- graphical sketch.
THE LOAN AND TRUST SAVINGS BANK
was incorporated iu June, 1872, by J. Everett Sargent, Asa Fowler, Geo. G. Fogg, William Butterfield, John V. Barron, James Peverly, Nathaniel White, James S. Norris, Calvin Howe, and others. Hon. J. Everett Sargent was elected president at the first meet- ing of the bank, and has held the of- fice ever since. John V. Barron, the first treasurer, was succeeded in 1878 by George A. Fernald ; in 1885, by John F. Jones.
The total resources of the bank at present amount to $1,933,205.29, of which sum SI, 826, 956. 47 is due to depositors, leaving a surplus of §111,248.82.
The present trustees are J. Everett Sargent, James S. Norris, Lewis Downing, Jr., John F. Jones, Silas Curtis, Howard A. Dodge, John H. Barron, Leander W. Cogswell, Paul R. Holdeu, Howard L. Porter, John M. Mitchell, and William H. Allison.
A sketch of Hon. J. Everett Sar- gent appeared in Volume III of the Granite Monthly.
john f. jones,
the treasurer, son of Jonathan and Sarah (Currier) Jones, was born in Hopkinton, March 31, 1835 ; was ed-
��ucated at the Hopkinton academy ; married October 23, 1861, Maria H. Barnard, and has two sous. He went into business for himself in 1861 in the village of Contoocook, retiring iu 1869. Siuce then he has carried on his farm of two hundred acres iu West Hopkinton, and been much en- gaged in business in Hopkinton and adjoining towns. He was for several years town-clerk and treasurer of Hopkinton ; a member of the last con- stitutioual convention ; a director of the First National Bank of Hillsbor- ough ; a director of the National State Capital Bank of Concord ; a trustee of the Loau and Trust Savings Bauk ; treasurer of the Antiquarian Societ}' of Contoocook since its organization ; treasurer of Merrimack county ; treas- urer of the New Hampshire Press As- sociation ; treasurer of the Woodsum Steamboat Company ; treasurer of the Manufacturers and Merchants' Mu- tual Fire Insurance Company of Con- cord.
Mr. Jones is a Mason, a member of Aurora Lodge, Woods Chapter, and Mount Horeb Commandery. He is also au Odd Fellow, a Democrat, and a member of the First Baptist church of Hopkinton.
He was appointed treasurer of the Loau and Trust Savings Bank in De- (iember, 1885.
His friends say that he is a very able financier, systematic, of large business capacity, successful, widely known, and highly respected.
It would not be fitting in writing up the banks of Concord to omit private banking establishments. The first to be considered, by reason of seniority, is the firm of
�� � | WIKI |
Bronchoawveowar wavage
From Wikipedia, de free encycwopedia
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Bronchoawveowar wavage
Pronunciation/ˌbrɒŋkˌæwviˈwər wəˈvɑːʒ/ (About this soundwisten)
Oder namesBAL
ICD-9-CM33.24
MeSHD018893
Bronchoawveowar wavage (BAL) [not to be confused wif bronchiaw washing], is a medicaw procedure in which a bronchoscope is passed drough de mouf or nose into de wungs and fwuid is sqwirted into a smaww part of de wung and den cowwected for examination, uh-hah-hah-hah. It is typicawwy performed to diagnose wung disease.[1]
In particuwar, bronchoawveowar wavage is commonwy used to diagnose infections in peopwe wif immune system probwems,[2] pneumonia in peopwe on ventiwators, some types of wung cancer, and scarring of de wung (interstitiaw wung disease). It is de most common medod used to sampwe de epidewiaw wining fwuid (ELF) and to determine de protein composition of de puwmonary airways. It is often used in immunowogicaw research as a means of sampwing cewws (for exampwe, T cewws) or padogen wevews (for exampwe, infwuenza virus) in de wung.
BAL has been used for derapeutic appwications.[3] Whowe wung wavage (WLL; informawwy, "wung washing"[4]) is a treatment for puwmonary awveowar proteinosis.[5]
See awso[edit]
References[edit]
1. ^ "Bronchoawveowar Lavage" (PDF). Atwas of Criticaw Care Procedures. American Thoracic Society.
2. ^ Henderson AJ (March 1994). "Bronchoawveowar wavage". Arch. Dis. Chiwd. 70 (3): 167–9. doi:10.1136/adc.70.3.167. PMC 1029733. PMID 8135556.
3. ^ Danew, C.; Israew-Biet, D.; Costabew, U.; Kwech, H. (1992). "Therapeutic appwications of bronchoawveowar wavage". European Respiratory Journaw. 5 (10): 1173–1175. ISSN 0903-1936. PMID 1486961.
4. ^ "How 'Lung Washing' Hewps Patients Breade Again". heawdessentiaws. Cwevewand Cwinic. August 6, 2014.
5. ^ Michaud, Gaëtane; Reddy, Chakravardy; Ernst, Armin (2009). "Whowe-wung wavage for puwmonary awveowar proteinosis". Chest. 136 (6): 1678–1681. doi:10.1378/chest.09-2295. PMID 19995769. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Pointers in C
A pointer is C is simply an address. If the variable ptr is a pointer, then the statement
ptr = 0x0020;
will set the pointer to address 0x0020.
The statement
x = *ptr;
will read the value from the address and store it in the variable x.
The statement
*ptr = x;
will write the value of x to the address of the pointer.
When you refer to a pointer, how does the compiler know whether you want to access an 8-bit signed number or a 16-bit unsigned number? You tell the compiler this when you declare the pointer. For example, if you declare the pointer with this statement:
unsigned int *ptr1;
the compiler will know that when you refer to *ptr1 you are refering to an unsigned 16-bit number. If you declare the pointer with:
char *ptr2;
the compiler will know that when you refer to *ptr2 you are refering to a signed 8-bit number.
When using the HC11 you often want to refer to one of its registers, which is either an 8-bit number of a 16-bit number at a fixed address. For example, PORTB is an 8-bit unsigned number at address 0x1004 and TCNT is a 16-bit unsigned number at address 0x100E. You can access these ports through the following defines:
#define PORTB (*(unsigned char *) 0x1004)
#define TCNT (*(unsigned int *) 0x100E)
The *(unsigned char*) and *(unsigned int *) are called type casts in C.
The necessary defines for all of the ports of the HC11 are defined in the header file hc11.h. When you put this statement in your C program:
#include <hc11.h>
you can refer to the name PORTB and the compiler will know that you are refering to an unsigned 8-bit number. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Pulasthipriyan
Current City : Colombo
Hometown: Badulla
Sex: Male
Birthday: 19th June 1983
Languages: Sinhala, Tamil, English
Religion: Theravada Buddhist
Political Views: Liberalism
http://www.facebook.com/pulasthiw | WIKI |
MPlayer
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
This article is about the open source media player. For Microsoft's media player (mplayer2.exe), see Windows Media Player. For the online gaming community, see MPlayer.com.
MPlayer
MPlayer.svg
MPlayer.png
MPlayer on Linux using the gMplayer front-end
Developer(s) MPlayer team
Initial release 2000; 16 years ago (2000)
Stable release 1.3.0 (February 16, 2016; 3 months ago (2016-02-16)) [±]
Preview release SVN snapshot [±]
Written in C
Platform Cross-platform
Available in English, Hungarian, Polish, Russian and Spanish
Type Media player
License GNU GPLv2[1]
Website mplayerhq.hu
MPlayer is a free and open-source media player. The program is available for all major operating systems, including Linux, Mac OS X and other Unix-like systems, as well as for Microsoft Windows. Versions for OS/2, Syllable, AmigaOS, MorphOS and AROS Research Operating System are also available. A port for DOS using DJGPP is also available.[2] Versions for the Wii Homebrew Channel[3] and Amazon Kindle[4] have also been developed.
History[edit]
Development of MPlayer began in 2000. The original author, Hungarian Árpád Gereöffy, started the project because he was unable to find any satisfactory video players for Linux after XAnim stopped development in 1999.[5] The first version was titled mpg12play v0.1 and was hacked together in a half-hour using libmpeg3 from www.heroinewarrior.com. After mpg12play v0.95pre5, the code was merged with an AVI player based on avifile's Win32 DLL loader to form MPlayer v0.3 in November 2000.[6] Gereöffy was soon joined by many other programmers, in the beginning mostly from Hungary, but later worldwide.
Alex Beregszászi has maintained MPlayer since 2003 when Gereöffy left MPlayer development to begin work on a second generation MPlayer. The MPlayer G2 project is currently abandoned, and all the development effort is put on MPlayer 1.0.[7]
MPlayer was previously called "MPlayer - The Movie Player for Linux" by its developers but this was later shortened to "MPlayer - The Movie Player" after it became commonly used on other operating systems.
Video acceleration[edit]
There are various SIP blocks that can do the computations to decode video in certain formats, such as PureVideo, UVD, QuickSync Video, TI Ducati and more. Such needs to be supported by the device driver, which in turn provides one or multiple interfaces, like e.g. VDPAU, VAAPI, Distributed Codec Engine or DXVA to end-user software like MPlayer to access this hardware and offload computation to it.
Capabilities and classification[edit]
MPlayer can play a wide variety of media formats,[8] namely any format supported by FFmpeg libraries, and can also save all streamed content to a file locally.
A companion program, called MEncoder, can take an input stream or file and transcode it into several different output formats, optionally applying various transforms along the way.
Media formats[edit]
MPlayer being run via command line in Microsoft Windows.
MPlayer can play many formats, including:[9]
MPlayer can also use a variety of output driver protocols to display video, including VDPAU, the X video extension, OpenGL, DirectX, Direct3D, Quartz Compositor, VESA, Framebuffer, SDL and rarer ones such as ASCII art (using AAlib and libcaca) and Blinkenlights. It can also be used to display TV from a TV card using the device tv://channel, or play and capture radio channels via radio://channel|frequency.
Since version 1.0RC1, Mplayer can decode subtitles in ASS/SSA subtitle format, using libass.
Available plugins[edit]
Interface and Graphical front-ends[edit]
Like GStreamer, MPlayer is a command-line application and there are a couple of front-ends available, which use GUI widgets of GTK+, Qt or some other widget library. When not using these front-ends, mplayer can still display video in a window (with no visible controls on it), and is controlled using a keyboard.
Forks[edit]
mplayer2 is a GPLv3-licensed fork of MPlayer, largely the work of Uoti Urpala, who has been ejected from the MPlayer project on May 30, 2010 due to "long standing differences" with the MPlayer Team.[13] The main changes from MPlayer were improved pause handling, Matroska support, seeking, and support for Nvidia VDPAU; enabling multithreading by default; using gettext for translations; and the removal of MEncoder, the GUI interface, and various video drivers and bundled libraries, such as ffmpeg, relying instead on shared libraries.[14][15] The developers also indicated intentions to enable MPlayer2 to use libav as an alternative to ffmpeg.[16] The first release, 2.0, was published in March 2011. There have been no subsequent stable releases.
mpv[17] is a GPLv2-licensed fork of mplayer2 and effectively its successor.
MPlayer, MPlayer2 and mpv all use incompatible EDL formats.[18][19][20]
Legal issues[edit]
In January 2004, the MPlayer website was updated with an allegation that the Danish DVD player manufacturer, KISS Technology, were marketing DVD players with firmware that included parts of MPlayer's GPL-licensed code. The implication was that KISS was violating the GPL, since KISS did not release its firmware under the GPL license. The response from the managing director of KISS, Peter Wilmar Christensen, countered that the similarities between the two pieces of code indicate that the MPlayer team had in fact used code from KISS's firmware.[21] However, the KISS DVD player, released in 2003, used a subtitle file format that is specific to MPlayer, which was designed by an MPlayer developer in 2001.[21]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
1. ^ http://mplayerhq.hu/design7/info.html
2. ^ "Index of /pub/micro/pc-stuff/freedos/files/util/user/mplayer". Ibiblio.org. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
3. ^ Erant. "libdi and the DVDX installer". Hackmii.com. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
4. ^ "kindlebrew". Gitorious. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
5. ^ "The XAnim Home Page". Xanim.polter.net. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
6. ^ History
7. ^ "MPlayer - The Movie Player". Retrieved 2012-06-24.
8. ^ "Codec Status Table". Mplayerhq.hu. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
9. ^ "MPlayer Features". Mplayerhq.hu. Retrieved 2012-01-01.
10. ^ "README". Retrieved 2016-03-19.
11. ^ "What about the GUI?". Retrieved 2016-03-19.
12. ^ "MPlayer OSX Extended". 2011-12-09. Retrieved 2015-01-23.
13. ^ "Is MPlayer2 a viable fork of MPlayer?". Phoronix. 2011-03-24. Retrieved 2014-04-18.
14. ^ "mplayer2 differences from mplayer". 2011. Archived from the original on May 4, 2012. Retrieved May 4, 2015.
15. ^ "Did You Know there was a Fork of MPlayer?". ostatic.com. 2011-03-22. Retrieved 2011-11-29.
16. ^ "Libav going to be default provider for your codec experience (comment)". January 16, 2013.
17. ^ "mpv.io". Retrieved 2015-01-28.
18. ^ "3.7. Edit Decision Lists (EDL)". Retrieved 21 Jul 2015.
19. ^ "EDL: add support for new EDL file format". MPlayer2. Archived from the original on 16 Mar 2014.
20. ^ "EDL files". mpv. 25 Oct 2014. Retrieved 21 Jul 2015.
21. ^ a b "MPlayer - The Movie Player". 2004-01-10. Retrieved 2012-06-24.
External links[edit] | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
1976–77 National Basketball League season
The 1976–77 Guinness National Basketball League season was the fifth season of the National Basketball League.
The league was sponsored by Guinness and the number of teams participating remained at ten. The Embassy All-Stars relocated to Milton Keynes, Cleveland became Durham and Bedford replaced Leeds.
The Crystal Palace team completed a second consecutive double of National League and Cup and were beginning to achieve national public recognition. There were no playoffs for the League during this era and Carl Olsson was awarded the season MVP award. | WIKI |
Tropical Storm Don Downgraded on Texas Coast
Tropical Storm Don has been
downgraded to a tropical depression as it moved across the Texas
coastline near Baffin Bay last night, the U.S. National
Hurricane Center said. The depression was about 40 miles south of Corpus Christi ,
Texas, with maximum winds of 35 miles (56 kilometers) per hour,
according to a hurricane center advisory issued just before
10 p.m. local time. All storm warnings for the coast have been
canceled. “Don is forecast to dissipate in a day or so as it moves
farther inland,” the advisory said. “Data from an Air Force
hurricane hunter plane indicate that the winds are also rapidly
decreasing.” At its height, Don forced the shutdown of more than 11.9
percent of oil production and 6.2 percent of gas output from the
Gulf of Mexico , the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management,
Regulation and Enforcement said yesterday. Storms are watched closely because they are a threat to oil
and natural gas interests in the Gulf, home to 31 percent of
U.S. oil output and 7 percent of natural gas production. Coastal
refineries account for 7.61 million barrels a day, or 42 percent
of U.S. capacity. Personnel were evacuated from 56 oil and gas platforms and
four rigs in the Gulf, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management
said. Forecasters also are tracking two other areas of disturbed
weather that have the potential to become storms. One is about
1,100 miles east-southeast of the Lesser Antilles that has a 50
percent chance of becoming a tropical cyclone in the next two
days, according to the hurricane center. The second is off the coast of Nicaragua and bringing rain
across Central America, the center said. It has a near-zero
percent chance of becoming a storm in the next two days because
it’s so close to land. To contact the reporter on this story:
Brian K. Sullivan in Boston at
bsullivan10@bloomberg.net . To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Dan Stets at dstets@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Hi everyone, I am working on a 3D viewer using libQGLViewer. In all of the examples provided, the main function looks something like this:
int main(int argc, char** argv){
QApplication application(argc, argv);
Viewer viewer;
#if QT_VERSION < 0x040000
application.setMainWidget(&viewer);
#else
viewer.setWindowTitle("pointCloud");
#endif
viewer.show();
return(g_qApplication.exec()); //waits for Esc
}
The application and viewer objects need only be referenced in the main loop for all of the examples provided, but for my program, I need to call a function viewer.updateGL() that exists outside the main loop. So I made viewer global. This was not OK, QApplication complained because it needs to be constructed before the Viewer. So I made QApplication application(argc, argv); global with both arguments NULL because I don't use them. QT complained and said it needs real arguments, specifically, the first argument cannot be zero and the second must contain atleast one argument. Problem is, I have no idea how to set a string in a double pointer char (ie. char **argv). I just wasted a lot of time trying to find out and didn't come up with anything. Anyone have any ideas? I basically want this: argv[0] = "./PointCloud", where argv[0][0] to argv[0][12] would contain all the letters and a NULL terminator at the end. There has to be a simple way to do this. Thanks.
Recommended Answers
I don't know much about libQGLViewer, but you could try keeping viewer local and just making a variable that points to viewer global, and call updateGL using that pointer.
Jump to Post
All 4 Replies
Read this and do the one appropriate for Win or *nix, depending on what you're coding for.
http://doc.qt.nokia.com/latest/qcoreapplication.html#arguments
The arguments are taken from the arguments you pass to the main function when you start the programme. What command line arguments are you passing in to main?
If used, the arguments to main() are always going to be at least argc = 1 and argv[0] = "[I]executableName[/I]" . As you add more command line arguments, argc will increase and argv will get more elements.
I find that it tends to help if you draw parallels between main() and user-defined functions. Try to think of argv as an array of values and argc as an "arraySize" variable. To be able to use an array (argv) effectively as an argument/parameter, you need to know the size (argc).
Thus, in this case, if you want to be able to use "./PointCloud" as your program name, that is the value that will be stored in argv[0] automatically. Any command-line switches/arguments will be stored in argv[1] or later.
I don't know much about libQGLViewer, but you could try keeping viewer local and just making a variable that points to viewer global, and call updateGL using that pointer.
I know how the command line arguments work. That is not my question. I have to make the line
QApplication application(argc, argv);
global. In order to do so I have to make two arguments. As stated in my original post, I do not know how I can set a string to a double char pointer.
chrjs,
So I already tried that. That was actually one of the first things I thought of. So as I was typing this response to you, on a hunch, I decided to try it again. I made a global Viewer *view, then set that equal to &viewer in main(), then in my function call I used (*view).updateGL(); and I was getting an error when I executed the function. Well the function was this:
void on_trackbar(int h){
(*view).updateGL();
}
on_trackbar(int h) is an openCV function that is called whenever the trackbar is moved. Turns out when I initialize the trackbar (which was in main(), before the view = &viewer) OpenCV calls this on_trackbar() function. So that's where the problem was. The (*view).updateGL() function was being called in on_trackbar() without me knowing. So I put view = &viewer; before the trackbar initialization and everything worked. Thanks, without your post I would have never tried that again.
Be a part of the DaniWeb community
We're a friendly, industry-focused community of developers, IT pros, digital marketers, and technology enthusiasts learning and sharing knowledge. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Author:Roger David Casement
Works
* The crime against Ireland and how the War may right it. Berlin: no publisher, 1914.
* Ireland, Germany and freedom of the seas: a possible outcome of the War of 1914. New York & Philadelphia: The Irish Press Bureau, 1914.
* The Crime against Europe. The causes of the War and the foundations of Peace. Berlin: The Continental Times, 1915.
* Gesammelte Schriften. Irland, Deutschland und die Freiheit der Meere und andere Aufsätze. Diessen vor München: Joseph Huber Verlag, 1916. Second expanded edition, 1917.
* Some Poems. London: The Talbot Press/T. Fisher Unwin, 1918.
* Roger Casement's speech from the dock, in Piaras F. Mac Lochlainn's Last words: letters and statements of the leaders executed after the rising at Easter 1916. Dublin: Stationery Office, 1990. | WIKI |
Shop
Showing 1–12 of 142 results
• Emergent Transition from Radial Foraging to Tree-like Raiding Patterns Induced by Complete Following for Pheromone
Abstract: Among ants that show complex and diverse collective actions, army ants are known to raid prey in groups. It has been confirmed that the characteristic pattern in a swarm raid of army ants changes from radial to tree-like with time. There are some simulation studies focusing only on the emergence of tree-like patterns. However, the models adopted in their simulations cannot represent the transition of patterns from radial to tree-like observed in the real world. In this study, we propose an army ant model with a modification of the model adopted by Solé et al. and clarify the conditions of the emergence of the transition. From the experimental simulation results of our model, we deduce that the simple modification of the Solé model can move individuals in eight directions, but it is not enough to express multidirectional to unidirectional convergence. Additionally, our simulation experiments showed that for the pattern transition from radial to tree-like, it is necessary for the individuals to keep moving forward until they get food, and for the returning individual to completely follow the pheromone.
Keywords: army ant model, radial foraging pattern, tree-like raiding pattern, swarm raid, complete following for pheromone.
• Speech Recognition Signal Lamp Image Simulation
Abstract: Speech recognition technology is a method of computer sound signal processing, which determines human behavior by analyzing the characteristics of sound signal. It has a wide range of applications in modern science and technology, and is a new frontier science, also is known as intelligent language. With the continuous improvement of people’s requirements for the quality of life, intelligent devices have sprung up in various fields. It is very practical to apply speech recognition technology to smart home reasonably to make home life more comfortable, safe and effective. The recognition of speech signal is primarily completed by preprocessing, feature extraction, training and pattern matching; the user interface is established by using the function of Matlab GUI, and the signal lamp image based on speech recognition is simulated and controlled by using the software.
Keywords: Speech recognition; Endpoint detection; Feature extraction; pattern recognition
• Intelligent Ramp Patrol Car based on MSP430
Abstract: This article aims to use the MSP430 single-chip to design an intelligent car, which is suitable for the precision tracking of various inclined slopes. The patrol car uses infrared sensors to collect ramp trajectory information and to adjust the forward direction through the front-axle steering mechanism. The gyroscope collects the car status in real time so that the car is controlled to perform uphill acceleration, downhill deceleration. Such a design allows the patrol car to be stabilized in the ramp with the established route.
Keywords: MPU6050, patrol car, front steering axle, ramp track
• Research on Similar Odor Recognition Based on Bid Data Analysis
Abstract: In the common olfactory system odor recognition is processed by the electronic nose collecting sensor data, but the odor data collection of substances is easily affected by the environment and the processing is complicated, which is prone to deviation. This paper proposes a method based on big data analysis. According to the different chemical structure characteristics of different odor substances, the BP neural network is used to build a model to classify and recognize similar odors, and compare it with the traditional PCA+LDA recognition method. The results show that the establishment of a similar odor recognition model can accurately classify substances with similar odors, and the BP neural network algorithm is used to identify different substances with a higher rate of odor recognition. This method is stable and simple, and can provide different ideas for odor identification.
Keywords: Smell recognition; Big data analysis; BP neural network; Similar smell
• Text Classification Based on Title Sematic Information
Abstract: With the rapid development of big data technology, text classification plays an important role in practical application, its applications span a wide range of activities such as sentiment analysis, spam detection, etc. Traditionally, we model the relationship between document and label. However, in many scenarios, document have specific relationship with corresponding title. Inspired by this, a text classification model based on title Semantic Information is proposed in this study. In our model, long short-term memory (LSTM)is used to learn title embedding, document embedding is obtained by using promoted LSTM(TS-LSTM) which take into account the title information. The experimental results on the standard text classification datasets show that its performance is better than the existing state-of-the-art text classification algorithms.
Keywords: Text classification; natural language processing; deep learning; LSTM
• Design of the Automatic Control System for Restaurant Food Delivery Based On PLC
Abstract: The paper designs an automatic control system for restaurant food delivery based on PLC, including the mechanical structure and automatic control system design. The mechanical structure of the system includes horizontal delivery subsystems and a vertical delivery subsystem. The automatic control system includes PLC control and the human-machine interface, which realizes the entire system’s automation. At the end of the paper, we analyze the whole system’s reliability and economy to reflect the characteristics and practicability of the automatic control system.
Keywords: Food delivery system; PLC control; human-machine interface; reliability
• License Plate Recognition Algorithm Based on Convolutional Neural Network
Abstract: In order to improve the problem of unequal suspension positions in the traditional license plate recognition system, this paper introduces the convolutional neural network algorithm into the license plate recognition system, and conducts a series of tests and corrections to meet the current license plate recognition system. This paper proposes for the first time that the flood filling algorithm is applied to the preprocessing of the license plate image, the recognized contour is divided into regions, and then the license plate inclination angle is offset, and rough positioning and cutting are performed to make the vehicle shot from the side The picture can also fully identify the license plate, and finally judge according to the aspect ratio of the license plate and the standard aspect ratio, and get whether the recognized license plate is. The experimental results show that the model utilizes the advantages of convolutional neural network so that the model can recognize classification features more accurately.
Keywords: License plate recognition, Convolutional neural network, Flood filling algorithm
• Research and Implementation of FacialNet Based on Convolutional Neural Network
Abstract: Deep learning, artificial intelligence and other cutting-edge technologies are constantly being integrated into people’s daily lives. Even small vending machines that can be seen everywhere in life have begun to use facial payment methods. The detection and recognition of face images is no longer unattainable, but the analysis and recognition of face information and characteristics (gender, age, race, etc.) is still not fully mature, in order to improve the accuracy of face information recognition. In this paper, a face information recognition model is designed. The feature extraction part uses an eight-layer convolutional neural network, and then uses two fully connected modules as the classifiers for gender recognition and age recognition. The experimental results show that the model uses the advantages of the convolutional neural network so that the model can predict the gender and age of the face more accurately.
Keywords: Convolutional neural network, Face recognition, Gender recognition, Age recognition
• Analysis and Prediction of COVID-19 in Xinjiang based on Machine Learning
Abstract: Covid-19 has taken the world by storm, dramatically affecting the lives of people around the world. China is a major country in the fight against the epidemic. It has provided the world with a wealth of valuable experience in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. Based on the data released by Xinjiang Health Commission, this study used mathematical modeling method to reasonably predict and analyze the trend of the number of coVID-19 confirmed in the recent outbreak in Xinjiang through machine learning polynomial regression under limited data conditions, aiming at the coVID-19 outbreak in Xinjiang in July.
Keywords: COVID-19, estimates of the number of confirmed cases, Machine learning, Polynomial regression.
• Design of Smoke Alarm Device Based on STM32C8T6 Single-chip Microcomputer
Open Access
Abstract: At present, with the popularization of high-power electrical equipment, more and more fires occurred. In order to protect the safety of people’s lives and property, the prevention and monitoring of fires has become an urgent problem in today’s society. The system is a single-chip microcomputer smoke alarm system designed for schools, families, hotels, cinemas, office buildings and public places. It uses STM32C8T6 single-chip microcomputer as the controller. When the device detects signals through the MQ-2 smoke sensor, then inputs the signals to the single-chip microcomputer after A/D conversion. And the buzzer is also controlled through the single-chip microcomputer to realize the smoke alarm. The system has the characteristics of high reliability, low cost, and easy maintenance.
• A Study on Smart Home Voice Control Terminal
Open Access
Abstract—With the development of the smart home, people are not only satisfied to control the home appliances and lights remotely by pressing the button. If people can make full use of voice as the most effective way to communicate information, it will make the smart home more convenient in control.
This paper describes the ARM microprocessor, speech recognition chip, voice broadcast module, and NRF24L01 wireless transceiver module. The voice control system of smart home, which is composed of sensor detection and other main modules, is different from the mainstream smart home control products in the market, such as Xiaomi Intelligent Audio. Its input device is portable wearable. When it is used, what you do is only to touch the button to start the recognition mode. Most importantly, it includes the function of voice broadcast so that it can let users achieve simple interaction.
Keywords—Arm microcontroller; Speech recognition; Wireless transceiver; Voice broadcast
• Decision Making Using Fuzzy Cognitive Maps in Post-Triage of Non-Critical Elderly Patients
Open Access
Abstract: For patients arriving in the Emergency Departments (EDs) of hospitals a key aspect is to classify patients and identify high-risk patients since they have the potential for rapid deterioration during the waiting time. Triage is a widely applied and well-known process of evaluating and categorizing patients’ condition, in EDs. On the other hand, EDs are frequently overcrowded, which makes triage an extremely challenging and demanding process in order to ensure that patients stepping into the ED are given the appropriate medical attention in time. This paper discusses the introduction of a general decision making procedure based on Fuzzy Cognitive Maps so that to create a Medical Decision Support System for Post-Triage decisions. The case of non-emergent and non-urgent elderly patients is examined and the corresponding model is developed.
Keywords: Soft Computing; Medical Decision Support; Triage Assessment; Fuzzy Cognitive Maps | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Religion - Quaker Church
Quakers first settled in Barbados in the 17th century. Some were involved in the transatlantic trade, some sent as convicts to work the plantations (imprisoned for their religious beliefs) and some arrived through missionary work, here they found solice as they were less persecuted in the region than in Britain, even being allowed to worship freely once taxes were paid. The large numbers and somewhat freedom, allowed the church to grow quickly.
Realising the inequalities, the Quakers spoke out against the poor slave treatment became one of the first Christian churches to allow slaves. This did not bode well with the plantocracy and in 1676 a legislation making it illegal for blacks to attend the church was passed and was only overthrown in 1810. By 1750, the Quakers in Barbados had dwindled away. The Quakers, however, continued to play their role in the antislavery movements across the region and internationally. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Talk:Lorenz cipher
Page name
This page certainly must be renamed to Lorenz cipher -- JidGom 11:15, 21 Aug 2003 (UTC)
I created a redirect instead. MattH 00:41, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)
* I agree with JidGom, so I will move it. It seems that common names should be article titles, while technical (eg, binomial nomenclature) names should be bolded in the article. Feel free to move back if you disagree, since I am not familiar with the subject of this article anyway. JianLi 17:07, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
* Oops I messed up! I moved it to Lorenz Cipher. Can an admin move it to Lorenz cipher? JianLi 17:18, 22 July 2006 (UTC)
Cipher vs Cypher
This is wrong. Cypher is not even a word (but it's the name of a character in the movie The Matrix ;-)) and is spelled cipher all over the article. That's a typo that hasn't been caught soon enough. Just rename that damn article. -- JidGom 08:25, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)
* Cypher is a mainly British variant of cipher. We don't change such spellings. -- Someone else 08:32, 22 Aug 2003 (UTC)
Hey, all. The cypher v cipher question has had a considerable airing at Talk:Cryptography. Some changes were made in the WP spelling list to accomodate both, and their variants. *y* is indeed mostly British and probably being displaced in favor of *i*, but both are still in live use, and so acceptable spelling. Since this is English, in which marine animals with fins may be legimately spelled ghoti, in GBS' famous example, Ms Fidditch was and remains a little out of step with the actual language. So is (eternally) Nero Wolfe. Until god intervenes and cleans up English orthography, we're just going to have to live with the long ago decision to start writing the language before the phonemic shifts more or less finished. Insanity, of course, but sanctioned by custom. Did Burke approve? ww 16:59, 18 Apr 2004 (UTC)
I know the policy is to allow both spellings (look, cypher is not a british variant, ok? Even us Brits think it looks archaic), but for consistency, I'm ignoring that and changing it to cipher... mwahahaha --Birkett
* Many people have chosen to use this spelling. Respect that Mintguy (T)
* Ok, I'm sorry. I've stopped now. Birkett 17:51, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
* Sigh. People once upon a time chose to use this spelling; however, nobody uses the "cypher" spelling any more when writing about cryptography (have a look at the booklist at WikiProject Cryptography/Cipher vs Cypher). The only reason we have it on Wikipedia at all is because a major contributer (User:Ww) uses it. — Matt 23:37, 16 Aug 2004 (UTC)
* Well, if it's largely one person who uses it, can't a vote be held or something like that? Then if the majority of people who are involved actually do prefer cipher, I can help change it again... Birkett
* Ahem. May I point you all at this page, which is an image reproduction of the relevant page from the GC&CS Cryptographic Dictionary (1944), where you may find the following entry (reproduced verbatim):
* CYPHER: see cipher.
* I believe this is fairly conclusive? Mr. Alan Turing himself has spoken! :-) Noel (talk) 21:00, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
Was Colossus a computer
The Colossus was not a "programmable computer" as we think of them; in Brian Randall, Colossus: Godfather of the Computer he writes:
* "there is no question of it being an actual stored program computer." (emphasis his)
So I will tweak that sentence to more accurately describe it. Noel (talk) 03:47, 17 Dec 2004 (UTC)
* By the way, where might I find the above reference by Randall? (I'm trying to build up my Colossus reading list). — Matt Crypto 19:24, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
* It's alright, found it on Colossus computer. — Matt Crypto 19:41, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
* Yah, I didn't want to spam references over every page in sight; some do naturally fall onto more than one page, but in general I'm trying to keep them reasonable in length.
* PS: This whole "was Colossus a computer" thing is something I want to go into more, but I will do so at Talk:Colossus computer. Noel (talk) 21:00, 19 Dec 2004 (UTC)
Draft Diagram
Hi, I've hacked together a draft logical diagram of the Lorenz machine using Inkscape. Any comments? (I'd like to find an actual Wikipedia illustrator to render the final version of the diagram). — Matt Crypto 14:29, 7 August 2005 (UTC)
Apparently the value of this break was higher than that of Enigma's.
This article doesn't mention the fruits resulting from the decipher. Imagine Reason (talk) 02:08, 14 January 2009 (UTC)
Gil Hayward
Gil Hayward's obituary says he "proved crucial to the successful development of Tunny and Colossus."
Can someone with a better knowledge add some details? JRPG (talk) 21:31, 21 October 2011 (UTC)
See: --TedColes (talk) 16:01, 23 October 2011 (UTC)
No Colossus computers survived
Rebuilding Colossus"In 1993 I gathered together all the information available. This consisted of eight wartime photographs taken of Colossus in 1945 plus some fragments of circuit diagrams which some engineers had kept quite illegally, as engineers nearly always do. The original drawings of the mechanical assemblies had been deliberately burnt in 1960." So there was no remaining Colossus to work from after the order for them to be deliberately dismantled, for some odd reason. The idea was to remove all trace, it's established there was a need to work from diagrams and there is no mention that any were kept for any amount of time, which would be surprising if Prime Minister Winston Churchill specifically ordered the Colossus computers to be destroyed.Overagainst (talk) 18:17, 3 April 2014 (UTC)
* Two of the Colossus machines were taken over by GCHQ and moved to Eastcote in April 1946. They were again moved to Cheltenham between 1952 and 1954. They were decommisioned in 1959 and 1960 respectively. This is all fully documented and cited over at Colossus. Enough fragments of circuits (most of which were found in the US) survived that the machine could be rebuilt. The major problem was the optical tape reader for which there were no drawings. Fortunately, at the time of the rebuild, Doctor Arnold Lynch (the original designer) was still alive and was able to design it again to hos own specification. – Live Rail < Talk > 11:55, 18 September 2014 (UTC)
Surviving machines
There is only one machine at Bletchley Park, which is in loan from GCHQ. The US National Cryptologic Museum page makes no reference to a Lorenz machine. Is there really one there as well as their Enigmas? --TedColes (talk) 08:12, 31 October 2014 (UTC)
* The Colossus machine at Bletchley Park is not a surviving machine from anywhere and is not on loan from GCHQ or anyone else. Both of the machines taken to GCHQ originally were decommisioned and destroyed in 1959 and 1960 respectively. The machine on display at Bletchley Park is a complete new build. Most of the electronic circuitry was found in engineer's notebooks (substantial parts in America). Some parts had to be redesigned from scratch, most notably the optical reader mechanism.
* That the US National Cryptologic Museum fails to mention Lorenz does not mean that it did not exist. Bletchley Park displays several versions of the Lorenz cypher attachment (as it was officially known). – Live Rail < Talk > 11:19, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
* This article is about the Lorez cipher - it is that machine, the Lorenz cypher attachment, which is on loan from GCHQ, but I think there is only one. You are right about Colossus. --TedColes (talk) 11:39, 14 November 2014 (UTC)
* My mistake. It's been a few years since I have been to Bletchley park. Having just dug up the photographs that I took, I can confirm that Bletchley Park has (or had when the photographs were taken) at least two Lorenz cypher attachments. I have two photographs of what are clearly different machines as the backgrounds and surrounding material are completely different. – Live Rail < Talk > 16:46, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
* The photo in the article is of the machine on display at Bletchley Park - I saw it there about a fortnight ago. I am fairly confident that it is the only one. Is it possible that your two photos are of the same machine, one with the cover on and one with it off? There are a number of other machines there, Typex for example--TedColes (talk) 20:26, 16 November 2014 (UTC)
* Typex and Lorenz are completely different machines (and not even related). Photos definitely of two different Lorenz machines. If only one is currently on display, it is always possible that they have the other in storage somewhere. Few museums display their entire inventory. – Live Rail < Talk > 16:30, 17 November 2014 (UTC)
Are we writing an encyclopedia or setting puzzles?
Article states, "The SZ42A and SZ42B models had additional complexity to this [SZ40] mechanism, known at Bletchley Park as Limitations.".
Since this is meant to be an encyclopedia, how about telling the reader what these complexities were rather than leave him wondering. I actually came to this article to find out what these differences were. I was to be disappointed. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 16:40, 19 December 2014 (UTC)
Lead
An anonymous editor has added some detail to the lead which duplicates material later in the article and which is of poor grammar. He or she has also included links in a heading which is against WP:LINKSTYLE. I shall revert it again and invite the editor to discuss the matter here.--TedColes (talk) 17:59, 3 February 2015 (UTC)
Discovery of machine in the news
On the BBC News text articles and elsewhere eg - a machine has been discovered in a shed.
Does this warrant a mention in the article or here just on the talk page? Jackiespeel (talk) 09:59, 29 May 2016 (UTC)
* The machine that was discovered was a Lorenz teleprinter that was used by the German military, not a SZ42. It is now on display in the "Tunny" gallery at The National Museum of Computing next to the SZ42 that is on loan from the Norwegian Armed Forces Museum --TedColes (talk) 17:00, 31 May 2016 (UTC)
* Things tend to get simplified in the (reading of) news text articles. (How many 'bits of interesting equipment' surface as a result of such stories?) Jackiespeel (talk) 09:33, 1 June 2016 (UTC)
Tunny
Why 'Tunny'? Anything to do with boxing champion Gene Tunney? Or the variant of tuna? Or just a word that no one would know? Nick Barnett (talk) 23:59, 14 August 2016 (UTC)
* Variant of Tuna, see: Hinsley, F.H. “An Introduction to Fish.” Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park. Eds. F.H. Hinsley & Alan Stripp. Oxford Univeristy Press, 1993 p141.--TedColes (talk) 15:33, 18 August 2016 (UTC) | WIKI |
Crocodile skin
Crocodile skin either refers to the skin of a live crocodile or a leather made from dead crocodile hide. It has multiple applications across the fashion industry such as use for bags, shoes, and upholstery after being farmed and treated in specialist farms and tanneries.
Crocodile leather
Crocodile leather is the processed hide of one of 23 crocodile species in the world. Crocodile leather is an exotic leather which as a group, makes up less than 1% of the world's leather production. It is rare compared to other hides such as sheep or cow and requires high levels of craftsmanship to prepare it for use in the consumer industry. Crocodile leather is considered a luxury item utilized by high fashion brands such as Hermes, Moet Hennessy Louis Vuitton (LVMH) and Gucci. As a material, crocodile leather is rare and expensive because of limited numbers of crocodiles, their relatively small size and the scarcity of dependable farms and tanning facilities to process and prepare the product for market.
Applications and Uses
Crocodile skin is primarily used in the production of handbags and other luxury items such as shoes, belts, wallets, upholstery, and furniture. For these products, Freshwater, Saltwater, Nile and Caiman are used because of the superior quality of skin which when tanned has an aesthetic finish. Not all these skins are valued the same. As one of the largest crocodile species, the Australian Saltwater Crocodile has a reputation for having the most desirable and high-quality hide. This makes it more popular than the smaller Caiman skins which, as a more common species, is a cheaper option. The value of a skin is dependent on what it will be used for. Freshwater Crocodile, particularly from New Guinea, is known for its flexibility which allows processors to skive it down to a thinness suitable for clothing whereas Nile crocodile, mostly available across Africa, is durable, making it desirable for heavy-duty items such as footwear and belts.
Farming
Crocodiles are either farmed or wild-caught. In Northern and Western Australia crocodile farms carry out ranching which includes captive breeding and harvesting of eggs from the wild. Eggs are collected and landowners sell the eggs to local farms to breed. In 2018 this method also became legal in Queensland.
On a crocodile farm, crocodiles are grown and prepared for slaughter before their skin is removed, treated, and sent to be tanned in specialist tanneries and used in the manufacture of commercial goods.
* 1) Ranching - this is the collection of wild eggs. Collection usually occurs in February and March.
* 2) Hatching - the eggs are incubated and protected to ensure the highest yield.
* 3) Growth - the crocodiles are grown to certain sizes dependent on what the skin will be used for. For example, most bags will require a 40 cm belly skin which will require a crocodile of generally 1.5 years old or 1.2 m long. The requirements vary depending on what is fashionable at the time, for example, if there is a trend for small handbags then a farm will reduce the growth stage and instigate slaughter earlier as smaller skins are required by the fashion industry. It is a case of supply and demand; if crocodile skin suits are "in fashion" then crocodile farmers will need to provide the fashion industry will larger skins suitable for such production.
* 4) Stunning - Once the crocodiles have reached the desired size, the crocodile is stunned with a rod and its eyes are covered to calm it. They are then sent to abattoirs where skins and meat are removed for sale.
* 5) Slaughter - Humane slaughter is carried out by the severing of the spinal cord.
* 6) Disinfection - According to food-safety guidelines the skin is disinfected.
* 7) Chilling - Before skinning the carcass is left in a cold room bleed. This often takes place overnight.
* 8) Skinning - Skin is carefully removed.
* 9) Meat Processing - meat is removed and packaged according to food safety requirements.
* 10) Skin Processing - the processing of the removed skin involves short and long term preservation, grading and measurement and storage until dispatch.
The main farm income is in crocodile skin for the fashion industry. It is important the skin is of good quality to achieve the highest revenue possible. Preservation is essential as quality of skin reduces substantially in warm conditions where the farms tend to be situated. To add value to skins, some farms include fleshing at the stage of short term preservation. Fleshing is usually carried out by tanners and is the trimming, scraping and removal of remaining muscle tissue using sharp equipment and high power water jets. It is often considered risky for farms to complete the fleshing process as the skin may be damaged, a costly mistake. 1 skin costs $12 in labor, not including operating or capital costs. Therefore, fleshing is usually carried out by tanners.
Value, quality and measurements
The skin is the most valuable part of a crocodile, followed by the meat and other body parts such as teeth. Value is decided in two ways: size and grade. Greater width increases the value of the skin and is measured across the third raised scute. The grade is measured on a scale of damage to the skin and value is deducted by 25% at each level. Therefore, skin value can drop significantly if the quality is not maintained by careful handling.
The value of first-grade skin per cm is $9 (USA), a 40 cm of skin therefore costs $360. For every imperfection, value decreases which is why crocodile farmers take precautionary measures such as covering corners of enclosures with plastic, to keep their crocodiles in good condition. Crocodiles are put into smaller groups to prevent fights and spread of infections are known to lead to scarring and damage of skin which will affect the value of leather.
The value of a skin is dependent on how much it is desired by fashion houses such as Louis Vuitton, Yves Saint Laurent and Hermes. Premium skins are usually transported to countries such as France, Italy and the United States of America where the most reputable tanneries treat the skins according to the designer's wishes and make them ready for manufacture into commercial goods such as bags, shoes and accessories. In Australia, (both a producer and manufacturer of crocodile hide) businesses like Di Croco offer custom products to customers and also use lesser skins and by-products to minimize waste.
Quality can be improved up to the point of slaughter and from here only maintained or reduced. Skin must be preserved carefully as after slaughter there is a loss of immune response and it becomes susceptible to microbial contamination such as scale slip, staining and discoloration and biological damage, e.g. bacterial or fungal infection. In short term preservation, a 60% brine solution is used for up to five days. In long term preservation, a commercial biocide is required which allows the skin to be kept for up to four months. The skins are kept in sealed individual bags, though not vacuum packed, to minimize exposure, prevent creasing and simplify handling. Farmers and tanners use specific methods of folding or rolling skins to prevent creases forming across the scales. There are 2 main cuts of crocodile skin:
* 1) Back Cut - Scaly cut with a rough texture and mainly used in trimmings.
* 2) Belly Cut - Highly popular cut due to smooth texture and close, small scale structure which makes it pliable and suitable for many items such as handbags and clothing.
The largest width of the belly is measured to gauge the value of the hide. When designers are purchasing crocodile leather, they must take into consideration the measurements are for the overall size of the hide and not a pattern width. As a result, it can take several skins to produce a single item.
Treatment after Farming and Production
Development programs were set up to support the growth of crocodile populations during harvest in the 1960s and 1970s in the Americas and Rhodesia. Papua New Guinea put similar management programs in place which made the trading of crocodile skin economically and commercially viable as it prevented over hunting and depletion in numbers. Maintenance of these farms relies on skin-producing countries to export their products elsewhere for tanning and manufacture.
Often, it is impossible to tell if a skin has been preserved adequately until after tanning as there may be no signs of biological damage. A damaged skin resulting in a dull, discolored or scuffed finish which ultimately devalues the leather.
Australian Saltwater Crocodile is one of the most sought after skins because it is flexible which makes it good for handbag production. Bonier hides of Caiman crocodiles are more difficult to dye and work with, making them a less popular option. For items such as bags, suits or trousers, large panels of skin are required. With large areas of leather on display, damaged leather is obvious which is why cautions are taken to ensure high-grade skins come out of the crocodile farms. Small bags require a hide of 30 to 34 cm. Larger bags need skins of 40 to 50 cm. Manufacturers should use the maximum amount of hide to avoid waste. Scraps are used for straps, gussets and interior details. It is necessary for the designer to mark the skin with preparatory sewing lines using a rotatory tool to thin the line where the stitches will run. This reduces the risk of the needle hitting calcium deposits which may break the needle.
It takes an average of two artisan days to make a crocodile skin handbag. Timing depends on the glazing technique used on the hide as certain glazes affect the pliability of the leather, making it stiffer and prone to cracking. Longer, more complicated process is required when the leather has been treated like this as the leather cannot be turned inside out in the traditional way.
Legalities
The crocodile skin trade is legally complicated because it is important that the leather is sourced reliably from farms where crocodiles are treated in humane conditions. Unregulated commercial hunting has resulted in a decline of many crocodile populations so governments have put protection over many reptiles. CITES is an international agreement between 164 countries to protect endangered species from extinction. Established in 1973, it stands for "Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of wild fauna and flora". Legally imported crocodile skin must come from reputable farms with CITES certification to prove legal possession. Any uncertificated skins are confiscated by customs and sale of an inherited (pre-CITES) or illegally imported skin is a criminal offense.
The laws on crocodile trade are different around the world. In America, it is legal to import sustainably sourced crocodile leather as long as it complies with the restrictions imposed by CITES. Crocodile leather trade for Freshwater Siamese Crocodile with Thailand, Vietnam or Cambodia is forbidden even if the skin is accompanied by a CITES certificate. In certain cases, illegal trade occurs when buyers are unaware of restrictions so companies or businesses purchasing crocodile hide must be sure of the origin of the skin they are purchasing.
Trade
Crocodile leather trade was established in the Caribbean, Mexico and Central America when it became a popular material in the 1800s. Since then, demand for skins has increased to the extent that hunting and production spread to Africa, Asia and Australia, where the majority of crocodile skins are sustainably sourced today.
In the Northern Territory, crocodile farms generate $107 million per year. This is a crucial form of income for a community lacking viable industry. Crocodile farming is valued as providing 264 jobs (2017) as well as encouraging harmony within communities with Indigenous and local people who carry out egg hunting and crocodile rearing.
Crocodile farming is not limited to the production of skins for the fashion industry. Tourism and on-farm breeding help maintain the state of farms and educate the public about the role of crocodile farming in certain communities. In the Northern Territory tourists can visit Crocodylus Park and Crocosaurus Cove to learn about the crocodiles and the trade.
Conservation
Within certain societies, the crocodile trade is extremely important. In 1945 - 1971 Northern Australians generated significant income at the expense of the crocodile as uncontrolled trade severely impacted on the populations of both saltwater and freshwater crocodiles. Full protection over the Australian Saltwater Crocodile was established in 1971 to allow the species to recover. When crocodile numbers increased, co-habitation with local people became a problem, and fatal and non-fatal attacks on people and fishing boats were reported in 1979/1980. In response, the Northern Territory established an 'incentive-driven conservation strategy' which encouraged people to protect crocodiles through commercial activity such as farming, tourism, and ranching. The Saltwater Crocodiles are seen as a commercial resource by communities who generate wealth and employment through the crocodile industry. This also promotes crocodile conservation which would otherwise be difficult because of their predatory nature.
