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Cosmeceuticals
Cosmeceuticals are skin care products that combine cosmetic and pharmaceutical qualities, often containing active ingredients intended to improve skin health and appearance.
Overview
Cosmeceuticals are a cutting-edge category of skincare products that have gained widespread recognition for their ability to deliver science-based solutions to a range of skin concerns. A blend of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, they offer a host of benefits for skincare enthusiasts. These products stand out for their potent ingredients, delivering higher concentrations of active components than standard cosmetics.
Types
• Anti-Aging Serums: Formulated with active ingredients like retinol and peptides to reduce wrinkles and improve skin elasticity.
• Vitamin C Products: Contain high concentrations of vitamin C to brighten skin, reduce hyperpigmentation, and boost collagen production.
• Hyaluronic Acid Serums: Deliver deep hydration to plump and moisturize the skin.
• Acne-Fighting Solutions: Incorporate ingredients like salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide to combat acne.
• Sunscreen with Added Benefits: Sunscreens infused with antioxidants and anti-aging ingredients for comprehensive protection.
• Brightening Creams: Target hyperpigmentation and uneven skin tone with ingredients like arbutin or licorice extract.
• Growth Factor Products: Contain growth factors to promote skin repair and regeneration.
Benefits
Cosmeceuticals offer unique advantages for skin care. They pack potent ingredients at higher concentrations, addressing specific concerns effectively. These products are backed by rigorous research, ensuring both safety and results. Users often experience visible improvements in skin texture and tone, making them a go-to choice for targeted skincare needs.
Additionally, cosmeceuticals support the skin barrier, aiding moisture retention and defense against environmental stressors for a healthier complexion.
Conclusion
Cosmeceuticals represent a transformative frontier in skincare, offering scientifically advanced solutions to a multitude of skin concerns. Contrary to common misconceptions, such as the belief that cosmeceuticals are unnecessary or provide marginal benefits, the reality is that these products have been formulated with precision and backed by scientific research to deliver potent, targeted, and visible results.
Whether you seek to combat signs of aging, address hyperpigmentation, or maintain overall skin health, cosmeceuticals provide a scientifically driven approach to help you achieve your skincare goals and unlock radiant, youthful-looking skin.
Explore other Skin Conditions
Presentations will be focused on reaching different communities, like pre-pubescent school presentations for early acne intervention, ethnic hair presentations for hairdressers for early detection of scarring alopecia, elderly community presentations about treatable skin growths, and the importance of body checks.
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User:RIDHVAN SHARMA
Hey, this is ◢ ''' RIDHVAN! ''', and welcome to my Wikipedia user page.
Articles that I have created
* Thomas Balston (cricketer)
* John Athawes
* Taradevi Railway Station
* Samba railway station
* Rajesh Kumar Chhibber
* Sector-17, Chandigarh
* Kendriya Vidyalaya, Rohtak
* Tommy Creed
* 2024 Indian farmers' protest
* K.K. Birla Garden | WIKI |
1938 Wisconsin gubernatorial election
The 1938 Wisconsin gubernatorial election was held on November 8, 1938. Primary elections were held on September 20, 1938. Incumbent Progressive Governor Philip La Follette was defeated by Republican nominee Julius P. Heil.
The 1938 special session
Despite having a high initial popularity, La Follette's reputation had begun to deteriorate as his governorship ran its course. This all culminated in the disastrous 1938 special session, where La Follette attempted to force through a bill without public debate, and without the normal machinery of the legislative process. The bill, decried by critics as dictatorial, would have, among other things, fundamentally altered the system of checks and balances in Wisconsin by making it so that legislation would be written up by the executive and handed to the legislature to either approve or reject. Alongside this, the session passed through legislation reorganizing the state executive branch to remove redundant agencies to remove efficiency. This had been one of the final blows for the establishment, who had begun to talk of electoral fusion to defeat La Follette.
Coalition talks
At Oshkosh, a committee was established by members of the Democratic, Republican, Union, and Progressive parties in the hope of defeating La Follette. In their goals they aligned with Robert Kirkland Henry, the former Democratic state treasurer, in that goal. Despite the bipartisan nature of this committee, it was still done in opposition to the leadership of both parties. Due to the nature of the primary system in Wisconsin, one candidate could not officially run under multiple party lines, so instead, the candidate would be required to give up one party to run under another, to the coalition hopefuls, that meant the party their candidate got the least votes in.
Henry stood for both the Democratic and Republican nominations as part of a coalition movement designed to defeat Philip La Follette and the Progressive Party. If he had won both nominations, he intended to decline the nomination of the party in whose primary he received fewest votes.
Nominee
* Philip La Follette, incumbent Governor
Eliminated in primary
* Glenn P. Turner, Socialist nominee for Attorney General of Wisconsin in 1930 and 1934
Nominee
* Robert Kirkland Henry, former Wisconsin State Treasurer (1933–1937) (withdrew)
Eliminated in primary
* Jerome F. Fox, former state representative from Calumet (1931–1935)
* Edward Ihlenfeldt, unsuccessful candidate for Democratic nomination for Secretary of State of Wisconsin in 1934
Aftermath
Henry won the Democratic nomination but lost the Republican nomination to Julius P. Heil. On October 1, 1938, Henry withdrew from the election in favour of Heil. On October 7, 1938, the Democratic state central committee met and nominated State Senator Harry W. Bolens, another proponent of a coalition, to replace Henry on the Democratic ticket.
Candidates
* Julius P. Heil, industrialist
* Robert Kirkland Henry, former Wisconsin State Treasurer (1933–1937)
* Clun L. Miller, insurance counsellor
* James G. Peterson, farmer
Nominee
* Frank W. Smith
Candidates
Major party candidates
* Harry W. Bolens, Democratic
* Julius P. Heil, Republican
* Philip La Follette, Progressive
Other candidates
* John Schleier, Jr., Independent Socialist Labor
* Frank W. Smith, Union | WIKI |
Milejczyce
Milejczyce is a village in Siemiatycze County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, in north-eastern Poland. It is the seat of the gmina (administrative district) called Gmina Milejczyce. It lies approximately 21 km north-east of Siemiatycze and 67 km south of the regional capital Białystok.
According to the 1921 census, the village was inhabited by 1,180 people, among whom 32 were Roman Catholic, 500 Orthodox, and 648 Mosaic. At the same time, 499 inhabitants declared Polish nationality, 241 Belarusian and 440 Jewish. There were 224 residential buildings in the village. The Germans invaded Milejczyce in 1941 after the Soviet occupation that began in September 1939. The Jewish population at the time of the German occupation was more than 1200. In November 1942, most were taken to a transit camp and then sent to Treblinka, where they were murdered upon arrival. A few had hidden from the transport, but the number of Jewish survivors from the town are thought to have been very few. | WIKI |
TEXAS-LOUISIANA POWER CO. v. WEBSTER.
No. 11114.
Court of Civil Appeals of Texas. Dallas.
March 4, 1933.
Rehearing Denied April 22, 1933.
Jas. D. Buster, of Sherman, and Leach-man & Gardere, of Dallas, for appellant.
Hubert Bookout and Randell & Randell, all of Sherman, for appellee.
LOONEY, Justice.
Doc Franklin Webster was killed by coming in contact with appellant’s transmission line that was broken down, by a stroke of lightning, at a point two or three miles south of Bells, in Grayson county. This suit was instituted by his father, R. B. Webster, for himself and on behalf of the other beneficiaries, to wit, Mrs. R. B. Webster, mother, Vera Webster, widow, and Stella May Webster, posthumous daughter.
The material facts are these: Doc Webster, with his wife Vera, Tom Webster, a brother, and Bowen Daniels, a brother-in-law (wife’s brother), for about two weeks pri- or to the tragedy mentioned, had been traveling in an automobile through the central and northern portions of Texas hunting work, but, on account of excessive rains, failed to secure same, and were returning to' West Texas, where they resided, reaching Bells in Grayson county Monday night May 13, 1929, intended to go west through 'Sherman, but, because of damaged ■ roads, detoured south through Whitewright, leaving Bells near 11 o’clock p. m., and had reached the corner of the Carter farm when the car ceased to operate and stopped. The Carter farm was rented to Mr. Mack Atnip of Bells, but, at the time, was resided upon and cultivated by a negro named Frog Jackson. When the car stopped, it was raining some, was dark, and the ground very muddy. Appellant’s power line is constructed through this farm, from the north, on a southwesterly course. Early that morning, between 6 and 7 o’clock, during a severe electrical storm that prevailed over that section, lightning struck and broke down two adjacent poles of the transmission line, causing the wires to sag, at the lowest point, about 3 feet above the ground, but the Insulation and attachment of wires to cross-arms were not disturbed. When the car stopped, the parties thought they were out of gasoline, so Tom Webster and Bowen Daniels took an empty can, left Doe Webster and wife, Vera, in the car, and started on a hunt for gasoline. They entered the Carter inclosure from the highway, crossed over a narrow lane into a field recently planted to cotton, passed along the side of the lane fence around to a barn where, as indicated by the circumstances, they procured gasoline from an automobile belonging to the negro, and, returning to their car, evidently became confused, took the wrong direction, going-northeast through the cotton land, instead of southeast, contacted with the sagging transmission line of appellant and were killed. When the brother and brother-in-law left Doc and his wife to go after gasoline, Doc sat under the wheel and his wife by his side, and, being worn and tired from travel, she reclined with her head in his lap and was soon asleep, but, aroused by her brother’s voice calling “Doc,” she saw a long blue flame, heard a noise as of something frying, again heard her brother’s voice saying “Hurry up,” saw another blue flame, and heard the same frying sound. In answer to the calls of Bowen Daniels, Doe left his wife in the car and went in the direction of the voices and flames, and within a short time the witness saw the same manifestation of flame and heard the same frying sound as before. The bodies of the three young men were found next morning under the sagging transmission line at a point about 200 yards from the car and from 100 to 150 yards down in the field from the house. Other pertinent facts will be mentioned in the course of the discussion.
The grounds of negligence specified are: (1) That appellant violated article 1436 in having its electric line at a height less than 22 feet above the ground; (2) that it caused and permitted its wires to sag and fall and remain within 3 feet of the ground; (3) that it failed to place a watchman at such place to warn persons of such condition; (4) that it failed to cut off the current of electricity from said lines; (5) that it failed to keep the wires from sagging and falling near the ground in a position to strike and come in contact with persons who-might pass or be about it.
Appellant’s answer contains a general demurrer, general denial, plea of unavoidable accident, plea, that the accident and injury complained of were the result of an act of God, to wit, a stroke of lightning, also that the negligence of deceased was a proximate or contributing cause of the accident and death, and a plea- that deceased was a trespasser upon the premises at the time. The demurrer was overruled, the case was submitted to a jury, and, after proper definitions of negligence, ordinary care, and proximate cause, the issues of negligence submitted were: The act and conduct of appellant in permitting its wires to remain low and near the ground; in failing to have a watchman at the time and place in question to prevent any one from coming in contact with the low sagging wires, and in keeping its wires charged with a powerful current of electricity while low and sagging near the ground. Each issue was found by the jury to be actionable negligence, and, further, that Doc Webster was not guilty of negligence in going into the field at the time and place in question and in the manner that he did. The jury assessed $10,000 damages in favor of Vera Webster, the widow, $10,000 in favor of Stella May Webster, the posthumous child, $2,250 in favor of Mrs. R. B. Webster, mother, and $750 in favor of R. B. Webster, father of deceased. Judgment was rendered accordingly, from which this appeal is prosecuted.
Ordinarily we would not feel called upon to discuss each of the numerous propositions, in which appellant translates the assignments relied upon for reversal, but, in deference to the elaborate brief and exhaustive discussion of these questions by appellant’s counsel, each proposition will be discussed.
Appellant does not contend that the findings of the jury are unsupported by evidence, but, in proposition 1, urges that the court erred in overruling its general demurrer to appellee’s petition, because its allegations reveal the fact that deceased was a trespasser upon the premises at the time of losing his life, hence appellant owed him no duty; and, in propositions 2 and 3, contention is made that the court erred in refusing, on request, to instruct a verdict in its favor, because the undisputed evidence shows that, at the time deceased met death, he was trespassing upon the premises. These propositions present appellant’s main contention.
A power corporation, being quasi public in character, is charged by statute with the performance of certain general duties. Authority is conferred upon these corporations to generate, transport, and sell electric current,. to construct, maintain, and operate plants, substations, machinery, apparatus, pipes, poles, devices, and such- arrangements as may be necessary to operate lines between different points in the state, and to own, hold, and to use such lands, right of way, easement, franchise, buildings, and structures as may be necessary (article 1435, R. S. 1925), and to acquire, by condemnation, lands, right of way, easements, and property, and erect its lines over and across any public road, railroad, interurban or street railroad, the right of way thereof, canal or street, etc., specially .providing, however, that “such lines shall be constructed upon suitable poles in the most approved manner and maintained at a height above the ground of at least twenty-two feet. * * * ” Article 1436, R, g. 1925.
Obviously, one of the purposes of the quoted provision of the statute is to protect from injury all persons while using the premises in a manner consistent with the easement rights of the power company. What are these rights? The generally accepted doctrine is that the owner of the fee or proprietor of the premises has dominion over and the right to use the land in a manner consistent with the reasonable enjoyment of the easement by its owner. 15 Texas Juris, p. 802, § 59. See annotations 46 A. L. R. 1463-1465. Appellant acquired the right of way through the Carter farm by a deed from the owner, granting the right of ingress and egress over adjacent lands to or from said right of way for the purpose of constructing, reconstructing, inspecting, controlling, hanging new wires on, maintaining, and removing said line and appurtenances, the right to relocate along the same general direction of said line, etc. Neither under this express grant nor under the statute did appellant have the right to prevent the owner of the fee, or proprietor, from using the ground under the power line so long as it was not put to a use inconsistent with the reasonable enjoyment of the easement. We do not think it can be said that, in attempting to pass under appellant’s power line at the time and place in question, deceased was interfering with or trespassing upon any right of the appellant, in fact, if deceased was trespassing, it was upon the rights and premises, of the owner or tenant.
If it be conceded that, as to the owner or tenant of the premises, deceased was a trespasser, would that fact relieve appellant from liability for injuries and damages resulting from its negligence? We do not think so. In Oil Belt Power Co. v. Touchstone (Tex. Civ. App.) 266 S. W. 432, 439, it was held that the company was liable for the death of a boy who went to the top of a tank, over which the company maintained uninsulated wires, and was electrocuted. The court said: “It cannot be doubted that it is negligence to maintaiji an uninsulated wire highly charged with electricity, and without any warning of danger, in any place. where persons may reasonably be expected to come in contact therewith. * * * If appellant could reasonably have anticipated some injury to some person situated as was the deceased, who might be expected to probably go upon the tank under like circumstances, then it owed the duty to exercise ordinary care to avoid such injury. We are of the opinion, further, that the evidence was sufficient to sustain the finding of the jury upon that issue. * * * It is to be noted that, while appellant had the lawful right to maintain its wires strung through the air, that right did not include the right of possession and control over the water tank and the lease on which the same was erected. And the act of the deceased in placing himself in dangerous proximity to the wires was not a trespass upon appellant’s right to maintain them at the place where they were placed, nor inconsistent with that right. If, as testified to by plaintiff, the boy was told by the superintendent of the oil lease to go upon the tank to look for his cattle, then it must follow that he was rightfully there, and not a mere trespasser.” A similar question arose in Prairie, etc., Co. v. Dalton (Tex. Civ. App.) 243 S. W. 619, a suit against a pipe line company. In this case, * plaintiff sued for the value of cattle that died from drinking creek water mixed with' oil that defendant negligently permitted to escape from its pipe line. At the time the cattle drank the polluted water, they were trespassing in the pasture through which the pipe line ran. In this, situation, the pipe line company contended that it owed plaintiff no duty, hence was not guilty of negligence. This the Fort Worth court denied, saying: “But the appellant in this case was not the owner of-the Wade pasture [upon which the cattle were, at the time, trespassing], and is in no position to invoke the rule above noted. Only the one who had the right of control of the premises would be in a position to urge such defense.” Page 620 of 243 S. W.
These éases are nearest in point of any from our courts, hut there are many decisions, in point, by courts of other states. The Supreme Court of Vermont in Humphrey v. Twin State Gas, etc., Co., 100 Vt. 414, 139 A. 440, 444, 56 A. L. R. 1011, 1020, held that an electric power company causing injury to a trespasser on the land of another by negligently permitting its transmission wires to come in contact with a wire fence upon the land, cannot escape liability on the ground that the injured party was a trespasser. In reaching this conclusion, the court overruled two of its former decisions (Fay v. Kent, 55 Vt. 557, and Kennedy v. Morgan, 57 Vt. 46), using the following language in point: “Electricity has come to be a necessary factor in almost all lines trf activity. Its usefulness should not be impaired or curtailed. But it is "highly destructive when it escapes control; its capacity for harm is but little reduced by distance; it is invisible and un-discoverable; it strikes instantly and without warning. We deem it of the highest consequence, especially in a rural state like ours where hunters, fishermen, and others roam the woods when lawful, almost at will, and where high-tension electric lines run in every direction, and wire fences are in common and increasing use, that those dealing in such a deadly agency should be accountable to all whose likelihood of injury could reasonably be foreseen.” In Kribs v. Jefferson City, etc., Co., 199 S. W. 261, 263, a similar question arose, and was disposed of by a Court of Appeals of Missouri as follows: “The evidence shows that persons were frequently through the place. At one point the wire fence had been propped apart and cushioned with gunny sacks to let persons through. Boys frequently were in there hunting for pawpaws and sassafras and on fishing trips. This was shown to be of such an extent, and had existed for such a number of years pri- or to the happening, as that the likelihood of persons being at that place made it incumbent on the defendant to maintain its line in a reasonably safe condition,.” This was said where the facts showed that boys, one of whom was killed when he touched a guy wire dangling from a charged power wire, were in the pasture through which the power line runs without authority from the owner. To the same effect, see Grady v. Louisiana, etc., Co. (Mo. App.) 253 S. W. 202; Guinn v. Delaware, etc., Co., 72 N. J. Law, 276, 62 A. 412, 3 L. R. A. (N. S.) 988, 111 Am. St. Rep. 668; Boutlier v. Malden, etc., Co., 226 Mass. 479, 116 N. E. 251, Ann. Cas. 1918C, 910; Ferrell v. Durham, etc., Co., 172 N. C. 682, 90 S. E. 893, L. R. A. 1917B, 1291; Stedwell v. Chicago, 297 Ill. 486, 130 N. E. 729, 17 A. L. R. 829; Nelson v. Branford, etc., Co., 75 Conn. 548, 54 A. 303; Lipovac v. Iowa, etc., Co., 202 Iowa, 517, 210 N. W. 573; Puchlopek v. Portsmouth Power Co., 82 N. H. 440, 136 A. 259; Fitzpatrick v. Penfield, 267 Pa. 564, 109 A. 653; Birmingham, etc., Co. v. Cockrum, 179 Ala. 372, 60 So. 304; Cox v. U. S. Coal & Coke Co., 80 W. Va. 295, 92 S. E. 559, L. R. A. 1918B, 1118; Nenstiehl v. Friedman, 90 Misc. 368, 153 N. Y. S. 120; Bottum’s Adm’r v. Hawks, 84 Vt. 370, 79 A. 858, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.) 440, Ann. Cas. 1913A, 1025. Also see cases, annotation, 56 A. L. R. pp. 1030-1033.
The cases chiefly relied upon by appellant, in support of its contention that deceased was a trespasser and that no duty was due him, are Brush, etc., Co. v. Lefevre, 93 Tex. 604, 57 S. W. 640, 49 L. R. A. 771, 77 Am. St. Rep. 898; City of Greenville v. Pitts, 102 Tex. 1, 107 S. W. 50, 14 L. R. A. (N. S.) 979, 132 Am. St. Rep. 843, and Burnett v. Ft. Worth, etc., Co., 102 Tex. 31, 112 S. W. 1040, 19 L. R. A. (N. S.) 504. These cases originated before the advent of power companies in this state, and prior to the enaetmént of statutes regulating their operation, besides, are not in point, as the undisputed facts here show that deceased was not a trespasser, but, to say the least, was simply a licensee; hence the case is not within the doctrine announced in the Brush, Pitts, and Burnett decisions.
The evidence is not disputed that deceased entered the premises in response to a distress call from Bowen Daniels, his brother-in-law, which relieves him from any imputation of trespassing; besides, the evidence is undisputed that people were accustomed to enter and cross these lands ad libitum; furthermore, courts will take cognizance of a fact, within the knowledge of everybody, that in the rural sections of our state there exists a communal custom authorizing, or at least tolerating, without let or hindrance, the entry and passage of persons through and over the inclosed pasture and cultivated lands of any one; in fact, the existence of this custom was impliedly recognized by the Legislature in the enactment of articles 1377, 1388, Penal Code, making it unlawful to enter upon the inclosed lands of another, under conditions and for purposes that exclude the condition and purpose under and for which deceased entered tlie premises in question. So, by every test, we conclude that deceased was not a trespasser upon the premises when killed, but his status was that of a licensee.
There is no material difference between the status of one tacitly permitted to enter upon the premises of another and one expressly permitted or invited, for, in either case, it would not show a due regard for the rights and safety of others to classify such as a trespasser. While it is true that a licensee takes the premises as he finds them, yet it is equally true that, where a new peril is presented from changed conditions, as in the instant case, an active duty devolves upon the owner or proprietor to exercise reasonable care to safeguard a licensee from the new or sudden peril. This doctrine is sustained by the following authorities: Felton v. Aubrey (C. C. A.) 74 F. 350; Westborne Coal Co. v. Willoughby, 133 Tenn. 257, 180 S. W. 322; Terre Haute, etc., Co. v. Sanders, 80 Ind. App. 16, 136 N. E. 54; Cocke v. Payne, 81 N. H. 266, 124 A. 668; Romana v. Boston, etc., Co., 226 Mass. 532, 116 N. E. 218; 45 C. J. pp. 802, 803 (§ 203) 6. Therefore, even if appellant be permitted to say that, as to it, deceased was a licensee upon the premises, still, in view of the dangerous condition of its power line, caused suddenly by lightning, it should have exercised reasonable care to repair after notice of the dangerous situation. This duty appellant failed to discharge.'
Complaint is made, in propositions Nos. 34 and 35 that, the court erred in submitting, over timely objections, issues Nos. 1 and 2, as follows: “Question No. 1. Was the act and conduct of the defendant company in permitting its wires to remain low and near the ground, if they did so permit, negligence, as that term has been defined to you? Question No. 2. Was such negligence on the part of defendant company, as you have found in answer to question No. 1 if you did so find, a proximate cause of Doc Webster’s death?”
The objections urged to these issues are that they are immaterial, in that deceased was a trespasser and that appellant owed him no duty, and, further, that the issues are upon the weight of evidence, in that they assume that, after knowledge or notice, appellant permitted its wires to remain in a broken-down condition.
We think the issues material, in fact, are of the very essence of the controversy. It is not disputed that between 6 and 7 o’clock Monday morning, May 13, 1929, during an electrical storm that prevailed over that section, lightning struck down two of appellant’s poles, located in the cotton field of the negro Jackson, permitting the wires, heavily charged with electricity, to sag near the ground, and that they remained in that condition until after the bodies of the young men were discovered Tuesday morning; that George Ferguson, appellant’s agent at Bells, to whom patrons reported their troubles for remedying, was given a full report of the damaged condition of the power line, by J. A. Childress, a rural mail carrier, about 10 a. m. Monday morning, following the storm. No inspection of the line followed, nor was anything done towards repairing same until after the bodies of the young men were discovered. .
■ Article 1436, R. S., required appellant not only to construct, but to maintain, its lines 22 feet above the surface of the ground, and it was its duty to exercise reasonable care to remedy dangerous conditions, after knowledge or notice, to prevent injury to those who might be expected to use the premises, or pass under said lines. 16 Tex. Juris, pp. 237, 239. The duty of inspection and maintenance is a corporate duty and cannot be shifted or transferred'to agents or employees. 16 Tex. Juris, p. 241, § 10'; Jacksonville, etc., Co. v. Moses, 63 Tex. Civ. App. 496,' 134 S. W. 379, 385 (writ denied); Arkansas, etc., Co. v. Adcock, 184 Ark. 614, 43 S.W.(2d) 753. In the Jacksonville Case, Judge Hodges said : “Among the primary duties of a corporation operating an electric light plant and using wires for the distribution of a dangerous current, of electricity is that of exercising a proper degree of care, not only in the erection of its lines and instrumentalities, but in maintaining them thereafter in a reasonably safe condition. The performance of the latter obligation carries with it another equally absolute — that of making such an inspection of the condition of its property as may be practicable and reasonably essential to the accomplishment of that end. By this means alone can the corporation vouchsafe to the public that degree of protection which the law requires it to render. [Citing authorities.] The author last referred to says: ‘A proprietor dealing with so dangerous and deadly an agency as electricity is bound to a continuous inspection, to the end of seeing that his wires are properly insulated, and to the end of discovering any breakage in them, so as to remove the current, or otherwise render them harmless at as early a period as is consistent with a very high degree of care and diligence. The obligation of exercising a degree of care proportionate to the danger obviously demands nothing less than this. Such a company will hence become liable to pay damages for an injury to a person proximately resulting from its failure to remove, after notice, actual or implied, a wire which had broken from its poles.’ The fact that such duties must be discharged through the agency of servants and employees does not affect their absolute character. The corporation cannot shift its personal obligations. [Citing numerous authorities.]”
Asi shown above, the statute (article 1436), requires power companies to maintain their transmission lines at least 22 feet above the surface of the ground; failure to comply with this provision is negligence per se, but, to be actionable, a causal connection must be shown to exist between the unlawful act and the injury. In the instant case, a vis major (lightning) struck down two poles, causing wires, heavily charged with electricity, to sag near the ground, with which deceased contacted and was killed; so actionable negligence in the instant case was the failure of appellant to discover the broken-down condition of its line and repair same, or failure to repair, after receiving notice of its damaged condition. It was not essential that appellant should have visualized the precise situation, but it should have anticipated that persons were liable to enter and pass over the premises and under the transmission lines at any time. The standard of care required of appellant is not that of one uninformed as to the nature and dangers of electricity, but is the standard of one who, possessing such knowledge, undertakes its control and distribution. Texas, etc., Co. v. Armstrong (Tex. Civ. App.) 37 S.W.(2d) 294. In view of the undisputed facts, the authorities cited, and reasons stated, we hold that the court did not err in submitting the issues under consideration.
In propositions Nos. 36 and 37, contention is made that the court erred in submitting, over objections, the alleged negligence of appellant, in failing to have a watchman at the place where the line was broken to prevent any one from coming in contact with same, and, in propositions Nos. 38 and 39, that the court erred in submitting, over objections, the alleged negligence of appellant in keeping its wires charged with electricity during the time they were sagging near the grounds; the objections being that the submissions are immaterial and on the weight of evidence.
It is undisputed that, after the electrical storm, early Monday morning, and before the discovery of the bodies of the dead, no inspection of its transmission line was made by appellant, and, notwithstanding actual notice of the broken-down condition of its line was received by appellant, through George Ferguson, its agent at Bells, no effort was made to repair the damage, or to prevent any one from contacting therewith, and, in the meantime, the wires remained heavily charged with electricity. These issues are material, and the facts supporting same are, in effect, undisputed, so it is our opinion that the court did not err in giving same over the objections.
Contention is made in propositions Nos. 13 and 14 that, the court erred in submitting, over objections, special issue No. 9, on the issue of contributory negligence; the objections being that the charge was general and failed to segregate and submit separately issues as to various acts of deceased.
Appellant pleaded contributory negligence in paragraph 14 of its answer, as follows: “Defendant further says that at the time Doc Franklin Webster sustained injuries and immediately prior thereto, the said Bowen Daniels, Tommie Webster and Doe Franklin Webster were each guilty of negligence, which was the sole, proximate cause of their several and collective injuries, but if not, were at least causes that caused or contributed to cause their -injuries, severally and collectively.” The court submitted the issue in the following language: “Was Doc Webster guilty of negligence in going into said field at the time and place in question in the manner that he did?” To which the jury answered, “No.” Thus it is obvious that the submission is no more general nor less specific than the plea. However, in the statement supporting the contention, found at pages 151 and 152 of appellant’s brief, certain allegations as to specific acts of deceased, in paragraph 10 of appellant’s answer, are set out as constituting a part of its plea of contributory negligence. These allegations constitute no part of the plea of contributory negligence, but were pleaded as a basis for proof that deceased and the other young men were, at the time of being electrocuted, trespassers upon the premises. So, eliminating, in this connection, allegations that constitute no part of the plea of contributory negligence, the issue as pleaded being general, the court did not err in submitting same in general terms.
But was the issue of contributory negligence raised by the evidence? We do not think so. The evidence is to the effect that, at the time Tommie Webster and Bowen Daniels started on the hunt for gasoline, Doc Webster, deceased, and his wife, Yera, were left seated in the car, standing in the public road, Doc Webster was seated under the wheel and Yera by his side. Being tired, she soon fell asleep, but was awakened by the voice of her brother. Bowen calling “Doc” ; she saw a light, a long blue flame of fire, heard a frying sound, and her brother’s voice again saying “hurry up,” and in a short time saw another flame and heard the same frying sound. • At this juncture Doc Webster left the car, in answer to the call for help, and went in the direction of the noise and flame; later, the witness testified, that she saw at the same place another flash or flame, and again heard a frying sound. These unusual sights and sounds — the flame accompanied by noise as of something frying, the urgent call for Doc to hurry — indicate that the two young men were in distress; so, under the circumstances, deceased could not be charged with contributory negligence in exposing himself to danger of injury in going to their rescue. 45 C. J. p. 966, § 520 (5); 20 R. C. L. p. 131, § 108, and authorities cited.
In propositions Nos. 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30, appellant contends that the court erred in refusing requested special issues in regard to the negligence of deceased, and the other two, based upon certain specific acts of said parties. These issues were correctly refused, because the particular acts involved were not pleaded defensively as constituting contributory negligence, but in order to show that the parties were trespassers upon the premises, and furthermore because the issues were not warranted by the evidence. Also in proposition No. 23 appellant complains of the refusal of the court to submit an issue as to the existence of a joint adventure by deceased and the other two; in propositions Nos. 24 and 25, complaint is made that error was committed in refusing special issues presenting the question whether deceased lost his lifé as the result of an act of God; and in proposition No. 12 complaint is made that the court erred in refusing, on request, to submit the issue of unavoidable accident. ⅝
The special issues mentioned in propositions 12, 23, 24, and 25 were correctly refused, because not supported by evidence. The issues involved in the propositions beginning with the one mentioned in proposition No. 12 and ending with the issue mentioned in No. 30, if given, would have confused the jury, and in our opinion, fall under the condemnation pronounced by Judge Denman in Missouri, K & T. R. Co. v. McGlamory, 89 Tex. 638, 35 S. W. 1058, 1059, where he said that “defendants had the right to prepare and demand the giving of a charge requiring the jury to find whether the evidence established the existence of any specified group of facts which, if true, would in law establish such plea. * * * This rule does not permit a litigant to annoy the court or confuse the jury by special charges upon the weight of, or giving prominence to, each circumstance introduced tending to support his cause of action or defense, but requires him, at his peril, to present in such special charge, for the consideration of the jury, a fact or group of facts which, if found by them, from the evidence, to be true, establishes, in law, some material issue presented by the pleading.”
Propositions Nos. 4, 5, 6, and 7 present the alleged error of the court in excluding evidence offered by appellant to show that deceased was a trespasser upon the premises when hilled. We hold that, even if deceased was a trespasser, appellant cannot escape the consequences of its negligence by reason of such fact; therefore overrule these contentions.
In propositions Nos. 8 and 9, contention is made that the court erred in admitting, over objection, and in refusing to strike out, the testimony of D. E. Cobb, offered by appellees to prove that George Ferguson was appellant’s agent at Bells upon whom notice of the damaged condition of the transmission line was served; ahd in proposition No. 10 complaint is made that the court erred in admitting, over objection, and in refusing to strike out on request, the testimony of J. A. Childress, a rural mail, carrier, who testified that he discóvered the broken-down condition of appellant’s transmission line early Monday morning, and that about 10 o’clock a. m. made full report of same to George Ferguson. This evidence was of a most material nature and admissible; hence the court did not err in the rulings under review.
In proposition 11, appellant assigns error on the action of the court in refusing to permit appellant to ask Yera Webster the following question: “After you and Doc were married, Mrs. Webster, did he ever earn more than enough to support the two of you?” The objection made and sustained was that the question called for a conclusion. The court qualified the bill, saying “that there was no showing made as to what the answer of the witness would have been to the question propounded.” We do not think there was error in this ruling, appellant cross-examined the witness fully in regard to the labors and life of deceased after their marriage, and the answer sought would unquestionably have been a conclusion; besides, as appellant does not contend that the verdicts are excessive, the writer is of opinion that, even if error was committed in the ruling, it was harmless.
Complaint is made in proposition No. 31 that the court erred in omitting to define the phrase “natural and continuous sequence,” employed in defining “proximate cause,” and in proposition No. 33 it is urged that the court erred in failing to define the phrase “causal connection,” as used in the court’s definition of “independent cause.”
In the main, our court procedure -is conducted in language easily understood by the average juror; relatively few words or phrases are charged with an occult or legal meaning beyond the reach of the average. We think the phrases in question, and words constituting same, are understandable to the average juror, and that the court did not •err in complicating its charge with unnecessary and useless definitions.
In proposition No. 32, complaint is made that, in defining “proximate cause,” the court failed to tell the jury that there might be more than one proximate cause.
The death of Doc Webster resulted either from the negligence of appellant, or from his own negligence, these issues were submitted, and, as the evidence contains no suggestion of the existence of any other proximate cause, the court did not err in the respect mentioned.
Appellant contends in propositions Nos. 40, 41, and 42, that the court erred in overruling its objections to issues submitted on the measure of damages. These assignments are overruled. The writer is of opinion that these questions are immaterial, in that, even if the court erred in giving the charges, the same should be considered harmless, as appellant does not contend that the damages assessed by the jury are excessive.
Failing to find reversible error, the judgment of the court below is affirmed.
Affirmed.
On Rehearing.
As shown by the original opinion in this case, we overruled appellant’s assignments based upon the actions of the trial court in refusing requested issues on contributory negligence, on the theory, among others, that the plea of contributory negligence, being general in terms, not specifying the particular acts of deceased constituting contributory negligence, the submission of the issue, in general terms, was sufficient.
The correctness of this statement of the rule is challenged by appellant, and, after investigating the matter, we have concluded that we erred in the holding. In Gulf, C. & S. F. R. Co. v. Maugham, 95 Tex. 413, 418, 67 S. W. 765, the court had before it on certificate the following question: “Question. “Where the facts in evidence relied on by the defendant to constitute contributory negligence are not specifically pleaded, and the court fails to group the facts, but charges. in general terms on contributory negligence, is the defendant entitled to have given a special charge, grouping the facts, and applying the law thereto?” The court answered the question as follows: “If the facts grouped in the appellant’s charge were admissible under the plea of contributory negligence, and the charge was correct, it should have been given.” This rule has been since followed in a number of cases, among others Stewart v. Galveston, H. & S. A. R. Co., 34 Tex. Civ. App. 370, 78 S. W. 979; St. Louis S. W. R. Co. v. Rose (Tex. Civ. App.) 93 S. W. 1105.
However, the error in the ruling above mentioned is immaterial, as we also held that the issue of contributory negligence was not raised by evidence, in that deceased entered the premises on the occasion in answer to a distress call from his brother-in-law; therefore could not be charged with negligence in exposing himself to danger.
But, aside from these considerations, it is undisputed that deceased was traveling through the community a total stranger, was ignorant of the condition of the power line, or even of its existence at that place, consequently, was utterly ignorant of the danger attendant upon entering and passing through the cotton field.
Contributory negligence can only be predicated upon failure to use reasonable care for one’s own safety to avoid the thing causing injury. If ignorant of the danger, and not being required to anticipate its presence, as in the instant case, no duty existed to exercise such care; hence, for this additional reason, the issue was not raised by evidence.
We have duly considered all of appellant’s grounds for rehearing, and, discovering no reason why our original opinion should be disturbed, the motion is overruled.
BOND, Justice.
I have reached the conclusion that appellant’s motion for rehearing should be granted, and’ this cause reversed and rendered. On the original submission I expressed the opinion, which has since become a fixed conclusion, thg.t the record discloses that the deceased was, at the time of his death, a trespasser, entered upon the property of another without any right, but merely for his own purpose of purloining gasoline from the owners of the premises; that the owners of the premises, nor the one with contractual rights thereon, owed him any duty except to not intentionally or willfully injure him.
A person may use his property or contract in reference thereto as he pleases, so long as he does not willfully or wantonly injure another, unless ho owes some duty to the trespassing public. As was said by the Supreme Court, in Galveston Oil Co. v. Morton, 70 Tex. 400, 7 S. W. 756, 757, 8 Am. St. Rep. 011: “The owner of real property is entitled to the exclusive use and' enjoyment of the same, and is not liable to others for injuries occasioned by its unsafe condition when the person receiving the injury was not at or near the place of danger by lawful right, and when the owner has neither expressly nor impliedly invited him there, or allures him by attractions or inducements exhibited or held out in some way calculated to lead him into danger without giving notice of the peril to be avoided. * * » Tim doctrine is established * * * that a trespasser or mere licensee who is injured by any dangerous machine or contrivance on the land or premises of another cannot recover damages unless the contrivance is such that the owner may not lawfully erect or use, or when the injury is inflicted willfully, wantonly, or through the gross negligence of the owner or occupier of the premises.”
In 1922, J. M. Carter, the owner in fee of the premises on which deceased met his death, executed to one H. Broadhead an easement, or right of way, for an electric transmission and distributing line, consisting of a variable number of wires and necessary or desirable appurtenances,' including towers or poles made of wood, metal, or other material, on and across the owner’s premises. The rights under the easement, in due course, became appellant’s property. It was acquired by purchase without the intervention of the power granted to such corporations hy force of the statute of eminent domain or condemnation. Its contractual rights on and across the premises were independent of and, not controlled by the regulatory requirements of article 1436, R. 0. S. 1925, that “such lines shall be constructed upon suitable poles in the most approved manner and maintained at a height above the ground of at least twenty-two feet. * * * ” The rights and powers thus granted to appellant in the construction of its line are controlled by the covenants expressed in the easement contract voluntarily entered into hy the contracting parties. Appellant had the right and power of condemnation, had it seen fit to avail itself of the privilege, to enter upon the property and acquire the rights and'powers perforce of the statute, in which event it would have been compelled to maintain its poles at the height required by law.
Article 1436, supra, has no application to the facts of this ease. Appellant acquired no right or power under the statute, had not acquired its easement and right of way through eminent domain or condemnation, and the wires in question were not strung on a highway or road at the point of injury. Thus appellant’s liability for any act of omission or commission is dependent upon the common-law rules of negligence, and not negligence per se.
The deceased, Doe Franklin Webster, voluntarily and without invitation, express or implied, and without inducement, allurement, or promise of safety, made his way on private property, in the dark of night, with absolute lack of familiarity with the premises that he was invading. Can it be said that the owner of the premises owed him any duty? Can it be said that the owner’s gran-‘ tee of the easement right (appellant) owed him any duty? I think not, except to refrain from willfully and wantonly injuring him. The deceased was a trespasser on the premises.
The original opinion herein cites the case of Oil Belt Power Co. v. Touchstone, 266 S. W. 432, 439 (Court of Civil Appeals). In that case, the possessor of the land constructed an elevated water tank. Across the top of the tank there was a plank called a “runway,” and attached to the side of the tank was a ladder, thus provided to enable persons to go to the top of the tank and onto the plank extending .across it. The water tank had been in such use for about three years before the electric wires were strung above it. The deceased went up the ladder onto the plank and under the electric wires and was killed. The superintendent in charge of the premises had. instructed the deceased to go on the water tank in order to find some cattle belonging to the superintendent, his employer. Thus it would appear that the deceased was on the premises, and at the point of his injury, in the interest of one who had the right thereon. The court said: “If, as testified to by plaintiff, the hoy was told by the superintendent of the oil lease to go upon the tank to look for his [the superintendent’s] cattle, then it must follow that he was rightfully there, and not a mere trespasser.” In the instant ease, there was no authority given by the owner of the premises ; the owner had no knowledge of the deceased’s act, and the deceased was acting .contrary to such owner’s or occupant’s interest, purloining gasoline from his automobile. The deceased, in the middle of a rainy night, went across a muddy, freshly plowed cotton field, where there was no path and nothing to warn appellant that any one might be there, nor could it have been reasonably anticipated by a person exercising ordinary care that a person would be at such place at such time.
The original opinion also cites the case of Prairie Pipe Line Co. v. Dalton (Tex. Civ. App.) 243 S. W. 619. The cattle injured in that instance had previously been pastured on the premises in question, and had gained admission to said premises by means of gates which had been left open; the leakage in the pipe line, which caused pollution of the pond, had been going on for a period of several months, and thus caused the death of the cattle. The trespassing of cattle can hardly be compared with the trespassing of man. The pipe line company could well have anticipated that cattle would go to their accustomed range and place of drink, and should be fenced out rather than fenced in. As was said in Haralson v. Suzuki (Tex. Civ. App.) 300 S. W. 190, that the owner of a garden plot could not recover for damages done by trespassing mules, without showing that the crops were on land included by a lawful fence, or that the premises were in a territory where such stock were not permitted to run at large.
In view of the holding of our Supreme Court, in City of Greenville v. Pitts, 102 Tex. 1, 107 S. W. 50, 51, 14 L. R. A. (N. S.) 979, 132 Am. St. Rep. 843, and Burnett v. Fort Worth Light & Power Co., 102 Tex. 31, 112 S. W. 1040, 19 L. R. A. (N. S.) 504, cited with approval in innumerable cases, there is no distinction between the owners of the premises and one who has lawful possession thereof as to the duty owed trespassers. In the Pitts Case, a city policeman climbed at night onto the roof of a privately owned building, to detect unlawful gambling in an adjoining house, and was injured by contact with an improperly insulated electric wire maintained by the city. The court said: “Plaintiff [Pitts] was invested with none of the legal rights which pertained to the ownership of the building or an interest therein. He went upon it for purposes of his own, and not in the interest of the owner. If he was not a trespasser, he certainly was no more than a licensee under an implied license. If he be regarded as such a licensee, this would not clothe him with any legal right in the use of the building. It would merely relieve him of any imputation of being an unauthorized trespasser. Though his act be regarded as lawful, or even praiseworthy, he nevertheless was using -the premises of another for purposes of his own, without any legal right in himself which entitled him to object to the condition in which the owners maintained them.” And so, in the Burnett Case, supra, a boy of 12 years, trespassing upon the roof of a building, to which he gained access by a stair and trapdoor, was killed by coming in contact with a wire which had become charged with electricity, through the neglect of the light and power company to comply with the penal ordinances of the city, respecting the insulation of their wires. The court held, in effect, that the negligence of the defendant light company must be a default in some obligation to the injured person, whether it consist in the omission of a statutory duty, or one required by the common law. In going out on the roof of the building, the boy was an intruder or trespasser, and from all of the circumstances the light company could not have reasonably anticipated that some trespasser would go out on the roof and come in contact with the electric wires.
It might be conceded, as recited in the original opinion, that “these cases [Pitts and Burnett] originated before the advent of power companies in this state, and prior to the enactment of statutes regulating their operation,” in so far as rural districts are concerned, but the advent of power companies and regulatory measures as to their operation were in esse in cities and towns at the time of these decisions. The rule announced in these cases is applicable alike to reciprocal duties and obligations imposed upon trespassers and public service corporations, whether in urban or suburban places.
In the instant case, appellee contends that deceased entered the premises in response -to distress calls from his brother and brother-in-law, and appellant contends that the three men went on a joint enterprise to purloin gasoline from the owner or possessor of the premises.
Appellant offered to show, by testimony of witnesses who were the first to view the scene, that on the morning the three bodies were found three sets of human tracks were seen leading from deceased’s automobile, across a lane, through the fence into the edge of the cotton field, up the edge of the field into the owner’s barn, out of the barn and across the field to the place where the bodies were found; that an oil can, containing a mixture of gasoline and oil, was found near the bodies, and in the tenant’s barn was an automobile, from which the plugs in its gasoline tank and crank case had been removed and were lying on the ground, and that all oil dnd gasoline had been taken. Thus relating in detail that to which there were no eyewitnesses — i. e., their purpose in going into the cotton field, and how they came in contact with the wire. This proffered testimony is in accordance with appellant’s allegation, that the three men got out of the car together and went into the field to steal. This is a conflicting issue and pertinent to show the reason for deceased’s unauthorized act; appellant’s proffered testimony would refute the idea contained in the original opinion, that deceased’s going upon said premises in answer to the distress calls of his companions “relieved him from the imputation of trespassing.” Appellant was denied the right to prove these facts, which the writer thinks was error.
As tending to show how far the recognized principles of relevancy go, I quote the following expression of the Commission of Appeals, in Pounds v. Minter, 13 S.W.(2d) 351, 352, approved by our Supreme Court, i. e.: “In cases depending upon circumstantial evidence, the mind seeks to explore every possible source from which any light, however feeble, may be derived, and it is peculiarly proper that the jury should have before them every fact and circumstance, however slight, which may aid them in reaching a satisfactory conclusion. Greater latitude in the presentation of evidence must necessarily be allowed in cases of circumstantial than those of direct evidence. * * * ”
The original opinion herein states that, “The evidence is not disputed that deceased entered the premises in response to a distress call from Bowen Daniels, his brother-in-law, •which relieves him from any imputation of trespassing.”
One who has occupied the position of a trial judge on a district bench, as has the writer, is not unadvised as to the probative force and effect such testimony would have on a controverted issue , the testimony of the deceased’s wife, that her husband went to the cry of her brother in distress, calling “Doc,” “Doc, hurry up,” was most material to ap-pellees’ contention, and calculated to give to her husband a hero’s wreath. Contra, the jury should have been allowed to hear appellant’s said testimony, and their provincé was to accept or reject it. Under the trial court’s ruling, they were compelled to accept the widow’s testimony of the incident.
The deceased went upon the Carter farm solely for his own convenience, or the convenience of his companions, and for their benefit ; he was charged with knowledge that the premises he was invading was the private property of another. There is no evidence that he was following a path or roadway. Under the facts, there cannot be a serious claim, in my opinion, that the deceased was an invitee or licensee upon the premises when he received his injuries. Deceased and his companions were strangers in the community; they were not acquainted with the premises they invaded. Conceding that there does “exist a communal custom authorizing or at least tolerating, without let or hindrance, the entry and passage of persons through and over the inclosed pasture and cultivated lands of any one,” and that by force of it the status of deceased was that of a licensee, what duty did appellant fail to discharge? The Supreme Court, in Dobbins v. Missouri, K. & T. Ry. Co., 91 Tex. 60, 41 S. W. 62, 63, 38 L. R. A. 573, 66 Am. St. Rep. 856, answers the question thusly: “If there be no duty, the question of negligence is not reached, for negligence can in law only be predicated upon a failure to use the degree of care required of one by law in the discharge of a duty imposed thereby.” A licensee, if deceased was such, took the premises as he found it, and no duty devolved upon the owner or possessor thereof, after knowledge or notice, except to exercise reasonable care to safeguard trespassers from a new or sudden change in the premises. 16 Tex. Jur. p. 237 et. seq.
Deceased invaded the inclosed cotton field at midnight, on a dark, rainy, and stormy night. Thus, could it have been reasonably anticipated by appellant that the sagging wires would imperil his safety? Could a reasonable and ordinarily prudent person have anticipated such an occurrence as disclosed from this record ? The questions, in my opinion, suggest the answers. Especially is this true in the absence of knowledge by appellant of any changed condition. The electrical storm which precipitated the damage to the transmission line was local. The company had no knowledge of.the electrical disturbance, and nothing is disclosed calling for the necessity of an inspection of the line to avert the death of deceased and his companions. The prevailing inclement weather rendered the roads in the vicinity almost impassable; conveyance was made on horseback. Could it be contended, under such circumstances, that appellant owed a public duty to inspect its line at such time? Would one be guilty of negligence in failing to make such inspection under the attendant circumstances? The questions, in my opinion, suggest uncontro-vertible answers. There can be no negligence without a breach of duty; the existence of the duty and its measure depend, in most instances, upon the relation of the parties. What would constitute a breach of duty of a transmission electrical company to the owner of land across which the line passes would ordinarily be no breach of duty to a trespasser, or a licensee. The law’s only standard for measuring human conduct, with a view to determining its legal propriety or freedom from culpability, is the course of action that consists with that which a reasonably prudent person would have taken under similar circumstances.
This brings me to a consideration of the findings recited in the original opinion, that one George Ferguson wafe appellant’s agent, and through him appellant received notice of such impending danger in time to have forestalled any such catastrophe. The incidents in the trial complained of by appellant, by assignments and appropriate propositions, are, in the opinion of the writer, sufficient to reverse and remand this case, if, in fact, it should not have been reversed and rendered, for the reasons stated.
The record discloses that George Ferguson was a merchant at Bells. Some time before appellant’s acquisition of the power line, Ferguson’s father owned and operated a light plant, and George Ferguson worked for his father. Evidently he was familiar with electricity and the operation of electrical devices. Some testimony in the record is to the effect that, when anything went wrong in Bells, or at the substation, it was reported to George, and he would go down and “throw the switch.” A Mr. Cobb testified that Ferguson said he got $1 for throwing the switch in times of trouble at Bells. With this indirect testimony as to agency, the court permitted, over appellant’s objection, witnesses to testify that they notified Mr. Ferguson of the damage to the power line in question. If the testimony established Ferguson as appellant’s agent, at most such agency would be limited to throwing the switch at Bells. There is no proof in the record that such act at Bells would release the electric current from the wires at the point of injury. A notice to such an agent is, in my opinion, no notice to the company.
The record further discloses that the electric plant at Whitewright furnished the current for the lines in question at the time of the accident, and that the managing officers and employees at that plant had no notice or knowledge of the condition of the lines. The authority of Ferguson was questioned, and, as said in McGregor v. Hudson (Tex. Civ. App.) 30 S. W. 489, quoting from Mecham on Agency: “The authority of an agent, where the question * * * is directly involved, can only be established by tracing it to its source in some word or act of the alleged principal. * * * The authority of a private agent to represent his principal cannot ibe established by proof that he was generally reputed to be so authorized.” Appellant objected to the notice given Ferguson, as bearing on notice to the corporation, which, in my opinion, should have been sustained.
Appellant further complains of the action of the court in including in its charge, over its objection, special issue No. 9, which reads: “Was Doe Webster guilty of negligence in going into said field at the time and place in question in the manner that he did?”
It is evident that said issue embodies a general charge on contributory negligence of the deceased, in going into the place of danger. Appellant requested, in lieu thereof, issues segregating the separate and different ultimate facts of contributory negligence: (1) Special issue No. 4, as to the route chosen and followed by deceased and his companions; (2) special issue No. 7, as to the route chosen and followed by deceased; (3) special issue No. 9, as to deceased and companions going on the premises for an unlawful purpose; (4) special issue No. 10, as to deceased going on the premises for an unlawful purpose; (5) special issue No. 11, as to deceased going on the premises at that time of night; (8) special issue No. 12, as to deceased going on the premises at the place he entered; and (7) special issue No. 13, as to the foute deceased took in going across the field; also the corollary questions as to the proximate cause of the death of the three men.
Ample evidence was offered to prove these various specific acts and omissions, and appellant’s pleading would admit of the giving of the special requested charges. Appellant alleged: “Defendant further says that at the time Doc Franklin Webster sustained injury and immediately prior thereto, the said Bowen Daniels, Tommie Webster and Franklin Webster were each guilty of negligence which was the sole proximate cause of their several and 'collective injuries, but if not, were at least causes that caused or contributed to cause their injuries severally and collectively.”
This allegation was not excepted to by ap-pellee, and it may be regarded as tying into the further allegations of specific acts of deceased and his companions, viz.: That said Tommie Webster, Bowen Daniels, and Doc Franklin Webster, got out of said automobile, left the road, and undertook to cross a cultivated field over which it had its transmission line, in the nighttime, without the knowledge, consent, sanction, or invitation, either expressly or impliedly, from the owners of said premises, or any one in charge thereof, for their own purposes and conveniences, and, after accomplishing their purposes, and in returning to their automobile, they chose a route that was not used for a road or passageway, across an open field, and came in contact with the electric wire, and were killed, and on account of 'which the three were trespassers upon said premises, and that the light company was guilty of no negligence.
The writer is of the opinion that the pleading is sufficient to sustain the submission of appellant’s requested issues, and the determinative authority, showing error in refusing to give them, is that of Fox v. Dallas Hotel Co., 111 Tex. 461, 240 S. W. 517, 521, rendered by this court, which holds: “The statutes make it the duty of the court in trials by jury: First, to submit all the controverted fact issues made by the pleadings; second, to submit each issue distinctly and separately, avoiding all intermingling; and, third, to give such explanation and definition of legal terms as shall be-necessary to enable the jury to answer each issue.”
From the above, it will be seen that the statutes require submission of each set of facts constituting negligence, and forbid the submission of contributory negligence in one general issue; and, from the facts of the present case, appellant was denied the right given it by statute. Appellant in due time pointed out such omissions and defects in the submission of the case, and should have been accorded such rights.
The majority has concluded that appellant’s motion for rehearing should be overruled, and accordingly it is done. My interpretation of this entire record, as herein expressed, is that this case should have been reversed and rendered, and, so believing, I respectfully register my dissent. | CASELAW |
Bayonet
A bayonet (from Old French bayonette, now spelt baïonnette) is a knife, dagger, sword, or spike-shaped melee weapon designed to be mounted on the end of the barrel of a rifle, carbine, musket or similar long firearm, allowing the gun to be used as an improvised spear in close combats.
The term is derived from the town of Bayonne in southwestern France, where bayonets were supposedly first used by Basques in the 17th century. From the early 17th to the early 20th century, it was an infantry melee weapon used for both offensive and/or defensive tactics, usually when charging in mass formations or human wave attacks. Today, it is mostly considered an ancillary weapon, usually of last resort, and is rarely used (if wielded at all), although it is still displayed routinely for ceremonial purposes.
History
The term bayonette itself dates back to the 16th century, but it is not clear whether bayonets at the time were knives that could be fitted to the ends of firearms, or simply a type of knife. For example, Cotgrave's 1611 Dictionarie describes the bayonet as "a kind of small flat pocket dagger, furnished with knives; or a great knife to hang at the girdle". Likewise, Pierre Borel wrote in 1655 that a kind of long-knife called a bayonette was made in Bayonne but does not give any further description. There are some accounts that place the invention of the bayonet in either France or Germany as early as 1570.
Plug bayonets
The first recorded instance of a bayonet proper is found in the Chinese military treatise, Binglu published in 1606. It was in the form of the Son-and-mother gun, a breech-loading musket that was issued with a roughly 57.6 cm long plug bayonet, giving it an overall length of 1.92 m with the bayonet attached. It was labelled as a "gun-blade" with it being described as a "short sword that can be inserted into the barrel and secured by twisting it slightly" that it is to be used "when the battle have depleted both gunpowder and bullets as well as fighting against bandits, when forces are closing into melee or encountering an ambush" and if one "cannot load the gun within the time it takes to cover two bu (3.2 meters) of ground they are to attach the bayonet and hold it like a spear".
Early bayonets were of the "plug" type, where the bayonet was fitted directly into the barrel of the musket. This allowed light infantry to be converted to heavy infantry and hold off cavalry charges. The bayonet had a round handle that slid directly into the musket barrel. This naturally prevented the gun from being fired. The first known mention of the use of bayonets in European warfare was in the memoirs of Jacques de Chastenet, Vicomte de Puységur. He described the French using crude 1 ft plug bayonets during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). However, it was not until 1671 that General Jean Martinet standardized and issued plug bayonets to the French regiment of fusiliers then raised. They were issued to part of an English dragoon regiment raised in 1672, and to the Royal Fusiliers when raised in 1685.
Socket bayonets
The major problem with plug bayonets was that when attached they made it impossible to fire the musket, requiring soldiers to wait until the last possible moment before a melee to fix the bayonet. The defeat of forces loyal to William of Orange by Jacobite Highlanders at the Battle of Killiecrankie in 1689 was due (among other things) to the use of the plug bayonet. The Highlanders closed to 50 yd, fired a single volley, dropped their muskets, and using axes and swords quickly overwhelmed the loyalists before they had time to fix bayonets. Shortly thereafter, the defeated leader, Hugh Mackay, is believed to have introduced a socket bayonet of his own invention. Soon "socket" bayonets would incorporate both socket mounts and an offset blade that fit around the musket's barrel, which allowed the musket to be fired and reloaded while the bayonet was attached.
An unsuccessful trial with socket or zigzag bayonets was made after the Battle of Fleurus in 1690, in the presence of King Louis XIV, who refused to adopt them, as they had a tendency to fall off the musket. Shortly after the Peace of Ryswick (1697), the English and Germans abolished the pike and introduced socket bayonets. The British socket bayonet had a spike with a triangular cross-section rather than a flat blade, with a flat side towards the muzzle and two fluted sides outermost to a length of 15 in. It had no lock to keep it fast to the muzzle, and was well-documented for falling off in the heat of battle.
By the mid-18th century, socket bayonets had been adopted by most European armies. In 1703, the French infantry adopted a spring-loaded locking system that prevented the bayonet from accidentally separating from the musket. A triangular blade was introduced around 1715 and was stronger than the previous single or double-edged model.
Sword bayonets
The 18th century introduced the concept of the sword bayonet, a long-bladed weapon with a single- or double-edged blade that could also be used as a shortsword. Its initial purpose was to ensure that riflemen could form an infantry square properly to fend off cavalry attacks when in ranks with musketmen, whose weapons were longer. A prime early example of a sword bayonet-fitted rifle is the Pattern 1800 Infantry Rifle, later known as the "Baker Rifle". Sword bayonets were used by German Jagers in the 18th century. The hilt usually had quillons modified to accommodate the gun barrel and a hilt mechanism that enabled the bayonet to be attached to a bayonet lug. A sword bayonet could be used in combat as a sidearm, when detached from the musket or rifle. When the bayonet was attached to the musket or rifle, it effectively turned all long guns into a spear or glaive, which made it suitable for both thrusting and cutting attacks.
While the British Army eventually discarded the sword bayonet, the socket bayonet survived the introduction of the rifled musket into British service in 1854. The new rifled musket copied the French locking ring system. The new bayonet proved its worth at the Battle of Alma and the Battle of Inkerman during the Crimean War, where the Imperial Russian Army learned to fear it.
In the 1860s, European nations began to develop new bolt-action breechloading rifles (such as the Chassepot and Snider–Enfield) and sword bayonets suitable for mass production and used by police, pioneer, and engineer troops. The decision to redesign the bayonet into a short sword was viewed by some as an acknowledgement of the decline in importance of the fixed bayonet as a weapon in the face of new advances in firearms technology. As a British newspaper put it, "the committee, in recommending this new sword bayonet, appear to have had in view the fact that bayonets will henceforth be less frequently used than in former times as a weapon of offence and defence; they desired, therefore, to substitute an instrument of more general utility."
Multipurpose bayonets
One of these multipurpose designs was the 'sawback' bayonet, which incorporated saw teeth on the spine of the blade. The sawback bayonet was intended for use as a general-purpose utility tool as well as a weapon; the teeth were meant to facilitate the cutting of wood for various defensive works such as barbed-wire posts, as well as for butchering livestock. It was initially adopted by the German states in 1865; until the middle of WWI approximately 5% of every bayonet style was complemented with a sawback version, for example in Belgium in 1868, Great Britain in 1869 and Switzerland in 1878 (Switzerland introduced their last model in 1914). The original sawback bayonets were typically of the heavy sword-type, they were issued to engineers, with to some extent the bayonet aspect being secondary to the "tool" aspect. Later German sawbacks were more of a rank indicator than a functional saw. The sawback proved relatively ineffective as a cutting tool, and was soon outmoded by improvements in military logistics and transportation; most nations dropped the sawback feature by the early 20th century. The German army discontinued use of the sawback bayonet in 1917 after protests that the serrated blade caused unnecessarily severe wounds when used as a fixed bayonet.
The trowel or spade bayonet was another multipurpose design, intended for use both as an offensive weapon as well as a digging tool for excavating entrenchments. In 1870, the US Army issued trowel bayonets to infantry regiments based on a design by Lieutenant-Colonel Edmund Rice, a US Army officer and Civil War veteran, which were manufactured by the Springfield Armory. Besides its utility as both a fixed bayonet and a digging implement, the Rice trowel bayonet could be used to plaster log huts and stone chimneys for winter quarters; sharpened on one edge, it could cut tent poles and pins. Ten thousand were eventually issued, and the design saw service during the 1877 Nez Perce campaign. Rice was given leave in 1877 to demonstrate his trowel bayonet to several nations in Europe. One infantry officer recommended it to the exclusion of all other designs, noting that "the entrenching [sic] tools of an army rarely get up to the front until the exigency for their use has passed." The Rice trowel bayonet was declared obsolete by the US Army in December 1881.
"Reach" controversy
Prior to World War I, bayonet doctrine was largely founded upon the concept of "reach"; that is, a soldier's theoretical ability, by use of an extremely long rifle and fixed bayonet, to stab an enemy soldier without having to approach within reach of his opponent's blade. A combined length of rifle and bayonet longer than that of the enemy infantryman's rifle and attached bayonet, like the infantryman's pike of bygone days, was thought to impart a tactical advantage on the battlefield.
In 1886, the French army introduced a 52 cm quadrangular épée spike for the bayonet of the Lebel Model 1886 rifle, the Épée-Baïonnette Modèle 1886, resulting in a rifle and bayonet with an overall length of 6 ft. Germany responded by introducing a long sword bayonet for the Model 1898 Mauser rifle, which had a 29-inch barrel. The bayonet, the Seitengewehr 98, had a 50 cm (19.7-inch) blade. With an overall length of 5 ft, the German army's rifle/bayonet combination was second only to the French Lebel for overall 'reach'.
After 1900, Switzerland, Britain, and the United States adopted rifles with barrel lengths shorter than that of a rifled musket, but longer than that of a carbine. These were intended for general use by infantry and cavalry. The "reach" of the new short rifles with attached bayonets was reduced. Britain introduced the SMLE (Short, Magazine, Lee–Enfield), in 1904. The German M1898 Mauser rifle and attached sword bayonet was 20 cm (eight inches) longer than the SMLE and its P1903 bayonet, which used a twelve-inch (30 cm) blade. While the British P1903 and its similar predecessor, the P1888, was satisfactory in service, criticism soon arose regarding the shortened reach. One military writer of the day warned: "The German soldier has eight inches the better of the argument over the British soldier when it comes to crossing bayonets, and the extra eight inches easily turns the battle in favour of the longer, if both men are of equal skill."
In 1905, the German Army adopted a shortened 37 cm bayonet, the Seitengewehr 98/06 for engineer and pioneer troops, and in 1908, a short rifle as well, the Karabiner Model 1898AZ, which was produced in limited quantities for the cavalry, artillery, and other specialist troops. However, the long-barreled 98 Mauser rifle remained in service as the primary infantry small arm. Moreover, German military authorities continued to promote the idea of outreaching one's opponent on the battlefield by means of a longer rifle/bayonet combination, a concept prominently featured in its infantry bayonet training doctrines. These included the throw point or extended thrust-and-lunge attack. Using this tactic, the German soldier dropped into a half-crouch, with the rifle and fixed bayonet held close to the body. In this position the soldier next propelled his rifle forward, then dropped the supporting hand while taking a step forward with the right foot, simultaneously thrusting out the right arm to full length with the extended rifle held in the grip of the right hand alone. With a maximum 'kill zone' of some eleven feet, the throw point bayonet attack gave an impressive increase in 'reach', and was later adopted by other military forces, including the U.S. Army.
In response to criticism over the reduced reach of the SMLE rifle and bayonet, British ordnance authorities introduced the P1907 bayonet in 1908, which had an elongated blade of some seventeen inches to compensate for the reduced overall length of the SMLE rifle. The 1907 bayonet was essentially a copy of the Japanese Type 30 bayonet, Britain having purchased a number of Japanese type 30 rifles for the Royal Navy during the preceding years. U.S. authorities in turn adopted a long (16-in. blade) bayonet for the M1903 Springfield short rifle, the M1905 bayonet; later, a long sword bayonet was also provided for the M1917 Enfield rifle.
Reversal in opinion
The experience of World War I reversed opinion on the value of long rifles and bayonets in typical infantry combat operations. Whether in the close confines of trench warfare, night time raiding and patrolling, or attacking across open ground, soldiers of both sides soon recognized the inherent limitations of a long and ungainly rifle and bayonet when used as a close-quarters battle weapon. Once Allied soldiers had been trained to expect the throw point or extended thrust-and-lunge attack, the method lost most of its tactical value on the World War I battlefield. It required a strong arm and wrist, was very slow to recover if the initial thrust missed its mark, and was easily parried by a soldier who was trained to expect it, thus exposing the German soldier to a return thrust which he could not easily block or parry. Instead of longer bayonets, infantry forces on both sides began experimenting with other weapons as auxiliary close-quarter arms, including the trench knife, trench club, handgun, hand grenade, and entrenching tool.
Soldiers soon began employing the bayonet as a knife as well as an attachment for the rifle, and bayonets were often shortened officially or unofficially to make them more versatile and easier to use as tools, or to maneuver in close quarters. During World War II, bayonets were further shortened into knife-sized weapons in order to give them additional utility as fighting or utility knives. The vast majority of modern bayonets introduced since World War II are of the knife bayonet type.
Bayonet charge
The development of the bayonet from the 17th century onwards led to the bayonet charge becoming the main infantry tactic throughout the 18th, 19th, and early 20th century. As early as the 19th century, military scholars were already noting that most bayonet charges did not result in close combat. Instead, one side usually fled before actual bayonet fighting ensued. The act of fixing bayonets has been held to be primarily connected to morale, the making of a clear signal to friend and foe of a willingness to kill at close quarters.
The bayonet charge was above all a tool of shock. While charges were reasonably common in 18th and 19th century warfare, actual combat between formations with their bayonets was so rare as to be effectively nonexistent. Usually, a charge would only happen after a long exchange of gunfire, and one side would break and run before contact was actually made. Sir Charles Oman, nearing the end of his history of the Peninsular War (1807–1814) in which he had closely studied hundreds of battles and combats, only discovered a single example of, in his words, "one of the rarest things in the Peninsular War, a real hand-to-hand fight with the white weapon." Infantry melees were much more common in close country – towns, villages, earthworks and other terrain which reduced visibility to such ranges that hand-to-hand fighting was unavoidable. These melees, however, were not bayonet charges per se, as they were not executed or defended against by regular bodies of orderly infantry; rather, they were a chaotic series of individual combats where musket butts and fists were used alongside bayonets, swords, and polearms.
Napoleonic wars
The bayonet charge was a common tactic used during the Napoleonic wars. Despite its effectiveness, a bayonet charge did not necessarily cause substantial casualties through the use of the weapon itself. Detailed battle casualty lists from the 18th century showed that in many battles, less than 2% of all wounds treated were caused by bayonets. Antoine-Henri Jomini, a celebrated military author who served in numerous armies during the Napoleonic period, stated that the majority of bayonet charges in the open resulted with one side fleeing before any contact was made. Combat with bayonets did occur, but mostly on a small scale when units of opposing sides encountered each other in a confined environment, such as during the storming of fortifications or during ambush skirmishes in broken terrain. In an age of fire by massed volley, when compared to random unseen bullets, the threat of the bayonet was much more tangible and immediate – guaranteed to lead to a personal gruesome conclusion if both sides persisted. All this encouraged men to flee before the lines met. Thus, the bayonet was an immensely useful weapon for capturing ground from the enemy, despite seldom actually being used to inflict wounds.
American Civil War
During the American Civil War (1861–1865) the bayonet was found to be responsible for less than 1% of battlefield casualties, a hallmark of modern warfare. The use of bayonet charges to force the enemy to retreat was very successful in numerous small unit engagements at short range in the American Civil War, as most troops would retreat when charged while reloading. Although such charges inflicted few casualties, they often decided short engagements, and tactical possession of important defensive ground features. Additionally, bayonet drill could be used to rally men temporarily unnerved by enemy fire. While the overall Battle of Gettysburg was won by the Union armies due to a combination of terrain and massed artillery fire, a decisive point on the second day of the battle hinged on a bayonet charge at Little Round Top when Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain's 20th Maine Volunteer Infantry Regiment, running short of musket ammunition, charged downhill, surprising and capturing many of the surviving soldiers of the 15th Alabama Infantry Regiment and other Confederate regiments. Other bayonet charges occurred at Gettysburg, such as that of the 1st Minnesota Infantry Regiment. This was ordered in desperation by General Hancock earlier on July 2 in order to delay a Confederate brigade's advance long enough to bring up reinforcements for the holed Union line on Cemetery Ridge. Still another bayonet charge was conducted late in the evening on July 2 by the 137th New York Infantry Regiment defending the extreme right flank of the Union line on Culp's Hill. The charge of several companies managed to temporarily stall the advance of the 10th Virginia Infantry Regiment long enough for the 14th Brooklyn to move in on the 137th's right and repel the attack.
Going over the top
The popular image of World War I combat is of a wave of soldiers with bayonets fixed, "going over the top" and charging across no man's land into a hail of enemy fire. Although this was the standard method of fighting early in the war, it was rarely successful. British casualties on the first day of the Battle of the Somme were the worst in the history of the British army, with 57,470 British casualties, 19,240 of whom were killed.
During World War I, no man's land was often hundreds of yards across. The area was usually devastated by the warfare and riddled with craters from artillery and mortar shells, and sometimes contaminated by chemical weapons. Heavily defended by machine guns, mortars, artillery, and riflemen on both sides, it was often covered with barbed wire and land mines, and littered with the rotting corpses of those who were not able to make it across the sea of projectiles, explosions, and flames. A bayonet charge through no man's land often resulted in the total annihilation of entire battalions.
Banzai charges
The advent of modern warfare in the 20th century made bayonet charges dubious affairs. During the Siege of Port Arthur (1904–1905), the Japanese used human wave attacks against Russian artillery and machine guns, suffering massive casualties.
However, during the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Japanese were able to use bayonet charges effectively against poorly organized and lightly armed Chinese troops. "Banzai charges" became an accepted military tactic where Japanese forces were able to rout larger Chinese forces routinely.
In the early stages of the Pacific War (1941–1945), a sudden bayonet charge could overwhelm unprepared enemy soldiers. Such charges became known to Allied forces as "Banzai charges" from the Japanese battle cry. By the end of the war, against well organized and heavily armed Allied forces, a banzai charge inflicted little damage but at high cost. They were sometimes conducted as a last resort by small groups of surviving soldiers when the main battle was already lost.
Some Japanese commanders, such as General Tadamichi Kuribayashi, recognized the futility and waste of such attacks and expressly forbade their men from carrying them out. Indeed, the Americans were surprised that the Japanese did not employ banzai charges at the Battle of Iwo Jima.
Human wave attack
The term "human wave attack" was often misused to describe the Chinese short attack —a combination of infiltration and the shock tactics employed by the People's Liberation Army during the Korean War (1950–1953). A typical Chinese short attack was carried out at night by sending a series of small five-man fireteams to attack the weakest point of an enemy's defenses. The Chinese assault team would crawl undetected within grenade range, then launch surprise attacks with fixed bayonets against the defenders in order to breach the defenses by relying on maximum shock and confusion.
If the initial shock failed to breach the defenses, additional fireteams would press on behind them and attack the same point until a breach was created. Once penetration was achieved, the bulk of the Chinese forces would move into the enemy rear and attack from behind. Due to primitive communication systems and tight political controls within the Chinese army, short attacks were often repeated until either the defenses were penetrated or the attackers were completely annihilated.
This persistent attack pattern left a strong impression on UN forces that fought in Korea, giving birth to the description of "human wave". The term "human wave" was later used by journalists and military officials to convey the image of the American soldiers being assaulted by overwhelming numbers of Chinese on a broad front, which is inaccurate when compared with the normal Chinese practice of sending successive series of small teams against a weak point in the line. It was in fact rare for the Chinese to actually use densely concentrated infantry formations to absorb enemy firepower.
Modern usage
One use the Germans in World War II made of bayonets was to search for people in hiding. One person hiding in a house in the Netherlands wrote: "The Germans made lots of noise as they came upstairs, and they stabbed their bayonets into the wall. Then what we'd always feared actually happened: A bayonet went through the thin wallpaper above the closet, exposing the three people who were hiding there. 'Raus!' cried the Germans. 'Out!'".
During the Korean War, the French Battalion and Turkish Brigade used bayonet charges against enemy combatants. In 1951, United States Army officer Lewis L. Millett led soldiers of the US Army's 27th Infantry Regiment in capturing a machine gun position with bayonets. Historian S. L. A. Marshall described the attack as "the most complete bayonet charge by American troops since Cold Harbor". The location subsequently became known as Bayonet Hill. This was the last bayonet charge by the US Army. Millett was awarded the Medal of Honor.
On 23 October 1962, 20 Indian soldiers led by Joginder Singh fixed bayonets and charged a force of 200 Chinese soldiers. While the charge would prove futile for Singh and his men, it initially threw the Chinese off guard and forced a retreat despite outnumbering them 10 to 1.
On 8 May 1970, National Guardsmen attacked student demonstrators with bayonets at the University of New Mexico (UNM) in Albuquerque. The demonstrators were protesting the war in Vietnam and Cambodia, and the killing of four students at Kent State University. Eleven were injured, some seriously. In 1982, the British Army mounted bayonet charges during the Falklands War, notably the 3rd Battalion, Parachute Regiment during the Battle of Mount Longdon and the 2nd Battalion, Scots Guards during the final assault of Mount Tumbledown.
In 1995, during the Siege of Sarajevo, UN peacekeepers of the French 3rd Marine Infantry Regiment charged Serbian forces at the Battle of Vrbanja bridge. Actions led by the regiment allowed the UN peacekeepers to retreat from a threatened position. Two fatalities and seventeen wounded resulted.
During the Second Gulf War and the war in Afghanistan, British Army units mounted several bayonet charges. In 2004, at the Battle of Danny Boy in Iraq, the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders charged mortar positions of the Mahdi Army. The ensuing hand-to-hand fighting resulted in an estimate of over 40 insurgents killed and 35 bodies collected and nine prisoners. Sergeant Brian Wood, of the Princess of Wales's Royal Regiment, was awarded the Military Cross for his part in the battle.
In 2009, Lieutenant James Adamson of the Royal Regiment of Scotland was awarded the Military Cross for a bayonet charge while in Afghanistan. Adamson had run out of ammunition so he immediately charged a Taliban fighter with his bayonet. Lance Corporal Sean Jones of The Princess of Wales's Regiment was awarded the Military Cross for his role in a 2011 bayonet charge.
Contemporary bayonets
Today, the bayonet is rarely used in one-to-one combat. Despite its limitations, many modern assault rifles (including bullpup designs) retain a bayonet lug and the bayonet is issued by many armies. The bayonet is used for controlling prisoners, or as a weapon of last resort. In addition, some authorities have concluded that the bayonet serves as a useful training aid in building morale and increasing desired aggressiveness in troops.
Today's bayonets often double as multi-purpose utility knives, bottle openers or other tools. Issuing one modern multi-purpose bayonet/knife is also more cost effective than issuing separate specialty bayonets, and field/combat knives.
Soviet Union
The original AK-47 has an adequate but unremarkable bayonet. However, the AKM Type I bayonet (introduced in 1959) was an improvement of the original design. It has a Bowie style (clip-point) blade with saw-teeth along the spine, and can be used as a multi-purpose survival knife and wire-cutter when combined with its steel scabbard. The AK-74 bayonet 6Kh5 (introduced in 1983) represents a further refinement of the AKM bayonet. "It introduced a radical blade cross-section, that has a flat milled on one side near the edge and a corresponding flat milled on the opposite side near the false edge." The blade has a new spear point and an improved one-piece moulded plastic grip, making it a more effective fighting knife. It also has saw-teeth on the false edge and the usual hole for use as a wire-cutter. The wire cutting versions of the AK bayonets each have an electrically insulated handle and an electrically insulated part of the scabbard, so it can be used to cut an electrified wire.
United States
The American M16 rifle used the M7 bayonet which is based on earlier designs such as the M4, M5 and M6 models, all of which are direct descendants of the M3 Fighting Knife and have a spear-point blade with a half sharpened secondary edge. The newer M9 has a clip-point blade with saw-teeth along the spine, and can be used as a multi-purpose knife and wire-cutter when combined with its scabbard. It can even be used by troops to cut their way free through the relatively thin metal skin of a crashed helicopter or airplane. The current USMC OKC-3S bayonet bears a resemblance to the Marines' iconic Ka-Bar fighting knife with serrations near the handle.
People's Republic of China
The AK-47 was adopted by Communist China as the Type 56 assault rifle and includes an integral folding spike bayonet, similar to the SKS rifle. Some Type 56s may also use the AKM Type II bayonet. The latest Chinese rifle, the QBZ-95, has a multi-purpose knife bayonet similar to the US M9.
Belgium
The FN FAL has two types of bayonet. The first is a traditional spear point bayonet. The second is the Type C socket bayonet introduced in the 1960s. It has a hollow handle that fits over the muzzle and slots that lined up with those on the FALs 22 mm NATO-spec flash hider. Its spear-type blade is offset to the side of the handle to allow the bullet to pass beside the blade.
United Kingdom
The current British L3A1 socket bayonet is based on the FN FAL Type C socket bayonet with a clip-point blade. It has a hollow handle that fits over the SA80/L85 rifle's muzzle and slots that lined up with those on the flash eliminator. The blade is offset to the side of the handle to allow the bullet to pass beside the blade. It can also be used as a multi-purpose knife and wire-cutter when combined with its scabbard. The scabbard also has a sharpening stone and folding saw blade. The use of contemporary bayonets by the British army was noted during the Afghanistan war in 2004.
Germany
The H&K G3 rifle uses two types of bayonets, both of which is mounted above the G3's rifle barrel. The first is the standard G3 bayonet which has a blade similar to the American M7 bayonet. The second is an Eickhorn KCB-70 type multi-purpose knife bayonet, featuring a clip-point with saw-back, a wire-cutter scabbard and a distinctive squared handgrip. For the H&K G36 there was little use of modified AKM type II knife bayonets from stocks of the former Nationale Volksarmee (National People's Army) of East Germany. The original muzzle-ring was cut away and a new, large diameter muzzle ring welded in place. The original leather belt hanger was replaced by a complex web and plastic belt hanger designed to fit the West German load bearing equipment.
Austria
The Steyr AUG uses two types of bayonet. The first and most common is an Eickhorn KCB-70 type multi-purpose bayonet with an M16 bayonet type interface. The second are the Glock Feldmesser 78 (Field Knife 78) and the Feldmesser 81 (Survival Knife 81), which can also be used as a bayonet, by engaging a socket in the pommel (covered by a plastic cap) into a bayonet adapter that can be fitted to the AUG rifle. These bayonets are noteworthy, as they were meant to be used primarily as field or survival knives and use as a bayonet was a secondary consideration. They can also be used as throwing knives and have a built-in bottle opener in the crossguard.
France
The French use a more traditional spear point bayonet with the current FAMAS bayonet which is nearly identical to that of the M1949/56 bayonet. The new French H&K 416F rifle uses the Eickhorn "SG 2000 WC-F", a multi-purpose combat knife/bayonet (similar to the KM2000) with a wire cutter. It weighs 320 g, is 30.0 cm long with a half serrated 17.3 cm blade for cutting through ropes. The synthetic handle and sheath have electrical insulation that protects up to 10,000 volts. The sheath also has a diamond blade sharpener.
Linguistic impact
The push-twist motion of fastening the older type of spike bayonet has given a name to:
* The "bayonet mount" used for various types of quick fastenings, such as camera lenses, also called a "bayonet connector" when used in electrical plugs.
* Several connectors and contacts including the bayonet-fitting light bulb that is common in the UK (as opposed to the continental European screw-fitting type).
* One type of connector for foil and sabre weapons used in modern fencing competitions is referred to as a "bayonet" connector.
In chess, an aggressive variation of the King's Indian Defence is known as the "Bayonet Attack".
The bayonet has become a symbol of military power. The term "at the point of a bayonet" refers to using military force or action to accomplish, maintain, or defend something (cf. Bayonet Constitution). Undertaking a task "with fixed bayonets" has this connotation of no room for compromise and is a phrase used particularly in politics.
Badges and insignias
The Australian Army 'Rising Sun' badge features a semicircle of bayonets. The Australian Army Infantry Combat Badge (ICB) takes the form of a vertically mounted Australian Army SLR (7.62mm self-loading rifle FN FAL) bayonet surrounded by an oval-shaped laurel wreath.
The US Army Combat Action Badge, awarded to personnel who have come under fire since 2001 and who are not eligible for the Combat Infantryman Badge (due to the fact that only Infantry personnel may be awarded the Combat Infantryman Badge), has a bayonet as its central motif. The shoulder sleeve insignia for the 10th Mountain Division in the US Army features crossed bayonets. The US Army's 173rd Airborne Brigade Combat Team's shoulder patch features a bayonet wrapped in a wing, symbolizing their airborne status. The brigade regularly deploys in task forces under the name "Bayonet".
The insignia of the British Army's School of Infantry is an SA80 bayonet against a red shield. It is worn as a Tactical recognition flash (TRF) by instructors at the Infantry Training Centre Catterick, the Infantry Battle School at Brecon and the Support Weapons School in Warminster. Fixed bayonets also feature on the cap badge and tactical recognition flash of the Small Arms School Corps.
The vocation tab collar insignia for the Singapore Armed Forces Infantry Formation utilizes two crossed bayonets. The bayonet is often used as a symbol of the Infantry in Singapore. | WIKI |
US-EU tariffs: French wine and Italian cheese prices could rise
President Donald Trump is going after French wine and European cheese. But this time, it actually makes some sense. The United States is imposing $7.5 billion in tariffs on imports from the European Union starting October 18 basically because the World Trade Organization said it could. These taxes against the EU stem from a 15-year battle over aviation subsidies that long predates the tariff-happy Trump. In 2004, the United States filed a claim with the World Trade Organization, accusing some EU countries of illegally subsidizing the aircraft giant Airbus, which the US said harmed the American company Boeing. In 2005, the EU filed a competing claim, saying the US government provided subsidies and tax breaks to Boeing. The Airbus-Boeing dispute has dragged on for years. In May 2018, a WTO panel gave the US a win, saying the EU had failed to end the Airbus subsidies. That cleared the way for the US to retaliate. The US was expected to take countermeasures to the tune of billions of dollars in tariffs — and the administration has been advertising a plan to do just that since April. On Wednesday, the WTO authorized the US to put tariffs on $7.5 billion worth of European products as recompense for those unfair aircraft subsidies, or at least until both sides can negotiate a settlement. According to the New York Times, it’s the largest reprisal the trade body has ever authorized. So Trump, basically, has permission to impose tariffs on European products, and as trade expert Chad Bown of the Peterson Institute pointed out, these tariffs “are not unilateral bullying, but an enforcement mechanism of last resort.” But that means those fine Italian cheeses and French wines Americans love so much are probably going to get pricier. The US is imposing 10 percent tariffs on aircraft and 25 percent on other European goods, including many agricultural products. Trump celebrated the verdict on Wednesday, even if he somewhat muddled the reason for the WTO’s decision and attempted to take some of the credit. “The U.S. won a $7.5 Billion award from the World Trade Organization against the European Union, who has for many years treated the USA very badly on Trade due to Tariffs, Trade Barriers, and more,” the president tweeted. The U.S. won a $7.5 Billion award from the World Trade Organization against the European Union, who has for many years treated the USA very badly on Trade due to Tariffs, Trade Barriers, and more. This case going on for years, a nice victory! Even if these tariffs are justified under WTO rules, the US’s decision to swiftly move ahead with these taxes could still increase trade tensions with the European Union. The penalties are coming at a pretty precarious time for the bloc, as it deals with the economic uncertainty of Brexit and global recession fears exacerbated by Trump’s trade war with China. Last year, Trump imposed steel and aluminum tariffs on many of the US’s allies, including the European Union. The administration justified the tariffs on the basis of national security, finding something of a loophole in the law. The EU retaliated, imposing duties on US goods like motorcycles and bourbon. Last July, the president of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, met with Trump at the White House, and they agreed to resolve the trade standoff. There’s been some progress on issues like beef, but it’s small stuff compared to the issues over steel and this WTO dispute. Trump has also repeatedly attacked the EU for being “very unfair” to the US on trade and is reportedly still considering whether to take more extreme measures, such as putting tariffs on European cars. So these levies probably aren’t going to ease trade tensions. The EU has said it will retaliate — and it’s also waiting on a separate ruling from the WTO on whether the US unfairly subsidized the American company Boeing, which is expected next year. “If the U.S. imposes countermeasures, it will be pushing the EU into a situation where we will have to do the same,” European Commission’s spokesman, Daniel Rosario told USA Today, adding that the move “will first and foremost hit U.S. consumers and companies.” There are also concerns that while the WTO has authorized tariffs on the EU as a whole, it’ll inflict pain on some EU countries and businesses that didn’t have anything to do with the Airbus dispute, such as Italy. This week, a protester interrupted Secretary of State Mike Pompeo’s meeting with Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte this week to hand Pompeo some Parmigiano-Reggiano to protest the impending tariffs. Woman gives Secretary Pompeo cheese in Rome. Italian Prime Minister Conte has woman removed. pic.twitter.com/2iZ8cNasxQ So far, the US and the EU have made little progress on figuring out some sort of settlement over this decade-plus aircraft fight that could head off tariffs altogether. There’s still some time before these US levies go into effect to reach some sort of an agreement — but right now, it looks as if all those fancy European foods are about to go up in price for American consumers. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Théorème d'Arzelà-Ascoli
Arzelà–Ascoli theorem The Arzelà–Ascoli theorem is a fundamental result of mathematical analysis giving necessary and sufficient conditions to decide whether every sequence of a given family of real-valued continuous functions defined on a closed and bounded interval has a uniformly convergent subsequence. The main condition is the equicontinuity of the family of functions. The theorem is the basis of many proofs in mathematics, including that of the Peano existence theorem in the theory of ordinary differential equations, Montel's theorem in complex analysis, and the Peter–Weyl theorem in harmonic analysis and various results concerning compactness of integral operators.
The notion of equicontinuity was introduced in the late 19th century by the Italian mathematicians Cesare Arzelà and Giulio Ascoli. A weak form of the theorem was proven by Ascoli (1883–1884), who established the sufficient condition for compactness, and by Arzelà (1895), who established the necessary condition and gave the first clear presentation of the result. A further generalization of the theorem was proven by Fréchet (1906), to sets of real-valued continuous functions with domain a compact metric space (Dunford & Schwartz 1958, p. 382). Modern formulations of the theorem allow for the domain to be compact Hausdorff and for the range to be an arbitrary metric space. More general formulations of the theorem exist that give necessary and sufficient conditions for a family of functions from a compactly generated Hausdorff space into a uniform space to be compact in the compact-open topology; see Kelley (1991, page 234).
Contenu 1 Statement and first consequences 1.1 Immediate examples 1.1.1 Differentiable functions 1.1.2 Lipschitz and Hölder continuous functions 2 Généralisations 2.1 Euclidean spaces 2.2 Compact metric spaces and compact Hausdorff spaces 2.3 Functions on non-compact spaces 2.4 Non-continuous functions 3 Necessity 4 Further examples 5 Voir également 6 References Statement and first consequences By definition, une séquence {style d'affichage {F_{n}}_{nin mathbb {N} }} of continuous functions on an interval I = [un, b] is uniformly bounded if there is a number M such that {style d'affichage à gauche|F_{n}(X)droit|leq M} for every function fn belonging to the sequence, and every x ∈ [un, b]. (Ici, M must be independent of n and x.) The sequence is said to be uniformly equicontinuous if, for every ε > 0, there exists a δ > 0 tel que {style d'affichage à gauche|F_{n}(X)-F_{n}(y)droit| 0 and rational xk in I, there is an integer N = N(e, xk) tel que {style d'affichage |F_{n}(X_{k})-F_{m}(X_{k})|<{tfrac {varepsilon }{3}},qquad n,mgeq N.} Since the family F is equicontinuous, for this fixed ε and for every x in I, there is an open interval Ux containing x such that {displaystyle |f(s)-f(t)|<{tfrac {varepsilon }{3}}} for all f ∈ F and all s, t in I such that s, t ∈ Ux. The collection of intervals Ux, x ∈ I, forms an open cover of I. Since I is closed and bounded, by the Heine-Borel theorem I is compact, implying that this covering admits a finite subcover U1, ..., UJ. There exists an integer K such that each open interval Uj, 1 ≤ j ≤ J, contains a rational xk with 1 ≤ k ≤ K. Finally, for any t ∈ I, there are j and k so that t and xk belong to the same interval Uj. For this choice of k, {displaystyle {begin{aligned}left|f_{n}(t)-f_{m}(t)right|&leq left|f_{n}(t)-f_{n}(x_{k})right|+|f_{n}(x_{k})-f_{m}(x_{k})|+|f_{m}(x_{k})-f_{m}(t)|\&<{tfrac {varepsilon }{3}}+{tfrac {varepsilon }{3}}+{tfrac {varepsilon }{3}}end{aligned}}} for all n, m > N = max{N(e, x1), ..., N(e, xK)}. Par conséquent, la séquence {fn} is uniformly Cauchy, and therefore converges to a continuous function, as claimed. Ceci achève la preuve.
Immediate examples Differentiable functions The hypotheses of the theorem are satisfied by a uniformly bounded sequence { fn } of differentiable functions with uniformly bounded derivatives. En effet, uniform boundedness of the derivatives implies by the mean value theorem that for all x and y, {style d'affichage à gauche|F_{n}(X)-F_{n}(y)droit|leq K|x-y|,} where K is the supremum of the derivatives of functions in the sequence and is independent of n. Alors, given ε > 0, let δ = ε / 2K to verify the definition of equicontinuity of the sequence. This proves the following corollary: Laisser {fn} be a uniformly bounded sequence of real-valued differentiable functions on [un, b] such that the derivatives {fn′} are uniformly bounded. Then there exists a subsequence {fnk} that converges uniformly on [un, b].
Si, en outre, the sequence of second derivatives is also uniformly bounded, then the derivatives also converge uniformly (up to a subsequence), etc. Another generalization holds for continuously differentiable functions. Suppose that the functions fn are continuously differentiable with derivatives f′n. Suppose that fn′ are uniformly equicontinuous and uniformly bounded, and that the sequence { fn }, is pointwise bounded (or just bounded at a single point). Then there is a subsequence of the { fn } converging uniformly to a continuously differentiable function.
The diagonalization argument can also be used to show that a family of infinitely differentiable functions, whose derivatives of each order are uniformly bounded, has a uniformly convergent subsequence, all of whose derivatives are also uniformly convergent. This is particularly important in the theory of distributions.
Lipschitz and Hölder continuous functions The argument given above proves slightly more, specifically If { fn } is a uniformly bounded sequence of real valued functions on [un, b] such that each f is Lipschitz continuous with the same Lipschitz constant K: {style d'affichage à gauche|F_{n}(X)-F_{n}(y)droit|leq K|x-y|} pour tout x, y ∈ [un, b] and all fn , then there is a subsequence that converges uniformly on [un, b].
The limit function is also Lipschitz continuous with the same value K for the Lipschitz constant. A slight refinement is A set F of functions f on [un, b] that is uniformly bounded and satisfies a Hölder condition of order α, 0 < α ≤ 1, with a fixed constant M, {displaystyle left|f(x)-f(y)right|leq M,|x-y|^{alpha },qquad x,yin [a,b]} is relatively compact in C([a, b]). In particular, the unit ball of the Hölder space C0,α([a, b]) is compact in C([a, b]). This holds more generally for scalar functions on a compact metric space X satisfying a Hölder condition with respect to the metric on X. Generalizations Euclidean spaces The Arzelà–Ascoli theorem holds, more generally, if the functions fn take values in d-dimensional Euclidean space Rd, and the proof is very simple: just apply the R-valued version of the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem d times to extract a subsequence that converges uniformly in the first coordinate, then a sub-subsequence that converges uniformly in the first two coordinates, and so on. The above examples generalize easily to the case of functions with values in Euclidean space. Compact metric spaces and compact Hausdorff spaces The definitions of boundedness and equicontinuity can be generalized to the setting of arbitrary compact metric spaces and, more generally still, compact Hausdorff spaces. Let X be a compact Hausdorff space, and let C(X) be the space of real-valued continuous functions on X. A subset F ⊂ C(X) is said to be equicontinuous if for every x ∈ X and every ε > 0, x has a neighborhood Ux such that {displaystyle forall yin U_{X},forall fin mathbf {F} :qquad |F(y)-F(X)|
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Installing AutoCAD LT98 on Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10
AutoCAD LT98 users are very used to the software package and cannot do without it. With the latest hardware and required move to new Windows versions, trying to install your AutoCAD LT98 gives an error like this one…
Windows 16bit setup error - This app can't run on your PC
“This app can’t run on your PC”
or this one…
Setup Halted System requirements error Wrong OS, AutoCAD supports Windows NT 4.0, Windows NT 5.0, Windows 95 and Windows 98“Wrong OS, AutoCAD supports Windows NT 4.0, Windows NT 5.0, Windows 95 and Windows 98”
…all is not lost…
How to install AutoCAD LT98
1. Obtain your purchased copy of the Longbow Converter here
2. Start In the Converter App
3. Insert your AutoCAD LT98 CD into your CDRom drive…
1. Select the 2nd tab titled “Old AutoCAD Installer Reviver
2. Using the “. . .” button, select your AutoCAD LT98 installation CD
3. Next, click the “Run Old Installer” button and follow the instructions
4. Please be patient as the Converter starts your AutoCAD LT98 Setup…. expect to wait at least 45 minutes for your AutoCAD LT98 setup.exe program to appear.
1. Once the setup starts, stop and read the next step…
4. In the setup program…
1. navigate through each setup dialog as normal except when you get to the installation folder input – **it’s vitally important to make sure you install to c:\acadLT98 (not .\AutoCAD LT98 as usually prompted)**
2. Now carry on with the install…
3. Ignore any errors related to not being able to create the shortcut Cannot create folder “AutoCAD LT 98” you will have to create a shortcut on your computer Desktop to your c:\acadLT98\aclt.exe by hand.
4. Do not reboot if prompted to do so
5. Once installed, go back to the Converter tool…
1. select the 3rd tab – “Old AutoCAD Program Reviver”
2. Using the “. . .” button, select the newly installed c:\acadLT98 folder
3. Once you have selected the c:\acadLT98 folder simply click the “Fix Old Program” button.
4. Once the Converter has completed with “Success!”, close the Converter app, reboot your PC!
6. Now you can happily run your AutoCAD LT98! Simply use Windows Explorer, navigate to c:\acadLT98 and double click aclt.exe.
Troubleshooting:
• If you are getting a WinHelp() error when pressing F1 to try and access the Help system then simply install the WinHelp (WinHlp32.exe) module from Microsoft
• If your wheel mouse zoom is erratic (random zoom in / outs while scrolling), update the Control Panel->Mouse->Wheel->”Roll the wheel one notch to scroll” set to 3 lines or less
Copyright 2018 (c) Longbow Software
One thought on “Installing AutoCAD LT98 on Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10
1. This does not work exactly as stated. There’s no way to avoid installing to Program Files(x86)AutoCAD LT98. However, if you insert the step to move that directory to the desktop, and then to c:\, it works.
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Opening View: DJIA Headed Higher as Germany and France Try to Stabilize European Banks
U.S. stocks are looking to shrug off Friday's losses in the face of a stabilization plan for the struggling European Union banking sector. After much anticipation and without giving specifics, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and French President Nicolas Sarkozy said they will reveal further details about recapitalizing EU banks over the coming weeks. On the home front, it could be a volatile, low-volume session on Wall Street today, as there are no major economic or earnings reports due out, while government offices and bond markets are closed for Columbus Day. Against this backdrop, futures are headed higher across the board, with the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) sitting 147 points above breakeven, and the broader S&P 500 Index up over 19 points ahead of the bell.