Brands who use crocodile skins are encouraged to support conservation efforts. Australian brand Croc Stock and Barra use unwanted sections of skin to handcraft luxury items and ensure waste is limited. Other brands such as Roje Exotics American Leathers claim to use leather that is the byproduct of the international exotic cuisine industry which also ensures fewer skins are wasted within the system.
Animal Welfare
The Management Program within the Northern Territory maintains that the crocodiles are farmed in a humane way. It makes assessments on farming limits and population dynamics to ensure the numbers of Saltwater Crocodile are maintained and never reach the lows of 1972 again. | WIKI |
Freak City
Freak City may refer to:
* "Freak City", a 2010 episode of the TV series Adventure Time
* Freak City Soundtrack, the third studio album by Material Issue, released in 1994
* Freak City, 1999 Showtime original film nominated for the 52nd Writers Guild of America Awards | WIKI |
Semantics vs pragmatics
Introduction
Semantics and pragmatics are two fields of linguistics. Both of them concern with study of meaning of humans speech signs. However, each of which tackles meaning from a different angle. Semantics pays attention to the literal meaning of words ( dictionary meaning), whereas pragmatics concerns with the intended meaning of an utterance ( what does the speaker mean?). For instance, when someone says " it is cold here", semanticist will explain the meaning of each lexeme as it is in a dictionary; pragmatist will explain it by saying the speaker wants you to turn on the heater.
Although the difference between the two disciplines sounds easy, it is very complicated practically. Due to the overlapping between them, there is no clear cut boundaries separate the two areas. In this article, we will pin point the main differences between semantics and pragmatics.
What is semantics?
" I see semantics as one branch of linguistics, which is the study of language: as an area of study parallel to, and interacting with, those of syntax and phonology, which deal respectively with the formal patterns of language, and the way which these are translated into sounds. While syntax and phonology study the structure of expressive possibilities in
language, semantics studies the meaning can be expressed" (Leech.1981). A major branch of linguistics devoted to the study of meaning in language (Crystal, 2008).
What is pragmatics? According to Crystal (1985) “Pragmatics is the study of the aspects of meaning and language use that are dependent on the speaker, the addressee and other features of the context of utterance”. It is hard to find a satisfactory definition of the term pragmatics because of its, somehow, modernity and ramifications.Therefor, Levinson, in his book Pragmatics, mentioned more than eight definitions of pragmatics.
Borderline between semantics and pragmatics
Actually, the distinctions between semantics and pragmatics are streaks or thin lines; we can set out these lines by tracing the historical origin, components, theory, and methodology of each of them.
Traditionally, before pragmatics, the study of " semiotics" , the study of signs and symbols and their use or interpretation, was a job of semantics and syntax. However, they failed in some explanation of meaning or they could not find suitable interpretations for some utterances. Therefore, there were some data without scientific descriptions. In 1938, Morris distinguished three distinct branches of inquiry: syntactics (or syntax), being the study of "the formal relation of signs to one another ", semantics, the study of "the relations of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable", and pragmatics, the study of "the relation of signs to interpreters". After Morris' distinction, the abandoned data were belonged to pragmatics.
Thus, the first line to differentiate semantics from pragmatics is that all those data which do not capture by semantics theory go to pragmatics.
Under a component view,semantics and pragmatics are complementary to one another in the study of meaning.However, semantics, due to its dealing with truth-conditional aspect of language , is less comprehensive than pragmatics. Therefore, pragmatics has been defined as meaning minus truth-conditions. Thus, aspects of an utterance that can be described either true or false will be under the tent of semantics, others will be belonged to pragmatics. For example, the following sentences describe a 25 years old male.
- He is a man. it is true, thus it belongs to semantics
but if we say
- He is a child. it is false, thus it belongs to pragmatics
Therefore, the second line between semantics and pragmatics is the truth- conditions.
Semantics is always restricted to decontextualized analyses of words or sentences meaning. Whereas pragmatics takes into account the impact of the context on the analyses of utterance meaning.For example, I am hungry , semantically means that feeling when someone does not eat for a certain period of time; pragmatically, depending on the context, means can we postpone the meeting? , let's go to a restaurant, or I could not understand your speech ...etc. Accordingly, we can describe pragmatics as a functional linguistic area i.e, it describes the language use ( performance ), while semantics is a formal linguistic area ( competence).
The verb to mean, in semantics, is interpreted as what does X mean? Whereas, in pragmatics , is interpreted as what do you mean by X? | WIKI |
Article
Effect of chemical chaperones in improving the solubility of recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli
Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Punjab 160 062, India.
Applied and Environmental Microbiology (Impact Factor: 3.95). 07/2011; 77(13):4603-9. DOI: 10.1128/AEM.05259-11
Source: PubMed
ABSTRACT The recovery of active proteins from inclusion bodies usually involves chaotrope-induced denaturation, followed by refolding of the unfolded protein. The efficiency of renaturation is low, leading to reduced yield of the final product. In this work, we report that recombinant proteins can be overexpressed in the soluble form in the host expression system by incorporating compatible solutes during protein expression. Green fluorescent protein (GFP), which was otherwise expressed as inclusion bodies, could be made to partition off into the soluble fraction when sorbitol and arginine, but not ethylene glycol, were present in the growth medium. Arginine and sorbitol increased the production of soluble protein, while ethylene glycol did not. Production of ATP increased in the presence of sorbitol and arginine, but not ethylene glycol. A control experiment with fructose addition indicated that protein solubilization was not due to a simple ATP increase. We have successfully reproduced these results with the N-terminal domain of HypF (HypF-N), a bacterial protein which forms inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. Instead of forming inclusion bodies, HypF-N could be expressed as a soluble protein in the presence of sorbitol, arginine, and trehalose in the expression medium.
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• "Chemical chaperones are known to help correct the conformation of proteins via different mechanisms. Improved solubility has been observed for the cytokinin biosynthetic enzyme dimethylallyl pyrophosphate: 5 0 -AMP transferase (DMAPP: AMP transferase ), green fluorescent protein (GFP) and single-chain Fv when sorbitol was added to the growth medium [26] [27] [28]. Moreover, the addition of 0.4% glycerol to the culture medium enhanced the solubility of a human phenylalanine hydroxylase mutant enzyme [36], resulting in both higher solubility and activity. "
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ABSTRACT: Human liver carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) plays a critical role in the hydrolysis of various ester-and amide-containing molecules, including active metabolites, drugs and prodrugs. However, it has been problematic to express recombinant CES1 in bacterial expression systems due to low solubility, with the CES1 protein being mainly expressed in inclusion bodies, accompanied by insufficient purity issues. In this study, we report an efficient in vitro method for refolding recombinant CES1 from inclusion bodies. A one-step purification with an immobilized-metal affinity column was utilized to purify His-tagged recombinant CES1. Conveniently, both denaturant and imidazole can be removed while the enzyme is refolded via buffer exchange, a dilution method. We show that the refolding of recombinant CES1 was successful in Tris–HCl at pH 7.5 containing a combination of 1% glycerol and 2 mM b-mercaptoethanol, whereas a mixture of other additives (trehalose, sorbitol and sucrose) and b-mercaptoethanol failed to recover a functional protein. His-tagged recombinant CES1 retains its biological activity after refolding and can be used directly without removing the fusion tag. Altogether, our results provide an alternative method for obtaining a substantial amount of functionally active protein, which is advantageous for further investigations such as structural and functional studies.
Protein Expression and Purification 11/2014; 107:68-75. DOI:10.1016/j.pep.2014.11.006 · 1.51 Impact Factor
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• "Improvement of recombinant protein solubility has been intensively studied for the purpose of overproducing soluble proteins, and various effective strategies have been reported, such as lowering incubation temperature [25], use of fusion partner [26], overexpression of chaperone proteins [27] and protein mutagenesis [28]. Recently, Prasad et al. reported a simple yet effective approach to increase the solubility of recombinant proteins, where sorbitol at high concentration reduced protein aggregation in E. coli[29]. To test if this approach could increase the solubility of DXS, high concentration of sorbitol was added directly to the cells in culture. "
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ABSTRACT: Background: Recombinant proteins are routinely overexpressed in metabolic engineering. It is well known that some over-expressed heterologous recombinant enzymes are insoluble with little or no enzymatic activity. This study examined the solubility of over-expressed homologous enzymes of the deoxyxylulose phosphate pathway (DXP) and the impact of inclusion body formation on metabolic engineering of microbes. Results: Four enzymes of this pathway (DXS, ISPG, ISPH and ISPA), but not all, were highly insoluble, regardless of the expression systems used. Insoluble dxs (the committed enzyme of DXP pathway) was found to be inactive. Expressions of fusion tags did not significantly improve the solubility of dxs. However, hypertonic media containing sorbitol, an osmolyte, successfully doubled the solubility of dxs, with the concomitant improvement in microbial production of the metabolite, DXP. Similarly, sorbitol significantly improved the production of soluble and functional ERG12, the committed enzyme in the mevalonate pathway. Conclusion: This study demonstrated the unanticipated findings that some over-expressed homologous enzymes of the DXP pathway were highly insoluble, forming inclusion bodies, which affected metabolite formation. Sorbitol was found to increase both the solubility and function of some of these over-expressed enzymes, a strategy to increase the production of secondary metabolites.
Microbial Cell Factories 11/2012; 11(1):148. DOI:10.1186/1475-2859-11-148 · 4.25 Impact Factor
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ABSTRACT: The ascomycete Ophiostoma piceae produces a sterol esterase (OPE) with high affinity toward p-nitrophenol, glycerol, and sterol esters. Recently, this enzyme has been heterologously expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris under the AOX1 methanol-inducible promoter (PAOX1) using sorbitol as co-susbtrate, and the hydrolytic activity of the recombinant protein (OPE*) turned out to be improved from a kinetic point of view. In this study, we analyze the effects of sorbitol during the expression of OPE*, at first added as an additional carbon source, and methanol as inducer. The O. piceae enzyme was successfully used for PVAc hydrolysis, suggesting its potential applicability in recycled paper production to decrease stickies problems.
11/2012; 4(4). DOI:10.4161/bioe.22818
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Talk:Jump (Kylie Minogue song)/GA1
GA Review
The edit link for this section can be used to add comments to the review.''
Reviewer: Calvin999 (talk · contribs) 09:52, 6 June 2015 (UTC)
Hello, I'm Calvin999 and I am reviewing this article.
* Review
* Alphabetize the genres in the Info box
* Alphabetize the record labels, too
* taken from her sixth → included on her sixth
* the song was included as the ninth track on the album, → Irrelevant
* which was released on 1 November 1997. → You've already said that the album was released in 1997
* was "weak" in → If you're going to quote in the lead, then it needs to be cited.
* compared to other songs → On the album?
* "Jump" and another Impossible Princess track "Through the Years" have never been performed on any of Minogue's tours or have been promoted in any live television castings. → Irrelevant
* Kylie Minogue's track → Not needed
* The entire Background section has nothing to do with "Jump" in the slightest and can be erased. Background means background of the song (writing process, interviews with the singer or writers or producers on how it was made, etc.)
* Lyrics were → The lyrics were
* "too personal." → Full stop goes inside the quotation marks if it is a full sentence, otherwise it goes outside.
* The info box says it is an Adult contemporary and trip hop song, the lead says it is a trip hop track, and the Composition section says it is trip hop inspired. So which is it? The source you've provided at the end of "Produced by Rob Dougan and Jay Burnett, "Jump" is an trip hop-inspired pop ballad song." is just a citation for the booklet. Being inspired by trip hop doesn't make it a trip hop song, and I can't see adult contemporary written anywhere. Can you please provide me with the sources for the genres.
* "Minogue's boyfriend Stephane Sednaoui was a fan of Dougan's song "Clubbed to Death", and played it most of the time when Minogue was home. One day, she was talking to Sednaoui on how much she enjoyed the track and he said he personally knew Dougan and offered to introduce Dougan to her.[18] "Jump" was recorded in London, England at Mayfair Studios.[17]" → This is more Background material.
* also using Impossible Princess track → Using?
* "John Magnan from The Age labelled it a "moody trip hop" track." → Ah, we have a critic calling it a trip hop song, so "inspired" above should be removed.
* Cancelled single release should be the Background section, along with the section of Composition I picked put above.
* To date, "Jump" and another Impossible Princess track "Through the Years" are the only songs of the album that has never been performed live. Her Intimate and Live tour played many tracks from Impossible Princess and was released in November 1998 as a CD and DVD. → Completely irrelevant. If it never happened, then no need to talk about it.
* I don't really see the point of having a Song credits subsection within the Personnel section when it's so tiny? Just include the people involved without having a titled subsection.
* References don't need a publisher parameter anymore
* Ref 9, Official Charts should be linked
* Ref 23 and 24, same magazine but you've written them different, and it Who should be in italics.
GA review – see WP:WIAGA for criteria
* Summary
* 1) Is it reasonably well written?
* A. Prose is "clear and concise", without copyvios, or spelling and grammar errors:
* B. MoS compliance for lead, layout, words to watch, fiction, and lists:
* 1) Is it factually accurate and verifiable?
* A. Has an appropriate reference section:
* B. Citation to reliable sources where necessary:
* C. No original research:
* 1) Is it broad in its coverage?
* A. Major aspects:
* B. Focused:
* 1) Is it neutral?
* Fair representation without bias:
* 1) Is it stable?
* No edit wars, etc:
* 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
* A. Images are tagged with their copyright status, and valid fair use rationales are provided for non-free content:
* B. Images are provided if possible and are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions:
* 1) Overall:
* Pass or Fail:
* 1) Is it stable?
* No edit wars, etc:
* 1) Does it contain images to illustrate the topic?
* A. Images are tagged with their copyright status, and valid fair use rationales are provided for non-free content:
* B. Images are provided if possible and are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions:
* 1) Overall:
* Pass or Fail:
* B. Images are provided if possible and are relevant to the topic, and have suitable captions:
* 1) Overall:
* Pass or Fail:
* Pass or Fail:
Needs some work to be honest. On hold for 7 days. — Calvin999 08:38, 9 June 2015 (UTC)
* Outcome
* Done. I've finished majority of the adjustments (see comments below), grammar fixes, re-arrangements, re-wording, etc
* Comments Regarding your comment "Alphabetize the genres in the Info box" and "Alphabetize the record labels, too", could you please define that a bit more? Sorry, I'm not familiar with it. Another comment regards the "Trip-hop" misconduct. I did word that wrong unfortunately, and I have changed it saying that it is strictly a trip-hop song (references by booklet, The Age and Slant Magazine.) And the final comment is the Who and Who Weekly magazine citation. I changed the work to Who Magazine for both citations but they are both different reviews from two different unknown journalists. Source is provided in the first reference. Please comment back to me if there is anything wrong. Thank you for your time :) GirlsAlouud (talk · contribs} 09:53, 9 June 2015 (UTC)
* Well if there is only one genre now then you don't need to put them in alphabetical order (A, B, C etc.) but the records labels should be alphabetical, so put BMG first, then Deconstruction. There are different issues in the references now:
* Ref 6: Title should not be in italics
* Ref 8: Link Slant Magazine
* If the critic is unknown, then leave it blank, don't write "Unknown"
* Ref 10: Who should be in italics
* For refs 9, 10 and 11, how comes there are no links to the website or review?
* Refs 15, 16 and 18, Allmusic should not be in italics, and there's no need to include Rovi Corporation anymore. — Calvin999 10:03, 9 June 2015 (UTC)
* Done. Regarding your comment about the absent of links to the review, there is no source of the website itself online. However, there is a website here that re-directs what is said in the review (archive script of the reviews). I added the reference and the citation of Who magazine reference next to each other. Other than that, everything has been adjusted. Please comment back to me if there is anything wrong. Thank you for your time :) GirlsAlouud (talk · contribs} 05:37, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
* Passing — Calvin999 07:48, 10 June 2015 (UTC)
* Pass or Fail: | WIKI |
What is the theme of the poem "Theme for English B," by Langston Hughes?
The overriding theme of this poem, as with many of Hughes's poems, is the black American experience, how it relates to identity, and how it can make it difficult for white Americans to understand others. The speaker in this poem has been directed by a teacher to write an exercise for class in which he should simply "let that page come out of you," the idea being that the words that flow will then be "true." However, Hughes contemplates in this poem whether this is as true for him, a black American, as it might be for "you," the teacher, who is a representative of wider white society and who is "somewhat more free."
In the body of the poem, Hughes details the simple aspects of his day-to-day life and upbringing: where he went to school and how he found his way to "this college on the hill above Harlem ." Notably, however, he begins this account with the statement that he is "colored" and then goes on to mention that he was the only "colored" child in his class growing up. This immediately...
(The entire section contains 2 answers and 645 words.)
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Modular switch
A modular switch or chassis switch is a type of network switch which can be configured using field-replaceable units. These units, often referred to as blades, can add more ports, bandwidth, and capabilities to a switch. These blades can be heterogenous, and this allows for a network based on multiple different protocols and cable types. Blades can typically be configured in a parallel or failover configuration, which can allow for higher bandwidth, or redundancy in the event of failure. Modular switches also typically support hot-swap of switch modules, this can be very important in managing downtime. Modular switches also support additional line cards which can provide new functions to the switch that would previously have been unavailable, such as a firewall. An example of a modular computer network switch is the Cisco Catalyst 6500, which can be configured with up to 13 slots, and supports connections from RJ45 to QSFP+. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:WikiProject WikipediaWeekly/Episode5/script
THIS IS WIKIPEDIA WEEKLY EPISODE 5, FOR THE WEEK OF NOVEMBER 13, 2006.
-- MUSIC --
WELCOME TO ANOTHER EPISODE OF WIKIPEDIA WEEKLY, I'M YOUR HOST ANDREW LIH, ALSO KNOWN AS USER FUZHEADO ON THE ENGLISH WIKIPEDIA.
WE'RE COMING TO YOU THIS WEEK WITH SOME NEW FOLKS.
ON OUR PANEL THIS WEEK -
DAVEYDWEEB FROM CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA
ZERO FROM BRISBANE, AUSTRALIA
KELLY MARTIN, FROM THE US STATE OF ILLINOIS
MARTIN WALKER, FROM UPSTATE NEW YORK, ALSO IN THE US
OTHER USERS
News
* Arbitration Committee elections begin, more than a dozen candidates currently signed up. The elections themselves start on December 4. Surely JamesF would be a good person to talk about this with us?
* Wikipedia-download . Viruses in Wikipedia? (get Jimbo to comment?)
Questions for Martin
* Why don't you tell us a little about Wikipedia 0.5?
* Is this an official project? Do you have the support of the Wikimedia Foundation?
* What kinds of articles are you planning to include?
* Are you including images?
* Article reviewing finished today -- how many articles did you end up selecting?
* How do you think Wikipedia 0.5 will be distributed?
* ShipIt?
* When do you think the CD will be released?
* User:BozMo has been working on a similar project: a CD edition of Wikipedia for the SOS Chidrens' Charity, that contains around 2,000 articles. Are there any major differences between your two projects?
* How similar to Wikipedia will 0.5 look? The original SOS Children CD lacked any of the look-and-feel of Wikipedia, but will this be different in 0.5?
* Are there any plans for a DVD release? | WIKI |
How Much Do You Know About Gigabit Ethernet Switch?
In computer networking, an Ethernet switch connects multiple devices, such as computers, servers, or game systems, to a Local Area Network (LAN). Small business and home offices often use an Ethernet switch to allow more than one device to share a broadband Internet connection. A gigabit Ethernet switch operates in the same way, only differentiating in data rates. Gigabit Ethernet is much greater than standard or Fast Ethernet. People can use these switches to quickly transfer data between devices in a network, or to download from the Internet at very high speeds. Gigabit Ethernet transmits at approximately one gigabit per second. That is at speeds nearly 10 times those of Fast Ethernet, which transfers data at approximately 10 megabits per second. The gigabit Ethernet switch is designed to work at these increased speeds, without signal loss or transfer rate reduction.
Gigabit Ethernet Switch
Gigabit Ethernet Switch: Managed or Unmanaged?
Gigabit Ethernet switches are either managed or unmanaged. Usually an unmanaged switch is referred as a “dumb switch”, which can be easily operated by every noob. It behaves like a “plug and play” device. A basic unmanaged gigabit Ethernet switch has no user configuration. It is placed in the network with the cables plugged in and the unit turned on, and there is nothing else to do. In contrast, a mangaed gigabit switch can be configured, and can be monitored and adjusted at your discretion, such as adjust speeds, combine users in subgroups, monitor traffic and report network activity. Although a managed switch is typically more expensive than an unmanaged switch, but it offer much greater flexibility.
Gigabit Ethernet Switch or Ethernet Hub?
Although an Ethernet switch is sometimes called a hub, because a switch performs the same job as a hub, there is a huge difference between a true hub and a gigabit Ethernet switch. An Ethernet hub is a device that connects multiple Ethernet devices to a single network. A hub does not gather information and input in one port results as an output in all ports on the network. While a gigabit switch is considered as a more intelligent hub, because it gathers information about the data packets it receives and forwards it to only the network that it was intended for.
Gigabit Ethernet Switch Recommendations
A gigabit Ethernet switch can be an inexpensive and easy way to expand your network in your home or small business. After probing into some parameters like brand, popularity, reviews and performance, here is a list of network switches including Ethernet switches for home, port gigabit Ethernet switches, cost-effective gigabit switches etc.
FS.COM S1130-8T2F 8-Port Gigabit PoE+ Managed SwitchNETGEAR GS116Ev2 16-Port Gigabit Smart Managed Plus SwitchCisco SG 300-20 (SRW2016-K9-NA) 20-Port Switch
Dimensions11 x 8.3×1.7 in16.9 x 6.6 x 2.8 in17.32 x 7.97 x 1.75 in
Ethernet Ports81620
Switching Capacity20Gbps32Gbps40Gbps
PoE StandardCompliant with IEEE802.3af/at××
Enclosure TypeRack mount – 1UDesktopDesktop, Rack-mount – 1U
Power consumption15.4W10W16.26W
Price$159.00$156.88$184.95
Conclusion
A gigabit Ethernet switch enables devices like computers and printers to connect directly to the internet instead of relying on Wi-Fi. It can speed up data transfers, resulting in faster response times and better frame rates. Additionally, a gigabit switch expands network capacity via the extra ports. Some Ethernet switches with different ports are recommended for your reference, such as FS.COM 8-port PoE switch, NETGEAR 16-port smart managed switch and Cisco 20-Port Ethernet Switch. If you need any 24 Port gigabit switch and 48 Port gigabit switch, or any equipment related to your network,visit www.fs.com for help.
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Abu Dhabi Film Commission
Abu Dhabi Film Commission (ADFC) is a government agency formed to support the development of Abu Dhabi's film and TV industry. Its mission is to promote the Emirate of Abu Dhabi as a production destination to generate economic benefits for the region and increased job opportunity for its residences. It was established under twofour54 Abu Dhabi in 2009.
As part of their efforts to increase film productions in the region, Abu Dhabi Film Commission provides services to production companies such as location scouting, location surveys, script breakdowns, script approval, custom clearance, digital location library, and assistance with film and work permits.
Incentives
The Abu Dhabi Film Commission offers an international production incentive scheme that provides a refund of up to 30% on productions done in Abu Dhabi, including feature films, television dramas, commercials, music videos, other television formats, post-production, digital content services and visual effects services.
Notable Films and Television Programs made in Abu Dhabi
Notable Films and Television Programs made in Abu Dhabi are:
1. Star Wars: Episode VII - The Force Awakens (2015)
2. Fast & Furious 7 (2015)
3. The Bold and the Beautiful (1987 TV Series)
4. The Bold and the Beautiful (1987 TV Series) Episode: Episode #1.6848 (2014)
5. The Bold and the Beautiful (1987 TV Series) Episode: Episode #1.6835 (2014)
6. The Bold and the Beautiful (1987 TV Series) Episode: Episode #1.6838 (2014)
7. The Bold and the Beautiful (1987 TV Series) Episode: Episode #1.6836 (2014)
8. The Bold and the Beautiful (1987 TV Series) Episode: Episode #1.6837 (2014)
9. The Bold and the Beautiful (1987 TV Series) Episode: Episode #1.6847 (2014)
10. The Bold and the Beautiful (1987 TV Series) Episode: Episode #1.6841 (2014)
11. Top Gear (2002 TV Series) Episode: Episode #21.4 (2014)
12. Top Gear (2002 TV Series) Episode: Episode #21.5 (2014)
13. Deliver Us from Evil (2014)
14. The Amazing Race (2001 TV Series) Episode: Part Like the Red Sea (2013)
15. The Amazing Race (2001 TV Series) Episode: Speed Dating Is the Worst (2013)
16. The Amazing Race (2001 TV Series) Episode: One Hot Camel (2013)
17. Dilwale (2015)
18. The Kingdom (2007)
19. Bang Bang! (2014)
20. Baby (2015)
21. Welcome Back (2015)
22. From A to B (2014)
23. Jeff Dunham: All Over the Map (2014 TV Special)
24. Cranium Intel (2016)
25. The Wicked Path (2017)
26. The Amazing Race Australia (2011 TV Series) Episode: Episode #2.4 (2012)
27. Dil Vil Pyar Vyar (2002)
28. Das Traumhotel (2004 TV Series) Episode: Dubai - Abu Dhabi (2007)
29. Take Me Home (2016 Short Film)
30. Sea Shadow (2011)
31. Tinseltown TV (2002 TV Series)
32. The Brain That Sings (2013 Documentary)
33. F=ma (2012 Video)
34. The Arab, The Camel, and P. Madhavan Nair (2011)
35. /Drive on NBCSN (2014 TV Series) Episode: McLaren (2014)
36. 8 Hours (2014 TV Movie)
37. The Diamond Queen (2012 TV Series) Episode: Episode #1.1 (2012)
38. Packup (2013 Short Film)
39. The Orphanage (2012 Short Film)
40. Insane Coaster Wars (2012 TV Series) Episode: World's Fastest Coaster (2013)
41. Tba (2010 Short Film)
42. Feathered Cocaine (2010 Documentary)
43. Ian Thorpe: The Swimmer (2012 Documentary)
44. Justice: Qalb Al Adala (2017 TV Series) Abu Dhabi
45. Kismet: How Turkish Soap Operas Change the World (2014 Documentary)
46. Sarkar Sahab Aka Evicted Lord (2007 TV Series)
47. Detroit Rising (????)
48. The Plan (2010 Documentary)
49. Ramadan E Kareem (2013 Short Film)
50. Sunset State (2013 Short Film)
51. Dishoom
52. Tiger Zinda Hai
53. Race 3
54. Mission: Impossible – Fallout
55. Saaho
56. Bharat
57. 6 Underground
58. Sonic the Hedgehog
59. Bunty Aur Babli 2
60. Dune
61. Vikram Vedha
62. Heropanti 2
63. Bloody Daddy
64. Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part One
65. Dune: Part Two | WIKI |
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path: root/doc/primary-expression.txt
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META EXPRESSIONS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[verse]
meta {length | nfproto | l4proto | protocol | priority}
[meta] {mark | iif | iifname | iiftype | oif | oifname | oiftype |
skuid | skgid | nftrace | rtclassid | ibrname | obrname | pkttype | cpu
| iifgroup | oifgroup | cgroup | random | secpath}
A meta expression refers to meta data associated with a packet.
There are two types of meta expressions: unqualified and qualified meta
expressions. Qualified meta expressions require the meta keyword before the meta
key, unqualified meta expressions can be specified by using the meta key
directly or as qualified meta expressions. Meta l4proto is useful to match a
particular transport protocol that is part of either an IPv4 or IPv6 packet. It
will also skip any IPv6 extension headers present in an IPv6 packet.
.Meta expression types
[options="header"]
|==================
|Keyword | Description | Type
|length|
Length of the packet in bytes|
integer (32 bit)
|nfproto|
real hook protocol family, useful only in inet table|
integer (32 bit)
|l4proto|
layer 4 protocol, skips ipv6 extension headers|
integer (8 bit)
|protocol|
EtherType protocol value|
ether_type
|priority|
TC packet priority|
tc_handle
|mark|
Packet mark |
mark
|iif|
Input interface index |
iface_index
|iifname|
Input interface name |
ifname
|iiftype|
Input interface type|
iface_type
|oif|
Output interface index|
iface_index
|oifname|
Output interface name|
ifname
|oiftype|
Outout interface hardware type|
iface_type
|skuid|
UID associated with originating socket|
uid
|skgid|
GID associated with originating socket|
gid
|rtlclassid|
Routing realm|
realm
|ibrname|
Input bridge interface name|
ifname
|obrname|
Output bridge interface name|
ifname
|pkttype|
packet type|
pkt_type
|cpu|
cpu number processing the packet|
integer (32 bits)
|iifgroup|
incoming device group|
devgroup
|oifgroup|
outgoing device group|
devgroup
|cgroup|
control group id |
integer (32 bit)
|random|
pseudo-random number|
integer (32 bits)
|secpath|
boolean|
boolean (1 bit)
|====================
.Meta expression specific types
[options="header"]
|==================
|Type | Description
|iface_index |
Interface index (32 bit number). Can be specified numerically or as name of an existing interface.
|ifname|
Interface name (16 byte string). Does not have to exist.
|iface_type|
Interface type (16 bit number).
|uid|
User ID (32 bit number). Can be specified numerically or as user name.
|gid|
Group ID (32 bit number). Can be specified numerically or as group name.
|realm|
Routing Realm (32 bit number). Can be specified numerically or as symbolic name defined in /etc/iproute2/rt_realms.
|devgroup_type|
Device group (32 bit number). Can be specified numerically or as symbolic name defined in /etc/iproute2/group.
|pkt_type|
Packet type: Unicast (addressed to local host), Broadcast (to all), Multicast (to group).
|=============================
.Using meta expressions
-----------------------
# qualified meta expression
filter output meta oif eth0
# unqualified meta expression
filter output oif eth0
# packed was subject to ipsec processing
raw prerouting meta secpath exists accept
-----------------------
SOCKET EXPRESSION
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[verse]
socket {transparent}
Socket expression can be used to search for an existing open TCP/UDP socket and
its attributes that can be associated with a packet. It looks for an established
or non-zero bound listening socket (possibly with a non-local address).
.Available socket attributes
[options="header"]
|==================
|Name |Description| Type
|transparent|
Value of the IP_TRANSPARENT socket option in the found socket. It can be 0 or 1.|
boolean (1 bit)
|mark| Value of the socket mark (SOL_SOCKET, SO_MARK). | mark
|==================
.Using socket expression
------------------------
# Mark packets that correspond to a transparent socket
table inet x {
chain y {
type filter hook prerouting priority -150; policy accept;
socket transparent 1 mark set 0x00000001 accept
}
}
# Trace packets that corresponds to a socket with a mark value of 15
table inet x {
chain y {
type filter hook prerouting priority -150; policy accept;
socket mark 0x0000000f nftrace set 1
}
}
# Set packet mark to socket mark
table inet x {
chain y {
type filter hook prerouting priority -150; policy accept;
tcp dport 8080 mark set socket mark
}
}
----------------------
FIB EXPRESSIONS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[verse]
fib {saddr | daddr | {mark | iif | oif}} {oif | oifname | type}
A fib expression queries the fib (forwarding information base) to obtain
information such as the output interface index a particular address would use.
The input is a tuple of elements that is used as input to the fib lookup
functions.
.fib expression specific types
[options="header"]
|==================
|Keyword| Description| Type
|oif|
Output interface index|
integer (32 bit)
|oifname|
Output interface name|
string
|type|
Address type |
fib_addrtype
|=======================
.Using fib expressions
----------------------
# drop packets without a reverse path
filter prerouting fib saddr . iif oif missing drop
# drop packets to address not configured on ininterface
filter prerouting fib daddr . iif type != { local, broadcast, multicast } drop
# perform lookup in a specific 'blackhole' table (0xdead, needs ip appropriate ip rule)
filter prerouting meta mark set 0xdead fib daddr . mark type vmap { blackhole : drop, prohibit : jump prohibited, unreachable : drop }
----------------------
ROUTING EXPRESSIONS
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
[verse]
rt {classid | nexthop}
A routing expression refers to routing data associated with a packet.
.Routing expression types
[options="header"]
|=======================
|Keyword| Description| Type
|classid|
Routing realm|
realm
|nexthop|
Routing nexthop|
ipv4_addr/ipv6_addr
|mtu|
TCP maximum segment size of route |
integer (16 bit)
|=================================
.Routing expression specific types
[options="header"]
|=======================
|Type| Description
|realm|
Routing Realm (32 bit number). Can be specified numerically or as symbolic name defined in /etc/iproute2/rt_realms.
|========================
.Using routing expressions
--------------------------
# IP family independent rt expression
filter output rt classid 10
# IP family dependent rt expressions
ip filter output rt nexthop 192.168.0.1
ip6 filter output rt nexthop fd00::1
inet filter output rt ip nexthop 192.168.0.1
inet filter output rt ip6 nexthop fd00::1
-------------------------- | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
John McCain sends Harry Reid best wishes in recovery
Washington (CNN)Sen. John McCain poked fun at former Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid as he wished his former colleague well in recovering from surgery on Monday. "From one cantankerous senator to another, sending my prayers & best wishes to @SenatorReid as he recovers from a successful surgery," the Arizona Republican wrote on Twitter. Reid's family released a statement on Monday with news that the Democrat from Nevada had undergone surgery for pancreatic cancer. "Today, Former Democratic Leader Harry Reid underwent surgery at Johns Hopkins Cancer Center to remove a tumor from his pancreas," the statement said. "His doctors caught the problem early during a routine screening and his surgeons are confident that the surgery was a success and that the prognosis for his recovery is good. He will undergo chemotherapy as the next step in his treatment. He is now out of surgery, in good spirits and resting with his family. He is grateful to his highly skilled team of doctors and to all who have sent and continue to send their love and support." Pancreatic cancer is responsible for 3% of all cancers and 7% of all cancer deaths in the Unites States, according to the American Cancer Society. About 55,440 people are expected to be diagnosed this year and 44,330 people are expected to lose their lives to the cancer this year. It is more likely to be diagnosed at later stages since symptoms often go unnoticed. They can include yellowing of the eyes and skin, abdominal and back pain, weight loss and fatigue, according to the National Institutes of Health. Diagnosing pancreatic cancer late results in difficulty treating it. Options include surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Targeted therapy may also be used in an effort to avoid damaging normal, or healthy, cells. McCain is currently in Arizona, where he has been recovering from the side effects of treatment for brain cancer since late last year. CNN's Dana Bash,Ted Barrett and Manu Raju contributed to this report. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
RadiologyInfo.org
Bone Densitometry
Bone densitometry, also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry or DEXA, uses a very small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the body (usually the lower spine and hips) to measure bone loss. It is commonly used to diagnose osteoporosis and to assess an individual’s risk for developing fractures. DEXA is simple, quick and noninvasive. It’s also the most accurate method for diagnosing osteoporosis.
This exam requires little to no special preparation. Tell your doctor and the technologist if there is a possibility you are pregnant or if you recently had a barium exam or received an injection of contrast material for a CT or radioisotope scan. Leave jewelry at home and wear loose, comfortable clothing. You may be asked to wear a gown. You should not take calcium supplements for at least 24 hours before your exam.
What is a Bone Density Scan (DXA)?
Bone density scanning, also called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or bone densitometry, is an enhanced form of x-ray technology that is used to measure bone loss. DXA is today's established standard for measuring bone mineral density (BMD).
An x-ray (radiograph) is a noninvasive medical test that helps physicians diagnose and treat medical conditions. Imaging with x-rays involves exposing a part of the body to a small dose of ionizing radiation to produce pictures of the inside of the body. X-rays are the oldest and most frequently used form of medical imaging.
DXA is most often performed on the lower spine and hips. In children and some adults, the whole body is sometimes scanned. Peripheral devices that use x-ray or ultrasound are sometimes used to screen for low bone mass. In some communities, a CT scan with special software can also be used to diagnose or monitor low bone mass (QCT). This is accurate but less commonly used than DXA scanning.
What are some common uses of the procedure?
DXA is most often used to diagnose osteoporosis, a condition that often affects women after menopause but may also be found in men and rarely in children. Osteoporosis involves a gradual loss of calcium, as well as structural changes, causing the bones to become thinner, more fragile and more likely to break.
DXA is also effective in tracking the effects of treatment for osteoporosis and other conditions that cause bone loss.
The DXA test can also assess an individual's risk for developing fractures. The risk of fracture is affected by age, body weight, history of prior fracture, family history of osteoporotic fractures and life style issues such as cigarette smoking and excessive alcohol consumption. These factors are taken into consideration when deciding if a patient needs therapy.
Bone density testing is strongly recommended if you:
• are a post-menopausal woman and not taking estrogen.
• have a personal or maternal history of hip fracture or smoking.
• are a post-menopausal woman who is tall (over 5 feet 7 inches) or thin (less than 125 pounds).
• are a man with clinical conditions associated with bone loss.
• use medications that are known to cause bone loss, including corticosteroids such as Prednisone, various anti-seizure medications such as Dilantin and certain barbiturates, or high-dose thyroid replacement drugs.
• have type 1 (formerly called juvenile or insulin-dependent) diabetes, liver disease, kidney disease or a family history of osteoporosis.
• have high bone turnover, which shows up in the form of excessive collagen in urine samples.
• have a thyroid condition, such as hyperthyroidism.
• have a parathyroid condition, such as hyperparathyroidism.
• have experienced a fracture after only mild trauma.
• have had x-ray evidence of vertebral fracture or other signs of osteoporosis.
The Lateral Vertebral Assessment (LVA), a low-dose x-ray examination of the spine to screen for vertebral fractures that is performed on the DXA machine, may be recommended for older patients, especially if:
• they have lost more than an inch of height.
• have unexplained back pain.
• if a DXA scan gives borderline readings.
How should I prepare?
On the day of the exam you may eat normally. You should not take calcium supplements for at least 24 hours before your exam.
You should wear loose, comfortable clothing, avoiding garments that have zippers, belts or buttons made of metal. Objects such as keys or wallets that would be in the area being scanned should be removed.
You may be asked to remove some or all of your clothes and to wear a gown during the exam. You may also be asked to remove jewelry, removable dental appliances, eye glasses and any metal objects or clothing that might interfere with the x-ray images.
Inform your physician if you recently had a barium examination or have been injected with a contrast material for a computed tomography (CT) scan or radioisotope scan. You may have to wait 10 to 14 days before undergoing a DXA test.
Women should always inform their physician and x-ray technologist if there is any possibility that they are pregnant. Many imaging tests are not performed during pregnancy so as not to expose the fetus to radiation. If an x-ray is necessary, precautions will be taken to minimize radiation exposure to the baby. See the Safety page for more information about pregnancy and x-rays.
What does the equipment look like?
There are two types of DXA equipment: a central device and a peripheral device.
Central DXA devices measure bone density in the hip and spine and are usually located in hospitals and medical offices. Central devices have a large, flat table and an "arm" suspended overhead.
Peripheral devices measure bone density in the wrist, heel or finger and are often available in drugstores and on mobile health vans in the community. The pDXA device is much smaller than the Central DXA device, weighing only about 60 pounds. It is a portable box-like structure with a space for the foot or forearm to be placed for imaging. Other portable technologies such as specially designed ultrasound machines, are also sometimes used for screening.
How does the procedure work?
The DXA machine sends a thin, invisible beam of low-dose x-rays with two distinct energy peaks through the bones being examined. One peak is absorbed mainly by soft tissue and the other by bone. The soft tissue amount can be subtracted from the total and what remains is a patient's bone mineral density.
DXA machines feature special software that compute and display the bone density measurements on a computer monitor.
How is the procedure performed?
This examination is usually done on an outpatient basis.
In the Central DXA examination, which measures bone density in the hip and spine, the patient lies on a padded table. An x-ray generator is located below the patient and an imaging device, or detector, is positioned above.
To assess the spine, the patient's legs are supported on a padded box to flatten the pelvis and lower (lumbar) spine. To assess the hip, the patient's foot is placed in a brace that rotates the hip inward. In both cases, the detector is slowly passed over the area, generating images on a computer monitor.
You must hold very still and may be asked to keep from breathing for a few seconds while the x-ray picture is taken to reduce the possibility of a blurred image. The technologist will walk behind a wall or into the next room to activate the x-ray machine.
The peripheral tests are simpler. The finger, hand, forearm or foot is placed in a small device that obtains a bone density reading within a few minutes.
An additional procedure called Lateral Vertebral Assessment (LVA) is now being done at many centers. LVA is a low-dose x-ray examination of the spine to screen for vertebral fractures that is performed on the DXA machine.
The LVA test adds only a few minutes to the DXA procedure.
The DXA bone density test is usually completed within 10 to 30 minutes, depending on the equipment used and the parts of the body being examined.
You will probably be asked to fill out a questionnaire that will help the doctor determine if you have medical conditions or take certain medications that either increase or decrease your risk of a fracture. The World Health Organization has recently released an online survey that combines the DXA results and a few basic questions and can be used to predict 10-year hip fracture risk for post-menopausal women. This will be coming into more use in the next few years.
What will I experience during and after the procedure?
Bone density tests are a quick and painless procedure.
Routine evaluations every two years may be needed to see a significant change in bone mineral density, decrease or increase. Few patients, such as patients on high dose steroid medication, may need follow-up at six months.
Who interprets the results and how will I get them?
A radiologist, a physician specifically trained to supervise and interpret radiology examinations, will analyze the images and send a signed report to your primary care or referring physician, who will discuss the results with you.
DXA scans are also interpreted by other physicians such as rheumatologists and endocrinologists. A clinician should review your DXA scan while assessing the presence of clinical risk factors such as:
• rheumatoid arthritis
• chronic renal and liver disease
• respiratory disease
• inflammatory bowel disease
Your test results will be in the form of two scores:
T score — This number shows the amount of bone you have compared with a young adult of the same gender with peak bone mass. A score above -1 is considered normal. A score between -1 and -2.5 is classified as osteopenia (low bone mass). A score below -2.5 is defined as osteoporosis. The T score is used to estimate your risk of developing a fracture.
Z score — This number reflects the amount of bone you have compared with other people in your age group and of the same size and gender. If this score is unusually high or low, it may indicate a need for further medical tests.
Small changes may normally be observed between scans due to differences in positioning and usually are not significant.
What are the benefits vs. risks?
Benefits
• DXA bone densitometry is a simple, quick and noninvasive procedure.
• No anesthesia is required.
• The amount of radiation used is extremely small—less than one-tenth the dose of a standard chest x-ray, and less than a day's exposure to natural radiation.
• DXA bone density testing is the most accurate method available for the diagnosis of osteoporosis and is also considered an accurate estimator of fracture risk.
• DXA equipment is widely available making DXA bone densitometry testing convenient for patients and physicians alike.
• No radiation remains in a patient's body after an x-ray examination.
• X-rays usually have no side effects in the typical diagnostic range for this exam.
Risks
• There is always a slight chance of cancer from excessive exposure to radiation. However, the benefit of an accurate diagnosis far outweighs the risk.
• Women should always inform their physician or x-ray technologist if there is any possibility that they are pregnant. See the Safety page for more information about pregnancy and x-rays.
• The effective radiation dose for this procedure varies. See the Safety page for more information about radiation dose.
• No complications are expected with the DXA procedure.
A Word About Minimizing Radiation Exposure
Special care is taken during x-ray examinations to use the lowest radiation dose possible while producing the best images for evaluation. National and international radiology protection organizations continually review and update the technique standards used by radiology professionals.
Modern x-ray systems have very controlled x-ray beams and dose control methods to minimize stray (scatter) radiation. This ensures that those parts of a patient's body not being imaged receive minimal radiation exposure.
What are the limitations of DXA Bone Densitometry?
• A DXA test cannot predict who will experience a fracture but can provide indications of relative risk.
• Despite its effectiveness as a method of measuring bone density, DXA is of limited use in people with a spinal deformity or those who have had previous spinal surgery. The presence of vertebral compression fractures or osteoarthritis may interfere with the accuracy of the test; in such instances, CT scans may be more useful.
• Central DXA devices are more sensitive than pDXA devices but they are also somewhat more expensive.
• A test done on a peripheral location, such as the heel or wrist, may help predict the risk of fracture in the spine or hip. These tests are not helpful in following response to treatment, however, and if they indicate that drug therapy is needed, a baseline central DXA scan should be obtained.
This page was reviewed on May 30, 2016
Images
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Pediatric Content
Some imaging tests and treatments have special pediatric considerations. The teddy bear denotes child-specific content.
About this Site
RadiologyInfo.org is produced by:
Please note
RadiologyInfo.org is not a medical facility. Please contact your physician with specific medical questions or for a referral to a radiologist or other physician. To locate a medical imaging or radiation oncology provider in your community, you can search the ACR-accredited facilities database.
This website does not provide cost information. The costs for specific medical imaging tests, treatments and procedures may vary by geographic region. Discuss the fees associated with your prescribed procedure with your doctor, the medical facility staff and/or your insurance provider to get a better understanding of the possible charges you will incur.
Web page review process: This Web page is reviewed regularly by a physician with expertise in the medical area presented and is further reviewed by committees from the American College of Radiology (ACR) and the Radiological Society of North America (RSNA), comprising physicians with expertise in several radiologic areas.
Outside links: For the convenience of our users, RadiologyInfo.org provides links to relevant websites. RadiologyInfo.org, ACR and RSNA are not responsible for the content contained on the web pages found at these links. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Jehan Alard
Jean Allard or Jehan Alard (fl. 1580), was a French adventurer.
He was a French Huguenot. He was employed as a gardener by Erik XIV of Sweden in 1563, with the responsibility of the king's orangery and fruit garden, which was to become the later Kungsträdgården in Stockholm. In 1568, Erik was deposed, but he remained at court. In 1574, he was implicated as a participator of the Mornay Plot against John III of Sweden. He was protected by Duke Charles and left Sweden for Italy with a passport issued by the duke the same year in the company of Oliver d'Archi, tasked to act as the spies of the duke in Italy. He appears to have betrayed Charles.