In earnings news, Natus Medical (BABY - 8.63) confessed its preliminary fiscal third-quarter results this morning, with the firm predicting revenue of approximately $51.5 million -- below its July forecast for $58 million. In a company statement, CEO Jim Hawkins attributed the shortfall to delayed orders in the neurology and newborn care divisions. Additionally, BABY updated its fourth-quarter forecast, with the company now anticipating an adjusted profit of 15 cents per share on revenue of $65 million. The healthcare concern's previous outlook called for earnings of 19 to 20 cents per share on $61 million, while analysts were looking for a profit of 19 cents per share on $67.5 million in revenue. Shares of BABY are headed 3% lower in pre-market trading.
Elsewhere, Scotts Miracle-Gro (SMG - 46.95) slashed its full-year earnings forecast to a range between $2.70 and $2.75 per share, down from its August guidance of $2.95 to $3.05 per share. The firm also said it anticipates a 2% sales decline for fiscal 2011, with the complete full-year results scheduled to hit the Street on Tuesday, Nov. 8. The lawn-care specialist attributed the downwardly revised outlook to "an unexpected year-over-year decline in consumer purchases in the U.S. during September." Analysts were expecting SMG to bank a full-year profit of $2.98 per share on $2.85 billion in revenue.
In equities news, Superior Energy Services (SPN - 27.41) and Complete Production Services (CPX - 20.38) confirmed their deal to merge, combining the two businesses into a single oilfield services company. Under the terms of the agreement, SPN will shell out 0.945 share of stock and $7 in cash for each CPX share, representing a healthy 61% premium to Friday's close at $20.38. SPN and CPX shareholders will hold about 52% and 48% of its outstanding shares, respectively. Ahead of the bell, CPX is looking to start the trading day with a 50.2% boost, while SPN is staring at a 9% deficit.
Earnings Preview
Today's earnings docket will feature a report from Mistras Group ( MG ). Keep your browser at SchaeffersResearch.com for more news as it breaks.
Economic Calendar
The economic calendar is bare today, as government offices are closed in honor of Columbus Day. On Tuesday, the central bank will take the spotlight, with the release of the Federal Open Market Committee's (FOMC) latest meeting minutes on tap. The economic agenda is relatively light on Wednesday, with the MBA mortgage index slated for release. Meanwhile, Thursday heats up with the August trade balance, the holiday-delayed crude inventories report, and the weekly report on initial jobless claims. Friday winds down with September retail sales data, the Reuters/UMich consumer sentiment index, business inventories, and import/export prices.
Market Statistics
Equity option activity on the Chicago Board Options Exchange ( CBOE ) saw 820,148 call contracts traded on Friday, compared to 566,876 put contracts. The resultant single-session put/call ratio arrived at 0.69, while the 21-day moving average was 0.72.
Overseas Trading
Asian benchmarks ended mostly higher today, buoyed by optimism over a potential plan to shore up the European banking sector. Despite speculation about a rift between Merkel and Sarkozy, the duo said they're in "total" agreement regarding a plan to recapitalize banks. However, property stocks were a pocket of weakness in China, after data revealed a monthly decline in home prices. By the close, South Korea's Kospi added 0.4%, Hong Kong's Hang Seng edged up 0.02%, and China's Shanghai Composite slipped 0.6%. Markets in Japan are closed for holiday.
The united front presented by Merkel and Sarkozy has also inspired some bullish tidings over in Europe, although details about a banking rescue won't be available until later this month. In the meantime, Greek financials have taken a turn for the worse after the Bank of Greece moved to nationalize struggling Proton Bank, while the Belgian government agreed to acquire certain assets from troubled lender Dexia. At midday, London's FTSE 100 is up 1.1 %, the French CAC 40 is 1% higher, and the German DAX has gained 0.3%.
Currencies and Commodities
The greenback is trading modestly lower this morning, with the U.S. dollar index down 1.2% at last look. Elsewhere, crude futures have extended their recent gains, with the front-month contract up 1.8% to trade near $84.46 per barrel. Gold futures are also on the rise, reversing Friday's loss. At last check, the malleable metal has added on $30.10, or 1.8%, to flirt with $1,665.90 an ounce.
Unusual Put and Call Activity:
For an explanation of how to use this information, check out our Education Center topics on Option Volume and Open Interest Configurations .
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UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Alonzo HOUSTON, Defendant-Appellant.
No. 04-16524.
United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit.
July 19, 2006.
Ramona C. Albin (Court-Appointed), Birmingham, AL, for Houston.
Joyce White Vance, Birmingham, AL, for U.S.
Before TJOFLAT and COX, Circuit Judges, and GEORGE, District Judge.
Honorable Lloyd D. George, United States District Judge for the District of Nevada, sitting by designation.
COX, Circuit Judge:
We consider in this appeal the issue of racial discrimination in jury selection, applying Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986), and its progeny. We also consider whether there was constitutional or statutory error under United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005). We affirm the convictions, vacate the sentences, and remand for resentencing.
I. Background
Alonzo Houston (“Houston”) was charged with armed robbery of a credit union, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d) (“Count I”), brandishing a firearm during the commission of a crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) (“Count II”), and possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1) (“Count III”).
During jury selection, both the prosecution and the defense exercised peremptory strikes to remove prospective jurors. The procedure the district court followed in selecting the jury was as follows. First, the 32-person venire was seated; the twelve-person jury was ultimately selected from the first 28. (R.l-68 at 30.) The prosecution was given six peremptory strikes, and the defense was given ten. (R.l-68 at 30.) Of the venire members remaining after the exercise of all strikes, the jury would consist of the first twelve. (R.l-68 at 30.) Two alternates were selected from the remaining four jurors, with each party being given one peremptory strike. (R.l-68 at 30.) Of the first 28 venire members from which the twelve-person jury was selected, ten were black. Appellee’s Br. at 8-9, 8 n.l.
The members of the venire were questioned as a group, and they responded by raising their hands. (R.l-68 at 2-11, 13-29.) The attorneys were then permitted to ask questions and follow up with any veni-re member whose answer to a general question piqued their interest. (R.l-68 at 13-29.) One of the general questions asked was “Does anybody have a family member who has been convicted of a crime?” (R.l-68 at 24-29.) Eight of the 28 venire members answered this question in the affirmative. (R.l-68 at 24-29.) Of those eight, four were white, and four were black. Appellant’s Br. at 6; Appellee’s Br. at 3.
After the questioning concluded, both the prosecution and the defense simultaneously submitted their “strike sheets,” which indicated the jurors whom each attorney wished to strike through a peremptory challenge. Amazingly, none of the proposed strikes overlapped. The prosecution wished to strike six venire members, five of whom — Small, Taylor, O’Neal, Smith, and Julks — were black. (R.l-68 at 31.) The defense wished to strike ten venire members, all of whom were white. (R.l-68 at 31.) When each side was made aware of the other side’s proposed strikes, Houston asserted an objection based on Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69 (1986). We set out in its entirety the colloquy between the court and counsel discussing this objection:
THE COURT: Any Batson challenges for the government?
MR. SALTER: No, sir.
THE COURT: Any from the defendant?
MR. COYLE: Yes, sir. That being that 5 out of the 6 strikes of the government were black.
THE COURT: I might say parenthetically all of your strikes were white. Just parenthetically, and I mean that for what it’s worth.
MR. COYLE: You’re correct.
THE COURT: And I need to state, for the record, the defendant is black, and that the U.S. Attorney is black, and that the defendant’s attorney is white.
MR. COYLE: Ms. Lola Small.
THE COURT: Pardon?
MR. COYLE: Ms. Lola Small, we would challenge her.
THE COURT: Let me find her first.
MR. COYLE: Number 2.
THE COURT: Okay.
MR. COYLE: I should have given you a number.
THE COURT: Mr. Salter?
MR. SALTER: Yes, sir, Your Honor. We struck her because she responded that she had a relative convicted of a crime. And that’s on all of them. We’ll go through them one by one but that was the primary reason that we struck her.
THE COURT: All right. What’s the next one?
MR. COYLE: The next one is Carolyn O’Neal, the back row. 14, I believe. Yes.
THE COURT: Anything on that other than the drug conviction?
MR. SALTER: Nothing other than that, Judge.
MR. COYLE: Also, on that row a little further over Belinda Smith, Number 17.
THE COURT: Anything other than the manslaughter conviction there?
MR. SALTER: And that — well that’s it. She responded that there was a manslaughter conviction. Also that she was a juror where they found a person not guilty. That was a consideration as well.
MR. COYLE: And David Julks, Number 18.
MR. SALTER: That one, Your Honor, is one where I received assistance from the agent who told me that Mr. Julks was occasionally sleeping.
THE COURT: Anything else on Julks?
MR. SALTER: No, sir.
MR. COYLE: And Kimbroughery Taylor. She being on the front row in the middle of the other side.
THE COURT: Anything other than the drugs there?
MR. SALTER: No, sir. Nothing else.
THE COURT: Anything else either of you want to say?
MR. SALTER: Yes, sir. I would like to say, Judge, that in no case did I even note that these jurors I struck were black. It was strictly the majority of my strikes came from the “C” in my notes here. That they were convicted — that they responded they had relatives that were convicted of crimes, and I’ve got “Cs” dotting my reasons here and that’s the only reason.
THE COURT: Anything else, Mr. Coyle?
MR. COYLE: It just appears they were chosen for color upon first blush. The fact that they knew somebody or had someone in their family who had been arrested was that the—
MR. SALTER: No, sir. Convicted.
MR. COYLE: Convicted. .
THE COURT: Everyone were drug convictions except the manslaughter, I believe.
MR. SALTER: Yes, sir.
MR. COYLE: That particular criteria in place and the fact that more minorities have, as a rule, more people convicted in their families than does the majority of the population. It’s just another route to get to the same place.
MR. SALTER: I certainly was not thinking of that, Judge. I would like to put in evidence maybe my notes here. It shows the breakdown showing all of the “Cs” and almost nothing else in my notes if that would' — ■
THE COURT: Well, why don’t you look over your shoulder and see if you can confirm that, Mr. Coyle.
(Mr. Coyle looking over government’s notes)
MR. COYLE: That’s correct, Your Hon- or.
THE COURT: All right. Given the facts and circumstances in light of the case that we will be trying next week, and the stated reasons for the challenges, as well as the voir dire that was conducted by the attorneys, both for the government and the defendant — and I might say parenthetically that while not significant, during the strikes of the defendant, too, the Court finds that the challenges of the jurors by the defendant were not shown or have not been shown to be the result of purposeful discrimination and a very legitimate reason has been articulated.
I recognize, as the defendant points out, that there is a tendency in certain areas at least, where there are more, a higher percentage of the black population may have criminal records. But the Court also notes that we started out with a higher percentage of jurors that were black, 35%. Slightly over 35% of the venire that we’re striking from — I’m not talking about — I’m talking about just of the 28, not the rest of them, there were 9 blacks out of the 28.
In any event, I do not find that it is a result of purposeful discrimination. So the motion is denied. Let’s go on and recess them until Tuesday morning at 9 o’clock. I will remind you I’m not going to swear them so the jeopardy does not attach. So let’s go.
(Side-bar concluded)
(R.l-68 at 31-35.)
The case went to trial with a jury consisting of seven whites and five blacks. The jury convicted Houston on Counts I and II and acquitted him on Count III. The judge sentenced Houston to 300 months’ imprisonment pn Count I and 84 months’ imprisonment on Count II, these sentences to run consecutively. Houston appeals both his convictions and his sentences.
II.Issues on Appeal
To resolve this appeal, we consider (1) whether the prosecutor’s exercise of any of his peremptory challenges was motivated by racial prejudice, and therefore violated Houston’s Fifth Amendment rights, and (2) whether the district court, in sentencing Houston, committed constitutional or statutory error under United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005).
III.Standards of Review
We review for clear error a trial judge’s finding that a prosecutor has exercised peremptory strikes free of discriminatory intent. United States v. Alston, 895 F.2d 1362, 1366 (11th Cir.1990). The judge’s assessment of the prosecutor’s credibility is entitled to “great deference.” Batson, 476 U.S. at 98 n. 21, 106 S.Ct. at 1724 n. 21.
Houston preserved his Booker claims for review by appropriate objection in the district court. Thus, our review of those claims is de novo. See United States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir.2005).
IV.Discussion
This discussion proceeds in two parts. First, based on the framework outlined in Batson, 476 U.S. 79, 106 S.Ct. 1712, 90 L.Ed.2d 69, and its progeny, we consider whether the district court erred in finding no discriminatory intent in the prosecutor’s exercise of peremptory strikes. Second, we consider whether the case should be remanded for resentencing for constitutional or statutory error under Booker.
A. The Batson Challenges
Houston contends that the prosecution’s exercise of four of its peremptory strikes (venire members Small, O’Neal, Smith, and Taylor) during jury selection violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. He bases this contention on one of the reasons articulated by the prosecutor for exercising the strikes, arguing that it is facially invalid due to its disparate impact on blacks. Appellant’s Br. at 16-20. He also argues that the stated reason, particularly when coupled with the fact that it was disparately applied to white and black venire members, reveals that the prosecutor acted out of purposeful intent to discriminate. Appellant’s Br. at 20-22. The Government responds, contending that Houston’s theory of the disparate impact of the family criminal history criterion on blacks is not cognizable under Batson, Appellee’s Br. at 17, and that Houston cannot show that the prosecutor’s stated reasons for exercising his peremptory challenges were mere pretext for discriminatory intent. Appellee’s Br. at 20. The Government also contends that Houston waived any argument based on disparate treatment of similarly situated white and black venire members because he failed to make any such argument in the district court. Appellee’s Br. at 19.
We examine claims of racial discrimination in jury selection under the standards outlined in Batson v. Kentucky, Batson establishes a burden-shifting approach that allows a trial court to determine whether peremptory strikes were the result of racial animus. First, the defendant must establish a prima facie case to raise the inference of discriminatory intent. Batson, 476 U.S. at 93-94, 106 S.Ct. at 1721. Once the prima facie case is established, the government may rebut the inference by articulating legitimate, race-neutral reasons for its exercise of its peremptory strikes. Id. at 94, 106 S.Ct. at 1721.
After the government articulates such reasons, the court must evaluate the credibility of the stated justifications based on the evidence placed before it. Id. at 98, 106 S.Ct. at 1724. When the prosecutor, in response to a Batson challenge, states his reasons for striking black jurors, he must stand or fall on the plausibility of the reasons stated. Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 125 S.Ct. 2317, 2332, 162 L.Ed.2d 196 (2005). The court must then evaluate the plausibility of the stated reasons “in light of all evidence with a bearing on [them].” Id. at 2331. The defendant maintains at all times, however, the ultimate burden of proving intentional discrimination. Batson, 476 U.S. at 94 n. 18, 106 S.Ct. at 1721 n. 18.
We note at the outset that the district court did not explicitly determine whether Houston made out a prima facie case of discrimination. See id. at 94-97, 106 S.Ct. at 1721-23 (establishing the prima facie case as the first step in a Batson challenge and articulating various ways in which a prima facie case can be established). Our precedent clearly holds that the establishment of a prima facie case is an “absolute precondition” to the prosecution’s burden to articulate race-neutral reasons for the exercise of its strikes. United States v. Ochoa-Vasquez, 428 F.3d 1015, 1038 (11th Cir.2005) (quoting Central Ala. Fair Hous. v. Lowder Realty Co., 236 F.3d 629, 636 (11th Cir.2000) (internal quotation marks omitted)). But the judge in this case elicited non-discriminatory reasons for the exercise of the prosecution’s peremptory strikes and ruled on the ultimate issue of intentional discrimination. The Supreme Court instructs that once a trial judge rules on this question, the burden to establish a prima facie case is mooted. See Hernandez v. New York, 500 U.S. 352, 358, 111 S.Ct. 1859, 1866, 114 L.Ed.2d 395 (1991) (plurality opinion). And, the Government does not contend that Houston’s appeal should fail because he did not establish a prima facie case. Accordingly, we limit our review in this case to the prosecutor’s articulation, and the judge’s acceptance, of the stated justifications for the strikes.
Houston makes two arguments in support of his contention that the prosecutor impermissibly used race as the reason for the exercise of some of his peremptory challenges. First, he argues that the prosecutor’s stated reason for dismissing four of the black venire members (Small, Smith, O’Neal, and Taylor), that they had family members with criminal histories, is not race-neutral because it statistically affects more blacks than whites. We need only review the dismissals of Small, Taylor, and O’Neal because the prosecution articulated an additional reason for dismissing Smith—-that she had previously served on a jury that returned a verdict of not guilty (R.l-68 at 32)—and that reason is not challenged on appeal, nor does Houston argue that Smith’s dismissal was the result of a “mixed motive.” See Wallace v. Morrison, 87 F.3d 1271, 1274-75 (11th Cir.1996). Houston includes in his briefs sociological data indicating that significantly more blacks than whites, as a percentage of their relative subgroups, are convicted of crimes in the United States. Utilizing these data, Houston argues that requiring the venire members to indicate whether they have had any family members convicted of crimes, and then using their positive responses as the sole justification for disqualifying them, is a strategy that impacts blacks more heavily than whites.
In civil rights parlance, this argument is known as a “disparate impact” claim. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(k). In such a claim, the complaining party alleges racial discrimination through the use of a facially race-neutral sorting device that has the effect of excluding more blacks than whites. See generally Griggs v. Duke Power Co., 401 U.S. 424, 91 S.Ct. 849, 28 L.Ed.2d 158 (1971). This type of claim can be distinguished from a “disparate treatment” claim, which directly alleges that blacks have been singled out and treated differently from whites solely because of their race. The Supreme Court has held that claims of disparate impact are not cognizable under the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, or by extension the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment. See Washington v. Davis, 426 U.S. 229, 239, 96 S.Ct. 2040, 2047, 48 L.Ed.2d 597 (1976). Thus, a disparate impact theory cannot be used by itself to invalidate the prosecution’s stated reasons at step two of the Batson inquiry.
In response to the prosecutor’s question at voir dire about family members with criminal histories, Small responded that her son had recently been convicted on drug charges, and that he was currently incarcerated. (R.l-68 at 25.) Taylor, responding to the same question, stated that her cousin had been convicted of drug possession about five years before the day of Houston’s voir dire. (R.l-68 at 28.) O’Neal’s response to the familial criminal history question was that one of her nephews had been convicted of armed robbery six or seven years before the date of Houston’s voir dire. (R.l-68 at 26-27.) This court has previously held that prior family involvement with drug charges is a “reasonably specific” and “neutral” explanation for a prosecutor’s exercise of peremptory strikes. See United States v. Alston, 895 F.2d 1362, 1367 (11th Cir.1990). We see no reason why prior family involvement with armed robbery would not be considered as neutral an explanation for a strike — particularly when the case to be tried includes an armed robbery charge. Thus, the prosecutor met his burden at Batson’s second stage to articulate legitimate, race-neutral reasons for exercising his strikes.
Houston contends that, even if the prosecutor’s stated reason is legitimate on its face, its disparate impact is evidence of the prosecutor’s underlying intent to discriminate. The Supreme Court has held that evidence that the prosecutor used a sorting device with a disparate impact on different races may be considered as evidence of purposeful discrimination at Bat-son’s third step. Hernandez, 500 U.S. at 362, 111 S.Ct. at 1868 (plurality opinion); see also id. at 376, 111 S.Ct. at 1875 (Stevens, J., dissenting); cf. Davis, 426 U.S. at 242, 96 S.Ct. at 2048-49. We therefore recognize that the district court had circumstantial evidence before it at the third stage of its Batson inquiry that could support a finding of discriminatory intent. But Hernandez does not require the court to draw that conclusion, and the court here did not. The court instead viewed the exclusion of those whose family members had criminal histories as “very legitimate” (R.l-68 at 34), and found that the strikes were not the result of purposeful discrimination. (R.l-68 at 35.)
The Hernandez Court cited several factors that the judge could have considered when deciding whether to believe the prosecutor’s stated reason despite its disparate impact. Id. at 369-70, 111 S.Ct. at 1871-72. Here, too, there are other factors that support the court’s finding that there was no discriminatory intent. The prosecutor was of the same race as the defendant, he was forthcoming and non-evasive in his statement of his reasons for exercising his strikes, and he offered clearly legitimate reasons unrelated to any alleged disparate impact when explaining his strikes of two of the five black potential jurors. When the judge questioned him about his strikes, he responded that he had not even known the races of the venire members when deciding which ones to strike. He claimed that he had taken no notes on the races of the venire members at voir dire. When asked, Houston’s attorney looked over the prosecutor’s shoulder at his jury selection notes and confirmed this statement. (R.l-68 at 34.) At no time during the Batson hearing did the prosecutor show any sign of evasiveness or deception. The court could have considered all of these factors as weighing heavily in favor of the prosecutor’s credibility despite the disparate impact of the prosecutor’s stated reason. The Batson Court explained that the trial judge’s assessment of the prosecutor’s credibility in offering race-neutral reasons for exercising his peremptory challenges is entitled to “great deference.” Batson, 476 U.S. at 98 n. 21, 106 S.Ct. at 1724 n. 21. The trial judge in this case determined that the prosecutor standing before him was worthy of his trust. We find no clear error.
Houston’s other contention regarding Batson’s third step is that the prosecution’s sole stated reason for excluding venire members Small, O’Neal, and Taylor (and one of two reasons for striking venire member Smith) from the jury is pretextual because it applies with equal force to four white venire members whom the prosecution did not strike. We have acknowledged in the past that “comparing the attributes of the black and white venirepersons will aid the trier of fact and a reviewing court in determining whether the asserted reasons are pretextual or not.” Alston, 895 F.2d at 1367 n. 5. And, the Supreme Court has recently held that if the prosecutor’s stated reason for striking black venire members applies with equal force to white venire members, and the similarly situated white members are not struck, that is evidence tending to prove purposeful discrimination at Bat-son’s third step. Miller-El v. Dretke, 545 U.S. 231, 125 S.Ct. 2317, 2320, 162 L.Ed.2d 196 (2005).
Here, the prosecution offered as its only reason for dismissing venire members Small, O’Neal, and Taylor that they had family members who had been convicted of crimes. It is undisputed that four of the white venire members that the prosecution did not strike also had family members convicted of crimes. But Houston never brought this fact to the attention of the court, even though the court gave him ample opportunity to do so. Batson makes it clear that the party contesting a peremptory strike maintains the burden of proof throughout the three stages of the court’s inquiry. 476 U.S. at 94 n. 18, 106 S.Ct. at 1721 n. 18. Once the prosecution has offered a legitimate, non-discriminatory reason for exercising its strikes, this burden requires the party contesting the strike to demonstrate that the prosecution’s stated reasons are pretextual. See Alston, 895 F.2d at 1374 (Hatchett, J., concurring); accord United States v. Guerra-Marez, 928 F.2d 665, 673 n. 9 (5th Cir.1991).
Here, Houston did not suggest to the trial judge that there were similarly situated white venire members whom the prosecution did not strike. Thus, we do not have the benefit of the prosecutor’s explanation for why he struck the black venire members rather than the white venire members now alleged to be similarly situated. And we do not have the benefit of a finding by the trial judge as to the credibility of such explanations. As we have stated in the past: “ ‘Whenever a litigant has a meritorious proposition of law which he is seriously pressing upon the attention of the trial court, he should raise that point in such clear and simple language that the trial court may not misunderstand it.’ ” United States v. Reyes Vasquez, 905 F.2d 1497, 1500 (11th Cir.1990) (quoting Clark v. Linley Motor Co., 126 Kan. 419, 268 P. 860, 861 (1928)). We generally do not address on appeal arguments not clearly presented to the district court. See Smith v. Horner, 839 F.2d 1530, 1534-35 (11th Cir.1988) (declining to reverse the district court on appeal based on a disparate impact theory in a Title VII case when that argument was not fairly presented to the court at trial). We apply that general rule in this case.
Houston’s attorney contended at oral argument that the Supreme Court’s recent decision in Miller-El places a duty on the trial court to conduct an independent inquiry into the relevant facts and circumstances bearing on the credibility of the prosecution’s stated reasons, including the duty to develop the factual record by questioning the attorneys. We find no basis for such a duty in Miller-El. Requiring the court to develop the defendant’s arguments through examination of the prosecutor would make the judge an advocate rather than a neutral arbiter. Houston never alerted the court to the existence of white venire members whom he now contends were similarly situated and whom the prosecution did not strike despite their familial criminal histories. We find no error in the court’s failure to draw comparisons that no party asked it to draw.
B. Booker Error
Houston contends that the district judge violated his Sixth Amendment rights, as outlined in United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220, 125 S.Ct. 738, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005), by sentencing him pursuant to the United States Sentencing Guidelines, treating them as mandatory. Error under Booker can manifest itself in two ways. The constitutional variety of Booker error occurs when, under a sentencing guidelines system binding on the district court, the judge imposes a sentence above that authorized by the facts found by the jury or admitted by the defendant. United States v. Lee, 427 F.3d 881, 891 (11th Cir.2005). Statutory Booker error, on the other hand, occurs when the judge sentences the defendant treating the United States Sentencing Guidelines as binding, regardless of the sentence imposed. Id.
If the defendant establishes constitutional Booker error, we will vacate the sentence unless the Government can show, beyond a reasonable doubt, that the error was harmless because it did not contribute to the sentence imposed. United States v. Paz, 405 F.3d 946, 948 (11th Cir.2005). Alternatively, if the court committed statutory Booker error, we will vacate the sentence unless the Government can show that, viewing the proceedings in their entirety, the error had little to no effect on the sentence. See Kotteakos v. United States, 328 U.S. 750, 762-64, 66 S.Ct. 1239, 1246-48, 90 L.Ed. 1557 (1946); Lee, 427 F.3d at 891 n. 5.
Houston contends that his sentence should be vacated based on both constitutional and statutory Booker error. The Government contends that the district court did not commit constitutional error, and that the statutory error was harmless.
1. Constitutional Booker Error
Houston contends that the district court violated Booker’s, constitutional rule by including in the calculation of his sentence under the United States Sentencing Guidelines, which were then binding on the judge, the fact that two of his prior felony convictions were crimes of violence. Houston did not admit this fact, and the prosecution did not prove it to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. The Booker Court reaffirmed the holding in Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 490, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 2362-63, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), that any fact, other than the fact of a prior conviction, that increases the defendant’s sentence beyond the prescribed statutory maximum must be admitted by the defendant or proved to the jury beyond a reasonable doubt. See Booker, 543 U.S. at 244, 125 S.Ct. at 756 (citing Apprendi, 530 U.S. at 490, 120 S.Ct. at 2362-63).
Houston argues that the determination that his two prior felonies were crimes of violence under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 for the purposes of increasing both his offense level and his criminal history category was a determination of fact. This court has recently rejected this exact argument. United States v. Gibson, 434 F.3d 1234, 1247-48 (11th Cir.2006). Determining whether the defendant’s prior convictions fall within the category of offenses described by U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1 is a question of law, to be decided by the court, not a question of fact. Gibson, 434 F.3d at 1247. Thus, the district court did not violate Houston’s Sixth Amendment rights when it determined that Houston’s prior convictions were crimes of violence.
2. Statutory Booker Error
Houston also contends that his sentence must be vacated because the district court sentenced him under a mandatory Guidelines scheme. See United States v. Shelton, 400 F.3d 1325, 1330-31 (11th Cir.2005); see also Booker, 543 U.S. at 259, 125 S.Ct. at 764 (excising the portions of the Sentencing Act that make the Guidelines binding on the sentencing judge). The Government does not dispute that the court erred, but argues that the error was harmless. The Government bears the burden of establishing harmlessness. United States v. Robles, 408 F.3d 1324, 1327 (11th Cir.2005), and if on appeal this court cannot determine whether the sentence would have been different under an advisory Guidelines scheme, we will not find the error to have been harmless. Cf. id.
The judge calculated the relevant Guidelines range for Count I as 360 months to life. The 2003 Guidelines manual states that if the calculated Guidelines range exceeds the statutory maximum penalty for a particular crime, then the statutory maximum becomes the effective Guidelines range. U.S.S.G. § 5Gl.l(a). Pursuant to this rule, the judge sentenced Houston to the statutory maximum term of 300 months’ imprisonment on Count I. (R.l-61 at 15-16.) The judge also imposed a consecutive sentence of 84 months’ imprisonment, the statutory minimum for Count II. (R.l-61 at 15-16.) See 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).
The Government cites the fact that the judge sentenced Houston to the statutory maximum for Count I as evidence that he would not have imposed a more lenient sentence in the absence of a binding Guidelines scheme. However, what the judge imposed was very clearly a Guidelines sentence. Thus, rather than proving that he would impose the same sentence in the absence of a binding Guidelines scheme, the judge’s sentencing decision just as likely suggests that he sought to follow the dictates of the Guidelines to the letter. Moreover, the Guidelines required a sentence at least equal to the statutory minimum for Count II, See U.S.S.G. § 2K2.4(b). The judge, in fact, imposed a sentence at the statutory minimum, further contradicting the conclusion that the Government asks us to draw. In short, neither the judge’s statements at sentencing nor the ultimate sentence imposed give this court any clear indication of what the district judge would have done if not bound by the Guidelines. Given this uncertainty, the Government has met not its burden to establish harmlessness.
V. Conclusion
Based on the foregoing discussion, we conclude that Houston’s convictions should be affirmed, but that his sentences should be vacated and the case remanded for resentencing.
CONVICTIONS AFFIRMED, SENTENCES VACATED, AND CASE REMANDED FOR RESENTENCING.
. One additional white venire member, a Ms. Steele, also answered the question in the affirmative, but she was not part of the 28-person venire from which the twelve-person jury was selected. The Government ultimately struck her when alternates were being selected.
. Batson holds that basing a peremptory strike on the race of the potential juror violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
. Houston also contends that he was denied his Fifth Amendment right to the effective assistance of counsel. As this case comes to us on direct appeal, Houston has not developed a factual record sufficient for us to review this claim. See United States v. Bender, 290 F.3d 1279, 1284 (11th Cir.2002). Houston's ineffective assistance claim is thus more appropriately brought as a 28 U.S.C. § 2255 motion, and we decline to address it further. See id.
. At the Batson hearing, Houston also contested the prosecution’s peremptory strike of venire member Julks (R.l-68 at 32), but the prosecution's reason for striking him — that he was sleeping during voir dire — is not challenged on appeal.
. The Batson case arose out of a state-court conviction, and the Supreme Court based its holdings on the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which applies by its terms only to the states. See U.S. Const, amend IV, § 1. However, the Supreme Court has established that the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment impliedly imposes the same obligations on the federal government as does the Equal Protection Clause on the states, and any alleged violations of those obligations are analyzed in the same way as an alleged violation of the Equal Protection Clause by a state actor. See Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497, 499, 74 S.Ct. 693, 694, 98 L.Ed. 884 (1954). We recognize that a Batson violation exists even if only one peremptory strike resulted from discriminatory intent. See McNair v. Campbell, 416 F.3d 1291, 1311 (11th Cir.2005).
. The colloquy between court and counsel that we have quoted reflects that O’Neal’s nephew had been convicted on a drug charge rather than an armed robbery charge. Since either crime supports a finding that the reason was race-neutral, we need not address this confusion.
. We have already decided that we need not review the dismissal of Smith because the prosecutor’s other reason for dismissing her is not challenged on appeal, and Houston makes no “mixed motive" argument.
. We note that Miller-El came before the Supreme Court in a procedural posture very different from the posture of this case. The Miller-El Court was asked to review on Bat-son grounds a petition for writ of habeas corpus based on a challenge pursuant to Swain v. Ala., 380 U.S. 202, 85 S.Ct. 824, 13 L.Ed.2d 759 (1965) to a jury selection that had occurred before Batson was decided. See Miller-El, 125 S.Ct. at 2322-23. The Supreme Court has allowed a Swain objection made before Batson was handed down to do service to preserve a Batson claim for review. See Griffith v. Ky., 479 U.S. 314, 107 S.Ct. 708, 93 L.Ed.2d 649 (1987). But unlike Bat-son, which requires a burden-shifting analysis, Swain required a showing that a systemic pattern of racial discrimination had led to a discriminatory exercise of peremptory strikes. Thus, the trial court in Miller-El did not engage in any burden-shifting analysis, and the parties did not make arguments based on any such approach. Faced with this situation, the Supreme Court conducted its own evidentiary review. See Miller-El, 125 S.Ct. at 2326 n. 1. This fact, however, does not establish that we must do the same when directly reviewing a challenge to a jury selection that occurred long after Batson was decided, when the parties and the judge were well aware of Bat-son's burdens.
. In fact, the Court’s decision in Miller-El recognizes that there is a difference between the evidence that can be considered by a court reviewing a habeas petition and "theories about that evidence," which will only be considered by a court of appeals if they were offered at the trial court level. See Miller-El, 125 S.Ct. at 2326 n. 2; see also United States v. Reyes Vasquez, 905 F.2d 1497, 1500 (11th Cir.1990). Perhaps if Houston had offered a disparate treatment theory of racial discrimination, the court would have examined the characteristics of the white venire members not struck, but since this theory of the evidence was not offered, we have no way of knowing.
. At oral argument, the Government offered several plausible explanations as to why it chose not to strike the white venire members with family criminal histories. But we have no findings as to the credibility of these explanations because the credibility of the prosecutor's articulated reason for his strikes was attacked only on a disparate impact theory.
| CASELAW |
Jacob Sodowski
Jacob Sodowski (Jakub Sądowski) was a Polish-American fur trader after whom Sandusky, Ohio, might have been named (see also Anthony Sadowski).
In 1770, Jacob Sodowski settled in New York, and his sons were among the first white men to penetrate as far as Kentucky. It is said that Sandusky, Ohio, was named after him.
French maps as early as 1718 identified Sandusky Bay as Lac Sandouské. | WIKI |
TY - JOUR T1 - A Biased View of <em>μ</em>-Opioid Receptors? JF - Molecular Pharmacology JO - Mol Pharmacol SP - 542 LP - 549 DO - 10.1124/mol.119.115956 VL - 96 IS - 5 AU - Conibear, Alexandra E. AU - Kelly, Eamonn Y1 - 2019/11/01 UR - http://molpharm.aspetjournals.org/content/96/5/542.abstract N2 - The field of biased agonism has grown substantially in recent years and the μ-opioid receptor has been one of the most intensively studied receptor targets for developing biased agonists. Yet, despite extensive research efforts, the development of analgesics with reduced adverse effects remains a significant challenge. In this review we discuss the evidence to support the prevailing hypothesis that a G protein-biased agonist at the μ-opioid receptor would be an effective analgesic without the accompanying adverse effects associated with conventional μ-opioid agonists. We also assess the current status of established and novel μ-opioid–receptor ligands that are proposed to be biased ligands.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The idea that biased agonists at the μ-opioid receptor might provide a therapeutic advantage in terms of producing effective analgesia with fewer adverse effects has driven the design of novel G protein-biased agonists. However, is the desirability of G protein-biased agonists at μ-opioid receptor substantiated by what we know of the physiology and pharmacology of the receptor? Also, do any of the novel biased agonists live up to their initial promise? Here we address these issues by critically examining the evidence that G protein bias really is desirable and also by discussing whether the ligands so far developed are clearly biased in vitro and whether this produces responses in vivo that might be commensurate with such bias. ER - | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Sacred Books of the East - Volume 11.djvu/19
Rh the treatment of such cases when he should no longer be with them. If anywhere, we should certainly have expected to find here some allusion to the great authentic depositions of Dhamma and Vinaya after Buddha's death, which, according to the general belief of Buddhists, established a firm standard according to which differences could be judged and have been judged through many centuries. There is not the slightest trace of any such allusion to the Council. This silence is as valuable as the most direct testimony. '
The only objection which it seems to me possible to raise against this argument is that the conclusion is worded somewhat too absolutely; and that it is rather a begging of the question to state, in the very first words referring to the Mahâ-parinibbâna-Sutta, that it is older than the story in the Kulla-vagga, and that its author could not have known that work. But no one will venture to dispute the accuracy of Dr. Oldenberg's representation of the facts on which he bases his conclusion; and the conclusion that he draws is, at least, the easiest and readiest way of explaining the very real discrepancy that he has pointed out. We shall be quite safe if we only say that we have certain facts which lend strong probability to the hypothesis that the author of the Mahâ-parinibbâna-Sutta did not know that account of the First Council which we find in the Kulla-vagga.
We do not know for certain the time at which that part of the Kulla-vagga, in which that account occurs, was composed. I think it quite possible that it was as late as the Council of Patna ( 350), though Dr. Oldenberg places it somewhat earlier. But even if we put the conclusion of the Kulla-vagga as late as the year I have mentioned, it is still in the highest degree improbable that the Mahâ-parinibbâna-Sutta, supposing it to be an older work, can have been composed very much later than the fourth century —a provisional date sufficient at present for practical purposes. | WIKI |
Financial Sector Update for 02/25/2015: RY, LC
Top Financial Stocks:
JPM: +0.15%
BAC: +0.06%
WFC: +0.20%
C: -0.19%
USB: -0.58%
Financial shares were higher in pre-market trade Wednesday ahead of a second day of testimony from Federal Reserve Chair Janet Yellen and ahead of new-home sales data.
In financial stocks news, Royal Bank of Canada ( RY ) Wednesday reported Q1 2015 earnings that were above analysts' expectations due to strong trading results and M&A (mergers and acquisitions) activity, as manifested in record profit in the personal and commercial banking and capital market segments.
The Canadian lender said net income on a GAAP basis was C$2.46 billion, or C$1.65 per diluted share, up 17% from GAAP net income of C$2.09 billion, or C$1.38 per diluted share, a year earlier.
And, Lending Club ( LC ) slides after it says Q4 operating revenues were $69.6 million, more than the Cap IQ estimate for $67.26 million.
GAAP net loss was $9 million, compared to a net income of $2.9 million in the same period last year. Basic and diluted loss per share was $0.07 compared to EPS of $0.00 in the same period last year.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
Copyright (C) 2016 MTNewswires.com. All rights reserved. Unauthorized reproduction is strictly prohibited.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
IOCC
IOCC may refer to:
* Interception of Communications Commissioner
* International Orthodox Christian Charities
* Iron Ore Company of Canada | WIKI |
Page:Tales from Chaucer.djvu/107
nothing else all day; and everyone knows that a jay can speak what he has been taught, as well as the Pope himself; but let anyone try him a little farther, and he would find his philosophy quite spent. ‘Questio quid juris?’ would then be his answer. He was, however, a kind fellow in his way, and would, for a quart of wine or so, wink at his neighbours' delinquencies. But if he found one with a good warm purse, he would tell him he need not care for the Archdeacon's malediction just as if a man's soul were in his purse; for in purse he should be punished. 'The purse,' would he say, 'is the Archdeacon's hell:' in all which I pronounce him to be an arch deceiver; since the guilty man should ever stand in awe of a curse, which will destroy the soul, as absolution will preserve it. Of the 'significavit' also, let him beware.
He contrived to make himself acquainted with all the cabals and little arrangements of the young folks in the diocese, and kept them upon their good behaviour. He had | WIKI |
By Alyssa Sparacino
August 29, 2012
Lie on left side with left hand on floor beneath left shoulder, right fingers behind head; let inside of right foot rest on floor in front of left foot. Tighten abs; push into left hand to lift body so it forms a diagonal line from head to heels. Crunch forward and down, bringing right elbow to left elbow; return to starting position. Do 10 reps; switch sides and repeat.
Andrew Macpherson
Andrew Macpherson
This Move of the Week comes from none other than fitness extraordinaire Jillian Michaels, so if you're wondering whether this it works or not, ahem, her body speaks for itself.
By now we all know how to do a standard plank and side-plank, but there are many variations of both that can add a degree (or 3!) of difficulty to the move, or, at very least, mix up your workout routine. Want some inspiration? Here's a few planking ideas. And no, we don't mean that weird "stiff-as-a-board" trend—glad that's over.
......okay, okay, you get the picture!
This version, called the Side plank crunch, is one of five shape-up moves Michaels swears by, and is part of a routine that uses only body weight. Perform them and you can improve your balance, agility, flexibility, fend off disease, and fight off the effects of aging. Woah! Uh, why are you still sitting there!
Get started: Lie on left side with left hand on floor beneath left shoulder, right fingers behind head; let inside of right foot rest on floor in front of left foot. Tighten abs; push into left hand to lift body so it forms a diagonal line from head to heels. Crunch forward and down, bringing right elbow to left elbow; return to starting position. Do 10 reps; switch sides and repeat.
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Jotham Suez, Niv Zmora, Gili Zilberman-Schapira, Uria Mor, Mally Dori-Bachash, Stavros Bashiardes, Maya Zur, Dana Regev-Lehavi, Rotem Ben-Zeev Brik, Sara Federici, Max Horn, Yotam Cohen, Andreas E. Moor, David Zeevi, Tal Korem, Eran Kotler, Alon Harmelin, Shalev Itzkovitz, Nitsan Maharshak, Oren Shibolet, Meirav Pevsner-Fischer, Hagit Shapiro, Itai Sharon, Zamir Halpern, Eran Segal, Eran Elinav. Post-Antibiotic Gut Mucosal Microbiome Reconstitution Is Impaired by Probiotics and Improved by Autologous FMT. Cell, 2018; 174 (6): 1406 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.08.047
Probiotics: Health benefits, facts, and research Every human on the planet has microbes living in their body. While bacteria get a bad reputation, many can promote good health. Probiotics are a type of 'good bacteria' that provide health benefits for the host. The health benefits of probiotics include treatment of diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome. Read now
Anal itching is the irritation of the skin at the exit of the rectum, known as the anus, accompanied by the desire to scratch. Causes include everything from irritating foods we eat, to certain diseases, and infections. Treatment options include medicine including, local anesthetics, for example, lidocaine (Xylocaine), pramoxine (Fleet Pain-Relief), and benzocaine (Lanacane Maximum Strength), vasoconstrictors, for example, phenylephrine 0.25% (Medicone Suppository, Preparation H, Rectocaine), protectants, for example, glycerin, kaolin, lanolin, mineral oil (Balneol), astringents, for example, witch hazel and calamine, antiseptics, for example, boric acid and phenol, aeratolytics, for example, resorcinol, analgesics, for example, camphor and juniper tar, and
Many Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species are naturals at protecting and improving gut health. Additionally, research in animals and humans has shown that probiotics decrease scores on depression assessments, thereby alleviating depression. As a matter of fact, there is a new term, psychobiotics, for these microbes that influence mental health conditions like depression.
The science on what probiotics do is still emerging. There is some hard evidence that suggests eating probiotic foods and supplements can have a beneficial effect on health. Other evidence suggests probiotics benefits are limited to those individuals in good health and should be avoided by those who suffer from certain serious health conditions. There is no research that demonstrates the risks or the benefits of probiotic supplements on children.
The U.S. Clinical Guide to Probiotic Products1, Canadian Guide to Probiotic Supplements2 and the WGO Global Guidelines for Probiotics and Prebiotics3 provide suggested effective amounts of specific strains for treating certain health conditions, such as constipation or IBS. All 37 products listed the species of bacteria they contained, but only 14 listed amounts of individual strains. We found that 9 of those 14 products provided beneficial bacteria at effective levels. The Center for Responsible Nutrition recommends4 the industry move toward specifying strains as a best-practice because whether a product works and for what purpose depends on its strains.
Although people often think of bacteria and other microorganisms as harmful “germs,” many microorganisms help our bodies function properly. For example, bacteria that are normally present in our intestines help digest food, destroy disease-causing microorganisms, and produce vitamins. Large numbers of microorganisms live on and in our bodies. Many of the microorganisms in probiotic products are the same as or similar to microorganisms that naturally live in our bodies.
If this ratio gets out of balance, the condition is known as dysbiosis, which means there’s an imbalance of too much of a certain type of fungus, yeast or bacteria that affects the body in a negative way. By consuming certain types of probiotics foods and dietary supplements (often in capsule form), you can help bring these ratios back into balance.
As you age, your body needs different supplements and vitamins to stay healthy. Renew Life 50+ Ultimate Flora Probiotic is a smart choice for adults over 50 because it is specifically formulated with seniors in mind. It has 30 billion live cultures and 12 strains of probiotics, including Bifidobacteria, which is a probiotic that decreases in your body as you age. Seniors develop less of the “good” bacteria as they age, and Ultimate Flora has three times the average live cultures in each dose to help replenish and protect gut and immune health. This 60-day supply should be refrigerated to maintain the live cultures.
Probi is continuously thriving to develop and investigate new possible indications where probiotics may have positive and efficient effects to improve health. We are science-driven, and investigate new possibilities to find the Next Generation Probiotics. This concept involves new bacterial strains that has never before been cultivated and used for health-purposes.
Myriad factors – antibiotics, diet, stress, and age, among them – affect the balance of diverse microbes present in your gut. While you can replenish your gut bacteria by eating well and incorporating natural probiotics (ex. yogurt and kefir) into a healthy diet, these processes can take weeks or months; taking a regular probiotic is an easy and effective way to ensure your gut (and immune system) stays healthy, always.
Our favorite probiotics right now are the Smart Belly line of “Daily” products. This brand is a little unique in that they make separate products for men, women and children. Overall, the results we experienced were some of the best we’ve ever seen (and the quickest)! This brand has pretty much everything we like to see in a top-of-the-line probiotic… a great mix of strains and number of CFUs, they’re very allergy-friendly, and use a patented delivery system to make sure their probiotics survive stomach acid. When it’s all said and done, we think these are the best probiotics currently available and give them our highest rating! Read the full review here… or click here to go buy it now!
Garden of Life RAW Probiotics are some of the most popular out there – and for good reason. Let’s start with the basics: You’ll get 85 billion CFUs and 31 to 33 probiotic strains out of your daily, whole-food, gluten-free, soy-free probiotic, which helps support the immune system, a healthy thyroid, nutrient absorption, digestive function, and a healthy microbial balance.
Probiotics are found in everything from chocolate and pickles to hand lotion and baby formula, and millions of people buy probiotic supplements to boost digestive health. But new research suggests they might not be as effective as we think. Through a series of experiments looking inside the human gut, researchers show that many people's digestive tracts prevent standard probiotics from successfully colonizing them. Furthermore, taking probiotics to counterbalance antibiotics could delay the return of normal gut bacteria and gut gene expression to their naïve state. The research publishes as two back-to-back papers on September 6 in the journal Cell.
"I usually recommend Garden of Life, BioK or Megafoods brand," says Shapiro. "I also recommend starting with about 30 billion CFU and making sure your supplement has at least 12 different strains. And if you don't eat a diet high in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and whole grains that provide fiber for the probiotics to live off of, make sure you're the one you are taking contains prebiotics as well.
There is also promising research on this species for supporting skin. Ceramides are natural lipids that make up the surface of the skin structure. Depleted ceramide levels are clinically linked with dry and damaged skin. S. Thermophilus was shown to have a beneficial effect on the level of ceramides in the barrier of the skin, which protects underlying tissue from infection, dehydration and chemicals. These skin-supporting microbes also act as antioxidants in the body, trapping reactive forms of oxygen that dry, damage and age the skin [1].
That said, supplements with higher numbers of CFUs are sometimes used to treat conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), allergies, and respiratory illness. While probiotics have generally been found to be safe for most people with normal immune systems, too much can cause gas and upset stomach. We narrowed our search to supplements with dosages between 1 billion and 100 billion CFUs.
Bacteria in your digestive tract can be good or bad, according to the website Best Probiotic. It quotes the Royal Academy of Medicine England as blaming an imbalance between good and bad bacteria for causing 80 percent of all degenerative diseases. Probiotic supplements with "good" bacteria have become increasingly popular. They can aid the immune system, digestion and vitamin absorption, as well as prevent diarrhea and irritable bowel syndrome. The website Women to Women recommends probiotics that combine saccharomyces, lactobacillus acidophilus and bifidobacteria in the billions. MayoClinic.com also recommends lactobacillus and advises looking for products that contain live, active cultures. You should always check with your doctor before adding any supplements to your diet.
Then, study participants were divided into one group that consumed a standard probiotic strain available in commercial supplements and a control group that was given a placebo. After two months of treatment, the researchers found that some people were so-called “resisters” who expelled the gut microbiomes in probiotics; others were identified as “persisters” who successfully colonized the generic probiotic strains in their GI tracts.