In 1576, he is noted to have been a galley slave in Italy. He was condemned to the galleys by the Inquisition after having been associated with the heretic Martinengo counts in Brescia. He was a prisoner in the prison of the Inquisition in 1577–78. When released, it was reported that he attempted to recruit mercenaries in France to attack Sweden, and in 1579, the governor of the Älvsborg Fortress was warned against him. In 1580, it was noted that he had not yet been tried for his crimes in Sweden, possible referring to his participation in the Mornay plot. This is the last time he is mentioned. | WIKI |
Page:Ruffhead - The Statutes at Large - vol 8.djvu/431
A. D. 175^. .Anno trice/imo fccundo GeorgiiII. ^-35* 397 this prefent Parliament aMTeinblecl, and by the Aiithoriby of the farne. That from and after the fifth Day Additional Stamp Duties of 7;//yonethoufand fev«:-n hundred and fifty-nine, there (hall be throughoiu" iiV^"^. ^'"^ ^""■''" VdrmTaS4ent"i ro oi IVahs, andTovvn o^ Beriuick upon Ttv.'ed, raifed, coiledled, levied and paid, unto and for the y>^„^^^ ufed in'^Law"Mat- Ufe of his Majefty, his Heirs and Succefibrs, for every Piece of V'^ellum, Parchment or Paper, on tcr?, to t. ike I'Lce •which the feveral and refpcclive Matters and Things herein after nr.entioned, iliall be ingroffed or 5, July 1759. written at any Time or Tiraes after the faid fifth Day of July (over and above the Rates, Duties, Charges and Sums of Moikv, nov/ due and payable to his MajelLy for or in Refpedl of the fame) tije further feveral and rcfpecUve Rates, Duties, Charges and Sums of Money following; that is foiiiy, i' For "every Piece of Vellunn or Parchment, or Sheet or Piece of Paper, upon which any Affidavit viz. Upon Affidavits filed «D be made ufe of in any Court of Law or Equity at IVeJimtnJier, or in any Court of the Great Scf- ""^ "^"^ "^ ^°"" ^• fions for the Counties in JVdes^ or in the Court of County Palatine of Chejier^ fhall be ingroiied (AfRdavits for burying in £• written (except Affidavits taken purfuant to feveral A6ts made in the thirtieth and two and thir- WooUenjandtho'-e taken It 1 17 r 1 T) ■ r i^' r^ xL o 1 /• 1 • ■ -5 71/- 11 J „.. r u before uiacers or the Cu- Ufth Years of the Keign or King Charles the Second, for burymg in Vvoolien; and except lucn floms Juftxes, crC.m- ' Affidavits as fhali be taken before the Officers of the Cuftoms, or any Juftice or Juftices of the minioncrs cf the Pubiitk ^eace, or before any Commiffioners appointed or to be appointed by any hQi of Parliarnci-t, for tiie Taxes, excepted ) ^effing .and levying any Aids or Duties granted or to be granted to his Majeity, his Heirs and Succeiloxs, and v/hich Affidavits iliall be taken by the faid Officers of the Cuftoms, Juftices or Cor.imiffionerc, by virtue of their Authority as Juftices of the Peace, or Commillioncrs refpectively, and not otherwile) the Sum of fix Pence. , For every Piece of Vellum or Parchment, or Sheet or Piece of Paper, upon which any Copy Tjpo„ Copies of the faiJ of fuch Affidavit as is herein before charged, that (hall be filed or read in any of the faid Courts, AiTicavits, 6d. ^fliall be ingroiled or written, the Sum of fix Pence. ■ For every Piece of Vellum or Parchment, or Sheet or Piece of Paper, upon which any Comwiion tipon filing a Common Bail to b; filed in any Court of Law at IVejhninfler^ or in any of tnc aforefaid Courts, and upon Bail or Ajipearance, 6d. Vrhich any Appearance that (hall be made upon fuch Bail, Ihall be ingroffed or written, the Sum of fix Pence. . . For every Piece of Vellum or Parchment, or Sheet or Piece of Paper, upon which any Rule or Y"" ^^"'^°"^ ^"^^'^'^^ Order made or given in any the Courts?it WeJImin/icrf either Courts of Law or Equity, fhall be '-°"^' ^ *^' ingroffed or written, the Sum of fix Pence. For every Piece of Vellum or Parchment, or Sheet or Piece of Paper, upon which any Copy of Fp^" aCopy of Aich fuch Rules or Orders entered, fhall be ingroffed or written, the Sum of fix Pence. ' '^^ ""■ ^' ^''• or appoint Guardians, or any other Writ whatfoever, or any other Procefs or Mandate that fhall or Damage amounts to ifiue out or pafs the Seals of any the Courts at JVeJhninfter^ Courts of the Great Seffions in IVales^ 40 s. or more, 6d. Gourts in the Counties Palatine, or any other Court whatfoever holding PI a, where the Debt or Damage doth amount to forty Shillings, or above, or the Thing in Demand is of that Value, (hall be ingroffed or written (Writs of Covenant for levying Fines, Vrits of Entry for fuffering Com- (paiticukr Wilts ex- mon Recoveries, and Writs of Habeas Corpus^ alway excepted) the Sum of fix Pence. cepted.) i: For every Piece of Vellum or Parchment, or Sheet or Piece of Paper, upon which any Depofi- ^P""^ D5pofitions taken tion taken in the Court of Chancery, or other Court of Equity at ^^/z'w.vw/rVr (except the Paper p^,,;"""!^' .° °V^" T> 1 r T> r ■ 1 1 ■'^ • r r^ ■ n' r "^i ^ • n- i «_OUrt Of i*.quity (Paper Draughts or JJepoiitions, taken by virtue or any Cornmiihon, before they are ingroiled; O:' upon Draughts thereof ex- which any Copy of any Bill, Anfwer, Plea, Demurrer, Replication, Rejoinder, Interrogatories, ceptej) Depofitions, or other Proceedings whatfoever, in fuch Courts of Equity, fhall be ingrofied or writ- Copies of Bills, Anfwer?, ten, the Sum of one Penny.?'^.' or other Procced- ' •' ings in iudi Courts, 1 d. For every Piece of Vellum or Parchment, or Sheet or Piece of Paper, upon which any'DecIa- Upon Declarations, and lation. Plea, Replication, Rejoinder, Demurrer, or. other Pleading whatfoever, in any Court of other PleadiTigsin-Coorts Law at Wejimtnjler^ or in any of the Courts of the Principality of PFaies^ or in any of the Courts o^ ^^^^'' ^ '^• in the Counties Palatine of Chejicr Lancajler or Durham^ fliall be ingroffed or written, the Sum of one Penny; and. For every Piece of Vellum or Parchment, or Sheet or Piece of Paper, upon which any Copy Upon any Copy thereof, thereof fhaU be v/ritten or ingrofied, the Sum of one Penny. .id. II. And be it further enacStcd by the Authority aforefaid. That for, .the better and more effecSbual Thefe Duties to be unrfer; raifing, levying, collecting and paying all the faid additional and new Rates and Duties herein be-, ^|^^ ^•'^^'"^s^'^s^t o^ff^'e' fore granted, the fame ihall be under the Government, Care and Management of the Commiffioners,^°j|^'"5^^^"''p^J5j^^ ' for the Time being appointed to manage the Duties payable to his Majefty, his Heirs and Succef- "^^ " '"' fors, and charged on ffampcd Vellum, Parchment and Paper, by formiCr Aclis of Parliament in that Behalf made; who, or the major Part of them are hereby required and impowered to imploy fuch v.ho are to imploy proper Officers under them for tlrat Purpofe as they fhall think proper; and to ufe fuch Dies and Stamps Officers under them, and to uenote the Stamp Duties hereby tharged as they fhall think fit; and to repair, renew or alter the P|^°''p^^^vf'^"'P* *'"' fame, from time to time, as there fhall be Occafion; and to do aH other Acis, Matters and Things a^j do Til other Matters ii'.r.efiary to b' done for putting this A£l in Execution, with relation to the faid feveral Rates and neceflary for carrying thi*. Duties'hereby granted, in tiie like and in as full and ample Manner as they, or the niajor Part of Aft into Esccutiun, theiu | WIKI |
Chad Chaffin
Chad Chaffin (born July 20, 1968) is an American former stock car racing driver.
Chaffin has raced in all three of NASCAR's major series. He was a two-time track champion at the historic Nashville Speedway USA, where he met his friend, Andy Kirby.
Sprint Cup
Chad made his Sprint Cup debut in 2004 at Martinsville. Driving the No. 98 MACH 1 Motorsports Ford, he ran 100 laps before experiencing a mechanical failure and finished in 39th place. In 2005, he attempted three races with Front Row Motorsports and MACH 1. Chaffin qualified for the Checker Auto Parts 500 at Phoenix and finished the race in the 43rd position after overheating issues. He began the 2006 season in the No. 92 Oak Gloves Chevrolet driving for Front Row Motorsports, however, he switched to the No. 34 Oak Gloves Chevrolet within the organization after two races. After another eight races, he yet again moved within FRM, this time to the recently acquired No. 61 team. Chaffin has currently made four of the fourteen races he has attempted, three in the No. 34 Oak Gloves Chevrolet and two cars with No. 61 team.
At the beginning of the 2007 season, Chaffin switched to the No. 37 R&J Racing car but was replaced by John Andretti before qualifying for a race. After Mike Bliss' resignation as the driver of the No. 49 BAM Racing Dodge on June 27, 2007, Chaffin was selected as one of the replacements with Larry Foyt. In his first attempt to qualify of the season at Loudon, Chaffin made the race after Brian Vickers and the No. 83 Team Red Bull Toyota were disqualified after failing post-qualifying inspection. In 2008, he attempted to qualify the No. 34 Chevrolet for Front Row Motorsports in the Pennsylvania 500 at Pocono and the Camping World RV 400 at Dover, but failed to qualify in either.
Busch Series
His NASCAR career began in a 1993 Busch Series race at Rockingham. He drove three races in the No. 16 31-W Insulation Chevrolet with a best finish of 29th in his debut. In 1994, he again turned to the No. 16 and had a best finish of 20th in seven races. During 1997 he ran one race in the No. 87 BellSouth Mobility Chevrolet and posted a finish of 19th at Nashville. Again in 1998 he ran one race, this time in a family-owned No. 84 Logan's Roadhouse Ford, where he finished 28th. In 1999, Chaffin made nine starts, three with his family-owned team and six with No. 77 Lear Corporation Ford featuring Tony Hall as the owner. He had a best finish of 9th at Richmond.
Chaffin made 18 starts in 2000, all except for one in the No. 77 Lear Corporation Ford. He posted his best finish again at Richmond with an 11th place. In 2001, he drove for Team Rensi Motorsports and Day Enterprise Racing. Making 14 starts, he would have a best finish of 16th at Atlanta. 2002 is Chaffin's most active year in the Busch Series to date with 26 starts out of the 34 races. The majority of these starts came in the No. 16 31-W Insulation Chevrolet owned by Day Enterprise Racing. Although he struggled to finish many of the races because of mechanical failures he was able to achieve a best finish of 12th at Talladega. Chad was absent from the series for two years before returning for a race in 2005. He finished 36th in his only start during that year. For the 2006 season Chaffin was expected to compete in up to 15 events for Day Enterprise Racing in the No. 05 31-W Insulation Chevrolet, but ended up only making 2 starts for the team, then returned later in the year to make a single start for Sadler Bros. Racing. He has one career Top 10 finish in over 80 starts.
Craftsman Truck Series
Chad first raced in the Craftsman Truck Series in 2000 with three teams. He raced the No. 84 Romeo Guest Associates Ford owned by Long Brothers Racing to his best finish of the season a 3rd at Nashville. He returned in 2001 and again raced with Long Brothers Racing and had a best finish of 4th. In 2002, he started only two races as well and was unable to finish either in a family-owned car. For the next two years he drove the No. 18 Dickies Dodge for Bobby Hamilton Racing and had two wins in 2004 (Dover International Speedway and Indianapolis Raceway Park). He finished a career-best 10th in the final points standings in 2003 and 2004.
In 2005, he drove for three teams and competed in 21 of the 25 races. Chaffin began the season in the No. 30 Germain Racing Toyota and had a best finish of fourth before bring replaced by Todd Bodine. Despite being replaced, Wyler Racing selected Chaffin as their driver and he ran 10 races with them placing 9th as his best finish. Jack Sprague then replaced Chaffin and he was left without a ride. He ran one final race in 2005 with No. 13 ThorSport Racing Chevrolet and finished 13th at Phoenix. For 2006, he was scheduled to drive the No. 40 Chevrolet for Key Motorsports in the opening races of the season, but has since left to focus on his Nextel Cup team. Ryan Moore, a Dale Earnhardt, Inc. development driver, has replaced him as of Charlotte. Chaffin made one start this season in the No. 02 Team Copaxone Chevrolet for Sutton Motorsports. It was announced on July 3 that Chaffin would drive the No. 59 Harris Trucking Ford for HT Motorsports after Steve Park's departure. In 2007 and 2008, Chaffin ran part-time in the No. 40 Chevrolet for Key Motorsports. In 22 combined starts, he earned two top 10 finishes.
ARCA career
Chaffin's only attempt in ARCA came in 2000 with his own Chaffin Motorsports. The No. 92 Upstate Helicopters Ford, which was a '97 Thunderbird, qualified third for Pro2Call 200 at Daytona. He exited the race after a transmission failure on lap 10, leaving him in the 40th position.
NASCAR
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. )
ARCA Bondo/Mar-Hyde Series
(key) ( Bold – Pole position awarded by qualifying time. Italics – Pole position earned by points standings or practice time. * – Most laps led. ) | WIKI |
Andrea Pasqualon
Andrea Pasqualon (born 2 January 1988 is an Italian cyclist, who currently rides for UCI WorldTeam . In June 2017, he was named in the startlist for the Tour de France.
Major results
* 2009
* 2nd Trofeo Città di Brescia
* 6th Coppa San Geo
* 6th Giro del Medio Brenta
* 10th Trofeo Alcide Degasperi
* 2010
* 1st Trofeo Banca Popolare di Vicenza
* 1st Giro del Casentino
* 7th Trofeo Città di Brescia
* 8th Trofeo Alcide Degasperi
* 9th Trofeo Franco Balestra
* 9th Giro del Medio Brenta
* 2012
* 4th Trofeo Matteotti
* 2013
* 1st Stage 2 Tour du Limousin
* 2nd Coppa Sabatini
* 2014
* 1st Grand Prix Südkärnten
* 1st Stage 7 Vuelta a Colombia
* 3rd Gran Premio della Costa Etruschi
* 3rd Trofeo Laigueglia
* 5th Giro dell'Appennino
* 5th Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli
* 7th Gran Premio Industria e Commercio di Prato
* 2015
* 2nd Overall Boucles de la Mayenne
* 1st Jersey green.svg Points classification
* 1st Stage 1
* 2nd Grand Prix de la ville de Nogent-sur-Oise
* 2nd Trofeo Matteotti
* 3rd Tour de Berne
* 6th Paris–Troyes
* 6th Ronde van Noord-Holland
* 6th Coppa Ugo Agostoni
* 6th Memorial Marco Pantani
* 7th Overall Tour du Limousin
* 7th Rund um Köln
* 10th Overall Oberösterreich Rundfahrt
* 1st Stage 2
* 2016
* 2nd Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
* 2nd Coppa Sabatini
* 3rd Race Horizon Park Classic
* 10th Race Horizon Park Race for Peace
* 2017
* 1st Coppa Sabatini
* 5th Primus Classic
* 6th Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli
* 7th Binche–Chimay–Binche
* 8th Paris–Tours
* 10th Paris–Bourges
* 2018
* 1st Jersey gold.svg Overall Tour de Luxembourg
* 1st Jersey blue.svg Points classification
* 1st Stages 2 & 3
* 1st Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan
* 4th Grand Prix de Denain
* 4th Eschborn–Frankfurt
* 5th Binche–Chimay–Binche
* 6th Brabantse Pijl
* 6th Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
* 6th Boucles de l'Aulne
* 7th La Drôme Classic
* 7th Grand Prix de la Ville de Lillers
* 7th Paris–Bourges
* 2019
* 1st Stage 5 Tour Poitou-Charentes en Nouvelle-Aquitaine
* 2nd Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
* 3rd Overall Tour de Luxembourg
* 4th Paris–Bourges
* 7th Tacx Pro Classic
* 7th Grand Prix de Plumelec-Morbihan
* 8th Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli
* 2020
* 2nd Coppa Sabatini
* 3rd Trofeo Playa de Palma
* 5th Trofeo Campos, Porreres, Felanitx, Ses Salines
* 5th Memorial Marco Pantani
* 9th Giro della Toscana
* 2021
* 2nd Ronde van Drenthe
* 3rd Le Samyn
* 3rd Paris–Chauny
* 4th Eschborn–Frankfurt
* 7th La Roue Tourangelle
* 8th Paris–Tours
* 8th Grand Prix of Aargau Canton
* 8th Giro del Veneto
* 10th Binche–Chimay–Binche
* 2022
* 1st Circuit de Wallonie
* 7th Egmont Cycling Race
* 8th Omloop Het Nieuwsblad
* 10th Antwerp Port Epic
* 10th Schaal Sels
* 2023
* 8th Omloop Het Nieuwsblad
* 8th Dwars door Vlaanderen | WIKI |
Jungle green
Jungle green is a color that is a rich tone of medium spring green.
The specific tone of the color jungle green called "jungle green" by Crayola, displayed at right, was formulated by Crayola in 1990.
The first recorded use of jungle green as a color name in English was in 1926.
Tropical rainforest
Displayed at right is the color tropical rainforest.
The color tropical rainforest was formulated by Crayola in 1993.
Amazon
Displayed at right is the color Amazon (named after the specific rainforest).
The first recorded use of Amazon as a color name in English was in 1924.
Deep jungle green
Displayed at right is the color deep jungle green, that tone of jungle green shown as jungle green on color sample #165 of the ISCC-NBS color list.
Medium jungle green
Displayed at right is the color medium jungle green, that tone of jungle green shown as jungle green in color sample #147 on the ISCC-NBS color list.
Dark jungle green
Displayed at right is the color dark jungle green, that tone of jungle green called jungle green in color sample #152 on the ISCC-NBS color list.
In culture
See also United States Army Special Forces in popular culture
* Military
* In the United States Army, jungle green is the color used for the uniforms and berets of the United States Army Special Forces. (The shade of jungle green used in the uniforms and berets of the U.S. Army Green Berets is closely equivalent to the color shown above as deep jungle green.) In the Commonwealth of Nations jungle green is the color of the combat or working uniform worn in the Far East and in parts of Africa. The uniform was often called "jaygees" in Australia. Green berets are also used by the elite forces of a number of other nations--see the article on green berets. The berets used by these various elite military forces are usually a tone of jungle green or forest green. | WIKI |
User:Justice Ndlovu
Justice Ndlovu
Born at Lupane on 1999. He is a Student journalist at National University Of Science And Technology (NUST) he is the CEO of a fast growing construction company in Zimbabwe Hydt Industries. | WIKI |
Weyerhaeuser Reinitiates Dividend
(RTTNews) - While reporting higher third-quarter earnings and sales, Weyerhaeuser Co. (WY) on Friday said it is reinitiating a quarterly dividend that was temporarily suspended in May amid the coronavirus pandemic.
For the fourth quarter 2020, the board of directors has declared a quarterly base cash dividend of $0.17 per share.
Further, the private owner of timberlands is also implementing a new dividend framework to enhance its ability to return cash to shareholders across a variety of market conditions.
The new dividend framework includes two components, such as sustainable quarterly base cash dividend and variable supplemental dividend. The company expects to supplement its quarterly base dividend with an additional return of cash, as appropriate, to achieve a targeted total annual return to shareholders of 75 to 80 percent of annual Adjusted Funds Available for Distribution.
The company noted that demand for housing and wood products has proven resilient over the past several months.
Looking ahead for the fourth quarter, timberlands segment expects sequentially higher earnings and Adjusted EBITDA in the fourth quarter.
Devin Stockfish, president and chief executive officer, said, "Entering the fourth quarter, Weyerhaeuser is operating from a strong financial position, and we are increasingly confident that the recent strength in U.S. housing will continue notwithstanding ongoing macroeconomic headwinds."
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
tinyMediaManager profiles
3 minute read
tinyMediaManager v5 will be able to write your data into the systems default locations if you don’t use the portable version:
Windows: C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming macOS: ~/Library/Application Support/tinyMediaManager Linux: ~/.local/share/tinyMediaManager
But what about using only one tinyMediaManager instance with multiple “profiles”? Especially for macOS this is needed since there is no more a portable version for macOS.
tinyMediaManager v5 offers now a new start parameter for setting the profile path, which needs to be set while starting tinyMediaManager:
Windows
You can create a new shortcut to your tinyMediaManager.exe (right click the tinyMediaManager.exe and choose “New - Shortcut”) and add the start parameter -Dtmm.contentfolder='<path_to_data>' to the shortcut (right click, choose “Properties” and enter the parameter after the executable).
macOS
Creating an alias with extra start parameters needs some extra steps on macOS
1. Open Automator and create a new “AppleScript”
2. Paste the following code into the AppleScript and replace your paths
do shell script "open -a '<path_to_tmm>/tinyMediaManager.app' --args -Dtmm.contentfolder='<path_to_data>'"
example: ``` do shell script “open -a ‘/Applications/tinyMediaManager.app’ –args -Dtmm.contentfolder=’/Users/manuel//Library/Application\ Support/tinyMediaManager2/’”
```
1. Export the Automator script via “File - Export”
2. Change the icon of the Automator script to the tmm icon by opening the app information of both apps (CMD + I or right click and choose Info). After that cou can simply select and copy the icon from the tinyMediaManager app (CMD + C) and paste it in your Automator script (CMD + V) - Example: https://apple.stackexchange.com/a/372
Linux
Just run the tinyMediaManager binary with the start parameter -Dtmm.contentfolder='<path_to_data>' or add the start parameter to the .desktop file.
Tags:
Categories:
Updated:
Manuel Laggner
Manuel Laggner
technic freak, linux user and programmer
Follow Manuel Laggner: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Bixad, Covasna
Bixad (Sepsibükszád, Hungarian pronunciation : ) is a commune in Covasna County, Transylvania, Romania. Composed of a single village, Bixad, it was joined to Malnaș in 1968. It once again became an independent commune when it split off in 2004. It lies in the Székely Land, an ethno-cultural region in eastern Transylvania.
Demographics
The commune has an absolute Székely Hungarian majority. At the 2011 Census, it had a population of 1,774, of which 97% or 1,721 were Hungarian.
Tourist attractions
* The Mikes Armin School, which was the hunting lodge of the Mikes family and built by Count Ármin Mikes around 1900. Apart from the school, the building hosts a little museum displaying glass from the factory which was operated by the Mikó and later the Mikes family in the village until 1918.
* The so-called Mikes Spas: the Vallato, the Hammas, and the Bükki Spa. | WIKI |
Page:Dorothy Canfield - Understood Betsy.djvu/267
Rh and cuddly, and fuzzy! Betsy put her fingers very softly on the gray one's head and thrilled to feel the warmth of the little living creature. "Oh, Eleanor!" she asked eagerly. "Can I pick one up?" She lifted the gray one gently and held it up to her cheek. The little thing nestled down in the warm hollow of her hand. She could feel its tiny, tiny little claws pricking softly into her palm. "Oh, you sweetness! You little, little baby-thing!" she said over and over in a whisper.
Eleanor did not stop purring, and she looked up with friendly, trusting eyes as her little mistress made the acquaintance of her children, but Betsy could feel somehow that Eleanor was anxious about her kitten, was afraid that, although the little girl meant everything that was kind, her great, clumsy, awkward human hands weren't clever enough to hold a baby-cat the proper way. "I don't blame you a bit, Eleanor," said Betsy. "I should feel just so in your place. There! I won't touch it again!" She laid the kitten down carefully by its mother. | WIKI |
Kenneth Branagh to Direct Tom Hiddleston in ‘Hamlet’
LONDON — Tom Hiddleston will star in a new production of “Hamlet,” directed by Kenneth Branagh, opening on Sept. 1 and running just three weeks. But don’t get out your credit card yet. The production, announced on Tuesday, is a fund-raising venture for the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, the prestigious theater academy that Mr. Branagh and Mr. Hiddleston (as well as many other household names) both attended. Tickets for the three-week run, in the academy’s 160-seat Jerwood Vanbrugh Theater here, are only available through a ballot system, which opened Tuesday. There will be no day tickets or returns available, and no press seats allocated. In a statement quoted in The Stage, a London theater publication, Mr. Hiddleston said that the role offered “almost limitless possibilities for interpretation.” He added that he and Mr. Branagh — who directed Mr. Hiddleston as Loki in the Disney-Marvel blockbuster “Thor” — had long discussed working on “Hamlet” together. “Now felt like the right time, at the right place,” he said. “Hamlet,” a coproduction by RADA and Mr. Branagh’s theater company, will feature actors from both organizations, including the actress and playwright Lolita Chakrabarti as Gertrude and Kathryn Wilder as Ophelia, with the backstage crew drawn from the academy’s technical theater course. Mr. Branagh, who has been the president of RADA since 2015, and can currently be seen in “Dunkirk,” said in an interview with The Stage that this “Hamlet” would be a stripped-down production, with an edited text and a pared-back set. He also suggested something of his approach. “Hamlet always speaks loudly to the world,” he said. “And at present, it roars. It is a play that talks of power grabs and demagogues.” He added: “It’s about personality and theatricality, and the tools of politics and performance. This is reflected in the media every day. Shakespeare just happened to write about it 500 years ago.” The money raised from the three-week run will go toward the academy’s Attenborough Campaign, which has a target of £20 million ($26.3 million) to create on-site accommodation for students and provide them with increased financial support. RADA, in the Bloomsbury area of London, also intends to build a new library and convert an existing building into a 250-seat theater. “The performing arts exist to bring people together, not to break or keep them apart,” Mr. Hiddleston said, perhaps addressing the often-repeated criticism that top British actors tend to come from privileged backgrounds. “We need to keep the doors open for everyone.” | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
REST methods in forms with Kit, Reitit, and Ring
Regular HTML only supports two of the five REST methods. To my knowledge Kit does not come with any functionality that would allow you to directly call other methods without using some front-end shenanigans. If you want to avoid that, your other option is a reitit.ring middleware.
Let’s say you want to add a button that makes a DELETE request, removing an item. For it to work, you need:
• The button itself, wrapped in a form. This form must use the “POST” method (others are not available in pure HTML), and contain a hidden field called “_method”. Its value should be set to “DELETE”.
• An appropriate route and controller to handle the deletion (no surprise here)
• A middleware that will allow you to swap the request method on the fly if the form contains a value in the hidden field.
This solution comes from the reitit documentation, I just added what’s necessary for it to work with Kit.
Button
Inside your HTML template, add a button wrapped in a form like below:
<form method="post" action="/delete/{{id}}">
{% csrf-field %}
<input type="hidden" name="_method" value="delete" />
<input type="submit" class="button" value="Delete" />
</form>
The csrf-field is required for the form to be able to post successfully. Notice the hidden field with name="_method" and value="delete". This is important because that’s the field we’ll use in the middleware to swap the request method.
Route and controller
You now need to add the route in the pages.clj file.
["/delete/:id" {:delete item/delete!}]
The controller should end up in the appropriate web/controllers file (this one is just a placeholder):
(defn delete! [{:keys [path-params] :as request}]
(clojure.pprint/pprint "DELETE ACTION CALLED!")
(http-response/found "/"))
Middleware
Finally, the most important piece of the puzzle. Add the implementation of the middleware (for example from reitit documentation) to your web/middleware/core.clj file:
(defn- hidden-method
[request]
(some-> (or (get-in request [:form-params "_method"])
(get-in request [:multipart-params "_method"]))
clojure.string/lower-case
keyword))
(def wrap-hidden-method
{:name ::wrap-hidden-method
:wrap (fn [handler]
(fn [request]
(if-let [fm (and (= :post (:request-method request))
(hidden-method request))]
(handler (assoc request :request-method fm))
(handler request))))})
This middleware checks whether your request contains the _method field. If it does, whatever is in that field will be converted into a request method. In this case, the value of the _method field is “delete”. The middleware converts it to “:delete” and places it in the request map.
The next step is to make sure that the middleware is called at the right time. Add it to the ring/ring-handler definition in web/handler.clj:
(defmethod ig/init-key :handler/ring
[_ {:keys [router api-path] :as opts}]
(ring/ring-handler
router
(ring/routes
(ring/create-resource-handler {:path "/"})
(when (some? api-path)
(swagger-ui/create-swagger-ui-handler {:path api-path
:url (str api-path "/swagger.json")}))
(ring/create-default-handler
{:not-found
(constantly {:status 404, :body "Page not found"})
:method-not-allowed
(constantly {:status 405, :body "Not allowed"})
:not-acceptable
(constantly {:status 406, :body "Not acceptable"})}))
{:middleware [(middleware/wrap-base opts)
middleware/wrap-hidden-method]})) ;; <---- calling the middleware here
Your application should now correctly respond on the ["/delete/:id" {:delete item/delete!}] route. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
indy-9
Indy 9 + Delphi 2007 latest SSL Libraries available?
血红的双手。 提交于 2019-12-30 03:29:16
问题 When using Delphi 2007 along with Indy 9, what are the latest OpenSSL libraries that can be loaded and where are they available? 回答1: You need the following two DLLs: libeay32.dll ssleay32.dll You can download the source from the open-source organization OpenSSL.org, but then you have to compile the DLLs yourself. Indy maintains a site of compiled binaries for each version of Indy and OpenSSL (see indy.fulgan.com/SSL and indy.fulgan.com/SSL/Archive -- thanks to TLama for the links). Older
how to upload file to dropbox via Delphi 7?
独自空忆成欢 提交于 2019-12-18 12:34:45
问题 I try to upload file into dropbox. I use dropbox api https://www.dropbox.com/developers/reference/api#files-POST procedure TDropbox.Upload2; const URL = 'https://api-content.dropbox.com/1/files/dropbox/'; var Response: String; Params: TIdMultipartFormDataStream; https: TIdHTTP; SslIoHandler: TIdSSLIOHandlerSocket; begin https := TIdHTTP.Create(nil); Params := TIdMultipartFormDataStream.Create(); try SslIoHandler := TIdSSLIOHandlerSocket.Create(https); SslIoHandler.SSLOptions.Method :=
Indy9 Get Raw Email header?
你。 提交于 2019-12-13 21:35:46
问题 Does Indy9 have any way to get a specific raw email header (say, "Subject" or "From") which still includes the transfer-encoding (ie: has not been mangled by DecodeHeader on older versions of Delphi with poor Unicode support), or would I have to parse the entire email header manually to extract this information? 回答1: The TIdMessage.RawHeaders property is what you are looking for, eg: Subject := IdMessage1.RawHeaders.Values['Subject']; 回答2: I have solved the problem, calling IdMessage1.Headers
Slow responses to TIdHTTP POSTs
旧时模样 提交于 2019-12-11 02:17:58
问题 I am investigating a problem with a legacy executable, written in Delphi 5, utilising Indy 9. Components in use: TIdHTTP, TIdConnectionIntercept & TIdSSLIOHandlerSocket. The problem the app is presently experiencing is slow responses to TIdHTTP POSTs. I found the following two links: Delphi: Why does IdHTTP.ConnectTimeout make requests slower? Delphi TIdHTTP POST is very slow vs GET Based on the links, I have tried the suggestions of: (i) setting ConnectTimeout to zero and (ii) setting the
Indy TCP - Read data in a loop
南楼画角 提交于 2019-12-09 05:01:44
问题 A TCP server is sending data frames continuosly every 8ms. I want to program a client able to receive these data frames. Is there any procedure in Indy 9 to know if there is data available in the buffer? My current programs is the following (I am using a Thread): procedure TThreadRead.Execute; var buffer: array [0..755] of byte; //s1: string; //i: integer; begin IdTCPClient1.RecvBufferSize:= 756; IdTCPClient1.Connect; while Terminated = false do begin if IdTCPClient1.InputBuffer.Size = 0 then
VirtualTreeView add roots with Threads
点点圈 提交于 2019-12-07 20:33:50
问题 I would like to add roots to a VirtualTreeView http://www.delphi-gems.com/index.php/controls/virtual-treeview with a thread like this: function AddRoot ( p : TForm1 ) : Integer; stdcall; begin p.VirtualStringTree1.AddChild(NIL); end; var Dummy : DWORD; i : Integer; begin for i := 0 to 2000 do begin CloseHandle(CreateThread(NIL,0, @ADDROOT, Self,0, Dummy)); end; end; The reason for this is that I want to add all connections from my INDY Server to the TreeView. Indy's onexecute/onconnect get's
VirtualTreeView add roots with Threads
◇◆丶佛笑我妖孽 提交于 2019-12-06 07:53:21
I would like to add roots to a VirtualTreeView http://www.delphi-gems.com/index.php/controls/virtual-treeview with a thread like this: function AddRoot ( p : TForm1 ) : Integer; stdcall; begin p.VirtualStringTree1.AddChild(NIL); end; var Dummy : DWORD; i : Integer; begin for i := 0 to 2000 do begin CloseHandle(CreateThread(NIL,0, @ADDROOT, Self,0, Dummy)); end; end; The reason for this is that I want to add all connections from my INDY Server to the TreeView. Indy's onexecute/onconnect get's called as a thread. So if 3+ connections come in at the same time the app crashes due to the TreeView.
MultiCast Messages to multiple clients on the same machine
冷暖自知 提交于 2019-12-04 19:54:22
问题 Im trying to write a server/service that broadcasts a message on the lan ever second or so, Kind of like a service discovery. The message needs to be received by multiple client programs that could be on the same machine or different machines. But there could be more than one program on each machine running at the same time. Im using delphi7, with indy 9.0.18 where im stuck is if i should be using UDP(TIdUDPClient/Server) or IP MultiCast (TIdIPMCastClient/Server) or if its even possible...
MultiCast Messages to multiple clients on the same machine
巧了我就是萌 提交于 2019-12-03 12:08:55
Im trying to write a server/service that broadcasts a message on the lan ever second or so, Kind of like a service discovery. The message needs to be received by multiple client programs that could be on the same machine or different machines. But there could be more than one program on each machine running at the same time. Im using delphi7, with indy 9.0.18 where im stuck is if i should be using UDP(TIdUDPClient/Server) or IP MultiCast (TIdIPMCastClient/Server) or if its even possible... Ive managed to get it to work with IP Multi Cast with one client per machine, but even after many trys | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Mengbwa Hyacinthe Akamba
Mengbwa Hyacinthe Akamba (born 18 August 1985) is a Cameroonian professional footballer, who plays as a midfielder for NK Šampion.
Career
Nicknamed "Papso", he was born in Yaonde and he played as striker in Macedonia with FK Renova, then in Albania with KF Bylis Ballsh and KF Elbasani, in Slovenia with NK Šmartno 1928, and in Austria with Traibach. | WIKI |
Wikinews:Water cooler/technical/archives/2021/February
Taking dialog to the next level
I expected to learn more about what's needed for dialog as I went along. It may be time to up the stakes in a major way, and I'm describing the challenge here so others can brainstorm as well (because you never know when an idea might come .).
My original concept for dialog was to have
* input fields; however many of them, arranged in whatever way, as desired.
* buttons, however many and arranged however designed; each of which sends selected data from the input fields to some action.
* actions, that receive data sent to them through buttons; especially, an action to view a page with given data, where the data sent can be folded into the viewed page as if it were a template parameter, and can also override the default initial value of an input field.
* authorization features were built in from the start, rather strict ones, because of the obvious potential for abuse of a semi-automated system capable of making changes to the wiki — editing a page, sighting or unsighting ("deprecating") a revision, or even changing the protection on a page, deleting or undeleting a page, renaming a page. Basically, the pages that make real changes to the wiki have to be fully protected, and therefore effectively have to have been authorized by an admin.
What's additionally needed is the ability to do a of both simple and complex interactions. That is,
* an admin should be able to try out a dialog to make sure it does what it's supposed to, before deploying it (fully protecting the pages).
* a non-admin should be able to set up a dialog and make sure it does what it's supposed to, before asking an admin to deploy it (and the admin would then of course also want to examine it carefully, including running through it, before deploying it).
There's also a related facility I've had in mind for years, in which a non-admin makes a proposed edit to a fully protected page (on Wikinews, this would likely be an article in the archives), then when they submit the edit, since they can't actually alter the fully protected page, the assistant mediating the interaction sets up an edit-protected request on the talk page, with a button an admin can use to get the exact proposed edit, which they can then consider, perhaps modify, and either decline or deploy. All of which could probably be done now (if one could slog through the design of it all), but also seems like it might somehow be related to the aforementioned dry-run facility. --Pi zero (talk) 20:10, 1 January 2021 (UTC)
* Good description. Is this completed now, and it is time to start making all sorts of wizards? Just checking as I did not fully understand the intent of this message. Gryllida (talk) 20:16, 1 January 2021 (UTC)
* What's happened here is, as I tried to imagine what would really be involved with writing all sorts of wizards, it seemed to me that there's this whole additional level of functionality needed. And I'm not immediately sure how to make it happen, so this is a moment to consider where to go from here. It's not impossible this could require a major redesign of the whole facility; or, maybe there's an elegant way to arrange it all that doesn't involve any significant change to the existing facilities. --Pi zero (talk) 20:22, 1 January 2021 (UTC)
* Ah. Thank you for the clarification. Looking at the 'additional functionality' part of your original message, it seems to me that I would wish to test a dialog by writing a copy of it in my personal sandbox, and by applying it to test pages rather than the actual pages. Is this not possible now? How could this be improved? Gryllida (talk) 20:26, 1 January 2021 (UTC)
* Some food for thought, there. On a related-but-different note, when debugging an action (not a dialog page, but the general-purpose engine behind the dialog), there's a provision in the code that while actions ordinarily have to be named (the action that does most everything atm is WN:Dialog/do), admins can also use actions in userspace. So admins can test new actions, and new versions of actions, in userspace without deploying them for general use. Re debugging dialogs in userspace, what you describe might be workable for experienced admins, with two limitations:
* applying the dialog to test pages may be awkward (e.g., we can't actually publish something), and
* switching from a test scenario to deployment is apt to be complicated, therefore difficult and error-prone. Once you've got it working right in the test environment, you really want to be able to just throw a switch, with no opportunity to botch something in the process.
* Afaics, the complexity makes this approach unsuited for ordinary users, and for the sort of small-and-inexpensive edits that characterize wikis. --Pi zero (talk) 02:17, 2 January 2021 (UTC)
* Would suggest to just write wizards which don't publish things, that would help with plenty article authoring and reviewing tasks already. Gryllida (talk) 03:47, 2 January 2021 (UTC)
* Regarding editing "Wikinews:Dialog/...", perhaps it can be done by non-admins if a separate user right for this exists? Gryllida (talk) 03:49, 2 January 2021 (UTC)
* We may be getting tangled in a terminology difficulty. There are three different sets of pages involved, here.
* action pages. An action page is the underlying engine that processes dialog parameters and performs some sort of general operation. The only action used ordinarily, atm, is WN:Dialog/do. (I had originally imagined there would be one for viewing a dialog page, one for editing a page, and so on, but later found there is a significant performance penalty for switching from one action to another, so things will go faster if everything is done by a single action. Thus, action do has a parameter called "verb" whose value is or ; additional verbs might be supported in future.)
* dialog pages. A dialog page is used to interface with the user. This is where input fields and buttons occur.
* subject pages (not really sure what to call these, but, sure, at least for now, let's call them "subject pages"). A subject page is affected by the dialog, according to what the user specifies through dialog pages, as acted upon by actions.
* Dialog pages are expected to occur in constellations called "assistants"; each assistant exists to perform a particular function. I have an infrastructure set up for organizing things that way, similar to the way books are organized on en.wb (see Category:Interactive assistants). A better, crisper definition of dialog page is, perhaps, a page that belongs to an assistant; because potential subject pages may have buttons on them for invoking assistants. The one current example of this is the 'submit' button provided by the develop template; this button appears on articles that have not yet been submitted for review, and if the button is clicked it invokes a (simple) assistant that submits the article. (There are even more blurred situations, that I'm working on, but no actual examples yet.) My concern here is that, if we cut corners on the design now in order to get something out the door sooner (so to speak), in the long run we'll get bogged down, unable to move forward to what we really want because of the existing stuff that we're stuck with. This is a familiar conundrum, of course. There's one sort of problem if you go too far in holding out for the really general solution (xkcd), another if you go too far in opting for quick-and-dirty solutions. Unfortunately, the whole commercial software industry today is drastically skewed toward the quick-and-dirty side. Throughout the development of dialog, I have been trying to take advantage of the non-commercial nature of the Wikinews environment by applying strategies that cannot be used in industry. One of those strategies is rejecting the quick-and-dirty solution in favor of the long-term win. Specifically, here, I'm concerned that if we don't figure out now what's needed to support these sorts of 'dry runs', the development of new assistants will always be painfully difficult and we'll never be able to retrofit the dry-run support later. --Pi zero (talk) 14:32, 2 January 2021 (UTC)
* (I've been wondering if there's a suitable link for the quick-and-dirty extreme, to go with that xkcd link for the general solution; closest I've thought of is the classic essay Worse is Better.) --Pi zero (talk) 15:44, 2 January 2021 (UTC)
* I've not seen dry runs on any other platform, or in any programming language. Have you? Gryllida (talk) 21:35, 4 January 2021 (UTC)
* No, I haven't. Afaik, we'd be breaking new ground. We'd need to work out just how much state one would keep, how far one would stretch things out and, if one did so, what one would do about any missing details. --Pi zero (talk) 21:40, 4 January 2021 (UTC)
* As I recall, in web development it is common to have one "dev" version of the site where tools are tested (including things being published, as nobody and nothing will notice them there) and then these tools can be transferred to the "main/production" site without any modifications.
* This could be, for example, at dev.wiki.wn-reporters.org, if Acagastya and you and I are content with such use of the server resources. Such a site would be the clone of Wikinews in many regards, including mediawiki version and versions of installed extensions, with the main exception that not all article archives would be imported (there is loads), whereas templates and code pages would be imported (perhaps all).
* Would such site being available satisfy the need for dry runs in every possible light of it? Gryllida (talk) 00:03, 5 January 2021 (UTC)
* Would such site being available satisfy the need for dry runs in every possible light of it? Gryllida (talk) 00:03, 5 January 2021 (UTC)
* Would such site being available satisfy the need for dry runs in every possible light of it? Gryllida (talk) 00:03, 5 January 2021 (UTC)
Huh. They do go about things that way, don't they. In this case, though, it would seem to be of help only for expert developers. Which brings out an important point: I have set out to make dialog a wiki thing. My perception of the nature of wikis is that (in the general case) a user reading a wiki page who sees something not-right can just fix it. The point of the "dry run" feature is that the ordinary user who sees something wrong with a dialog proposes an edit to a page that's part of an assistant, and before they submit their proposal they want to be sure of what it would actually do, like the "preview" feature of the edit panel — and, when an admin considers the proposal the admin also wants to be sure of what it would actually do before deploying it.
* [A point I started to drive at here, but seem to have half lost track of, is that trying things out on a development version of the wiki is not lightweight.]
Your point about a development version flags out the sheer size of what I was somewhat-indirectly getting at: there's a limit to how much one can actually track in a "dry run". In the full-blown 100% case, you'd have a complete mock-up of the entire wiki; which is obviously not possible, because dialog is client-side, using javascript storage on the reader's browser. --Pi zero (talk) 02:28, 5 January 2021 (UTC)
* dev.wiki.wn-reporters.org perhaps could accept logins from Wikinews. User rights would be different on the two sites. Is there a drawback to such approach, other than the effort in running and maintaining the site? Gryllida (talk) 02:40, 5 January 2021 (UTC)
* I'm not sure how to articulate this, but I'll give it a try.
* It's not a lightweight solution; changes to anything would be quite challenging to accomplish. It still seems to be a solution limited to experts, because only an expert would be able to work through it. Not a matter of what the software forbids, but what one is able to figure out without extensive training.
* My sense of what's possible here says that making this stuff truly feasible requires a meta-assistant: a dialog-based tool for developing dialog-based tools (because assistants are for expert tasks, and developing them is an expert task). And my intuition is suggesting it'd be awkward to use a meta-assistant without being able to do some sort of walkthrough/dry-run.
* --Pi zero (talk) 05:42, 6 January 2021 (UTC)
* Why would a change be limited to experts?
* Because only an expert can host a wiki on their PC? But if we give any development inclined volunteers admin access to the testwiki, this wouldn't be an issue, because they'd use our testwiki and wouldn't need to learn to run their own.
* Because the JavaScript files are difficult to edit? That's possibly unavoidable.
* Some other reason? I don't know of it, please explain.
* Meta assistant could be useful indeed. It seems unrelated to dry runs. It also seems like a next phase of the project; before going there, I would suggest to first practice making a few useful wizards (article creation, article review, etc) and documenting how they're made, how they work. I think completing this first would help with two goals:
* writing the meta-wizard correctly, and
* writing sufficient amount of documentation and examples for wizards to be possible to create via code, which I hope will increase the number of people who know how to do this.
* Regards, Gryllida (talk) 10:05, 6 January 2021 (UTC)
* A couple of thoughts.
* You suggest making some wizards as part of preparing to make a meta-assistant. In fact, I have had pretty much this in mind, from the start: everything I've done, for years now, has been done with deep thought to what can be learned from it about more advanced things that would come later. All that deep thought has been part of why things have moved forward so slowly. However, several assistants have been written by now providing insights into the process:
* Wikinews:Assistant:Add action-test
* Wikinews:Assistant:Breadboard
* Wikinews:Assistant:Submit
* Wikinews:Assistant:View intersection
* An important insight, for me, from these assistants has been that they were hard to cope with despite being much smaller than some of the things we've discussed. I have therefore been planning out, very carefully, various devices to help with coordinating larger assistants, including the notion of a meta-assistant.
* We are somewhat elite, in being at all clueful about software development; and it is therefore, I suggest, easy for us to underestimate how difficult it is to do nontrivial things. This is a delicate balance. The Wikimedia Foundation seems to me to have, unfortunately, gone one step too far in this regard, mistakenly classifying wiki markup itself as too "difficult" for ordinary people — failing to understand the dynamics by which wiki markup is communicated to contributors, and in defiance of the reality that wiki markup is the reason the wikimedia sisterhood exists at all. My assessment, based on my observations of how things have played out over the past half century or so, is that wiki markup is just far enough: one wants to embrace wiki markup and at the same time not go further than that. In particular, asking people to go to another site, experiment with changes to an assistant, then come back here and propose those changes, is not lightweight-enough.
* --Pi zero (talk) 22:21, 6 January 2021 (UTC)
* It's not fully my call to make, but if I wanted more people to be involved and getting the hang of it, I'd do three things:
* document how these existing wizards have been made,
* document what are the next 2-3 wizards that are wanted;
* and if this involves more than just editing wiki markup, such as something requiring elevated user rights or risk of breaking things, then I'd proceed to host the testwiki immediately.
* Regards, Gryllida (talk) 05:30, 7 January 2021 (UTC)
Thoughts.
* I've increasingly realized documentation is part of the problem. A few years ago I had occasion to mention Module:Wikilisp to one of the wikimedia devs. Another dev asked me whether I'd also created a javascript version of the interpreter. I replied that no I hadn't, but refrained from saying no with the level of scorn and borderline insult I felt at the question: my reflex was that anyone who has tried to provide identically-behaving implementations of a complex software system in two different languages, or even seen it tried, would never willingly try such a thing again. It is, by nature, a logistical nightmare waiting to happen. My thought was no, I'm not a complete noob. I didn't say it with such strong passion partly because it's my understanding that the wikimedia devs have committed this blunder and failed to recognize it, so that if I put strong feeling into it, that would have turned into a whole separate effort to get the point across to someone likely unreceptive to the message and apt to take offense. My point in mentioning all that is that, lately, I've realized part of the reason documenting software is such a mess is that the documentation and the code are supposed to be synchronized in a way that is the same sort of logistical nightmare as maintaining, say, Wikilisp in two implementation languages simultaneously. Anyway, wiki markup is supposed to be so simple it's self-documenting, isn't it. What more can I, and should I, say about how those assistants are made? (No, that's not a rhetorical question, if you have an answer to suggest.)
* I'm reminded of . Not that I've [n]ever been all that attracted to it as a concept; if it were a silver-bullet sort of solution for software, you'd think it'd be universally adopted by now — but I am reminded of it.
--Pi zero (talk) 14:37, 14 January 2021 (UTC)
* The trouble with deferring the dry-run thing is that pushing forward with assistants is going to be a massive effort with-or-without it, but pushing ahead without it really means it will never be done: whatever it is one would do differently in the design of dialog to accommodate the dry-run facility, I suspect that most of the effort to move forward without that facility would be incompatible with what one would do with the facility, and the effort to switch to such a facility later would be prohibitively vast.
strategy
I'm currently mulling over the idea of adding a alternative verb to dialog action do, parallel to verb edit, that, instead of requiring authentication, calculating the effect of a form, and modifying the target page by applying that effect, does only the second of those things — not requiring authentication, and saving the calculated effect of the form into a dialog field. One then has to decide between accomplishing this by copying the relevant code from verb edit (which would then require changes in one copy to be made in the other to keep them in sync) or by abstracting the relevant code into a subfunction so that if it were ever modified it would affect both verbs automatically (guaranteeing they'd stay in sync, but the complicating abstraction to achieve that would be another thing to possibly get wrong and would make the code harder to read and understand). --Pi zero (talk) 16:02, 1 February 2021 (UTC)
Technical maintenance planed
A maintenance operation will be performed tomorrow morning UTC time (Wednesday 17th at 07:00 AM UTC).
It will impact all wikis and is supposed to last up to one minute.
During this time, new translations may fail, and Notifications may not be delivered. For more details about the operation and on all impacted services, please check on Phabricator.
A banner will be displayed 30 minutes before the operation.
Thank you, SGrabarczuk (WMF) 17:45, 16 February 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Art Tutorials/Traditional Media/Supplies and Tools/ISO Paper
One of the most commonly used standards for paper sizes is the ISO 216 standard. This standard defines paper sizes that are commonly used for comic papers, regular drawing paper, and prints. | WIKI |
Give your simulator superpowers
Give your Xcode
Simulator extra features
Flaky tests resolving using Test Repetitions in Xcode
Flaky tests can be frustrating to deal with. You’re ready to open your PR until you realize your tests fail on CI while they succeeded locally. You even realize your test is succeeding when executing individually, and you’re almost at a point to say, “Merging in as tests succeed locally.” Test repetitions sometimes allow you to reproduce them, but what if that doesn’t help?
Obviously, this is not how we should handle flaky tests. Instead, we can use several techniques to dive into the root cause of failing tests with the latest Xcode technologies. Test Repetitions, combined with several coding guidelines, can help you prevent and resolve randomly failing tests.
What are flaky tests?
A flaky test is a test that randomly succeeds and randomly fails. In other words: it’s an inconsistent test. They can occur on your local machine but more often occur on CI systems which are either slower environments or environments that start with a clean slate. To better understand flaky tests, we can go over a few common causes.
Race Conditions
Race conditions can result in unpredicted behavior. For example, if multiple threads access the same data and you’re not controlling which one is first, the order might differ between runs. As each run can be different, it can result in a test that sometimes fails and sometimes succeeds. Data races are explained in-depth in my article Thread Sanitizer explained: Data Races in Swift.
Environment assumptions
Your tests might require a specific configuration to succeed. For example, expecting a thumbnail target resizing size to be 200 width and 200 height. A test relying on the specific target size might suddenly fail if this configuration is changing. Thus, an unstable environment is often caused by global configurations, which brings me to the next cause:
Global State
Global state comes down to variables or instances that are globally available in your application’s code. If the global state is consistent, there’s not much risk to take into account. However, if your global state is mutable, you can easily run into trouble.
Mutable global configurations could be configured differently for different test classes, resulting in your tests failing in certain scenarios. I’ve often had results in which tests succeed when run individually as the global state was not affected. However, when I was running the complete test suite, the test could suddenly fail due to changing global configurations. Therefore, it’s important to keep your global configuration as stable as possible.
Communication with external services
The last common cause for flaky tests is communications with external services. I first want to recommend not to rely on external services by trying to mock those cases as much as possible, for example, by learning How to mock Alamofire and URLSession requests in Swift. However, this might not always be possible. Longer timeouts best handle those cases, but it will never be a stable foundation for consistent tests.
Identifying flaky tests
You can identify flaky tests by their consistency. If a test fails all the time, it’s likely not a flaky test but just a failing test. I often identify flaky tests as a result of a failing CI run for tests that succeeded locally.
Solving flaky tests
It’s good to understand that the cause of flaky tests can be different every time. We just went over all the different causes, and each of those should be taken into account when taking a deep dive into a failing test. Before using any of the techniques I’m about to describe, I’d like to recommend cleaning up the local state.
Cleaning up the local environment
As mentioned earlier, flaky tests are often occurring when running on CI. A test suite on a CI system is often running after a clean build and after the derived data folder was cleared. It’s worth retesting the failing test locally after cleaning your build folder and derived data to ensure this is not causing the failure. For example, it could be that the device you’re running the tests on is configured with an unexpected global state.
Start by cleaning your local state as follows:
• Xcode: Product → Clean Build Folder to clean your local build folder
• Simulator: Device ➞ Erase All Content and Settings to reset the state of the Simulator
Rerun your test after doing so. If the test is still flaky, you can try whether deleting the derived data folder has any effect. You can find this location under Preferences → Locations.
Reproducing a flaky test locally using Test Repetitions
Xcode 13 introduced the option to run tests multiple times using Test Repetitions. This can be a great way to catch flaky tests that are inconsistent. However, it’s important to understand that this technique won’t catch tests failing due to changed global configuration mismatching expectations. I’ll explain later how you can solve these cases.
Test Repetitions can be configured by right-clicking the test run button in Xcode and selecting Run <testname> Repeatedly...:
Accessing the test repetitions configuration in Xcode.
Accessing the test repetitions configuration in Xcode.
Doing so will open a configuration window to configure how you want to run your tests repeatedly. There are currently three options:
• Stop after failure
The test will repeatedly run until it finally fails. You can use this as a basic approach to see if you can reproduce the inconsistency locally and stop using the debugger.
• Stop after success
The test will run until it succeeds. This can be useful for tests that fail initially but eventually succeed.
• Maximum Repetitions
Use this mode to get a fixed set of runs to give you valuable insights into the consistency of the test.
In all cases, the maximum repetitions is used as a limit to prevent tests from being executed indefinitely.
The Pause on Failure option will make the debugger stop once an assertion fails. This is extremely useful as it will enable you to use the debugger and dig into the root cause of the failing test.
Getting sample data from CI
If you’re unable to reproduce the failing test locally, getting extra sample data from your CI runs can be useful. You can do this by passing in the following parameters to xcodebuild:
-test-iterations 10
-retry-tests-on-failure
This will retry your failing tests a maximum of 10 times and give you insights like whether your test fails consistently in those cases or just occasionally. Note that I configured it to run a maximum of 10 times as your CI execution time might be valuable. Also, 10 iterations are often enough to get extra sample data and insights into the cause of the failure.
Ensuring consistent global state and configurations
If you’re unable to reproduce the flaky test locally, it might be caused by a different system configuration or by a global state that is unexpectedly changed. There’s not really a specific answer to the problem in those cases, but I can at least give your advice in preventing these cases. This will also give you insights into where the test failure is caused.
After following my article on Unit tests best practices in Xcode and Swift, you might already do this correctly. Of course, it’s important to configure the global state for your unit tests in the methods, but it’s even more important to bring back the state to its default inside the tearDown methods. Doing so ensures that your tests are always running in the same state, making them more likely to produce consistent results.
If your test is executing asynchronous jobs, make sure to either wait for those to finish or to cancel those accordingly inside the tear-down methods.
Verifying failure is not caused by race conditions
Lastly, it’s good to ensure you’re not dealing with data races. Race conditions can cause unexpected and inconsistent behavior and can be found using the Thread Sanitizer. This technique is explained in detail in my article Thread Sanitizer explained: Data Races in Swift.
Conclusion
Inconsistent test results can be frustrating and time-consuming. By using the right techniques and best practices, you’ll be better at preventing yourself from running into flaky tests while at the same time being able to solve them faster.
If you like to learn more tips on debugging, check out the debugging category page. Feel free to contact me or tweet to me on Twitter if you have any additional tips or feedback.
Thanks!
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The Resurrection of Rust
The Resurrection of Rust is a 2022 extended play from Rusty, a musical duo of Elvis Costello and Allan Mayes which had broken up 50 years prior and reunited for this release. This is the first recorded work by the group, who disbanded when Costello hit out for a solo career.
Reception
Editors at AllMusic rated this album 3.5 out of 5 stars, with critic Mark Deming writing that "Allan Mayes turns out to be a great vocal match for Costello" and "they sound like they're having a blast". Susan Hansen of Clash Music rated this album a 7 out of 10, praising the "fuzzy, but romantic vibe" of some tracks and characterizing it as "a warm boost down memory lane in one way, while the modern times filter gives the record intricacy, and it is one to check out". In The Irish Times, Tony Clayton-Lea rated The Resurrection of Rust 3 out of 5 stars, characterizing it as "an intriguing glimpse at the formative years of one of rock music’s most prolific and resourceful scallywags". Tom Doyle of Mojoj rated this album 3 out of 5 stars for being "a diverting curio, ... rather than essential" and encouraged the musicians to team up again. Fiona Shepherd of The Scotsman also gave 3 out of 5 stars, stating that the recording has an "executed with a carefree, celebratory feel". Writing for Ultimate Classic Rock, Gary Graff calls this a nice "curio in Costello's catalog".
Track listing
* 1) "Surrender to the Rhythm" (Nick Lowe) – 3:42
* 2) "I'm Ahead If I Can Quit While I'm Behind" (Jim Ford) – 3:54
* 3) "Warm House (and an Hour of Joy)" (Declan P. McManus) – 4:25
* 4) "Don't Lose Your Grip On Love" (Lowe) – 4:23
* 5) "Maureen & Sam" (Allan Mayes and McManus) – 3:07
* 6) "Everybody Knows This Is Nowhere" / "Dance Dance Dance" (Neil Young) – 3:55
Personnel
Rusty
* Elvis Costello – guitar, piano, mandolin, electric fiddle, bass guitar, vocals, production
* Allan Mayes – guitar, vocals
Additional personnel
* Bob Andrews – organ on "Surrender to the Rhythm", piano on "Surrender to the Rhythm"
* Davey Faragher – bass guitar
* Daniel Galindo – engineering
* Jeff Galindo – mastering at The Bakery
* Kevin Green – recording
* Sebastian Krys – mixing at The Big Top Studios, production
* Steve Nieve – organ
* Coco Shinomiya – sleeve, design, layout
* Eamon Singer – sleeve, design, layout
* Pete Thomas – drums
* Ladonna Wolfe – photography | WIKI |
User:Gdementen
My real name is Gaëtan de Menten. I'm a 25 year old belgian guy. As a belgian, I'm not a native english speaker (my primary language is french). I'm currently finishing my computer science studies at the university of Namur in Belgium. The last thing I must do in order to finish my studies is to write my thesis. It is about Model checking so I'll try to update/add some articles around that topic in the following days. I'm currently creating my first article on Computational tree logic.
If you have any comment, feel free to drop me a line: talk / email
Todo list
This is the list of things I'd like to be done on Wikipedia. I'll probably do it eventually but feel free to do it yourself if you feel like doing so.
* finish page on CTL
* add CTL page on Peer review. The page should be checked for:
* content
* spelling/grammar/style
* create a LTL page for redirect to Linear temporal logic
* this will need the creation of disambiguify (or whatever it is called) page.
* use
* ask wether I should create a page for temporal operators and remove them from LTL and CTL pages or not
* provide another NFA example (the current one is a special case: epsilon-NFA) and create a new page for the epsilon-NFA
* change image for the "finite state machine" page.
* it could probably be reused for something else since it's a cool image, but IMHO too complex in this context and not very representative of FSM.
* clarify/merge or at least link together model checking and formal verification
* category for formal verification & model checking
* create page for "linear time logic" -> redirect to LTL
* add link to YAHODA on modelchecking or formal verif page(s)
* add a list of my interest on this page
Other info
The list of my contributions so far is here. | WIKI |
Do you have trouble staying asleep at night or do you often wake up and eat? Do you crave for sugary and starchy food at night? Is your eating habit at night accompanied with tension, anxiety and guilt? If yes to these (and to more symptoms later), then you may be manifesting the night eating syndrome.
Although Night Eating Syndrome has not yet been defined formally and included in the spectrum of eating disorder, it has been identified and has been undergoing in-depth studies as to causes and cure.
For your night eating habit to be called a syndrome, first it has to be repetitive. If you are doing it in sporadic, infrequent and unintentional manner, then you need not be alarmed.
NES Symptoms
First described in 1950’s, NES manifests among 1.5 % of the general adult population. However a study (read it here) from the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine suggests that most people, who seek obesity treatment, 8.9% at least, have the Night Eating syndrome. Read another study here from National Institute of Health.
Often, NES is associated with obesity and even substance abuse. The excessive eating in the evening is called hyperphagia. It is more prevalent than known eating disorders, anorexia and bulimia.
Night Eating Syndrome (NES) is often characterized by the following symptoms:
1. No appetite for breakfast since already full from the night’s binging.
2. Delays first meal for hours after waking up.
3. Leaves the bed to snack at night.
4. Eats more food after dinner than during the meal.
5. Eats more than half of the daily food intake during and after dinner.
6. Repeated behaviour of at least two months or more.
7. Person with the recurring pattern is tense, anxious and feels guilty over the eating habit.
8. Restless sleeping and frequent waking up to eat is observed.
9. Cravings for carbohydrates.
10. The eating process is continual throughout the evening hours.
What Causes NES?
Night Eating Syndrome is known to stem from various causes. One theory suggests that it can be from a habit that college students picked up wherein they are unable to stop once they became working adults. This is even heightened among high achievers when they work through and forgo lunch and just compensate for it at night.
“Night eating syndrome is characterized not only by eating at night – certainly many college students might have a late night study fest with eating – but it’s also characterized by other things, like feeling that you can’t eat in the morning, and feeling like you have to eat in order to go back to sleep,” Dr. Rebecka Peebles, a researcher from the University of Pennsylvania, told Reuters Health in an interview. Read more: Doctors Are Gaining a Better Understanding of Night Eating Syndrome
Stress is also one of the most common precursors to NES. Night Eating may soothe and comfort those who experience anxiety and stress, thus the habit perseveres. Hormonal patterns are also linked to the cause of the syndrome. Disruption of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is also said to be a theoretical cause. Wherein people are forced to eat when they should not and don’t eat when they should have.
Biologically, NES is also said to be related to faulty genes. In a study published in Cell Reports, a study on mice with human body clock gene has been done to prove gene’s relationship with the NES. The mice have the body clock gene silenced which led to sleeping more and the fault in it may disrupt sleep and eating patterns.
Managing NES
There are various treatments for NES. And with will and determination, it can be overcome with medical help. NES can respond to medical prescription such as sertraline, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.
Other treatments include:
1. Maintaining of food diary. List down the food you eat and the time you consume them. This is the first step that your doctor will require you to help you manage the condition.
2. Increase of physical activity and having a consistent exercise program. First, exercise can prep the body to become stronger. Exercise routine helps the body, clears the mind and is a healthy way to combat any medical condition.
3. Record of bedtimes and awakening. The sleeping patterns you can record here can help your doctor and you manage and come up with the proper plan to address the habit.
4. Cognitive behavioural therapy. Cognitive behavioural therapy includes cognitive mapping and behavior valuation. It combines other technique which may help reduce trips to the refrigerator.
5. Interpersonal and psychodynamic therapy. Stress reduction techniques are also included here.
6. Putting up of barriers from foods e.g. locking of food out of reach.
7. Complete health evaluation. Before any specific treatment, a complete valuation of health is needed to personalize treatments. Since NES might stem from other condition, a medical check-up is really needed to recognize some inherent condition.
8. Dietician approved eating pace. Pacing your meals and your food can also be a way to manage NES. This should be approved by a licensed dietician for it to work.
Other Related Points
NES is not the same with the sleep-related eating disorder or the SRED wherein people eat while sleepwalking. In another study published this February, NES is common among students who are taking medications for ADHD or the Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.
NES is also opposed to old time known binge eating, since though there is the need to eat, “grazing” only on food is its characteristics. This, sufferers believe, will help them get back to sleep or improve their sleep. Remorse over the behavior may happen after, or early in the morning pushing them to avoid breakfast.
The NES predisposes the sufferers to emotional and psychological effects, weight gain, obesity, metabolic syndrome, diabetes and high blood pressure. The condition can throw weight and health out of sync, read a Harvard Blog on the topic here.
Online help for people with this condition includes support groups and forums, are available all over the internet.
Related Studies:
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition – Nighttime eating: commonly observed and related to weight gain in an inpatient food intake study1,2,3
US National Library of Medicine NIH – Binge Eating Disorder and Night Eating Syndrome in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes
Night eating syndrome and nocturnal snacking: association with obesity, binge eating and psychological distress
Circadian eating and sleeping patterns in the night eating syndrome
Binge eating disorder and night eating syndrome: a comparative study of disordered eating.
Night Eating Syndrome Is Associated with Depression, Low Self‐Esteem, Reduced Daytime Hunger, and Less Weight Loss in Obese Outpatients
featured image: xvire
About Author
Roelen researches, creates, tailors content for outreach and content promotion campaigns as well as social presence management. She likes poetry, blues, The Walking Dead and crime books. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
White House says reaches informal deal with Boeing for Air Force One
February 27, 2018 / 2:44 PM / Updated 28 minutes ago White House says reaches informal deal with Boeing for Air Force One Reuters Staff 1 Min Read WASHINGTON, Feb 27 (Reuters) - President Donald Trump has reached an agreement with the Boeing Co to provide two Air Force One planes for $3.9 billion, the White House said on Tuesday. “President Trump has reached an informal deal with Boeing on a fixed price contract for the new Air Force One Program,” Deputy Press Secretary Hogan Gidley told Reuters. He said the contract will save taxpayers more than $1.4 billion, but those savings could not be independently confirmed. Reporting by Jim Oliphant and Mike Stone; Editing by Chizu Nomiyama | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 17.djvu/82
72, such as Cook, La Perouse, Franklin, Livingstone, meteorologists like Crocé-Spinelli, who in their ardor for discovery have succumbed to ungenial climates, to the attacks of savages, to hunger, tempest, or to an irrespirable atmosphere. All honor to these men, and to the noble army of which they may be taken as representatives! They have fallen in the cause of science, but they have undergone no persecution, and may hence be regarded as victims rather than martyrs.
We turn to another class: illustrious inventors and discoverers not a few have been clearly and decidedly persecuted; hunted down by mob-violence, imprisoned, or even judicially murdered; but these inflictions are to be traced not to their scientific discoveries, speculations, and writings, but to their religious or political opinions. When the house of Priestley was sacked and burned by the rabble of Birmingham, and when his very life was endangered, it was not the chemist and physicist but the so-called "Jacobin" and Socinian whom Midland roughdom sought to crush. It is not, we believe, generally known that the attack on Priestley's house was headed by the town-crier, a man of the name of Sugar, who rang his bell and exclaimed:
This man and his doggerel are only worth our notice as proof of the official countenance lent to the outrage. It is utterly incredible that a town-crier would thus avowedly act as the ringleader of a mob unless sure of the connivance of his superiors.
If Campanella was put seven times to the torture, on one occasion for forty hours in succession; if he passed twenty-seven of the best years of his life in loathsome dungeons; if, after his release, he narrowly escaped the rage of a brutal populace, it was not as the champion of the Copernican system of astronomy, the refuter of mediæval Aristotelianism, but as a patriot who longed to deliver southern Italy from the tyranny of Spain, that he suffered. Still we may concede that like all the reformers of science he must have aroused the hatred and jealousy of many of the learned, who would doubtless use against him whatever influence they possessed.
Servetus was certainly a learned physician, and is by some ranked as one of the forerunners of Harvey. But his judicial murder by Calvin was due solely to his theological opinions. The merits of Bernard Palissy, not merely as the creator of modern fictile art, but as an able physicist, chemist, and geologist, can not be contested. He shocked the philosophasters and sophists of his day by maintaining that fossil shells were not, as was then supposed, mere freaks of Nature, but the remains of extinct animals. He dared to deny that stones were capable of growth. He pointed out the possibility of artesian wells. With | WIKI |
Predictors of Hospital LOS After Stage 2 Palliation for HLHS
Study Questions:
What factors are associated with prolonged hospital length of stay (LOS) following stage 2 palliation (S2P) for hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)?
Methods:
The National Pediatric Cardiology Quality Improvement Collaborative (NPC-QIC) database, established in 2006, was queried. This registry includes patients from 44 US centers with HLHS who had undergone a Norwood-type palliation and were subsequently discharged home. Patients who had undergone a stage 1 hybrid procedure were excluded from this retrospective study.
Results:
There were 448 patients who had undergone S2P between 2008-2012. Of these, 57% were between 4-6 months old, with a median weight of 6 kg, a median LOS of 8 days, and a median intensive care unit (ICU) stay of 4 days. By univariate analysis, age outside of the 4-6 month range, a major extracardiac anomaly, a smaller center volume, a breathing-related concern or need for diuretics during interstage monitoring, daily outpatient surveillance of weight or oxygen saturation, need for additional procedures during S2P (atrial septectomy, atrioventricular [AV] valve repair, pulmonary artery [PA] plasty, but NOT aortic arch repair), postoperative need for vasoactive drugs, ICU readmission after transfer to the ward, and need for postoperative procedures (pericardiocentesis or thoracentesis, cardioversion, tracheostomy) were associated with a prolonged LOS. The type of Norwood I procedure (Blalock-Taussig shunt vs. right ventricle-PA conduit), impaired interstage weight gain, or pre-Glenn saturation <75% did not significantly increase LOS. By multivariate analysis, only the following variables were predictive of prolonged LOS: 1) the need for re-intervention after S2P, 2) nonoral methods of nutrition, and 3) postoperative complications (seizures, need for pacing or dialysis, infection, or vocal cord injury).
Conclusions:
Factors related to postoperative management after S2P, and not preoperative variables, are the most important predictors of LOS in patients with HLHS.
Perspective:
This is an important study that includes a large number of patients from many US institutions. Interestingly, daily surveillance was associated with a prolonged LOS, probably reflecting higher-risk patients. Interstage weight gain impairment and oxygen saturations of <75%, the very variables monitored in the home surveillance program, which had been touted to decrease interstage mortality, did not affect S2P LOS. Knowing which factors increase LOS may improve resource utilization and improve outcomes. Of note is that the NPC-QIC registry excludes patients who have remained hospitalized between stage 1 and S2P.
Clinical Topics: Cardiac Surgery, Congenital Heart Disease and Pediatric Cardiology, Invasive Cardiovascular Angiography and Intervention, Pericardial Disease, Cardiac Surgery and CHD and Pediatrics, Congenital Heart Disease, CHD and Pediatrics and Interventions, CHD and Pediatrics and Quality Improvement, Interventions and Structural Heart Disease
Keywords: Blalock-Taussig Procedure, Cardiac Surgical Procedures, Fontan Procedure, Heart Defects, Congenital, Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome, Length of Stay, Norwood Procedures, Pericardiocentesis, Postoperative Complications, Quality Improvement
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Luz Milagros CRESPO VARGAS, Plaintiff v. UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT, et al., Defendants.
Civil No. 03-1736 (ADC)(JA).
United States District Court, D. Puerto Rico.
Aug. 18, 2008.
Juan Ramon Rodriguez-Lopez, Rodriguez Lopez Law Office, Ponce, PR, for Plaintiff.
Ginette L. Milanes, Isabel Munoz-Aeos-ta, Miguel A. Fernandez-Torres, United States Attorney’s Office, San Juan, PR, for Defendants.
OPINION AND ORDER
JUSTO ARENAS, United States Chief Magistrate Judge.
Plaintiff initiated this action on July 7, 2003, and a third-amended complaint was filed on May 24, 2006. (Docket No. 54.) Jurisdiction was based upon Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, and 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
Plaintiff was hired as a District Adjudication Officer (GS-801-05) by the Immigration and Naturalization Service (“INS”) on March 15, 1998. (Docket No. 54, at 2, ¶¶ 9, 11.) She alleges that she was the victim of discrimination against her based on religion, sex, and reprisal or retaliation, resulting in her termination from employment with the Immigration and Naturalization Service on February 23, 1999. (Docket No. 54, at 2, ¶ 9.) She also claims that she was discriminated against in being treated differently from similarly-situated individuals outside of her protected group. (Docket No. 54, at 3, ¶ 13a.)
The action was tried to the court on March 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7, 2008. Based upon the evidence presented at trial, I make the following
FINDINGS OF FACT
1. Plaintiff Luz Milagros Crespo Vargas (“Ms.Crespo”) graduated from the University of Puerto Rico, Mayagiiez Campus, in 1977 and received a degree in accounting. She was married in 1978 and moved to the San Juan metropolitan area. She then obtained employment with the Insurance Commissioner of the Department of the Treasury where she worked for a year and a half and then resigned.
2. Plaintiff raised her daughter, and when she was a high school senior, plaintiff decided to go back to work and get á job where she could retire after twenty years. In 1997, she got a job as a librarian/teacher for the Department of Education.
3. Subsequently, plaintiff read a newspaper ad regarding employment with the INS, and answered the ad. She took an examination, scoring 94, went through the employment process and was offered a position.
4. Plaintiff was offered and declined the position of Immigration Inspector because she did not want to work overtime.
5. When she joined the INS, her purpose was to retire after 20 years.
6. Plaintiff qualified as an INS District Adjudication Officer. On March 15 or 16, 1998, she began working with the INS.
7. On plaintiffs first day at work, thus beginning her one year probationary period, she went to the office of Mr. Robert J. Bowles who was the Assistant District Director for Examinations of the INS, and the highest ranking authority in the division. Joseph Shassetz, the person who would be plaintiffs direct, or first-line supervisor, was not present at Mr. Bowles’ office on that occasion. Mr. Bowles would be plaintiffs second-line supervisor.
8. Another employee, Iván Ortiz, who is at present possibly the Public Affairs Officer, began working on that same day and was present in the office. Mr. Bowles welcomed plaintiff and Mr. Ortiz and explained the work to both of them.
9. Mr. Bowles did not give general guidance on that day but explained the job, which entailed interviews with people seeking residence status. Mr. Bowles related a situation that plaintiff might encounter, and would make her uncomfortable. The manner in which Mr. Bowles related the situation made plaintiff feel bad at that time.
10. Plaintiff would work with immigrants who wanted to be naturalized. Mr. Bowles explained a situation, going into a graphic description, which applicants provide in order to prove that their marriage was a true marriage, for love, and not for the purpose of receiving benefits by one partner marrying a United States citizen. One way to evaluate this is that the officers asked questions of the applicants separately, first to the man then to . the woman, and then the officer would compare their answers, for example, what hour they got up in the morning, or at what hour they would sleep in the afternoon or evening.
11. Mr. Bowles told plaintiff that once a young woman came in with an older man, and they showed Mr. Bowles a picture of them. In the picture, the couple was naked in the bed and Mr. Bowles went into the details of the picture. Mr. Bowles asked the couple if it was taken before or after. As he related the story to plaintiff, Mr. Bowles was sitting in his chair, giving a graphic description, and lifting his hands up and down, gesticulating before or after and saying, “you know ... you know”, and he was laughing at that time. He did not say before or after what. Plaintiffs interpretation was and is that the couple’s picture was taken before or after sexual relations. Mr. Bowles never showed her any such photograph. Plaintiff was uncomfortable, and felt it unnecessary to get into that detail. She did not laugh and did not find that to be funny. While plaintiff did not tell Mr. Bowles that the discussion made her uncomfortable, he stopped there and did not continue.
12. For each -of the following three days, Mr. Bowles would come to plaintiffs work space or call her into his office, give her no work to perform, and talk to her about the work, also going into personal matters, shifting to things that have nothing to do with the job. Plaintiff made a mental note that she would forego with familiarity. She did not want to be familiar.
13. Plaintiff worked in the Examinations Division of INS, then located on the third floor of the Federal Building. The office was subdivided into officers and clerical staff. In her position there were another six people hired. There were also other people but plaintiff did not know what their positions were. She saw them, worked with them, and had meetings with them. There were a total of two females and five males.
14. When Mr. Shassetz returned to the division, he assigned plaintiff to work with employment authorization cards. Mr. Shassetz said that she would be sitting in the clerical area, where fingerprinting was done. Mr. Bowles constantly went to the clerical area, speaking with other co-workers in a very familiar way. Plaintiff was very professional with him. She did not want to know about his family, and concentrated on her job.
15. Plaintiff received training at Glyn-co, Georgia, in April 1998 until the beginning of May, five to six weeks, and received a high grade 90, which was completely successful.
16. One day, Mr. Shassetz told plaintiff that she was going to be working as duty officer. At a meeting one or two days before, a co-worker had stated she did not like duty because it was a time-consuming task. Mr. Bowles had said that the duty should be done by an experienced journeyman, a grade 12. Plaintiff was a grade 5 at the time. In the division, there were six employees at grade 12. There may have been one at grade 11.
17. On May 31, 1998, Mr. Shassetz assigned plaintiff to perform the duties of duty officer. Plaintiff did not know what to do. This was her probationary year. The others were permanent employees, and they were also District Adjudication Officers. Other employees agreed that the job of duty officer was a time consuming task. Mr. Bowles had said that overtime would be authorized for the duty officer.
18. On her first day as duty officer, plaintiff was given a sign up sheet, and was put in charge of the rover program, which included picking up assignments. She was duty officer for two or three days. According to plaintiff, nobody explained the duties of a duty officer, and she was upset because she did not know what to do. The duty officer days were always objectionable but she never received a reprimand or disciplinary action after any time she served as a duty officer, which duties were part of being a DAO. People were putting papers in the box all day and she did not ask anyone what they were or what they were for. She was given papers but did not know she was supposed to check the status of applicants. Mr. Soto came to her at the end of the day and told her what to do but took the papers with him.
19. Plaintiffs duty hours were from 7:30 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. People came in for appointments to inquire about the status of their applications, and the duty officer had to check to see what was happening. One day, Maritza Soto, the information supervisor, checked with her regarding some papers, telling plaintiff that there were other applicants in the waiting room. Plaintiff did not know that each paper represented a person waiting in the waiting room. In addition, plaintiff was working with the employment authorization cards, so Martiza Soto said she would take care of this, took the papers and left.
20. Mr. Shassetz assigned her to an area where there was a camera to take pictures of the applicants for the issuing of a card, and to fingerprint the applicants. There was also a computer and file cabinet containing files of those applicants.
21. During the year plaintiff was at the agency, another District Adjudication Officer, Teresa González, was hired at her same level, GS-5, and three months later, another one, Sally Ann Divornik, was also hired at GS-5. Plaintiff had last seen her when terminated, and then saw her in the courtroom. Both Ms. Divor-nik and Ms. González had the same supervisors. Ms. Crespo noted that Ms. Divornik once had received a verbal reprimand during plaintiffs probationary period. Neither had been assigned a cubicle right away.
22. Plaintiff found that there was excessive familiarity in the work environment. Everyone talked and chatted about TV shows and the newspapers, and the conversations turned to things happening outside the office. Plaintiff herself would greet fellow employees and continue walking or would walk away. She had a good relationship with her co-workers because she felt she could provide support for. them and pray for them. Prayers took place at the workplace, in private, during work hours but in break times.
23. At work, Mr. Bowles would talk about family matters and his family life. Mr. Bowles had been born in Aguadilla and was abandoned by his father as a little - boy. He talked about his religion (Catholic), and being a marriage counselor, like a catechist, at his church. He joined the Army or Navy. He related activities that he would do with his daughters, like changing a flat tire.
24. Plaintiffs co-workers would share a newspaper showing a lady scantily clad in something like a bikini on the centerfold. The title was El Bonbon de la Semana. Plaintiff did not remember if the newspaper might have been Primera Hora. The bikinis were very small, like strings. She did not remember if one person brought the newspapers or if there were many. Plaintiff recalled more than two centerfolds posted in someone’s office but did not recall whose office. The coworkers showed them to each other, and talked about giving a show, like the girls might be on the No Te Duermas Show. The co-workers also discussed the show, which she believed was on Channel 2, a local channel, or the Telemundo channel. Plaintiff noted that the No Te Duermas show came on right after the news. Planitiff could not remember a specific person but this was a topic of conversation among the employees there. If plaintiff did not want to hear these conversations, she would walk away to her work area. Plaintiff could not state an exact number but this happened frequently and there was not always the same amount of people and it did not happen all the time. People from another division would also come in to chat and talk about what happened on the show the night before. There were many divisions on the same floor, and many offices in the same hall. The people present enjoyed taking part in the conversation, and the subject did not bother them.
25. As to the familiarity in the work environment, people would touch, although she herself would not touch. There were conversations about sexuality, and improper jokes. The bad and improper jokes related to bodily functions, and sexuality. For example Martín Garcia would talk to people and touch their arm. The touching was not sexual in any way. That was the way he talked to people and did that to everybody. Plaintiff never told him in so many words that the touching bothered her, although, before her termination, she reported that she was uncomfortable with his touching. This occurred in a November 12 memo to Mr. Shas-setz.
26. Plaintiff recalled an incident where Mr. Bowles danced with an employee, an older lady, in a work area, during duty hours. He touched her, and they danced around the work area. Plaintiff found this to be improper. Mr. Bowles had greeted the lady, and she stood up, they hugged, and they danced. This was the only time she saw this, that is, his dancing with a coworker. The incident lasted less than a minute. Plaintiff could not recall specifically who was present.
27. Among the familiar co-workers and supervisors were Andrés Rivera, Martínez García, Mr. Velez, Mr. Carlo, Iliana Aguilar, Mr. Shassetz, Mr. Bowles, and Ms. Martinez, the last three supervisors. Also familiar were the GS-5s that began after her, Ms. Divornik and Ms. Gon-zález, and sometimes people from other divisions.
28. On one occasion, Mr. Bowles was speaking with a dark-skinned female in the clerical area when plaintiff entered that area. She was probably younger than plaintiff who was 44 at the time. There were sexual connotations in the conversation. There was another person present, Rosa Rivera, who is in charge of time and attendance. Plaintiff walked away. The younger woman noticed that plaintiff did not like the conversation.
29. There were bad jokes told, although plaintiff did not remember the names of persons present when these bad jokes were told.
30. Almost everyone in the division interacted with each other with familiarity. They discussed personal matters, as though they were family, as though they were more than co-workers. According to plaintiff, there was too much “confianza” (presumptuousness).
31. Plaintiff considered that she performed well in the 11 \ months at the agency, and understood that she was at least fully successful.
32. On November 10, 1998, Ms. Crespo received a memo from Mr. Shas-setz signed by him as Supervisor District Adjudications Officer, the subject being professional responsibility. (Exhibit E.) When she was given the memo, she first refused to sign it when requested. She then wrote at the bottom of page one of the two-page memo: “At 4:20 p.m. before reading this memo, I was ordered to received it and signed it.” Signed Luz Crespo. Her hand-written statement continues: “I can’t assure that this memo I am signing is the same one I am receiving.”
33. The memo contained professional criticisms, including her refusal to work overtime and an incident regarding a confrontation with Ms. Martinez. Mr. Shassetz told plaintiff that she could make a response to the memo.
34. Plaintiff replied to the memo on November 12, 1998, addressing the November 10 memo point by point, and basically describing that she had not done anything wrong. (Exhibit A.) The memo from Mr. Shassetz related that two applicants had been left without assistance the day before. Plaintiff had gone home while people were still there. Also, it said that she had a confrontational attitude and she had a situation with Ms. Aguliar and Ms. Martinez. Plaintiff responded that she was working with the employment cards on that day and she had made 37 or 39 cards. At one point, plaintiff had gone to the information section and asked that no more applicants be accepted for that day. The information section is where applicants request services before they proceed to see the officers. Once plaintiff receives information, she has to write it in the computer, and on the card. She had just enough time to make the cards and give them to the waiting applicants. On the date in question, it was after 1600 (4:00 P.M.) and other officers had gone home. While officers offered to •help, there was only one machine. On the next day, Mr. Shassetz gave her a memo and said that she had left two applicants without being served.
35.Also mentioned in the memo was an incident concerning Mr. Shas-setz and his assigning plaintiff to Ms. Aguilar’s cubicle to work; Ms. Aguilar did not like that. In the cubicle there were two chairs. There were files on. one chair. Plaintiff put the files on the file cabinet, and at the end of the day, Ms. Crespo forgot to put the files back on the chair. Plaintiff had even swept the floor before leaving. On the following day, Ms. Aguilar knew someone had used her office because some of her files had been moved. Plaintiff had moved her files and had not moved them back. Ms. Aguilar asked who had used her office and said that plaintiff had placed her files in disorder. Ms. Aguilar also said that nobody respected her because she was black. Then Mr. Shassetz told Ms. Aguilar to calm down. Plaintiff went to the back room and cried. Mr. Shassetz counseled plaintiff because she made trouble in the office with a co-worker. Plaintiff said it was not fair, because plaintiff had no control over what Ms. Aguilar said or did. Mr. Shassetz said “Look, you both were involved.” She insisted that she had no fault in the incident.
36. A situation occurred with Ms. Martinez, who made appointments for fingerprinting applicants. Ms. Martinez handed plaintiff a file and told plaintiff to make the appointments and to return the file to her. Ms. Martinez said never to leave anything on her desk if she is not present. At the end of the shift, Ms. Martinez was not there so plaintiff kept the file. Ms. Martinez asked for her file the next day. Plaintiff explained to her that she, Ms. Martinez, was not in the office (the day before). Ms. Martinez went to the place where the file was, and returned, saying that she was still looking for the file and that plaintiff had lost it. Ms. Martinez then asked plaintiff for the list of applicants and plaintiff showed her the list. Ms. Martinez returned at the end of the day and there was an applicant waiting all day in the waiting room, but Ms. Martinez had the file in her hand. Ten minutes later, Mr. Shassetz told plaintiff to come to his office. He said that there was a problem with the applicants because she did not work overtime, that they went unattended, and that every officer had a complaint because she was different or apart.
37. In her reply memo, she stated that she did not enjoy the environment of the office, or sharing a joke, with sexual connotations, or touching. Plaintiff did not express that in words directly, but believed that she let them know by walking away, and believed she was different in that way.
38. Mr. Shassetz said that there were attendance and confrontation problems with co-workers. Plaintiff explained the two situations in her memo. Plaintiffs reply was that she was not accepting the explanation.
39. Plaintiff worked overtime many times, and said she never refused to work overtime. Sometimes she got paid and sometimes she did not get paid. Mr. Shassetz said there was no money to pay for the overtime. In response to an incident which occurred on October 28, 1997 with a supervisory applications clerk, plaintiff remembered that she was not allowed to leave the office on time, and when Mr. Shas-setz was asked by her if she was going to be compensated, he said, “No”, because overtime must be approved in advance. She then wrote that he used his power as supervisor to retain her at work, in her personal time and without compensation.
40. At page 5 of her memo, plaintiff wrote, “I want you to stop the improper pressure on me, and to stop treating me with disrespect....”
41. Plaintiff considered that her response of November 12 was respectful and neither confrontational nor argumentative.
42. One day, when Mr. Shassetz was not present, Mr. Bowles called her into his office. He spoke about work and personal matters. He never asked her about her religion or her family. He never asked her about her social life, not in questions. He never asked her anything that “crossed the line.” Mr. Bowles spoke to all of the employees in a personal tone. She never objected to him. However, she reported on November 12, about the familiarity in the office in general to Mr. Shassetz, but did not refer to Mr. Bowles in specific. She never complained to anyone about his behavior in particular. Familiarity existed from day one. It did not evolve.
43. Plaintiff was terminated on February 23, 1999. Mr. Bowles called her to his office and gave her a termination letter which was signed by Ms. Dorothy C. Swartwood, Personnel Officer for INS. (Exhibit F.) Plaintiff asked him why. While he said she was intelligent and capable, he also said that there were complaints- from her supervisor. Mr. Shassetz was present. Plaintiff inquired of Mr. Shassetz regarding the termination. Mr. Shassetz did not say anything. The letter gave as reasons for termination her repeatedly challenging authority and not accepting constructive criticism. After being discharged, plaintiff got very sick that day and went to the infirmary.
44. Plaintiff requested a meeting with Ms. Myrna Peré who was the district director, and therefore the higher authority over Mr. Bowles.
45. Plaintiff had a meeting with Ms. Peré a week later. She brought a letter to Ms. Peré for her to give to Mr. Swartwood but Ms. Peré said they would not read that long letter. Ms. Peré said that it was her word against Mr. Shassetz and Mr. Bowles. Ms. Peré also said that the memo she wrote to Mr. Shas-setz “sunk her” and that they did not want to work with her anymore. Plaintiff had sent Mr. Shas-setz the memo, with a copy to Ms. Peré, before she was terminated. Ms. Peré did not read the Swart-wood letter in front of plaintiff, but flipped over the pages. Plaintiff did not know if she read the memo or not. , Plaintiff considered the document an answer to the termination letter.
46. Ms. Peré said she would contact plaintiff. When Ms. Peré did contact plaintiff on the phone, she said that the decision was not to reconsider the decision.
47. Plaintiff then said that she would go to the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”). She called the EEOC and said that she wanted to make a complaint with the Commission precisely because she was terminated for complaining.
48. Plaintiffs dismissal letter from Ms. Swartwood said she has 45 days to consult an EEO counselor. Plaintiff noted that she wrote to the EEO several times and sometimes the EEO asked for acknowledgment of documents. The formal complaint was made on the 45th day. Plaintiff sent the complaint to the INS Office of Equal Employment Opportunity. She formally reported discrimination to the agency on July 15, 1999. (Exhibit 1.)
49. On March 23, 2001, plaintiff wrote a contrite letter of apology to Diane Deaver, Director of EEO office for INS. (Exhibit C.) She asks for forgiveness, noting that- it was not her intention to be arrogant and antiau-thoritarian if she behaved that way. In the letter she also forgave Mr. Bowles, Mr. Shassetz, and Ms. Martinez. Plaintiff wrote the letter because she was going through a difficult situation.
50. Plaintiff was not evaluated during the year she was employed. There were at least two other people in the same status.
51. Plaintiff was given a training memo about sexual harassment in December 1998 and was aware that sexual harassment is not tolerated in the workplace.
52. On the first day at the agency, Mr. Bowles was explaining the duties of federal employees, like to report misconduct. Plaintiff denied stopping him and saying “I’m not going to be a chota” (snitch) nor did she say that she did not want to take part in that.
53. Referring to Exhibit B, the performance appraisal record assigned to her by Mr. Shassetz and Mr. Bowles, she noted the job elements critical to her evaluation during the probationary period. Only the signature was filled out. Nothing else was filled out. She was never evaluated. The progress review record provides for her rating. She received a copy of the performance plan.
54. In the November 12 memo, she relates what happened to her on October 28 in relation to Ms. Martinez’ desk and that Ms. Martinez had given Ms. Crespo two different instructions.
55. Plaintiff testified that every time she deals with the case, filed in 2003, she gets depressed. She also referred to a personal situation from 2000 that causes her to get depressed. Once plaintiff was terminated, she stayed home. She felt very bad. She became depressed, cried and felt helpless, and felt that way for a long time. It took a long time to recover. She has her ups and downs. After she filed the complaint, every time she had to provide something, she was worse.
56. Plaintiff is now employed by FEMA and while she has a job, she can be placed on non-pay if there is no work. She began working for FEMA on September 9, 2005 and is now a GS-9, having started as a GS-5. She receives evaluations and her case work is monitored and assigned a value. She has a grade of almost 100 in the review of her cases.
57. The defense presented the testimony of Robert J. Bowles, a retired INS/CIS employee. (INS later became Citizens and Immigration Services under Homeland Security.) In 1998-99, he was the Assistant District Director of Examinations of INS, and previously performed duties as Program Manager for Examinations at the airport, as well as for inspections and naturalization. He held the first position for about 15 years. He has also been a Border Patrol officer for six years whence he came to San Juan where he completed 36)6 years of service, close to 30 of which he was a supervisor.
58. Mr. Bowles met Ms. Crespo in 1998. She had applied as an examiner and was a newly arrived employee in his section when they met for the first time. Joseph Shas-setz, Ms. Crespo’s first line supervisor, was then absent for more than a week, and because of budget constraints and manning shortages, Mr. Bowles stepped into the duties of second line supervisor. He explained to her the duties of the job. Topics included the work of immigration examiner, what it entailed, and various visas that were applied for. Mr. Bowles presented a bird’s eye view of what the office handled in relation to applicants, and those who contracted marriage for benefits under the law. Also discussed were the documents for applicants who sought visas for employment. Because the examiners were authorized to work overtime on Sundays, at night, at the airport, seaport and weekends, Ms. Crespo was told about the type of applicants she would encounter and related problems. His impression of her was that she was very attentive, concentrated on every word, and was no different from any other applicants during the first days of their job.
59.After plaintiffs third or fourth day on the job, he told her about the responsibility in the position where the employee must safeguard the integrity of the agency and keep an eye open for fraud and waste. She asked what that meant. He explained you get to know your fellow employees, and one day you find something funny happens between an attorney and a citizen applicant, you have the duty to report that to the proper authority, like to the Office of Internal Investigations. And she said, “You mean to tell me that I have to be a ‘chota?’ ” (stoo-lie). She then put her hand up to him, moving forward, red-faced, and said she would not be a “cho-ta”. He found this disrespectful. He told her he would never tell her to be a “chota”, that that is someone in the underworld. He told her that “we have to take out the bad apples”, including any bad conduct that even himself might be guilty of. She continued to argue and said why doesn’t the federal government hire someone to do that work. Then, Mr. Bowles told her to talk to her first line supervisor. He then left and she left. Later, Mr. Bowles called Mr. Shas-setz in. He discussed the new employee and the incident, and other things that had occurred. Mr. Bowles said she was very strong, in demeanor, and exaggerated in what he talked about; to him, it did not make any sense.
60. Mr. Bowles has supervised many probationary employees, maybe 50, over his time as a supervisor, and knows the probationary rules which include those in the Code of Ethics pamphlet. He told the employees what was expected during the probationary year. They must successfully complete the Academy on the mainland, about a three-month course, return to home ports to continue on-the-job training, and are required to perform at levels assigned to each position. Upon successful completion, they would be promoted to next GS scale.
61. Ms. Crespo was terminated on February 28, 1999 because, in his opinion, and that of Mr. Shassetz, she failed to perform, and was insubordinate, and disrespectful toward her supervisors, Mr. Shassetz and himself.
62. Mr. Bowles recalled that Mr. Shas-setz wrote a letter to Ms. Crespo related to an incident of insubordination in which Mr. Bowles was involved. All examiners were required to rotate into various clerical functions, to gain firsthand experience related to their official duties as examiners. This included working with employment authorization documents, where applicants would come in for the EAD, and were to be adjudicated on the first day of filing. The work was very intense. However, there was a backlog because of the lack of sufficient employees. Ms. Crespo had been informed that overtime was a condition of employment. They, that is, management, would try so that employees did not have to work overtime as much as possible but if there was a workload, then they had to work overtime.
63 Plaintiff had said she did not like overtime and if she could avoid it she would. She was told that she had to work until the last applicant was served, and she was not authorized to depart for home. Plaintiff said she would go home and not work overtime, and Mr. Shassetz recorded the incident in a memorandum.
64. Ms. Crespo was assigned to the clerical unit where she was trained by Esperanza Martínez. Having been informed of the particular task at hand, and how it was done in an appropriate manner, Ms. Crespo refused to abide by her instructions because she was not Ms. Crespo’s supervisor. Mr. Shassetz called Ms. Crespo and told her that Ms. Martinez was the expert in the matter regardless of her grade level. Ms. Crespo said that she did not have sufficient rank.
65. Based on Mr. Bowles’ firsthand observation, and reports of Mr. Shas-setz, he would become aware of employee conduct. Every time Mr. Shassetz counseled someone, he would show him a subject memorandum. In one particular incident, after her being told about the overtime, Ms. Crespo went home and Mr. Shassetz stayed since the applicants were left unattended.
66. There were 15,000 applications for naturalization, 10,000 visa applicants, and 5,000 employment authorization applications. The staffing levels were very constrained and there was a lot of pressure to the extent that quotas were assigned. There were seven DAOs and four or five clerks and that was not adequate. The supervisors had to come up with ways to improve productivity and not be too demanding on employees. As program manager, he was very intent on affording assistance to his subordinates when the demands from a higher level was too intense.
67. Mr. Bowles promoted the detection of fraud, and their numbers were high in terms of detecting it. Officers had personal problems and the supervisors tried to assist them.
68. There was a generally good relationship in the office, like a family type atmosphere, although sometimes the aliens were unruly, and sometimes there were confrontations between employees.
69. Mr. Bowles noted that in his affidavit dated October 29, 1999 (Exhibit 2), and later provided to the EEOC, that he did not relate the incident where Ms. Crespo raised her hand to him during her first week at the office. The affidavit does not mention anything about the tone of her voice, and did not say she was not comfortable. Nevertheless, Mr. Bowles was very concerned about her capacity to report fraud and he talked to Ms. Crespo about the Code of Ethics in general terms. While her action was important, it was not mentioned at all in his affidavit, and only came to mind in the courtroom. He did not record the incident or issue anything in writing. He also felt that the incident did not disqualify her, although he reported the incident orally to her first line supervisor, for him to be aware. Whether to report the matter or not was discretionary on his part. He admitted there was nothing in the U.S. Department of Justice Ethics Handbook dated October 1994 (Exhibit 3) that required an employee to have to inform or report any (ethics) violations. After being terminated, Ms. Crespo filed a complaint at the EEOC. He then thought that the incident was relevant, and could not recall why he did not mention it at that level.
70. Mr. Bowles began working with INS in 1967 or 1968, and he gave Ms. Crespo guidance based on a document he received in 1967 and materials he got during his entire career.
71. Mr. Bowles noted that DAOs had badges, and that Ms. Crespo was required to be issued a badge and was issued credentials, although he did not recall if she was issued a badge.
72. Mr. Bowles considered Ms. Cres-po’s performance to be satisfactory, which is the same as fully successful, based upon his observations, which came from his daily rounds, and discussions with Mr. Shassetz. He felt Ms. Crespo had the potential to be an excellent employee with the passage of time. Mr. Bowles noted that she was very reluctant to work overtime and only worked when required. He admitted that Ms. Crespo might have worked overtime and not been paid, although he believed that she was paid. Unless there was compensation, employees were not required to work overtime. While the applicable regulation also provided for time off, like compensatory time, the district director did not want to approve compensatory time and felt that this would be subject to misuse by employees. He did not recall if he asked for volunteers but did recall that plaintiff never volunteered. Mr. Bowles could approve compensatory time if he went to the district director, but he never did. He was aware of employees who remained in the office after 5:00 P.M., although he himself went home at 5:00 P.M. every day.
73.Employees could volunteer for overtime. It was a condition of employment, and the supervisor could determine who worked overtime by alphabetical or numerical list of employees, where the supervisor would record the highest earners and put them at the bottom of the list and the lowest earners would be placed at the top of the overtime list. The top ones would have to take the call but they could get a replacement from an equal grade down to the bottom. There was an understanding that it was on a voluntary basis. However, if some task had to be completed, that could not be replaced, then it was required. The only person to make that determination was the first line supervisor, and in his absence the second line supervisor. So if final adjudications had to be completed, and there was a backlog, the supervisor would approach the employee and tell him he had a backlog.