More and more evidence shows that the gut microbiota may play an important role in the development of obesity, obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance. Obesity and Type 2 diabetes are associated with changes in gut microbiota. Several studies describe differences between the microbiota of lean individuals and those who are obese. The potential for using probiotics in weight management and obesity and diabetes prevention is exciting.
A Seal of Approval When looking for a good probiotic, Gans advises consumers to buy from a trusted retailer and look for a seal from a third-party certifier. “Reputable probiotic supplements should list the genus, species, and strain, in addition to the number of organisms that will be alive by the use-by date and the dose on the label,” says Gans. This transparency will help consumers understand what’s in their supplement and how to best use it.
Probiotics One Daily Support is easily one of our favorite probiotics right now and currently sits at #2 in our ranking of the best probiotics supplements. There’s a number of reasons why I like it so much, but the main one is I just felt SO much better while taking it! My stomach (which sometimes gives me issues due to IBS) felt great and I had a bit more energy than usual. I was also able to digest all my meals without any problems, a major plus! Further, Daily Support is very allergy-friendly, doesn’t require refrigeration and comes with a 60-day guarantee. So all-in-all, we gave Probiotics One 5 out of 5 stars and truly think it’s a REALLY great probiotic. Read the full review here… or click here to go buy it now!
× | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:Ganga Kumar
Name : Ganga Kumar Also known as : Ganges Born : Colgong(Kahalgaon), Bihar, India Origin: Barauni, India Education : Saint Joseph's School NTPC Kahalgaon
Born 25 December 1994 (age 19) Genres Bollywood Music Occupations : Music director, singer, lyricist, film producer, script writer, distributor. Instruments : Guitar,Drums,Keybords. Years active : 2011–present Labels : T-Series, Yash Raj Music, Sony Music.
Ganga Kumar (born 25 December 1994) is an Indian music director, singer, lyricist, film producer, script writer, and distributor. He completed his studies at Saint Joseph's School NTPC Kahalgaon. | WIKI |
Return from Witch Mountain
Return from Witch Mountain is a 1978 American science fiction–adventure film and a sequel to Escape to Witch Mountain (1975) and the second film in the Witch Mountain franchise. It was produced by Walt Disney Productions. It was written by Malcolm Marmorstein and is based on characters created by Alexander Key, who also wrote the novelization of the film for Disney. Ike Eisenmann, Kim Richards, and Denver Pyle reprise their roles as Tony, Tia, and Uncle Bené—humanoid extraterrestrials with special powers including telepathy and telekinesis. The two main villains are played by Bette Davis as Letha Wedge, a greedy woman using the last of her money to finance the scientific experiments of Dr. Victor Gannon, played by Christopher Lee. It was the final film of actor Jack Soo, who died of cancer in January 1979.
In September 1978, the film was re-released to theaters on a double bill with Escape to Witch Mountain.
A television film called Beyond Witch Mountain was made in 1982.
Plot
Tony and his sister Tia are in need of a vacation. Uncle Bené drops them off in their flying saucer at the Rose Bowl Stadium in Los Angeles, California, after which the siblings quickly become separated from each other. A man named Dr. Victor Gannon and his assistant Letha Wedge witness Tony using his powers to save Letha's nephew Sickle from certain death. Realizing that Tony has supernatural powers, Dr. Gannon drugs the boy with a tranquilizer shot and takes him back to their laboratory. There, Dr. Gannon successfully tests a new mind-control technology on him. Under its influence, Tony is completely hypnotized and does everything his kidnappers want him to do, including stealing gold from a museum exhibit and stopping Tia from finding them. With Tony at his robotic bidding, Dr. Gannon hopes to achieve recognition within the scientific community and worldwide power, while Letha merely wants a return on her investment.
The Earthquake Gang, a group of would-be tough boys Tia meets, are being chased by a group of rivals; Tia telepathically gets rid of them. The boys accept her into their ranks and help her look for her brother. They let her sleep in their secret hideout, where she has visions of Tony's location. Tia sees Tony at work with gold in a museum; he is controlled by a chip attached to his ear. He unstacks the gold but is followed by Mr. Yokomoto, the truant officer who thinks Tony should go to school, and unsuccessfully chases the doctor, aunt, nephew, and Tony in his minibus. While chasing them, Mr. Yokomoto destroys public property and loses his job.
Using her telepathy to find Tony, Tia discovers his captors' hideout but is caught by Sickle and placed in an anesthesia chamber by Gannon. Unable to move, Tia telepathically asks a goat to find the Earthquake Gang. The gang follows the goat back to the hideout and they free Tia as Tony, Letha, Sickle, and Victor drive to a plant to steal plutonium. Tia traces their location and describes it as a "big round ball". They come across Mr. Yokomoto, who tells them he lost his job and the only thing that works in the minibus is the radio. The news given about the plutonium plant stresses on the term "molecular flow".
Tia then asks Mr. Yokomoto to drive them to the location after she telekinetically repairs the minibus. After Victor and his gang reach the site, he shuts down the plant's cooling system. In exchange for turning it back on, he demands $5 million in cash (equivalent to $ million in ), a jet to escape, and public acknowledgement of his achievements. The people working at the plant make arrangements for the money as soon as possible, but Tia reaches the site in time, where she and Tony battle to turn on the cooling system. Tia manages to turn it on, but Victor commands Tony to kill his sister. Tia realizes he is being controlled and destroys the device. Tony levitates Victor, Sickle and Letha to the ceiling with no way of getting down. Mr. Yokomoto drives the kids to the Rose Bowl Stadium and the Earthquake Gang come along to say goodbye. Tony and Tia bid farewell to the kids after they board the flying saucer and go back to Witch Mountain.
Cast
* Bette Davis as Letha Wedge
* Christopher Lee as Dr. Victor Gannon
* Kim Richards as Tia Malone
* Ike Eisenmann as Tony Malone
* Jack Soo as Mr. "Yo-Yo" Yokomoto
* Anthony James as Sickle
* Richard Bakalyan as Eddie
* Ward Costello as Mr. Clearcole
* Christian Juttner as Dazzler
* Brad Savage as Muscles
* Poindexter Yothers as Crusher
* Jeffrey Jacquet as Rocky
* Stu Gilliam as Dolan
* William Bassett as Operations officer
* Tom Scott as Monitor
* Helene Winston as Dowager
* Albert Able as Engineer
* Denver Pyle as Uncle Bené
* Brian Part and Pierre Daniel as Goons
* Wally Brooks as Taxi fare
* Mel Gold as Security guard
* Bob Yothers as Cop
* Casse Jaeger as School patrolman
* Larry Mamorstein as Guard
* Bob James as Gate guard
* Ruth Warshawsky as Lady in car
* Adam Anderson as Man in museum
* Rosemary Lord as Woman in museum
* Ted Noose as Policeman
* Wally Berns as Man in car
Production notes
Actors Kim Richards and Ike Eisenmann appear in at least four films together: this one; the original Disney film Escape to Witch Mountain (1975); the television film Devil Dog: The Hound of Hell (1978); and a reimagined remake of the original film Race to Witch Mountain (2009), released in March 2009, in which Richards portrays a roadside waitress and Eisenmann portrays a sheriff.
Jack Soo (Mr. "Yo-Yo" Yokomoto) was diagnosed with esophageal cancer in the autumn of 1978, several months after the film's release. Return from Witch Mountain would be his final film appearance, as he died the following January.
Poindexter "Crusher" Yothers is the real-life brother of singer-actress Tina Yothers, of Family Ties (1982-1989) fame. Their father Bob also appears in this film, as a policeman.
The emergency voice heard over Yokomoto's minibus radio—announcing the problem at the plutonium plant—is that of Gary Owens.
Filming locations
Filming started on April 11, 1977.
The otherwise vacant lot upon which the children's dilapidated mansion hideout stands was at the Alameda Street railroad yard in California, where the Rochester House (a relic from the 1880s) was waiting for restoration and relocation. The house was never restored and was ultimately demolished in 1979.
Scenes of Dr. Victor Gannon's mansion, the location of his laboratory, were filmed at Moby Castle on Durand Drive, Hollywood Hills, Los Angeles.
The tunnel scenes were filmed at the Fillmore and Western Railway in Fillmore, California constructing a faux tunnel structure. The faux tunnel still stands and can be seen from CA-126/Telegraph Road.
The gold bar robbery sequence was filmed at the Natural History Museum in Exposition Park, Los Angeles. The building facing the park's Rose Garden was used for exterior shots of the museum. The scene in which Yokomoto's minibus is overturned and breaks a fire hydrant was filmed near the Sunset Boulevard bridge and Glendale Boulevard underpass intersection, in the Echo Park district.
Novelization
Alexander Key wrote a novelization of Return from Witch Mountain, based on Malcolm Marmorstein's screenplay; the book was released by Westminster Press in 1978 to coincide with the film's theatrical release.
Home video
Return from Witch Mountain was released on VHS in April 1986. It was first released as a Special Edition DVD in Region 1 on September 2, 2003, re-released on DVD in a two-movie collection along with Escape to Witch Mountain on September 5, 2006, and re-released as part of the Walt Disney Family Classics line on March 10, 2009.
Return from Witch Mountain was released on Blu-ray as a Disney Movie Club exclusive title in October 2015. | WIKI |
Talk:History of Buddhism in India
Change title
The article should be moved to "Buddhism in India". "History of Buddhism in India" will be automatically found in "Buddhism in India". Vijay bramhane (talk) 07:21, 9 November 2018 (UTC)
Requested move 4 December 2019
The result of the move request was: not moved to the proposed title at this time, per the discussion below. The option to split the article is an editorial decision that is outside the scope of this close. Dekimasu よ! 04:59, 16 December 2019 (UTC)
History of Buddhism in India → Buddhism in India – The article should be titled "Buddhism in India", as the article currently has two new sections "Demography" and "Buddhist Population in India". Earlier, these two sections reflecting the current situation were not in the article, hence the article was titled "History of Buddhism in India". The article now contains information not only about the past, but also information of present state. so, it would be appropriate to have the title of the article "Buddhism in India". Mahi914101 (talk) 11:10, 4 December 2019 (UTC)
* Oppose - most of the article is about the history of Buddhism in India. Joshua Jonathan - Let's talk! 14:27, 4 December 2019 (UTC)
* Oppose – History of X =/= X. The rename will likely create/worsen CFork problems, Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 16:50, 4 December 2019 (UTC)
* Strong support. There are individual articles about Buddhism in many different places in the world. India still has a million Buddhists today, and they have an important role in being the bridge between foreign Buddhist pilgrims and Indian pilgrimage places. Furthermore, there are the Ambedkar Buddhists (Navayana) and the Triratna community, both of which are still prominent today. Since there is no article about Buddhism in current India yet, this article should include it, and its widened scope should be reflected in the title. The current title just doesn't do it.-- Farang Rak Tham (Talk) 19:37, 4 December 2019 (UTC)
* FRT: Missing sections you mention can be added to the History of Buddhism in India. There are some additional major sections missing in this article. For example, the history of Buddhism, major monasteries and texts in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana (see Fogelin, Himanshu Prabha Ray, etc), as well as those in Tamil regions, both between 2nd and 14th-century (see Zvelebil, pilgrim Xuanzang records detailing his visit to southern Buddhist institutions in 7th century / under Hindu Pallavas, Nathakuthanaar's 10th-century Buddhist epic, etc). Ms Sarah Welch (talk) 01:46, 5 December 2019 (UTC)
* It's not about missing sections, it's about the word history being incomplete.-- Farang Rak Tham (Talk) 13:13, 5 December 2019 (UTC)
* Comment. Demographics should not receive undue weight in the lead. JimRenge (talk) 02:26, 5 December 2019 (UTC)
* Support - The simple thing is that "Buddhism in India" itself contains "History of Buddhism in India". See Hinduism in India, it also includes "History of Hinduism". Thus the article "Buddhism in India" should include "History of Buddhism". Therefore the article title should be "Buddhism in India". Wikipedia has pages like "Hinduism/ Islam/ Christianity, Sikhism, Jainism... in India", but this is not the only article" Buddhism in India". In this page there are only four main sections showing the history of Buddhism – "Gautama Buddha", "Buddhist movements", "Strengthening of Buddhism in India" and "Decline of Buddhism in India" (Although a major article of "Decline of Buddhism in India" is available "Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent"). There are also four sections showing the current state of Buddhism - "Revival of Buddhism in India", "Demographics", "Buddhist population in India" and "List of mass Buddhist conversions". The article "History of Buddhism in India" also has information about the current state of Buddhism, so this title is not perfect. My first suggestion is that the article should be "Buddhism in India", or my second suggestion would be that both the "History of Buddhism in India" page and "Buddhism in India" page can also be done independently or separately. Thank you. Mahi914101 (talk) 10:50, 5 December 2019 (UTC)
* Oppose Unlike the other religions, such as Hinduism, Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Sikhism, and Jainism, which have had a continuous presence in India from the time they arose or arrived, Buddhism died in India. It disappeared from India, remaining not even a folk memory. When the British discovered the gutted Mahabodhi Temple in Gaya in the mid 19th century and began to look to restore it, they had to go to Burma for the blueprints (of a similar temple in Pegan), they had to go to Ceylon for the sapling of the tree. There was nothing in India except the ruins. The votive models of the temple, made for ancient pilgrims, which had lain buried in the surrounding countryside, upon being occasionally found, were being worshipped by the locals in Gaya as Shiva lingams. So complete was the erasure, mostly at the hands of the Shaivites. Nalanda had become near-deserted long before Bakhtiyar Khalji famously destroyed its library. An article Buddhism in India will create a false impression that Buddhism did not die in the land in which it had arisen, that its history in India is continuous, and obliquely, that Hinduism is the benign religion of its 19th century reconstruction, especially at a time it is reasserting a proclivity for domination. Best regards, Fowler&fowler «Talk» 10:08, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
— I have informed the Buddhism and India WikiProjects about this discussion.-- Farang Rak Tham (Talk) 09:20, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
* The history of Buddhism in India is continuous. Buddhism never died in India, but Buddhism was reduced to a minority in India. Buddhists have always been, and still are, widespread in the East, North-East and Eastern regions and states of India. Before Ambedkar's conversion movement, in 1951, there were around 2 lakh Buddhists in India. The country has more followers of Buddhism than Judaism and Jainism. Mahi914101 (talk) 11:48, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
* The numbers were even higher. I don't have the 26 volumes of The Imperial Gazetteer of India for nothing. Published in 1909 during a period when Burma was a part of the British Indian Empire it had this to say about the numbers based on the 1901 Census of the Empire: "Out of nearly nine and a half million Buddhists enumerated at the last Census, all but about 300,000 are in Burma. They exist in small numbers along the north and north-east frontiers of Bengal, and in the Punjab districts of Spiti, Lahul, and Kanawar, on the lower slope of the Himalayas, where there is a considerable Tibetan clement in the population. All along the Bengal frontier, Buddhism is being gradually pushed back by Brahmanism. In Nepal, it is still a powerful element, in spite of the steady opposition exercised against it by the Hindu ruling dynasty." In other words, Buddhism had survived in regions that were only infirmly a part of India historically, which became a part of India during the British period. Similarly claiming that the history of Buddhism in Ladakh, which became a part of Kashmir in the 19th century, and which is still disputed territory, is a part of the history of Buddhism in India is dubious history. In the lands in which arose, the religion disappeared. It may yet have a future in India if, empowered by its egalitarian principles, the Dalits, and the Adivasi, who have no fanciful claims to Aryan ancestry, myths, or rituals, adopt it in greater numbers. They alone could make it the religion of a quarter of India's population, but that has not happened yet. The Jews, the Zoroastrians, and other minorities, on the other hand, meager though their numbers might be, have survived in India proper. Best regards, Fowler&fowler «Talk» 14:41, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
* The point is, Buddhism is still active in India, to the extent that it is written about in reliable sources, e.g. we can read regularly about conflicts between Dalit Buddhists and Hindus. Furthermore, there is the Tibetan diaspora, which has now become part of India as well. Buddhism still exists in this country—therefore, Buddhism in India is not just history. The only reason someone could have to reject these two arguments is either having lived in a cave for the last fifty years, or having a hidden Hinduist propaganda agenda. Since I take it on good faith that no-one here has such reasons, let's change the article title and get it over with. Even a small country such as Belgium with only 10,000 Buddhists has an article Buddhism in Belgium with RS, for crying out loud.-- Farang Rak Tham (Talk) 23:39, 8 December 2019 (UTC)
* I might be willing to support a change if the lead sentence is clear about the history, i.e. something along the lines of: Buddhism arose in the middle- and lower Gangetic plain in late Iron Age India, thrived in a larger region of India for nearly a millennium, subsequently declined and practically disappeared (except in certain outlying regions) for a millennium and a half, until the 20th century, when in an amended form it was adopted by many Dalits in the Maharashtra region. Fowler&fowler «Talk» 14:33, 9 December 2019 (UTC)
* I would support such a lead. And I still think the article should have a broader title.-- Farang Rak Tham (Talk) 09:52, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
* {{u|Farang Rak Tham} OK, under those conditions, as well as the removal of much of the section on Muslim impact on Buddhism which is mostly POV, I support a change to "Buddhism in India". Fowler&fowler «Talk» 15:18, 10 December 2019 (UTC) I am going back to my original vote, an oppose in light of JimRenge's remarks, about Buddhism in modern India being an option. In other words, keep this page, but move the modern history to this latter, would-be, page. Fowler&fowler «Talk» 08:13, 14 December 2019 (UTC)
* Those who think that Buddhism really had a continuous presence in India will do well to read this article from the Indian newspaper, The Wire As late as the 1800s, it was still not clear to scholars that Buddhism had Indian roots, so completely had the Buddha been forgotten in the Indian heartland. It is fine for Indians to take pride in Buddhism now, but most are unaware how much current-day knowledge is the result of British reconstruction and decipherment. Fowler&fowler «Talk» 03:38, 10 December 2019 (UTC)
* Oppose - The others opposed have great points. I concur. -Tibet Nation (talk) 18:15, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
* Comment- Why can't we have two separate articles? One on History of Buddhism in India, and the other called Buddhism in India.The second article can can include information on current demographics as well as the new sects such as the Ambedkarite Navayana. Thanks.Jonathansammy (talk) 18:50, 7 December 2019 (UTC)
* Oppose - like the last editor, I think a split would make sense, with Buddhism in India covering the revival and current situation, since there is a long period where there was very little (though perhaps more than is often thought - the centre at Ratnagiri, Odisha had its last building work in the 16th century). Johnbod (talk) 02:18, 11 December 2019 (UTC)
* Oppose- This article is about the history of Buddhism in India and as has already been mentioned, there are still some topics missing. A split might be an option, "Buddhism in modern India" would give more weight to modern developments and movements. JimRenge (talk) 23:38, 13 December 2019 (UTC)
A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 09:39, 29 July 2021 (UTC)
* Buddha statue from Meloor Koyilandi.jpg
Split Buddhism into branches
Buddhism didn't split into two branches called Sthaviravada and Maha Sanghika after King Ashoka. Buddhism split into two branches called Sthaviravada and Maha Sanghika after 100 years Lord Buddha's parinirvana during reign of King Kalashoka. Later, Sthaviravada Buddhism split as Vibhajjavada, Pudgalavada and Sarvastivada. Maha Sanghika Buddhism split as Caitika, Gokhuliko and Ekavyaharika. Ashoka was a follower of Vibhajjavada Buddhism. Present Theravada Buddhism originated from Vibhajjavada Buddhism. There's a book in Vinaya Pitaka of Theravada Buddhist Pali canon called Kathāvatthu. It was written by Moggaliputta-Tissa during Third Buddhist council which was supported by Ashoka. It's reject some beliefs of other Buddhist sects Pudgalavada, Sarvastivada, etc. It's proof that first split of Buddhism happened before Ashoka. Data World-Asia (talk) 12:26, 20 September 2022 (UTC)
The meaning of "tathagata" as "thus-gone" is incorrect, please note
Tathaa + Aagata means "Thus-has-come" or "Thus-come". The confusion is due to the sandhi rules not being properly understood by the original author. Tathaa + Aagata = Tathaagata in Samskrita. Jksuresh (talk) 18:19, 15 April 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
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Version: 3.3
opentelemetry
Description#
The opentelemetry Plugin can be used to report tracing data according to the OpenTelemetry specification.
The Plugin only supports binary-encoded OLTP over HTTP.
Attributes#
NameTypeRequiredDefaultValid valuesDescription
samplerobjectFalseSampling configuration.
sampler.namestringFalsealways_off["always_on", "always_off", "trace_id_ratio", "parent_base"]Sampling strategy. always_on: always samples, always_off: never samples, trace_id_ratio: random sampling result based on given sampling probability, parent_base: use parent decision if given, else determined by the root sampler.
sampler.optionsobjectFalse{fraction = 0, root = {name = "always_off"}}Parameters for sampling strategy.
sampler.options.fractionnumberFalse0[0, 1]Sampling probability for trace_id_ratio.
sampler.options.rootobjectFalse{name = "always_off", options = {fraction = 0}}Root sampler for parent_base strategy.
sampler.options.root.namestringFalsealways_off["always_on", "always_off", "trace_id_ratio"]Root sampling strategy.
sampler.options.root.optionsobjectFalse{fraction = 0}Root sampling strategy parameters.
sampler.options.root.options.fractionnumberFalse0[0, 1]Root sampling probability for trace_id_ratio.
additional_attributesarray[string]FalseVariables and its values which will be appended to the trace span.
additional_attributes[0]stringTrueAPISIX or Nginx variables. For example, http_header or route_id.
additional_header_prefix_attributesarray[string]FalseHeaders or headers prefixes to be appended to the trace span's attributes.
additional_header_prefix_attributes[0]stringTrueRequest headers. For example, x-my-header" or x-my-headers-* to include all headers with the prefix x-my-headers-.
Configuring the collector#
You can set up the collector by configuring it in you configuration file (conf/config.yaml):
NameTypeDefaultDescription
trace_id_sourceenumrandomSource of the trace ID. Valid values are random or x-request-id. When set to x-request-id, the value of the x-request-id header will be used as trace ID. Make sure that is matches the regex pattern [0-9a-f]{32}.
resourceobjectAdditional resource appended to the trace.
collectorobject{address = "127.0.0.1:4318", request_timeout = 3}OpenTelemetry Collector configuration.
collector.addressstring127.0.0.1:4318Collector address. If the collector serves on https, use https://127.0.0.1:4318 as the address.
collector.request_timeoutinteger3Report request timeout in seconds.
collector.request_headersobjectReport request HTTP headers.
batch_span_processorobjectTrace span processor.
batch_span_processor.drop_on_queue_fullbooleantrueWhen set to true, drops the span when queue is full. Otherwise, force process batches.
batch_span_processor.max_queue_sizeinteger2048Maximum queue size for buffering spans for delayed processing.
batch_span_processor.batch_timeoutnumber5Maximum time in seconds for constructing a batch.
batch_span_processor.max_export_batch_sizeinteger256Maximum number of spans to process in a single batch.
batch_span_processor.inactive_timeoutnumber2Time interval in seconds between processing batches.
You can configure these as shown below:
conf/config.yaml
plugin_attr:
opentelemetry:
resource:
service.name: APISIX
tenant.id: business_id
collector:
address: 192.168.8.211:4318
request_timeout: 3
request_headers:
foo: bar
batch_span_processor:
drop_on_queue_full: false
max_queue_size: 6
batch_timeout: 2
inactive_timeout: 1
max_export_batch_size: 2
Enabling the Plugin#
To enable the Plugin, you have to add it to your configuration file (conf/config.yaml):
conf/config.yaml
plugins:
- ...
- opentelemetry
Now, you can enable the Plugin on a specific Route:
curl http://127.0.0.1:9180/apisix/admin/routes/1 -H 'X-API-KEY: edd1c9f034335f136f87ad84b625c8f1' -X PUT -d '
{
"methods": ["GET"],
"uris": [
"/uid/*"
],
"plugins": {
"opentelemetry": {
"sampler": {
"name": "always_on"
}
}
},
"upstream": {
"type": "roundrobin",
"nodes": {
"127.0.0.1:1980": 1
}
}
}'
Disable Plugin#
To disable the opentelemetry Plugin, you can delete the corresponding JSON configuration from the Plugin configuration. APISIX will automatically reload and you do not have to restart for this to take effect.
curl http://127.0.0.1:9180/apisix/admin/routes/1 -H 'X-API-KEY: edd1c9f034335f136f87ad84b625c8f1' -X PUT -d '
{
"methods": ["GET"],
"uris": [
"/uid/*"
],
"plugins": {
},
"upstream": {
"type": "roundrobin",
"nodes": {
"127.0.0.1:1980": 1
}
}
}' | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Opinion | The Promise of Malaysia’s Old-New Leader
The editorial board represents the opinions of the board, its editor and the publisher. It is separate from the newsroom and the Op-Ed section. An autocratic politician emerges from retirement at age 92 to defeat his handpicked but appallingly corrupt successor, and to clear the way for a former deputy he had imprisoned on trumped-up charges. It’s an unlikely plot for a political thriller, but that’s what is happening in Malaysia. And if things play out according to Mahathir Mohamad’s plan, the situation could represent a rare, if curious, victory for democracy in a part of the world where the trend has been in the opposite direction. Mr. Mahathir, the nonagenarian, dominated Malaysian politics as prime minister from 1981 to 2003, guiding the country through rapid modernization and economic expansion. He also ran the nation with an iron fist, and among his victims was his charismatic protégé, deputy and presumed heir, Anwar Ibrahim, who was imprisoned in 1998 on sham charges of sodomy and corruption. Instead, Mr. Mahathir was followed in office by two handpicked successors. The second of these, Najib Razak, stands accused of staggering corruption. The American Justice Department, which has been investigating the theft of Malaysian public funds because they were laundered through the United States, says at least $3.5 billion was stolen under Mr. Najib, with $731 million ending up in his personal account. Declaring his choice of Mr. Najib as a successor “the biggest mistake I have ever made in my life,” Mr. Mahathir threw his hat in the ring in the recent national elections, this time as head of the opposition coalition that had been led by Mr. Anwar until he was thrown in prison a second time, in 2015, again on politically motivated charges. Despite trying every dirty trick in the book, Mr. Najib lost, and on Thursday Mr. Mahathir was sworn in once again as prime minister, making him the oldest government leader in the world. Mr. Mahathir has made good on his promise to seek a pardon for Mr. Anwar, who could succeed him. Mr. Mahathir’s return does raise questions. He has not apologized for how he led Malaysia the first time, including the way he treated opponents, like Mr. Anwar. But Mr. Anwar makes no excuses for teaming up with the only politician with the popularity and standing to unseat Mr. Najib and set Malaysia back on course. At his last court appearance, Mr. Anwar said the opposition was not supporting Mr. Mahathir the person, but rather “the reform agenda he has committed to.” Malaysia’s government faces a rough road ahead, including investigations into the lost state funds that must avoid the appearance of a witch hunt. But the way has been made easier by Mr. Mahathir’s return to demonstrate that democratic processes do work. All that remains is for him to make good on his pledge to take his final curtain call as soon as Mr. Anwar returns. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:The Deipnosophists (Volume 2).djvu/163
*
And Ananius says—
And, by the cabbage do I swear, I love thee By far the most of mortal men
And Teleclides, in his Prytanes, uses the oath, "Yes, by the cabbages!" and Epicharmus has the same exclamation in his Earth and Sea; and so has Eupolis, in his Dyers; and it appears to have been an Ionian oath: and there is nothing very strange in the fact of some people having sworn by the cabbage, since Zeno the Cittiæan, the founder of the sect of the Stoics, imitating the oath of Socrates, "by the bitch," was used himself to swear "by the caper," as Empodus relates in his Memorabilia.
10. And at Athens the cabbage used to be given to women who had just been delivered, as a sort of medicine, having a tendency to add to their nourishment. Accordingly, Ephippus, in his Geryones, says—
What shall next be done? There is no garland now before the doors, No savoury smell strikes on my nostril's edge From Amphidromian festival, in which The custom is to roast large bits of cheese, Such as the Chersonesus furnishes, And then to boil a radish bright with oil, And fry the breasts of well-fed household lamb, And to pluck pigeons, thrushes too, and finches, And to eat squids and cuttle-fish together, And many polypi with wondrous curls, And to quaff many goblets of pure wine.
And Antiphanes, in his Parasite, speaks of the cabbage as an economical food, in the following lines, where he says—
And what these things are, you, my wife, know well; Garlic, and cheese, and cheese-cakes, dainty dishes Fit for a gentleman; no fish cured and salted, No joints of lamb well stuff'd with seasoning, No forced meat of all kinds of ingredients; No high made dishes, fit to kill a man; But they will boil some cabbage sweet, ye gods! And in the dish with it some pulse of pease.
And Diphilus says, in his Insatiable Man,—
All sorts of dainties now come round us here, All of their own accord. There's cabbage fresh, Well boil'd in oil; and many paunches, and Dishes of tender meat. No by Jove, Nor are they like my platters of bruised olives. | WIKI |
Harriet Tubman was a Black woman who escaped slavery and helped others escape to the North via the Underground Railroad network. She was born Araminta Ross in 1820 in Dorchester County, Maryland. Her parents called her “Minty.” She later changed her name to Harriet in honor of her mother. She was separated from her family, including her eight brothers and sisters, at the age of 5 to serve as a nursemaid. When the baby cried, she was whipped, leaving her with permanent internal and external scars. Around age 7 she was “rented out” to work as a field hand. At age 12, she protected a Black fugitive by stepping in between him and an overseer who was throwing a huge rock to punish the man. The rock hit Tubman in the head and cracked her skull, leaving her to suffer with headaches and narcolepsy for the rest of her life. She married a free Black man, John Tubman, in 1844 but the marriage was not awesome.
In 1849, Harriet learned her brothers Ben and Henry were about to be sold, so on September 17 they escaped together and with the help of the Underground Railroad travelled 90 miles north to Pennsylvania and their freedom. She found work as a housekeeper in Philadelphia, but she soon returned to the south to lead her niece and children to Philadelphia via the same network she had used. She tried to rescue her husband John, but he had remarried and chose to stay in Maryland. The 1850 Fugitive Slave Act (more on this later) made Tubman’s job much harder and she had to extend her route up to Canada and begin travelling only at night.
Tubman was just over five feet tall, but was a formidable woman. She always carried a gun, both for protection and to “persuade” any passengers who had second thoughts. She would sedate babies and toddlers to prevent any slave catchers from hearing them. She personally led 70-300 people to freedom (Tubman claimed much lower numbers than her later biographer). She knew a great deal about herbal medicine and served as a nurse during the Civil War, and in 1863 she became head of an espionage unit for the Union Army. She helped liberate more people to form Black Union regiments and provided critical intelligence on Confederate supply routes and troop positions. | FINEWEB-EDU |
?
Solved
Multiple SUBMIT buttons that are images
Posted on 2003-12-04
5
Medium Priority
?
474 Views
Last Modified: 2012-05-04
OK, I have 4 submit buttons that are:
<input type="image" src="../img/updatedisplay.gif" name="submitbutton" value="Update Display" >
<input type="image" src="../img/updateavail.gif" name="submitbutton" value="Update Availability" >
<input type="image" src="../img/updatejobname.gif" name="submitbutton" value="Update JobName" >
<input type="image" src="../img/updatejobdescription.gif" name="submitbutton" value="Update JobDescription">
Obviously they are under their specific form fields.
The form posts to itself via: <form name="editjob" action="editjob.asp" method="post">
At the very top of the page I have the following ASP code to find out which submit button was pressed:
Call GetConnection ()
Call GetRecordSet(objRS)
Call GetCommandObject(objCommand)
If request("submitbutton") = "Update Display" then
objCommand.CommandText = "Update tblJobs SET newofficeDisplay = '"& request("display") & "' WHERE JobID = " & request("JobID") &" "
Set objRS = objCommand.Execute
elseif request("submitbutton") = "Update Availability" then
objCommand.CommandText = "Update tblJobs SET applicationLive = '"& request("applicationLive") & "' WHERE JobID = " & request("JobID") &" "
Set objRS = objCommand.Execute
elseif request("submitbutton") = "Update JobName" then
objCommand.CommandText = "Update tblJobs SET JobName = '"& request("JobName") & "' WHERE JobID = " & request("JobID") &" "
Set objRS = objCommand.Execute
elseif request("submitbutton") = "Update JobDescription" then
Dim myControl1, myFieldContents
Set myControl1 = GetObject ("script:" & Server.MapPath ("/RichEdit/ASPRichEdit.WSC"))
myControl1.Name = "JobDescription"
myFieldContents = myControl1.GetSafeFieldContents
objCommand.CommandText = "Update tblJobs SET jobdescription = '"& myFieldContents & "' WHERE JobID = " & request("JobID") &" "
Set objRS = objCommand.Execute
end if
Now, this work before when it was just a plain SUBMIT form button. Now that I have added the image for the button it doesn't work. Any ideas?
Thanks!
Dark Magneto
0
Comment
Question by:darkmagneto
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5 Comments
LVL 33
Accepted Solution
by:
hongjun earned 2000 total points
ID: 9875958
try something like this
<form name="editjob" action="editjob.asp" method="post">
<input type="image" src="../img/updatedisplay.gif" name="submitbutton" value="Update Display" onclick='document.editjob.dummy.value="Update Display"'>
<input type="image" src="../img/updateavail.gif" name="submitbutton" value="Update Availability" onclick='document.editjob.dummy.value="Update Availability"'>
<input type="image" src="../img/updatejobname.gif" name="submitbutton" value="Update JobName" onclick='document.editjob.dummy.value="Update JobName"'>
<input type="image" src="../img/updatejobdescription.gif" name="submitbutton" value="Update JobDescription" onclick='document.editjob.dummy.value="Update JobDescription"'>
<input type="hidden" name="dummy">
</form>
then for your editjob.asp, change to this
If request("dummy") = "Update Display" then
objCommand.CommandText = "Update tblJobs SET newofficeDisplay = '"& request("display") & "' WHERE JobID = " & request("JobID") &" "
Set objRS = objCommand.Execute
elseif request("dummy") = "Update Availability" then
objCommand.CommandText = "Update tblJobs SET applicationLive = '"& request("applicationLive") & "' WHERE JobID = " & request("JobID") &" "
Set objRS = objCommand.Execute
elseif request("dummy") = "Update JobName" then
objCommand.CommandText = "Update tblJobs SET JobName = '"& request("JobName") & "' WHERE JobID = " & request("JobID") &" "
Set objRS = objCommand.Execute
elseif request("dummy") = "Update JobDescription" then
Dim myControl1, myFieldContents
Set myControl1 = GetObject ("script:" & Server.MapPath ("/RichEdit/ASPRichEdit.WSC"))
myControl1.Name = "JobDescription"
myFieldContents = myControl1.GetSafeFieldContents
objCommand.CommandText = "Update tblJobs SET jobdescription = '"& myFieldContents & "' WHERE JobID = " & request("JobID") &" "
Set objRS = objCommand.Execute
end if
hongjun
0
LVL 35
Expert Comment
by:YZlat
ID: 9875976
try
<input type="image" src="../img/updatedisplay.gif" name="submitbutton" value="Update Display" onClick="document.editjob.submit()">
<input type="image" src="../img/updateavail.gif" name="submitbutton" value="Update Availability" onClick="document.editjob.submit()">
<input type="image" src="../img/updatejobname.gif" name="submitbutton" value="Update JobName" onClick="document.editjob.submit()">
<input type="image" src="../img/updatejobdescription.gif" name="submitbutton" value="Update JobDescription" onClick="document.editjob.submit()">
0
Author Comment
by:darkmagneto
ID: 9876006
Submit is not the problem...it is passing the value that is the issue.
It is not passing ANY value at all.
darkmagneto
0
LVL 33
Expert Comment
by:hongjun
ID: 9876037
try my method of using a hidden field
0
Author Comment
by:darkmagneto
ID: 9876092
It worked!
Thanks!
darkmagneto
0
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Page:My Airships.djvu/227
tion the united experiences of the spherical balloonist and the automobile "chauffeur," makes demands upon the lone captain's coolness, ingenuity, quick reasoning, and a kind of instinct that comes with long habit. Urged on by these considerations, my great object in the autumn of 1901 was to find a favourable place for practice in aerial navigation. My swiftest and best air-ship—"The Santos-Dumont No. 6 "—was in perfect condition. The day after winning the Deutsch prize in it my chief mechanician asked me if he should tighten it up with hydrogen. I told him yes. Then, seeking to let some more hydrogen into it, he discovered something curious. The balloon would not take any more! It had not lost a single cubic unit of hydrogen! The actual winning of the Deutsch prize had cost only a few litres of petroleum! Just as the Paris winter of biting winds, cold rains, and lowering skies was approaching I received an intimation that the Prince of Monaco, himself a man of science celebrated for his personal investigations, would be pleased to build a balloon house directly on the beach of La | WIKI |
User:Yassin Ali (Mr Ali)
Born 2-November-1984
Born in Harare, Zimbabwe
Lived in Bulawayo and Harare
Based in Johannesburg, South Africa
Co-founder of Hands On Events
www.handsonevents.co.za | WIKI |
User:Panchgachhia
I am Pravin kumar sonu hail from panchgachia (saharsa). my father`s name is sree Prem Narayan Singh. | WIKI |
A Guide to The Best Workout for Managing PCOS Symptoms
If you have PCOS, you've undoubtedly already heard that managing your symptoms with diet and exercise is a fantastic idea. But what if you're not sure where to start? Read this article to know more!
Posted on September 2, 2022 ·
BY Team Veera
Medically Reviewed
TAGS
Share
If you have PCOS, you’ve undoubtedly already heard that managing your symptoms with diet and exercise is a fantastic idea. But what if you’re not sure where to start?
We frequently only lack the proper guidance to assist us in incorporating physical activity into our daily life. For example, you might think: “Am I exercising properly for PCOS? What happens if I’ve never exercised before? How do I even start?”
Take a deep breath; we have wonderful news for you—you are at the right spot! In this guide, we’ll explain in detail how to begin a movement practice that can help you reduce PCOS symptoms, regain energy, and feel better all around.
Working Out While Having PCOS
Let’s be clear about one thing before we continue: when you have PCOS, there is no one proper technique to include regular activity. For that matter, even when you don’t have PCOS! No one solution works for everyone because both your body and your preferences are individual. It all comes down to moving your body and doing what makes you feel good.
In light of the preceding, here is a well-designed beginner workout for people wishing to dip their toes into the fitness industry without making such a big impression that they never look back. Start gently and do what you can.
Step 1: Getting started!
What exactly makes a fitness plan (like the one below) particularly PCOS-friendly, even for those with lean PCOS? First, it is primarily made to target the big muscle groups because adding muscular growth can boost metabolism.
Cardio is included, which is crucial since it helps raise your endorphin levels (feel-good hormones) and helps lower stress, mood swings and anxiety. Anyone struggling with PCOS symptoms like insulin resistance, stress, despair, and anxiety can benefit from such benefits.
You can feel free to modify it as you would with any workout! Perhaps this is your first time exercising after a long, or maybe you require something more challenging.
• Play with reps! Although each exercise’s recommended number of repetitions is indicated, you should perform as many as necessary to make the last five feel extraordinarily challenging and demanding to complete while maintaining proper form. That might be 20 for some people and 10 or less for others. Or perhaps you don’t feel well one day and need a lighter start. Reduce the number of reps and go slowly as necessary by paying attention to your body.
• Weights or resistance bands can be added. The first band guideline is to check for rips and tears.
• Repeat, work up a sweat! Do this work out more than once if you want to increase the intensity. Try two or three times for a full 20-minute workout.
Step 2: The PCOS Exercise Program
Initially, stretch out your muscles! Start with the simplest movements and work your way up to the more challenging ones as you go as you perform the following moves for 1 minute:
• Walking in place
• Walk in place with high knees
• Jumping jacks
Once you’re stretched, we’ll start the workout! Let’s begin! Make sure to take a 20 seconds rest break after each exercise.
➢ 20 Knee Hugs – You’ll do 20 knee hugs for each leg.
➢ 20 Arm Circles
➢ 20 Squats – When doing your squats, ensure your knees are not in front of your feet. After 20 squats. You can increase the intensity by using weights or a resistance band. Be careful to push your bottom back, keep your chest open, and watch your knees never cross your toes. (Always maintain proper technique when using weights or resistance bands.)
➢ 20 High Knee Twists – Give yourself a 20-second break after each high knee twist.
➢ 20 Back Turns
➢ 20 Arm Circles – Recall the arm circles we performed at the start of this PCOS exercise. We’re circling our arms in the opposite direction this time, though! To increase the intensity, use light weights. Ensure your tailbone is aligned with your spine and that your shoulders remain squared.
➢ 20 More Squats
➢ 20 Side Bends – You can add a small weight for added intensity. But remember that your form shouldn’t suffer due to the extra weight; maintain square shoulders. Think about floating along a wall.
➢ 20 More High Knee Twists
You’ve completed your first circuit of the PCOS workout, so relax! If you feel up to another round, take at least a minute to stretch and breathe deeply before continuing.
How to Maintain a Workout Schedule
If you had a chance to exercise today, that’s fantastic. But, it would be even better if you worked out again tomorrow or the day after. So, please begin and maintain an exercise routine. (This is the aim!) If we could, we’d all like to exercise most days of the week. But it’s complicated. Numerous factors, including time, schedules, motivation, and how you’re feeling, may influence your goals. So, how do we create a plan and follow it? It’s not always the simplest to develop a habit of exercising; it takes some time and effort before it becomes routine.
Tip #1: Link Your Routines
According to several studies, connecting a new habit to an existing one is a beautiful method to start one. Consider the sentence, “Every time I __, I will ____,” as an example.
Imagine doing something you do every day while also getting some exercise. For instance, you might squat or wall sit while brushing your teeth. Next, you will perform 50 jumping jacks while you wait for the shower to warm up, then hold a plank for 20 to 30 seconds.
Tip #2: Balance Before Bed
Incorporating a yoga pose or balancing pose (like the tree pose) into your sleep routine is another suggestion for leading a more physically active lifestyle. Practice stillness in balance for a moment before getting into bed.
These positions encourage focus, integrate the mind and body, can aid in your evening relaxation and enhance your mood.
Tip #3: Get Your Groove On
Use music as motivation. Create an upbeat playlist! Include your favourite songs and only listen to them while exercising so that it feels like a prize. Your senses can be stimulated, and your mood can be elevated by music.
This is what’s most important:
Listen to your body, and do what feels good. If that’s running, run. If it’s a kickboxing class, kick it! Do some yoga if you feel like you need a refreshing day. Whatever you can fit into your hectic schedule and find enjoyable, whether it’s Zumba at home, riding your bike, weight training, or a spinning class, is best for you.
Congratulations if you’re starting your fitness adventure! Even if you’re unsure of where to begin, do something. The ideal starting point is the intention to move. Then, try new things, have fun, discover your interests, and consider adding new physical activities to your life (and enjoy doing).
An extra benefit? It’s likely that as your physical health improves, so will your mental health!
Numerous physical (and psychological) symptoms of PCOS like mood swings, stress and anxiety have been demonstrated to improve with exercise. So recognise that your efforts will eventually pay off.
You can control your symptoms and stop feeling that PCOS has power over you as soon as you take charge of your physical health and wellness.
At Veera, we are dedicated towards reversing PCOS for life with our science-backed program that is accessible and affordable to all.
Get started to see the difference for yourself.
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Lúčky, Žiar nad Hronom District
Lúčky (Honneshau; Jánosrét, until 1890: Lucska) is a village and municipality in the Žiar nad Hronom District of the Banská Bystrica Region of central Slovakia. The town belonged to a German language island. The German population was expelled in 1945. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Missing encyclopedic articles/Tertiary focus
These lists form the tertiary focus areas of the Missing articles project. Lists that specify a source or provide any other useful information on creating the articles may be moved to Secondary focus.
People
* Scottish illustrators
* Military History (init. 1459)
* Piracy (init. 429)
* Malaria people
* User:Richard Arthur Norton (1958- )/Red list
* User:Magnus Manske/People list
* Chile politics
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* User:Dsp13/Redlinks/Women
* User:Dsp13/Redlinks/Italian women writers
* User:Gobonobo/Gender Gap red list
* 21 subpages
* User:Rosiestep/Gender Gap
* User:T. Anthony/Women in Red
* User:The Anome/List of secular feminists
* User:The Anome/Find-A-Grave famous people filtered by gender
* List of writers in Who's Who in Contemporary Women's Writing
* User:Yupik/Redlinks/Indigenous Women
* User:Kevin Gorman/philosophers
* User:Tokyogirl79LVA/Virginian women (linked from WiR navbox)
* User:Magnus Manske/Swiss Women in Red
* User:Magnus Manske/Women in science
* User:Keilana/Black women scientists
* User:Mduvekot/sandbox/feminism museum surveys
* User:Emijrp/List of women
* User:Dsp13/Redlinks/Middle East and North Africa (sections Arab women writers (content copied to WikiProject Women writers/Missing articles) and 100 most powerful Arab women 2013)
* National Women's Hall of Fame (around 300 in total, 60 left)
* WikiWomen's History Month/Missing articles
* WikiProject Women's History/Taskforces/Women in technology
* WikiProject Women's History/Requested articles
* WikiProject Feminism/Open tasks
* National Womens History Project biographies
* WikiProject Feminism/Projects/AWHT biographies
* Meetup/ArtAndFeminism/Tasks
* WikiProject Women artists/Requested articles
* WikiProject Women artists/Worklist
* WikiProject Women artists/Tasks/Wikidata Missing Article Report
* WikiProject Women artists/Redlinks from Wikidata
* WikiProject Women artists/L.A. articles
* WikiProject Women artists/NYC artists
* WikiProject Women artists/Netherlands artists
* WikiProject Women artists/San Francisco artists
* WikiProject Women artists/Philadelphia artists
* WikiProject Women artists/Boston artists
* WikiProject Women artists/Chicago artists
* WikiProject Women artists/Montreal artists
* WikiProject Women writers/Missing articles (linked from WiR navbox)
* WikiProject Women writers/Redlinks from Wikidata
* WikiProject Women writers/Tasks/Wikidata Missing Article Report
* Wikiproject Women Wikipedia Design/Tasks
* WikiProject Women scientists/Worklist
* WikiProject Military history/Incubator/Women in warfare and the military
* WikiProject Jewish Women
* Meetup/NYC/WomeninJewishHistory2016
Constant update
* Skysmith's list of missing articles
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Publications
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* Genome glossary
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* Requested articles/list of missing anatomy
* Notable books - History of medicine (init. 376)
* Mammal species (449 species remaining)
Movies, music and TV
* British Comedy Guide (init. 1,780)
* Internet Movie Database
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* Movies by topic
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* US TV stations
Geographical
* Africa topics
* Wanted articles about Africa
* British art and people
* Morocco places
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* Middle East and North Africa
Other lists
* Decorative arts
* WikiProject Aircraft/Missing articles (init. 4,942, 9.1% done)
* Planet Math (init. 25,069)
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* Global Names Index (init. 17,275,622) (incomplete list)
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* Patent/Trademark glossary (init. 527)
* Chemicals
* International Dictionary of Psychoanalysis
* The International Library of Psychology, Philosophy and Scientific Method
* French wine project | WIKI |
Keeping Your Mouth Clean and Healthy with Hydrogen Peroxide: Four Easy Tips
Discovery Dental loves providing you with simple, inexpensive ways to keep your mouth healthy. In this post, we wanted to let you know about the many ways you can use hydrogen peroxide, and how your family can benefit from it. Hydrogen Peroxide is affordable, can be found all over Shelby, OH, and makes a great home-use oral health product. In fact, you probably already own it. As always, Dr. Miller is the Shelby’s oral health expert, so please consult him/her before trying any new treatments and Dr. Miller will make sure it is the best option for your personal needs.
So, what is hydrogen peroxide?
Hydrogen peroxide is more than just a first aid antiseptic; it’s value as a home health product goes way beyond treating minor cuts and burns. In fact, hydrogen peroxide is a great product for dental health in between visits to Dr. Miller.
It is a clear liquid made simply of two molecules of hydrogen bonded to two molecules of oxygen. You can find it at most grocery stores and every pharmacy, and it is sold as a diluted solution of 3% (the rest is water). It is most commonly used as a first-aid disinfectant.
How can you use it to keep your teeth clean and healthy at home?