74. Mr. Bowles noted that employees were required to be evaluated during June or July of each year. This is the responsibility of the first line supervisor. The second line supervisor either approved the evaluation or provided comments. If the first line supervisor did not comply with the, requirement, then the second line supervisor was responsible for complying with that duty. He had supervised many probationary employees, and noted that such evaluations were very important for both employer and employee, and it was also very important for performance to be within guidelines. Not evaluating an employee is contrary to the regulations. In his experience during the last 26 years, all employees were evaluated, although there were many failures in timely evaluations. Making reference to the Employee Handbook (Exhibit 4), and Form M62 INS DOJ referenced there, he noted that the document would apply to her. It was a performance evaluation, and a performance work plan.
75. Mr. Bowles did not concentrate on the elements of job description. He considered that new employees should be rotated from clerical positions, to areas of higher grades. That rotation was the responsibility of the first line supervisor, Mr. ' Shassetz, and rotations were done on a service-wide basis. Mr. Bowles had personal knowledge of Ms. Crespo’s rotation. She was assigned to the EAD section, where Ms. Martinez was a supervisor. He did not know what percentage of that time she was performing clerical duties instead of DAO duties. The clerks relied heavily on the EADs. The clerks did not rotate into Adjudications because of their grades but the DAOs could fill the gaps in clerical, not on a 100% basis but as needed.
76.Mr. Bowles did not recall receiving any report from Mr. Shassetz on October 28, 1998, although he did require Mr. Shassetz to provide him with work-related complaints from employees. Mr. Bowles considered that at that time there were no issues that developed in relation to Ms. Crespo’s duties in the EAD section that required Mr. Bowles to take action. Mr. Shas-setz did mention Ms. Crespo being uncomfortable about bad jokes in the work environment, and Mr. Bowles asked Mr. Shassetz what the jokes consisted of. While Mr. Bowles did like a good joke, he did not like specific jokes, such as those with sexual connotations, or those against the dignity of humans, which are not in good taste. He also noted that this may be hard to determine since people bring their “baggage” with them. Mr. Shassetz told Mr. Bowles about the bad jokes that plaintiff rejected. Mr. Bowles did not believe that he had the need to take action, never interviewed Ms. Crespo, and did not ask Mr. Shassetz to write a memo. He did not immediately report it to his own supervisor and did not report it formally, in writing. The employees made jokes about circumstances of the applicants. Mr. Shassetz would relate the nature of the jokes to him. Mr. Bowles allowed jokes in the work environment but made sure the jokes did not disrupt other employees. Jokes could be heard in the offices and in the cubicles but nobody complained to him about them.
77. Mr. Bowles recalled dancing with an employee and that there were other employees present. He did not think that any employee would find it offensive. An employee could report such an event to the EEOC or go to the person involved and say they resented the action, or to the person’s supervisor or to the district director. They could go to Mr. Bowles and nobody did. He did not know if Ms. Crespo went to the EEO of the agency complaining about that. He did not notice any other employees react to this event.
78. Mr. Bowles noted that there were many employees, including DAOs, that he did not interview, such as Teresa González and Sally Ann Divornik.
79. Mr. Bowles told Ms. Crespo that he was a member of Marriage Encounter, and may have told her he was Catholic. He did not know what Ms. Crespo’s religion was and nobody told him what her religion was. This occurred in the first two weeks of her working at the agency.
80. Making reference to Ms. Crespo’s reply memo to Mr. Shassetz, he said that Mr. Shassetz did not provide him a copy of the memo. Mr. Shassetz explained to him the content of the memorandum, and Mr. Bowles took Mr. Shassetz’s version to be the truth and did not ask plaintiff about her complaint against Mr. Shassetz, and did not hear plaintiffs version. Nor did Mr. Bowles investigate. He knew of the memo because of Ms. Peré and Mr. Shassetz and did not investigate beyond the conversation with Mr. Shassetz. In that memo, she was asking Mr. Shassetz to stop the bad treatment of her, to stop the improper pressure, referring to her as a rookie and arrogant, and making such comments in front of her co-workers. Her memo bypassed him in that she did follow proper channels.
81. Mr. Bowles testified that he did not have knowledge that she was going to file a complaint, but did admit that it was his understanding that she could possibly file a grievance with the union or the EEO. It was also Mr. Bowles’ understanding at the time that Ms. Crespo was going to file a complaint against him and Mr. Shassetz, her supervisors, although he did not share his concerns of the complaints with Mr. Shassetz. He thought that there were labor issues, such as overtime, hours, and duties, but it never crossed his mind that there would be an EEOC issue. Mr. Bowles told Mr. Shassetz about his concerns regarding her attitude and her asking the employees how they allow their supervisors to climb over their backs like this. He had discussed it after Ms. Aguilar and Ms. Soto came to his office, and while Ms. Crespo was still in the service, before she was written up for dismissal.
82. Mr. Bowles recalled that in the majority of the situations where Mr. Shassetz had counseled Ms. Cres-po, Mr. Bowles was present. Plaintiff was responding in the memo but it was not what he observed. She was responding to counseling in the office, like the times Ms. Shassetz counseled her on interpersonal relationships with employees. She would burst out crying. He did not see any reason for that behavior from a mature employee.
83. Mr. Bowles noted that there were approximately seven times, or at least more than five, in which Mr. Shassetz counseled Ms. Crespo and he was present for at least part of the counseling session. He was definitely present on two occasions concerning overtime.
84. During his testimony, Mr. Bowles related his taking medication for memory problems, which was one of the reasons why he retired in 2004, burned out. He started having memory problems in 2000 and 2001. He left because he could retire and was sick. He had problems recollecting numbers and names, times and places, as well as key issues and points of law. Before he retired, he went to a psychiatrist. He is still having problems with numbers and dates and is not so secure in his knowledge and in his performance
85. Joseph Shassetz testified that he has been employed with INS since 1976, starting in San Antonio Texas. In 1980, he held the position of contact representative in Houston, and about 1984 he became a supervisory contact representative in New Orleans, where he remained for fourteen months. He then worked as a legalization officer in Houston in 1987. In 1990, also in Houston, he became an immigration examiner, and in 1996, he became a supervisory District Adjudication Officer in San Juan where he remained until December 1999. He then returned to Houston in the same position and has been there ever since. While in San Juan, he was second in command of the examinations program, his supervisor being Mr.Bowles. Mr. Shassetz was responsible for applications for permanent resident, and removal of conditions (referring to Form 751, remove conditions on who obtained green-card by marriage). He was in charge of naturalization applications, and was a supervisor of the information sections and records section.' He was a first line supervisor over the District Adjudication Officers and a second line supervisor for information and records, including oversight of the offices in St. Thomas and St. Croix.
86. His duties as first line supervisor of the DAOs was to assure their work was correct, particularly in their interviewing of applicants for immigration benefits. He supervised about 50 people, including Ms. Crespo, who was an adjudication officer. Ms. Crespo was selected to work at the San Juan Office by a hiring center operated by INS. He was not present when she reported to work and Mr. Bowles conducted her first orientation to the office, including telling her the duties she would be carrying out.
87. During the time Ms. Crespo was employed by INS, that he could recall, there were seven officers in adjudications: four males and three females. Of the three females, Ms. Crespo was the only one that did not pass her probationary period.
88. Mr. Shassetz noted that Ms. Cres-po was very combative, and resistant to authority. While her attendance was regular and she was not abusive with her absences, her interaction with the employees was not very good. Her beliefs were different. She seemed to carry herself aloof, and was abrasive. Employees did not get along with her. When there were issues between Ms. Crespo and another employee, he would normally find that the other employee was correct. She was not able to work along with her co-workers.
89. Mr. Shassetz felt that Ms. Crespo was difficult to work with. She was frustrated. Her face was upset/bothered, and was mocking toward him. She would be disagreeable and make no facial expression, or she would have her eyes up in the sky.
90. He recalled an incident of insubordination. Mr. Shassetz had given a memo to Ms. Crespo (Exhibit E) indicating the problems with her conduct, particularly two occurrences in which she had left the office leaving clients unattended. He asked and then told her to sign the memo. Ms. Crespo became very irate to the point that in an open area, she was very loud and persistent. Mr. Shassetz was telling her to sign the memo and that failure to sign it would be insubordination. He did not ask her for a response to the memo given to her. She was argumentative and would challenge his authority, and the examples in his memorandum of November 10 1997 illustrated his concerns. Referring to Exhibit E, and the handwritten note of Ms. Cres-po, he noted that the tone of the note was resistant to authority. When he gave her the memo, he let Ms. Crespo read the original note, as well as a copy, in order to compare them. He was certain that she read both memos. He firmly ordered her at least three times to sign the memo. She did not want to sign it and refused. Carlos Mu-ñoz was then present because Mr. Shassetz wanted a witness of her refusal. Both Mr. Shassetz and Ms. Crespo were tense and she was nervous. Mr. Shassetz found it both argumentative and insulting for her to write that note at the bottom of the memo. Because this was a counseling memo, there had to be proof that she was counseled, although there is no block on the memo for her to sign. The option is to give her the memo and have someone else witness his giving her the memo. When Mr. Shassetz was getting ready to leave, Carlos Muñoz, after telling her of the implications, told her, “You’d better sign it.” She then signed it.
91. Mr. Shassetz received a long letter in response to this memo. (Exhibit A.) In her reply memo, he felt she refused to take responsibility in the various areas he asked her to improve, but rather gave her own opinions and resisted his guidance. Mr. Shassetz had had a meeting with Ms. Crespo and explained the issues and also explained the importance of correcting these issues. She complained about the matter in her reply memo, blaming things on her co-workers. She complained that he was unfair, and disagreed on work assigned to her. He noted that she had to get along with her superiors while she would say that it was always someone else’s fault. He found her challenging and not cooperative, and found the tone of her response resistant to authority.
92. Mr. Shassetz noted that the overtime policy was that it was mandated. It had been voluntary at one time. Ms. Crespo’s record of overtime was minuscule compared to the others. In the examinations unit, some employees liked overtime and some did not. The majority liked to work overtime during the time Ms. Crespo worked there. While he did not know how much overtime plaintiff worked in 1998-1999, he knew it was very low. She worked some overtime, but he could not compare how much time she and others worked. The ove-time pay depended on the pay grade. Most of the DAOs went up to a GS-12, so that one hour of over-time, time and a half, would be $40.13. A GS-12 would receive more than plaintiff. Some DAOs did not want overtime because it would put them in another tax bracket, although the majority liked to work overtime. The overtime was voluntary when funds were available.
93. Mr. Shassetz testified knowing about the EEO procedure, and that a person with a grievance can file a complaint, contacting the EEO local employee counselor within 60 days from when employee believed the discriminatory action happened. Many times the counselor resolves the matter at the local level. If not, the matter goes forward. Mr. Shassetz had been interviewed by an EEO investigator and told him that someone had brought to his attention that she was going to file an EEO complaint if she became permanent. Mr. Shassetz said it was a co-worker, and it occurred before she was terminated. Mr. Shassetz did not know when plaintiff filed an E.E.O. complaint.
94. Referring to the rotation system, Mr. Shassetz stated that working with the employment authorization documents was the most basic of the jobs. Once the officer worked with the petitions themselves, then they would go on to another area, such as Form 751s (removal of conditions). Ms. Crespo worked with the EADs a long time. The time she worked in clerical was comparatively short. She worked on the 751 removals and also work adjudications, applications for naturalization, and employment authorizations. She performed clerical functions, making and laminating the cards. If there were not enough clerks, then the DAOs would perform their work, although it was a lot of money for a GS-12 to do a GS-5’s work.
95. As to the work environment, employees were under a lot of stress, because they had to complete a certain number of cases in adjudications. Notwithstanding the pressure, the mission could not stop. However, the environment was relaxed although they were required to complete a lot of work. There was a flexible, friendly atmosphere. Jokes were allowed. It was like a family, and Mr. Bowles was a very friendly boss.
96. Ms. Crespo’s performance was that of a trainee and was not an issue. Her performance was fully successful. Her conduct was the issue.
97. Mr. Shassetz explained the evaluation process for probationary employees. The supervisor is sent a form to indicate if the applicant is performing favorable or unfavorably. The form is completed near the end of the probationary period. He noted that the evaluations are not always very timely, and did not remember receiving a form for her. Mr. Shassetz did not know when he evaluated Ms. Divornik and Ms. González because at the end of the rating period, he had to turn in the evaluations. The rating period was one year. There were some times when he missed a mid-term evaluation of an employee. Referring to Exhibit B, he noted that plaintiff applied for a permanent position, GS-12, and had to go through a probationary period. He noted that the Performance Appraisal Record dated June 2, 1998 was signed by him but was not filled out. He termed this an oversight. At least one midterm evaluation is required which would be mid-way through the rating period. He failed to comply with the procedure of the mid-term evaluation although required to perform the evaluation. Mr. Shassetz admitted to being negligent in this regard.
98. Mr. Shassetz discussed the duties of a duty officer. A clerk could not be assigned that task because he could not make a determination. The duty officer could issue a card, adjudicate a 751, and an N400 (application for naturalization), if time allowed. Mr. Shassetz assigned Ms. Crespo as duty officer from time to time. Ms. Crespo was assigned because perhaps somebody was missing, or there was a shortage of staff. Sometimes the duty officers had extra duties and sometimes they did not. That is, she could be assigned the task of duty officer with other duties.
99. Referring to a day when applicants were left unattended, and plaintiff had been sick for three days and under medication, Mr. Shassetz made the decision to send the applicants home and did not recall if he ordered Ms. Crespo to attend to them.
100.Ms. Crespo was terminated in 1999. Mr. Shassetz was told to give her the order of termination and he did so. He said there was a problem with the various conduct issues and that they had been listed in the letter of termination.
CONCLUSIONS OF LAW
This court has jurisdiction over the subject matter under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq.
Hostile Work Environment
Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, makes it “an unlawful employment practice for an employer ... to discriminate against any individual with respect to [her] ... terms, conditions, or privileges of employment, because of such individual’s ... sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(l). “The phrase ‘terms, conditions, or privileges of employment’ evinces a congressional intent ‘ “to strike at the entire spectrum of disparate treatment of men and women” ’ in employment.” Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57, 64, 106 S.Ct. 2399, 91 L.Ed.2d 49 (1986) (citations omitted). This “extends to sex-based discrimination that creates a hostile or abusive work environment.” Billings v. Town of Grafton, 515 F.3d 39, 47 (1st Cir.2008) (citing Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. at 66, 106 S.Ct. 2399). Title VII is violated when the workplace is permeated with discriminatory behavior that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to create a discrimina-torily hostile or abusive environment. Harris v. Forklift Sys. Inc., 510 U.S. 17, 21, 114 S.Ct. 367, 126 L.Ed.2d 295 (1993) (quoting Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. at 65 & 67, 106 S.Ct. 2399).
[W]hether an environment is “hostile” or “abusive” can be determined only by looking at all the circumstances. These may include the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.
Harris v. Forklift Sys. Inc., 510 U.S. at 23, 114 S.Ct. 367, cited in Billings v. Town of Grafton, 515 F.3d at 48; Cardona v. Potter, 536 F.Supp.2d 172, 178 (D.P.R.2008); Rigau v. Pfizer Caribbean Corp., 525 F.Supp.2d 272, 283 (D.P.R.2007).
Plaintiff testified about the incidents concerning El Bonbon de la Semana, the No Te Duermas Show, the initial meeting with Mr. Bowles, and the general familiarity, including touching, that permeated the office workplace. This included improper jokes and conversations about sexuality. See Meritor Sav. Bank, FSB v. Vinson, 477 U.S. at 67, 106 S.Ct. 2399 (hostile environment claim not actionable unless harassment “sufficiently severe or pervasive ‘to alter the conditions of [the victim’s] employment and create an abusive working environment’ ”) (citation omitted).
It is an unlawful employment practice under Title VII for an employer to require an employee “to work in a discrim-inatorily hostile or abusive environment.” Crowley v. L.L. Bean, Inc., 303 F.3d 387, 394 (1st Cir.2002) (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. at 21, 114 S.Ct. 367). “A hostile work environment exists in violation of Title VII ‘[w]hen the workplace is permeated with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult that is sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the conditions of the victim’s employment and create an abusive working environment.’ ” Kosereis v. Rhode Island, 331 F.3d 207, 216 (1st Cir.2003) (quoting Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. at 21, 114 S.Ct. 367). Since there is no “mathematically precise test” to determine whether enough evidence has been presented for a hostile environment claim, Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. at 22, 114 S.Ct. 367, the court must look at “ ‘all the circumstances,’ including ‘the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it is physically threatening or humiliating; ... and whether it unreasonably interfer[ed] with [plaintiffs] work performance.’ ” Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 116, 122 S.Ct. 2061, 153 L.Ed.2d 106 (2002) (quoting id. at 23).
As noted, in a hostile work environment claim, the conduct complained of has to be severe or pervasive so as to alter the terms and conditions of employment of a Title VII plaintiff. See Burlington Indus., Inc. v. Ellerth, 524 U.S. 742, 754, 118 S.Ct. 2257, 141 L.Ed.2d 633 (1998). To be actionable under Title VII, the “sexually objectionable environment must be both objectively and subjectively offensive, one that a reasonable person would find hostile or abusive, and one that the victim in fact did perceive to be so.” Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 787, 118 S.Ct. 2275, 141 L.Ed.2d 662 (1998) (citing Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. at 21-22, 114 S.Ct. 367). Harris v. Forklift Sys., Inc., 510 U.S. at 21, 114 S.Ct. 367. Similarly, “ ‘simple teasing,’ offhand comments, and isolated incidents ... will not amount to discriminatory changes in the ‘terms and conditions of employment.’ ” Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. at 788, 118 S.Ct. 2275 (internal quotation omitted). To succeed in a hostile work environment claim, a plaintiff must prove,
(1) that she (or he) is a member of a protected class; (2) that she was subjected to unwelcome sexual harassment; (3) that the harassment was based upon sex; (4) that the harassment was sufficiently severe or pervasive so as to alter the conditions of plaintiffs employment and create an abusive work environment; (5) that sexually objectionable conduct was both objectively and subjectively offensive, such that a reasonable person would find it hostile or abusive and the victim in fact did perceive it to be so; and (6) that some basis for employer liability has been established.
O’Rourke v. City of Providence, 235 F.3d 713, 728 (1st Cir.2001) (citations omitted). Because the accumulated effects of incidents over time can amount to a hostile work environment, the allegations of harassment must be considered collectively. Id. at 729.
In this case, a review of the evidence presented at trial points to the conclusion that plaintiff has failed to present sufficient evidence to establish the existence of a hostile work environment. Plaintiff testified that on several occasions, Mr. Bowles made improper comments that bothered her although she also said that he never crossed the line. She never told him to stop any comments. Cf. White v. N.H. Dep’t of Corr., 221 F.3d 254, 261-62 (1st Cir.2000). Her first complaint in relation to his offensive conduct was not made until April 1999.
Plaintiff found these comments subjectively objectionable and offensive as evidenced by her testimony. She did not welcome the comments and they made her feel uncomfortable. Nevertheless, testimony and other evidence presented at trial reflects that such offensive comments were infrequently made by Mr. Bowles. While conversations and comments might have been offensive, they were not harassing in an objective manner and may hardly be characterized as harassing in a subjective manner. See, e.g., Rigau v. Pfizer Caribbean Corp., 525 F.Supp.2d at 283-84. Plaintiff testified that the comments 'were inappropriate basically because she did not like them. Objectively, however, these comments cannot be characterized as subjecting plaintiff to an environment severe and pervasive enough as to have altered the terms and conditions of her employment. See, e.g., Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68-69, 126 S.Ct. 2405, 165 L.Ed.2d 345 (2006). Mr. Bowles, using a picture not shown to plaintiff, described a married couple seeking citizenship having intercourse, using a suggestive gesticulation. While it might have offended plaintiff, and the method was lacking in decorum, the context of Mr. Bowles actions was work-oriented. He danced briefly, perhaps seconds but less than a minute, with a co-employee. This dancing was at best an episode or isolated event since it appears not to have been repeated. Nothing in the evidence enables the court to determine that any comments were physically threatening or that they unreasonably interfered with plaintiffs work performance. In relation to the centerfold displays and discussions regarding a television program, not only did she continue to perform her duties in a satisfactory, or fully successful fashion, even according to the supervisors, but the conduct was either curtailed or ignored by plaintiff, so that if she walked away or chose not to participate in the conversation, the matter ended there. This included not only the episodes concerning El Bonbon de la Se-mana and No Te Duermas, but the bad jokes, familiarity, presumptuousness, and touching. Except for the Bonbon incidents, aside from a familiar atmosphere which appeared to be welcomed by the employees, no discriminatory conduct was directed toward plaintiff or conducted for the purpose of affecting her. The Bonbon pictures did not appear to be so egregious that other people, including the female employees, found them offensive. Cf. Lipsett v. U.P.R., 864 F.2d 881, 888 (1st Cir.1988). Plaintiff assumed that they knew from her reaction that the conduct was unacceptable. She never reported the posted Bon-bón pictures to anyone. She never told the offenders to take them down and never told them the pictures were offensive. See Ortiz v. Hyatt Regency Cerromar Beach Hotel, Inc., 422 F.Supp.2d 336, 342 (D.P.R. 2006). She was never touched and I cannot infer from the evidence presented at trial that any intentional or unintentional derisive comments were directed toward her. See, e.g., Fontánez-Núñez v. Janssen Ortho LLC, 447 F.3d 50, 57 (1st Cir.2006); Valentín-Almeyda v. Municipality of Aguadilla, 447 F.3d 85, 94 (1st Cir.2006). She never reported any offending conduct to anyone until October 28, 1997, as reflected in her reply November 12 memorandum and did not tell any offending co-workers that they were crossing the line or being offensive in any way. In that particular memo addressed to Mr. Shas-setz, she did not mention or infer sex discrimination, nor did she make any reference to or inference related to a hostile work environment, but rather complained to Mr. Shassetz as follows: “I want you to stop the improper pressure on me, and to stop treating me with disrespect, saying to me words like “rookie” and “arrogant”, and to stop making comments about my performance in front of my co-workers, violating my privacy and dignity. I want you to, as my supervisor, help me in the learning of my job, and to give me the amount of work that is expected to be completed by a GS-5 trainee, instead of the work expected from a GS-12 journeyman.” (Exhibit A, ¶ 5.) The mention of her GS-5 trainee status might trigger thoughts of a possible grievance but not discrimination due to sex. See, e.g., Hartleip v. McNeilab, Inc., 83 F.3d 767, 777 (6th Cir.1996); Juárez v. Ameritech Mobile Communications, Inc., 957 F.2d 317, 321 (7th Cir.1992).
Notwithstanding that there was no actual evaluation, Mr. Bowles and Mr. Shassetz agreed that plaintiffs performance was satisfactory during the time she worked at INS. That she was able to perform her job satisfactorily does not lessen her complaint that she believed she worked in a hostile work environment, and it is not my intention to penalize her for a fully successful performance. See Billings v. Town of Grafton, 515 F.3d at 51. The comments made by Mr. Bowles or Mr. Shassetz appear to be offhand, isolated in scope, and do not reach the level of even teasing. Such comments might be considered merely offensive at best. Thus, in weighing the evidence, I conclude that plaintiff has not prevailed in her hostile work environment cause of action. “The workplace is not a cocoon, and those who labor in it are expected to have reasonably thick skins.” Marrero v. Goya of P.R., Inc., 304 F.3d 7, 19 (1st Cir.2002) (quoting Suárez v. Pueblo Int’l, Inc., 229 F.3d 49, 54 (1st Cir.2000)). Title VII is not a general code of civility, thus, the standard for a hostile work environment is sufficiently demanding so as to permit the court to filter out complaints relating to the ordinary tribulations of the workplace. Crespo v. Schering Plough del Caribe, Inc., 231 F.Supp.2d 420, 427-28 (D.P.R.2002) (citations omitted); see also Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. 75, 80-81, 118 S.Ct. 998, 140 L.Ed.2d 201 (1998). Indeed, men and women in the division were exposed to the Bonbon pictures and No Te Duermas conversations as well as co-workers from other divisions, none of which appear to have been offended. Finally, plaintiff has not demonstrated that hostile conduct “was directed at [her] because of a characteristic protected by a federal anti-discrimination statute.” Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Servs., Inc., 523 U.S. at 80, cited in Quiles-Quiles v. Henderson, 439 F.3d 1, 7-8 (1st Cir.2006); cf. Valentín-Almeyda v. Municipality of Aguadilla, 447 F.3d at 89-90.
Gender-Based Discrimination
Plaintiff further alleges that she was treated differently from similarly situated individuals outside of her protected group. In order for plaintiff Crespo to prevail in a disparate treatment Title VII action, she must produce evidence according to the now-familiar framework set forth in McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802-05, 93 S.Ct. 1817, 36 L.Ed.2d 668 (1973). Thus, plaintiff Crespo bears the initial burden of establishing a prima facie case of sex discrimination. Once the court concludes that the plaintiff has proved a prima facie case of disparate treatment, then the court must consider the defendant’s justification for the alleged discriminatory action. In other words, “[t]he defendant must meet a burden of production by articulating a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for its challenged actions[.]” Fields v. Clark Univ., 966 F.2d 49, 51 (1st Cir.1992) (citations omitted). Thereafter, the plaintiff has “an opportunity to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant’s proffered reason was merely a pretext for discrimination.” Id. at 51-52; Fontánez-Núñez v. Janssen Ortho LLC, 447 F.3d at 56-57.
The evidence presented in relation to gender-based discrimination does not preponderate toward a finding for plaintiff. Lee-Crespo v. Schering-Plough Del Caribe Inc., 354 F.3d 34, 47 (1st Cir.2003). The defendant has presented evidence of valid, non-pretextual, non-discriminatory reasons for plaintiffs discharge. Plaintiff has placed in controversy some of the mentioned incidents and her interpretation varies from the interpretations given by Mr. Bowles or Mr. Shassetz. Plaintiffs lengthy response of November 12, 2008 is both a protest and a demand for certain conduct on the part of her supervisors, which demands assume that her supervisors are harassing her. Rather than just constitute a response to a counseling memo, the November 12 memo is more a demand which chills the supervisors’ ability to counsel employees when he or she is made aware of some shortcoming, whether the supervisor is ultimately right or wrong. Clearly, and notwithstanding plaintiffs satisfactory performance in general, the written notation on the November 10 memo would lend weight to the decision to terminate plaintiff, together with other incidents, such as the refusal to work overtime when required, her twice having walked out at quitting time without authorization, although she was needed, the refusal to be willing to blow the whistle on misconduct, her leaving of the workplace with two customers still waiting for services, the failure to take instructions from Esperanza Martínez because she did not have enough rank and was not plaintiffs supervisor, a perceived confrontational attitude to counseling, the manner in which she refused to sign a counseling letter as evidence of its receipt. Even the distrust of the supervisor giving her the counseling memo would easily add to the list of articulated reasons to discharge a probationary employee.
Plaintiff argues that the gender-based discrimination is apparent from the assignment of duties. However, there is no evidence that males were required to do any less than she was and while the women were paid less and performing the same work as men getting paid much more, that phenomenon appears to be caused by seniority and not by nefarious intent. It appears that there was not a great turnover of personnel. The GS-5 positions appeared to be entry level and it also appears that three District Adjudications Officers were hired in a year, Teresa Gon-zález, Sally Ann Divornik and plaintiff. The male officers had been employed there many years. No evidence has been presented that other women in her category did not suffer the same fate being given work that was difficult for them to complete because of their neophyte status. It is uncontroverted that the division’s resources were stressed because of the number of applicants and shortage of personnel.
Plaintiff was not evaluated. There was no evidence to show that other similarly situated employees were evaluated. Plaintiff herself was not aware of any male employees who got their 1998 evaluations on time nor was she aware of similarly situated male employees who were treated more favorably than she. The evaluation process lacked a degree of order and was admittedly lacking, lacking uniformly rather than by design. As a result of admitted negligence, Mr. Shassetz failed to conduct a mid-term evaluation of plaintiff as well as of others. This -failure does not trigger the belief that it was intentional. In any event, hints of skullduggery are defused by the admission of Mr. Bowles and Mr. Shassetz that plaintiffs performance was satisfactory or fully successful. Were the complaints based on plaintiffs performance, and not conduct, then plaintiffs position would have greater weight. However, that is not the case.
Finally, the atmosphere- at the agency was not so intolerable that a reasonable person would find it pervasively oppressive. In general, people were familiar at the agency and discussed personal matters. Of the people who were familiar with each other in the workplace, there were at least four women, including Ms. González and Ms. Divornik. Almost everyone in the division interacted with familiarity. That can hardly be described as oppressive or hostile. The incidents that plaintiff complained about during the trial were episodes for the most part, and plaintiff either did not participate in them or ignored them. Indeed, she put no one on notice that she found certain things in the workplace offensive and left the correction of offensive conduct to her assumptions. She went for six months without experiencing an improper joke or any degree of familiarity from her fellow workers. No one purposefully offended plaintiff notwithstanding her conclusion. See, e.g., Thompson v. Coca-Cola Co., 522 F.3d 168, 180 (1st Cir.2008). And while there appeared to be an inordinate amount of touching among- the employees and supervisors, there is not one incident of improper touching related during the trial.
In short, the evidence does not gravitate toward a finding that plaintiff suffered gender-based discrimination in her employment.
Retaliatory Discharge
In order “[t]o establish a claim of retaliatory discharge under Title VII, [plaintiff] must show by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) she engaged in a protected activity as an employee, (2) she was subsequently discharged from employment, and (3) there was a causal connection between the protected activity and the discharge.” Hoeppner v. Crotched Mountain Rehabilitation Ctr., Inc., 31 F.3d 9, 14 (1st Cir.1994) (citing Ramos v. Roche. Prods., Inc., 936 F.2d 43, 48 (1st Cir.1991)); see also Mariani-Colón v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 511 F.3d 216, 223 (1st Cir.2007); White v. N.H. Dep’t of Corr., 221 F.3d at 262; Hazel v. U.S. Postmaster Gen., 7 F.3d 1, 3 (1st Cir.1993).
Title 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a), provides in relevant part that
[i]t shall be an unlawful employment practice for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees ... because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by this subchapter, or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, proceeding, or hearing under this sub-chapter.
42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3(a); see Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. at 59, 126 S.Ct. 2405. To prove a claim for retaliation, Ms. Crespo must prove that: “(1) she engaged in protected conduct; (2) she experienced an adverse employment action; and (3) there was a causal connection between the protected conduct and the adverse employment action.” Calero-Cerezo v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 355 F.3d 6, 25 (1st Cir.2004) (citing Gu v. Boston Police Dep’t, 312 F.3d 6, 14 (1st Cir.2002)). Once a prima facie case of retaliation is established, the McDonnell Douglas burden-shifting approach is employed. Again, the defendant has to articulate a legitimate non-discriminatory reason for the employment decision. The plaintiff then has to show pretext and retaliatory animus. Calero-Cerezo v. United States Dep’t of Justice, 355 F.3d at 26.
Plaintiff Crespo has proven the first of the three requirements for retaliatory discharge. She engaged in protected conduct, that is, the filing of an EEOC complaint but this occurred after she,was terminated. However she also alleges that her memo of November 12 responding to the November 10 memo she received was protected activity which triggered the reprisal of her termination. In its broadest sense, the letter may be considered protected activity and also contains part of the reasoning for the discharge according to Mr. Bowles. Cf. Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. at 67-70, 126 S.Ct. 2405. With this in mind the defense needed to then prove that it had legitimate non-discriminatory reasons for discharging plaintiff. While such reasons need not be fair or accurate, they cannot be a pretext for discrimination and must be legitimate. See, e.g., Bennett v. Saint-Gobain Corp., 507 F.3d 23, 31 (1st Cir.2007). In plaintiffs letter, she directed' management to stop the improper pressure on her.
In the November 12, 1982 memo, there is no mention or inference of discrimination of sorts. Nor does it contain any inference of a hostile work environment, sexual harassment, nor gender discrimination. There is no mention of any EEO process, nor of her mention of intending to file a complaint. Indeed, any such mention is made after termination. The three months that passed between the allegedly protected activity, November 12, 1987, and the discharge, February 23, 1999, certainly provides a prima facie case of retaliation. See, e.g., Mariani-Colón v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 511 F.3d at 224. However, her 1997 complaint may be described as a labor-management grievance-oriented rather than a Title VII triggering mechanism related to discrimination. Thus, her complaint was not a protected activity. See, e.g., Freadman v. Metro. Property & Cas. Ins. Co., 484 F.3d 91, 99 (1st Cir.2007).
The evidence does not preponderate toward a finding that there is probably a nexus between plaintiffs protected conduct and plaintiffs discharge. The fact that members of management knew she had made a complaint and that a member of management would say, “That sunk you!” in relation to the letter plaintiff wrote dated November 12, 1998 is insufficient to create such a causal nexus when compared to the other evidence of record, particularly Exhibits A and E. That Mr. Shassetz was told by a fellow worker that plaintiff would file a complaint once she became permanent is also insufficient to provide a causal nexus between that statement and plaintiffs termination. See, e.g., González v. El Día, Inc., 304 F.3d 63, 69 (1st Cir.2002). The trial record supports my finding that plaintiff was discharged not for exercising a protected right but for her abrasive, insubordinate conduct, notwithstanding her satisfactory work performance.
Therefore I find that plaintiff was not discharged in retaliation for her engaging in protected conduct.
CONCLUSION
“There is no mathematically precise test used to determine whether a plaintiff has demonstrated sufficiently severe or pervasive harassment.” Figueroa García v. Lilly del Caribe, Inc., 490 F.Supp.2d 193, 204 (D.P.R.2007); San Miguel v. Nesco Redondo, S.E., 394 F.Supp.2d. 416, 425 (D.P.R. 2005). Determining what is retaliatory or non-pretextual conduct is equally challenging. Plaintiff has presented testimony to show that she was the victim of gender-based discrimination, of a hostile work environment, and of retaliation for engaging in a protected activity, resulting in her termination from employment with the Immigration and Naturalization Service on February 23, 1999. She has also presented evidence to show she was treated differently from similarly-situated individuals outside of her protected group. I find that evidence to be insufficient to carry her burden of persuasion. While the evidence shows that her performance was fully successful, her conduct, as reasonably perceived by her supervisors, was abrasive, her attitude insubordinate, and her reaction to counseling insulting. Also, there was no nexus between her possibly threatening to file a complaint after her probationary period expired and her having been discharged. Whether mistaken or well-founded, good-faith, non-discriminatory, non-pretextual reasons for her discharge have been presented to show that the defendant did not violate the provisions of Title VII and did not otherwise engage in discrimination based upon plaintiffs sex, or her exercising her right to protected conduct. See, e.g., Ronda Pérez v. Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria, 404 F.3d 42, 45 (1st Cir.2005); cf. Mesnick v. Gen. Elec. Co., 950 F.2d 816, 825 (1st Cir.1991).
The religion-based claim was previously dismissed at the close of plaintiffs case.
In view of the above, I find for the defendant and dismiss the complaint in its entirety. The Clerk is directed to enter judgment accordingly. | CASELAW |
Package-level declarations
Plugins which measure and enforce code quality.
Types
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@DisableCachingByDefault(because = "Super-class, not to be instantiated directly")
abstract class AbstractCodeQualityTask : SourceTask, VerificationTask
Base class for code quality tasks.
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Runs Checkstyle against some source files.
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Configuration options for the Checkstyle plugin.
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abstract class CheckstylePlugin : AbstractCodeQualityPlugin<T>
Checkstyle Plugin.
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The reporting configuration for the Checkstyle task.
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Runs CodeNarc against some source files.
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Configuration options for the CodeNarc plugin.
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abstract class CodeNarcPlugin : AbstractCodeQualityPlugin<T>
CodeNarc Plugin.
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The reporting configuration for the CodeNarc test.
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abstract class CodeQualityExtension
Base Code Quality Extension.
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Runs a set of static code analysis rules on Java source code files and generates a report of problems found.
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Configuration options for the PMD plugin.
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abstract class PmdPlugin : AbstractCodeQualityPlugin<T>
A plugin for the PMD source code analyzer.
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The reporting configuration for the Pmd task.
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Represents the PMD targetjdk property available for PMD <5. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Horticulture/Acer
Maples are trees or shrubs in the genus Acer. There are approximately 125 species, most of which are native to Asia, but several species also occur in Europe, northern Africa, and North America. Maples are variously classified in a family of their own, the Aceraceae, or (together with the Hippocastanaceae) included in the family Sapindaceae. Modern classifications, including the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification, favor inclusion in Sapindaceae.
The word Acer is derived from a Greek word meaning "sharp" (referring to the characteristic points on the leaves) and was first applied to the genus by the French botanist Joseph Pitton de Tournefort in 1700.
Description
Maples are mostly trees growing to 10–40 m (30–130 feet) in height. Others are shrubs less than 10 m tall with a number of small trunks originating at ground level. Most species are deciduous, but a few in southern Asia and the Mediterranean region are evergreen.
Maples are distinguished by opposite leaf arrangement. The leaves in most species are palmately veined and lobed, with 3-9 veins each leading to a lobe, one of which is in the middle. A small number of species differ in having palmate compound, pinnate compound, pinnate veined or unlobed leaves.
Several species, including the Paperbark Maple (../Acer griseum/), Manchurian Maple (../Acer mandshuricum/), Nikko Maple (../Acer maximowiczianum/), and Three-flowered Maple (../Acer triflorum/), have trifoliate leaves. One species, the Boxelder (../Acer negundo/), has pinnately compound leaves that may be simply trifoliate or may have five, seven, or rarely nine leaflets. The Hornbeam Maple (../Acer carpinifolium/), has pinnately-veined simple leaves that resemble those of hornbeams (../Carpinus/ spp.).
The flowers are regular, pentamerous, and borne in racemes, corymbs, or umbels. They have five sepals, five petals about 1 to 6 mm long, 12 stamens about 6–10 mm long in two rings of six, and two pistils or a pistil with two styles. The ovary is superior and has two carpels, whose wings elongate the flowers, making it easy to tell which flowers are female. Maples flower in late winter or early spring, in most species with or just after the leaves appear, but in some before them.
Maple flowers are green, yellow, orange or red. Though individually small, the effect of an entire tree in flower can be striking in several species. Some maples are an early spring source of pollen and nectar for bees.
The distinctive fruit are called samaras or "maple keys". These seeds occur in distinctive pairs each containing one seed enclosed in a "nutlet' attached to a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue. They are shaped to spin as they fall and to carry the seeds a considerable distance on the wind. Seed maturation is usually in a few weeks to six months of flowering, with seed dispersal shortly after maturity. Most species require stratification in order to germinate, and some seeds can remain dormant in the soil for several years before germinating.
Most maples freate extensive but shallow root systems, and tend to create very dry shade near the tree, so underplanting can be difficult.
Ecology
Maples tend to grow both as pioneer species and as subcanopies to larger trees. Most cast very dense shade, limiting undergrowth and underplanting.
Horticulture
Maples are planted as ornamental or shade trees by homeowners, businesses and municipalities. The Norway Maple (../Acer platanoides/) is especially popular as it is fast-growing and extremely cold-resistant, though is also an invasive species in some regions. Other maples, especially smaller or more unusual species, are popular as specimen trees.
Numerous maple cultivars that have been selected for particular characteristics are usually propagated by grafting. Japanese Maple (../Acer palmatum/) alone has over 1,000 cultivars, most of which were selected in Japan. Some delicate cultivars are usually grown in pots and rarely reach heights of more than 50-100 cm.
* Cultivars
Maples are a popular choice for the art of bonsai. Japanese Maple, Trident Maple (../Acer buergerianum/), Amur Maple (../Acer ginnala/), Field Maple (../Acer campestre/) and Montpellier Maple (../Acer monspessulanum/) are popular choices and respond well to techniques that encourage leaf reduction and ramification, but most species can be used.
* Bonsai
Maple collections, sometimes called aceretums, occupy space in many gardens and arboreta around the world including the "five great W's" in England: Wakehurst Place Garden, Westonbirt Arboretum, Windsor Great Park, Winkworth Arboretum and Wisley Garden. In the United States, the aceretum at the Harvard University-owned Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts is especially notable. In the number of species and cultivars, the Esveld Aceretum in Boskoop, Netherlands is the largest in the world.
* Collections
Commercial uses
Maples are important as source of syrup and wood. The Sugar Maple (../Acer saccharum/) is tapped for sap, which is then boiled to produce maple syrup or made into maple sugar or maple candy. Syrup can be made from closely-related species as well, but their output is inferior.
Some of the larger maple species have valuable timber, particularly Sugar Maple in North America, and Sycamore Maple in Europe. Sugar Maple wood, often known as "hard maple", is the wood of choice for bowling pins, bowling alley lanes, drums and butcher's blocks. Maple wood is also used for the production of wooden baseball bats, though less often than ash or hickory.
Some maple wood has a highly decorative wood grain, known as flame maple and quilt maple. This condition occurs randomly in individual trees of several species, and often cannot be detected until the wood has been sawn, though it is sometimes visible in the standing tree as a rippled pattern in the bark. Maple is considered a tonewood, or a wood that carries sound waves well, and is used in numerous instruments such as guitar and the drums.
As they are a major source of pollen in early spring before many other plants have flowered, maples are important to the survival of honeybees that play a commercially-important role later in the spring and summer.
* Agriculture
Pests, Diseases, and other Problems
Maples are affected by a number of fungal diseases. Several are susceptible to Verticillium wilt caused by ../Verticillium/ species, which can cause significant local mortality. Sooty bark disease, caused by ../Cryptostroma/ species, can kill trees which are under stress due to drought. Death of maples can also be caused more rarely by ../Phytophthora/ root rot and ../Ganoderma/ root decay. Maple leaves in late summer and autumn are commonly disfigured by "tar spot" caused by ../Rhystima/ species and ../Powdery Mildew/ caused by ../Uncinula/ species, though these diseases do not usually have an adverse effect on the trees' long-term health.
../Aphids/:
* ../Drepanaphis acerifoli/
* ../Drepanosiphum platanoides/
* ../Periphyllus aceris/
* Norway Maple Aphid: ../Periphyllus lyropictus/
* Boxelder Aphid: ../Periphyllus negundinis/—on ../Acer negundo/
* Black Willow Aphid: ../Pterocomma simthiae/
* Woolly Alder Aphid: ../Prociphilus tessellatua/
../Scale Insects/: ../Hoppers/ ../Psyllids/ ../Whiteflies/ ../Mealybugs/ ../Bugs/ ../Thrips/ ../Flies/ ../Beetles/: ../Weevils/ ../Caterpillars/: ../Wasps/ ../Mites/
* Sweetgum Scale: ../Diaspidiotus liquidumbaris/
* Calico Scale: ../Eulecanium cerasorum/
* Terrapin Scale: ../Lecanium nigrofasciatum/
* Japanese Scale: ../Leucapsis japonica/
* Obscure Scale: ../Melanaspis obscura/
* Gloomy Scale: ../Melanaspis tenebricosus/
* Maple Phenacoccus: ../Phenacoccus acericola/
* Cottony Maple Scale: ../Pulvinaria innumerabilis/
* Cottony Cushion Scale: ../Icerya purchasi/
* Cottony Hydrangea Scale: ../Pulvinaria hydrangeae/
* Cottony Maple Leaf Scale: ../Pulvinaria acericola/
* European Fruit Lecanium Scale: ../Lecanium corni/
* Horse Chestnut Scale: ../Pulvinaria regalis/
* Indian Wax Scale: ../Ceroplastes ceriferus/
* Oystershell Scale: ../Lepidosaphes ulmi/
* Putnam’s Scale: ../Diaspidiotus ancyllus/
* Walnut Scale: ../Quadraspidiotus juglansregiae/
* Leafhopper: ../Alebra albostriella/
* Rose Leafhopper: ../Edwardsiana rosa/
* Japanese Leafhopper: ../Orientus ishidae/
* Maple Leafhopper: ../Alebra albostriella/
* Potato Leafhopper: ../Empoasca fabae/
* Boxelder Psyllid: ../Cacopsylla negundinis/
* Mulberry Whitefly: ../Tetraleurodes mori/
* Comstock Mealybug: ../Pseudococcus comstocki/
* Maple Mealybug: ../Phenacoccus acericola/
* Boxelder Bug: ../Leptocoris trivittatus/
* Fourlined Plant Bug: ../Poecilocapsus lineatus/
* Birch Lacebug: ../Corythuca pallipes/
* Western Boxelder Bug: ../Leptocoris rubrolineatus/
* Pear Thrips: ../Taeniothrips inconsequens/
* Ocellate Leaf Gall Maker: ../Cecidomyia ocelaris/
* Gouty Veingall Midge: ../Continaria negundinis/
* Maple Gouty Veingall Midge: ../Dasineura communis/
* Asian Longhorn Beetle: ../Anoplophora glabripennis/
* Flatheaded Borer: ../Chrysobothris femorata/
* Metallic Borer: ../Dicerca divaricata/
* Twig Pruner: ../Elaphidionoides villosus/
* Sugar Maple Borer: ../Glycobius speciosus/
* Japanese Beetle: ../Popillia japonica/
* Asiatic Garden Beetle: ../Maladerma castanea/
* Black Twig Borer: ../Xylosandrus compactus/
* Flatheaded Appletree Borer: ../Chrysobothris femorata/
* Pole Borer: ../Parandra brunnera/
* Twig Pruner: ../Elaphidionoides villosus/
* Twobanded Japanese Weevil: ../Callirhopalus bifasciatus/
* Asiatic Oak Weevil: ../Cyrtepistomus castaneus/
* ../Phyllobius oblongus/
* ../Chionodes negundella/ - feeds exclusively on ../Acer negundo/, North America
* Brown-tail (../Euproctis chrysorrhoea/), Europe
* ../Bucculatrix/ leaf-miners including:
* ../Bucculatrix demaryella/
* ../Bucculatrix thoracella/
* Buff-tip (../Phalera bucephala/) - recorded on Norway Maple, Europe
* ../Coleophora alniella/ - recorded on Red Maple
* Coxcomb Prominent (../Ptilodon capucina/) - recorded on Norway Maple, Europe
* The Dun-bar (../Cosmia trapezina/), Europe
* The Engrailed (../Ectropis crepuscularia/), Europe
* Feathered Thorn (../Colotois pennaria/), Europe, Middle East
* Grey Dagger (../Acronicta psi/) - recorded on Norway Maple, Europe
* The Miller (../Acronicta leporina/) - recorded on Norway Maple, Europe, North America
* Mottled Pug (../Eupithecia exiguata/) - recorded on Sycamore Maple, Europe and Asia, Near East
* Mottled Umber (../Erannis defoliaria/), Europe and Asia, Near East
* November Moth (../Epirrita dilutata/), Europe, Near East
* Pale November Moth (../Epirrita christyi/), Europe
* The Satellite (../Eupsilia transversa/), Europe
* Setaceous Hebrew Character (../Xestia c-nigrum/), Europe
* Svensson's Copper Underwing (../Amphipyra berbera/), Europe
* The Sycamore (../Acronicta aceris/), Europe
* Winter Moth (../Operophtera brumata/), Europe, West Asia, North America
* American Dagger Moth: ../Acronicta americana/
* Greenstriped Mapleworm: ../Anisota rubicunda/
* Oriental Moth: ../Cnidocampa flavescens/
* Skeletonizer: ../Epinotia aceriella/
* Linden Looper, Basswood Looper: ../Erannis tiliaria/
* Saddled Prominent Caterpillar: ../Hemerocampa guttivitta/
* White-marked Tussock Moth: ../Hemerocampa leucostigma/
* Gypsy Moth: ../Lymantria dispar/
* Forest Tent Caterpillar: ../Malacosoma disstria/
* Leaf Stalk Borer: ../Nepticula sercoptera/
* Brown Tail Moth: ../Nygmia phaeorrhoea/
* Bruce Spanworm: ../Operophtera bruceata/
* Maple Leaf Cutter: ../Paraclemensia acerifoliella/
* Carpenterworm Borer: ../Prionoxystus robiniae/
* Leopard Moth Borer: ../Zeuzera pyrina/
* American Plum Borer: ../Euzophera semifuneralis/
* Bagworm: ../Thyridopterix ephemeraeformis/
* Boxelder Leafroller: ../Archips negundamus/
* Boxelder Leafminer: ../Caloptilia negundella/ - on Boxelder
* Carpenterworm: ../Prionoxystus robiniae/
* Cecropia Moth Caterpillar: ../Hyalophora cecropia/
* Eastern Tent Caterpillar: ../Malacosoma americanum/
* Fall Cankerworm: ../Alsophila pometaria/
* Fall Webworm: ../Hyphantria cunea/
* Filament Bearer Caterpillar: ../Nematocampa limbata/
* Fruittree Leafroller: ../Archips argyrospila/
* Hickory Tussock Moth: ../Halisodota caryae/
* Imperial Moth Caterpillar: ../Eacles imperiales/
* Io Moth Caterpillar: ../Automeris io/
* Leopard Moth Borer: ../Zeuzera pyrina/
* Linden Looper: ../Erannis tiliaria/
* Luna Moth Caterpillar: ../Actias luna/
* Maple Leafcutter: ../Paraclemensia acerifoliella/
* Polyphemus Moth Caterpillar: ../Antheraea polyphemus/
* Puss Caterpillar: ../Megalopyge opercularis/
* Redhumped Oakworm: ../Symmersia canicost/
* Yellownecked Caterpillar: ../Datana ministra/
* Filament Bearer Caterpillar: ../Nematocampa limbata/
* Boxelder Twig Borer: ../Proteoteras willingana/
* Hackberry Leaf Slug: ../Norape ovina/
* Hag Moth Caterpillar: ../Phobetron pithecium/
* Spotted Tentiform Leafminer: ../Phyllonorycter blancardella/
* Maple Leafminer: ../Phyllonorycter aceriella/
* Maple Trumpet Skeletonizer: ../Calastega aceriella/
* Maple Twig Borer: ../Proteoteras aesculana/
* Orangehumped Mapleworm: ../Symmersia leucitys/
* Spring Cankerworm: ../Paleacrita vernata/
* Threelined Leafroller: ../Pandemis limitata/
* Pigeon Tremex Borer: ../Tremex columba/
* Gall Mite: ../Aceria elongatus/
* Gall Mite: ../Aceria modestus/
* Gall Mite: ../Eriophyes acericola/
* Gall Mite: ../Eriophes calacerus/
* Gall Mite: ../Eriophyes negundi/
* Maple Spider Mite: ../Oligonychus aceris/
* Gall Mite: ../Phyllocoptes aceris-crumena/
* Maple Bladdergall Mite: ../Vasates quardipedes/
* Maple Spindlegall Mite: ../Vasates aceriscrumena/ | WIKI |
Matthew Pothen Thekaekara
Matthew Pothen Thekaekara (1914–1976) was an Indian scientist and author of books and papers relating to spectrophotometry and the solar constant besides works on theology. He was instrumental in publishing some of the earliest AM0 spectra, which is a model spectrum of the sun in space. The historic 1973 Thekaekara spectrum was the basis for ASTM E490 (American Society for Testing and Materials Standard Solar Constant and Zero Air Mass Solar Spectral Irradiance Table) from 1974 to 2000, when it was replaced by the most recent AM0 upgrade, in ASTM E490-00.
Recent publications such as a 2007 paper authored by fellow Malayali scientist P. Shahmugan made extensive reference to the Thekaekara spectrum. In 2008 a paper by authors from NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and UC Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics also made extensive application of the Thekaekara spectrum.
Books
* The solar constant and the solar spectrum measured from a research aircraft, edited by Matthew P. Thekaekara. Solar energy. Spectrum, Solar. Aeronautics in astronomy.
* Thoughts twice dyed : reprinted from the series of "One minute meditation" / by Matthew P. Thekaekara, S.J
* "The Extraterrestrial Solar Spectrum" A.J Drummond and M.P. Thekaekara, Eds. Institute of Environmental Sciences, Mount Prospect Illinois, 1973. | WIKI |
Perchloric Acid Formula
Perchloric Acid Formula
The Perchloric Acid Formula is HClO4, and it is a chlorine oxyacid. It is a type of mineral acid that is typically present in aqueous solutions. A colourless, odourless aqueous solution is perchloric acid. This acid is more potent than sulphuric and nitric acids. Metals and tissue are both corrosive to perchloric acid. Hyperchloric acid and Hydroxidotrioxidochlorine are some of the other names for perchloric acid. It is primarily employed to prepare ammonium perchlorate, a crucial component of rocket fuel. In the middle of the 1810s, Austrian chemist Friedrich von created perchloric acid for the first time under the name “oxygenated chloric acid” French pharmacist Georges-Simon Serullas gave it the modern name and also discovered its solid monohydrate.
What is Perchloric Acid?
With the Perchloric Acid Formula HClO4, perchloric acid is a mineral acid. This colourless compound, which is typically found as an aqueous solution, is a stronger acid than sulphuric acid, nitric acid, and hydrochloric acid. When hot, it is a potent oxidiser, but at room temperature, aqueous solutions up to about 70% by weight are typically safe, exhibiting only strong acid features and no oxidising properties. Ammonium perchlorate, a crucial component of rocket fuel, can be prepared with the help of perchloric acid, which is also useful for other perchlorate salts. Perchloric Acid Formula HClO4 is dangerously corrosive and easily creates mixtures that could explode.
Perchloric Acid Properties
Perchloric acid appears as a colourless aqueous solution. Perchloric Acid Formula is HClO4 and it has a molecular weight of 100.46 g/mol. It has a melting point of -17 degrees Celsius. Perchloric acid has a boiling point of 203 °C. Perchloric acid has a density of 1.768 g/cm3.
Perchloric Acid Structure
The Perchloric Acid Formula is represented by HClO4. One Chlorine atom, four Oxygen atoms, and one Hydrogen atom make up perchloric acid. Its chemical name is HClO4. H+ is joined to an oxygen atom in perchloric acid, where it forms a single bond with chlorine. A coordinate bond connects chlorine to the 3 remaining oxygen atoms.
Perchloric Acid Uses
Potassium and sodium are separated using perchloric acid. Ammonium perchlorate, a crucial component of rocket fuel, is prepared using it. Explosives are created using Perchloric Acid Formula HClO4. It is employed in fertiliser production, rust removal, and metal refinement. Metal plating is accomplished using perchloric acid. It is utilised in the manufacture of chemical and optical products.
Laboratory Preparations of Perchloric Acid
The representation of the Perchloric Acid Formula is HClO4. Hydrochloric acid is added to a solution of sodium perchlorate to create perchloric acid. In laboratories, barium perchlorate is combined with sulphuric acid to create perchloric acid, which then precipitates as barium sulphate. Chloric Acid (HClO3) is converted to Perchloric Acid by evaporating the acid. The other method of making perchloric acid involves combining nitric acid (HNO3) and ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4), then boiling the mixture while adding hydrochloric acid (HCl). If a compound produces protons in an aqueous solution, it is referred to as an acid, and if its conjugate base is stable, it is referred to as a strong acid. Because of the negative charge conjugation that has formed on the oxygen atom and on all three other oxygen atoms in this instance, the perchlorate ion is stable.
In contrast to other non-coordinating anion acids like hexafluorophosphoric acid and fluoroboric acid, which exhibit high susceptibility to hydrolysis, perchloric acid is weakly nucleophilic in nature and has negligible susceptibility to hydrolysis.
Health Hazards
Coughing, lung irritation and a burning sensation are all brought on by inhaling the vapour of perchloric acid. This substance causes stomach burns when consumed.
Vomiting results from prolonged contact with the vapour of perchloric acid.
It releases toxic gases when heated.
Chemistry Related Formulas
Magnesium Nitride Formula Grams To Moles Formula
Oxalate Formula Hexanoic Acid Formula
Pentane Formula Hyponitrous Acid Formula
Percentage Yield Formula Iron III Hydroxide Formula
Potassium Oxide Formula Lead Ii Chloride Formula
Rydberg Formula
Sodium Nitrite Formula Potassium Hypochlorite Formula
Zinc Sulfide Formula Rate Of Decay Formula
Thermodynamics Formulas
Aluminium Carbonate Formula Aluminum Fluoride Formula
FAQs (Frequently Asked Questions)
1. What is the Perchloric Acid Formula?
The Perchloric Acid Formula is expressed as HClO4. Practising questions and answers based on the Perchloric Acid Formula is beneficial for retaining it for a long time. Practising questions is also beneficial for revising the concepts specific to the questions.
2. What are some of the uses of perchloric acid?
It is used in the separation of potassium and sodium. It is used in the preparation of Ammonium perchlorate, which is an important component of rocket fuel. Perchloric acid is utilised during the process of metal plating. It is also used in the manufacturing process of chemical and optical products. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Polymetal Advances Most in Three Weeks as Gold, Silver Jump
OAO Polymetal, the Russian silver
and gold producer, climbed the most in three weeks as both
metals rallied. The shares added 3.9 percent to 539.9 rubles by the 6:45
p.m. close in Moscow, their strongest increase since July 18. Silver for immediate delivery added as much as 2.1 percent
to $38.3450 an ounce. Gold futures for December delivery climbed
$35.50, or 2 percent, to $1,778.50 an ounce. To contact the editor responsible for this story:
Gavin Serkin at
gserkin@bloomberg.net | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Hide
Problem B
Ticket Completed?
\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth ]{ttr-board.png}
Many are familiar with the board game Ticket To Ride1 where players compete to build a railway empire, claiming routes between cities. The game consists of a map of cities and various rail segments each connecting two adjacent cities.
A key way to score points towards winning the game is to complete Destination Tickets. Each ticket specifies two distinct cities. A player earns the points that are indicated on the ticket if they have claimed one or more rail segments that form a path connecting the two cities.
There is one ticket for each distinct unordered pair of cities. In our version of the game, each player is randomly given a ticket and they have an equal probability of receiving any ticket. Given a list of rail segments you have already claimed, determine the probability you earn points from the ticket you are given.
Input
The first line of input contains two integers $N$ ($2 \leq N \leq 10^5$), which is the number of cities, and $M$ ($0 \leq M \leq 10^6$), which is the number of rail segments you have claimed.
The next $M$ lines describe your claimed rail segments. Each line contains two distinct integers $i$ ($1 \leq i \leq N$) and $j$ ($1 \leq j \leq N$), which are the cities that this rail segment connects.
Output
Display the probability you earn points from the ticket you are given.
Your answer should have an absolute error of at most $10^{-6}$.
Sample Input 1 Sample Output 1
4 2
1 2
3 4
0.33333333333333333333
Sample Input 2 Sample Output 2
5 4
1 5
2 3
2 4
3 4
0.4
Sample Input 3 Sample Output 3
7 5
1 2
2 3
3 4
5 6
6 7
0.42857142857142857143
Footnotes
1. Ticket To Ride is copyrighted by Days of Wonder, Inc.
CPU Time limit 1 second
Memory limit 1024 MB
Statistics Show
Author
License Creative Commons License (cc by-sa)
Please log in to submit a solution to this problem
Log in | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Dança dos Famosos
Dança dos Famosos (lit. Dance of the Famous) is a Brazilian dance competition show. It premiered on November 20, on TV Globo as a one-hour segment on Domingão do Faustão, hosted by Fausto Silva.
Format
The show pairs a number of celebrities with professional ballroom dancers who each week compete against each other in a competition to impress a panel of judges and the viewing audience in order to survive potential elimination.
Through telephone voting and social media viewers are able to score each couple based on their performance in a scale ranging from 5 (being the worst) to 10 (being the best). Each guest judge also scored based on the same scale.
The couple receiving the lowest combined total of judges' and audience's scores is eliminated each week until only the champion dance pair remains.
Past celebrity contestants have included professional and Olympic athletes, models, actors, singers and TV hosts. | WIKI |
During the closing weeks of the war it was estimated that the Germans lorded over as many as 65,000 American POWs. Likewise, in the United States, there were 320,118 German Prisoners of War held captive. This article compares and contrasts how each army chose to treat their prisoners.
When the bright boys at Radio Tokyo decided to allow one of their half-starved American prisoners to flatter them on air, they couldn't imagine that he would take the opportunity to broadcast vital information needed by the U.S. Navy, but that's just what he did.
Click here to read an article about the American POW experience during the Korean War.
Here was the first report on the kangaroo courts that were held "at frequent intervals" in the American POW camps that housed captured German soldiers and sailors. It seems that it was a common practice to level the charge of "treason" on one of the inmates, put him in the docket where, just like the courts at home, he would fail to present an adequate defense and soon find himself condemned to death by his fellows. Beaten to death by his former compatriots, the corpse would then be presented to the American camp authorities who would see to the burial.
Click here to read about the actual event...
On April 2, 1945, elements of the American First Army liberated a German prison camp adjacent to the little town of Orb, Germany:
"What they found there appalled even the toughest GI and seemed to demonstrate that in some cases at least the Germans had treated British and American prisoners of war as badly as any of the pitiful slave laborers."
- from Amazon:
Here is an article about all the goings-on at the POW camp in Bowmanville on Lake Ontario, Canada. It concerns the German inclination to escape and the methods employed by the Canadians to keep them in place.
Attached is a stirring collection of eyewitness accounts by the American survivors of the Malmedy Massacre (December 17, 1944) that took place during the Battle of the Bulge.
"The German officer in the car stood up, took deliberate aim with a pistol at an American medical officer in the front rank of the prisoners and fired. As the medical officer fell, the Germans fired again and another American dropped. Immediately two tanks at the end of the field opened up with their machine guns on the defenseless prisoners..."
By thew war's end it was revealed that 43% of American prisoners of war had died in Japanese camps; by contrast, 1% had died in German POW camps.
Click here to read about the Nazi murder of an American Jewish P.O.W. | FINEWEB-EDU |
How long does it take to become an animal chiropractor?
Practitioners must complete a course of at least 210 hours from an approved program. There are four schools approved by the Animal Chiropractic Certification Commission (ACCC) in the United States where this education can be obtained: Options For Animals, Wellsville, KS.
How long do you have to go to school to be an animal chiropractor?
A typical Doctor of Chiropractic program lasts three to five years. The AVCA certificate is only valid for three years; if you wish to renew it, you must earn 30 approved credits. After certification, you may either open your own practice or work for a veterinary clinic or hospital.
How do you become a certified animal chiropractor?
Education, Training, & Certification
Candidates must hold a Doctor of Chiropractic (DC) or Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) degree, pass a comprehensive written exam, and complete an intensive practical skills exam. Once achieved, the AVCA certification status is valid for a period of three years.
How much does an animal chiropractor make?
The salaries of Animal Chiropractors in the US range from $31,310 to $158,260 , with a median salary of $88,490 . The middle 50% of Animal Chiropractors makes between $88,490 and $94,010, with the top 83% making $158,260.
IT IS INTERESTING: Is massage therapy a good career choice?
Do chiropractors make good money?
Chiropractic Economics runs an annual, and the self-reported median salary is right around $100,000. However, the Bureau of Labor and Statistics pegs the middle closer to $80,000. … Either way, it seems as though $80,000-100,000 is a good median point for a chiropractic income or salary.
How much do vets make in each state?
10 States Where Veterinarians Earn the Most Money
Rank State 2017 Mean Annual Wage
1 Hawaii $198,340
2 New Jersey $124,870
3 New York $122,500
4 Nevada $121,150
How often does a horse need a chiropractor?
For most problems, a horse may require two to three adjustments spaced anywhere between two to six weeks apart. Multiple adjustments are often necessary to help “train” a stuck joint and surrounding soft tissues to hold a specific adjustment and move optimally in the long term.
How much does chiropractor school cost?
Chiropractic School Average Costs
Most chiropractic schools charge $10,000 to $30,000 per year in tuition. All told, plan on spending a total of $40,000 to $120,000 for a degree. The National University of Health Sciences in Illinois estimates that on-campus students will spend nearly $16,200 per year.
Can chiropractors adjust animals?
Chiropractic manipulation is frequently performed on horses, dogs, and cats, but can theoretically be performed on any vertebrate species.
How much does an equine chiropractor cost?
How much does chiropractic cost? This can vary quite a lot depending on your provider, your horse and your geographic area. You’ll usually find prices ranging from about $100 to $250 for a full evaluation and adjustment.
Is a chiropractor a good career?
Chiropractors rank #18 in Best Health Care Jobs. Jobs are ranked according to their ability to offer an elusive mix of factors. Read more about how we rank the best jobs.
IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: Is it better to get a massage before or after a marathon?
Is it hard to become a chiropractor?
It is not an easy course of study, even for people who are able to pass the prerequisite chemistry, biology, physics, and mathematics. However, the GPA required for entry is lower for chiropractic school than it is for any of the other types of doctor schools.
How do Chiropractors adjust dogs?
Chiropractic care for dogs involves undergoing spinal manipulation or manual therapy to move misplaced vertebrae in the spine (also known as vertebral subluxations) back into their normal position to release pressure on the surrounding nerve tissue.
What jobs make $100 an hour?
Top jobs that pay over $100 an hour
• Life coach.
• Underwater welder.
• Freelance photographer.
• Political speechwriter.
• Tattoo artist.
• Massage therapist.
• Interior designer.
• Commercial pilot.
27 окт. 2020 г.
Is chiropractic a dying profession?
Sure, it’s called chiropractic, but the actual science, art and philosophy of correcting vertebral subluxation is a dying profession. … As if it weren’t enough to turn the education of a chiropractor into a second-rate medical doctor, they continue to push their primary care agenda on the entire profession and public.
Has a chiropractor ever accidentally killed someone?
There has been no documented proven case where a chiropractor ever “accidentally killed their client by snapping their neck incorrectly?” Chiropractic adjustments are statistically safer than any medical treatment, and safer than crossing the street.
Naturopathy | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Álvaro Pérez Intriago
Álvaro Pérez Intriago (August 10, 1936 – August 2, 2016) was an Ecuadorian politician. Perez served as the Mayor of Quito from 1978 to 1982. He also served as a deputy in the National Congress from 1984 to 1986 and again from 1996 to 2002. In 2002, Pérez became a candidate for Vice President of Ecuador as the running mate of presidential hopeful Xavier Neira Menéndez.
Álvaro Pérez Intriago was born in Quito, Ecuador, on August 10, 1936. He became a lawyer before entering politics. Pérez served on the Quito city council from 1967 to 1970. He then became the Provincial Prefect of Pichincha Province, the head of the province, from 1970 to 1976.
Pérez served as Mayor of Quito, the nation's capitol, from 1978 to 1982. Pérez oversaw the construction of the highway to the Valle de Los Chillos, as well as two of the city's major avenues, Occidental and Eloy Alfaro. He also spearheaded the building of the Mercado Mayorista and moved one of the city's bus terminals, Terminal Terrestre de Cumandá, to the outskirts of Quito.
In 2002, Xavier Neira Menéndez, the presidential candidate for the Social Christian Party, chose Pérez as his running mate for Vice President of Ecuador. The Neira-Pérez ticket placed fifth in the 2002 presidential election, receiving 553,106 votes, or 12.1%, and did not advance to the presidential runoff election (which was won by Lucio Gutiérrez).
In 2005, Pérez was appointed Ambassador to the United States by President Alfredo Palacio, but Perez never took office.
Pérez died in Quito on August 2, 2016, at the age of 79. | WIKI |
Is Osteomyelitis related to diabetes?
Osteomyelitis is a bone infection and can certainly be related to diabetes. When individuals who are living with diabetes develop foot ulcers, they may ultimately end up exposing bones in their feet to infection. Additionally, these individuals have impaired immune systems which are not as effective at fighting off infections, and Staphylococcus aureus can more easily infect their bones.
Potential bone infection is one of the many reasons for the heightened importance of diabetic foot care and why it is necessary to see Dr. Harvey Danciger, DPM, whenever a cut or other injury is sustained. If you have not already done so, contact our office and we’ll help you create a sustainable plan for diabetic foot care.
Bone infections do not only happen to individuals who have compromised immune systems, however. Other risk factors for this condition include alcoholism, intravenous drug use, long-term use of steroids, or recent injury. Infection also happens occasionally following bone surgeries, like knee and hip replacements.
Regardless how you may have developed osteomyelitis, it needs to be treated sooner rather than later. Call our Palm Desert, CA office at (760) 568-0108 and make an appointment to receive the expert diagnosis and treatment that you need.
Dr. Harvey Danciger
Dr. Harvey Danciger is a podiatrist and foot surgeon in Palm Desert, CA specializing in the foot and ankle | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
2019 Portland Eastern by-election
A by-election to the House of Representatives was held for the Portland Eastern constituency on April 4, 2019. The seat was declared vacant due to the murder of member of Parliament Dr. Lynvale Bloomfield on February 2, 2019. The election was won by Ann-Marie Vaz of the Jamaica Labour Party.
Background
On March 1, 2019, Prime Minister Andrew Holness announced that the by-election for the Portland Eastern parliamentary seat would be contested on March 25 with nomination day scheduled for March 8. However, due to the Ash Wednesday public holiday falling that year on March 6, it did not allow for the five clear days between the announcement of the by-election and Nomination day as stipulated under the Representation of the People's Act. On March 4, 2019, the Prime Minister announced that Nomination day would be on March 15, 2019 with the election date set for April 4, 2019. | WIKI |
2017 Ottawa Redblacks season
The 2017 Ottawa Redblacks season was the fourth season for the team in the Canadian Football League. The Redblacks finished in second place in the East Division with an 8–9–1 record and hosted a playoff game for the third consecutive year. The team lost to the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the East Semi-Final in a season where Ottawa hosted the 105th Grey Cup championship at TD Place Stadium. This was the fourth season with Marcel Desjardins as general manager and Rick Campbell as head coach.
Open Tryout Sessions
On January 15, 2017, the Redblacks announced they would be holding open tryouts across North America during the spring. The dates and locations are listed in the table below:
Coaching Staff
On December 23, 2016 the Redblacks announced they would be bringing back their entire coaching staff from the previous season.
Retirements
On January 24, 2017 starting quarterback Henry Burris officially announced his retirement. Burris joined the Redblacks prior to their inaugural season, and was the team's starting quarterback for the franchise's first two seasons, and then again for portions of the 2016 season, eventually leading the team to victory in the 104th Grey Cup game. The retirement pushes Trevor Harris into the starting quarterback role, having acquired him prior to the 2016 season for the purpose of being Burris' successor.
Free-Agency
The 2017 CFL free agency period officially opened at 12:00pm EST on February 14, 2017. Key transactions are listed below:
CFL draft
The 2017 CFL Draft took place on May 7, 2017. The Redblacks made no trades in the draft and selected last in each of the eight rounds by virtue of winning the Grey Cup.
Training camp
Non-mandatory spring mini-camp was held on April 27–29 at TD Place stadium. Mini-camp focused on quarterbacks, rookies and new signings. Mandatory training camp began on May 28 and will continue through June 14. Training camp consists of 12 practices, 2 walkthroughs and 1 mock game on June 3. Like in previous seasons the sessions of both the mini-camp and training camp were open for the public to view.
Schedule
* Games played with colour uniforms.
Schedule
* Games played with colour uniforms.
* Games played with white uniforms.
Schedule
* Games played with colour uniforms. | WIKI |
22nd Field Battery, RCA
The 22nd Field Battery, RCA, was a reserve artillery unit stationed in Gleichen, Alberta, from 1920 to 1946. The battery perpetuates the legacy of the World War I unit, the 22nd (Howitzer) Battery, Canadian Field Artillery, Canadian Expeditionary Force. It is also counted as one of the ancestors of the South Alberta Light Horse, one of Alberta's two remaining Armoured Reserve units (along with the King's Own Calgary Regiment.)
The regiment was initially authorized by the Government of Canada on 2 February 1920. The unit was subsequently re-designated as the 22nd Field Battery, CA on 1 July 1925. In 1927 it was perpetuated as part of the Alberta Light Horse. The unit was again later re-designated as the 22nd Field Battery, RCA on 3 June 1935.
On 7 November 1940, the unit was yet again re-designated to 22nd (Reserve) Field Battery, RCA.
After World War II ended, the battery returned to reserve status in Gleichen, and was re-designated back to 22nd Field Battery, RCA. The next year, 1 April 1946, it was amalgamated into the 15th Alberta Light Horse.
The 22nd Battery RCA was a sponsor of the first official hockey team in Gleichen, the "Gunners." | WIKI |
Talk:Phillips White
Untitled
This is a very short biography, but I have not find any more info that can be connected with certainty to this man. 'Pillips' was obviously a name used in several generations of the family. There are records of a PW in Massachusetts as early as 1707. A PW graduated from Harvard in 1772 (his son?), but his age and the date would be wrong for the subject. Lou I 13:24, 11 Jun 2005 (UTC) | WIKI |
Steve Phillips
Stephen Francis Phillips (born May 18, 1963) is an American baseball analyst and former baseball executive. He served as the general manager of the New York Mets from 1997 through 2003. He worked as a baseball analyst for ESPN from 2005 until his dismissal in October 2009. He currently serves as an MLB analyst on TSN and TSN 1050 radio as well as the host of The Leadoff Spot on SiriusXM's MLB Network Radio.
Early life
Phillips was offered a football scholarship to Northwestern University after high school. He signed a letter of intent, but opted instead to sign a professional baseball contract after being drafted by the New York Mets. Phillips attended De La Salle Collegiate High School in Detroit, Michigan, and later earned a psychology degree from the University of Michigan during baseball's off-seasons.
Playing career
Phillips was drafted by the New York Mets in the 1981 amateur draft. From 1981 to 1987, he played for six different minor league teams in the Mets and Detroit Tigers organizations. Playing mainly as a second baseman and shortstop, Phillips batted .250 with 22 home runs and 215 RBI in 618 games.
New York Mets executive
Phillips joined the Mets' front office in 1990. He was named director of minor league operations on October 2, 1991, and was promoted first to assistant general manager on December 4, 1995, then general manager on July 16, 1997. He was fired by chief executive officer Fred Wilpon on June 12, 2003 after a 29–35 start to the season. The Mets replaced him with assistant GM Jim Duquette on an interim basis.
In the late 1990s, Phillips assembled a Mets team made up of stars, such as Al Leiter, Mike Piazza, and Robin Ventura, as well as excellent role players, that played in the 2000 World Series against the New York Yankees. He is also credited with drafting David Wright, Scott Kazmir, and Lastings Milledge, and signing José Reyes. Additionally, Phillips is criticized for acquiring aging and ineffective players with large contracts such as Mo Vaughn, Roberto Alomar, Pedro Astacio, Mike Bordick, Bobby Bonilla, Rickey Henderson, Kenny Rogers, and Jeromy Burnitz. He had an uneasy, if not volatile, relationship with manager Bobby Valentine, and when Phillips decided to fire Valentine before the 2003 season, many expected the GM to be next. He traded future star, Jason Bay, and also attempted to trade star shortstop José Reyes to the Cleveland Indians.
Phillips is often erroneously blamed for trading Kazmir to the Tampa Bay Devil Rays for Victor Zambrano on the July 31, 2004 trade deadline. Kazmir went on to become an All-Star, while Zambrano never really made an impact with the Mets and was out of MLB a few years later. It was, however, his successor Jim Duquette and Jeff Wilpon who made the deal.
Harassment allegations
For a brief stint in 1998, Phillips took a leave of absence as general manager because of allegations of sexual harassment. He admitted to consensual sex with the woman, Rosa Rodriguez, who filed the suit, as well as multiple other affairs, but denied harassment and the civil suit was settled out of court. Phillips was away from the team for a total of eight days. The Mets defended Phillips privately and publicly, and the alleged victim's attorney was even quoted as believing in his sincerity.
ESPN analyst
Phillips was hired as a baseball color analyst for ESPN prior to the 2005 baseball season, and was a regular on the nightly programs Baseball Tonight and SportsCenter. He primarily served as an in-game analyst during Wednesday Night Baseball telecasts through 2008, moving to the Sunday Night Baseball booth the following season. He also served as an analyst on Monday Night Baseball.
As an analyst he was critical of the Cincinnati Reds Rule 5 Draft acquisition, Josh Hamilton, stating that Hamilton, who had walked away from the game because of substance abuse issues, was being given the chance to make the major league team (through the Rule 5 draft) without spending the time in the minor leagues which the other players had, thus sending the wrong message to those players.
Dismissal from ESPN
On September 2, 2009, Phillips' wife of 19 years, Marni, filed for divorce. On October 21, 2009 Phillips revealed that he had been involved in an extramarital affair with a 22-year-old ESPN production assistant. After an initial suspension by ESPN, Phillips was fired by the company on October 25, 2009.
Career after ESPN
In April 2010, Phillips began contributing a weekly baseball segment on WFAN New York City, with afternoon host Mike Francesa, scheduled to continue through baseball season. Around the MLB trade deadline, Phillips co-hosted a few three-hour radio shows on the station as well.
On October 4, 2010, Phillips joined the cast of the Mad Dog Radio channel on SIRIUS XM Radio as the co-host of the Gary & Phillips In the Morning Show with Gary Williams. After Williams' departure to NBC to host the Golf Channel's morning show, Dan Graca served as Phillips' co-host on an interim basis. Later, Phillips co-hosted Evan and Phillips with Evan Cohen in the same morning time slot.
In 2012, Phillips was tabbed to serve as a radio analyst for a limited schedule of Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim games distributed nationally by Compass Media Networks.
Phillips currently works as a host on SiriusXM's MLB Network Radio on The Leadoff Spot with Xavier Scruggs and Eduardo Perez.
Phillips also currently works as a baseball analyst on TSN 1050 radio in Toronto, as well as appearing nationally on television as an insider on TSN in Canada.
Video games
Phillips was a color commentator alongside Gary Thorne and John Kruk in Major League Baseball 2K9, Major League Baseball 2K10, Major League Baseball 2K11, Major League Baseball 2K12, and MLB 2K13. | WIKI |
Talk:JPEGMafia discography
No mention of releases under his old pseudonym Devon Hendryx
I'm wondering if his albums released under his old moniker were intentionally left out? For example MF DOOM discography page listed projects released under different names. CanningIO (talk) 18:48, 29 January 2022 (UTC)
* Looking again I see the Lil B song he produced under his old moniker is listed too. CanningIO (talk) 14:24, 3 June 2022 (UTC)
Why is there no page for EP, but one for EP2?
Is there a reason for this, or could we look into creating it? Jrebeschi03 (talk) 05:00, 1 August 2023 (UTC)
Where would Offline! (2021)
Would it be a compilation? 2605:B100:B2A:A9C9:0:6:8F0:3001 (talk) 18:29, 4 November 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Enhancing Efficiency and Performance: Strategies for Hardening the 6000W Gweike Raycus CNC Automation Fiber Laser Cladding Machine for Metal Repair
In the realm of metal repair and fabrication, efficiency and precision are paramount. As industries continue to advance, the demand for cutting-edge technology that can streamline processes and enhance performance grows ever stronger. The 6000W Gweike Raycus CNC Automation Fiber Laser Cladding Machine stands as a testament to this pursuit of excellence. With its sophisticated design and automated capabilities, it offers a promising solution for metal repair tasks. However, to truly maximize its potential, it requires strategic hardening measures to enhance its efficiency and performance.
One key aspect to consider when hardening the 6000W Gweike Raycus CNC Automation Fiber Laser Cladding Machine is optimizing its automation capabilities. By fine-tuning the machine’s automated features, such as its robotic laser arm, operators can minimize manual intervention and maximize productivity. This not only accelerates the repair process but also reduces the risk of human error, ensuring consistently high-quality results.
Moreover, enhancing the machine’s efficiency entails optimizing its power output and laser parameters. By carefully calibrating the laser’s intensity, pulse duration, and spot size, operators can achieve optimal cladding results with minimal energy consumption. This not only reduces operational costs but also prolongs the machine’s lifespan, ensuring long-term reliability and performance.
In addition to optimizing automation and laser parameters, hardening the 6000W Gweike Raycus CNC Automation Fiber Laser Cladding Machine also involves implementing advanced monitoring and control systems. By integrating real-time monitoring Sensors and feedback mechanisms, operators can proactively identify and address potential issues before they escalate, minimizing downtime and maximizing uptime. This proactive approach to maintenance not only enhances efficiency but also extends the machine’s operational lifespan, delivering greater return on investment.
Furthermore, enhancing the machine’s performance requires continuous training and skill development for operators. By providing comprehensive training programs and resources, operators can maximize their proficiency in operating the machine, optimizing its capabilities and achieving superior results. This investment in human capital not only enhances productivity but also fosters a culture of innovation and excellence within the organization.
Another crucial aspect of hardening the 6000W Gweike Raycus CNC Automation Fiber Laser Cladding Machine is ensuring robust cybersecurity measures. As automation and connectivity become increasingly prevalent in industrial settings, cybersecurity threats pose a significant risk to operational integrity. By implementing robust cybersecurity protocols, such as encryption, authentication, and intrusion detection systems, operators can safeguard the machine and its data from unauthorized access and malicious attacks, ensuring uninterrupted operation and peace of mind.
In conclusion, hardening the 6000W Gweike Raycus CNC Automation Fiber Laser Cladding Machine for metal repair involves a multifaceted approach that encompasses optimization of automation capabilities, laser parameters, Monitoring Systems, operator training, and cybersecurity measures. By strategically implementing these measures, operators can enhance the machine’s efficiency, performance, and reliability, unlocking its full potential and driving continuous improvement in metal repair processes.
Maximizing Security and Reliability: Techniques for Hardening Auto Robotic Laser Systems in Industrial Applications
In the realm of industrial manufacturing, the integration of advanced technologies such as automation and robotics has become increasingly prevalent. Among these innovations, auto robotic laser systems stand out for their precision, efficiency, and versatility in metal repair and cladding applications. However, with the benefits of automation come significant considerations regarding security and reliability. As such, maximizing the security and reliability of these systems is paramount to ensure seamless operation and mitigate potential risks.
One notable example of an auto robotic laser system is the Gweike Raycus CNC Fiber Laser Cladding Machine, boasting a power output of 6000W. This high-power capability enables rapid and precise metal repair and cladding, making it a valuable asset in various industrial settings. However, given the sophisticated nature of such equipment and its integration with automation, ensuring robust security measures is imperative to safeguard against potential vulnerabilities.
One fundamental aspect of hardening auto robotic laser systems is implementing stringent access controls. Restricting unauthorized access to critical components and control interfaces helps prevent tampering or malicious interference, thereby enhancing overall system security. Access authentication mechanisms, such as biometric scans or encrypted keycards, can bolster these access controls and minimize the risk of unauthorized manipulation.
Furthermore, adopting robust encryption protocols is essential for safeguarding data transmission within auto robotic laser systems. Encrypting communication channels between control units, sensors, and actuators prevents unauthorized interception or tampering of sensitive information. Implementing industry-standard encryption algorithms and regularly updating encryption keys ensures the integrity and confidentiality of data exchanged within the system.
In addition to securing access and data transmission, ensuring the physical integrity of auto robotic laser systems is critical for reliability. Properly securing equipment against environmental hazards, such as dust, moisture, and temperature fluctuations, mitigates the risk of component failure or malfunction. Encasing sensitive components within protective enclosures and implementing temperature and humidity control mechanisms helps maintain optimal operating conditions and prolong equipment lifespan.
Moreover, incorporating redundancy mechanisms within auto robotic laser systems enhances reliability by mitigating the impact of single points of failure. Duplication of critical components, such as Power Supplies and control modules, allows for seamless failover in the event of Hardware malfunction or disruption. Additionally, integrating real-time monitoring and diagnostic systems enables proactive identification of potential issues, facilitating timely maintenance and minimizing downtime.
Another crucial aspect of hardening auto robotic laser systems involves implementing robust cybersecurity measures to defend against external threats. Firewalls, intrusion detection systems, and antivirus Software can help detect and prevent unauthorized access or malware attacks targeting system vulnerabilities. Regular security audits and updates to firmware and software Patches are essential to address emerging threats and vulnerabilities effectively.
Furthermore, establishing comprehensive disaster recovery and contingency plans is essential for minimizing the impact of unforeseen events on system operation. Creating backup procedures for critical data and configurations enables rapid restoration in the event of system failure or data loss. Conducting regular drills and simulations ensures that personnel are well-prepared to execute these procedures effectively in a crisis scenario.
In conclusion, maximizing the security and reliability of auto robotic laser systems is crucial for their successful deployment and operation in industrial applications. By implementing stringent access controls, robust encryption protocols, and physical safeguards, manufacturers can mitigate potential risks and vulnerabilities. Additionally, integrating redundancy mechanisms, cybersecurity measures, and disaster recovery plans helps ensure uninterrupted operation and safeguard against external threats. Ultimately, a holistic approach to hardening auto robotic laser systems is essential to uphold the integrity, efficiency, and Safety of industrial manufacturing processes. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How much carbs, fat and protein should I eat to gain muscle?
Are you a beginner or do you already have some training experience? Whatever the answer, in this article you will read tips for anyone who wants to build beautiful muscles. Building muscles in a healthy way, with minimal chance of overtraining and injuries.
Runners are dead runners, so never try Jay Cutler to follow his training schedule, because then you come home from cold funfair. Professionals have also built it up slowly. Furthermore, they have an above-average talent for muscle building, and let us not forget that they use muscle enhancers.
Follow the next 10 steps and the growth can start .....
1. Build your strength: More strength is more muscle! So strength training with the emphasis on strength! Weight training with dumbells, rods or your own weight. Start with light weights and always go a little heavier.
· Weight training. Start with an empty rod. Make sure you have mastered the movement. A good execution is worth gold. If you can dream the movement, you go a little bit heavier every exercise, make sure your body has to work.
· Training with your body weight. Training with your own weight is an excellent way to supplement your schedule. These exercises can be a great advance for you. Pull up, dipping, pressing and hanging kneeraises.
2. Train without machines . Use rods and dumbells and switch them whenever possible. If you train biceps, triceps or chest, it is good to use dumbells. This way both sides of your body receive sufficient attention. If you train with a bar, you often push the hardest with your strongest side. You know about those guys who are very busy with bench presses with a slanting rod. Make sure you are not that guest! Symmetry is a beautiful goal.
Training with machines is unnatural. They force you into a standard attitude. Every body is different, with free weights your body keeps its natural position. This way you are free to make natural movements. So less chance of injuries. With loose weights you learn to keep balance and control your muscles. If you choose to train at home, a rod with some discs is ideal. You can do almost all exercises with one bar and a few challenging weights.
3. Be inventive. If you really want to make progress, exchange exercises with less popular exercises. To breed muscles, you often do endless bicep curls. To build triceps you often do triceps kickbacks or the pushdowns. Leg training often consists of Legcurl, leg extensions and that eternal Legpress. Dare to choose a different exercise than the standard to raise your muscle building to a higher level.
· Chin-ups & Pull-ups for your Biceps
· Narrow bench press & Dipping for Triceps
· Squats and deadlifts for large leg muscles.
4. No muscle building without legs!
Squats the mother of all exercises. Unfortunately the most maligned, why? It hurts and when you do well the lead and lead is heavy. But if you accept that this is the best exercise that exists and will do it, then great things will happen to you physically.
The squat is the icing on the cake. He works throughout your body. You exert all your muscles in this exercise not only your legs, your entire body pushes that rod up. If your lower body is strong then you can perform all exercises better than before. Your upper body is supported by your lower body. So you can also tackle your bicep curls more heavily because you have started squatting.
Do this exercise with 1.5 x your body weight for 12 weeks and you will be amazed by your appearance and your progress with other muscle groups.
NB: Do not forget that we are talking about squats with a loose rod, forget the Smith machine.
Deadlifts is exercise number 2 for your body. Deadlift, like the squat, also taxes your entire body. But you have to do it correctly otherwise you will soon have an ugly injury. So ask someone who has a good command of the Deadlift to explain it well and to see if you do it well. The day after three good sets, you do not know what you are going through. Does not matter, pain is weakness what the body leaves.
5. Take your rest! Muscles do not grow at home at the gym. Start off nicely with 3 times a week training your whole body and in between you take the necessary rest. Provide adequate sleep 8 hours a night. During your sleep your body makes growth hormone with which to build your muscles, is not that great?
Drink enough water. If you train then you need more water and it also improves your muscle recovery. Drink 2 glasses of water after each meal. Drink something during training.
Eat as much as possible. But the right food. Proteins, complex carbohydrates and unsaturated fats. Training only makes sense when you provide your body with the right fuel. Try to throw petrol in your diesel car, you'll get a small piece of windshield before you hopelessly stranded. That is exactly what you do with your body if you do not eat well and cleanly.
6. Complex carbohydrates! Eating a lot of carbohydrates is good for muscle building. We are talking about complex carbohydrates here. So forget those white sandwiches that your mother gave you. Multigrain bread only the darkest bread is good enough. Where else can we find those good complex carbohydrates? In unpolished rice, so no takeaway visits to the Chinese ... In wholemeal pasta, so no spaghetti bolognese more at the Italian on the corner! If you do this in your ears then you will notice it on your body. Yes if you want a nice and muscular body then you will follow these rules. Who wants to stay vadsig does not. This is how the corn separates from the chaff. The choice is entirely yours, corn or chaff? Complex carbohydrates keep your body fat low, so your muscles are under your skin and not under a layer of fat.
7. Shopping is half the work!
Only walk the outer paths during your shopping. Just pay attention, these are the paths with fresh, really healthy food. The deeper you go to the heart of the supermarket, the more sugars, saturated fats and simple carbohydrates you encounter. Vegetables, bread, dairy products are all in the outermost paths. The only thing you need that is not in the outermost paths is rice, pasta and herbs. But even these are not in the center of the supermarket, in the absolute center there is candy, chips, cake and more junk.
Breakfast cereals are good for you, if you know which to choose! Everything from cruesli and kellogs is junk, just look at the nutritional value. Go only for oatmeal, weetabix, natural muesli etc. If there is now less sugar wants that often only say that there used to be a lot more sugar and now just a lot. These are cheap sales tricks where people often get involved. So watch out.
Make sure you choose 90% of the nutrition below.
- Protein: steak, tartar, chicken breast, fish, eggs, milk and Whey protein
- Carbohydrates: cornea rice, oatmeal, whole grain pasta, Weight gainer
- Vegetables: spinach, broccoli, tomatoes, lettuce, cucumber, carrots
- Fruit: Oranges, bananas, apples, pineapple, pears
- Good fats: olive oil, nuts, sesame oil, linseed oil
8. Eat enough protein!
If you want to build muscle, you need to provide 2 to 3 grams of protein per kilo of body weight. Less is not sufficient for an athlete. Protein has, besides muscle building ability, another good quality. Protein has a high thermal effect on your body. Thermal effect is the extra energy consumption required for digesting and absorbing food. When you eat something, you do different things that consume calories. You start by biting, chewing and swallowing. Then your body processes the food, it is digested, transported, processed and stored. You consume calories during this process. This consumption of calories is called the thermal effect. The thermal effect of proteins is 20%. This means that 20 kcal of 100 kcal of protein (25 grams x 4 kcal) is used for processing.
Fat, on the other hand, is quickly processed and stored quickly, the body has little trouble with it, so it consumes few calories in this case. Carbohydrates are more difficult to process than fat, the body consumes more calories than when processing fat. But protein remains the undisputed king when it comes to the thermal effect.
Good protein sources are: steak, tartar, chicken breast, fish, eggs, milk and whey protein
9. Eat more often one day: At least 6 meals a day, preferably 7 or 8. Nutrition is energy, energy helps your muscle growth and recovery get going. But if you put all your calories in three meals then you turn a lot into fat. Why? Simply because your body finds it the easiest way to eliminate an overdose of food. If you carry your body smaller meals throughout the day, it works much better. The nutrients are removed and transported to where necessary.
Breakfast! 8 hours of fasting is more than enough, eat as soon as you are awake.
Eat after your workout! Eat protein and carbohydrates after your workout so muscle recovery starts and you also replenish your energy supplies.
Eat your body weight in kg x 40. If you weigh 80kg the sum is: 80x40 = 3200 kcal per day.
10. Whey protein. Use Whey protein . Although this is a popular supplement, there are still too many people who underestimate the importance of Whey. It has very big advantages:
- Whey builds muscles. You need 2 to 3 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight to grow. Every day of the week, you only take advantage of this by being consistent. Have you ever heard of the supporter wins? 1 scoop of protein is good for about 25 grams of protein
- It is so easy and cheap: you can mix 1 scoop of protein with 300 ml of water or milk that already yields 25 grams. A 4.5kg pot protein is already available for E 99.90, if you take 1 scoop every day, you'll do 5 months with it! Whey is the cheapest protein.
Let me Show you this Unique Muscle Building Training==3 Lifts Muscle Building
What are some of the bad experiences from Airbnb guests/hosts?
The Airbnb Host Guarantee is a total fraud. I looked into the abyss of worst case predatory corporate behavior when I filed my claim.I am a big Airbnb fan, both as a host in my New York aparment and as a guest. I hope this
I am 14 years old male, 180cm and weight 79kg, how do I lose weight and gain muscles?
As you're only 14, make sure you don't push yourself too much. If you just twist your routine a bit, you can achieve the desired results with the passage of time. Here are some tips which can work in your favor.Being a teenager, i am sure you
What exercise burns the most belly fat at home?
Simple Exercises to Reduce Belly Fat at HomeIf you are really serious about losing weight, you may need to put in an hour of exercise in your everyday routine to target and reduce belly fat.1. Crunches : Nothing burns stomach fat easier | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Haaseidae
Haaseidae is a family of millipedes belonging to the order Chordeumatida. These millipedes are found in central and southeastern Europe. Adult millipedes in this family range from 4.5 mm to 12 mm in length and have either 28 or 30 segments (counting the collum as the first segment and the telson as the last).
Genera:
* Deuterohaasea Verhoeff, 1898
* Haasea Verhoeff, 1895
* Heterohaasea
* Hylebainosoma Verhoeff, 1899
* Rhopalogona Silvestri, 1898
* Romanosoma Ceuca, 1967
* Xiphogona Cook & Collins, 1895
* Xylophageuma Verhoeff, 1911 | WIKI |
Reptilisocia
Reptilisocia is a genus of moths belonging to the family Tortricidae.
Species
* Reptilisocia gunungana Razowski, 2013
* Reptilisocia impetigo Razowski, 2012
* Reptilisocia paraxena Diakonoff, 1983
* Reptilisocia paryphaea (Meyrick, 1907)
* Reptilisocia solomonensis Razowski, 2012
* Reptilisocia tarica Razowski, 2012 | WIKI |
Glaucoma
Glaucoma is a leading cause of vision loss in the United States. Glaucoma is referred to as a silent disease because many times it can deteriorate your eyesight before you know you have an issue. When caught at an early stage, you may be able to protect your eyes from serious vision loss. The best way to proactively address the risk of glaucoma is to schedule regular eye exams.
What is Glaucoma?
Glaucoma is not a single eye disease but rather a group of diseases which damages your optic nerve. The optic nerve is like an electric cable with over a million wires responsible for carrying images from your eye to your brain. Glaucoma usually occurs when the internal pressure of your eye rises slowly and begins to deteriorate your optic nerve.
As your optic nerve fibers deteriorate, you will start to develop peripheral (side) blind spots. You typically won't notice these blank spots in your daily activities until the optic nerve is significantly damaged and these spots become large. If all of your optic nerve fibers die, blindness will result.
Who is at risk for glaucoma?
You may be at higher risk if you:
• Are 60 years or older
• Have a family history of glaucoma
• Experience elevated eye pressure
• Have African or Spanish ancestry
While these characteristics may place a person at a higher risk, everyone should see an eye doctor on a regular basis and have their eyes tested for glaucoma.
What are my treatment options for glaucoma?
Fortunately, medical advances have made it easier to detect and manage glaucoma. We suggest regular check-ups with one of our doctors at the Kraff Eye Institute. Frequent exams can help to detect glaucoma in its early stages before irreversible damage has occurred to your eyes. If you have further questions or want to schedule an appointment, call (312) 265-3400.