Dr. Miller and the entire Discovery Dental team are committed to your oral health and we want our Shelby, OH patients to know how to take care of their smile in and out of the dentist’s chair. Hydrogen peroxide can help with toothaches, gingivitis, as a toothbrush disinfectant, and as a temporary substitute for toothpaste. Here are the details on how to use hydrogen peroxide to maintain excellent oral health:
1) Soothe the Pain of a Toothache
Let’s say you are having some pain, but you can’t make it to Dr. Miller’s Shelby, OH office. Placing just a capful of hydrogen peroxide in your mouth for 10 minutes, then spitting it out, may offer you some relief. You can repeat this process many times throughout the day until the pain is manageable.
This works because hydrogen peroxide fights the infection and swelling, which are responsible for the pain toothaches can cause you. It is important, however, to remember that this is only safe as a temporary solution, and the best option is to see Dr. Miller as soon as you experience a toothache.
2) Fight Gingivitis
Gingivitis is caused by germs, but hydrogen peroxide is a powerful weapon against them. Once you have finished flossing and brushing your teeth, vigorously swish with an ounce of hydrogen peroxide, taking care to cover your gum lines all throughout your mouth. Do this for 5-6 seconds, spit out the peroxide, and then rinse your mouth with water.
3) To Sterilize Your Toothbrush
Soak the bristles of your toothbrush in a fresh, clean cup of hydrogen peroxide once per week, or more often if you prefer. After only a few seconds, you can watch the bubbles form as the peroxide kills the germs!
Let your toothbrush sit in the cup for at least 5 minutes to make sure it is fully cleaned, then place it under the tap and rinse thoroughly with water. It is important to use a fresh cup of hydrogen peroxide, because it is light sensitive and will break down when it comes in contact with light.
4) Instead of Toothpaste
Everyone forgets to buy toothpaste once in a while. Here’s a way to save yourself from a 10pm trip to the drugstore. Mix baking soda with hydrogen peroxide (four parts baking soda to one part peroxide) and use this household concoction just like toothpaste! It will have a grainier taste than your usual toothpaste, but it will clean your teeth in much the same way the regular stuff does. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Hero of Every Girl's Dream
The Hero of Every Girl's Dream (German: Der Held aller Mädchenträume) is a 1929 German silent film directed by Robert Land and starring Harry Liedtke, Betty Bird and Hermine Sterler.
The film's sets were designed by Robert Neppach.
Cast
* Harry Liedtke as Vicomte de Lormand
* Betty Bird as Marianne Turbon
* Hermine Sterler as Madame Turbon
* Jeanne Helbling as Lolotte
* Gertrud Arnold
* Oreste Bilancia
* Karl Elzer
* Charles Puffy
* Max Maximilian
* Karl Platen
* Anton Pointner
* Rosa Valetti
* Marcel Vibert as Marquis de Corbé | WIKI |
[Openstack] [Keystone] Deprecation of LDAP Assignment (Only Affects Project/Tenant/Role/Assignment info in LDAP)
Morgan Fainberg morgan.fainberg at gmail.com
Wed Jan 28 20:31:48 UTC 2015
To make it perfectly clear: We are NOT removing nor plan to remove the ability to use LDAP for users and groups in Keystone.
NOTE: Please be sure to read the whole email AND FAQ before worrying about the impact of this deprecation.
LDAP is used in Keystone as a backend for both the Identity (Users and groups) and assignments (assigning roles to users) backend.
Where did the LDAP Assignment backend come from? We originally had a single backend for Identity (users, groups, etc) and Assignment (Projects/Tenants, Domains, Roles, and everything else not-users-and-groups). When we did the split of Identity and Assignment we needed to support the organizations that deployed everything in the LDAP backend. This required both a driver for Identity and Assignment.
We are planning on keeping support for identity while deprecating support for assignment. There is only one known organization that this will impact (CERN) and they have a transition plan in place already.
Now before anyone starts worrying about this please read the whole email and FAQ at the end. Let me be perfectly clear. LDAP assignment is *not* referring to using LDAP for user and groups. That highly popular feature remains in Keystone.This change should have no impact for other users of LDAP in Keystone.
The Problem
——————
The SQL Assignment backend has become significantly more feature rich and due to the limitations of the basic LDAP schemas available (most LDAP admins wont let someone load custom schemas), the LDAP assignment backend has languished and fallen further and further behind. It turns out almost no deployments use LDAP to house projects/tenants, domains, roles, etc. A lot of deployments use LDAP for users and groups.
We explored many options on this front and it boiled down to three:
1. Try and figure out how to wedge all the new features into a sub-optimal data store (basic/standard LDAP schemas)
2. Create a custom schema for LDAP Assignment. This would require convincing LDAP admins (or Active Directory admins) to load a custom schema. This also was a very large amount of work for a very small deployment base.
3. Deprecate the LDAP Assignment backend and work with the community to support (if desired) an out-of-tree LDAP driver (supported by those who need it).
Based upon interest, workload, and general maintainability issues, we have opted to deprecate the LDAP Assignment backend. What does this mean?
1. This means effective as of Kilo, the LDAP assignment backend is deprecated and Frozen.
1.a. No new code/features will be added to the LDAP Assignment backend.
1.b. Only exception to 1.a is security-related fixes.
2.The LDAP Assignment backend ("[assignment]/driver” config option set to “keystone.assignment.backends.ldap.Assignment” or a subclass) will remain in-tree with plans to be removed in the “M”-release.
2.a. This is subject to support beyond the “M”-release based upon what the keystone development team and community require.
FAQ
——
Q: Will Keystone still support Users and Groups in LDAP?
A: Absolutely! There are no plans to deprecate utilizing LDAP (or Active Directory) to store users and groups. The Keystone team is committed to maintaining and improving the LDAP Identity driver.
Q: Will there be a migration from LDAP Assignment to SQL Assignment for the deployers that are still using LDAP Assignment backend?
A: Each deployment is highly specific to the LDAP data store used and schema defined by the organization. The Keystone team has spoken with the deployers that have stated they are using LDAP Assignment (and plan to move to SQL assignment). Most deployers using LDAP Assignment already have plans on how to Migrate. The Keystone team will be happy to provide advice (come chat with us in #openstack-keystone on Freenode) but we do not expect to provide a canned script to make the migration happen.
Q: Why not just keep Assignment in LDAP as an option, but freeze it like the V2 API?
A: We explored this option, but with all of the new functionality (including identity federation), code fixes, and maintenance issues, it just doesn’t make sense from a cloud-interoperability standpoint to maintain a second-class [at best barely implementing feature parity] driver for Assignment. We would rather support a clear interoperable OpenStack world where a user doesn’t need to guess / know a ton about the deployment to successfully utilize the cloud resources.
Thanks for reading through the whole email! Please feel free to chat with the development team on IRC or via the Mailing List to discuss any other issues / concerns related to this change.
Cheers,
Morgan Fainberg
Keystone PTL
More information about the Openstack mailing list | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Which Brands of Birth Control Pill Should You Choose?
Which brands of birth control pills should you use when you want to prevent unexpected pregnancy? Here we introduce the common types of pills to help you out!
Oral contraceptive pills, better known as birth control pills, are used by millions of women across the world to prevent unwanted pregnancy. These pills work in various ways: Some prevent a woman from ovulating or releasing an egg that could be fertilized, some make the lining of the uterus unsuitable for the fertilized egg to attach to, and some thicken the cervical mucus thus preventing the sperm from entering the womb and getting to the egg.
There are numerous different types of birth control pills offered by various manufacturers. Most women choose a combination pill that contains estrogen and progesterone, but some opt for different formulas. The choice should always be made after close consultation with your physician.
Birth Control Pills -- Brands and Types
The sheer number of possibilities for birth control pills can make your head spin. The good news is that they are broken into four specific groups. This is a quick run-down of the types of pills out there, as well as those that belong to that type of pill.
Type
Comment
Brand
Progesterone-Only Pills
Also known as mini-pills, they are usually taken by nursing mothers, women who have pre-existing conditions of blood clots, or those with other conditions that stop them from using estrogen.
Micronor or Nor-QS and Ovrette
Combination Pills
These pills contain both estrogen and progesterone. They can be monophasic, with the same level of hormones throughout the month. They can be biphasic, with two levels, triphasic, with three levels, or quadraphasic, with four levels. Most prescriptions are for monophasic pills, though all four types are very effective.
Alesse, Brevicon, Demulen, Desogen, Enpresse, Jenest-28, Mircette, Levlen, Tri-Levlen, Loestrin, Necon 10/11, Norinyl, Tri-Norinyl, Ortho-Cept, Ortho-Novum, Ortho-Novum 7/7/7, Ortho-Novum 10/11, Ortho Tri-Cyclen, and Triphasil
Specialty Pills
Though most birth control pills do the same things, there are some that have added benefits. Yasmin is known to help with symptoms of pre-menstrual syndrome, or PMS. Yaz is similar to Yasmin, but is on a different schedule, with 24 pills instead of 21. Beyaz includes a folate supplement, and so does Safyral. Loestrin FE is for women who want to have lighter, shorter periods.
Yasmin, Yaz, Beyaz, Safyral and Loestrin FE
Extended Cycle Pills
Some women prefer to use birth control that allows them to have fewer periods, lighter periods or no periods at all.
For those who want to stop worrying about periods, Lybrel can help them get rid of periods indefinitely. Seasonale allows you to have a period once every three months or so. Seasonique allows you to have four periods in one year. Those who are on these types of birth control pills might want to take pregnancy tests from time to time to ensure the pills are working, and should take a pregnancy test anytime they start to feel strange symptoms that could be indicative of pregnancy.
Lybrel, Seasonale and Seasonique
For all birth control pills (brands doesn't make much difference), you should remember, before making any choices about these pills, speak with your doctor about which ones are right for you. Though you might have a good idea of what you want, certain medical conditions should be taken into consideration. Because of this, a full physical exam is usually required by physicians in order to prescribe birth control pills.
Considerations of Using Birth Control Pills
Though birth control pills have been proven safe for the vast majority of women, there are several things to consider before taking those pills.
1. People Who Shouldn't Take Birth Control Pills
There are certain medical conditions that can make birth control pills a bad idea:
• If you have diabetes, birth control pills can only be used under close medical supervision.
• If you have a history of blood clots, high blood pressure, cardiac problems, or liver problems, you should not take them.
• If you are over the age of 35 and a smoker, or if you are on antibiotics or some other medications, birth control pills might be a bad idea.
• If you have ever had a problem with birth control pills in the past, it might be possible to try other options, but be sure to tell your doctor exactly what problems you had and what pill you were on.
2. Side Effects of Birth Control Pills
It is ususally rare and mild, but all birth control pills, brands and manufacturers do have their own drawbacks. Some of them might affect you.
Common side effects can include:
• Weight gain
• Headaches
• Nausea
• Dizziness
• Irregular menstrual bleeding
• Mood swings
• Decreased sex drive
• Fatigue
These side effects can be worse when you first start taking the pills but then will decrease over time.
Uncommon side effects can include:
• Shortness of breath
• Chest pain
• High blood pressure
• Arm numbness
• Severe headaches
• Heart attack
• Hair loss
• Vaginal itching
Any of these very uncommon side effects mean you should go to the emergency room.
3. Keeping Up with Your Schedule
When deciding which birth control pills, brands and manufacturers to choose, you should base that on your chosen schedule.
• Monthly cycle. Most birth control pills are on a monthly, or 28-day, cycle. This means you would get your period every four weeks.
• 24-day cycle. On a 24-day cycle, you might have periods that last less than three days.
• Three-month cycle. If you choose the three-month cycle, that means you will have periods only four times per year.
• Continual use. You could also take them continually, thus eliminating your periods altogether.
Keep in mind, however, that many women rely on the schedule of birth control pills to help ensure that they are not pregnant; if you are taking a pill that eliminates your periods, be extra-vigilant for signs of pregnancy.
Recommended:
9 Types of STDs You Must Know
Knowing all types of STDs and their basic symptoms can help identify them so you can get adequate treatment and avoid spreading the disease to others.
Current time: 03/20/2018 03:45:15 am (America/New_York) Memory usage: 1625.55KB | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
1
Using Postgresql version 15.1 I'm making a table of blockchain transactions (1 row per transaction). In total, it will have ~2 billion rows. Once the table reached ~50 million rows, the data ingestion seemed to slow down a bit so I would anticipate a continued degradation as rows increase. Currently, I'm adding rows to the table in batches of ~15k and am closing the cursor and connection after each upload. To add the data to the table I'm using Python (psycopg2 lib), a CSV file holding the data, and the SQL "COPY" command.
Will partitions speed up data ingestion if the data that I'm adding to the table mainly touches 1 partition?
The blockchain contains blocks with a block # that increments over time as blocks are added. Transactions are "within" blocks and therefore have a block # associated with them. My plan was to create partitions by block # so that each partition will contain ~15 million rows. In theory, I think this will speed up data ingestion because each 15k chunk I'm adding to the table is ordered sequentially by block #.
Any feedback on the main question or the general strategy would be appreciated.
Also, the table is only accessed by me and I won't be deleting any old data as new data is added.
4
• Could work. It might be index maintenance on indexes with sizes exceeding the usable cache that slows you down, but I would expect that slow down to be more than "a bit". What other indexes are present besides blockno? And what are their types?
– jjanes
Mar 11 at 0:40
• @jjanes If my understanding of an index is correct, the only other index would be a p-key for transaction UID on the partitioned tables.
– itgav
Mar 11 at 14:45
• Are the UIDs in order, like with a sequence, or are they random, like with a random UUID?
– jjanes
Mar 11 at 16:09
• @jjanes they're random
– itgav
Mar 11 at 17:49
1 Answer 1
0
Partitioning might help you here, by keeping the partition's UID index smaller. Maintaining the index on the random UID will involve jumping to some random leaf page of the index and dirtying it. The performance of doing this will greatly suffer once the index no longer fits in memory. But by ingesting into only one partition at a time, this means it is the size of the index on that hot partition which matters, not the total size over all partitions.
1
• great, thank you!
– itgav
Mar 13 at 15:55
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David Biespiel's response to 'Is Mitt Romney falling short in Iowa?' - The Arena | POLITICO.COM
Top Skip to Content Skip to Main Navigation Skip to Archives Skip to Sub Content Main Navigation Main Content It's a good decision on Romney's part not to compete in Iowa. He can't win. On the other hand, with Bachmann planning to stake her candidacy in Iowa, the reverse question could be asked of her as well. Why isn't she in New Hampshire? Same reason: She can't win there. Mind you, I don't include Perry in the mix yet - so far all he's done is give one speech...in South Carolina. It's a good decision on Romney's part not to compete in Iowa. He can't win. On the other hand, with Bachmann planning to stake her candidacy in Iowa, the reverse question could be asked of her as well. Why isn't she in New Hampshire? Same reason: She can't win there. Mind you, I don't include Perry in the mix yet - so far all he's done is give one speech...in South Carolina. On the other hand, if Perry were to do well, and he and Bachmann were to split the evangelical and tea party vote on caucus night in Iowa, a centrist candidate (in GOP terms, that is) like Romney could eke out a caucus victory with less than 30 percent of the vote. The year 1996 is a good model for this scenario. In 1996 conservatives split 40 percent of the vote among Pat Buchanan, Steve Forbes, and Alan Keyes. Bob Dole won the Iowa caucus with only 29 percent. The only reason for Romney to contest Iowa is if his campaign determines, say, by Halloween, that he's polling consistently near 25 percent without even genuinely campaigning there. But don't expect him to. The 2012 GOP is not the 1996 GOP. The Iowa GOP base wants one of their own in the White House. A right wing candidate cannot be beat in Iowa next year. Archives Sub Content The Arena is a cross-party, cross-discipline forum for intelligent and lively conversation about political and policy issues. Contributors have been selected by POLITICO staff and editors. David Mark, Arena's moderator, is a Senior Editor at POLITICO. Each morning, POLITICO sends a question based on that day's news to all contributors. 2011 POLITICO LLC Please read our Privacy Policy. By using this site, you accept our Terms of Service. Back to top | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:United States Statutes at Large Volume 88 Part 1.djvu/510
466
Conflict of i n t e r e s t, written
statement.
Definitions.
5 USC 5332 note.
PUBLIC LAW 93-376-AUG. 14, 1974
[88 STAT.
(f) No member or employee of the Council of the District of Columbia or Board of Education of the District of Columbia shall accept assignment to serve on a committee the jurisdiction of which consists of matters (other than of a de minimis nature) in which he or a member of his family or a business with which he is associated, has financial interest. / \ j^j^„ public official who, in the discharge of his official duties, ^®i'n i
^
•
n
, i
]•
-i
i
• •
J_^
j_
i i
js?
j.
wouM bc required to take an action or make a decision that would anect directly or indirectly his financial interests or those of a member of his household, or a business with which he is associated, or must take an official action on a matter as to which he has a conflict situation created by a personal, family, or client interest, shall— (1) prepare a written statement describing the matter requiring action or decision, and the nature of his potential conflict of interest with respect to such action or decision; (2) cause copies of such statement to be delivered to the District of Columbia Board of Elections and Ethics (referred to in this title as the "Board"), and to his immediate superior, if any; (3) if he is a member of the Council of the District of Columbia or member of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia, or employee of either, deliver a copy of such statement to the Chairman thereof, who shall cause such statement to be printed in the record of proceedings, and, upon request of said member or employee, shall excuse the member from votes, deliberations, and other action on the matter on which a potential conflict exists; (4) if he is not a member of the Council of the District of Columbia, his superior, if any, shall assign the matter to another employee who does not have a potential conflict of interest, or, if he has no immediate superior, he shall take such steps as the Board prescribes through rules and regulations to remove himself from influence over actions and decisions on the matter on which potential conflict exists; and (5) during a period when a charge of conflict of interest is under investigation by the Board, if he is not a member of the Council of the District of Columbia or a member of the Board of Education, his superior, if any, shall have the arbitrary power to assign the matter to another employee who does not have a potential conflict of interest, or if he has no immediate superior, he shall take such steps as the Board shall prescribe through rules and regulations to remove himself from influence over actions and decisions on the matter on which there is a conflict of interest. (h) Xeither the Mayor nor any member of the Council of the District of Columbia may represent another person before any regulatory agency or court of the District of Columbia while serving in such office. The preceding sentence does not apply to an appearance by such an official before any such agency or court in his official capacity. (j^ As uscd lu this section, the term— (1) "public official" means the office of the Mayor of the District of Columbia, Chairman of the Council of the District of Columbia, or member of the Council of the District of Columbia, or Chairman or member of the Board of Education of the District of Columbia, or each officer or employee of the District of Columbia government who performs duties of the type generally performed by an individual occupying grade GS-15 of the General Schedule or any higher grade or position (as determined by the Board regardless of the rate of compensation of such individual); (2) "business" means any corporation, partnership, sole pro-
� | WIKI |
Dunkirk, New York
744 Central Ave
Dunkirk, NY 14048
(716) 366-6822
4 FAQ About Crowns & Bridges April 2, 2019
Dunkirk, Chautauqua
4 FAQ About Crowns & Bridges, Dunkirk, New York
If you have damaged or missing teeth, your dentist may recommend crowns and bridges. These fixed prosthetic devices are popular ways to restore luminous smiles. While your provider will explain how each can be tailored to meet your needs, here are the answers to general questions about the differences between these two solutions and how they work.
Crowns & Bridges FAQ
What are the differences between crowns and bridges?
Crowns are essentially prosthetic teeth. They can replace an entire missing tooth by attaching to an implant, for example, or cover a damaged tooth. Bridges refer to three or more attached crowns that cross the gaps in the gums left by missing teeth. They’re cemented to the remaining natural teeth on both sides.
How are crowns created?
Getting a crown is simple. If it will be serving as a cap, the damaged tooth will be filed down so the crown will fit. Your dentist will then take impressions for the dental lab and fit you with a temporary crown. Once the custom crown is ready, it will be bonded to the tooth or attached to the implant. The process for creating bridges is similar; you may just need to have more teeth filed down.
How long do crowns and bridges last?
crowns and bridgesYour teeth may be made of the hardest substance in the body – enamel – but they still incur a lot of wear and tear, even with correct dental hygiene. Similarly, few restorative dentistry procedures last a lifetime. With proper care, though, crowns and bridges can last for five to 10 years.
How do you care for crowns and bridges?
Caring for crowns and bridges is easy. When it comes to keeping them clean, they don’t require anything beyond how you’d care for your natural teeth. That means brushing, flossing, and rinsing regularly will help you maintain a healthy mouth with these prosthetics. When it comes to diet, though, you should avoid especially sticky or tough foods, and you shouldn’t chew on hard objects like ice or pen caps. Otherwise, you could damage a crown.
To learn if crowns and bridges are suitable solutions for your smile, turn to North Chautauqua Dental in Dunkirk, NY. Since 1980, this family dentistry practice has been providing quality care for patients throughout Chautauqua County. Whether you need a simple teeth cleaning or TMJ therapy, count on them. To explore all the services they provide, visit their website, and then call (716) 366-6822 to make an appointment.
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Trends come and go, but beautiful smiles with straight, white teeth are always in vogue. If you’re considering teeth whitening for the first time, you may wonder how this proced...read more
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Over time, certain habits and diets can impact the color of your teeth. Stains can also be tied to other oral health issues. If you’re considering visiting a dentist because of ...read more
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If you’re missing teeth due to injury, infection, or decay, dental implants will improve the look of your smile and help you stay healthy. This restoration option is unique...read more
FAQ About Dental Fillings, Dunkirk, New York
If your dentist recently found a cavity in your tooth, you’ll likely need to have it repaired with a filling. Although this procedure is very common, many patients are unaware of wha...read more | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Jungle ration
The Jungle Ration (or "J-Ration") was a dry, lightweight United States military ration developed by the U.S. Army during World War II for soldiers on extended missions in tropical regions.
Origins, development, and use
Prior to World War II, during field exercises in Panama and other jungle regions, it was determined that standard heavy canned or 'wet' rations were unsuited to soldiers on foot carrying out extended missions in jungle or tropical environments with an abundance of water sources. Testing in Panama by units of the U.S. Army showed that a dry ration that could be easily decanted into waterproof bags for individual use would best suit jungle infantrymen carrying their own supplies while on foot, to be rehydrated as necessary from local water sources.
The Jungle ration was originally based on foods carried by American civilians, such as geologists and engineers, prior to World War II. Lightweight, ready-to-eat dry foods appealing to American palates and selected for their bulk when rehydrated were included in the menu, such as dried beef, peaches, apricots, and dehydrated whole milk. Water purification tablets were carried to purify the water required for rehydration and drinking purposes. After extensive field testing in the Panamanian jungles, the Jungle ration was finalized at the U.S. Army Quartermaster Branch's Subsistence Research Laboratory (SRL) in Chicago, Illinois, resulting in a daily energy total of about 4000 kcal, and weighing about 1 kg when packaged for shipping.
The Jungle ration was designed to be compact and to feed four men in one day. A can opener, matches, toilet paper, and cigarettes were packed in each 10-ration waterproof box. In the original issue of the Jungle ration, all food components were dried or dehydrated and could be decanted from their tins or packages into individually carried lightweight waterproof bags. This practice greatly decreased the total weight, yet the foods would still keep for several weeks in jungle heat and humidity. In general, it was favorably accepted by soldiers during experiments with the testing platoons in Panama. Among Australian forces, who were briefly issued the ration in New Guinea, the Jungle ration became known as "the Christmas package" for its varied components, which were appreciated after a steady diet of hardtack and tins of corned beef.
Because of its expense and specialized nature, the Jungle ration, like the Mountain ration, was never popular with the U.S. Army's Quartermaster Command, who were forced to expend additional funds for procurement and storage of what they viewed as an overly expensive, redundant, and limited-issue field ration. The Subsistence Research Laboratory staff criticized the Jungle ration for not being packaged from the processor for immediate distribution to an individual soldier fighting in a foxhole or other defensive position, as for example, the K ration. This criticism arose as a result of the Army and Quartermaster Corps' failure to incorporate previous infantry field reports and test data to SRL staff and dieticians. As none of the SRL personnel had ever served as infantry foot soldiers carrying their own loads through jungle terrain, they were unaware that the primary rationale of the Jungle ration was to provide a palatable, lightweight dry ration that could be broken down and carried in waterproof bags for extended patrols in heavy jungle.
During its short existence, the Jungle ration was repeatedly altered with heavier, less expensive canned components by the SRL at the direction of Quartermaster Corps staff, defeating the purpose of a lightweight dehydrated ration. Replacement of the dried beef component with processed, tinned pork or beef in 1942, followed by elimination of the dried fruit component, caused a predictable reduction in the popularity of the Jungle ration. It was discontinued completely in 1943 in favor of the K ration. The absence of a lightweight, yet sufficiently nourishing and palatable compact field ration had serious consequences for some U.S. troops later in the war, most notably the soldiers of Merrill's Marauders.
Menu contents
The jungle ration was repeatedly altered during its existence, as Quartermaster Corps officers substituted less expensive or heavier canned components (such as evaporated milk). Some known components include:
* Biscuits (Hardtack)
* Salted beef (1st issue) – A U.S. version of traditional Central and South American carne seca, using dried high-quality cuts of beef, lightly salted and spiced; this component was one of the first to be eliminated in favor of cheaper, heavier canned meats
* Canned meat (2nd issue) – tinned beef/pork or pork loaf; some sources indicate pork luncheon meat (Spam) was also a rotating component
* Porridge – (a general term for Grapenuts or other precooked dry cereal)
* Fruit bars
* Chewing gum
* Hard candy
* Dried apricots
* Dried peaches
* Lemon powder
* Cocoa powder (usually combined with powdered milk and sugar to make a chocolate drink)
* Roasted salted peanuts
* Whole powdered milk
* Raisins
* Salt
* Black pepper
* Instant coffee
* White sugar
* Cigarettes
* Toilet paper | WIKI |
Glenn H. MILLER, Appellant, v. Marian J. CLOUGH, formerly known as Marian J. Miller, Appellee. Marian L. Clough, formerly known as Marian J. Miller, Appellant, v. Glenn H. Miller, formerly known as Glenn J. Miller, Appellee.
Nos. S-11908, S-12108.
Supreme Court of Alaska.
Aug. 17, 2007.
Loren Domke, Loren Domke, P.C., Ju-negau, for Glenn Miller, Appellant/Appellee.
Deborah A. Holbrook, Juneau, for Marian Clough, Appellee/Appellant.
Before: FABE, Chief Justice, MATTHEWS, EASTAUGH, and BRYNER Justices.
OPINION
BRYNER, Justice.
I. INTRODUCTION
This appeal requires us to interpret Alaska Civil Rule 90.3(a)(4), which allows courts to impute potential income to a voluntarily underemployed parent in calculating the parent's child-support obligation. The main issue presented is whether a divorced parent's remarriage to a person of wealth allows the new spouse's assets to be counted as potential income under this rule if the parent remains underemployed. Because Rule 90.3(a)(4) directs courts to consider only "work history, qualifications, and job opportunities" in determining how much potential income should be imputed, we conclude that the rule does not allow a new spouse's wealth to be counted as potential income of the remarried parent. We therefore affirm the superior court's order denying Glenn Miller's attempts to pursue this theory through motions for discovery and modification of his child-support obligation. We also affirm the superior court's order denying Marian Clough's motion for attorney's fees. But we remand the case with directions to correct three inaccuracies in the method used to calculate the parties' support.
II FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
Glenn Miller and Marian Clough divorced in 2001 and shared equal custody of their children. In January 2002 the superior court ordered Glenn to pay $356.38 per month in child support. In calculating the amount of this award, the court determined that Marian was voluntarily underemployed; it imputed potential annual earnings to her of $52,700. In August 2002 Marian married John Clough. Henn did not remarry but has lived with another woman since August 2003.
In late 2004 the parties' eighteen-year-old daughter Gwenn began living with Glenn full-time. Soon after, Glenn filed a pro se motion to modify the original custody order by awarding full custody of Gwenn to him; he also moved for a corresponding change in his child-support obligation.
In early 2005 Glenn-now represented by counsel-filed a second motion to modify child support, arguing that his support obligation should be modified not just because Gwenn was living with him but also because Marian "should have additional income assigned to her by reason of her re-marriage to a wealthy second husband." According to Henn, Marian's marriage to Clough gave her access to her new spouse's wealth and income, so the new income should be imputed as potential income available to Marian, who remained underemployed. In his reply to Marian's opposition, (ilenn further asked the court for discovery of the Cloughs' household income, seeking production of their last three federal income tax and trust returns as well as permission to depose the Cloughs concerning their income and assets.
After hearing oral argument by the parties, Superior Court Judge Patricia A. Collins issued an oral decision on the record on March 17, 2005. The judge began by noting that Glenn had effectively withdrawn his motion seeking custody of Gwenn by acknowledging in reply to Marian's opposition to that motion that the court no longer had jurisdiction over Gwenn's custody, since Gwenn had already turned eighteen and was no longer a minor.
Judge Collins next addressed Glenn's motion to impute potential income to Marian based on her new spouse's wealth. The judge first determined that Marian's remarriage did not qualify as a changed cireum-stance warranting modification. Because potential income had already been imputed to Marian under Rule 90.3(a)(4) before she remarried, the judge ruled that her remarriage did not by itself justify a reexamination of her potential income.
The judge nonetheless observed that the support award might still be modified under Rule 90.3(c)'s provision allowing courts to deviate from the amount of support required under Rule 90.3(a) "if unusual cireumstances would make an award under [Rule 90.3(a) ] unjust." But Judge Collins interpreted Rule 90.8(c)'s "unusual cireumstances" exception narrowly, noting that the commentary on this exception emphasizes that a variance ordinarily will be justified only by "clear and convincing evidence that manifest injustice would result if the support award were not varied." The judge further pointed to commentary specifically stating that, although either party may attempt to show that unusual cireumstances justifying a variance exist in a particular case, the income of a new spouse will not normally warrant a variation. While acknowledging that the commentary also mentions that a parent who does not work because of a new spouse's income may be assigned potential income, the judge interpreted this as a reference to Rule 90.3(a)(4)s provisions governing unemployment and underemployment, not as a suggestion that a new spouse's income should routinely be deemed an unusual cireumstance warranting a variance under Rule 90.3(c).
In the present case, potential annual income was already imputed to Marian under Rule 90.3(a)(4d) in the original child-support order, which had been entered before Marian's remarriage. Judge Collins thus inquired whether Marian's new husband's wealth should be deemed to increase her imputed earning potential under Rule 90.3(a)(4). Because this rule directs courts to consider only "work history, qualifications and job opportunities" when determining how much potential income to impute to an underemployed parent, the judge reasoned that a new spouse's wealth could not alter the calculation of imputed income under Rule 90.3(a)(4);" rather, it could only be considered to decide whether potential income should be imputed-a decision that had already been made in Marian's case.
In Judge Collins's view, then, John Clough's wealth would justify reexamining the original child-support order only if Glenn could specifically show that Marian's access to the wealth increased her actual income or required a variance from the amount of support originally ordered to avoid manifest injustice. Relying on this interpretation, Judge Collins rejected Glenn's "core argument" that John Clough's income should be deemed to enhance Marian's potential earnings, finding this argument to be inconsistent with Rule 90.3 and its commentary. In the court's view, Glenn had not "remotely established a prima facie case that unusual cireum-stances would make application of the 90.3(a)(4) formula," as reflected in the 2001 child-support calculations, manifestly unjust.
Judge Collins went on to consider whether Glenn was entitled to an order allowing him to pursue discovery of John Clough's income in order to develop a more persuasive "unusual cireumstances" argument. Given the intrusive nature of the discovery request and the fact that it implicated the privacy rights of a person who had no child-support obligation, the judge suggested that, as a general matter, some threshold showing of actual need should be required before discovery of this kind would be allowed. At a minimum, the judge noted, she would be willing to consider allowing such discovery only if both parties agreed to provide income information concerning their domestic partners.
Judge Collins then addressed the specifics of Glenn's request for discovery of Clough's financial information. Given her ruling that the information had no direct bearing on the method for caleulating Marian's potential income under Rule 90.3(a)(4), the court focused on whether discovery should be allowed to assist Glenn in determining whether unusual cireumstances warranted modification under Rule 90.3(c). The judge noted that the court did not have a "specific request before [it]" addressing this theory and was therefore unable to rule on the issue. Judge Collins nonetheless encouraged counsel for both parties to "work out some mutually agreeable discovery method" for exploring a possible claim of unusual cireumstances under Rule 90.3(c), noting that Glenn could file an "appropriate motion" if the parties were unable to settle any discovery disputes on their own.
Judge Collins then briefly addressed the only modification request that remained unresolved: motion to modify support in light of Gwenn's changed living arrangement. The judge began by advising the parties that, as matters then stood, she did not expect to award attorney's fees to either side for work done to that point. The judge then invited each party to submit proposed recalculations of support reflecting Gwenn's new living arrangements.
Several days after entering her oral decision, Judge Collins issued a written order supplementing her on-record ruling. The order confirmed that the court had deemed Glenn to have withdrawn his motion for custody of Gwenn because she was no longer a minor. -It also determined that Marian's remarriage to John Clough did not by itself "establish exceptional cireumstances warranting departure from the Rule 90.3(a)(d) support calculation employed by [the] court in calculating support in 2001." Last, the order ruled that the parties' support obligations would be recalculated in light of Gwenn's move to her father's home.
Glenn moved for clarification and asked the court to set aside the order's effective date pending discovery of the Cloughs' household income. Glenn's motion asserted that, despite its refusal to impute household income to Marian, the court had allowed discovery of the Cloughs' income tax records and other documents. Marian opposed CHenn's motion, arguing that "there was no discovery issue properly before the court and none was decided" and that "the court has ruled that the fact that Marian Clough has married the man she was cohabiting with in 2001 does not establish exceptional cireum-stances warranting departure from the support calculation employed by the court in 2001."
Glenn then filed a motion for discovery, asking the court to authorize disclosure of various financial records that he had requested from the Cloughs, including copies of their federal income tax and trust income tax returns for 2004 and copies of any separation agreement, prenuptial agreement, or post-nuptial agreement between them. Glenn asserted that he had "requested this discovery under Civil Rule 90.3(c)(1){] [the 'unusual cireumstances' exception to Rule 90.3(a) ] in order that household income of the Cloughs should be considered in setting current child support." Clenn's motion also disclosed that "Mr. Miller's significant other, Joan Thompson, provided a copy of her current year-to-date pay statement and her 2004 federal income tax return" to the Cloughs. The motion claimed that in its oral decision, the court had "opined that it would allow discovery but insisted that it should be reciprocal."
In response to Glenn's motion for clarification, Judge Collins issued an order making it clear that, in the judge's view, no discovery motion was pending before the court and the court had not refused to impute income to Marian. Judge Collins summarized the status of the case as follows:
The court did impute income to Ms. Clough in 2001. The court did reject Mr. Miller's argument that a new spouse's income should always be added to the obli-gor parent's income (or imputed income, as here) to determine child support and that remarriage, standing alone, is a significant change in cireumstance. The court indicated that Mr. Miller is free to conduct discovery to determine if Ms. Clough derives any income now that is greater than that which was imputed to her in the 2001 order.
By separate order, Judge Collins denied Glenn's motion for an order authorizing discovery of the Cloughs' financial records, ruling that Glenn's "motion for discovery is, at best, premature"; the order nonetheless noted that Glenn remained free to make an informal request for this information under Civil Rule 90.8(e)(2)-a provision authorizing parties involved in child-support proceedings to informally request and obtain financial information from each other.
Meanwhile, both Cilenn and Marian had submitted child-support affidavits and worksheets setting out their proposed recaleula-tions of child support based on Gwenn's change of residency. The parties' proposals differed as to the proper amount of deductions to be used in determining the parties' adjusted annual incomes. The superior court ultimately accepted Marian's proposed caleu-lations, which resulted in an order requiring Glenn to pay Marian $37 per month for March, April, and May 2005 (the period from the date of the order until Gwenn's graduation from school terminated the parties' duty of support); after that, Glenn was to pay Marian $504 per month for the two children remaining with her.
Marian then moved for attorney's fees, arguing that she was the prevailing party because CGienn had filed at least seven separate motions seeking to reduce his child-support obligation, all of which had been denied or struck. Marian also claimed that she deserved an enhancement of her fee award under Civil Rule 82(b)(8), alleging that Glenn had failed to minimize his fees, had pursued unreasonable claims, and had engaged in vexatious and bad faith conduct.
The superior court denied Marian's motion, noting that both parties had "prevailed on certain aspects of the support dispute" Marian on "important support-related issues, including whether remarriage automatically requires recalculation of child support," and Glenn on his request to lower his child-support obligation in light of Gwenn's decision to live full-time with him.
Both parties appeal.
III DISCUSSION
A. Glenn's Appeal
1. Refusal to impute income to Marian based on her new spouse's wealth
Glenn argues that the superior court erred in declining to consider the wealth of Marian's new spouse in calculating her child-support obligation. He relies chiefly on Rule 90.3(a)(4), which allows courts to impute potential income to an unemployed or underemployed parent:
The court may calculate child support based on a determination of the potential income of a parent who voluntarily and unreasonably is unemployed or underemployed. A determination of potential income may not be made for a parent who is physically or mentally incapacitated, or who is caring for a child under two years of age to whom the parents owe a joint legal responsibility. Potential income will be based upon the parent's work history, qualifications, and job opportunities. The court also may impute potential income for non-income or low income producing assets.[]
As previously mentioned, the superior court keyed on the language in this provision that directs courts to base their calculation of potential income "upon the parent's work history, qualifications, and job opportunities." Glenn insists that the court interpreted this language too narrowly, contending that the court should have considered the totality of the cireumstances in deciding how much potential income should be imputed to Marian.
Glenn points out that in 2002, before Marian remarried, the superior court determined that she was voluntarily underemployed and had the ability to earn a potential annual income of $52,700. enn further notes that by ©2005, when Glenn moved to modify child support, Marian was married to John Clough and continued to be underemployed. In Glenn's view, Marian's situation had changed because her new spouse is a person of "significant income and wealth," which, according to Glenn, enables Marian to enjoy an "affluent lifestyle." Given these cireumstances, CGHenn reasons, Clough's wealth must be regarded as a factor enhance-ing Marian's potential income under Rule 90.3.
Glenn bolsters this argument by citing our decision in Beaudoin v. Beaudoin, as well as the commentary to Rule 90.3. In Beau-doin, we noted that both Rule 90.3(a)(4) and "our case law specifically require courts to consider the "totality of the cireumstances' to decide whether income should be imputed. In making this point, Beaudoin referred to the commentary to Rule 90.8(a)(4), which observes that "[the court shall consider the totality of the cireumstances in deciding whether to impute income.
Glenn further points to the commentary to Rule 90.38(c)(1)-the "unusual cireumstances" exception-noting that the commentary expressly recognizes that "[a] parent who does not work because of the income of a new spouse (or other person in the household) may be assigned a potential income." In addition, Glenn cites case law from other states. Clenn claims that, because "Marian Clough's imputed annual income of $52,700 is belied by her affluent lifestyle," the superior court abused its discretion in failing to "examine how Marian actually lives and her actual expenditures" since she remarried.
In response, Marian rejects Glenn's claim that the superior court refused to consider her potential income under Rule 90.3(a)(4), insisting that the court properly applied this rule in the original child-support order by imputing annual income to her of $52,700. Marian describes Glenn's proposed "totality of the cireumstances" approach to Rule 90.8(a)(d) as "fundamentally inconsistent with Alaska law." Pointing to the plain language of Rule 90.3(a)(4) and case law applying the provision, Marian argues that "Alaska courts have uniformly upheld the principle that the earning potential of the parent must be the basis for any child support award."
We agree with Marian's understanding of Rule 90.3. The plain language of Rule 90.3(a)(4) unambiguously directs that "[plo-tential income will be based upon the parent's work history, qualifications, and job opportunities." This language does not recognize any other permissible criteria to be used in calculating the amount of potential income to be imputed to an unemployed or underemployed parent under Rule 90.3(a)(4). Nor does the commentary to Rule 90.3 advance Glenn's "totality of the cireumstances" theory. The commentary to Rule 90.3(a)(4) confirms the rule's express language declaring that work history and other related criteria "will be" the basis for calculating potential income. The same commentary also observes that courts should consider "the totality of the cireumstances in deciding whether to impute income." But this observation addresses only the manner in which they should make the threshold decision whether to impute potential income to an underemployed parent, not the manner in which they should determine the amount of potential income to impute onee the initial decision to impute has been made. In effect, then, as Judge Collins correctly recognized, this commentary directs courts to the language of Rule 90.8(a)(4) for purposes of deciding how much potential income to impute.
Beaudoin v. Beaudoin aligns with this view. There, we were required to decide whether potential income should be imputed to a parent who had previously been her children's primary caregiver and had never held a paying job. We applied the totality of the cireumstances approach to decide this threshold issue. We did not suggest that the totality of the cireumstances approach could be applied in determining the amount of an underemployed parent's potential income once the decision to impute had been made.
Here, the superior court properly determined that Glenn had failed to establish grounds for imputing more potential income to Marian than the court had already found appropriate in 2001. On this point, Glenn essentially claimed that Marian's remarriage to a wealthy person amounted to a prima facie showing that Marian's potential income had increased. But in our judgment, the superior court properly concluded that the language of Rule 90.3(a)(4) bars direct reliance on a new spouse's wealth as evidence of increased earning potential.
The court also correctly recognized that (Glenn could have-but had not-moved to modify his support on the ground that Clough's wealth resulted in unusual cireum-stances justifying a variance under Rule 90.3(c)(1). While GHenn's discovery motion belatedly mentioned this theory, it inaceu-rately claimed that the theory had been raised in his earlier motion for modification. Actually, Glenn had previously disclaimed re-lance on the unusual cireumstances exception. Indeed, during the March 17, 2005, proceeding in which Judge Collins issued her on-record denial of Glenn's motion for modification, Glenn expressly stated that his motion was based exclusively on the potential income language of Rule 90.3(a)(4).
Because the superior court correctly interpreted Rule 90.3(2)(4) to bar direct consideration of a new spouse's wealth as a basis for determining the amount of potential income to impute to a remarried parent and also correctly recognized that Glenn's earlier motion sought modification solely on this basis, we conclude that the court did not err in denying Glenn's motion to modify support in light of Marian's remarriage to Clough.
2. Denial of Glenn's motion for discovery
Glenn separately argues that the superior court erred in denying his discovery motion. 'He claims that he was entitled to discovery both under Civil Rule 26(b)(1), which generally allows discovery of any relevant information," and under Rule 90.8(e), which specifically requires parties to a child-support proceeding to produce statements of income with verifying documentation. Glenn asserts that he was entitled to this discovery in order to pursue an argument under Rule 90.8(c)(1) that unusual cireum-stances justified varying Marian's imputed income as originally determined under Rule 90.3(a)(4).
As we have seen, however, Glenn did not move to modify his support on this basis, and, indeed, before moving for discovery on this theory, he had disavowed reliance on Rule 90.8(c)(1}'s unusual circumstances exception. Given these cireumstances, the superior court did not abuse its discretion in declining to allow Glenn to raise this new theory in the proceedings involving Glenn's pending motion for modification after the court had already ruled on and correctly denied that motion under the theory that Glenn had originally pled. As the superior court observed in refusing to order discovery, Glenn's motion for discovery on this unpled theory was "at best, premature." We thus uphold the superior court's discovery ruling.
3. Disputed items of adjusted annual income
Although the superior court denied (ilenn's motion to modify child support on the basis of Marian's new spouse's wealth, it granted his separate motion to modify support because of Gwenn's decision to live in Glenn's home. The court directed the parties to submit proposed child-support calculations reflecting this change. In May 2005, after both parties filed DR-305 child-support worksheets and affidavits, the court issued a modified support order adopting Marian's figures. Glenn challenges three items in the superior court's calculations of the parties' adjusted annual income, all of which the court derived from Marian's worksheets.
a. Glenn's income tax liability
Glenn first contends that the superior court underestimated his annual federal tax lability by adopting Marian's figures. Marian's child-support worksheet projected Glenn's 2005 federal income tax liability from the estimated taxes withheld from his January 2005 earnings. This method yielded an annual tax liability of $8,311. By contrast, Glenn's child-support worksheet used the taxes had actually paid on the similar wages in 2004; this resulted in a projected tax liability of $4,780.
Glenn asserts that his withheld taxes underestimated his actual tax lability because he was under-withholding and that the taxes he actually paid in 2004 provide the most accurate basis for estimating his 2005 taxes. Because the record provides no indication that his tax liability would substantially decline in 2005, Glenn reasons that the court should have used his proposed calculations.
In support of his argument, Cilenn cites Bergstrom v. Lindback. In Bergstrom the superior court used withholding figures instead of actual income tax liability to caleu-late Bergstrom's adjusted annual income for purposes of determining his child-support obligation. We reversed, ruling that the court should have relied on Bergstrom's history of actual tax payments:
The amount of taxes withheld by an employer may or may not reflect a taxpayer's actual tax liability. Although Civil Rule 90.8(a)(1)(4) refers to "mandatory deductions" for federal income tax, we believe that Bergstrom's actual tax Hability under existing Internal Revenue Service regulations, rather than the amount withheld, is the proper basis for determining the amount to be deducted from his income. Therefore, the trial court erred in reducing [Bergstrom's] adjusted annual income by the amount withheld rather than his actual tax liability.
Marian does not dispute the accuracy of Glenn's 2004 tax liability as a predictor of his future liability; instead, she contends that it was not clearly erroneous for the superior court to find that Glenn's "paycheck tax with-holdings were an acceptable measure of his 2005 tax liability." Marian points to a footnote in Bergstrom in which we described evidence presented at trial indicating that Bergstrom's employer had made an error in calculating the amount of taxes withheld from his wages. Marian suggests that our ruling in Bergstrom hinged on this evidence, and did not establish a general rule disfavoring use of withheld taxes as an acceptable measure of future tax lability.
We disagree with Marian's narrow reading of Bergstrom. Our decision in Bergstrom recognized that "[the amount of taxes withheld by an employer may or may not reflect a taxpayer's actual tax liability" Given the general unreliability of withholding, we declared that "actual tax liability under existing Internal Revenue Service regulations, rather than the amount withheld, is the proper basis for determining the amount to be deducted from [Bergstrom's] income."
Here, Glenn provided the superior court with his actual tax liability on comparable wages for 2004, along with rate schedules for his income level and taxpayer status. | Marian provided no information indicating that Glenn's actual 2004 tax liability would not accurately approximate his current and future tax Habilities Given these cireum-stances, we conclude that Bergstrom required Glenn's actual tax Hability for 2004 to be used because it was the most accurate available indicator of his actual liability in the future.
b. Glenn's retirement deduction
Glenn argues next that the superior court undercounted his retirement deduction by disallowing his claimed deductions for contributions to a voluntary retirement plan. In his child-support worksheet, Glenn listed mandatory and voluntary annual contributions totaling $8,927. Marian's worksheets credited Glenn only for a $519 mandatory retirement deduction. Glenn insists that Rule 90.8(a)(1)(B) entitled him to a "combination mandatory/voluntary retirement deduction of 7.5% of his gross income."
Marian acknowledges that she credited Glenn only for his mandatory contribution. But she insists that this credit was correct under the version of Rule 90.3 in effect when she filed her proposed child-support calculations in April 2005. Marian's argument is accurate in a technical sense but lacks substantive merit. '
It is true that on April 7, 2005, when Marian filed her proposed child-support worksheets, Rule 90.8(a)(1)(A¥) provided that "voluntary tax-deferred contributions to a qualified retirement or pension plan or account up to 7.5% of the parent's gross income" could be deducted "if the parent is not a participant in a mandatory retirement plan. 4 This phrasing implied that a parent could not claim credits for both voluntary and mandatory contributions. But in February 2005, this court bad issued an order amending the rule to resolve this ambiguity in favor of allowing combined credits. Our order provided that the amended version would take effect on April 15, 2005-eight days after Marian filed her worksheets. Because the amended rule was in effect when the superior court issued its May 1, 2005, order modifying the parties' support, the amended rule allowing a combined deduction applied to this case.
c. Marian's income tax liability
Glenn last contends that the superi- or court overestimated Marian's income-tax liabilities. In her worksheets, Marian assigned herself a tax liability of $6,260 on her imputed income of $52,700. This $6,260 hypothetical liability was identical to the figure agreed upon by the parties and approved by the court in 2002 when it issued the original child-support order. Glenn's 2005 child-support worksheets proposed to assign Marian a lower tax liability, $4,556, a figure Glenn calculated using 2005 IRS tax tables. Glenn argues that this updated calculation is more accurate and thus should have been used instead of the original hypothetical figure, which, in his view, had "no factual ba-fo, 1 SIS
In response, Marian points out that all of the original figures used in connection with her imputed potential income were necessarily hypothetical; because Glenn agreed with this hypothetical tax liability in 2001 and urged the court to adopt it, she contends, it is too late for him to change the figure now. But Marian's argument places form over substance. In effect, it proposes to establish a rule that would lock all future tax consequences of imputed potential income to consequences existing at the time of original imputation. Such a rule would conflict with basic principles of fairness requiring tax-support caleulations to be as accurate as reasonably possible.
Marian does not dispute that calculating her tax liabilities using the tax provisions applicable in 2002 produces an outdated result. Yet she identifies no sound reason why the outdated information should be acceptable in the modified order if it would not have been in the original order. We thus conclude that Marian's ongoing tax liability must be calculated using currently applicable tax tables.
B. Marian's Appeal
At the conclusion of its oral decision denying Mlenn's motion to impute income to Marian based on her new spouse's wealth, the superior court briefly commented that, as matters then stood, it would not expect to award fees to either side. After the court entered its modified child-support order adopting Marian's proposed calculations, Marian moved for an award of attorney's fees under Rule 82. Marian now appeals the superior court's denial of her motion, arguing that the court improperly prejudged the issue in its on-record comments and that, in any event, she deserved to be awarded fees because she was clearly the prevailing party.
At the outset, Marian suggests that, in its on-record remarks, the court prematurely ruled out an award of attorney's fees because it wanted to "push the parties towards settlement." But in our view, Marian's argument casts an unreasonably harsh light on the superior court's comments. At the March 17, 2005, proceeding, Judge Collins stated:
[Alt this point, I can advise that I do not anticipate that I'm going to award either side costs and attorney's fees for anything that's been done to date.... I guess I'm just really concerned that we're looking at the potential for the dispute to cost more than the child support. And while that's a factor for the parties to consider as opposed to me, I think it's only fair to give that that level of notice.... So, I mean, I encourage you all-I realize that it hasn't been successful to date, but to see if some agreement can be reached on that point.
On their face, these remarks simply informed the parties of the court's impression that the proceedings so far had been disproportionately contentious and that both parties might be well advised to explore the possibility of settling amicably. Because these remarks described impressions formed by the court in the course of the present litigation, they cannot reasonably be seen as expressing bias; instead, they candidly expressed legitimate concerns held by the court at the time. Nor do the remarks communicate any trace of a threat or hint of coercion; they merely give the parties candid and fair notice of the court's view of the case at the time and urge them to consider the alternative of resolving the remaining issues in the case by a mutually acceptable agreement. Viewing the remarks in context, we fail to see any error.
Marian also challenges the superior court's ultimate denial of her motion for fees on the ground that the ruling was "manifestly unreasonable" because she had prevailed on all of the substantive issues, whereas Glenn prevailed only in winning a temporary reduction of his child-support obligation. Marian likens her case to DeWitt v. Liberty Leasing Co., where one party recovered a judgment of $17,736.11 against an opponent who won an offset claim of $98.64; on appeal, we reversed a trial court order that refused to declare a prevailing party for purposes of awarding fees, holding 'that the plaintiff had clearly prevailed.
But the circumstances here are distinguishable from those in DeWitt DeWitt merely involved a single claim for money that was offset by a minimal counterclaim. In contrast, Glenn litigated two legally and factually distinct motions to modify child support: one sought a change reflecting his oldest daughter's decision to live with him; the other sought to impute potential income to Marian based on her new spouse's wealth. On the first issue, despite Marian's active opposition, the superior court granted Glenn's motion and recalculated support. On the second issue, Marian prevailed, blocking Glenn's efforts to obtain discovery and modify support based on John Clough's income. Given that each party prevailed on non-overlapping claims, it was not manifestly unreasonable for the superior court to determine that neither party was the "prevailing party" for purposes of awarding fees under Rule 82.
IV. CONCLUSION
We AFFIRM the superior court's orders declining to impute potential income to Marian on the basis of her new spouse's wealth and refusing to approve discovery to Glenn on this point. We VACATE and REMAND for recalculation consistent with this opinion the three items in the modified support order using inaccurate figures submitted by Marian. We AFFIRM the superior court's denial of Marian's motion for Rule 82 fees.
CARPENETI, Justice, not participating.
. Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3 emt. VI(A).
. Id. cmt. VI(B)(5).
. Id.
. Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3(a)(4).
. Civil Rule 90.3(e)(2) provides in part:
While there is an ongoing monthly support obligation, either party must provide to the other party, within 30 days of a written request, documents such as tax returns and pay stubs showing the party's income for the prior calendar year.
. Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3(a)(4).
. Id.
. The superior court's interpretation of the civil rules presents a question of law that we review de novo. Fuller v. City of Homer, 113 P.3d 659, 662 (Alaska 2005).
. Beaudoin v. Beaudoin, 24 P.3d 523 (Alaska 2001).
. The commentary to Civil Rule 90.3 has not been officially adopted, but it can provide useful guidance in applying the rule. See Caldwell v. State, 105 P.3d 570, 573 n. 6 (Alaska 2005).
. Beaudoin, 24 P.3d at 528 (quoting Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3 cmt. III(C)).
. Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3 emt. III(C).
. Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3 cmt. VI(B)(5).
. For example, the Washington Court of Appeals, applying a Washington statute, has recognized that although a new spouse's income cannot itself be included in calculating a divorced parent's gross income for child support purposes, half the new spouse's taxable capital gains, interest and dividend income must be imputed to the parent under the presumption that property acquired during a marriage is community property absent clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. See In re Marriage of Scanlon, 109 Wash.App. 167, 34 P.3d 877, 883 (2001) (applying Wash. Rev.Cope § 26.19.071(3)).
. Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3(a)(4) (emphasis added).
. Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3 emt. II(C).
. Id. (emphasis added).
. Beaudoin, 24 P.3d at 524.
. Id. at 528.
. Alaska R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1).
. Alaska R. Civ. P. 90.3(e).
. We review the superior court's discovery rulings for an abuse of discretion, and will not reverse unless, after reviewing the entire record, we are convinced that the court erred. Willoya v. State, Dep't of Corr., 53 P.3d 1115, 1119 (Alaska 2002).
. We reject Glenn's effort to characterize the trial court's comments concerning reciprocal discovery of household income as an implied promise to grant Glenn discovery of the Cloughs' financial records if Glenn voluntarily disclosed his own household financial information. In our view, a fair reading of the record makes it clear that Judge Collins intended her comments as a description of a threshold condition that the judge would likely have imposed before approving discovery if Glenn had properly raised the unusual circumstances theory in his motion for modification and had then moved for discovery after exhausting informal dlscovery procedures prescribed by the rules.
. We will reverse the superior court's child-support order only if the court abused its discretion or applied an incorrect legal standard. Whether the court used the correct method of calculating child support is a matter of law that we review de novo. Caldwell, 105 P.3d at 573 (citing Turinsky v. Long, 910 P.2d 590, 593 n. 10 (Alaska 1996)). But we review a trial court's factual findings used to determine child support under the clearly erroneous standard. Id. (citing Routh v. Andreassen, 19 P.3d 593, 595 (Alaska 2001)).
. Bergstrom v. Lindback, 779 P.2d 1235 (Alaska 1989).
. Bergstrom, 779 P.2d at 1236.
. Id. at 1236-37 (footnote omitted).
. Id. at 1237 n. 5.
. Id. at 1236 (emphasis added).
. Id.
. See Alaska Supreme Court Order No. 1526 © (Apr. 15, 2005).
. The amended version of the rule eliminated the original language that seemingly allowed a deduction for voluntary retirement contributions only if the claimant did not participate in a mandatory plan. According to the Child Support Guidelines Committee commentary, under Rule 90.3's new language,
Mandatory retirement contributions are a deduction. Voluntary contributions, up to the limit stated in the rule, are also a deduction if the earnings on the retirement account or plan are tax-free or tax-deferred. If a parent is not a participant in a mandatory plan, the limit on voluntary contributions is 7.5% of gross wages and self-employment income. If a parent is a participant in a mandatory plan, the limit on voluntary contributions is 7.5% of gross wages and selfemployment income minus the amount of the mandatory contribution.
Attachment to Alaska Supreme Court Order No. 1526 (Apr. 15, 2005)-Commentary to Civil Rule 90.3(IIID)(D).
. We review the superior court's prevailing-party determination in an attorney's-{ees dispute for abuse of discretion. Interior Cabaret, Hotel, Rest. & Retailers Ass'n v. Fairbanks N. Star Borough, 135 P.3d 1000, 1002 (Alaska 2006). Prevailing-party determinations are ordinarily overturned only if they are manifestly unreasonable. Jerue v. Millett, 66 P.34 736, 740 (Alaska 2003).
. DeWiit v. Liberty Leasing Co. of Alaska, 499 P.2d 599 (Alaska 1972).
. Id. at 600.
. Id. at 602.
. Glenn's success on the computational issues addressed in this appeal reinforces his prevailing-party status on this first motion for modification.
. Because we affirm the superior court's denial of attorney's fees to Marian, we do not need to decide whether Marian would have been entitled to enhanced fees if the court had awarded fees.
| CASELAW |
Tillandsia paleacea
Tillandsia paleacea is a species in the genus Tillandsia. This species is found from Colombia to Chile in arid biomes.
Cultivars
* Tillandsia 'Sweet Isabel' | WIKI |
Software for CNC programmers H Powell Consulting
Software for machinists and CNC programmers
Frequently Asked Questions
General Questions
Can I run the software on more than one computer?
What happens if I format the HD in the future, or if I install the software on a new PC? Do I need another code?
Does any of your software run on a mobile device?
I get "Error 112" when I try to install a demo.
I get "missing file: INSTMSIA.EXE" when I try to install a demo.
I get an "Error reading setup initilzation file"" message when trying to install a demo.
Can I install your demos on a computer that is not connected to the internet?
I get a "... Not A Valid Win32 Application" message when trying to install or run a demo.
Can I install your demos on a computer that is not connected to the internet?
What, and where are the MID and Site codes we need to send to get an activation code?
EditCNC Questions
How do I quickly get to the end or beginning of a CNC file?
How do I open EditCNC by clicking on a CNC progam file name?
How do I convert g-code between incremental and absolute?
We cannot seem to open code files from a network location. How do we get the network drive to show?
Can we convert from CNC programs that use decimal points to those that don't?
How do I get all programs with all extensions to show up when I open up a folder in EditCnc? We have several different machines we download to and all of them require a different extension.
Text entered into 'Code Store' isn't saved.
ConnectCNC Questions
We want to use single DNC for two machines. Can we send/receive different programs at the same time?
Can we use a USB port to send or receive g-code files?
When we receive files from the CNC, the program is in one long line. Whats wrong?
How do I back up or transfer my DNC port settings?
We get an error message saying that the port settings can't be saved.
We have trouble up or downloading files with a Windows 7, 8 or 10 computer. Is there a fix?
Machinist's Calculator Questions
I get a "run-time error, file missing or invalid" message when using Machinist' Calculator.
I would like to enable the "Home" & "End" keys on the keyboard to get to the end and the beginning of the program. Some of the code I write is a few Mb long and that is a great plus.
The Ctrl+Home and Ctrl+End key combinations will move the insertion point to the beginning and end of the program.
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I would like to open EditCNC by clicking on a CNC progam file name. How can I set this up?
Click here for the directions.
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Your instructions in the Help file regarding Absolute to Incremental conversion are not clear. Can you rewrite them?
Please click here for the better instructions.
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How do we get the network drive to show in the "Open File" dialogue?.
Our network mapped drives are not visible at all. They are visible when I open a file from office 2013. We use a mapped network drive to keep all our machine and part codes. We can move the code to the desktop and from there open the file in edit cnc fine. However This process is tedious for our machinists. Before Windows 10 we were able to open the files from the mapped network drive from within EditCNC.
Please try the resolution in this article: https://technet.microsoft.com/en-ca/library/ee844140(v=ws.10).aspx
Since this is a registry change you should make a backup of your current registry before you make any changes (You can learn how to do that here: https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/322756/
The article states it's a fix for Windows Vista and 7, but it also affects Windows 10.
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I am getting a Run-time error'339' mscomet2.ocx a file is missing or invalid., Can you help or should I just unload the program? Maybe it did not take for some reason.
The Windows operating system has a large library of .dll, .ocx, etc. files that must be present to run most software, including ours.
The later versions of our software have all required files included in the setup executables. Go to the appropriate website and get the most recent version.
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I get an "Error reading setup initilzation file"" message when trying to install a demo.
This error is usually the result of an unsuccessful download. Sometimes an installer package will have appeared to have downloaded successfully, because no error message was given about the download; however, you will not always receive an error message when the entire file was not downloaded successfully. When you run the exe file, it has enough information available to start running, but it will only get far enough to provide the error message shown above. Since it does not have the complete file content, it will not be able to read the setup inititializaton file.
You need to download the file again.
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We have machines that run programs that are identical, except that the older ones don't use decimal points. For example: X10.0 is X100000
Can we easily convert from one to the other?
Yes. To convert from a program with decimal points, follow this procedure:
Firstly, go to the Tools menu, choose Options, and check the "Put decimal 0" option.
This forces trailing zeros according to the precision you've chosen. Click "OK"
Secondly, open the Shift dialog. Set the increment to 0.0, and check all the adresses (X,Y,Z, etc.) that are in the program. Click "OK".
Lastly, use the Replace function to change all the decimal points to nothing.
To convert from a program with no decimal points do this:
Uncheck the "Put decimal 0" box in the Options dialog.
Open the Scale/Mirror dialog and set the scale factor to .0001 for four decimal places, or .001 for three decimal places. Check the addresses in the program, then click "OK".
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Can I use the software on more than one computer? I am the only user, one at home and one for work
Each seat of our software is licenced to one computer only. See the statement on our Licence Info page. We have put a low price on the software so that it would be reasonable to pay per computer.
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What happens if I format the HD in the future, or if I install the software on a new PC? Do I need another code?
Download the latest demo of the software and use your serial number to activate it.
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Does any of your software run on a mobile device?
We have a version of Machinist's Calculculator for mobile devices. See the Machinist's Calculator website for more information.
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We want to use single DNC for two machines. Can we send/receive different programs at the same time?
You may transfer as many CNC programs as you have COMM ports, or USB ports (with a serial/USB converter). Simply launch ConnectCNC for each transfer. You'll probably have to drag the ConnectCNC panels around the desktop so you can see them all. If you are launching ConnectCNC from within EditCNC, click the ConnectCNC button on the toolbar once for each program you need to transfer, then minimise the editor. The ConnectCNC panels will be on the Desktop.
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Can we use a USB port to send or receive g-code files?
You can use a properly installed USB to serial converter to transfer files between your PC and CNC control, we have many customers using these devices, ConnectCNC will see the USB as a COMM port.
Search online for "USB serial converters" to get more information (we don't do endorsements).
More Info:
You may have to use the Device Manager in Windows to see what number port to use if ConnectCNC lists more than one (see below).
Checking that the converter is properly installed, and the number of the COMM port:
1. Search for the device manager on your computer.
2. Expand the “Ports (COMM & LPT)” listing. If you don’t see a “Ports” listing the converter is not properly installed.
The converter should now show which COMM port number to use. If it doesn’t the converter is not properly installed.
If you are using Windows 8 or 10 make sure that your USB-COMM converter is compatible. We have had reports that some converters don’t work with Windows 7, 64 bit, but will work with Windows 7, 32 bit.
You can, of course, use the thirty-day trial period of ConnectCNC to make sure you can get it working before you consider purchasing a licence.
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How do I get all programs with all extensions to show up when I open up a folder in EditCnc?
To show all types of files in a "File Open", "File Save", etc. dialog.
In the menu bar click "Tools", then "Options".
Delete everything in the File Extensions box and type in "*" (without the quotation marks).
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I have downloaded the demo but when I try to install it, I ancounter an error. The error is:
"Setup is unable to decompress and copy all of the program filesneeded to proceed with the installation. Contact your software vendor ERROR 112". What is the problem?
The most probable cause to this problem can be found on the Microsoft web site at
https://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;326678
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I have been trying to install a demo for the 30 day trial. I get a box INSTALLSHIELD saying "...instmsia.exe not found"
The version of Microsoft's Installer on your PC is out of date. Please use one of the links below to download and install the MSI version that is appropriate for your PC.
Instmsia.exe for Windows 98 or Windows Millennium Edition: https://download.microsoft.com/download/WindowsInstaller/Install/2.0/W9XMe/EN-US/InstMsiA.exe
-or-
Instmsiw.exe for Windows NT, Windows 2000 or Windows XP: https://download.microsoft.com/download/WindowsInstaller/Install/2.0/NT45/EN-US/InstMsiW.exe
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Can I install your demos on a computer that is not connected to the internet?
You'll need access to an online computer that has a CD-rom writer, or usb port. Go to the download page for the particular software you're interested in:
EditCNC, ConnectCNC, or Machinist's Calculator for PC.
When you click the "Download" link you'll be given a choice to Run or Save. Choose "Save", and save it to your desktop or the folder where you usually save your downloads.
Locate the file you've just saved and copy it to a writable CD-rom or usb data stick.
Place the CD into your offline computer, open Windows Explorer to the CD drive or usb port and double-click on the demo exe filename. Follow the directions that appear to install the demo.
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When we receive files from the CNC, the program is in one long line.
In ConnectCNC: edit the configuration for the CNC, click the "Receive" tab.
In the "End of line sequence" frame check "Replace" and enter "10,13" (without the quotes) into the text box.
We have listed suggested settings for various CNC controls, follow this link.
Please contact us if you still have a problem.
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"Port configurations won't be saved" message.
See the solution here.
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What, and where are the MID and Site codes we need to send to get an activation code?
If you see this panel when you run the software trial, you are using an older version. Uninstal it and download and install the latest version from the download page.
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How do I back up or transfer my DNC port settings?
You can make a backup of the port configurations.
In your Windows Explorer (or click "My Computer"), navigate to the EditCNC or ConnectCNC folder:
"C:/Program Files/CNC Consulting/EditCNC/"
Or
"C:/Program Files/CNC Consulting/ConnectCNC/"
Copy the file "port.cfg" to any removable medium to save it.
If you need to transfer or reinstall the software at any time, just copy port.cfg into the appropriate folder.
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We have trouble up or downloading files with a Windows 7,8 or 10 computer. Is there a fix?
Please see this page for the solution.
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When we enter text into Code Store, and close it, we find that it is not saved when we reopen Code Store.
Please see this page for the solution.
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"… Not A Valid Win32 Application" message
The message "xxx.exe is not a valid win32 application" indicates that the EXE file did not download completely.
When Windows then tries to run what appears to be an executable file, it finds that it is not a valid Windows 32-bit application file due to the incomplete download.
We recommend that you:
1. Delete the file you have downloaded, and uninstal the software.
2. Empty your browser's temporary file cache
3. Download and save the EXE file for installing
4. When the download completes, double click the file to begin installing
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Talk:Subpaving
Make accessible to the non-mathematician
I would be helpful for the mathematical beginner if this started with a description that was more widely acccessible. Including links to special mathematical terms being used. - Dough34 (talk) 17:48, 25 December 2017 (UTC) | WIKI |
L Brands names new CEO, chief design officer for Victoria's Secret
L Brands Inc. said Wednesday that it has named Martin Waters as chief executive of the Victoria's Secret lingerie brand, replacing John Mehas who had only been in the role since Feb. 2019. Waters joined L Brands in 2008 and has served as head of the international division. Janie Schaffer has also been named chief design officer for Victoria's Secret Lingerie. The Victoria's Secret brand is in the process of a turnaround after falling out of step with trends. L Brands has also named other company leaders, including Becky Behringer who was promoted to executive vice president of North America store sales and operations. L Brands shares have soared nearly 115% for the year to date while the S&P 500 index has gained 12.2% for the period. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Orbiform (no ontology)
From Hi.gher. Space
An n-dimensional polytope is said to be orbiform if it can be inscribed in an n-dimensional sphere. Equivalently, its vertices lie on an n-dimensional sphere.
Examples
Richard Klitzing's segmentochora are all orbiform.
Pyramids of orbiform polytopes
An n-dimensional orbiform polytope can be made into an (n+1)-dimensional pyramid by adding a point, the apex of the pyramid, at the center of the circumscribing sphere, displaced in the (n+1)'th direction. The resulting pyramid will have equal-length edges from the apex to the vertices of the original polytope (the base of the pyramid).
If the orbiform polytope is CRF with unit edge length, then the corresponding (n+1)-dimensional pyramid can also be made CRF, provided the radius of the circumscribing sphere is < 1. If the radius is > 1, then the edges from apex to base will be longer than unit edge length, and therefore cannot be CRF. If the radius is exactly 1, then a CRF pyramid would be degenerate, having height 0 (though non-CRF pyramids are still possible, but would require edge length > 1).
Non-orbiform CRF n-dimensional polytopes cannot form CRF (n+1)-dimensional pyramids, because some apex-to-base edges will be non-unit length. However, certain CRF pseudopyramids exist, if the apex is allowed to be larger than a point (such as an edge or a polygon, or an (n-3)-dimensional polytope). | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Manassas (album)
Manassas is the 1972 debut double album by Manassas, a blues rock group led by American musician Stephen Stills, released April 1972. It was a critical comeback for Stills, and continued his commercial success by being certified Gold only a month after being released and peaking at number 4 on the US charts.
Recording
The album was recorded at Criteria Studio B late 1971, where Stills used his clout to keep the studio and engineers Ron and Howard Albert available around the clock. The band all stayed in a rented house about 30 minutes away from the studio, in Coconut Grove. This allowed Stills to record the album around the clock, waking up band members in the early hours of the morning when an idea struck. Stills would also record in mammoth sessions often going on for days, until Chris Hillman and Stills got into a fight, after which they started to record at regular hours. Al Perkins and Dallas Taylor had a rule where they would not perform any more than seven takes for a single track, so often Stills would stay in the studio editing after having released the band at 4 or 5 am. The band then flew to Stills' house in London in January 1972 to finish recording and mixing the album and to rehearse for an upcoming tour starting in March 1972. It was here that Bill Wyman of the Rolling Stones played bass on and co-authored "The Love Gangster" and is reported to have said that he would have left the Stones to join Manassas. At one point Stills put in an unbroken 106 hour stint in the studio, and engineer Ron Albert said he had just gotten to bed after a marathon session lasting 84 hours when the phone rang with Stills summoning him back to the studio with the words: "I know you're tired, but there's this idea I've got for this song that I want to get on tape before I forget it..." Another time, working to Stills' manic schedule, the band cut eight tracks in two days with no sleep.
Songs
The album was split into four thematic sides. Side 1, The Raven, is a composite of rock and Latin sounds that the group would often perform in full live exactly as presented on the album, including the segues that connected several of the songs. Side 2, The Wilderness, mainly centers on country and bluegrass, and features Chris Hillman on mandolin and fiddler Byron Berline. Side 3, Consider, presents a mix of musical styles, including "Johnny's Garden" (reportedly written for the caretaker at Stills' English manor house bought from Ringo Starr), and Stills using a Moog synthesizer on "Move Around". Side 4, Rock & Roll Is Here to Stay, features rock and blues songs, including "The Treasure", a mainstay of Manassas' live sets, and Stills' acoustic solo piece "Blues Man".
Several of the songs on the album are inspired by Stills' romantic relationship with Rita Coolidge, and Coolidge's leaving Stills for his CSNY bandmate Graham Nash. In particular, "Raven" was Stills' nickname for Coolidge, while "What to Do" and "Right Now" were written about CSNY's subsequent breakup and Stills' relationship with Nash.
Artwork and packaging
The artwork was taken after Stills, a Civil War buff, had the band flown over to Manassas station in Manassas, Virginia, where the Confederacy had claimed its first major victory at the Battle of Bull Run. The photo they liked was the band standing on the platform under a Manassas sign, and so the band was named. Included with the album were fold-out posters with named pictures of all the members and hand-written lyrics on the back, including a message urging people to 'Use The Power, Register and Vote'.
Chart performance
The album debuted on the Billboard Top LP's chart for the week ending April 29, 1972 and eventually peaked at No. 4 in June, during a 30-week run. Stills' album shared the top 5 with an album by David Crosby and Graham Nash (Graham Nash David Crosby) and an album by Neil Young (Harvest), all collectively members of the quartet Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. "It Doesn't Matter" was released as a single and peaked at No. 61, during a chart run of 7 weeks. "Rock & Roll Crazies" was released as the second single and peaked at No. 92 during a 3-week run. By 1974, it had sold an estimated 400,000 copies in the US, which is the equivalent of 800,000 as the album is a double.
Reception
Manassas marked a critical comeback for Stills, with Allmusic calling it a "sprawling masterpiece" and Rolling Stone saying it was "reassuring to know that Stills has some good music still inside him. Most of it has a substantial, honest sound found on too few records these days. All the sounds you hear come from the seven group members". Chris Hillman was singled out as an "importance in the success of Manassas and in the comeback of Stills, he can't be over-stressed [...] He's a masterful musician whether he's playing bass, guitar, or mandolin, and his boyishly pure, uncolored voice can carry a lot of emotional weight.". However, Robert Christgau rated the album C+ and in a mixed review stated "Yes, Steve has gotten it together a little, even deigning to cooperate with real musicians in a real band, and yes, some of this four-sided set echoes in your head after you play it a lot. The only problem is you're never sure where the echoes come from". In positive reviews, Record World called it "music of the highest order", Cash Box said it will "convince you of Stills' worth", and Billboard said it "offers loads of class material". In a June 1972 review for The San Diego Door, Cameron Crowe said "Manassas always remains admirable if not exciting. The musicianship is generally excellent with the only pitfall being that the droning Stills' vocal pervades all but one of the LP's sixteen cuts". He also stated the "lyrics represent a low-point in Stills' lyricist career". Chris Welch for Melody Maker said "The blues, soul, rock and country music are all the influences. They play them like the Grateful Dead, with a sincerity and ability that one does not always detect in the work of those exclusively involved in the original idiom".
Andrew Weiner for Creem said "Stills, perhaps the most maligned superstar in recent rock history, has finally - and against all the odds - got it on. And Stills has written too many good songs here even to try count them".
The album was certified Gold on May 30, 1972, just over a month after being released. Stills has stated the album did not receive the recognition it deserved due to Atlantic Records and Ahmet Ertegun (head of Atlantic Records) wanting him back in the "goldmine" that was Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. Stills said that as soon as the album shipped gold, Ertegun pulled it, and people could not find it in stores.
The album was included in the book 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.
It was voted number 735 in Colin Larkin's All Time Top 1000 Albums 3rd Edition (2000).
Retrospectively, in 2022 the album was called a roots rock "landmark".
Personnel
Manassas Additional players Technical
* Stephen Stills - vocals, guitar, bottleneck guitar, piano, organ, electric piano, clavinet, Moog synthesizer
* Chris Hillman - vocals, guitar, mandolin
* Al Perkins - pedal steel guitar, guitar, vocals
* Paul Harris - organ, tack piano, piano, electric piano, clavinet
* Dallas Taylor - drums
* Calvin "Fuzzy" Samuels - bass
* Joe Lala - congas, timbales/percussion, vocals
* Sydney George - harmonica (on "The Raven" and "The Wilderness")
* Jerry Aiello (on "The Raven" and "The Wilderness") - piano, organ, electric piano, clavinet
* Bill Wyman - bass (on "The Raven" and "The Wilderness")
* Roger Bush - acoustic bass (on "The Raven" and "The Wilderness")
* Byron Berline - fiddle
* Malcolm Cecil - Expanded Series III Moog synthesizer programming
* The Albert Brothers - engineers
* Stephen Stills, Ira H. Wexler - cover design
* Ira H. Wexler - photography
Special thanks to Bruce Berry & Guillermo Giachetti, Daniel J. Campbell, Michael John Bowen, Michael O'Hara Garcia, Buddy P. Zoloth, Edward Astrin & Ahmet Ertegun
Charts
Year-end album charts
Tour
Manassas toured across the world in 1972, this being Stills biggest solo tour date, playing arenas in Americas, and headlining festivals in Australia. After the initial Manassas tour from 9 April to 20 May. Manassas then completed five tours in six months, from July 14 to July 30 they toured the West Coast, the second tour from 11 to 28 August toured the East Coast, they then toured Europe and Scandinavia from September 13 to October 9. The fourth tour was a tour of Midwestern American Colleges, and finally the fifth tour was conducted in the South from December 1–19. During this tour Manassas had a charter plane and toured manically, but Stills was losing money on these tours as he was paying the band very generously. Manassas
* Stephen Stills - vocals, guitar, keyboards
* Chris Hillman - vocals, guitar, mandolin
* Al Perkins - pedal steel guitar, guitar, vocals
* Paul Harris – organ, piano, electric piano, clavinet
* Dallas Taylor – drums
* Calvin "Fuzzy" Samuels – bass
* Joe Lala – congas, timbales/percussion, vocals
Tour setlist
Typical tour set list
All songs written by Stephen Stills, except where noted.
* 1) "Rock and Roll Woman"
* 2) "Bound to Fall"
* 3) "Hot Burrito #2"
* 4) "It Doesn't Matter"
* 5) "So You Want to Be a Rock'n'Roll Star" (Jim McGuinn, Chris Hillman) (also played on April 22, 1972, in Dania, FL)
* 6) "Go Back Home"
* 7) "Change Partners"
* 8) "Know You Got to Run" (Stills, John Hopkins)
* 9) "Crossroads Blues" (Robert Johnson) (also played on April 22, 1972, in Dania, FL)
* 10) "Black Queen" (also played on April 22, 1972, in Dania, FL)
* 11) "4+20"
* 12) "Blues Man"
* 13) "Word Game"
* 14) "Do for the Others"
* 15) "Move Around"
* 16) "Both of Us (Bound to Loose)" (Stills, Chris Hillman)
* 17) "Love the One You're With"
* 18) "He Was a Friend of Mine"
* 19) "Fallen Eagle"
* 20) "Hide It So Deep"
* 21) "Johnny's Garden" (or "You're Still on My Mind" (Luke McDaniel) (played on April 22, 1972, in Dania, FL) )
* 22) "Don't Look at My Shadow"
* 23) "Sugar Babe"
* 24) "49 Bye-Byes" (also played on April 22, 1972, in Dania, FL)
* 25) "For What It's Worth"
* 26) "Song of Love"
* 27) "Rock & Roll Crazies"
* 28) "Cuban Bluegrass"
* 29) "Jet Set (Sigh)"
* 30) "Anyway"
* 31) "The Treasure"
* 32) "Carry On" (also played on April 22, 1972, in Dania, FL)
* 33) "Find the Cost of Freedom/Daylight Again" | WIKI |
Category of magmas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In mathematics, the category of magmas, denoted Mag, has as objects sets with a binary operation, and morphisms given by homomorphisms of operations (in the universal algebra sense).
The category Mag has direct products, so the concept of a magma object (internal binary operation)[clarification needed] makes sense. (As in any category with direct products.)
There is an inclusion functor: SetMed ↪ Mag as trivial magmas, with operations given by projection: x T y = y.
An important property is that an injective endomorphism can be extended to an automorphism of a magma extension, just the colimit of the (constant sequence of the) endomorphism.
Because the singleton ({*}, *) is the zero object of Mag, and because Mag is algebraic, Mag is pointed and complete.[1]
References[edit]
1. ^ Borceux, Francis; Bourn, Dominique (2004). Mal'cev, protomodular, homological and semi-abelian categories. Springer. pp. 7,19. ISBN 1-4020-1961-0. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How to Sync Outlook Calendar with Google
Microsoft is known for its unique software approach and the feedback that follows. They always thrive to improve their apps using consumer feedback and a few enhancements of their own. But to people’s dismay, years ago Microsoft killed its Outlook Calendar sync, so people who want to sync their Outlook accounts with other services like Google Calendar, they won’t be able to. But hey, fret not! There’s always a workaround for re-achieve such features. These solutions aren’t exactly easy but it will get the work done.
Before we lead you into the methods, make sure whether or not you want to stick with both the options. If you are already using both the services, you might be aware of how different they both are. Subscribing to different e-mail clients is differing but using two calendar services that are poles apart from each other is arduous.
If you are using an iPhone or an Android device, you are able to use these two services beside one another, meaning that while adding an event, your phone is smart enough to ask you to choose the default calendar you want to choose. This is not what synchronization means, though. You’ll simply be seeing two different calendars side-by-side.
Microsoft and Google, both support multiple calendars, which offers you single/combined views that can be categorized as private and or work. Keep in mind though, it depends on whether you are using a PC or a smartphone to view the calendars. Using Outlook on your PC should be thing of the past as the online version supports multiple calendars. If you are absolutely convinced to use two or more calendars for whatever might be the reasons, dive into this tutorial for a step-by-step guide to learn how to sync Outlook Calendar with Google.
How to Sync Outlook Calendar with Google
The process you’ll have to follow is a bit tedious so don’t miss a single step. We’ll also be heavily relying on some third-party software for the ease of use.
Invitations
A subtle yet effective way to use both the calendars simultaneously. This is the simplest way wherein you’ll have to make an appointment appear in both the accounts by entering your Gmail address while creating a new event. So when you are creating a new event in your Google Calendar, you’ll have to invite yourself by typing your Outlook e-mail address.
How to Sync Outlook Calendar with Google
Outlook has a different approach for it though. It adds Google’s invitation as an unconfirmed event which you can let it be or accept it in the email for a confirmation. This can be tweaked by changing a few settings in your Google account.
Go to your Google Calendar and click on the Settings button (which looks like a gear).
Go to the General tab and select Event settings.
How to Sync Outlook Calendar with Google
You’ll see an option called Automatically add invitations to your calendar.
You’ll see three options.
Click on Yes.
Now you will receive all the event invitations from Outlook.com.
Third Party Apps
Apart from the import-export options, there’s no built-in way to sync Outlook with Google Calendar. So, here comes the chivalry in the form of the third party apps to save the day.
1. Microsoft Flow
A cloud-based service, Microsoft Flow lets you create workflows which are automated and can connect two or more applications for syncing purposes. Some built-in templates can help you synchronize and or merge the events of all the calendar on all platforms.
How to Sync Outlook Calendar with Google
Create at least two workflows using the Microsoft Flow templates to set a calendar for synchronization. Whatever changes you make in Google Calendar to Outlook calendar or vice versa will be reflected in the events across.
2. CalendarSyncPlus
This free software easily syncs Outlook calendar entries to Google Calendar and vice versa. It syncs minute details like reminders, details of the event, etc. You can even set the time of frequency to daily, weekly or interval. The cherry on the cake is setting colors to the events and outlook categories. Manual and automatic synchronization is supported.
3. Gsuite Sync for Microsoft Outlook Calendar
With Gsuite Sync for Microsoft Outlook Calendar, you can use the Microsoft Outlook with G suite tool which includes Google apps like Drive, Calendar, Docs, Gmails, etc. It can sync the calendar events, reminders, locations from Outlook to Google. The app allows Google two-step authentication, Single SIgn-In, a real-time collaboration that allows you to share the calendar from Google with Outlook.
4. Sync2
Sync2 is an intuitive software by 4Team which costs $39.95 (₹2,780) and can be used on a trial basis for a week. This app effortlessly syncs Outlook calendar with Google Calendar, provided you are online. Sync2 lets you sync multiple accounts and tweak a few settings your way, like one-way or two-way syncing, choose when to run the sync. There are two versions and it depends on you or your business which type you want to opt for. There’s Basic Sync2 and Sync2 Cloud. The former lets you sync Outlook Folders, Google Contacts, Calendar, and Tasks, while the latter syncs Outlook with Exchange, Office 365 or iCloud, and Google. To which version is better, you can download both the software and choose your sweet spot.
How to Sync Outlook Calendar with Google
We are already half-way in 2019 yet some not-so-hard process takes longer than needed. Unless and until Google or Microsoft fixes syncing issues with an uncertain update, we hope the outlined method and apps help you sync your Microsoft Outlook with Google Calendar.
What do you think of the apps? Did it help you at all or did we miss any significant software? Tell us your opinions in the comments below.
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Saurabh Jadhav
I am an ambivert, an avid reader, a movie buff, a tea connoisseur, and a staunch fan of Priyanka Chopra Jonas. I like to give my insights through words, which come naturally to me. They also help me to express the myriads of emotions I go through. When not working, I'm either watching the latest tech videos or flipping through pages. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
From Nest to Hive to Homekit: Smart Home Devices Explained
A smart home should make your life feel easier – here's what you need to know before investing
Hive
If there’s one term that has been thrown around a lot in the last 12-18 months it is the smart home. In simple terms, this refers to a new range of products which connect to the internet to allow you to control your home in a way that’s potentially more energy efficient and convenient.
You may even have the makings of a smart home without realising it. Products like Nest and Hive have grown in popularity, and you may have had one installed the last time your boiler died. But what do these gadgets do? And will they really make your life any easier?
Choose a system
While there are a multitude of smart home gadgets, they aren’t always compatible with each other so it’s important to pick a system – ie, the operating system for your gadgets – and stick with it. The four main systems are: Apple HomeKit, Samsung SmartThings, Nest and Hive.
Each has its own advantages. HomeKit can only be controlled through Apple devices so if you use them a lot, then it’s probably the one for you. Nest and Hive, however, work on both Apple and Android devices – but while the SmartThings, Nest and HomeKit systems allow you to use smart products from multiple brands around your home, Hive requires you to use only their own branded products.
Each one of these systems though supports three main functions that can be controlled throughout your house: heating, lighting and cameras.
Smart Heating
This is the most common reason to invest in a smart home. A smart thermostat lets you control your home’s heating from wherever you are in the world, using either your smartphone or by logging into a website.
Nest
In addition, smart thermostats can learn from your heating habits and try to save you money by only heating your house when necessary, rather than sticking to the strict schedules of analogue thermostats.
By creating an imaginary ring around your home, they know when you’ve left the house and can warn you if you’ve left the heating on. Coming home? They can automatically start heating your home before you walk through the front door.
Do I need it?
More than anything, smart thermostats are a huge convenience and in the case of Nest and Hive, come with their very own ecosystems of products keeping things nice and simple if you want to expand. They start at around £249 (with professional installation included).
Smart Security
Smart cameras are the future of home security. These internet connected cameras can let you see what’s going on in your home 24/7 through an app on your smartphone or via a website.
Canary
Most companies (Nest, Hive, Canary, Logitech) make sure their cameras are encrypted so you don’t need to worry about anyone hacking in and spying on you.
Smart cameras will usually come with some form of artificial intelligence that allows them to know when someone is moving around your home when they shouldn’t, and then send a notification to your phone.
They can then record a clip of the person in question and save it to your phone. Some also contain speakers which allow you speak through them via your smartphone.
Nest
Smart cameras might be useful, but they can also get very expensive very quickly. This is because all of the footage they record has to be stored in the cloud, and storing that footage costs money.
Nest, for example, charge £4 per month to get the last 10 days of video stored on a single camera. Buy another camera? That’s another £4 per month. If you want the last 30 days recorded the monthly cost goes up to £20.
Almost all smart cameras come with these monthly plans so remember that not only will they cost around £200 to begin with, they’ll also cost around £80 per year to maintain.
Do I need it?
For peace of mind, smart cameras are a remarkable step forward in home security. But at around £150-200 they’re not cheap, and those monthly payments can quickly add up.
Smart Lighting
Smart lighting consists of WiFi connected lightbulbs that can be remotely controlled using your smartphone or tablet. The three main companies that offer smart lighting are Philips, Hive and Ikea.
Bloomberg via Getty Images
Smart lighting bulbs are almost exclusively low-energy LEDs so you’ll save on your electricity bill. And, thanks to their ability to change colour, you can create ‘moods’ for rooms and simply tap a button and watch the entire room change.
Much like smart security though this can become very expensive very quickly. Bulbs from Philips range from £20-30 each. If you want something a bit more affordable then Ikea’s lighting is around £9-25.
Do I need it?
Think about how many lights you have in your house and the cost for smart lighting can be eye-watering. If you are committed, think about investing slowly but surely, working on individual rooms and slowly building up your collection. Smart lighting is generally a luxury – but it can also be useful for security, if for example you’re away but don’t want your home to look empty.
Smart Meters
Last but not least are smart meters, these small devices were pitched as being the revolution in energy consumption giving you up-to-date data on just how much money you were spending.
MartinPrescott via Getty Images
They’ll automatically send your meter readings to your energy supplier and can give you a live view of how much your heating and electricity is costing you.
Smart meters aren’t without their problems though. They’re often anchored to the energy provider so if you switch supplier they can go ‘dumb’ effectively losing all their benefits. Many suppliers also still encourage consumers to stick with fixed rates, reliant on monthly readings.
Do I need it?
If you’re concerned about the amount of energy you’re using, smart meters are a great way of giving you transparency. But they’re not going to revolutionise the way you pay for your electricity, and issues with compatibility between providers means they can become something of a dud if you move supplier.
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Selasa, 06 Maret 2012
Heart disease in women
The disease is the number one killer and the leading cause of disability in the United States women. It is a surprising fact that one in four women actually die of heart disease. That is twice as many deaths from all cancers including breast. It used to be thought of as a mans disease, but no longer. Signs of a heart attack can be subtle and not even know it is happening and many people think it's something else. Learn the signs and symptoms of heart failure are important. We also need to do everything we can to prevent it. Educate yourself and make lifestyle changes are important to prevent you from being a victim of this deadly disease. The heart is a muscle that is responsible for pumping oxygenated blood throughout the body, every cell and organ. The heart pumps blood by opening and closing several slots in your heart to keep the blood moving. The right side of the heart receives blood that has passed through the body and sends it to the lungs to increase oxygen levels. From your lungs goes on the left side of your heart and back out in your body. This blood Delivers oxygen and nutrients throughout the body. It's pretty awesome to think that blood goes through the whole body in about a minute and then resumes the process. There are many ways that we can get more oxygen into our lungs to increase the level in our blood that is essential for our bodies to perform as needed. Deep breaths – even relax and relieve stress Exercise-aerobic exercise like walking, running, swimming or anything that increases heart rate Go outside and get some fresh air Lose weight-when you are overweight can cause sleep apnea, where our breathing is interrupted and diminished. That's why you feel so sluggish in the morning. Healthy eating such as citrus fruits and dark green leafy vegetables. Vitamin supplements-Vitamin B 12, Vitamin C, folic acid and iron to prevent anemia and help increase the production of red blood cells that increase oxygen levels. Your heart needs oxygen to function properly and proper blood flow. If you compromise the flow of blood through your heart that part of your heart can have permanent damage and stop working. If your heart is not working as it should, because heart failure. There is chronic progressive heart failure and worsens over time and which is sudden, acute and severe. The main cause of a heart attack is coronary heart disease, also known as cardiovascular disease or atherosclerosis. This disease affects the blood vessels that go to and from the heart. Within building walls of these vessels get a fat called cholesterol. This is an increase of LDL or bad cholesterol causing plaging arteries and restrict blood flow. When this occurs the extraordinary narrowing can cause a stroke or a heart attack because the heart is not getting the blood it needs. The good news is that usually our cholesterol can be controlled from our diet and we can build more of good cholesterol or HDL, which protects our heart. High blood pressure for a long time can cause heart problems. High blood pressure makes the heart work harder, which makes it stiff and hard to pump without a great effort. Because the heart is not pumping blood properly can cause lung congestion and shortness of breath. Hypertension also quickens the build up of cholesterol, causing damage to the arteries making them stiff and narrow. The most common types of heart failure are: Dilated cardiomyopathy is where large chambers (ventricles) of the heart become weak and enlarged, causing the pumping of the heart to become diminished and pumped blood through the circulatory system is diminished. This type of heart problem is associated with congestive heart failure. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is where the ventricle of the heart thickens and the heart does not completely fills with blood. Stress can cause shortness of breath. Diastolic dysfunction, as discussed with high blood pressure, when the heart becomes stiff and the heart cannot fill properly with blood causing congestive heart failure and shortness of breath. Congestive heart failure is when fluid accumulates in the lungs (because the heart is not pumping properly) and causes fluid retention and swelling (edema) in the body, usually in the legs and feet, but can be all over the body. Eventually the congestive heart failure affects the kidneys, because they tie additional liquid. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Egypt's Sisi opens huge suspension bridge over the Nile
CAIRO (Reuters) - Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi on Wednesday opened a suspension bridge over the Nile touted as the world’s widest, one of a series of military-led, mega-projects designed to improve infrastructure and provide jobs. The bridge, which crosses the Nile just north of central Cairo, is a key link in a highway stretching from the Red Sea in the east to Egypt’s northwestern Mediterranean coast, and is meant to help reduce congestion in the capital. Traffic ground to a halt in parts of central Cairo on Wednesday morning as Sisi traveled to open the bridge with ministers and military generals. At its widest, the bridge has six traffic lanes in each direction and measures 67.3 meters (222 feet) across. A regional director for the Guinness Book of World Records present at the opening said that makes it the world’s widest suspension bridge. Around one million cubic meters of concrete as well as 1,400 km (870 miles) of steel wire for 160 suspension cables were used in its construction, according to a presentation given at the formal opening. The bridge crosses the Nile’s Warraq Island, which has an estimated 100,000 residents, some of whom have protested against planned demolitions on the island and plans to develop it into a “modern residential community”. On an inspection visit to the suspension bridge last month, Sisi denied reports the island could be sold to investors and said the state could not forcefully evict residents. Other prestige projects launched under Sisi include an expansion of the Suez Canal, completed in 2015, and the building of a new capital in the desert east of Cairo that is currently under construction. (Story refiled to correct kilometer-to-mile conversion in paragraph 5) Reporting by Aidan Lewis, Mahmoud Mourad and Ahmed Tolba; Editing by Mark Heinrich | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Chaco Culture National Historical Park
"Get in" -- This section makes no sense. Sorry. There is no exit to route 7900 from US 550 [actually, there is; see below]. However, Indian Service Route 7061 intersects US 550 three miles SE of Nageezi, near Red Mesa Express. Froom looking at Google maps, it appears that 7061 will take you to 7900, and 7900 to 7950. Finally, 7950 will take you to the Chaco Canyon Visitor Center. Given the closure of 57 north of the park, 7980 should be avoided. Route 7890 also intersects with US 550 about 2.5 miles SE of Nageezi, and may take you to 7950 by way of 7980 -- if you can figure out where to turn and where NOT to turn -- but taking this route just looks like a series of needless detours. Avoid both 7980 and 7890.
All in all, though, it seems the best way to get to Chaco Canyon is via NM 371, either from I-40 at Thoreau or from US 64 in Farmington. Then take NM 57 (aka Navajo route 9) eastward about a mile and a half north of Crownpoint. Then make sure to EXIT northward at Seven Lakes, where NM 57 aka Navajo Service Rd 14, splits off from route 9. There is a directional sign on the side of the road. There is also a warning sign but I can't make out what it says. Probably something about unimproved road. There is a "street view" near Ruby Ranch, so it should be accessible (pending road conditions). But if you stay on route 9 past this exit, you will be going the wrong way. NM 57 aka Navajo 14 will turn Nort-Westward, then straighten up again, before it turns straight east, and then north again. Finally, you will need to turn east toward the Chaco Canyon Visitor Center, on a one-way road that loops around.
And, yes, I am basing this entirely on Google Maps. Also at the time of this writing, the Visitor Center is closed due to COVID-19. —The preceding comment was added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)
* <IP_ADDRESS>, welcome to Wikivoyage! Please correct any misinformation to the best of your ability, and thanks! (I signed for you - on Wikis, it's the normal practice to sign all comments on talk pages by typing 4 tildes [~] in a row at the end.) Ikan Kekek (talk) 07:57, 8 June 2020 (UTC)
"Get in" - revisited
All right, mea culpa. The little blue exit sign does indeed say "San Juan 7900 County" even though that road is labeled "Indian Service Route 7061" on the map. So it turns out we were talking about the same road after all. And I guess I can try some editing instead of just commenting. Thanks for the tips! <IP_ADDRESS> 06:01, 13 June 2020 (UTC)
* Absolutely! I'm glad you're back. Ikan Kekek (talk) 06:45, 13 June 2020 (UTC) | WIKI |
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What are the Healthy Benefits of Regular Garlic Consumption?