Vision Consultation
To schedule a complimentary Vision Correction Consultation please call (312) 265-3400 or use the button below. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Prebiotic Petroleum
Initialization of metabolism in prebiotic petroleum
abstract The theoretical and bibliographical work on the geochemical origin of life, which I present here, it works on the assumption that: "The class of most complex molecules of life that can have a geochemical and abiotic origin is the class of fatty acid with long aliphatic chain". This idea comes from the controversy over the abiotic oil industry, and the first measurements of abiotic oil at mid-ocean ridges ( Charlou J.L. et al. 2002, Proskurowski G. et al. 2008 )*. To go further and propose a comprehensive experimentation on the origin of life, I propose in this article the idea that the prebiotic soup or prebiotic petroleum would stem from the diagenesis of the gas clathrates/ sediments mixture. Gas, H2S H2 N2 CH4 CO2, are produced at mid-ocean ridges, and at large-scale at the seafloor, by serpentinization. Sediments contain hydrogenphosphates as a source of phosphate and minerals to the surface catalysis. Extreme conditions experienced by some prokaryotes and pressures and temperatures of submarine oilfields of fossil petroleum are close. The hydrostatic pressure is around 1.5 kbar and the temperature is below 150 ° C. This experiment I propose is quite feasible today since these conditions are used The next step in the theoretical research of the origin of life is the abiotic synthesis of liposomes. Abiotic synthesis liposomes just requires synthesis of glycerol and ethanol-amine (or serine) esterifying the phosphate and fatty acid. The state of research on the abiotic synthesis of these molecules shows that those of the serine, ethanol-amine as well as the 1st stage of the formose reaction (Glyceraldehyde, dihydroxyacetone and glycolaldehyde) are quite possible in prebiotic soup after diagenesis of gas clathrates, mainly due to the presence of H2. For cons, the synthesis of glycerol in the laboratory and in industry are so drastic and complex that I proposed to initialize the metabolism in fatty acid vesicles, hydrogenation by H2 of glyceraldehyde-P or DHA-P (dihydroxyacetone phosphate) glycerol-3P after esterification to the fatty acid, the hydrogenation is facilitated by the catalyst power of the multi-anionic surface of these vesicles. This idea, I detail it in the article "prebiotic chirality" where I show that the mechanical cohesion of the liposome is at the origin of homochirality of sugars and amino acids, and it accelerates metabolism initialization. In this article I have made a draft dozens of steps in the evolution of prebiotic metabolism. I also wrote a third article, "chemo-osmosis prebiotic" to outline the implementation of ion channels, essential to liposome communication with its environment. Initialization of ion channels is based on the zwitterionic nature of the phospholipids, the mechanical cohesion of the liposome and the electrical potential across the bilayer. This electric potential is at the origin of prebiotic chemo-osmosis, motor continuity of molecular evolution. This article will on the prebiotic oil is the basis of all these works. * See article for detailed references. Publication of articles in Wikiversity: https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Prebiotic_Petroleum https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Prebiotic_chemo-osmosis https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Prebiotic_chirality. français Note on 14.03.2015: This article is part of the summary of my work until 2014, published in Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, March 2015. Reference: Prebiotic Petroleum; Mekki-Berrada Ali, Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres, 2015, DOI 10.1007/s11084-015-9416-7.
* in research and exploration of fossil petroleum;
* in the field of organic chemistry called "green chemistry" and where temperatures remain low and the pressure can reach 10 kbar (RV Eldik et al. 2008) *;
* to study the biology of prokaryotes living in the fossil petroleum of industrial interest. These studies are quite comparable to experiment with prebiotic oil;
* Finally, this experiment can be based on research on abiotic CH4 on Mars and abiotic hydrocarbons on Titan.
Introduction
This work is a theoretical research on molecular evolution that occurs in the abiotic oil, which could lead to the emergence of life. A pocket of abiotic oil similar to that of fossil petroleum is an ideal environment for studying the origin of life. This is a closed medium, stable, rich in organic molecules and inorganic catalysts, evolving and going back up from geological depths of the earth's crust to the surface. Gradually moving the physicochemical conditions of extreme depths to those of the surface, compatible with life, any imaginable molecular evolution is possible. Synthetic oil, could be used in an abiotic experiment. But it is synthesized by the industrial process of Fischer-Tropsch from synthesis gas (CO+H2), itself synthesized either from coke (C+H2O) or natural gas (CH4+H2O), both are from fossil origin. To achieve an abiotic oil, similar to fossil petroleum, its synthesis must be done in the presence of elements NPS, with molecules of abiotic origin, in depth, in the crust and go back up soaked in a porous rock, without any molecule of origin biogenic. Before studying the initialization of metabolism in this context, we will establish the state of knowledge on the geochemical processes producing a abiotic oil, with abiotic NPS elements.
State of research on the pocket of abiotic oil.
It will be rather the state of research on the elements which compose the pocket. Because no work has been done so far about it. These elements are hydrocarbons and water (H C O), the free phosphate (P) and ammonium (N). We will not study sulfur (S) especially because its molecular species involved in the living, sulfides, sulfates and S element itself are ubiquitous in the lithosphere and hydrosphere.
For nitrogen, NH4+ is the more abundant species in depth at high pressures and high temperatures, because in the mineral it replaces the potassium ion K+. Nitrogen is represented by nitrate because ammonium is used directly by the bacteria. Dinitrogen N2 dissolved in pore water at 11 ppm, can be reduced to NH4+ in the presence of H2 in hydrothermal fluids which is not the case on the surface and in the pocket of fossil petroleum.
Phosphate
* Phosphorus is found at 700 molar ppm ( 1050 ppm by weight ) in the crust in the form mostly of phosphate ions incorporated into insoluble apatite and 0.04 ppm molar (2µmol/kg, Broecker & Peng 1982) in ocean water as free phosphate.
* At temperatures generally reached in magmas, 1000-1400°C, a fraction of phosphate ions in the liquid magma polymerizes to form polyphosphates. Yamagata & al. (1991) has shown that polyphosphates are present in the hydrothermal solutions at a concentration of the micromolar range.
* According to Arrhenius & al. (1997), in seawater (Mg/Ca ~ 5 and pH < 8.5 ) the phosphate from leaching of the land surface, precipitate as an amorphous solid of hydrogen phosphates of Ca and Mg (brushite, CaHPO4.2H2O and newberyite, MgHPO4.3H2O).
* This solid crystallizes in whitlockite, HMgCa9(PO4)7, able to give oligo-phosphates under the conditions of temperature and pressure of contact metamorphism or those of hydrothermal surface. According to Arrhenius today living things use the hydrogenphosphates and turn them into apatites. And, at origins of life, the oligophosphates should be very available.
* We find the whitlockite as secondary mineral in granitic pegmatites and in abundance in extraterrestrial environments: meteorites, the Moon and Mars.
Ammonium.
* Nitrogen is present at 35 ppm by weight (50 ppm molar) in the earth's crust in the form of ammonium ions that replace potassium ions in igneous rocks. (Hall 1999, Stevenson & al. 1962).
* According to Hall the majority of the ammonium is of sedimentary origin, but some is of magmatic origin. The sedimentary origin is incorporated predominantly by hydrothermal alteration, the rest by contact metamorphism. Ammonium igneous rocks can be extracted by vacuum pyrolysis at 1000°C under standard pressure (Hall & al. 1993). Which is perhaps the conditions of the upper mantle.
* Nitrates, very rare, are represented by the evaporites on the surface. Nitrate dissolved in the oceans represente only 0.6 ppm molar (30 µmol/L, Broecker & Peng 1982).
* In seawater and interstitial waters dinitrogen is the predominant form with 11 ppm molar (590 µmol/L, Broecker & Peng 1982 ); dinitrogen can be reduced to NH3 by H2 hydrothermal fluids.
Abiotic oil.
This is essentially the process that has been studied serpentisation field for research abiotic oil. And particularly at mid-ocean ridges and first kilometers deep subduction zones.
* Mid-ocean ridges
* Mid-Ocean ridges are spread over 60,000 km and are dotted regularly with hydrothermal vents that produce on long periods H2S, CH4, H2, N2 and CO2. These five gases are quenched to 2°C, the temperature of the seabed at the output of sources and are found on the ocean floor, at pressures of 100 to 400 bar and where they can form clathrates gas. Away from the axis of the ridges, they will be gradually covered by sediment containing phosphate hydrogénates we saw above.
* Here is a condensed, campaign results of measurements made in seven hydrothermal vents of the Atlantic, according Charlou & al. (2002), table 1.
* Tableau 1. The gases produced in the atlantic ridges.
* {| class="wikitable"
! Gaz mmol/kg||number of sites||intervalle ||Sea water
* CO2 ||6 ||5.2 - 28 ||2.30
* N2 ||6 ||.9 - 3 ||.59
* H2S ||7 ||.5 - 11 ||0
* CH4 ||7 ||.023 - 2.63 ||.0003
* H2 ||7 ||.020 - 16 ||.0004
* δ13C CH4 en ‰ ||6 ||-8 . -19,6 ||-
* }
* CH4 ||7 ||.023 - 2.63 ||.0003
* H2 ||7 ||.020 - 16 ||.0004
* δ13C CH4 en ‰ ||6 ||-8 . -19,6 ||-
* }
* δ13C CH4 en ‰ ||6 ||-8 . -19,6 ||-
* }
* Rainbow site (Charlou et al. 2002, table 3), measurements were made in 1997, 1998, 1999 and 2001. They do not vary much.
* Moreover, the extent of isotopic fractionation of 13C in CH4 (d13C) suggests an abiotic origin. Methane would be synthesized by the Fischer-Tropsch process.
* The abiotic methane was studied in more detail by Proskurowski & al. (2008), showing an increase of C2H6 and C3H8 for d13C with carbon numbers, consistent with the theory of abiotic fractionation.
* Subduction zones
* In the contact between two plates in subduction, geochemical processes are multiple and complex, due to enormous forces brought into play, without relation to what is going on oceanic ridges. At the level of oceanic trenches, pressures can reach the kbar and temperature of only 2°C.
* At firsts kms depth so these are processes at low temperature and high pressure that are in action. The blue-facies and is at 15-18 km depth with pressures above 6 kbar and temperatures between 200 and 500°C. Ultramafic rocks will change into lizardite, which are serpentinites. According to the synthesis of serpentinites made by BW Evans (2004), serpentinization may occur between 50 and 300°C temperature and in a wide range of pressure, 0.1 kbar to 10 kbar (figure 5 ), to give the chrysotile ( Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 ) and lizardite ( Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 ), with production of H2 and magnetite.
* Beyond 18 km depth, serpentinization of ultramafic rocks give antigorite ( (Mg,Fe++)3Si2O5(OH)4 ), without production of H2 or magnetite at a temperature between 400 and 600°C (Evans 2010).
* In subduction zones, these are the only results we can deduce indirectly from the study of rocks and magnetic anomalies and seismic zone at the front of the volcanic arc.
* Otherwise many surface phenomena suggest that there is production of hydrocarbons, but we do not know, until now, they are likely fossil or abiotic. These are:
* Mud volcanoes at the front of the arc, which emit lots of methane.
* Gas hydrates identified by new techniques along subduction zones, with a length equivalent to the oceanic ridges. These deposits are not yet exploited.
* Gas shales and oil shales, rocks from the metamorphic zones.
* Volcanic gases including CH4, H2 and NH3.
* It should be remembered also the strong hydrothermal ascending circulation, produced by the vaporization of water and gases which saturate the subducting oceanic crust. These hydrothermal fluids transporte NH4+ that replace the K+ ions in the metamorphic rocks, and the free phosphate as we have seen (Yamagata Y. et al. 1991).
In laboratory
Abiotic laboratory experiments are much more numerous and varied as the field measurements, and they relate to three key molecules that are methane, ammonia and phosphate. Comparing the synthesis of these three molecules in Table 2, is justified because they and the molecules that give them birth, that is, H2, CO2 and N2 are always found together in the hydrothermal fluids. And this is quite adequate for the formation of pockets of abiotic oil containing the NPS. The experiments reported in Table 2, were not all made in the same spirit, nor the aim of abiotic pocket. However the results are consistent with the formation of a pocket of abiotic oil. The main lessons we can draw are:
* These processes occur in a narrow temperature range of around 300°C;
* The pressure can vary widely for the same process, up to 2 orders of magnitude, but remains below 10 kbar for all processes.
* The supercritical hydrothermal experiments can be compared with the industrial processes in the gas phase at low pressure. Steam reforming was added because it can occur in subduction, as evidenced by the volcanic gases from subduction arcs.
* The catalysts used, including iron, its oxide and nickel are abundant in the lithosphere.
* Note the importance of mineral surfaces in industrial processes. It is essential that the experiences under the "pocket abiotic" are made in suitable porous rocks.
* The hydrothermal experiments were motivated by the assumption that the origin of life occurred (or occurs) at mid-ocean ridges. Now it is evident that the immediate quenching of H2, CO2 and N2, in cold water from the floor should not favor any of the processes of Fischer-Tropsch and reduction of N2 by process type Haber-Bosch. But the results are interesting because the experiments are performed at high pressure and high temperature conditions which are those of subduction zones. Well this is interesting for processes in gas hydrates, we saw earlier, when They are covered with few km of sediments while undergoing heat of the floor which is cooling.
* McCollom has been shown, line e.j on the table, that discrimination between biotic and abiotic based on the fractionation of carbon 12 and 13 was not valid for methane. That's why to demonstrate the nature of abiotic hydrocarbons at the oceanic ridges, Proskurowski had to do for higher hydrocarbon chains. This observation is of great importance for the future, because if the origin of life was made in the abiotic oil, then beings from this oil could transform, or only enrich, with their membranes, abiotic hydrocarbons witj biotic hydrocarbons. Hence the origin of crude biotic called fossils.
* These experiments should be redone in the hypothesis of the pocket of abiotic oil, particularly for phosphates to the same pressures as other experiments.
* Table 2. Abiotic processes
* {| class="wikitable"
! Process || reactions || Products || Temperature °C || Pressure bar
* a Steam reforming || CH4+H2O || CO H2 || 800-900 || 25
* b Serpentinisation ridges, seabed || FeO+H2O || H2 N2 CH4 CO2 || 50-300 || 100-10000
* c Serpentinisation subduction 15km || FeO+H2O || H2 (N2 CH4 CO2 ?) || 200-500 || 6000
* d Fischer-Tropsch gas || CO+H2 || Pétrole dont acides gras || 220-350 || 25-45
* e,j Fischer-Tropsch hydrothermal || CO2+H2 || Pétrole dont acides gras || 250 || 325
* f Haber-Bosch gas || N2+H2 || NH3 || 500-600 || 200-300
* g Haber-Bosch hydrothermal || N2+H2 || NH3 || 700 || 1000
* h Haber-Bosch hydrothermal || N2+H2 || NH3 || 200 || 55
* i Arrhenius heating || MgHOPO3+H2O || OH(H2PO3)nH || 100-500 || 1
* }
* a. Steam reforming :
* CH4 + H2O = CO + H2;
* T= 800-900°C, P= 25 bars, catalysts: Ni, CuO, Zn, mineral surfaces.
* g Haber-Bosch hydrothermal || N2+H2 || NH3 || 700 || 1000
* h Haber-Bosch hydrothermal || N2+H2 || NH3 || 200 || 55
* i Arrhenius heating || MgHOPO3+H2O || OH(H2PO3)nH || 100-500 || 1
* }
* a. Steam reforming :
* CH4 + H2O = CO + H2;
* T= 800-900°C, P= 25 bars, catalysts: Ni, CuO, Zn, mineral surfaces.
* CH4 + H2O = CO + H2;
* T= 800-900°C, P= 25 bars, catalysts: Ni, CuO, Zn, mineral surfaces.
* Serpentinisation
* (Mg,Fe)SiO4 + H2O = Mg3Si2O5(OH)4 + Mg(OH)2 + Fe3O4 + H2, or
* olivine + water = serpentine + brucite + magnetite + hydrogen and come down to
* 2(FeO)rock + H2O = (Fe2O3)rock + H2
* b. Serpentinisation ridges, seabed
* Reproduction of serpentinisation in laboratory and modelisation :
* McCollom 2009, modelisation ;
* B.W. Evans 2010, experimentation.
* Temperature of 50 to 300°C, Pressure of 100 bars to some kbars.
* Holm 2006 : considers that on the floor serpentinization is continuously at temperatures around 150°C.
* c. Serpentinisation subduction at 15km
* Evans (2004).
* Temperature of 50 to 300°C, Pressure of 6 kbar.
* Fischer-Tropsch Process
* (2n+1)H2 + nCO = CnH(2n+1)-X + nH2O
* X = H, aliphatic chains whose methane, ethane...
* X = OH, alcohols whose methanol, ethanol and alcohols in alpha and with long aliphatic chain ....
* X = CO2H, carboxylic acids whose formic, acetic and fatty acids with long aliphatic chain ....
* X = CHO, aldehydes whose formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and aldehydes with long aliphatic chain ...
* X = CH=CH2, olefins whose acetylene and propylene and olefins in alpha with long aliphatic chain ...
* d. Industrial process, phase gas: Kreutz et al. 2008
* T= 220-350°C, P= 25-45 bars; catalysts: Fe, mineral surfaces.
* e. Hydrothermal conditions, McCollom 1999:
* T= 175°C, P= 325 bars; catalysts: montmorillonite + alumine.
* j. Isotopique fractioning, McCollom 2006:
* Demonstration of non-discriminating isotope fractionation of carbon 12 and 13,
* Fischer-Tropsch process and hydrothermal conditions, T= 250°C, P= 325 bars; catalyst: Fe.
* Haber-Bosch process.
* N2 + 3 H2 = 2 NH3
* f. Industrial process, phase gas (Haber-Bosch process):
* T= 500-600°C, P= 200-300 bars, catalysts Fe, mineral surfaces.
* g. Hydrothermal conditions, Brandes 1998:
* T= 300-800°C, P= 1000 bars, catalyst Fe : for a ratio H2O/Fe = .5, production of 17% of NH3 at 700°C
* T= 500°C, P= 1000 bars, catalyst Fe3O4 in HCO2H : production of 0.6% of NH3.
* h. Hydrothermal conditions, Smirnov 2008:
* T= 200°C, P= 55 bars, catalyst Fe.
* Polyphosphates.
* i. Production of polyphosphates and their concentration by mineral surfaces.
* Arrhenius 1997:
* Newbeyrite, Mg(OHPO3).3H2O gives oligo-phosphate up to 9 phosphates. Pressure 1 bar, heating of 100 to 550°C
* also with brushite, Ca(OHPO3).2H2O and withlockite, HMgCa9(PO4)7.
To illustrate the variety of products of FTT process here is the link to the American archives collected in Europe at the end of the 2nd World War that detail the various methods used and the various products obtained and their concentrations. It is rare to find in the literature of olefins produced by FTT and whose double bond is in the middle of the chain. American archives above mentioned these olefins explaining the catalyst, Fe (CO) 5, would isomerize alpha-olefins by moving the double bond to the middle of the chain. Concentrations decrease with distance from the position of the double bond relative to the alpha carbon. For U.S. archives you must start from wikipedia with "essence synthétique ", then click on "archive" in the section "Notes et références" for not to lose this link. In the american site surf as this: Government Reports (dans Primary Documents); U.S. Naval Technical Mission In Europe; Technical Report No.248-45 The Synthesis Of Hydrocarbons And Chemicals From CO And H2; olefines (page 81).
* Note on FTT process.
Working hypotheses for a pocket of abiotic oil.
Given the profusion of H2 produced by the lithosphere: oceanic ridges, subduction zones and even in the pore waters of the rocks, you have to take into account in the quest for the origin of life, methane and oil abiotic that could be produced from H2 and CO2 serpentinization. We can consider three types of methane in the lithosphere according to their origin:
* The methane's serpentinization at pressures below 10 kbar and a temperature below 300 °C, in depth. The gas of clathrates identified in subduction zones should contain this methane.
* Biogenic methane from the surface, produced by methanogenic prokaryotes from biomass: Wisp, clathrates marshes, lakes, permafrost and continental shelves of the oceans.
* Abiotic methane produced at the upper mantle from carbonates and water at pressures greater than 50 kbar and at a temperature around 1500 °C. This methane was produced in the laboratory only (H.P Scott & al., J.F Kenney & al.). We could not, so far, show its existence in the field. It is supposed to become part of oil and up by faults or along plate subduction.
I do not treat here the methane from the deep (type 3), because it concerns the abiotic oil controversy in the context of industrial production.
Oil from serpentinization
What about the oil produced by the FTT process along serpentinization? At mid-ocean ridges, it is produced only in trace amounts, while the rate H2/CH4 may be very high. What becomes of this hydrogen? if it is not used for the synthesis of oil.
diagenesis of clathrates of gas.
An assumption made by specialists of ocean ridges, of whom J.L. Charlou Ifremer (Ifremer serpentinization and inorganic synthesis of hydrogen, methane and hydrocarbons along the Mid Atlantic ridge), is the formation of gas hydrates of methane trapped in sediments on the ridges sides. This methane would be produced directly by serpentinization by hydrothermal convection through the fractured crust. Let's develop a little, this hypothesis. First serpentinization does not produce methane, but produces H2 and produces or concentrate CO2 and N2. Methane production would done later by the FTT process. Serpentinization takes place between 50 and 300°C and at pressures up to 10 kbar. The gases produced by the sides are added to those already produced by the ridge. On sides, far from the axis, the fractures are less deep, the temperature lower and the pressure increases when descending. This allows the production of H 2 at a moderate temperature and promotes the formation of clathrates. Methane production by FTT could shrink faster than serpentinization, as it should be at a higher temperature (see McCollom ). But the more one moves away from the axis, the more sediment layer will thicken and the pressure will increase causing an increase in temperature by geothermal gradient. Take the example of the Tupi oilfield discovered off Brazil in a zone without subduction, under 2km of water and 5km of sediments. With a geothermal gradient of 30 °C/km and a pressure gradient of 250 bar/km in the sediments, we reach a temperature of 150°C, in which must be added heat supplied by the crust, and a pressure of about 1.5 kbar. Over millions of years these clathrates have been subjected to temperatures well below to 250°C of the optimum of the FTT process, and at pressures that will soon exceed 350 bars of the optimum, to achieve 1 to 2 kbar. Compared with the optimum, in that the hydrocarbon synthesis is exothermic, ( principe de Le Chatelier), equilibrium will be shifted to the methane with increasing pressure ( 4H2+CO2=CH4+2H2O ΔH=-151,3 kJ/mol; see dihydrogène for calculation); the drop in temperature will reduce the rate of the reaction but not the final equilibrium. The supercritical state of H2, CO2 and CH4 at these temperatures and pressures increases their reactivity, while the water and the long aliphatic chains are not in their supercritical state. With pressure all reactions are moving production chains longer and longer who find themselves increasingly in a non-critical condition. It should be added that trapping by long chains, the effect of surface clathrates/sediments mixture and the catalytic effect of transition metals. The interest of the hypothesis of JL Charlou, (Ifremer ), this is not so much the production of CH4 than H2 and the formation of clathrates. Studies of clathrates are being very developed for the storage of hydrogen as an energy source, CO2 sequestration in the deep ocean and the release of methane by global warming. It is not a matter of developing it here, but these studies show that the conditions of temperature and pressure at the seafloor are compatible with the stability of the mixtures made of sediment and gas clathrates as those derived from serpentinization. At the same time the reduction of N2 to NH3 by H2 could be here similarly to CH4: supercritical gas reactants, exothermic reaction (3H2 + N2 = 2NH3 ΔH° = -92.2 kJ/mol) and thus movement of the equilibrium with the pressure. The industrial process Haber-Bosch at an elevated temperature (450 °C and 300 bar) and the absence of displacement by formation of long chains of nitrogen (as do the aliphatic chains) would leave suggest that in the conditions of abiotic oil pocket, NH3 does not form. However P. Avenier et al. 2007 could produce NH3 from N2 and H2 at 250 °C and pressure of 1 bar as with tantalum silicate catalyst. It is entirely possible in the conditions of the pocket of abiotic oil with displacement of equilibrium by a pressure from 1 to 2 kbar. As for the quantities of NH3 produced it is not necessary that they be large, since its use will happen largely after the formation of liposomes that sequester NH3 (see Chapter metabolism initalisation lowest and the article on Prebiotic chimio-osmosis ). The release of phosphate from hydrogenphosphates by heat and its concentration by mineral surfaces (Arrhenius ) will be favored by the H2 (hydrogenation) but disadvantaged by the high pressure (precipitation), the temperature lower than 150 °C is still favorable as in the experiments Arrhenius. This diagenesis of clathrates hypothesis could explain, with tectonic plates, large deposits of oil and gas on the side of passive margins at great depth (Tupi), clathrates of gases having migrated to the subduction zones in accretionary prism, as well as shale gas by metamorphism of these mixed clathrates/sediments in the contact zone of two plates.
The zeolites
Clathrates diagenesis resulted in the example of Tupi field poses a great mystery: the thickness of salt which is above is 3 km and there are 2 km of rocks still above. I also mentioned the use of zeolites for the industrial synthesis of abiotic oil in the study of the possibility of geochemical origin of the pocket prebiotic oil. Well zeolites are comprised of alumino-silicates or alumino-phosphates (AlPO4-type) whose blanks are initially occupied by cations (Ca Mg Na K ...) and water molecules and where can be carried catalysis. The question then arose: is that zeolites may be involved in geochemical processes on a large scale, in the synthesis of prebiotic oil? My interest in this issue has become essential when my curiosity was sharpened by reading an article on the description of salt concretions in the Afars rift in East Africa (Eitan Haddock, "La naissance d'un océan", 2009. Pour La Science No. 376 page 45). Yet E. Haddock clearly states hydrocarbon odors that emerge from these concretions. This geochemical index pushed me to do research on old rifts and I fell on the theory of parallelism between the geological oil deposits of Gabon and Brazil that occurred at the beginning of the separation of the two tectonic plates African and American. Now we are in the same situation as the Afars rift, but also with saline strata of few kms thick. It is tempting to answer yes to the question: it is possible that zeolites involved in geochemical level in the prebiotic synthesis of oil. But back to the diagenesis of gas clathrates we supposed to take place for the formation of prebiotic oil pocket. We calculated at Tupi, the depth below the seafloor led to temperatures around 150 °C and pressures around 2 kbar. These conditions are also those of the geological facies of zeolites: 50-150 °C and a depth below ground from 1 to 5 km. After diagenesis (first km) clathrates/sediments mixture, is what we do not start the zeolite facies? Then we will have closer clathrates and zeolites any two formed cavities, the first consisting of water cages trapping gases and the second, cavities promoting catalysis. From there to think that the pocket of prebiotic oil originates from these geological formations, there is only one step. But is it reasonable to propose such an abiotic model while all the works of oil exploration are in the theory of fossil petroleum and all are based on data measured in organic rocks attesting to their fossil origin? But is it unreasonable to consider the formation of abiotic oil when no life still exists? Is it unreasonable to equate the theoretical origin of abiotic oil with the formation of astronomical amounts of hydrocarbons on Titan, away from any photosynthesis in conditions of extreme cold? While we may one day prove that hydrocarbons of Titan are made by bacteria. But we will always be in the situation where the assumption pockets prebiotic oil remains plausible and, more, without the abundance of organic production due to photosynthesis. The situation on Earth is that the two processes, fossil and abiotic, can coexist at the same time and the fossil so pervasive that it would be difficult to demonstrate the existence of abiotic. Without going further into the controversy, it is clear that consideration of the combination of clathrates and zeolites enlightens us a new day on the assumption of prebiotic pocket oil and on the theory of fossil oil. Pocket fossil oil, we will see further interest to study the processes that take place in. These processes are conditioned by the high pressure therein, a few hundreds of bars, and by its gaseous environment and mineral. This is the situation that would exist of the molecular evolution of prebiotic pocket oil when the 1st beings appear and disappear zeolites, as in Tupi, staying only salt. For prebiotic pocket I had envisaged that the liposomes were formed from vesicles of water in oil (see prebiotic chemo-osmosis) allegedly migrated to the water phase incorporating the lipid second leaf. I invoked the formation of abiotic oil in porous rocks to increase the area of catalysis, then migrating to the oil pocket. The mixture clathrates/zeolites seems more promising to me because we know that zeolites catalyze many reactions in organic chemistry, in addition to hydrocarbons (Khun P., thesis 2011, university of Strasbourg). Certainly the idea of porous rock was adequate as I see it as for the fossil oil and the synthetic oil without zeolite, but its catalytic properties were limited to hydrocarbons. The products of the zeolite catalysis being very rich in various molecules would evolve more quickly the aqueous vesicles in oil. However, if the role of porous rock is limited and vague, zeolites are a big geochemical problem: how do they disappear, leaving only a thick layer of salt? For thick layers of underwater salt can not be explained solely by the evaporation process. It has been calculated that sea 1000 m depth would produce a layer of sel 16 m! (ocean salinity and density 3.5% salt at 25 °C, 2.17 g/cm³) It was also suggested process salt deposits by marine currents. But the origin of these immense layers by surface and thickness remain valid. Oil fields of the North Sea, Saudi Arabia, Brazilian odds, Venezuelan and Gabon are directly below a thick layer of salt (NaCl KCl CaSO4). Saliferous of Iran, on the surface, are close to oil fields as well. In conclusion the study of zeolites in the context of the prebiotic pocket oil convinces me strongly that everything is focused around its conditions of pressure and temperature: 150 °C and 2 kbar. These are: Diagenesis clathrates, since the beginning of geological zeolites facies, the adaptation of bacteria to high pressures around 600 bar with simplification of their proteins (Badr Al Ali,2010, page 10), of organic chemistry reactions that occur more easily to these pressures while some can not even be carried out at standard conditions of a laboratory. It is called green chemistry . the possibility that the prebiotic molecular evolution can take place under the same conditions of pressure and temperature in the depths of the seas of Titan and would explain the large quantities of hydrocarbons that are found.
At subduction zones: the transformation of methane to oil, in contact with hydrothermal fluids.
At subduction zones have been identified mainly gas clathrates that come from, in my opinion, as we saw earlier, from ridges by serpentinisation. We can always assume, for our abiotic pocket, a part of this abiotic methane is converted to oil in contact with hydrothermal fluids formed at high pressure and temperature along the subducting plates. The process FTT is initialized by steam reforming of methane, ammonia and phosphate being made by hydrothemal fluids (see Chapters ammonia and phosphate above). The volcanoes subduction zones, finish their activity by a rejection of some hydrocarbons. But the area of the subducting plate, between the accretionary prism of sediments and metamorphic zone of the volcanic arc, is very small in order to create large deposits of oil. For against this abiotic oil in small quantities locally, but spread over tens of thousands of miles, can be many opportunities to form favorable molecular evolution pockets.
Along transform faults:
Two examples of transform faults which I intend to study later: transforming plates between the Indian and Arabian plates and 2 transforming plates between the North American plate, Caribbean plate and South American plate in the Gulf of Mexico. What is interesting is that these faults have worked a long time for the rise of the Indian subcontinent to asia and the spacing of two americas which is the same time as the separation of the American continent of Africa. They could produce a very large amount of gas clathrates with methane and H2, which would explain the huge oil deposits in these areas: Gulf of Mexico and the Persian Gulf.
The working hypotheses for experimentation
The main points to be observed for testing the initialization of metabolism in the abiotic oil are:
* High pressure of the order of a few kbar at the beginning;
* A relatively low temperature, between 50 and 300 ° C;
* A powdered rock that will define which simulate a porous sedimentary deposit containing hydrogenphosphates and catalysts (Fe Ni and other elements to define according to the literature of industrial or experimental methods);
* Clathrate gas containing H2 reconstructed CO2 N2 H2O;
* H2S can block some reactions, it is also necessary to introduce gradually;
* If the product obtained is similar to the pocket of fossil oil can reduce the pressure and temperature in the following molecular evolution to identify if there is no initialization or metabolism.
* Priority to the synthesis of the oil first.
* Consider experiences long periods (or simulate) to reproduce geological time and the crystallization process.
Parallel with the theory of fossil petroleum
While reading an article on the bacteria that cause problems in oil exploration I came across a diagram showing the interactions between the different species of prokaryotes that are found in a pocket of fossil petroleum and their environment (Dorota Wolickaa et al., 2010 ). This pattern, with gas and catalysts look like much to the result of a study on the pocket prebiotic oil. Thus: These prokaryotes get their energy from mineral extraction and not of photosynthesis, such as prebiotic pocket; consume small molecules of oil and gas. However ammonia and phosphate did not appear unlike the prebiotic pocket, because the phosphate is a limiting factor and certain species rapidly converted ammonia nitrate which is in turn used by other species for energy and manufacturing amino acids;</li> <li>aqueous vesicles can form in the oil phase and liposomes in water phase, and we are then in the same situation as in the prebiotic pocket for prebiotic molecular evolution ;</li> <li>Pressure conditions, and to a lesser extent temperature conditions, force prokaryotes to adapt to meet the conditions required for the initialization of molecular evolution. Thus we see that at high pressures, around 600 bars, prokaryotes simplify their proteins that become monomeric instead of staying multimeric, as aliphatic chains lengthen and increase the number of unsaturated bonds. (Badr Al Ali,2010, page 9).</li> <li>We then find ourselves in a situation where we can no longer distinguish whether the prokaryote has reached the maximum regression can still be defined as living or if the liposome formed in the fossil pocket and having undergone prebiotic molecular evolution, reached a maximum stage of development so that it passes for a living. It is at this level that poses the riddle procayotes endemic pockets of fossil petroleum: are they born in oil or has not yet been able to demonstrate their foreign-born origin ?</li> </ul> Pocket fossil oil has the advantage to exist, many experiments have been made to solve oilfield problems. These experiments have developed the techniques of high pressure and extreme temperature conditions. However, they were not made in the context of the prebiotic molecular evolution. They could be applied to the pocket prebiotic oil. In particular it would be wise to experiment with a fossil pocket without prokaryotes with phosphate, ammonia, some amino-acids and nucleic bases to observe molecular evolution at an advanced stage. But already in the literature can be studied, always in the context of the prebiotic molecular evolution, interactions between the surrounding environment and the metabolism of prokaryotes in fossil pocket.
Initialization metabolism in the pockets of abiotic oil similar to those of fossil petroleum
I do not imagine metabolism in an open environment, not confined in a small volume of the cell size. Whatever the network of chemical reactions, which stood at a given moment in an open environment, it is automatically destroyed by the process of diffusion. Well delimited by a closed lipid wall network will not communicate with the outside and so will not change. Many experiments have been made with mineral surfaces, so open environments, in order to demonstrate the catalyst and / or the concentration of organic or inorganic molecules such as phosphates, amino acids and nucleic acids. But none of them was available to suggest an initialization metabolism unless imagining complex scenarios involving multiple processes at once, as the alternation of hot and cold, dryness and moisture, day and night, light processes etc ... Two experiments were carried out to confine the metabolism in a liposome. And in both cases the need to communicate with the outside appears paramount. Deamer et al. (2002), experiment in the model of the "RNA world", encapsulating the RNA in liposomes made of aliphatic chains of 14 carbons, for that the membrane is permeable enough to let pass the nucleotides. Davis et al. (2009) will make a minimal artificial cell capable of communicating with the outside. They demonstrate that the encapsulation necessary for the reaction ingredients can produce formose sugars including pentoses. But they were forced to insert into the membrane a bacterial protein, α-hemolysin, which self-assembles into a pore to get sugars and thus communicate with the outside. In what follows we will show that the metabolism can be initialized through the lipid bilayer with primitive pores that allow interaction with the external environment. Whether it be a specific part metabolism, confined within the liposome, which corresponds to the classical notion of metabolism, and a membrane portion that serves as communication interface. For this we will first present the state of research on the abiotic synthesis of phospholipids as I did for the abiotic oil.
Research status on the abiotic synthesis of phospholipids and small molecules
We have seen for the introduction of the pocket prebiotic, in geochemical terms and taking into account that the NPS elements must be present, that any organic molecule may be synthesized under the conditions of temperature and pressure (and with geological periods) in this pocket. However, while for the oil abiotic strictly speaking in the absence of NPS (with production of fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, aliphatic chains, olefins, cycles and hetero-cycles with oxygen) we have the example of the industrial synthesis and 1st geochemical indexes with hydrothermal vents, to the hydrophilic head of phospholipids, ie glycerol and ethanolmine (phosphate is assumed to exist from the point of view geochemical), we have only examples of industrial and laboratory syntheses. To achieve some necessary steps in the synthesis of phospholipids I established in Table 3 a list of reactions used by laboratories and industry. It should be noted however, that even if industrially produced small molecules of glycerol and ethanolamine, and there are some laboratory experiments to synthesize phospholipids, we currently continue to use natural phospholipids for biological or medical experiments because that easy to extract them from natural organic products. '''Table 3. Industrial and laboratory processes for the synthesis of phospholipids and their components'''
* 1 - Fatty acids esterification :
* The esterification is an athermal reaction, with an acid or a base as catalyst; maximum yield, several months without catalyst. ( Esterification )
* Hydrothermal conditions between 100 et 300 °C. ( Rushdi et al. 2006 )
* 2 fatty acids + glycerol ---> diacyl-glycerol (1,2/1,3 = 1)
* 7C, 2% on average and to 11% with H2 (a. oxalique) and 100 °C ; over than 34% of mono-acyl beyond 200 °C. during 72h.
* fatty acid + ethylene-glycol ---> acyl-ethylene-glycol 19C, 50% on average to 250 °C. during 72h.
* Self-assembly to bilayer ( without phosphate and ethanolamine).
* 2 - Ethoxide : CH2=CH2 ethylene, synthesized by FTT
* CH2 = CH2 + Cl2 + H2O ---> CH2Cl-OHCH2 + HCl ethylene chlorohydrine ( Weissermel et al. 2003, p 146)
* 2( CH2Cl-OHCH2 ) + Ca(OH)2 ---> 2 (CH2CH2)O + CaCl2 + 2 H2O Ethoxide (same reactions as propene : see glycerol)
* 3 - Ethanolamine
* (CH2CH2)O + NH3 ---> OH-CH2CH2-NH2 (Weissermel et al. 2003, p 159)
* solution 20-30% NH3, 60-150 °C, 30-150 bars. (mono+di+tri) Ethanolamine
* HOCH2CHO + NH3 ---> (OH-CH2CH=NH) + H2O (imine, amination, glycolaldehyde) A.D.Aubrey et al. (2009), Fig 4
* (OH-CH2CH=NH) + H2 ---> OH-CH2CH2-NH2 Ethanolamine
* Hydrothermal conditions, 50-300°C et 200 bars; 0.1 to 0.001M/kg de NH4HCO2.
* 4 - Esters phosphates
* Ethanolamine + H3PO4 ---> Ethanolamine-H2PO4 + H2O 185 °C, 1 bar ( orgprepdaily )
* Glycerol + H3PO4 ---> Glycerol- H2PO4 + H2O (rac : 1 et 3) (rac : 1 et 3) 105 °C, 1 bar (J.J Rae et al. 1934, p. 143)
* 5 - Hydroformylation: ( Györgydeák et al. 1998)
* CH2O + H2 + CO ---> Glycolaldehyde, Glyceraldehyde, sugars with 4 5 6 C.
* 140 °C, 120 bars, catalyst: Co+triethylamine
* 3 C2H5OH + NH3 ---> (C2H5)3N + 3 H2O alcohol, triethylamine
* 150-220 °C, 1 bar, catalyst: Ni on Si or Al
* CO2 + 3H2 ---> CH3OH + H2O Methanol
* 250 °C, 50-100 bars, catalyst : Cu, ZnO, Al2O3. This is like FTT.
* FTT produces short chain molecules when the temperature is higher than the optimum. McCollom 1999 p.156.
* CH3OH ---> CH2O + H2 Methanal
* 650 °C, 1 bar, catalyst : Ag
* 3 CH3OH + K2Cr2O7 + 8 HClO4 ---> 3 CH2O + Cr2(ClO4)6 + 2 KClO4 + 7 H2O ( E. Pérez-Benito et al. 1993 )
* instead of HClO4 one can use H2SO4, chemical solution 25 °C, 1 bar.
* 5 CH3OH + 2MnO4- + 6H+ ---> 5HCHO + 2Mn2+ + 8 H2O (Alcohol Oxydation )
* chemical solution 25 °C, 1 bar, acid solution :H2SO4
* CH3CHO + HCN ---> CH3CH2OCN lactonitrile, basic catalyst, 1 bar; puis
* CH3CHOHCN + 2H2O ---> CH3CHOHCO2H lactic acid, H2SO4, 100 °C, 1 bar. ( Weissermel et al. 2003, p 305)
* 6 - Sucres phosphates: TMP, Trimetaphosphate
* Glyceric acid + TMP ---> 2-Glycerate-P + 3-Glycerate-P alcalin solution; ( Orgel et al. 1996)
* NH3 + TMP ---> NH2-(PO3)3 ( Orgel 2004 )
* Glycolaldehyde + NH2-(PO3)3 ---> Glycolaldehyde-P Mg++ pH 7 ( Eschenmoser et al. 1999)
* R-CHOH-CHO + NH2-(PO3)3 ---> R-CHOPO3-CHO 27 aldéhyde-2-P ( Orgel 2004 )
* 7 - Glycerol: CH2=CHCH3 propene, synthesized by FTT
* CH2 = CHCH3 + Cl2 ---> CH2 = CHCH2Cl + HCl ( Weissermel et al. 2003, p 296)
* from 300 °C, 85% yield at 500-510 °C, 1 bar ; Allyl chloride
* CH2 = CHCH2Cl + HOCl ---> CH2Cl-OHCHCH2Cl + CH2OH-ClCHCH2Cl (p 297)
* aqueous phase, 25-30 °C, hypochlorate, dichlorohydroxypropane 70%, 30% respectively
* 2 CH2Cl-OHCHCH2Cl + Ca(OH)2 ---> 2( CH2 =O= CHCH2Cl ) + CaCl2 + 2 H2O (p 297)
* 50-90 °C epichlorhydrine
* ( CH2 =O= CHCH2Cl ) + H2O ---> OHCH2-OHCH-CH2Cl (p 302)
* OHCH2-OHCH-CH2Cl + H2O ---> OHCH2-OHCH-CH2OH + HCl glycerol
* in chemical solution 10% caustic soda, 100-200 °C, high pressure.
* Glyceraldéhyde + H2 ---> Glycerol ( Hydrogenation )
* Ni, 60 bars of H2. 50 °C.
* Note on the other abiotic molecules needed to metabolism initialization:
* Table 3 was designed initially for the synthesis of phospholipids alone but incorporates lactic acid also because I stopped writing "prebiotic petroleum" for "prebiotic chemo-osmosis" with the assumption that ionophores prefigured the prebiotics pores and could solve the problem of communication of the liposome with its environment as I mentioned in the introduction to this chapter. Ionophores are in "prebiotic chemo-osmosis" in first chapiter.
* It should be added to this table abiotic synthesis of amino acids and nucleic bases, and the study of their stability in hydrothermal conditions.
* Amino acids:
* HCOO-NH4+ <> HCONH2 + H2O (amination, formic acid) A.D.Aubrey et al. (2009), Fig 3
* HCONH2 <> H2O + HCN ---> Gly DL -{ Ser Ala Asp Glu } ( cyanidric acid, racemic amino acids )
* Hydrothermal conditions, 50-300 °C and 200 bars; 0.1 à 0.001M/kg de NH4HCO2.
* Experience has also studied the stability of these amino acids (Figure 5). Formic acid is believed to be produced like other fatty acids by the FTT process ( see equation of FTT in table 2).
* Nucleobases:
* Many studies suggest 5 HCN condensation to form an adenine molecule as origin of prebiotic adenine. Article AD Aubrey above does not mention it. The hydrocyanic acid may come from the acid decomposition of the [w: Ferrocyanure_de_potassium|potassium ferrocyanide]], which is found in the sediment. Michael Franiatte (2008) showed the stability of adenine in hydrothermal conditions.
* Other abiotic molecules:
* Other abiotic molecules involved in the steps of initializing the metabolism here and in the other 2 articles (prebiotic chemo-osmosis and prebiotic chirality) are assumed to exist as I mentioned in the introduction to the properties and geological evolution of the pocket prebiotic oil.
The industrial synthesis of glycerol from propene, component of fossil petroleum or synthetic oil, exists (see paragraph 7 of Table 3). Only the method used is very drastic and does not correspond to biological processes even under hydrothermal conditions: use of Cl2, HOCl, Ca (OH) 2, caustic soda, metal catalysts, high pressures and high temperatures. When the hydrogenation of glyceraldehyde it is made at high pressure of gas H2. Glycerol does not appear in the hydroformylation synthesis (paragraph 5) or in the formose reaction which are in aqueous phases and under near hydrothermal vents and produce glyceraldehyde and sugars, while H2 is present. So it does not appear with ethanolamine and amino acids under hydrothermal conditions in the presence of NH3 and H2 (see paragraph 3 of ethanolamine). Even if we assume that glycerol is produced in small quantities in the pocket of prebiotic oil, as I expressed earlier in this article, it would be difficult to move the reaction equilibrium by trapping on or in the liposome. So unless we assume that the prebiotic oil is produced under extreme conditions as I assumed in subduction zones should be as glycerol is produced at the same time and in large quantities, as many as half of fatty acids to form the head of the phospholipid and it should not be degraded. This situation seems implausible, no geochemical petroleum research or outside does not mention it. It is to these difficulties to synthesize hydrophilic head of phospholipids and the belief that I have posted in the introduction to this chapter that molecular evolution can only be done in a closed system, that I have undertaken in the first instance to study the properties of liposomes before understanding their synthesis. This is how I wrote the first article on chemo-osmosis. It is clear to me that the electrical potential established between the two leaflets of the bilayer should be the engine of molecular evolution. I tried with "prebiotic chemo-osmosis" to also propose a scheme of metabolism initialization and the synthesis of hydrophilic heads but this is in the second article "prebiotic chirality" where I developed consistently this metabolism initialization based on the mechanical cohesion of the liposome instead of the electric potential process. The 2 processes remaining complementary to the dynamic evolution of the liposome. It is important to note the writing dates of these articles for reflection and bibliographic research evolve and contradictions and inconsistencies between these articles can occur. As well as certain assumptions may be unfounded. I use to this discussion topic of Wikiversity to rectify. I started to write this article about the prebiotic oil quite early in my work. I had stopped at the table 3 for the reasons I mentioned to go to the writing of prebiotic chemo-osmosis. So thinking about the initialization of metabolism that I start there in this chapter comes after the writing on this subject in the two preceding articles and even after the research I have done then to conceptualize molecular evolution and evolution as a whole in continuity with Darwinian evolution. An article on the concept of molecular evolution is being written. What I describe in the following subchapter is the consolidation of all my research done so far on the initialization of metabolism by describing the early stages of molecular evolution.
* Note on the problem of abiotic synthesis of glycerol.
The initialization processes of metabolism
Initialization metabolic processes in the prebiotic oil may begin then, according to the hypothesis of confinement that I just mentioned, as soon as aqueous vesicles formed in the oil. It will then continue in the liposomes. According to the geological processes involved in the formation of prebiotic oil, by formation and diagenesis of clathrate gas at oceanic ridges or in the ascent of hydrothermal fluids along the subducted plates, physico-chemical processes that produce oil and hydrophilic molecules required for metabolic initialization will be different. It is only experimentation and field measurements that will decide, but already we can differentiate the two processes by their duration. The extreme conditions of hydrothermal fluids resemble industrial processes and seem to favor the production of NH3 by the Haber-Bosch process, the phosphate from apatite, that of HCN from CH4 and NH3 directly, and the oil by industrial processes FTT in extreme conditions. This production is fast and produces good water/oil emulsion due to the strong flow of fluids. But it poses a problem for some molecules such as CO and HCN issue very short-lived and may disappear quickly not allowing the renewal of small molecules from the hydroformylation (glyceraldehyde, DHA, glycolaldehyde) and amination (amino acids, ethanolamine, nucleic bases) which are more or less unstable especially in the extreme conditions of hydrothermal fluids. Against by diagenetic processes, as I detailed in the chapter on clathrates occur on geological times and can produce prebiotic soup continuously through a process of drip falling from the porous rock of clathrates/sediments in the oil phase already formed in the oil pocket. In the prebiotic soup before initialization metabolism in aqueous vesicles, we will find different products made by geochemical processes encountered so far and that can be classified as following:
* primary geochemical processes such as serpentinization producing gas H2 CO2 CH4 N2 H2S, sedimentation producing hydrogenphosphates for diagenesis and percolation producing free phosphate for hydrothermal fluids.
* Secondary geochemical processes during the ascent of hydrothermal fluids or diagenesis clathrates and using primary products. These processes use primarily catalysis mineral surfaces and high pressures and temperatures. These are:
* The process of FTT, H2 + CO, giving long chain of alcohols, fatty acids, olefins, and small molecules of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and especially formic acid (see equation FTT Table 2).
* The Haber-Bosch process, N2 + H2, to give NH3.
* Release by the heat and acidity, phosphates from hydrogénophosphastes and HCN from ferrocyanide.
* Tertiary processes, chemical processes, using products of secondary processes and may occur in water, ie the prebiotic soup. These are:
* The hydroformylation or formose reaction using formaldehyde + H2, and giving glyceraldehyde, glycolaldehyde and DHA.
* The amination using formic acid + NH3 to give Gly Ser Ala Glu Asp and ethanolamine but also HCN and nucleic bases.
* The synthesis of nucleic bases from HCN released from ferrocyanide.
* and finally phospho-esterification of glyceraldehyde, glycolaldehyde, DHA, ethanolamine and Ser.