There are various vegetables that can help improve health and prevent different diseases. One of the healthiest vegetables you can consume is garlic.
Garlic has always been linked to bad breath that’s why most of us don’t really intentionally eat it. When served in a dish, we usually avoid eating it, particularly when you are attending a social gathering and you have to meet and talk to other people.
Eating garlic is known to improve health that’s why many experts recommend its consumption, whether it’s raw or cooked.
Important Nutritional Facts of Garlic You Should Know
The different garlic benefits have long been recognized by almost all cultures, so it is considered as a prized herb. Garlic is not only used for its therapeutic properties but also for its culinary uses. You can eat garlic with other vegetables, or you can eat it on its own and it's still going to give you various health benefits.
Garlic is an amazing herbal plant which is grown for its bulb found below the ground. It contains different phytonutrients which have been proven to improve health.
Garlic cloves contain the following nutrients:
- Vitamin B-6
- Vitamin C
- Copper
- Iron
- Calcium
- Selenium
- Manganese
Aside from these vitamins and minerals, garlic also contains the thiosulfinate compound. When this compound undergoes an enzymatic reaction, it will be converted into allicin, a substance that helps reduce the production of cholesterol.
Other Essential Health Benefits of Eating Garlic
Here are some garlic benefits which are all supported by different researches and studies conducted by several institutions.
1. Reduces the risk of developing certain forms of cancers
Garlic contains a sulfur compound that helps lower your risk of squamous cell carcinoma, a type of cancer that occurs in the upper aero-digestive tract like mouth, larynx, pharynx, and esophagus.
2. Decreases the risk of cardiovascular conditions
Cardiovascular conditions that garlic can help prevent are heart attack, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. The regular intake of garlic can improve the flexibility of your blood vessels. Hence, possible damage can be prevented.
3. Helps combat common colds
Garlic helps boost your immune system.
A study was conducted, and participants were given garlic supplements for 12-weeks. The expert found that regular garlic intake can lower your chances of getting colds by 63% in comparison to the placebo given.
4. Helps prevent dementia and Alzheimer’s disease
The aging process is significantly affected by the oxidative damage that occurs within the body.
Garlic is packed with antioxidants which counter the effects of free radicals, a compound responsible for the oxidative damage. With high intake of garlic, you can increase antioxidant enzymes, so oxidative stress is significantly decreased.
5. Improves bone health
A study conducted on menopausal women suggests that a daily dose of about 2 grams of raw garlic can considerably increase the estrogen. With this, experts have reason to believe that consuming garlic may be beneficial to women’s bone health.
Don’t let bad breath stop you from eating garlic and experiencing its health benefits. You can eat garlic with fresh mint, parsley, or sprigs to significantly decrease its smell.
To enhance the health benefits of garlic, you can take Organic & Kosher Freeze Dried PURE Acerola Cherry Capsules, a supplement that contains a high dose of antioxidants.
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA. These products are not intended to treat, diagnose, or cure any diseases | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Exploring the Use of Nanomaterials in Spacecraft Manufacturing
The aerospace industry always strives to make spacecraft lighter, stronger and more cost-effective. Using nanomaterials, or materials engineered at the nanoscale, is one of the most promising developments in this area. Nanomaterials have unique properties that can reduce the weight of spacecraft while, at the same time, increasing their strength and durability. In this blog post, we will explore the use of nanomaterials in spacecraft manufacturing and how they could revolutionise the aerospace industry.
The promise of nanomaterials
Nanomaterials offer a unique opportunity for engineers to create innovative and efficient space technologies. By manipulating particles on an atomic and molecular level, engineers can make materials incredibly strong, light and versatile. Nanomaterials can be used in additive manufacturing processes, enabling the production of complex shapes quickly and at a lower cost than traditional manufacturing methods, presenting great potential for engineers to design and construct spacecraft components with greater strength and durability than ever. The potential to reduce the weight of a spacecraft also leads to more efficient propulsion systems and less reliance on fuel, making nanomaterials an attractive option.
How are nanomaterials being used in spacecraft manufacturing?
Nanomaterials can also be used to enhance traditional spacecraft components in many ways. For instance, the integration of nanomaterials into composites can result in lighter yet stronger parts with increased durability, better thermal properties and improved resistance to corrosion. Furthermore, additive manufacturing techniques are being used to incorporate nanomaterials into 3D-printed components for greater strength, flexibility and cost savings.
In addition to composites and additive manufacturing, nanomaterials can be used for thermal control, electronics, energy storage, coatings and more. In the case of thermal control, nanomaterials can be used to create more efficient insulation systems that can also be more lightweight and cost-effective. As for electronics, nanomaterials can be used to enhance electrical properties and reduce weight at the same time. In terms of energy storage, nanomaterials can improve battery performance by increasing capacity and reducing the size and weight of the battery. Finally, coatings made with nanomaterials can improve the lifespan of spacecraft components by protecting them from environmental factors like solar radiation or extreme temperatures.
Overall, the use of nanomaterials in spacecraft manufacturing is an exciting area of research with a range of potential applications. The incorporation of nanomaterials into 3D printed components using additive manufacturing methods offers great promise for reduced costs, weight savings and enhanced performance. With further development and optimisation, nanomaterials could revolutionise the way spacecraft are built and operated.
What challenges need to be addressed before nanomaterials can be widely used in spacecraft manufacturing?
Nanomaterials hold great potential for revolutionising space exploration but there are still several challenges that must be addressed before these materials can be widely used in spacecraft manufacturing. Firstly, the properties of nanomaterials are largely unknown, as they are relatively new and still not fully understood. This means that it’s difficult to accurately predict how they will behave under extreme conditions such as those encountered in space. Additionally, nanomaterials can be extremely fragile, which could lead to unexpected structural failures if not properly tested and evaluated. Finally, the cost associated with producing nanomaterials is significantly higher than traditional materials, so it’s important to determine if their benefits outweigh the costs before implementing them in spacecraft manufacturing. While these challenges may seem daunting, researchers around the world are actively working to overcome them and unlock the potential of nanomaterials in space exploration.
What are the potential benefits of using nanomaterials in spacecraft manufacturing?
Nanomaterials are incredibly versatile and offer a wide range of potential benefits when used in the production of spacecraft. Nanomaterials are up to 50 times lighter than traditional materials, making them ideal for use in space exploration since they can reduce the overall weight of the spacecraft and make it more efficient. Additionally, nanomaterials can offer superior strength, durability, and flexibility compared to traditional materials.
Nanomaterials also possess unique electrical and magnetic properties, which make them particularly suitable for the development of advanced electronics for spacecraft. For example, they could be used to create more efficient solar cells, which would be beneficial for long-term space missions. Furthermore, nanomaterials are also capable of dissipating heat more effectively, making them a good choice for spacecraft components that require thermal control. Finally, nanomaterials can be tailored to have specific chemical and physical properties, allowing for highly customised components for spacecraft.
In conclusion, the use of nanomaterials in spacecraft manufacturing offers many potential advantages, such as enhanced strength and efficiency, improved electrical and magnetic properties, better thermal control capabilities, and customisable chemical and physical properties. These advantages make nanomaterials an attractive choice for use in space exploration and could open up new possibilities for spacecraft design in the future. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Obtains the configuration information about a specified LiveChannel.
Request syntax
GET /ChannelName?live HTTP/1.1
Date: GMT date
Host: BucketName.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com
Authorization: SignatureValue
Response element
Element Type Description
LiveChannelConfiguration Container Specifies the container that stores the response to the GetLiveChannelInfo request.
Sub-node: Description, Status, and Target
Parent node: None
Description String Specifies the description of the LiveChannel.
Sub-node: None
Parent node: LiveChannelConfiguration
Status Enumerated string Indicates the status of the LiveChannel.
Sub-node: None
Parent node: LiveChannelConfiguration
Valid value: enabled and disabled
Target Container Specifies the container used to store the settings for storing uploaded data.
Sub-node: Type, FragDuration, FragCount, and PlaylistName
Parent node: LiveChannelConfiguration
Type Enumerated string Specifies the format that the uploaded data is stored as when its value is HLS.
Sub-node: None
Parent-node: Target
Valid value: HLS
FragDuration String Specifies the duration (in seconds) of each ts file when the value of Type is HLS.
Sub-node: None
Parent node: Target
FragCount String Specifies the number of ts files included in the m3u8 file when the value of Type is HLS.
Sub-node: None
Parent node: Target
PlaylistName String Specifies the name of the m3u8 file generated when the value of Type is HLS.
Sub-node: None
Parent node: Target
Detail analysis
The sub-nodes of Target, including FragDuration, FragCount, and PlaylistName, are returned only when the value of Type is HLS.
Examples
Request example
GET /test-channel?live HTTP/1.1
Date: Thu, 25 Aug 2016 05:52:40 GMT
Host: test-bucket.oss-cn-hangzhou.aliyuncs.com
Authorization: OSS YJjHKOKWDWINLKXv:D6bDCRXKht58hin1BL83wxyGvl0=
Response example
HTTP/1.1 200
content-length: 475
server: AliyunOSS
connection: close
x-oss-request-id: 57BE87A8B92475920B002098
date: Thu, 25 Aug 2016 05:52:40 GMT
content-type: application/xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<LiveChannelConfiguration>
<Description></Description>
<Status>enabled</Status>
<Target>
<Type>HLS</Type>
<FragDuration>2</FragDuration>
<FragCount>3</FragCount>
<PlaylistName>playlist.m3u8</PlaylistName>
</Target>
</LiveChannelConfiguration> | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Categories
Academy > article > Personal Performance
How to Increase NAD Levels Naturally and Reap the Anti-Aging Benefits
Reading time: 6 min
Do you ever wish you could be young again? Perhaps you rise from bed in the morning to aches and pains that only seem to grow more apparent as you age. Or instead, you may find yourself unable to do the same activities you once could, from jogging down the street to moving a heavy piece of furniture on your own.
Chances are you’ve had these thoughts, and chances are even higher you’re not alone. Truth be told, most of us yearn to feel younger no matter the stage of life we’re in. Yet aging is a reality we all must face, so our options to turn back time seem restricted to the beauty creams that rid our skin of spots and wrinkles.
In reality, however, one option can slow the aging process in a natural manner. And, best of all, it doesn’t entail purchasing beauty products or ineffective elixirs. So what is this natural option, and how does it work? Simply put, it all comes down to an important cellular compound called nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD).
If that term sounds a bit intimidating, have no fear. Before we answer such weighty questions, we’ll take an opportunity to understand the human cell in greater detail and the role that NAD plays in our physiological lives. From there, we’ll get to know NAD and how to naturally slow the process of aging.
Seeing as we’re not getting any younger, let’s jump right in.
The Human Cell and NAD
Let’s begin by examining life on a microscopic, cellular level. Within every one of our trillion cells, a number of dynamic processes are taking place amongst a number of different compounds.
As we mentioned above, one of these compounds is referred to as NAD. It’s short for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, a general term that refers to two different NAD variants: NAD+ and NADH.
For the sake of this article, we’ll focus our attention on NAD+, the compound that transfers energy from the foods we eat to vital cell functions. But oddly enough, NAD+ serves another important role in the cell: It “directs cells to make adjustments to ensure survival, including increasing energy production and utilization, boosting cellular repair and coordinating circadian rhythms.”
As levels of NAD+ decline in the body, mitochondria function is impaired, and fewer mitochondria can survive. This occurs because NAD+ works in mitochondria to help generate ATP, or adenosine triphosphate, the organic chemical we use for energy. And because mitochondria are “the powerhouse of the cell” and fuel cellular function, mitochondrial dysfunction causes our cells to grow weaker, thus escalating the aging process.
Why Do NAD+ Levels Decline?
There are many factors that may cause NAD+ levels to decline in the body. The greatest reason is general aging.
As we age, DNA damage occurs in a natural fashion, breaking down over time and thus causing our cells to also break down. Because of this damage, NAD+ reduces, thus accelerating the aging process.
Additional factors include oxidative stress in the body (hypoxia) and inflammation, and these factors also play a role in decreasing levels of NAD+, with the decline increasing as we age.
What Happens When NAD+ Levels Are Low?
Now we understand the basics of NAD+ and why it declines as we age, it’s time to discuss what happens when such a decline occurs. Though NAD+ may seem like a natural compound that’s destined to decline over time, a decrease in NAD+ can actually lead to a number of harmful outcomes.
Increased Risk of Sunburn and Skin Cancer
NAD+ and NADH both play a role in protecting your skin from the sun’s harmful UV rays. NAD+ absorbs light from the UVB spectrum, whereas NADH absorbs light from the UVA spectrum. Those with lower levels of NAD+ tend to become sunburnt more easily and thus are subjected to an increased risk of skin cancer if preventative measures are not taken.
Cell Suffocation (Hypoxia)
As we mentioned briefly above, mitochondria play an important role in the system that delivers energy to the body. But in order for mitochondria to fulfill this process, it requires a constant supply of oxygen it can donate electrons to. When oxygen levels in the body are low, an occurrence that increases as you age, mitochondria can’t unload these electrons, and the body naturally slows mitochondrial function.
When you have low levels of oxygen and slower mitochondria, your body will naturally slow the conversion of NADH to NAD+. Lower levels of NAD+ result in higher levels of hypoxia, and cells will begin to fatigue and deteriorate over time. When this occurs, the effects can be felt throughout the body as connective tissue grows stiffer, organs lose function, muscles atrophy, and many more changes occur.
Accelerated Cardiovascular Disease
The heart’s muscles are heavily reliant upon mitochondria to fulfill their duties in keeping the heart pumping at all times. A recent study that utilized animal models suggests reduced levels of NAD+ can accelerate heart damage or heart disease, therefore establishing an important link between the chemical compound and our body’s most vital organ.
Decreased Metabolism
NAD+ controls our energy metabolism, which is a collection of life-sustaining chemical reactions that occur within our body. A lack of NAD+ can make you feel colder due to a lowered metabolism, and the body will, therefore, burn fewer calories to function, which can, in turn, lead to an unhealthy, increased storage of fat. This leads to potential weight gain, another risk associated with decreased levels of NAD+.
Impaired Brain Function
The brain constantly seeks an energy source to ensure it’s operating at the highest possible capacity. As a result, neurons (brain cells) contain a lot of mitochondria that can grow weaker when NAD+ levels have declined, thus leading to an increased risk of mental health and neurodegenerative diseases. Treatment with NADH has been shown to improve cognitive function in those suffering from Alzheimer’s disease as well as Parkinson’s. NAD+, on the other hand, may decrease brain damage due to oxygen deprivation.
How to Naturally Increase NAD+
Now that we’ve covered the basics of NAD+, the reasons it may decline, and the harmful effects of low NAD+ levels, it’s time to discuss how you can increase levels of NAD+ in the body. While some of these tactics require supplements or performing specific activities, each one is natural and can easily be integrated into your everyday life.
Exercise
It’s the prescription both doctors and medical professionals have been giving for decades. Not only is exercise good for your general health, but it possesses the ability to increase NAD+ levels as well. Exercising causes the body to burn NADH, thus generating more NAD+ along the way.
While different exercises that target the main skeletal muscles throughout the body are all considered beneficial, interval training that will optimize your cardio routine is the best exercise method to increase NAD+, because it creates time-efficient energy. This means you can exercise in controlled, powerful bouts as opposed to over longer periods of time.
The Ketogenic Diet
The ketogenic diet aims to keep the body in a constant fat-burning state that will increase NAD+ levels, and the low-carb method doesn’t require bouts of fasting. As a result of this high-fat diet, basic calorie restriction becomes a far easier task and is useful for those with a slower metabolism.
Intermittent Fasting
The body is capable of sensing the ratio between NAD+ and NADH and therefore knows when this ratio is out of order. If NAD+ levels are lower relative to NADH, it may be a sign your body is ingesting too many calories or is expending too little energy. When you choose to utilize intermittent fasting, the depletion of carbohydrates and nutrients allows NADH to get used up so that NAD+ builds up. Therefore, fasting and caloric restriction results in higher NAD+.
Nicotinamide Riboside
Nicotinamide Riboside (NR) is a supplement utilized to increase NAD+ in the body. Though it’s available in small amounts in food, the NR supplement is essentially vitamin B3 that’s easier to consume in larger quantities, and it’s capable of protecting neurons and their myelin sheaths alongside regulating the body’s metabolism.
Resveratrol
Resveratrol is part of a group of compounds called polyphenols that are believed to act as antioxidants, protecting the body against damage that can put you at higher risk for complications like cancer and heart disease. Along with lengthening the lifespan of certain organisms, resveratrol can likely help lower blood pressure, ease joint pain, protect the brain, and reduce the risk of age-related diseases.
Consuming Fructose
Despite what we know about consuming sugars, eating foods with fructose such as apples, peas, zucchini, grapes, asparagus, and others is believed to increase levels of NAD+ because fructose leads to Sirt1 activation. Sirt1 is an enzyme frequently referred to as the longevity gene after clinical trials suggested increased levels of the enzyme were tied to NAD+ and an extended lifespan.
Anti-Aging and You
Truth be told, there are a number of approaches that seek to extend the life of living cells and thus provide anti-aging opportunities. Exercising regularly, eating a proper diet, and remaining aware of your current health status are just some of these approaches, but many more are available.
With that said, research continues to suggest that naturally increasing levels of NAD+ is one of the most productive ways we can attempt to slow the aging process. By utilizing the tactics and information above, you can optimize your body and lead a potentially healthier life. As always, check with medical professionals before implementing such strategies, as side effects can occur. Treat your body well, and you, too, can benefit from the anti-aging properties of NAD+.
Did we miss anything?
If you have any questions, suggestions or topic requests, please reach out. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
created 05/08/00
Programming Exercises
Exercise 1 --- Junk Mail Generator
Write a program that creates a "personalized" letter, given a form letter and a person's name. The form letter will be an input file of text (use file redirection as discussed in chapter 23). The person's name will be a command line argument. The file will normal text, but with a * wherever a person's name should be substituted. For example:
Dear *,
I have exciting news for you, *!!! For just $49.99 plus postage
and handling you, *, can be the proud owner of a genuine leather
mouse pad! No more finger strain for you, *, as you surf the web
with style.
Act Soon,
Venture Marketing Corp.
Assume the above is in a file junk.txt. A run of the program outputs:
C:\chap49D>java JunkGenerator "Occupant" < junk.txt
Dear Occupant,
I have exciting news for you, Occupant!!! For just $49.99 plus postage
and handling you, Occupant, can be the proud owner of a genuine leather
mouse pad! No more finger strain for you, Occupant, as you surf the web
with style.
Act Soon,
Venture Marketing Corp.
C:\chap49D>
Write the program so that it will substitute for any number of * on one line, and accepts any number of lines as input. The main program loop will be a while loop that continues until the input string (read with readLine() is null. Each input line should be used to create a StringTokenizer with appropriate delimiters.
If you wish to avoid the command line argument, ask the user for the occupant name and input it in the usual way.
Click here to go back to the main menu.
Exercise 2 --- Word Reverser
Write a program that reads in a sentence from the user and prints it out with each word reversed, but with the words and punctuation in the original order:
C:\> java reverseSent
Input: Go to the main menu.
oG ot eht niam unem.
Click here to go back to the main menu.
Exercise 3 --- 24 to 12 Hour Converter
Write a program that reads in a string that is a 12 hour version of the time and writes out a 24 hour version of the time.
C:\chap49D>java TimeConverter
Input: 12:13AM
C:\chap49D>java TimeConverter
Input: 12:23
0:23
C:\chap49D>java TimeConverter
Input:8:30AM
8:30
C:\chap49D>java TimeConverter
Input:8:30PM
20:30
C:\chap49D>java TimeConverter
Input:8:30 PM
20:30
Assume that the user has correctly entered digits separated by a colon. If no "AM" or "PM" is given, assume "AM".
This can get complicated. If you want something easier, require "AM" or "PM" to immediately follow the minutes.
Or, if you want complication, try to make your program "bullet proof". Check that hours and minutes are both within range. Allow spaces on either side of the colon, and between minues and the AM or PM. Allow AM and PM to be upper or lower case.
C:\chap49D>java TimeConverter
Input:8 : 30 pm
20:30
C:\chap49D>java TimeConverter
Input:8:77
Bad input format.
Click here to go back to the main menu.
End of Exercises. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Ernie Smith (baseball, born 1931) (2nd nomination)
The result was delete__EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__. ✗ plicit 23:25, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
Ernie Smith (baseball, born 1931)
AfDs for this article:
* Articles for deletion/Ernie Smith (baseball, born 1931) (2nd nomination)
* – ( View AfD View log | edits since nomination)
Repeating my reasoning from 2021, but WP:NBASE now no longer exists:
Not notable. I cannot locate stats or a roster spot for this person on seamheads.com or cnlbr.org or baseball-reference.com. (B-R "Bullpen" [an open wiki] has an article created at the same time and same person that created this article.) The given source is an obit that vaguely refers to playing on a Negro league team at some time. The given team ceased play in 1951 when the subject was 20, but as I stated, I cannot find any other source backing this up. (This palyer should not be confused with Ernie Smith (baseball, born 1908), also a Negro leaguer.) -- BX (talk) 01:18, 17 June 2024 (UTC) Relisting comment: Ineligible for soft deletion. Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, ✗ plicit 01:33, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the deletion sorting lists for the following topics: Sportspeople and Baseball. BX (talk) 01:18, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the deletion sorting lists for the following topics: Virginia and West Virginia. WC Quidditch ☎ ✎ 03:27, 17 June 2024 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, ✗ plicit 02:28, 1 July 2024 (UTC)
* Delete: The article's one source (an obituary of the kind likely provided by the family to a local paper) claims he played for the Baltimore Elite Giants. A separate article in the Bristol Herald-Courier on his receipt of an award puts dates on it: "After he graduated from high school in 1949, he played baseball with the Bishop Stateliners, the Amonata Slugger and the West Virginia All-Stars from 1949 to 1951. Then he played for the Baltimore Elite Giants of the Negro National League until he joined the U.S. Marine Corps in 1953, where he also played shortstop for the 2nd Marine Division baseball team." However, this is not a possible sequence, since the Baltimore Elite Giants disbanded in 1950. So that casts doubt on the reliability of the source (and thus on the obituary) right there. I'm not finding any other sources that confer notability under WP:NSPORTS (either as a player or a coach), WP:NBIO or WP:GNG. Dclemens1971 (talk) 03:13, 24 June 2024 (UTC)
* Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
* Delete given the discrepancies laid out above, we cannot verify key facts of his life meaning there's nothing on which to write an article. Star Mississippi 21:56, 4 July 2024 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Antivirus software program, otherwise referred to as anti-malware or antivirus software, is a special computer system utilized to quit, find, and remove malicious computer software. It will be necessary to have malware software on your desktop system to be able to protect against destructive programs such as viruses, spyware, adware and Trojan infections. There are varied names to get antivirus software. The most common is usually anti-spyware or perhaps antivirus. Additional names contain: anti-phishing computer software, anti-bug program, anti-trojan horses software, anti virus for corporate environments and anti-spam software program. This applications are used to find, remove and protect against vicious software.
There are lots of ways in which malicious code can get into your computer system. Software, e-mails, attachments and phishing are a few of the ways that intruders access your system. Once there is infection within your system, the antivirus application will perform a scan to find out any shady entries. Once the scan results are generated, they can be sent to the antivirus firm for further analysis and actions.
The purpose of anti-virus software is to safeguard your PC against intrusion simply by attackers who would like to gain access to your computer data. Unlike other protection programs, ant-virus software bank checks for dangerous codes and then stops them from doing. However , the scanning and blocking function with this program are merely possible if your operating systems happen to be Windows, Mac pc or Linux based. This feature makes antivirus software program more efficient and reliable in comparison to other protection programs.
Lots of Windows operating systems will require continuous updates out of antivirus software vendors in order to be protected. This is because cyber-terrorist frequently develop new dangers and weaknesses to reliability testing applications. Thus, it is vital for Glass windows users and businesses to acquire and install the most up-to-date security screening software to remain themselves shielded from potential attack.
Probably the most popular malware software suppliers for mobile devices is normally Amtso. With an extensive variety of malware cover features which includes advanced danger identification, via the internet security testing, browser hijacking, spyware and adware removal and many more, Amtso is very effective in securing your android mobile phone Avast website scan device. Users can avastreviews.com get the newest version of Amtso through the internet or choose the mobile variant directly from the vendor.
In addition , cybercriminals often make use of a weakness in the android os platform to setup malicious applications. The cyber criminals produce malware just like spyware, adware and malware which could steal secret information from your computer. To stay in yourself secured from cybercriminals, you should accomplish regular virus and spyware and scans on your hard drive as well as android phones. This will likely ensure that your google android devices are safe from malevolent threats.
The other strongly recommended anti-malware course is Conekart. While it does not offer pathogen protection feature, this android slot supports secure data transfer process (STP) that makes it ideal for VPN connection. You may connect to your VPN server via your S6 devices or through your pcs. A special feature of this anti-virus app is that it enables users to remotely control their security cameras with basic push of a button. Another different feature of Conekart is usually its vision interface which is quick and easy to use.
It is crucial to update your antivirus accordingly to ensure maximum protection against the most up-to-date viruses and malware hazards. You can down load the latest absolutely free versions of the apps at Google Perform and App Stores. Similarly, paid editions of these applications are available at particular websites. You can even scan the android equipment through the net to discover any excessive activity. If the device has become subjected to significant spyware attacks, you may have it cleansed by experts through distant wipe tocar.
Antivirus Actions is another free antivirus security software application which scans the device carefully to identify virus, spyware, malware and other suspicious requirements. It has a useful interface where configuration can be performed by a user. It detects threats in accordance web surfing around such as BING, Yahoo, Bing, Facebook . com, MySpace, Sonica and Chromium. In addition , it scans to get malicious rules in e-mail attachments, MP3 players and video clips.
Avast Antivirus may be a well known absolutely free solution intended for Windows OS. It picks up and removes vicious software and also other harmful programs from your pc. With an updated databases, it works new documents to make sure they do not trigger virtually any infections. Avast is a great software to protect the privacy, as it blocks referred to dangerous sites in your network, downloads and runs several tasks without your knowledge automatically, while not user permission.
Kaspersky Lab Antivirus can be described as leading business level anti-virus program that picks up and eliminates malware, spyware, virus, Trojan viruses and other destructive threats through your machine. It is very effective at removing or spyware infections and other threats from your system. It includes an extensive database of computer, spyware, or spyware and other internet criminals which is constantly updated.
Leave a Reply | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Category talk:Bus stations
Notability question
An essay has started on the notability of railway stations and stops - this has implications also for bus stations. User:Mangoe/timetable. Join in and have your say. SilkTork 11:06, 12 July 2006 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:Philosophical Transactions - Volume 003.djvu/164
The 21. measureth the 2d Section in a Sphere and Spheroid, which may be of use to measure the midle Zone of a Spheroid, cut by a Plane parallel to the axis; i.e. when the superfice of the liquor cuts the head of the Cask.
The 24th measureth right Cylindrick Hoofs, viz. Circular, Elliptick, Parabolick and Hyperbolick, and may be used for the measuring of Brewers leaning Vessels.
To these is added a Table of Squares and Cubes, very useful in finding the portions of a Sphere, Spheroid, Parabolick and Hyperbolick Conoides.
N this small Tract is delivered out of the best Writers of this Subject, and the Author his own practice and observations, the Nature, Qualities, and Uses of the Stagg. In it is particularly considered the Longevity of this Animal, and its cause conjectured at, viz. the plenty of a Balsamick preservative Salt, with which 'tis said Nature hath stored this above many other Animals: Then the successive growth and annual casting off of its horns, together with the causes thereof, is examined, viz. its superabundance of Salin Juyce protruded, and then condensed by the Air (witness the great plenty of volatil Salt, that may be obtained out of those Hornes, as well as out of the blond and urine of the Stagg:) which matter being continually furnished from the body of the Animal, and passing uncessantly to the head, forceth away the old horns, and yearly substitutes new in their room.
But the Author chiefly and largely insists on the several uses of the parts of a Stagg, which he finds to be very many, and of divers kinds, viz. Ornamental, Mechanical, Culinary and Medicinal. Among the Culinary, he commends the young downy horns for a very delicious dish, used by the Grandees. And, as to the Medicinal, he enumerateth a vast number of them, especially of the volatile Salt, Spirit, Oyle, Magisrery, made of the several parts of the Stagg; where he inserts the particular uses of the Rh | WIKI |
Cuarto, Ponce, Puerto Rico
Cuarto (Barrio Cuarto) is one of the 31 barrios of the municipality of Ponce, Puerto Rico. Together with Primero, Segundo, Tercero, Quinto, and Sexto, Cuarto is one of the municipality's six core urban barrios. It was created in 1878.
Location
Cuarto is an urban barrio located in the southern section of the municipality, within the Ponce city limits, and southeast of the traditional center of the city, Plaza Las Delicias.
Boundaries
It is bounded on the North by Comercio/Francisco Parra Duperón Street, on the South by Ramón Power Street, on the West by Eugenio Maria de Hostos Avenue and Marina Streets, and on the East by Rio Portugues. In terms of barrio-to-barrio boundaries, Cuarto is bounded in the North by Barrio Tercero, in the South by Canas Urbano, in the West by Primero, and in the East by San Antón.
Features and demographics
Cuarto has 0.2 sqmi of land area and no water area. In 2000, the population of Cuarto was 3,011. The population density in Cuarto was 18,303 persons per square mile.
In 2010, the population of Cuarto was 1,999 persons, and it had a density of 12493.8 persons per square mile.
The communities of Belgica and El Bosque are found in Barrio Cuarto as are several other smaller communities.
Landmarks
Cuarto is home to Parque de la Abolicion on its southwestern edge. The NRHP-listed Casa Paoli, Old Ponce Casino, Ponce Massacre Museum, and Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad are all located in Barrio Cuarto. The Puerto Rico Islamic Center at Ponce (see side photo) is also located in Barrio Cuarto.
Notable people from Barrio Cuarto
* Domingo Marrero Navarro, educator, writer, and speaker from the Belgica sector of Barrio Cuarto.
* Ruth Fernández, internationally known contralto singer from the Belgica sector of Barrio Cuarto. | WIKI |
Talk:M.J. Khan
AFD
This AFD Articles for deletion/M. J. Khan is not for the same person! It's a different MJ Khan! WhisperToMe (talk) 04:18, 26 May 2014 (UTC)
Chronicle article from 2003
http://www.ghazali.net/ampolitics/html/mj_khan_houston.html http://www.webcitation.org/6PqqKrgtk - mentions the URL http://www.chron.com/cs/CDA/ssistory.mpl/religion/2293190
I'm trying to see if there's an archive at http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.chron.com/cs/CDA/ssistory.mpl/religion/2293190 WhisperToMe (talk) 05:36, 26 May 2014 (UTC)
I'm trying to see if http://www.webcitation.org/web/20031201000000/http://www.chron.com/cs/CDA/ssistory.mpl/religion/2293190 works WhisperToMe (talk) 05:38, 26 May 2014 (UTC) | WIKI |
If you have a leaking faucet, a replacement is a smart investment that may be less costly than waiting for the problem to worsen. Faucet repair is typically a simple matter of taking apart and reassembling the handle and internal parts, depending on your type of faucet.
Faucet Repair
Stretch a length of measuring tape between the mounting holes for your faucet and write down the measurement. This will help you determine the appropriate height and reach measurements for your sink and countertop. For professional assistance, call Joe’s Plumbing now!
Faucet leaks are a common problem and can happen to any faucet. Luckily, they’re usually easy to fix. Leaks often occur because of mineral buildup or worn seals. A few simple steps can fix most leaks, but if you’re having trouble, a professional plumber should inspect your pipes and make any necessary repairs.
Start by drying the faucet and checking for wet spots on the floor or ground around it. A wet spot indicates the faucet is leaking at its base or somewhere underneath it. If the leak is below the sink, it’s most likely a loose screw or a broken packing nut at the base of the valve stem. A screwdriver and a wrench should be enough to remove the screw or nut.
The next step is to check the cartridge or stem to see if it needs replacement. The movable part in most faucets controls the flow of water by pushing or pulling on a ball or disc inside a socket. A faulty cartridge can cause problems with hot and cold water mixing or even stop water from flowing at all. If you find a leak here, the best thing to do is replace the O-rings or washers and use plumber’s grease on them.
Once you’ve cleaned the cartridge and replaced the O-rings, reassemble the faucet. Make sure to put the adjusting ring back on, tightening it clockwise with the spanner tool provided in the repair kit. If the water is still leaking around the handle, it’s time to replace the seat and springs.
Depending on whether your faucet is a cartridge, ball or ceramic-disk type, the process will vary slightly. Cartridge faucets require you to remove the decorative handle cover and the screw beneath it. This is a good opportunity to clean the handle and its decorative cover, too. Then, use an Allen wrench to remove the handle screw and pull or pry it off. Be careful not to bang the handle free; it may stick because of corrosion. If it’s stuck, try wiggling it back and forth while trying to pry it off.
Check the Valve
There are a few places that can cause water to leak out of your faucet. Usually, it’s the result of internal parts that wear down over time like the inner seal, washer or O-ring. But sometimes it’s the result of loose fittings or a broken fitting somewhere else in your plumbing line. In either case, a simple fix is often all it takes to stop the problem.
Check the connections between the base of your faucet, the handles and the water supply lines. Periodically tighten any loose ones, but be careful not to overtighten as this can damage your faucet. Ensure the valves on your water supply are fully open and that any rubber seals around the base of your faucet are still water-tight. These can wear out over time due to age and exposure to hard water, and replacing them is an easy do-it-yourself repair job that should be done periodically.
Another common reason for leaks is corrosion, which can create small crevices that allow water to seep through. Regularly cleaning your faucet and particularly the screw threads where mineral buildup tends to collect, can help prevent this.
The valve seat is the other area that can be problematic if it’s worn out, damaged or corroded. It’s a good idea to pour white vinegar over the valve seat, let it sit and scrub it occasionally to keep this part in good working order.
In both cases, you’ll also want to make sure the O-ring is in good condition. This is a little easier to replace since you can do this while the faucet is disassembled. Once you’ve replaced the O-ring, reassemble your faucet in reverse order from when you took it apart and be sure to insert the cartridge stem up before the retaining clip (if there is one).
If you have a ceramic-disk cartridge faucet, you’ll need to reinstall the cleaned neoprene seals in the base of the disk cylinder. This is a good time to make sure the seals are in good shape, and it’s a good idea to bring the old ones with you to the hardware store when buying replacements so you can be sure to get the right type.
Check the Seals
The washers — which are small rubber or metal discs that create a watertight seal — in the faucet handle can break down over time, causing leaks. Inspect these for signs of wear or damage, and replace them as needed. Washers are often the first part to wear out, and they’re also easily damaged by exposure to hot water or chemicals.
The seat washer — located at the bottom of the stem and pressed against by the handle to close the valve — can also wear out or develop cracks, resulting in leaks. This washer is usually held in place with a screw, which you can remove with a flathead screwdriver to expose the seat washer underneath. If the seat washer is damaged, you can replace it with a new one by unscrewing the old washer and screwing the replacement in place.
You can also repair leaks caused by a worn-out cartridge by replacing the seals. This is a simple and inexpensive fix, but it’s important to know the type of faucet you have — Cartridge, ball, or ceramic-disk — because each model uses different parts.
If the faucet is a Cartridge model, you can remove the cartridge to inspect the O-rings and replace them as necessary. You can also replace the entire cartridge if it’s damaged or worn. A ceramic-disk faucet, on the other hand, has a dome-shaped cylinder that sits beneath the handle and contains neoprene seals. To get to these seals, push the faucet handle back to access a set screw and remove it. You can then unscrew the escutcheon cap and the disk cylinder mounting screws, and lift out the cylinder. Then, you can remove the neoprene seals and replace them with a fresh pair.
Before replacing the seals, make sure all the components are free of mineral deposits by cleaning them with a rag or sponge soaked in distilled white vinegar and water. You can also use penetrating oil to loosen rust or sediment stuck in the screw threads of the faucet’s handle. When reassembling the faucet, put the parts back in the order you removed them so that they’re easy to find when you need to replace them.
Replace the Seals
Whether your faucet is a rotary, ceramic disc, or cartridge style it is important to figure out where the leaks are coming from in order to make the repair. If it is from the spout, then a new valve seat or O-ring may be needed. If it is a cartridge, then the seals may be worn out and need to be replaced. If you are unsure, it is best to consult a plumber or take the faucet apart and remove the seals for inspection.
Before you begin, shut off the water supply to the faucet using the valves under the sink. If you don’t have access to these, turn off the water at the main valves in your home. Turning off the water will also allow the faucet to drain completely and prevent any leftover water from leaking or rusting any of the parts.
Next, you will need to disassemble the faucet handle and replace any faulty parts. Start by removing the decorative cap on the handle with a screwdriver and then loosening the handle screw and pulling the handle off. Use penetrating oil if the screw is corroded or stuck to help break up any rust or sediment that could be blocking it.
Once the handle is removed, you can see the stem and the large six-sided nut that holds it in place. You will need a wrench to loosen and then unscrew this nut, but it can be tricky to get the handle to come off. Be sure to keep track of the screw and nut so you can reassemble the faucet correctly.
Now you will need to remove the retaining clip and the dome assembly under the handle, as well as the metal handle adapter and plastic pivot stop. If the stem nut is tight, you can loosen it with a wrench and then lift out the entire stem assembly. Be careful not to lose the o-ring that connects the stem to the cartridge as it will need to be replaced when you reassemble the faucet. You can replace the o-ring with a sanitary o-ring from a plumbing supply store. If you need to, you can use plumber’s grease to help the o-ring seat properly. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Goutetsu-ryū Ansatsuken
The result of the debate was delete. SushiGeek 03:25, 30 April 2006 (UTC)
Goutetsu-ryū Ansatsuken
This page is mostly original research with bits and pieces of Capcom information to support it. Pretty much all encyclopedic and relevant info can be found on the Ryu (Street Fighter), Ken Masters and Akuma (Street Fighter) pages. Danny Lilithborne 00:20, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
* Delete its a pity since a bit of effort has gone into it, but unsourced and POV issues are troublesome. "Ansatsuken" comes up with less than 1,000 sites in google which is pretty low in regards to Street Fighter and raises doubts about notability. Decent addition to the Ryu, Sean etc pages, but not encyclopedic enough for an individual article. --Cini 02:22, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
* Delete or move it to Akuma.--UsaSatsui 12:31, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
* Delete per WP:NOR Knucmo2 13:32, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
* Weak Keep if more sources can be produced. See previous discussion at As I pointed out last time, there really is no official name for this martial art so I just added that notation. Evan1975 22:38, 24 April 2006 (UTC)
* Comment The problem here is that "Ansatsuken" is not notable enough for an entry as it merely is a name for lethal martial arts that can apply to any number of styles; whereas "Goutetsu-ryu Ansatsuken" is not even a term recognized by canon but sounds plausible enough to give the novice an impression that Ansatsuken is somehow tied to the general Hadoken/Shoryuken styles of the SF stars. Neither one is encyclopedic, and the latter is extremely tenuous as Capcom-sanctioned guides have next to nothing about the "Hadou" and "Shoryuu" style beyond their names. Danny Lilithborne 19:33, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
* Comment Yeah, lots of original research here, I'm afraid. I've never heard these terms "Ansatsuken-Jitsu" and "Ansatsuken-Do" before and I'd really like to see some sources for them. Evan1975 23:54, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
* Rename, Restore or Move I think the major stem source for this problem is that people gave the martial arts a non-canon name. There IS a fictional martial arts practiced in the SF universe, much like 'Special Forces' style, but it doesn't require it's own page. It could easily be broken up and placed on Ryu and Akuma's pages respectively, much like how Dan has Saiyko-ryuu on his page. There's alot of good content and information on that page that can't be found anywhere else, and while I admit that alot of people went overboard, adding a bunch of move names on the list that could easily be placed on the respective characters profile pages, deleting it would sever alot of good tidbits and a single merging of alot of netural information. I think the page should just be restored to one of it's older variations. Sean Matsuda 03:50, 25 April 2006 (UTC)
* Delete and merge at the current time. This article was bare-bones fact and essential in one of its older versions, but as time accumulated more content was added for the sake of inclusion. Its become stupidly large and unsourced. We don't do that at wikipedia. I'm afraid I can no longer support the entire exsistance of this article. -ZeroTalk 17:25, 29 April 2006 (UTC)
| WIKI |
这道题是我专门为了了解和学习树状数组而写的
这题用树状数组记录翻转次数,然后mod一个2,也可以不断地取反
还要用到二维的树状数组.于是我专门写了个模板用
题目链接:http://acm.pku.edu.cn/JudgeOnline/problem?id=2155
题意大致是输入语句,Q表示要求输出A(x,y)是1还是0.C表示把(x1,y1)->(x2,y2)间的矩形中所有元素的1变成0,0变成1
开始我试过一维树状数组+线性.结果TLE.无奈写了个二维的400+ms
贴代码:
#include<iostream>
using namespace std;
//树状数组模块
//基于0,Based 0
typedef long DG_Ran;
typedef long DG_Num;
const DG_Num DG_MAXN = 1005;
//2^n
DG_Num LowBit(DG_Num n)
{
return n & (-n);
}
//获取父节点索引
DG_Num DGFather(DG_Num n)
{
return n + LowBit(n + 1);
}
//获取小的兄弟节点索引
DG_Num DGBrother(DG_Num n)
{
return n - LowBit(n + 1);
}
void DGDown2(DG_Ran g[][DG_MAXN],DG_Num x ,DG_Num y,DG_Ran av);
DG_Ran DGCUp2(DG_Ran g[][DG_MAXN],DG_Num x ,DG_Num y , DG_Num n);
DG_Ran teg[DG_MAXN][DG_MAXN];
int main()
{
int x;
long n,t,x1,y1,x2,y2,i,j;
char cmd;
scanf("%d",&x);
while(x --)
{
scanf("%ld %ld",&n,&t);
for(i = 0 ; i < n ; i ++)
for(j = 0 ; j < n ; j ++)
teg[i][j] = 0;
while(t --)
{
getchar();
scanf("%c",&cmd);
if(cmd == 'Q')
{
scanf("%ld %ld",&x1,&y1);
printf("%ld\n",DGCUp2(teg,x1 - 1,y1 - 1,n) % 2);
}
else
{
scanf("%ld %ld %ld %ld",&x1,&y1,&x2,&y2);
DGDown2(teg,x2 - 1,y2 - 1,1);
DGDown2(teg,x1 - 2,y2 - 1,-1);
DGDown2(teg,x2 - 1,y1 - 2,-1);
DGDown2(teg,x1 - 2,y1 - 2,1);
}
}
if(x)
putchar('\n');
}
return 0;
}
//树状数组的翻转
//二维 复杂度(log(n))^2
//小于等于指定位置的元素操作(0,0)->(x,y)
void DGDown2(DG_Ran g[][DG_MAXN],DG_Num x ,DG_Num y,DG_Ran av)
{
while(x >= 0)
{
DG_Num tmp = y;
while (tmp >= 0)
{
g[x][tmp] += av;
tmp = DGBrother(tmp);
}
x = DGBrother(x);
}
}
//获取大于等于pos位置的元素翻转次数的和
DG_Ran DGCUp2(DG_Ran g[][DG_MAXN],DG_Num x ,DG_Num y , DG_Num n)
{
DG_Ran t = 0;
while(x < n)
{
DG_Num tmp = y;
while (tmp < n)
{
t += g[x][tmp];
tmp = DGFather(tmp);
}
x = DGFather(x);
}
return t;
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Hasslö
Hasslö is an island and a locality situated in the Blekinge archipelago in Karlskrona Municipality, Blekinge County, Sweden with 1,628 inhabitants in 2010.
For many years, the Swedish navy's activities on Hasslö meant that foreigners' access to the island was restricted, but that is no longer true. Hasslö is famous for its fish, and fishing has historically been the main livelihood. A famous fishing site on Hasslö is the Rallbryggan.
Hasslö is a flat island and most of the people live near the coast. The island is connected to the mainland via the Hasslö Bridge.
Hasslö is the birthplace of the socialist Fabian Månsson (1872–1938), and today there is a statue erected of him on the island.
Sports
The following sports clubs are located in Hasslö:
* Hasslö GoIF | WIKI |
Amid Kashmir tensions, Pakistan carries out missile test launch
(CNN)Pakistan announced Thursday that it had successfully tested a surface-to-surface missile with the capacity of carrying various types of warheads over distances up to 290 kilometers (180 miles). The official Twitter account of the Pakistan Armed Forces shared a video of the training launch of the Ghaznavi missile, adding: "President & PM conveyed appreciation to team & congrats to the nation." In a weekly media briefing Thursday, Indian foreign ministry spokesperson Raveesh Kumar said: "We were aware of the test. As per the established CBM, we were informed about the test by Pakistan." He was referring to the confidence building measures agreed between the nuclear-armed neighbors. Pakistan's last surface-to-surface missile test occurred in May, during vote counting in India's national election. The latest show of force comes amid ongoing tensions between Pakistan and India over the disputed region of Kashmir, over which they have repeatedly clashed since partition in 1947. In February, the countries' militaries became locked in a standoff after India blamed Pakistan for a suicide bombing in Kashmir that killed over 40 Indian troops. In April, both countries accused each other of unprovoked fire across Kashmir's Line of Control, which separates the Indian and Pakistani-controlled sides of the region and where a bilateral ceasefire has been in place since 2003. Three Pakistani soldiers were killed, while a five-year-old girl and a paramilitary soldier were died on the Indian side of the de facto border. Earlier this month, the government of Narendra Modi revoked the special status of Jammu and Kashmir state -- the Indian-controlled area also claimed by Pakistan -- bringing it under central rule. India then imposed a communications blackout in Kashmir, travel curfews and roadblocks on the region. In response, Pakistan announced it would downgrade diplomatic relations and suspend bilateral trade with India. Both countries accused each other of violating the Line of Control ceasefire again in a clash that began on August 15. Pakistan's military spokesperson said three Pakistani soldiers and five Indian soldiers were killed, while the Indian army called the claims "fictitious," accusing Pakistan of commencing fire. In a televised address to the nation Monday, Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan said that the conflict over Kashmir could result in a nuclear "disaster," the responsibility for which "will lie in the hands of the superpowers of the world." Sophia Saifi contributed to this report. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Online therapy with
a licensed therapist
We are often held back by certain thoughts and behaviors. With DoMental online therapy, you can overcome those with the support and guidance of a licensed therapist.
Get started Continue reading this article
Treatment and Therapy for PTSD
Phi Atratus
• Apr 28, 2022
• 6 min read
adult facing depression
Trauma is widespread globally, but not everyone who experiences it gets the diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
However, traumatic events can fundamentally change how we experience the world or those around us and perceive threats. Once you encounter trauma, you can never be the same.
PTSD is an anxiety disorder that can develop after witnessing a life-threatening or traumatic event. It may take the form of flashbacks, nightmares, and hallucinations, as well as numbness, anger, or guilt
While the media often focuses primarily on soldiers, PTSD affects more than just combat veterans. The most commonly reported traumatic events include sexual violence, interpersonal network traumatic events, interpersonal violence, and life-threatening experiences.
The lifetime prevalence of PTSD is about 6.1% to 9.2% in the U.S. and Canada. In addition, one-year prevalence rates vary from 3.5% to 4.7%.
Because women are often the victims of sexual or physical violence, they are more likely to develop PTSD than men. It also seems that minorities and socially disadvantaged groups are at a higher risk.
But don’t worry – there is hope!
Signs and Symptoms of PTSD
To recognize PTSD, you first have to know what it looks like. The most common symptoms are:
• Experiencing intensely negative emotions (intense fear, panic attacks, or anger)
• Negative changes in beliefs and feelings related to the trauma
• Reliving the event repeatedly (a symptom of PTSD called re-experiencing) through flashbacks, nightmares, or even hallucinations
• Being easily triggered by external or internal stimuli related to the traumatic event
• Persistent avoidance of reminders of the event – staying away from situations, conversations, or places that remind the person of the trauma
• Feeling detached, numb, or losing interest in things they used to enjoy
• Engaging in risky behaviors, like drinking too much or risky driving
What Causes PTSD?
The causes of PTSD can be grouped into two categories: precursors to experiencing the trauma and immediate causes.