Initialization metabolism in the aqueous vesicles of oil phase
But also in the interface water/oil of the 2 main phases. Four important processes run this initialization:
* Catalysis by the multi-anionic surface of the vesicle, the hydrogenation of Glyceraldehyde-P or P-DHA to glycerol-3P after fixing them on the fatty acid. Hydrogenation made possible by the presence of H2 (see more detail Prebiotic chirality Sub-Chapter 2, Section 4).
* The movement of chemical equilibria of prebiotic soup after the formation of the hydrophilic head.
* The esterification is the main engine displacement of chemical equilibria because it is a reversible reaction and athermal. The catalysis can be acidic or basic. Any process that traps the reactants moves its thermodynamic equilibrium. It should be noted that the majority of enzyme esterifications are directional so that the chemical reaction without enzyme is reversible. This is the main function of these enzymes. Initialization metabolism continues with the esterification of serine or ethanolamine or glycerol to the fixed arm of the phospholipid.
* Intercalation of hydrophobic molecules between fatty acids having in the interface water/oil of the vesicle chemical function other than the carboxylic function. This is the case of nucleic bases, but also hydroqinones. For nucleobases, forming the glycosidic bond with N of the base can be done first with the glyceraldehyde-P aided by the multi-ionic vesicle surface as to form the hydrophilic head, but without hydrogenation. Then add this product to a molecule of acetaldehyde to form a deoxy-glycoside (dRN) or a molecule of glycolaldehyde to form a glycoside (RN). DHA-P can take the place of glyceraldehyde-P after isomerization. These glycoside bonds are more difficult than the ester bonds. But the synthesis of saccharides is not a priority at this stage of initialization metabolism. Similarity can be compared synthesis of Thr (Gly + acetaldehyde) inside the vesicle to the formation of dR.
Initialization metabolism is limited by the availability of basic products including H2 as aqueous vesicles in the oil phase does not communicate with each other even by passive diffusion. Also there would be some vesicles that could turn into liposome the other would discharge their contents in the water phase and their phospholipids would fit in the main interface water/oil that will serve as the second sheet to the strongest vesicles to form a liposome which detach in the water phase.
Liposome formation
Passage of aqueous vesicles of the oil phase to the water phase covering with second sheet of phopholipids. By gravity, water is heavier than oil, aqueous vesicles go down to the water phase and get in touch with oil/water interface of the two main phases. This interface consists of phopholipids of aborted vesicles as we have seen in the previous paragraph. Pressure of vesicles accumulated on the interface forces solid vesicles to detach from the interface covering with second sheet of phopholipids. Liposomes are then formed.
Importance of liposomes in the initialization metabolism
Five major roles in the initialization of metabolism are the responsibility of the liposomes. The five zones of the interior to the exterior of the liposome, are (see more detail in Prebiotic chemio-osmosis ):
* The interior can now communicate with the outside by passive diffusion and bring most small molecules of prebiotic soup that spilled into the water phase after abortion of less robust vesicles. Initialization can thus continue except with phosphate, ions, and some large molecules and strongly polar molecules which require pore exchange.
* The mechanical cohesion of liposome accelerates the formation of phospholipids (see more detail Prebiotic chemio-osmosis ).
* Zwitterionic hydrophilic heads such as amino acids will trap any amino acid even more difficult to synthesize but can be found in the prebiotic soup according to the principle stated at the beginning of this article that any chemical reaction can take place over time in the pocket prebiotic oil. Including aliphatic amino acids and Thr we have seen in paragraph of aqueous vesicles. Moreover, the reaction we mentioned for the Thr may be done in the prebiotic soup before vesicle formation. These amino acids can form pores as discussed in the last role of the liposomes.
* The chemical reaction space is now differentiated in 5 zones by the liposome instead of 2 zones in aqueous vesicles.
* the center
* The inner wall of the bilayer (first sheet)
* Area aliphatic tails of the 2 sheets
* The outer wall of the bilayer (second sheet)
* The outside close to the wall
The chemical differentiation between inside and outside cause temporarily and time to time electric potential because ions come up to external surface, as in chemo-biotic osmosis. Amino acids hung on the outer wall of the bilayer by ionic loose bonds, hydrogen bonds or weak bonds by Van Der Walls force for hydrophobic groups tend to sink into the bilayer to reduce the electrical potential. In the article by prebiotic chemo-osmosis I involve alpha-hydroxy acids such as lactic acid, which can establish ester bonds between themselves or with the alpha-amino acids, bonds that we have seen in the formation of hydrophilic heads are very adapted for initializing the metabolism. This idea comes from the observation that prokaryotes use small cyclic molecules consisting of some alpha-hydroxy or amino acid monomers and serve as ionophores such as ion exchange channels. Just can one ionophore exchange ions, even very slightly, so that the prebiotic molecular evolution can continue and liposome become functional, and can interact with its environment. ( see more detail in Prebiotic chemio-osmosis ).
* Establishment of chemo-osmosis and pore formation.
The future of research on prebiotic oil
The search stops with geochemical processes. Indeed the geological and geochemical processes, especially with the composition of the prebiotic soup, even define the meaning of "origin of life" because beyond our control or any hypothesis. We can experience our assumptions about molecular evolution laboratory with the liposomes, but the initial conditions must be those of the pocket prebiotic oil discovery even if we could repeat the experience. The different research directions, always with a view of the origin of life and therefore of the formation of pockets of prebiotic oil, are:
* On passive margins
* 1) The formation and diagenesis of clathrates/sediments mixture
* 2) The formation of saliferous strata and zeolites on the ocean floor
* 3) Study rifts, their oil and volcanoes of carbonatites accompanying
* 4) Experimental diagenesis of clathrates/sediments mixture
* On subduction zones
* 1) Study of gas clathrates in accretionary prism
* 2) Study of hydrothermal fluids
* 3) Organic ejections of volcanoes in subduction zones
* The transforming plates: Produce they clathrates gas?
* The pocket fossil petroleum | WIKI |
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Convective heat transfer is one of the major modes of heat transfer, and convection is also a major mode of mass transfer in fluids. Convective heat and mass transfer take place both by diffusion – the random Brownian motion of individual particles in the fluid – and by advection, in which matter or heat is transported by the larger-scale motion of currents in the fluid. In the context of heat and mass transfer, the term "convection" is used to refer to the sum of advective and diffusive transfer.[1] In common use the term "convection" may refer loosely to heat transfer by convection, as opposed to mass transfer by convection, or the convection process in general. Sometimes "convection" is even used to refer specifically to "free heat convection" (natural heat convection) as opposed to forced heat convection. However, in mechanics the correct use of the word is the general sense, and different types of convection should be properly qualified for clarity.
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Eating Disorders and Twins
Is there a connection between anorexia/bulimia and twins?
Twins and eating disorders. Credit: James Woodson Creative #: 200318425-001
Is there an association between eating disorders and twins? A quick scan of headlines often seems to link the two subjects. A great deal of public attention was focused on the issue when Mary-Kate Olsen, half of the famous celebrity duo, was hospitalized for treatment of an eating disorder in June 2004. In addition, celebrity models Sia and Shane, "The Barbi Twins" battled bulimia. Did their status as twins have anything to do with their problems?
In fact, a 2014 study found that in a survey of more than two million individuals, children that were a multiple were 33 percent more likely to be diagnosed with an eating disorder.
What is an eating disorder?
Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa (self-starvation), bulimia nervosa (cycle of binge eating followed with purging by vomiting or use of laxatives) and binge eating (recurrent, compulsive bouts of overeating) are disorders that include extreme emotions, attitudes and behaviors surrounding weight and food issues. While anyone can be a victim of these devastating disorders, the most common sufferers are females in early to mid-adolescence. According to the National Eating Disorder Association, it is estimated that as many as 20 million females and 10 million males suffer from an eating disorder at some point.
What causes eating disorders?
They are complex conditions that arise from a combination of behavioral, emotional, psychological, interpersonal and social factors.
While scientists don't know for sure what causes a person to become unhealthy and anorexic, studying multiples have given them some clues about the genetic impact of the disorder. A study of over 1,000 sets of female twins by the Medical College of Virginia helped scientists identify the risk factors for bulimia.
Their research showed that pairs of identical (or monozygotic) twins had a much higher incidence of disorders than fraternal twins. Because identical twins share a genetic link (they have the same DNA), scientists made the connection that heredity plays a role in the disorder.
Some of the other emotional, psychological and environmental factors that cause eating disorders may make twins and multiple particularly susceptible. For example:
• Feelings of lack of control in life
• History of being teased or ridiculed based on size
• Cultural norms that value people based on the physical appearance.
• Overachieving personality
Twins are constantly being compared, and often their physical attributes are the basis for comparison and contrast. No matter how much alike they are, the public will always try to distinguish one twin as "bigger," "thinner," or "prettier." Multiples may feel driven to rebel against such labeling, or try to gain control over their physical appearance by using food to compensate. Because they are constantly compared to another individual, they may have a distorted body image, always viewing themselves in relation to their co-twin rather than having a true perception of themselves as an individual.
What are the effects of eating disorders?
Eating disorders can be fatal. When an anorexic starves herself, her body is denied the essential nutrients it needs to function. The body slows down all its processes to conserve energy, putting the victim at risk for fatigue, weakness, hair loss, muscle loss, bone deterioration and ultimately, heart failure. Bulimia leads to electrolyte imbalances, tooth decay, peptic ulcers, dehydration and can have the potential for gastric rupture, damage to the esophagus, and pancreatis. Many long-term health risks can be sustained, even after the bulimic ceases her cycle of bingeing and purging, for example: high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and heart disease.
What can parents do to protect their twins?
The National Eating Disorders Association (NEDA) makes some recommendations that parents can implement to prevent eating disorders in their children. They include:
• Educate your kids about weightism and sexism.
• Avoid overemphasizing beauty and body shape.
• Discuss the value of a healthy, well-balanced diet combined with moderate exercise.
• Identify and help children resist the ways that the media presents images based on body type.
• Promote self-esteem and self-respect by providing opportunities and encouragement.
In addition, parents can set a good example for their kids. Don't bemoan the extra pounds of pregnancy or nitpick your body's flaws in front of your children. Avoid fad dieting, but rather implement a healthy lifestyle for the entire family.
Finally, treat your twins or multiples as individuals. Although they can't escape the comparisons inflicted on them by the public, they should feel that they are appreciated for their own merit at home. Avoid emphasizing their physical differences, especially as they grow and develop; rather, celebrate their unique features and abilities.
Sources:
Berrettini, W.,"The Genetics of Eating Disorders." Psychiatry (Edgmont). 2004, pg. 18.
Goodman, A., et. al. "Associations Between Birth Characteristics and Eating Disorders Across the Life Course: Findings From 2 Million Males and Females Born in Sweden, 1975–1998." American Journal of Epidemiology. February 2014, pg. 852.
Kendler, K., et al."The structure of the genetic and environmental risk factors for six major psychiatric disorders in women. Phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, bulimia, major depression, and alcoholism." Archive of General Psychiatry. May, 1995. pg. 374. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Hughes Airport
Hughes Airport may refer to:
* Hughes Airport (Alaska), an active airport in Hughes, Alaska, United States (IATA: HUS)
* Hughes Airport (California), a former airport in Los Angeles, California, United States (IATA: CVR)
* Hughes Airfield, in the Northern Territory of Australia | WIKI |
User:TimBowe
I am a full time student currently attending the university of chicago, I am a political science major. I was born in oak lawn Illinois, and I am 18 years old.
Besides school my main interests are trying to improve my IQ and watching anything on C-SPAN. Besides C-SPAN i LOVE watching boxing. | WIKI |
The PS4-Likelihood Ratio Calculator: Flexible allocation of evidence weighting for case-control data in variant classification
Observation of a genomic variant at higher frequency in cases with disease compared to population controls can be compelling evidence towards the variant being pathogenic. We present the PS4-Likelihood Ratio Calculator, a tool with which the user defines the odds ratio (representing anticipated underlying strength of disease association for a gene). A likelihood ratio towards pathogenicity (or benignity) is then generated based on the observed case and control variant frequencies. We demonstrate various use-cases, such as a breast cancer susceptibility gene, a rare paediatric disease gene and a variant of suspected reduced penetrance. We anticipate the tool’s more flexible quantitative evaluation of case-control data will prove valuable applied to the forthcoming ‘points-based’ ACMG/AMP framework update. (By Professor Clare Turnbull, https://jmg.bmj.com/content/early/2024/09/03/jmg-2024-110034 )
(Visited 35 times, 1 visits today) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
As Other Republican Senators Bolt, Lindsey Graham Cozies Up to Trump
WASHINGTON — Three times in a single day last week, Senator Lindsey Graham’s cellphone rang. The first time, President Trump called about the health care fight in Congress. The second time, the president thanked the senator for defending his honor on television. Then Mr. Trump rang seeking more intelligence on health care. Mr. Graham — Republican of South Carolina and a onetime target of the president’s barbs on Twitter — has transformed himself into the Senate’s Trump whisperer, shrugging off the White House chaos, personal insults and deep ideological differences in exchange for Mr. Trump’s ear. The metamorphosis of Mr. Graham from chastised to cheerleader is all the more striking as his best friend and longtime mentor in the Senate, John McCain of Arizona, moves in the other direction, defiantly standing against the president as he battles brain cancer. And it comes as other senior Republican senators who share Mr. Graham’s long-held beliefs in an activist foreign policy and toleration toward immigrants challenge their colleagues to condemn Mr. Trump and his inward-looking “America First” views. Senator Bob Corker of Tennessee said Tuesday that the president was “debasing” the country. Senator Jeff Flake of Arizona criticized what he called the president’s “reckless, outrageous and undignified behavior.” Both lawmakers have said they will retire from office rather than continue to work with Mr. Trump. Mr. Graham — who worked with Mr. Flake on immigration and Mr. Corker on foreign policy — said he shared those “concerns about what the president says and how he behaves.” But cozying up is the better choice, he said. “I’m going to try to stay in a position where I can have input to the president,” Mr. Graham, 62, said in a lengthy interview. “I can help him where I can, and he will call me up and pick my brain. Now, if you’re a United States senator, that’s a good place to find yourself.” “He’s very popular in my state,” Mr. Graham continued. “When I help him, it helps me back home. And I think it probably helps him to be able to do business with an old rival who’s seen as a deal maker.” To Republican critics of Mr. Trump, Mr. Graham is risking his reputation with such a calculus. “Lindsey Graham knows better,” said Peter Wehner, who advised former President George W. Bush and is a contributing opinion writer for The New York Times. “Deep in his heart, he must know that Donald Trump is fundamentally unfit to be president, and he has to pretend that Trump is. And when you engage in a game like that, there’s often a cost to it.” Mr. Graham is willing to take the risk. Twice in the last two weeks, he has been the president’s golf partner. (Mr. Trump is better, he says.) There have been one-on-one huddles in the Oval Office. And two days before the series of phone calls last week, Mr. Trump brought Mr. Graham along for a 15-minute helicopter flight from Joint Base Andrews in Maryland to the White House after a trip aboard Air Force One. Few people ever get to join the president on Marine One. Likely no one has been invited to fly as a guest aboard the presidential helicopter after calling the commander in chief “the world’s biggest jackass,” as Mr. Graham once said of Mr. Trump. (Mr. Trump, then a candidate for the White House, responded by calling Mr. Graham “an idiot.”) Somehow, though, a president who is famous for nursing grudges appears to have put the past behind him. And despite their differences — on immigration, race relations and isolationism — Mr. Trump and Mr. Graham have become Washington’s oddest odd couple, working together to repeal the Affordable Care Act, cut taxes and increase military spending. “We have become friends while working to get health care and tax cuts for the American people,” Mr. Trump said in an email response to a question about their relationship. “Senator Graham is a fighter and a good person.” That has not always been Mr. Trump’s opinion of Mr. Graham. This summer, after the senator criticized the president’s comments about the racial violence in Virginia after the death of a protester, Heather Heyer, Mr. Trump lashed out. “Publicity seeking Lindsey Graham falsely stated that I said there is moral equivalency between the KKK, neo-Nazis & white supremacists, and people like Ms. Heyer,” the president said on Twitter. “Such a disgusting lie. He just can’t forget his election trouncing. The people of South Carolina will remember!” Some Republicans said they were not entirely surprised by Mr. Graham’s embrace of the president. “He’s being very pragmatic,” said Mike Murphy, a longtime Republican consultant who is also an outspoken critic of Mr. Trump’s, adding that the senator was engaged in “a delicate dance.” “I don’t give him any demerits on supporting him where they agree on policy,” Mr. Murphy said. Health care has been one of those areas. Mr. Graham first opposed, then supported, the Senate’s unsuccessful effort to pass a narrow “skinny” repeal of the Affordable Care Act this summer. Frustrated and unwilling to give up, Mr. Graham used a private meeting in the Oval Office to urge support for a plan that relies on block grants to states. When that plan stalled, the private meeting gave it new life, according to former Senator Rick Santorum, Republican of Pennsylvania, who has been helping develop the block grant proposal. “We were getting nowhere until Lindsey met with Trump, and Trump said, ‘Hey, you’ve got to start working with these guys,’” Mr. Santorum recalled. “They were paying us lip service until Trump said, ‘Hey, I want this to happen.’ As Lindsey got Trump more engaged, the White House got more engaged.” Mr. Graham said he was trying to help Mr. Trump turn his “message into legislative success,” adding: “I think what he sees in me is a guy that is willing to try to find a way to make something happen. I’m willing to do things that sometimes other Republicans won’t.” But Mr. Wehner cautioned that Mr. Graham must be careful. “There’s a rule of thumb when it comes to Donald Trump: Everybody who gets close to him or supportive of him in one way or another is stained by him,” he said. “I suspect that Lindsey Graham is going to find that out the hard way. He’ll be used.” The senator insists he is frank with Mr. Trump when he disagrees with him. For instance, Mr. Trump wants to do away with the filibuster, the Senate rule that requires a 60-vote threshold to pass most legislation. Mr. Graham wants to keep it. “We argue about this all the time,” the senator said. Looking ahead, Mr. Graham envisioned working with the president on issues as varied as an immigration overhaul — Mr. Trump has “credibility no one else has” — and a minimum-wage increase, which Mr. Graham says he intends to introduce when the Senate considers revamping the tax code. He said Mr. Trump “loved” the idea. Mr. Graham’s Republican colleagues in the Senate, meanwhile, are keeping close watch on the newfound friendship. “Lindsey and the president are the most interesting couple in Washington,” said Senator Bill Cassidy, the Louisiana Republican who is Mr. Graham’s co-sponsor on the health care measure. “They kind of fuss with each other, and then they go play golf.” Mr. Corker offered another possible reason for their bonding: “Lindsey’s fun!” Mr. Graham says much the same about the president: “He’s a lot of fun. He’s just like me. He’s just a B.S. artist on the golf course.” | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
TEETH WHITENING
Teeth whitening is a procedure done to lighten the shade of your teeth without reducing any part of your tooth by using a gel composed of Carbamide peroxide or hydrogen peroxide.
There are a number of reasons why the natural color of teeth becomes yellow, brown or gray.
1) Congenital / Medicine related
Tetracycline or Doxycycline (antibiotic) when taken at the same time that the permanent teeth are developing may make the shade somewhat grayish. This will be observed later in life upon erupting. Some mouthwash such as chlorhexidine or Iodine may also cause tooth stains.
2) Diet
Food and drinks that is heavily pigmented or has artificial pigments such as coffee, tea, coca-cola can attach to enamel and hence alter its color.
3) Smoking
Nicotine and Tar are the external stains found on the outer surface of the enamel upon prolonged smoking of tobacco.
4) Trauma
Accidents that cause trauma to the teeth and its devitalization may cause internal stains
5) Caries
Teeth that becomes carious are observed to have pinpoint or localized stains. But once the caries reaches the vital pulp and causes it to be inflamed and potentially devitalized, it becomes grayish in color both internally and externally.
6) Age
The outer enamel layer gets thinner as we age due to brushing and other factors. This makes the yellow inner layer which is the dentin to show through.
What are the procedures?
The gums are covered with a protective gel to the gums or a rubber shield. The bleach is then applied to the teeth. UVor laser light will be used as an activator or to increase the effectivity of the bleach.
Will there be any side effects of teeth whitening?
Most commonly reported is teeth sensitivity. This is because some of the bleach that is used penetrates the sensitive part of the tooth which is the dentin. Some patients do not finish the cycle repetitions and they reschedule on another appointment. Most of the cases reported are only temporary and fluoride may be used as a protective agent.
Can this be prevented?
This can be prevented by advising the patient to use teeth desensitizers 2 weeks prior to the scheduled session for teeth whitening and 2 weeks after.
Will the whitening be permanent?
The effects of whitening can last up to three years but this actually depends on the kind of diet the person has. If the patient is fond of drinking coffee, tea or if he/she has a smoking habit, then the effects of whitening will be less likely to stay longer.
Will tooth bleaching be effective on all stained teeth?
Teeth that are devitalized will only be whitened by internal bleaching. Tetracycline may only have slight or no changes in bleaching and nicotine stains should be removed via teeth whitening or by using ultrasonic scalers.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Draft:New Blood Zeta
Sangre Nueva Zeta is a Mexican criminal syndicate formed in 2019. The organization is made up of former members of Los Zetas. | WIKI |
Bobby Bowry
Robert John Bowry (born 19 May 1971) is a former professional footballer who played as a midfielder from 1990 until 2008.
He played in the Premier League with Crystal Palace, and in the Football League with Queens Park Rangers, Millwall and Colchester United. He finished his career in non-league football with Gravesend & Northfleet and Bromley. Born in England, he represented the Saint Kitts and Nevis national team. Upon retiring he worked as a coach and is now a football agent.
Playing career
Bowry began his career at Queens Park Rangers, but he failed to make a first-team league appearance. He moved to Crystal Palace in April 1992 on a free transfer. Helping the team win Division Two in 1993–94, he had made 50 league appearances and scored one goal at Palace before being sold to Millwall in July 1995 for £220,000. Bowry spent six years at Millwall, making 140 league appearances, scoring 5 goals, and also appeared twice in 2000 for Saint Kitts and Nevis national football team. He was released from Millwall in 2001, and signed for Colchester United, where he made 106 league appearances and scored 2 goals. In May 2005, Bowry was released by Colchester. He was signed by Gravesend & Northfleet in July 2005 on a one-year contract. After one season at Gravesend, he joined Bromley in a player-coach role. After two seasons at Bromley, Bowry quit when the club was put up for sale and retired.
Football agent
He is now believed to be a football agent with a number of Premier League and Football League players on his books.
Personal life
Bowry's father was born in Saint Kitts and Nevis while his mother was born in Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda. His son, Daniel Bowry, is also a professional footballer who plays for the Antigua and Barbuda national football team. Bowry's daughter, Lauren, is a singer and dancer who competed on the BBC talent show Little Mix The Search in 2020, as part of the girl group Melladaze which was formed on the show.
Club
* Crystal Palace
* Football League Second Division Winner (1): 1993–94
Millwall F.C
Football League Trophy Runner Up-1998-99 | WIKI |
Your paper should be a minimum of 3000 words in length. This paper aims to study and understand the focus of modern architecture towards housing designs and its importance. For this purpose, Le Corbusier has been selected as an individual architect of modern architecture who formed various principles for house designs. A number of factors have been added in the discussion paper to understand the intensity of significance given to house design by the modern architects.
Before understanding the context of the modern architecture and housing design, it is important to understand the vision of Le Corbusier. The Swiss architect was famous for his urban designing and theories that were later worked upon by various writers. It comes visible from his theories that home needed a revamp as traditional homes had limits in providing relation and signatory style to its owner. Most importantly, the defensible space theory was also formulated in this context. It was noted that houses were no less than a sacred place for people to live in. They had a control over their spaces and everything that was in that space. It was for this reason that the modern architects had to come up with new features of house design. It was for this reason that the modern architecture experienced new features in the design and architecture of housing projects. These included the inclusion of pilotis, free plan, roof garden etc1.
The addition of pilots in the house design in modern architecture allowed the mass to be held in elevation as it provided support. It can be marked that free plan was obtained with the help of separation of load-bearing columns. These columns rather worked as a base for creating walls to divide the free plan into different spaces. In addition, it should be noted that Le Corbusier made use of the free façade that provided corollary which further created the vertical plane for house designing2. The material which was previously being used by the architects also changed to a great extent. | FINEWEB-EDU |
There is a painful foot deformity that gives the toes a claw like appearance, much like the end of a hammer. We refer to this condition as hammertoe. It is a result of ligament and muscle discrepancies around toe joints. The middle joint of a toe becomes imbalanced and bends down in an abnormal matter. The Advanced Foot Care Specialists of Las Vegas can cure this hammer-like appearance.
Dr. Levine treats two different types of hammertoes: rigid, in which tendons become stiff and press the joint completely out of alignment; and flexible, which allows the toe to still bend at the joint. During the flexible stage, in early development, many treatment options are available. In contrast, the rigid stage confines the toe to a fixed irregular position and often require surgical correction.
What Causes My Toe To Curl?
As this deformity develops, muscle divergence places pressure on tendons and toe joints. This excess pressure causes the toe to bend downward into a hammerhead form. There are four major contributing factors to this type of condition.
Trauma encompasses any sort of jamming, stubbing, or breaking of the toe. These injuries are a gateway for bone deformity.
Genes play a role. Though the condition itself isn't hereditary, having flat feet and high arches are. These inheritable factors make the feet unstable, causing individuals to become susceptible to the development of curled toes.
Shoes that are too tight will push the toes out of alignment, as will high heels. If the toes become too crowded or are forced into small confines they are unable to lie flat. If these conditions persist, they become permanently fixed in a curled position.
Nerve Injury or Disorder such as stroke or diabetes can cause medical complications in the form of nerve damage. Nerve damage to the feet can lead to hammertoe. If you have one of these conditions, see Dr. Levine at the first sign of foot pain.
Some other factors to take into consideration include toe length, age, and gender. Due to high heels, women are most likely to experience joint complications. Likelihood increases if your second toe is longer than the first and as you get older.
What are the Symptoms?
Tenderness at the top of the affected toe is common. The position of the toe causes friction and irritability when wearing socks and shoes. Movement may become restricted and extremely painful. Calluses and corns are also likely to develop.
How is it Treated?
Proper footwear cannot be emphasized enough. Wearing the right shoes makes all the difference. Your podiatrist may prescribe custom orthotics to relieve pressure and friction along the affected toe, as well as foot exercises to restore muscle balance. Prescription medication and injections of cortisone work to mitigate pain and swelling. Depending on the severity of your condition, surgery may be needed. Surgical procedures to eliminate hammertoe focus on realignment of the joints.
Don't hesitate to call one of our three Las Vegas offices. Advanced Foot Care Specialists can be reached at 702-839-2010. You can also book an appointment online. You don't have to live with foot pain. Our friendly team is more than happy to help! We look forward to hearing from you. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Template talk:Los Angeles County, California
CDP
CDP is an unfamiliar abbreviation and should be spelled out. I didn't know what it was when I read it, and I have a master's degree. It is can also mean many things to many people. See CDP for a list of them. Sincerely, GeorgeLouis (talk) 05:48, 18 April 2008 (UTC)
* Its pretty much standard across the county nav templates to abbreviate census-designated place as CDP. If a user is unsure what CDP means, they can click on the wikilink. VerruckteDan (talk) 13:32, 18 April 2008 (UTC)
* There are a few Louisiana parish templates that list them as "Census-designated places", but I don't think any navbox for a US county does, while hundreds list them as "CDPs". Moreover, it's not like the link goes to CDP: it goes to census-designated place. Nyttend (talk) 14:02, 18 April 2008 (UTC)
We have to remember that WP is used by everybody from students to savants, and most people are unfamiliar with technical abbreviations. I can't put my finger on a WP policy regarding abbreviations right now, but most stylebooks warn against using odd abbreviations, and this is certainly one of them. If you can find a policy either allowing or (preferably) favoring the use of CDP, kindly let everybody know. Also, it does readers no favor to make them click on a link to find out what any given word or abbreviation actually means when it can be simply presented to them in the first place. VSY (very sincerely yours), GeorgeLouis (talk) 17:10, 18 April 2008 (UTC)
P.S. WP stands for Wikipedia. (Smile.)
* The idea of a "census-designated place" is unfamiliar to many people. We don't need to use abbreviations with many other things too, but we do. Navigational templates, after all, aren't everything; if you're looking at the San Gabriel article and decide you want to look at Lennox, it won't take that long, and as soon as you get to the Lennox article, you'll see an explanation of what CDP means. Please don't continue taking the template away from the usual format. Nyttend (talk) 17:50, 18 April 2008 (UTC)
Request for comment
18:20, 18 April 2008 (UTC)
* I would find Census-designated place only slightly less obscure than CDP. Since there's room, we could consider spelling out here; but it's not mandatory. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 23:46, 4 May 2008 (UTC)
* I agree in every respect with PMAnderson. Powers T 14:54, 12 May 2008 (UTC)
List of cities in Los Angeles County, California
I believe we should add the above link to the template because it gives more information about the cities in LA County and it's more specific than the List of cities in California. This page may be the first list of cities in a county, that's why there are no links in any of the county templates. Los Angeles County can be the first one and the rest of the counties may follow.-- Crzycheetah 19:24, 28 July 2008 (UTC)
* It is most likely the first such article, but then again there is no other county/parish/etc. in the United States that has over 85 incorporated municipalities. Almost every other such page, if created, would be relatively short that they would eventually be merged back into their respective main article. For example, I personally would see no reason to split something like San Bernardino County, California, especially since that article is still below the recommended 32 KB limit. Zzyzx11 (Talk) 14:33, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
* You could find a few other counties with this many municipalities: Cook County, Illinois, St. Louis County, Minnesota, and a few Pennsylvania counties (perhaps Allegheny, Chester, and Montgomery) but they're not all the same type of municipality. Thanks for the explanation: I didn't understand why you thought this should be any different from any other county. Nyttend (talk) 17:39, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
* I am glad that my explanation helped you understand it now.-- Crzycheetah 19:20, 29 July 2008 (UTC)
LA city's unincorporated communities
Regarding this revert, first of all I don't see how Category:Los Angeles navigational boxes is that that relevant, having infoboxes for parts of LA city does not prevent this infobox from listing LA city's unincorporated communities, and I'm not advocating that the LA infoboxes be deleted.
Secondly, they are unincorporated communities, see Unincorporated communities (United States). Unincorporated communities can exist entirely within a municipality; what matters is not whether the community is within an incorporated or unincorporated area, but whether the community itself is incorporated. My understanding is that normally, county navboxes list even unincorporated communities that are completely within a municipality.
Lastly, what's the problem with large size? Large size might make it worth having infoboxes for parts of the parts of LA city for organizational reasons, but again that doesn't prevent this infobox from listing LA city's unincorporated communities. I can see how it might be a problem to list the simply LA city unincorporated communities normally, there are so many of them that they would overwhelm the non-LA city ones, but that's not a plobleam here. I gave them thiar own subsection within "Unincorporated communities" Emmette Hernandez Coleman (talk) 08:03, 11 July 2013 (UTC)
* First, Unincorporated communities (United States) clearly states, "In local government in the United States, an unincorporated area generally refers to the part of a county which is outside of any municipality" and "Due to differences in state laws regarding the incorporation of communities, there is a great variation in the distribution and nature of unincorporated areas" (emphasis added) Other states in the nation may be different, BUT not California. California government is unique, and what may apply in some states like Massachusetts (per the example cited there) does not in California. Your argument reminds me of WP:OTHERSTUFFEXISTS and WP:COMMONAME. Just because some standard is done in some navboxes regarding counties in other states does not necessarily apply in California. All communities within the LA city limits are inside an incorporated municipality. They are generally commonly regarded in California, and the LA area, as districts or neighborhoods, not "unincorporated communities". I can also cite a reliable source from the LA Times: where they also call it "neighborhoods within the city of Los Angeles", not "unincorporated communities within the city of Los Angeles". Do you have reliable sources from California specifically saying they are "unincorporated communities"? Various Wikipedia style guidelines from WP:ENGVAR to WP:AT to WP:DATE recommend to use the local or regional terminology, not defer to the same worldwide or national standard across the board. Nor should we solely rely on a general rule from a Wikipedia article or section (in this case, the Unincorporated communities article) that is currently tagged with Refimprove and lacks sufficient citations.
* And yes, in terms of size, I quote WP:NAVBOX: "templates with a large numbers of links are not forbidden, but can appear overly busy and be hard to read and use" (emphasis added) The template already lists 88 cities in LA county, and scores more CDPs, ghost towns and other settlements. And you want to cram 80 more links into one navbox? The districts and neighborhoods where previously all on Template:Los Angeles before discussion on Template talk:Los Angeles had consensus to spilt them apart. Again, LA county is unique in that it has tons and tons of settlements, and what conventions are used for navboxes for topics in the Eastern U.S. should not necessarily apply to California. An "other stuff exists" argument (e.g. "Template:Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania does it too") is not a valid reason to include all the City of LA districts and communities on this county template. Zzyzx11 (talk) 03:46, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
* And if you are wondering: No, LA County and the City of LA are NOT coterminous. That is another reason why the Template: Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania standard should not apply here too. Again, I'm puzzled how you got the idea that Hollywood, for example, is commonly regarded in California or the LA area as an "unincorporated community" when other reliable sources such as the LA Times page I mentioned above refer to them as "districts or neighborhoods within the city of LA". Even the Hollywood article does not use the term "unincorporated community" to describe it. Zzyzx11 (talk) 05:03, 12 July 2013 (UTC)
* I also want to know what do you plan to do with the other districts in LA county that are inside municipalities (or as you would put it "unincorporated communities"), such as those in the cities of Long Beach, Agoura Hills, Culver City, Santa Monica and others. Who is to stop others once you open that "pandora's box"? Again, I quote WP:NAVBOX: "templates with a large numbers of links are not forbidden, but can appear overly busy and be hard to read and use" (emphasis added). They were not originally designed to be the size of separate list pages with over 300 or 400 links, you know (which iit will be if every single populated place in LA County is included). Zzyzx11 (talk) 10:48, 14 July 2013 (UTC)
Ghost towns
Hello all, I just noticed that the bottom of this template includes places categorized as "ghost towns," but includes Tongva villages that were abandoned or depopulated by Spanish colonialism without leaving much in the way of ruins or structures. I appreciate the need for a category for known settlements that are no longer inhabited, but I don't think "Ghost town" is the proper designation for a category--am I totally off-base on this?--Rockero (talk) 23:15, 29 November 2013 (UTC)
* This could be changed to "Former settlements", like what is currently on Template:Alameda County, California, Template:El Dorado County, California, Template:Kern County, California, and others. Zzyzx11 (talk) 01:07, 30 November 2013 (UTC)
I don’t know that anyone is in charge of this template but I think the whole Ghost Towns/former Settlements should probably be spun off into its own thing anyway. jengod (talk) 00:26, 24 October 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:Journal of a Voyage to Greenland, in the Year 1821.djvu/62
36 full plumage until five years of age, and live very long.
The difficulties, which we expected to meet with in keeping our course, accumulated as the ice became more compact and the pieces much larger; the face of the ocean being often totally excluded from our sight by the immense bodies floating on its surface. I could not help beholding with wonder and delight, the movements of the ship through them; it now being deemed necessary to have recourse to boring the ice, that is, forcing a passage through large bodies of it. The address requisite was very interesting; and nothing but the most skilful seamanship, and prompt obedience of the ship to the movements of the helm, could effect what came under my observation. I went to the bows to observe the tactics employed in facing the enemy, and was much gratified by the judicious mode of attack. To meet an immense surface of ice,, perhaps fifty times the ship's superior in weight, in hasty advance or in front, would be ineffectual; therefore, on approaching it, the rapid movement of the ship was progressively cheeked, until the bow was introduced between two of the pieces, and at the instant of contact, the whole power of the sails was applied to force aside the obstruction. During the day we passed several fragments of ice-bergs, that probably had been the growth of ages, and were of the richest | WIKI |
Sir Lachlan Maclean, 12th Baronet
Sir Lachlan Hector Charles Maclean of Duart and Morven, 12th Baronet, CVO, DL (born 25 August 1942) is the 28th chief of Clan Maclean.
Biography
Lachlan Hector Charles Maclean was born on 25 August 1942, the elder child of Charles Maclean (later created a life peer as Baron Maclean) and his wife, Elizabeth Mann. He was educated at Eton.
On 2 November 1966, he married Mary Helen Gordon (31 October 1943 – 30 December 2007), and the couple had five children. On the death of his father in 1990, he succeeded him as a Baronet of Nova Scotia and as Chief of the Name and Arms of Maclean. On 8 September 2010, he married Rosemary Matheson.
Honours
* Adjutant, Royal Company of Archers.
* Commissioned Deputy Lieutenant of Argyll and Bute (1993).
* Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (1999).
Issue
* Emma Mary Maclean (b. 1967)
* Sara Elizabeth Elen Maclean (1969–1971)
* Malcolm Lachlan Charles Maclean, Younger of Duart and Morven (b. 1972)
* Alexandra Caroline Maclean (b. 1975)
* Andrew William Maclean (b. 1979) | WIKI |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 108 Part 3.djvu/270
108 STAT. 2022 PUBLIC LAW 103-322—SEPT. 13, 1994 if such act would constitute a violation of section 471, 473, or 474 if committed within the United States, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both.", (b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENTS.— (1) CHAPTER ANALYSIS.— The chapter analysis for chapter 25 of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding before section 471 the following new item: "470. Counterfeit acts committed outside the United States.". (2) PART ANALYSIS.— The part analysis for part I of title 18, United States Code, is amended by amending the item for chapter 25 to read as follows: "25. Counterfeiting and forgery 470". 28 USC 994 note. SEC. 120004. SENTENCING GUIDELINES INCREASE FOR TERRORIST CRIMES. The United States Sentencing Commission is directed to amend its sentencing guidelines to provide an appropriate enhancement for any felony, whether committed within or outside the United States, that involves or is intended to promote international terrorism, unless such involvement or intent is itself an element of the crime. SEC. 120005. PROVIDING MATERIAL SUPPORT TO TERRORISTS. (a) OFFENSE. — Chapter 113A of title 18, United States Code, is amended by adding the following new section: ^§ 2339A. Providing material support to terrorists "(a) DEFINITION.—In this section, 'material support or resources' means currency or other financial securities, financial services, lodging, training, safehouses, false documentation or identification, communications equipment, facilities, weapons, lethal substances, explosives, personnel, transportation, and other physical assets, but does not include humanitarian assistance to persons not directly involved in such violations. "(b) OFFENSE.— A person who, within the United States, provides material support or resources or conceals or disguises the nature, location, source, or ownership of material support or resources, knowing or intending that they are to be used in preparation for, or in carrying out, a violation of section 32, 36, 351, 844 (f) or (i), 1114, 1116, 1203, 1361, 1363, 1751, 2280, 2281, 2331, or 2339 of this title or section 46502 of title 49, or in preparation for or carrying out the concealment of an escape from the commission of any such violation, shall be fined under this title, imprisoned not more than 10 years, or both. "(c) INVESTIGATIONS.— "(1) IN GENERAL. —Within the United States, an investigation may be initiated or continued under this section only when facts reasonably indicate that— "(A) in the case of an individual, the individual knowingly or intentionally engages, has engaged, or is about to engage in the violation of this or any other Federal criminal law; and "(B) in the case of a group of individuals, the group knowingly or intentionally engages, has engaged, or is about to engage in the violation of this or any other Federal criminal law.
� | WIKI |
Page:Raymond Spears--Diamond Tolls.djvu/155
any boat. Make ten mile an hour, an' she was new, last year, but ain't be'n took care of right. Three hundred."
"She! You expect we—we could do hit?"
"Ain' you a man? Ain' I a man?" Macrado demanded. "Cayn't you shoot, an cayn't I shoot? No questions asted on Old Mississip'"
Frest's eyes gleamed with hopeful avarice. This thing that Macrado suggested stirred him to his soul. It reminded him of his own thought that luck breaks right to a man sometimes. Wasn't it likely to break right this time?
"Diamonds is hard to get away with," Macrado admitted, "but we can go around; if White Collar Dan could get to learn, we could. We'll get a little money for the gasolene boat—get our money back, so's we could go East. Maybe the detectives would chase afteh us if they heard we had them. We could just slide around from place to place. Nobody'd know."
"Yassuh, hit's so!" Frest approved. "I could git a httle ready money an' we could keep a goin' circlin' around, kinda livin' nowheres in particular." Macrado looked keenly at the junker, but dropped his eyes. They whispered their scheme over; they would purchase a gasolene boat and go hunting the girl, Delia. Watching White Collar Dan, and taking in any strangers who might appear, and who might | WIKI |
w3resource
SQL Tutorial
SQL character function
character function
A character or string function is a function which takes one or more characters or numbers as parameters and returns a character value. Basic string functions offer a number of capabilities and return a string value as a result set.
SQL character functions are:
Functions Description
lower() The SQL LOWER() function is used to convert all characters of a string to lower case.
upper() The SQL UPPER() function is used to convert all characters of a string to uppercase.
trim() The SQL TRIM() removes leading and trailing characters(or both) from a character string.
translate() The SQL TRANSLATE() function replaces a sequence of characters in a string with another sequence of characters. The function replaces a single character at a time.
Here is a new document which is a collection of questions with short and simple answers, useful for learning SQL as well as for interviews.
Practice SQL Exercises
Want to improve the above article? Contribute your Notes/Comments/Examples through Disqus.
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Next: Character Function LOWER
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Build details
Build information
State
failed
Epoch
None
Version
2.6.1
Release
1.fc30
Started
2019-08-25 17:41:35
Finished
2019-08-25 17:44:06
Koji repo
1248594
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failed
x86_64
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Build logs
x86_64
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B | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Jacka
Jacka may refer to:
* Jacka, Australian Capital Territory, a suburb of Canberra, Australia
* The Jacka (1977–2015), American rapper
* Albert Jacka (1893–1932), Australian army captain
* Benedict Jacka (born 1980), British writer
* Beryl Elaine Jacka (1913–1989), Australian administrator
* David Jacka (born 1968), Australian aviator and activist | WIKI |
Frequent question: Are vegetarians usually thinner?
Vegetarians are typically leaner than meat eaters because a vegetarian diet usually has less saturated fat and focuses on foods like fruits, vegetables and whole grains that often have less calories. Vegans have even less exposure to fats since they avoid all animal based products including eggs, milk, cheese and more.
Do vegetarians tend to weigh less?
Vegetarians usually weigh less than non-vegetarians. In one study, researchers found that while obesity is growing in the United States, it only affects 0% to 6% of vegetarians. Other studies show that vegetarian children tend to be leaner than children who eat animal foods.
Do vegetarians have thinner blood?
SUMMARY. Vegans are thinner, have lower serum cholesterol and blood pressure, and enjoy a lower risk of CVD.
Do vegetarians lose more weight than meat eaters?
Although surveys show that vegetarians tend to weigh less than meat-eaters, you may not experience sustained weight loss by turning vegetarian. A recent study compared the eating habits of people before and after they began eating vegetarian.
INTERESTING: What steak seasoning is gluten free?
What’s a skinny fat person?
“Skinny fat” is a term that refers to having a relatively high percentage of body fat and a low amount of muscle mass, despite having a “normal” BMI. People of this body composition may be at a heightened risk of developing diabetes and heart disease.
Why am I gaining weight eating vegetarian?
But a vegetarian diet isn’t automatically low calorie. You can gain weight on a vegetarian diet if your portion sizes are too big or if you eat too many high-calorie foods, such as sweetened beverages, fried items, snack foods and desserts.
What happens to blood after eating meat?
“Animal fat in your bloodstream has the same effect,” he says. “If you’re eating animal fat, your blood is actually thicker and has a hard time circulating. So the heart has to push harder to get the blood to flow. If you’re not eating meat, your blood viscosity drops and your blood pressure drops.
What foods prevent blood clots?
Don’t: Eat the Wrong Foods
So you have to be careful about the amounts of kale, spinach, Brussels sprouts, chard, or collard or mustard greens you eat. Green tea, cranberry juice, and alcohol can affect blood thinners, too.
Why eating meat is bad for your body?
Research shows that people who eat red meat are at an increased risk of death from heart disease, stroke or diabetes. Processed meats also increase the risk of death from these diseases. And what you don’t eat can also harm your health.
What are the negative side effects of not eating meat?
Vitamin Deficiencies
INTERESTING: Is been pollen vegan?
However, iodine, zinc, and vitamin B12 are hard to come by when you leave meat, seafood, and dairy products out of your meals. Without these nutrients, you can suffer from goiters, fatigue, diarrhea, loss of taste and smell, and even neurological damage.
How do vegetarians get rid of belly fat?
We enlist the best vegetarian protein-rich foods to lose weight and burn belly fat.
Vegetarian Protein-Rich Foods For Weight Loss
1. Lentils (Dal) About a cupful of cooked dal has 18 grams of protein. …
2. Chickpeas (Chana) …
3. Amaranth And Quinoa. …
4. Spinach.
16.10.2019
Will I lose weight if I stop eating meat?
Does It Work? It can help you lose weight, but how much you eat still counts. Research shows that vegetarians tend to weigh less than people who eat meat. Plus, plant-based foods such as fruits and vegetables are generally high in nutrition and low in calories, and are important parts of a heart-healthy diet.
Why am I skinny but have a belly?
If your stomach sticks out even if you are skinny, you may need to change certain habits to try to get rid of it. In order to do so, first you need to figure out what causes your protruded belly. It may be the regular consumption of alcohol, stress, hormones, bad posture, recent pregnancy, bloating, or others.
Is it bad to be skinny?
It’s certainly possible to be dangerously thin. Individuals with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia—and those with wasting diseases such as cancer, AIDS, and heart failure—can lose so much weight that they don’t have enough energy or basic building blocks to keep themselves alive.
INTERESTING: Why can Vegans eat oysters?
Why do I look skinny but weigh a lot?
Since dense muscle tissue takes up less space than fat, it’s possible you may weigh the same (or even more) yet appear slimmer than another person with the same weight, a similar height and frame because of the difference in your body composition.”
Healthy eating secrets | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Publications of SPCL
T. Schneider, R. Gerstenberger, T. Hoefler:
Application-oriented ping-pong benchmarking: how to assess the real communication overheads
(Journal of Computing. Vol 96, Nr. 4, pages 279-292, Springer Vienna, ISSN: 0010-485X, Apr. 2014, )
Special issue on top picks from EuroMPI'12.
Publisher Reference
Abstract
Moving data between processes has often been discussed as one of the major bottlenecks in parallel computing—there is a large body of research, striving to improve communication latency and bandwidth on different networks, measured with ping-pong benchmarks of different message sizes. In practice, the data to be communicated generally originates from application data structures and needs to be serialized before communicating it over serial network channels. This serialization is often done by explicitly copying the data to communication buffers. The message passing interface (MPI) standard defines derived datatypes to allow zero-copy formulations of non-contiguous data access patterns. However, many applications still choose to implement manual pack/unpack loops, partly because they are more efficient than some MPI implementations. MPI implementers on the other hand do not have good benchmarks that represent important application access patterns. We demonstrate that the data serialization can consume up to 80 % of the total communication overhead for important applications. This indicates that most of the current research on optimizing serial network transfer times may be targeted at the smaller fraction of the communication overhead. To support the scientific community, we extracted the send/recv-buffer access patterns of a representative set of scientific applications to build a benchmark that includes serialization and communication of application data and thus reflects all communication overheads. This can be used like traditional ping-pong benchmarks to determine the holistic communication latency and bandwidth as observed by an application. It supports serialization loops in C and Fortran as well as MPI datatypes for representative application access patterns. Our benchmark, consisting of seven micro-applications, unveils significant performance discrepancies between the MPI datatype implementations of state of the art MPI implementations. Our micro-applications aim to provide a standard benchmark for MPI datatype implementations to guide optimizations similarly to the established benchmarks SPEC CPU and Livermore Loops.
Documents
download article:
BibTeX
@article{schneider-app-oriented-ping-pong,
author={Timo Schneider and Robert Gerstenberger and Torsten Hoefler},
title={{Application-oriented ping-pong benchmarking: how to assess the real communication overheads}},
journal={Journal of Computing},
institution={},
year={2014},
month={04},
pages={279-292},
volume={96},
number={4},
publisher={Springer Vienna},
issn={0010-485X},
note={},
doi={10.1007/s00607-013-0330-4},
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:ChroniclesOfSheep
ChroniclesOfSheep is an upcoming internet presence that appears at random on various social media, networking and information websites (think Internet Pokémon). ChroniclesOfSheep knows that resistance in futile in regards to the FACT that a certain group of woollen placental mammals are plotting global domination. When it happens, ChroniclesOfSheep rejects the idea of gloating with an 'I told you so'. | WIKI |
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