Numerous factors could lead to this mental health disorder, including:
• Experiencing a traumatic event: Having a traumatic experience is the main factor that triggers PTSD. More important than the severity of the traumatic event is the subjective way someone experiences it. Therefore, the traumatic event can be anything you can imagine; the condition is that it has to cause significant distress and impairment in its aftermath.
• Mental illness predisposition: You may be prone to developing PTSD if someone else in your family has suffered from a mental illness.
• The way your brain responds to stressful situations: For example, high levels of adrenaline can easily trigger a fight-or-flight response.
People who are at particularly high risk usually:
• Suffer from other mental illnesses
• Experience repeated trauma (like constant abuse)
• Don't have a support system (like friends or family)
• Are part of a minority group (higher exposure to traumatic events)
Why Do I Need Therapy for PTSD?
People who have PTSD keep reliving the experience in their minds, which causes them to feel frightened and stressed. They may even try to avoid situations similar to what they experienced, significantly limiting their activities and lives.
As a result, they miss out on learning to cope with the trauma embedded in their everyday lives. Additionally, the symptoms can lead to substance abuse or addiction.
People with PTSD will face certain challenges, including an increased risk of other mental disorders, the most common including depression, anxiety disorders, and addiction.
In addition to this, family members of people with PTSD may also be affected. Research studies have shown that children and adolescents who witness parents with PTSD can develop behavioral problems themselves.
Some people with PTSD may also start feeling emotionally numb, disconnected, or act recklessly.
The good news is that it doesn't have to be like that. PTSD therapy can help people:
• Manage their intense emotions and reactions to triggers
• Significantly reduce flashbacks, nightmares, and hallucinations
• Have a better quality of life
• Lower the risk of developing other mental health issues
• Foster better and more trustful relationships with those around
• Have higher self-esteem
Treatment for PTSD becomes necessary for the person's overall well-being and prevents the worsening of symptoms.
How Does Therapy for PTSD Work?
The goal of therapy for PTSD is not to eliminate all symptoms but rather reach a point where the symptoms no longer significantly disrupt a person's life daily, or the severity and frequency of the symptoms are significantly reduced.
Therapists use several different approaches to treat PTSD – some focus on discussing past traumatic events with the client, while others aim to empower clients to manage their present symptoms.
Types of psychological treatments used to treat PTSD include:
Cognitive behavioral therapy for PTSD (CBT)
CBT provides techniques to better manage symptoms. These approaches usually involve cognitive restructuring, exposure therapy, and relaxation exercises.
In a nutshell, CBT has people rethink how they see the traumatic events, helps them confront their fears in a safe environment, and teaches them relaxation techniques to control their intense emotions when doing exposure.
Types of CBT include:
• Cognitive processing therapy: This therapy focuses on processing the traumatic event by changing the dysfunctional thoughts and beliefs associated with the traumatic event. For example, you might think that you should always be cautious, or you might feel guilty. By using cognitive restructuring, the client is encouraged to see things differently and have a healthier perspective. It essentially means changing your current way of thinking into a more helpful thinking style. This, in turn, will teach you how to react to specific traumatic triggers.
• Prolonged exposure therapy for PTSD: Prolonged exposure has a similar mechanism. The main difference is that the techniques focus on exposure. The client makes a list of feared events (hierarchy of fears) and, with the help of relaxation exercises, takes each worry, one by one, and faces it. They do that until they get to the top of the hierarchy.
• Stress inoculation training: This therapy teaches clients coping skills to manage their PTSD symptoms. These skills include cognitive restructuring, progressive muscle relaxation, breathing techniques, and developing assertiveness.
• Imagery rehearsal therapy: This therapy can be a form of therapy for PTSD nightmares. The therapist asks the client to reimagine the ending of the nightmare to make it less terrifying. It also includes rehearsing the new ending and monitoring the nightmares.
Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy for PTSD (EMDR)
In EMDR, the client must recall the traumatic event while simultaneously moving their eyes back and forth or listening to a sound. After that, the client has to notice any change in their emotions, thoughts, and sensations. This procedure is repeated until the client becomes desensitized to the traumatic memory.
Online PTSD therapy
The problem is that traditional therapy methods can be impractical if you don’t have a therapist nearby or can’t get to one for whatever reason. This is where online therapy comes into play.
Online therapy involves using various forms of online communication to connect with a therapist in real-time. You can just talk to a therapist without the inconvenience of time and location.
It's quickly becoming a more common form of treatment for people who have a mental illness, and that can even include therapy for PTSD in veterans.
As far as efficiency goes, online psychotherapy is as effective as face-to-face therapy because it uses the techniques – the only difference is that everything happens virtually.
Is Therapy for PTSD Really Effective?
Psychotherapy is the most effective treatment for PTSD symptoms, and it’s more strongly associated with positive results than medication alone.
However, it can be effective when paired with certain medications, like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). SSRIs increase the levels of the neurotransmitter serotonin in the brain.
CBT therapies and EMDR seem to be the most studied treatment choices for PTSD. According to a meta-analysis, they also seem to be the most effective and widely-used treatments overall.
Another meta-analysis showed that trauma-focused PTSD treatment for refugees is effective in reducing PTSD and depressive symptoms.
The type of PTSD therapy used depends on various factors, including:
• The client's preference
• Access to treatment
• The co-occurrence with other diagnoses
• The presence of other high-priority symptoms (for example, treating addiction or suicidal thoughts comes before treating PTSD symptoms)
Bottom Line
Trauma always elicits a strong emotional response, but it becomes severe and distressing when the survivor can't recover from or control it, or when the symptoms disrupt their everyday activities.
PTSD is an inability to cope with stimuli that remind you of the trauma you went through. It may be a particular place, circumstance, thought, or feeling connected to the event that brings back painful reminders.
The severity of PTSD varies from person to person and gets worse if you don't seek proper counseling. But here's a scary fact: many people don't pursue treatment because of shame, guilt, or fear.
Hopefully, the stigma around PTSD is gradually fading, so that won't be the case anymore.
PTSD can steal so much of your life and make you miss out on experiencing all the joys of an uncertain world. What seems terrifying today can be a source of hope tomorrow.
PTSD therapy has a lot of empirical support, giving hope to the millions of people suffering from this unforgiving disorder. There are so many options to choose from, you just have to take a chance!
Online therapy can come to your rescue. DoMental has a wide range of specialized psychotherapists who can help, as well as the flexibility you need to work on yourself in your own time.
You Don't Have to Struggle Alone
Talk to a Licensed Therapist Today | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
More about pessaries
Pessaries don’t fix prolapses but they can reduce or lessen the symptoms of prolapse and help you live more comfortably.
You may consider using a pessary or your doctor may recommend it if you:
• are pregnant
• have just had a baby
• are waiting to have prolapse surgery
• have health problems which would make prolapse surgery unsafe for you.
How is a pessary put in place?
Special nurses, doctors and physiotherapists can put a pessary in place. You won’t need an anaesthetic because it’s usually not too uncomfortable.
Because pessaries come in a number of sizes and shapes, you may need to try a few before you find one that is comfortable and provides the right support.
What’s it like having a pessary?
If you have a pessary that is the right size and in the right position, you won’t be able to feel it and you’ll be able to do all your normal activities. It’s also okay to have sex with a pessary and your partner should not be able to feel it.
A pessary that is the wrong size can fall out but it cannot end up anywhere else in your body.
How long can I use a pessary for?
Pessaries are a safe long-term treatment for prolapse but they do need to be changed every three to six months. Some women will be able to do this at home themselves but others will need to go to a hospital or a clinic to have this done for them.
What are the benefits of using a pessary?
The benefits of using a pessary are that it:
• can reduce or lessen the symptoms of vaginal prolapse
• does not stop you from being able to have sex
• is less invasive (and as a result, less complicated) than surgery.
What are the possible problems of using a pessary?
You may have some or all of these side effects – or you may have none of them.
Potential side effects How often does it happen?
Discharge that can be smelly, coloured or bloody Uncommon Around 4 in 100 women
Irritation and discomfort Common Around 13 in 100 women
Trouble passing urine or wetting yourself Uncommon Around 1 in 100 women
Difficulty or pain with bowel motions Uncommon Around 1 in 100 women
The pessary becomes attached to the surrounding tissue and an operation is needed to remove it Uncommon Around 2 in 100 women
Most of these side effects are small complications. They can be successfully managed with topical oestrogen creams or by removing the pessary for a while to give your body a ‘break’. By taking your pessary out overnight at least once a week, you can also successfully prevent it from becoming attached to the surrounding tissue.
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Disclaimer
The Women’s does not accept any liability to any person for the information or advice (or use of such information or advice) which is provided on the Website or incorporated into it by reference. The Women’s provide this information on the understanding that all persons accessing it take responsibility for assessing its relevance and accuracy. Women are encouraged to discuss their health needs with a health practitioner. If you have concerns about your health, you should seek advice from your health care provider or if you require urgent care you should go to the nearest Emergency Dept. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Britain's TSB to close 82 branches, slash costs in strategy overhaul
LONDON/MADRID, Nov 25 (Reuters) - British bank TSB will close 82 branches next year, or about 15% of its total, as part of a turnaround plan aimed at making 100 million pounds ($128 million) of savings by 2022. The bank, which traces its roots back around 200 years, was bought by Banco Sabadell for 1.7 billion pounds in 2015 as the Spanish bank looked to expand into Britain in search of higher revenues. But the move backfired when IT glitches sent TSB’s costs spiralling. Last year, TSB made a loss. Announcing its mid-term strategy for 2019-22, TSB said it expected the savings to help improve its cost-to-income ratio by 15 percentage points by the end of the plan. Restructuring charges will amount to 180 million pounds. It did not give details on potential job losses. TSB said it was aiming for a profit after tax of 130-140 million pounds by 2022, from a current breakeven position. The bank, which will invest 120 million pounds to transform its online channels, expects three quarters of its clients to be digitally active over the next three years. $1 = 0.7794 pounds
Reporting By Lawrence White in London and Jesús Aguado in
Madrid; Editing by Jose Elias Rodriguez and Mark Potter | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Apache Sling File Optimization
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Build Status Test Status License contrib
Apache Sling File Optimization
Bundle for optimizing files stored in the Apache Sling repository. Includes a plugin architecture for providing file optimizers and hooks to automatically and manually optimize files.
The file optimizer includes the ability to revert the optimized file either using the Sling Post Operation or via the API. Resources can be excluded from optimization by setting the optim:disabled attribute to true.
This module is part of the Apache Sling project.
Using the File Optimization Library
There are four different methods for interacting with the File Optimizer: using the Event Handler, interacting with the Servlets / Post Operations, using the Filter or invoking the API directly.
Event Handler
The File Optimizer Event Handler can be used to automatically optimize file resources when Sling Events occur. The File Optimizer Event Handler is not enabled by default, to enable it, you will need to enable the Event Handler with an OSGi Config like:
# Example Event Filter
event.filter=(&(resourceType=sling:File)(|(path=*.png)(path=*.jpg)))
# Example Event Topic
event.topic=org/apache/sling/api/resource/Resource/CHANGED
Servlet / Post Operations
There are four servlets / Sling Post Servlet operations for interacting with the File Optimization API.
OptimizeFileOperation
This operation will optimize a File resource. Example usage:
curl -d ":operation=fileoptim:optimize" -X POST http://localhost:8080/content/afile.jpg
RestoreOriginalOperation
This operation will restore the original contents of an optimized File resource. Example usage:
curl -d ":operation=fileoptim:restore" -X POST http://localhost:8080/content/afile.jpg
FileOptimizerData
This servlet will return the JSON data for the results of an optimization operation if it were run against the specified resource. Example usage:
curl http://localhost:8080/system/fileoptim.json?path=/content/afile.jpg
Example response:
{
"algorithm": "Apache Sling JPEG File Optimizer",
"originalSize": 1000,
"optimizedSize", 500,
"optimized", false,
"preview", "/system/fileoptim/preview?path=/content/afile.jpg",
"savings", 0.5
}
FileOptimizerPreview
This servlet will return the optimized binary as if the File Optimizer were run against the specified resource. Example usage:
curl http://localhost:8080/system/fileoptim/preview?path=/content/afile.jpg
Filter
The File Optimizer Filter can be used to automatically optimize file resources when serving the content. The File Optimizer Filter is not enabled by default, to enable it, you will need to enable the Filter with an OSGi Config like:
# Example Filter Scope
sling.filter.scope=REQUEST
API
The File Optimizer service can be retrieved by reference, for example:
@Reference
private FileOptimizerService fileOptimSvc;
public void optimizeFile(Resource fileResource) {
fileOptimSvc.optimizeFile(fileResource, true);
}
Additionally, there are two Sling mdoels for discovering the optimization information of resources.
• org.apache.sling.fileoptim.models.OptimizedFile - Allows for retrieval of the data from a file which has been optimized
• org.apache.sling.fileoptim.models.OptimizeResource - Allows for determining if a resource can be optimized and what the results would be if it were
Defining a File Optimizer
File optimizers are used by the library to optimize resources based on the file mime type. Each File Optimizer should implement the FileOptimizer interface, setting the mime.type property to the MimeTypes for which the optimizer is applicable. The Service Rankin property can be used to override the default File Optimizers.
@Component(service = FileOptimizer.class, property = { FileOptimizer.MIME_TYPE + "=image/jpeg" })
public class DevNullFileOptimizer implements FileOptimizer {
private static final Logger log = LoggerFactory.getLogger(DevNullFileOptimizer.class);
@Override
public byte[] optimizeFile(byte[] original, String metaType) {
// TODO: Actually do something with the file contents here and return the optimized file
return new byte[0];
}
@Override
public String getName() {
return "/dev/null File Optimizer";
}
} | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Notes and Queries - Series 11 - Volume 7.djvu/405
us.vii.mayi7,i9i3.j NOTES AND QUERIES. 397 The Old Oak Chest, drama, 1816. The Poison Tree, pantomime, 1811. The Bed Robber, melodrama, 1808. A Successful Cruise, musical piece, 1807. The Summer-House, burletta., 1815. The Two Misers of Smyrna, burletta, 1810. The Two Spanish Valets, burletta, 1818. Ulthona, the Sorceress, spectacle, 1807. The Vizier's Son and the Merchant's Daughter, comic opera, 1812. Wha.clcham and Windham, burletta, 1814. Woman's Tears, opera, 1817. Miss Scott acted in most of the above, besides writing and delivering a poetical address at the commencement of each season. Only ' The Old Oak Chest' appears to have been printed in its entirety, but of the others books of the words of the songs were printed, and sold in the theatre at a shilling In' 1820 Mr. Scott sold the theatre to Rodwell and Jones, who renamed it the Adelphi. Miss Scott then quitted the stage, and afterwards married Capt. Middleton, R.N. Wm. Douglas. 125, Helix Road, Brixton Hill. Dr. Benamor (US. vii. 261).—In The Gentleman's Magazine for September, 1796, under date of 2 Sept., is recorded the death, " at his lodgings in Pentonville, in his 30th year," of "the Rev. James Benamor" (lxvi. 796). And in the same magazine for December, 1800, under date of 13 Nov., is recorded the death, " at his house in Bedford- row," of " the wife of James Benamor, M.D." (Ixx. 1214). Albert Matthews. Boston, Mass. In the List'of Subscribers to Young's ' Night Thoughts ' I notice the name " Dr. Benne- mor, Bedford-row " ; date under portrait of Dr. Young, 1793. In the ' P.O. Directory for Kent,' 1845, there was a Mrs. Bennamore living at Os- pringe Road, Faversham. R. J. Fynmore. Sandgate. Hosier Lane, West Smithfield (11 S. vii. 249, 333, 356).—There are many early references to permanent buildings in this street in the ' Calendar of Wills, Court of Husting, London.' The following occur in part i.: in 1328 a shop (p. 332); in 1332 tenements (p. 379); in 1333 a shop (p. 400); in 1342 lands and tenements (p. 466); in 1349 tenements (p. 626). In part ii. mention is made of a house in 1365 (p. 92), and lands and shops in 1407 (p. 375). F. W. Read. Biographical Information Wanted (US. vii. 309).— The following are probably identical with the John Lloyd of Rhagatt, Merionethshire :— " Lloyd, John, 1 s. Edward of Rhagatt Corwen, oo. Montgomery [sic], arm. Ch. Ch., matric. 5 Feb., 1830, aged 18; of Rhagatt, co. Merioneth, J.P., D.L.; High Sheriffco. Denbigh, 1863; a studentof Lincoln's Inn, 1834; died 22 May, 1865."—Foster's 'Alumni Oxon.' " Lloyd, John, eldest son of Edward Lloyd [K.S. 1792, q.v], b. Sept. 25, 1811, 'adm. June 28, 1825."— ' Westminster Sohool Register.' Donhead. F- Dunston. [Ms. A. R. Bayley also thanked for reply.] Matthew Arnold's Poems (US. vii. 349). —2. Stanza xix. of ' The Scholar - Gipsy ' would certainly seem to be an appropriate description of Tennyson. Arnold's poem appeared in 1853, and ' In Memoriam ' in 1850. The lines, And how the breast was soothed, and how the head, And all his hourly varied anodynes, remind one of But, for the unquiet heart and brain, A use in measured language lies ; The sad mechanic exercise. Like dull narcotics, numbing pain. 'In Memoriam,' v. " If not the rose" (11 S. vii. 349).— " Je ne suis pas la rose, mais j'ai vecu pres d'elle," is given among the ' Adespota' (No. 3059) in King's ' Classical and Foreign Quotations,' with the following note :— " In one of his songs [no reference is given] the Persian poet, Sadi, represents a lump of clay accounting for the perfume still clinging to it by the fact of its having lain among some fallen petals at a rose-tree's foot." In my own copy of King's book I have written against the French quotation " Con- stant," with a query, but cannot recall to whom I am indebted for the suggestion. The late Dr. Robert Wallace in a memor- able and witty speech in the House of Commons made, I think in 1893, a very happy application of the proverb to a well- known member who sat in the corner seat below the gangway, and was generally supposed to have been disappointed at not becoming a member of the Government. Edward Bensly. Bartlett's ' Familiar Quotations,' 1891, p. 806, has the following note :— '"Je ne suis pas la rose, mais j'ai vecu aveo elle.' is assigned to Constant [H. B. Constant, 1767-1830] by A. Hayward in his Introduction to the ' Autobiography and Letters of Mrs. Piozzi.'" St. Swithin. | WIKI |
H&M to open fewer stores in 2018 as it struggles to respond to the growth of e-commerce
Fashion retailer H&M said on Wednesday it would open far fewer stores in 2018 as it responds to the shift to shopping online and announced plans to launch a new outlet to sell external brands alongside its own ranges. Following decades of rapid expansion, the world's second-biggest clothes group after Zara owner Inditex has struggled to respond to the growth of ecommerce. Its image was dented further last month by an ad slammed by many as racist. H&M, in which the founding Persson family owns a 33 percent stake, reported an unchanged dividend but said it might give shareholders the chance to reinvest dividends by issuing new shares to help finance investments. H&M shares, already down more than a third over the last year, fell 5.8 percent by 0905 GMT, making them the biggest losers on a flat European retail sector index. H&M said it planned a net addition of about 220 stores in 2018, compared with 388 in 2017. Breaking down that figure, H&M plans to open about 390 new stores and close about 170, entering Uruguay and Ukraine for the first time. "The scale of the reduction will surprise some today. And it will leave the bears questioning why H&M still enjoys a 'growth stock' rating," wrote Morgan Stanley analyst Geoff Ruddell and Amy Curry, who rate H&M "underweight". The analysts noted that H&M had finished the year with net debt on its balance sheet rather than net cash for the first time in more than 20 years, with cashflow in the fiscal fourth quarter hurt by another increase in inventory. Pretax profit in the three months through November, H&M's fiscal fourth quarter, fell 34 percent to 4.9 billion Swedish crowns ($625 million), better than the mean forecast in a Reuters poll of analysts for 4.72 billion. H&M's gross profit margin for the financial year to Nov. 30 fell to 54 percent from 55.2 percent a year earlier, in contrast to the Inditex gross profit margin which slipped only slightly to 57.4 percent for the nine months to Oct. 31. Inditex said sales at its more than 7,500 stores and online rose 13 percent at constant exchange rates between Nov. 1 and Dec. 11, as shoppers snapped up items such as oversized sweaters and puffer parkas from new collections. H&M said it expects sales between Dec. 1 and Jan. 31 to increase by just 1 percent in local currencies, after a fall of 2 percent in the September to November quarter. Inditex has consistently outperformed its Swedish rival in recent years, helped by having its manufacturing bases close to its distribution cecentern Spain so it can get new designs to its stores within weeks and better manage online sales. "The industry changes are challenging everyone and this will continue in 2018, Chief Executive Karl-Johan Persson said in a statement, adding that H&M does not expect to reach a target of local-currency sales growth of 1015 percent this year. Persson, the grandson of Erling Persson who founded H&M in 1947, said the company was investing in analytics and technology to help make its supply chain faster and more flexible. H&M, which has launched a number of higher-end brands in recent years to broaden its customer base, said it would launch "Afound" in 2018, offering budget products from external brands as well as its own labels. There will be a store in Stockholm as well as online sales. It also said it would start selling the H&M and H&M Home brands on Chinese e-commerce platform Tmall in March and said it would launch online stores in four more markets during the financial year, including India. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
misoprostol
Etymology
From.
Noun
* 1) A drug used for various purposes including the prevention of drug-induced gastric ulcers and the inducement of abortions, having the chemical formula C22H38O5.
Translations
* French: misoprostol
* Hungarian: mizoprosztol
* Spanish: misoprostol | WIKI |
Walgreens December '14 Sales Strong on Higher Flu Shots - Analyst Blog
Deerfield, IL-based drug retailing chain Walgreens, which is now a fully-owned subsidiary of the first global pharmacy-led health and wellbeing enterprise Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc. ( WBA ), recently reported solid sales results for Dec 2014. Following the news release, the company's shares rose 0.26% to eventually close at $74.69 yesterday.
Walgreens posted a 10.2% year-over-year rise in sales to $7.92 billion. Comparable store sales increased 9.2%.
In the month, Walgreens' total comparable store sales were positively affected by 1.3 percentage points due to calendar day shifts and 0.5 percentage point due to higher incidence of flu. However, generic drug introductions in the last 12 months negatively impacted total comparable sales by 1.0 percentage point.
Walgreens' total front-end sales in December increased 3.5% from the year-ago period, while front-end sales in comparable stores grew 2.6%. Customer traffic in comparable stores improved 0.3%, whereas basket size rose 2.3% from the year-ago level.
Prescriptions filled at comparable stores at Walgreens were up 7.8% (up 5.7% on a calendar day-shift adjusted basis) in Dec 2014. As per Walgreens' management, a calendar shift has resulted in a 2.1% improvement in prescriptions filled at comparable stores, since the month had one additional Wednesday and one less Sunday, compared to the same month a year ago. Moreover, Walgreens experienced a positive impact of 1.2% on prescriptions filled at comparable stores owing to a higher incidence of flu.
Walgreens' total pharmacy sales increased 15.7% on a year-over-year basis and accounted for 61.3% of total sales in Dec 2014. Pharmacy sales in comparable stores rose 14.2% (or 12.1% on a calendar day-shift adjusted basis).
Calendar day shifts had a favorable impact of 2.1% on pharmacy sales in comparable stores. On a calendar day-shift adjusted basis, the generic wave in the pharmaceutical industry dragged comparable store pharmacy sales by 1.5% in the month, while higher incidence of flu led to an increase of 0.9% in comparable store pharmacy sales.
Season-to-date flu shots administered at pharmacies and clinics were almost 7.6 million, up 13.4% year over year.
The company opened 4 stores and closed down 4 during the reported month.
Fiscal 2015 year-to-date sales for the first four months were $27.49 billion, up 7.7% from the same period, last year.
As of Dec 31, 2014, Walgreens operated 8,330 store locations in 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, including 8,229 drugstores (up 29 from the year ago level). The store count includes 10 net stores acquired over the last 12 months. The company also operates infusion and respiratory services facilities, specialty pharmacies and mail service facilities.
Our Take
The generic wave in the pharmaceutical industry has been adversely affecting Walgreens' store pharmacy sales and posing a threat to the company's profitability for quite some time now. The downside is possibly attributable to generic drug price inflation and Walgreen's fewer brand-to-generic drug conversions.
Walgreens expects this generic inflation to continue through the rest of fiscal 2015. Currently, management is tirelessly negotiating with its payers to raise reimbursement rates to protect the company against increasing generic drug procurement costs. However, we are encouraged by the company's impressive sales performance in the reported month which was backed by calendar-day shifts and an early start to the flu season.
Last week, Walgreens completed the second phase of its acquisition of the UK-based Alliance Boots to form Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc. The acquisition will reasonably expand Walgreen's international presence. The new global enterprise combines Walgreen, the largest drugstore chain in the U.S.; Boots, the market leader in European retail pharmacy; and Alliance Healthcare, the leading international wholesaler and distributor. The combined entity spans over 25 countries with more than 12,800 stores, and over 370,000 employees.
The merger will also bring together a unique portfolio of retail, wholesale, service and product brands, alongside the world's largest pharmaceutical wholesale and distribution network. With attainment of the global stature, Walgreens will be able to generate significant and sustainable benefits for local markets as well as all stakeholders.
Zacks Rank
Currently, Walgreens retains a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold). Some other well-ranked stocks worth reckoning are CVS Health Corporation ( CVS ), AngioDynamics Inc. ( ANGO ) and Edwards Lifesciences Corp. ( EW ). All the three stocks carry a Zacks Rank #2 (Buy).
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EDWARDS LIFESCI (EW): Free Stock Analysis Report
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Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Home > marsbar > mars_arm.m
mars_arm
PURPOSE ^
wrapper function for MarsBaR marmoire object
SYNOPSIS ^
function varargout = mars_arm(action, varargin)
DESCRIPTION ^
wrapper function for MarsBaR marmoire object
FORMAT varargout = mars_arm(action, varargin)
This only to make the marsbar.m code prettier
See the help for the marmoire object for details
$Id$
CROSS-REFERENCE INFORMATION ^
This function calls: This function is called by:
SOURCE CODE ^
0001 function varargout = mars_arm(action, varargin)
0002 % wrapper function for MarsBaR marmoire object
0003 % FORMAT varargout = mars_arm(action, varargin)
0004 %
0005 % This only to make the marsbar.m code prettier
0006 % See the help for the marmoire object for details
0007 %
0008 % $Id$
0009
0010 global MARS
0011 if ~isfield(MARS, 'ARMOIRE')
0012 error('Global structure does not contain marmoire object');
0013 end
0014
0015 if nargin < 1
0016 error('Need action');
0017 end
0018
0019 o = MARS.ARMOIRE;
0020
0021 switch lower(action)
0022 case 'get'
0023 [varargout{1} o varargout{2}] = get_item_data(o, varargin{:});
0024 case 'set'
0025 [o varargout{1}] = set_item_data(o, varargin{:});
0026 case 'clear'
0027 [o varargout{1}] = clear_item_data(o, varargin{:});
0028 case 'set_ui'
0029 [o varargout{1}] = set_item_data_ui(o, varargin{:});
0030 case 'update'
0031 [o varargout{1}] = update_item_data(o, varargin{:});
0032 case 'set_param'
0033 o = set_item_param(o, varargin{:});
0034 case 'get_param'
0035 varargout{1} = get_item_param(o, varargin{:});
0036 case 'save'
0037 [varargout{1} o] = save_item_data(o, varargin{:});
0038 case 'save_ui'
0039 [varargout{1} o] = save_item_data_ui(o, varargin{:});
0040 case 'isempty'
0041 varargout{1} = isempty_item_data(o, varargin{:});
0042 case 'item_exists'
0043 varargout{1} = item_exists(o, varargin{:});
0044 case 'show_summary'
0045 if nargin < 2, error('Need item name'); end
0046 item_name = varargin{1};
0047 if ~item_exists(o, item_name)
0048 error(['What is ' item_name '?']);
0049 end
0050 if mars_arm('isempty', item_name)
0051 S = {'[Empty]'};
0052 else
0053 S = summary(get_item_data(o, item_name));
0054 fn = get_item_param(o, item_name, 'file_name');
0055 if isempty(fn), fn = '[Not set]'; end
0056 S = [{['Filename: ' fn]} S];
0057 end
0058 mars_utils('graphic_text', S, get_item_param(o, item_name, 'title'));
0059 otherwise
0060 error(['Weird: ' action]);
0061 end
0062
0063 MARS.ARMOIRE = o;
Generated on Sat 19-Nov-2011 16:12:40 by m2html © 2005 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Canto libre
Canto libre is the fifth studio album by Chilean singer-songwriter Víctor Jara, released in 1970 by Odeon. In this album, he had the support of Inti-Illimani and Patricio Castillo.
Background and recording
In 1969, he had released Pongo en tus manos abiertas, an album that «begins the protest work in full swing and with it intensely promotes Salvador Allende's presidential candidacy. Along with other singers he is part of the group called "the nueva canción chilena".» In the recording of this album, Victor had the accompaniment of Patricio Castillo, and Chilean group Inti-Illimani, that he met in 1967 while he was directing La remolienda.
Artwork
Rubén Nouzeilles was in charge of the artistic direction. For the cover of the album "he insisted that the cover be the close-up of a rickety padlocked door, so that when the cover was opened a dove seemed to fly out of the interior."
Release
Canto libre was released in 1970 by Odeon. In Spain, it was released in 1978 by Movieplay, and by Fonomusic in 1986 and 1994. In 1981, it was released by Pläne in Germany, and in 1993, it was re-issued by Monitor Records label in Chile.
Reception
Australian newspaper The Sydney Morning Herald felt that the album "is a very bright piece of music usinu primitive folk music instruments of Latin America." arwulf arwulf wrote in AllMusic that "Jara sang beautifully, always expressing his thoughts and viewpoints with unflinching honesty, playing his guitar alone or surrounded by folk musicians from nations and cultures all over Latin America." He also added that "Jara's egalitarian discipline of cultural solidarity is manifest at various points in this collection" and "Victor Jara's spirit transcends all language barriers. Like his voice and the instrumentation, the poetry is tremendously moving".
Track listing
* 1) "Inga" - (Peruvian folk)
* 2) "Canción del arbol del olvido" (Song of the tree of forgetfulness) - (A. Ginastero - F. Silva Valdez)
* 3) "La pala" (The hoe) - (Victor Jara)
* 4) "Lamento borincano (Borinquen lament) - (R. Hernández)
* 5) "Ventolera" (Windstorm) (Instrumental) - (Victor Jara)
* 6) "El tinku" - (Bolivian tonada)
* 7) "Angelita Huenuman" - (Victor Jara)
* 8) "Corrido de Pancho Villa" (Ballad of Pancho Villa) - (Mexican folk)
* 9) "Caminando, caminando" (Walking, walking) - (Victor Jara)
* 10) "Quién mató a Carmencita" - (Who killed Carmencita) - (Victor Jara)
* 11) "Canto libre" - (Free song) - (Victor Jara)
Legacy
In September 2018, Mil Guitarras para Victor Jara was held, in which songs from the album such as "Angelita Huenuman", "Ingá", "La Pala" and its homonymous song were interpreted. The album title was used in various tributes to Victor and Chilean music. In December 9, 2018, a free event was held at University of Chile, Estación Central named after the title of the album, Canto Libre: una avenida para Victor Jara. In 2020, a tribute to Chilean music was entitled "La ruta del canto libre" and held in the General Cemetery. The event honored Rolando Alarcón, Violeta Parra, Eduardo "Gato" Alquinta, Sergio Ortega, Roberto Parra and Jara. In 2022, it was made again, on this occasion he honored Nino Garcia, Willy Oddo from Quilapayún, Richard Rojas, Ester Gonzalez from Duo Lonqui. | WIKI |
P. A. Ogundipe
Phebean Ajibola Ogundipe, née Itayemi (6 May 1927 - 27 March 2020) OON, was a Nigerian educator and civil servant. Writing as Phebean Itayemi, she became the first Nigerian woman to be published in English, after winning a British Council short story competition. She later published textbooks under the name P. A. Ogundipe. She retired as assistant director of education in December 1976.
Quotes about P. A. Ogundipe
* We believe that every word of adoration on the exploits of the departed heroine is well earned. Indeed, every lover of education should be thoroughly grateful to Mrs. Ogundipe for her contributions to education.
* Former President Muhammadu Buhari tribute to P.A. Ogundipe after her demise in 2020.
* Ogundipe’s life was defined by her passion for education and uncommon dedication to serve others, stressing that her legacy would live on.
* Then then Senior Special Assistant on Media and Publicity, Garba Shehu represented the former president paid tribute to the deceased in 2020.
* Mrs Ogundipe through her books imparted generations of Nigerians of my age. In my personal interactions with her, she was passionate about Nigeria and hoping that things would get better.
* Dr. Aladesanmi tribute to Mrs Phebean Ajibola Ogundipe in 2020.
* All Nigerians, who drank from the fountain of knowledge of the endowed English teacher.
* Buhari mourns renowned English Language educationist, P.A. Ogundipe in 2020.
* In my personal interactions with her, she was passionate about Nigeria and hoping that things would get better. Unfortunately, like many compatriots of her time, the Nigeria of their dream remains a mirage.
* Dr Aladesanmi refer to Mrs phebean as a compatriots in Nigeria in 2020.
* As a recipient of the National Honour of Officer of the Order of the Niger (OON) and other numerous awards for her works on education.
* P.A. Ogundipe being remembered for her contribution in education in 2020.
* Her autobiography, the Up-country Girl, should be a must-read for every aspiring young girl.
* Temitope Aladesanmi speak on P.A. Ogundipe book in 2020. | WIKI |
[Samba] Samba 3.5 slow. Help with benchmarks !
live.fx live.fx.mail at gmail.com
Mon Mar 15 03:15:12 MDT 2010
also test with connection between another linux node and server:
LinuxNode02 -> Server : NFS
LinuxNode02:~ # time cp -v /4GB_test.file /Server/Projects/
`/4GB_test.file' -> `/Server/Projects/4GB_test.file'
real 0m59.831s
user 0m0.120s
sys 0m7.692s
approx.speed = 69.4 MB/sec
-----------
Same server same file but trough SMB:
LinuxNode02 -> Server : SMB
LinuxNode02 :~ # time cp -v /4GB_test.file /mnt/Server/
`/4GB_test.file' -> `/mnt/Server/4GB_test.file'
real 2m58.724s
user 0m0.072s
sys 0m16.889s
approx.speed = 22.8 MB/sec
-------------
Same server and client. Same file. Same disk - RAID5. Same OS, but transfer
to SAMBA is very slow.
What can i do ?
Of course i try to setup samba on another computer and start to test it:
LinuxNode02:~ # time cp -v /4GB_test.file /mnt/Server2/test/4GB_test.file
`/4GB_test.file' -> `/mnt/Server2/test/4GB_test.file'
real 2m42.480s
user 0m0.108s
sys 0m17.373s
approx.speed = 25.8 MB/sec
=======
Another server, same speed, just a little bit faster. I think this because
Server2 - 8core Xeon, 8 Gb RAM, and 3 sata2 HDD - XFS filesystems.
SAMBA speed is very very slower instead of FTP and NFS.
What solutions, or where i can find it? May be some standard benchmarks?
Can SAMBA transfer files faster than 25 MB/sec ?
Someone have this transfer speed with SAMBA ?
--
View this message in context: http://old.nabble.com/Samba-3.5-slow.-Help-with-benchmarks-%21-tp27894473p27901821.html
Sent from the Samba - General mailing list archive at Nabble.com.
More information about the samba mailing list | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Neck Sprain: Cause & Treatments
The cervical vertebrae of the spine consist of seven bones that are connected to each other by strong fibrous tissues such as the ligaments, tendons and muscles. A sprain occurs when one of these tissues are stretched beyond its limit. This can happen during a sudden movement such as a car accident, causing the neck to bend to the extreme.
The neck is an extremely smart structure that is designed to house and protect our backbone – the spinal cord. The spinal cord provides support to our head and consists of millions of nerves that acts as signals and transmitters to relay messages from our brain to the rest of our body. However, it is also one of the weakest component of our body and the extreme flexibility that allows you to bend and touch your toes also leaves it vulnerable to impact.
Causes
There are several possible causes for a neck sprain:
• Spending too much time in an awkward position such as hunching when using a computer for long periods
• Sleeping in an awkward position without adequate support from a proper pillow
• Sudden forceful impact such as during a car accident, causing whiplash
• Working for long periods in the same position such as painting a ceiling for hours
Treatment
Our ligaments, tendons and muscles are designed to heal itself in a short time if it is minor.
• Applying a cold pack will help to reduce inflammation, allowing the body time to heal. Ice pack should be applied every hour for the first 24 hours as this is the acute stage
• Applying a heat pack will enhance blood circulation, allowing efficient blood exchange. Old blood containing dead cells will be drained off while new blood carrying large amounts of nutrients and oxygen will help to speed up the healing process
• Anti-inflammatory medication will help to bring down the swelling and provide pain relief
• Massaging the neck area will help to dissipate any blood clots that are formed and promote blood circulation
• Hydrotherapy is a novel treatment method that uses salt to release muscle sprains. Magnesium which is found in the salt will reduce the rate of calcium binding following a muscle contracting
• Acupuncture is a TCM technique stimulates specific acupuncture points to manipulate the flow of energy and provide restoration of joint mobility to the neck
Neck sprains are usually causes by activities that requires long periods of prolonged movement of the neck. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Opinion | State Voters With Minds of Their Own
Editorial Frustrated by a do-nothing Congress, voters took policy matters into their own hands on Tuesday by passing state ballot proposals to legalize marijuana, approve new transportation projects, raise state minimum wages and strengthen gun control laws. That these progressive measures won is an indication that voters are moving left on many issues, despite Donald Trump’s victory. Marijuana wins big. California, Massachusetts, Maine and Nevada voted to legalize recreational use of marijuana. Voters in Arkansas, Florida, North Dakota and Montana passed measures to make the drug available for medical use. With these new laws, more than 20 percent of the American population lives in a state or territory that has legalized the recreational use of marijuana. This should push President-elect Trump and the next Congress to remove the drug from the Controlled Substances Act and repeal federal criminal penalties for possessing small quantities of marijuana. This would give states that are moving ahead with legalization certainty that the federal government will not try to thwart their policies. Support for mass transit. Residents of Los Angeles, Seattle, the San Francisco Bay Area and elsewhere across the country voted to increase local taxes to expand and improve rail lines, bus service and roads and bridges. Los Angeles County’s Measure M, which will invest $120 billion over 40 years in a fast-growing transit system, won the support of nearly 70 percent of voters. In the Seattle area, Sound Transit will invest $54 billion over 25 years in expanding its system, and the Bay Area Rapid Transit system will put $3.5 billion into rebuilding its network. These were all big victories for commuters and should encourage Congress to appropriate more federal matching funds to infrastructure projects. Higher minimum wages in blue and red states. Arizona, Colorado, Maine and Washington voted to raise their state minimum wages to at least $12 an hour by 2020 and to automatically adjust them for inflation after that. Maine will also raise the subminimum tipped wage. The initiatives in Arizona and Washington also provided for minimum paid sick leave. And in South Dakota, a ballot proposition that would have established a lower state minimum for non-tipped workers under age 18 failed by a large margin. These measures, adding to the recent wave of state and local minimum wage increases around the country, show again that voters want to alleviate working-class poverty and that the $7.25 an hour federal minimum wage, which Congress last increased in 2009, is woefully inadequate. Stronger gun control. Voters in California approved Proposition 63, mandating background checks for ammunition purchases, banning large-capacity magazines that can hold more than 10 cartridges and requiring law enforcement to confiscate the weapons of newly convicted felons. In Washington, a majority backed a proposal to give judges the power to seize the weapons of people deemed a threat to public safety or their families. And Nevada residents approved a proposal to expand background checks for private gun sales with a few exceptions, like sales to immediate family members. However, a similar proposal in Maine was defeated. If Mr. Trump’s election was a reflection of voter anger with the Washington establishment, these initiatives are a clear signal that many Americans are clamoring for solutions that will make their lives better. OpinionThe Editorial Board OpinionGail Collins OpinionNicholas Kristof | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Jacob van Lennep
Jacob van Lennep (24 March 1802 – 25 August 1868) was a Dutch poet and novelist.
Early years
He was born in Amsterdam, where his father, David Jacob van Lennep (1774–1853), a scholar and poet, was professor of eloquence and the classical languages in the Atheneum. He spent his summers at Huis te Manpad, where his family had a summer home, and where his father convinced the Heemstede city council to place a monument to Witte van Haemstede. This colorful monument influenced him to later write a song about it. Lennep took the degree of doctor of laws at Leiden, and then settled as an advocate in Amsterdam.
Poetry
His first poetical efforts had been translations from Byron, of whom he was an ardent admirer, and in 1826 he published a collection of original Academische Idyllen [Academic Idylls], which had some success.
Historical fiction
He first attained genuine popularity by the Nederlandsche Legenden [The Legends of the Netherlands] (2 vols., 1828) which reproduced, after the manner of Sir Walter Scott, some of the more stirring incidents in the early history of his fatherland. His fame was further raised by his patriotic songs at the time of the Belgian revolution, and by his comedies Het Dorp aan de Grenzen [The Village at the Borders] (1830) and Het Dorp over de Grenzen [The Village Over the Borders] (1831), which also had reference to the political events of 1830. In 1832 he became member of the Royal Institute, which later became the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
In 1833 he broke new ground with the publication of De Pleegzoon [The Adopted Son], the first of a series of historical romances in prose, which acquired for him in the Netherlands a position somewhat analogous to that of Sir Walter Scott in Great Britain. The series included De Roos van Dekama [The Rose of Dekama] (2 vols., 1836), Onze Voorouders [Our Ancestors] (5 vols., 1838). De Lotgevallen van Ferdinand Huyck [The Adventures of Ferdinand Huyck] (2 vols, 1840), Elizabeth Musch (3 vols., 1850), and De Lotgevallen van Klaasje Zevenster [The Adventures of Klaasje Zevenster] (5 vols., 1865), several of which have been translated into German and French, and two — The Rose of Dekama (1847) and The Adopted Son (New York, 1847) into English.
His Dutch history for young people (De voornaamste geschiedenissen van Noord-Nederland, aan zijne kinderen verhaald [The Chief Events of the North Netherlands, narrated to His Children], 4 vols, 1845) is attractively written. Apart from the two comedies already mentioned, van Lennep was an indefatigable journalist and literary critic, the author of numerous dramatic pieces, and of an excellent edition of Vondel's works. For some years, van Lennep held a judicial appointment, and from 1853 to 1856 he was a member of the Second Chamber of the Dutch Parliament, in which he voted with the conservative party. He died at Oosterbeek near Arnhem in 1868.
There is a collective edition of his Poetische Werken [Poetic Works] (13 vols., 1859–1872), and also of his Romantische Werken [Romantic Works] (23 vols., 1855 r872). See also a bibliography by P. Knoll (1869); and Jan ten Brink, Geschiedenis der Noord-Nederlandsche Letteren in de XIX Eeuw [History of the Literature of the Northern Netherlands in the Nineteenth Century], No. iii. | WIKI |
Page:A cyclopedia of American medical biography vol. 2.djvu/516
TRIPLETT
458
TUCKER
department. After the battles of the Peninsula, he was appointed to duty in Michigan and soon brevetted colonel for meritorious service; shortly before his death he was promoted to brevet briga- dier-general, and was chief medical officer of the department of Ohio and lived with his family in Detroit. In 1849 he was president of the Michigan Medical Society.
He died in Cincinnati, Ohio, 1866, from epithelioma, leaving a wife and one daughter.
Papers:
"Gunshot Wounds of the Stomach." ("Peninsular Medical Journal," vol. iv.)
"Tripler and Blackman; Handbook for the Military Surgeon," 1861.
"Report on Rank of Medical Depart- ment of the Army." ("Transactions, American Medical Association," vol. xvi.)
" Remarks on the Irritative Fever of Drunkenness," 1827.
"Dehrium, its Nature and Treat- ment." (Reprint from "Western Lan- cet," Cincinnati, Ohio, 1857.)
" The Causes, Nature and Treatment of Scurv'y." (Reprint from "Cincinnati Lancet and Observer," 1858.)
" Manual of the Medical Officers of the Army of the United States," Part I; " Recruiting and Inspection of Recruits." (Cincinnati, Ohio, 1858.)
" The Duties of Physicians in Relation to Medical Delusions," 1859.
"An Epitome of Tripler's Manual for the Examination of Recruits. ' ' (Pre- pared by Maj. Charles R. Greenleaf), Washington, Government Printing Office, 1884. . L. C.
Trans. Amer. Med Ass., Phila., vol. xv-iii. Detroit Review of Medicine and Pharmacy, vol. i. Med. Dep. U. S. Anny, Wash., 1873.
Triplett, William Harrison (183&-1890).
William Harrison Triplett was born September 15, 1836, at Mt. Jackson, Virginia, and took his M. D ., 1859, from Jefferson. He was acting assistant sur- geon, U. S. A.
W. H. Triplett, surgeon, on the
paternal side was descended from an old Virginia family of English extraction, represented in the war of the Revolution by Col. Triplett, of Middleburg, Virginia, and on the maternal side was the grand- son of Dr. J. Irwin, a refugee from the Irish rebellion of 1788. After graduating in medicine Dr. Triplett settled first at Harrisonburg, Virginia, staying one year, then to Woodstock, Virginia, from which, February 3, 1873, he removed to Wash- ington. His specialty was surgery. He was a member of the Medical Society and Medical Association of the District. In the " Boston Medical and Surgical Journal," he discussed the "Improper Treatment of Wounds in the United States Hospitals," "Transposition of Thoracic and Abdominal Viscera, with Hydro-encephalocele, in an Infant Liv- ing Thirty Days," and "Glanders in the Human Subject;" while to the "Rich- mond and Louisville Medical Journal," he contributed papers on "Hodgkin's Disease," on "SyphiUtic Arteritis, with Occlusion of both Subclavian Arteries," and on "Three Forms of Bright's Dis- ease." He also wrote "The Laws and Mechanics of Circulation," 1885. He was professor of anatomy in the George- town Medical School, 1875. He married on June 1, 1867, Kathleen McKoy, and died at Woodstock, Virginia, on March 27, 1890. D. S. L.
Atkinson, Eminent Phys. and Surgs. of the
U. S.
Min. of Med. Soc, D. C, April, 1890.
Tucker, David H. (1815-1871).
Professor of theory and practice of medicine in the Medical College of Rich- mond.
David H. Tucker was the eldest son of St. George Tucker, professor of law at the University of Virginia, graduated in medicine from the University of Virginia in 1836, and in the following year from the University of Pennsylvania. The next two years he spent in Paris, perfect- ing himself in medicine. Returning to the United States he began to practise in Philadelphia. A few j'ears later he | WIKI |
Talk:The Shirts
Untitled
Added page. Much reliance was placed on the extensive story of the Shirts on the Studio Society's website; additional sources greatly appreciated. Larry Dunn (talk) 22:43, 8 January 2008 (UTC)
"Like many of the bands championed by Kristal, their sound was actually more pop and dance-oriented than the "art bands" that became famous in association with CBGB[1]." The reference cited says they were "entertainers" as opposed to the art bands. It doesn't say anything about pop or dance oriented or say that the art bands were the ones who became famous. Blondie was probably the most famous band to come out of CBGB. They were just as pop and probably more dance-oriented than The Shirts were. One could make a case that the same is true of The Ramones. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 15:25, 30 January 2011 (UTC)
When Did They Break Up?
Their third album was released in 1980. They didn't record again before breaking up two years later. But by 1981, they were "essentially broken up." What year did they actually break up? 2600:8800:219A:DA00:B101:92CD:A6FA:E47 (talk) 01:25, 30 October 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
User:BobJones/sandbox
''' Personal sandbox for testing
not to be confused with Bob_Jones
test Wiktionary
* Boreham, R.S. Jr. (2004). The Road Less Traveled: The History of Baldor 1976-2000, Fort Smith, AR: Baldor Electric Co. OCLC 64584246 | WIKI |
/* Richard A. DeVenezia * www.devenezia.com * 5/16/2004 */ ods listing ; %let pixels=600; %let pixels=143; goptions reset=all target=png device=png xpixels=&pixels ypixels=&pixels; goptions gsfname=gout; filename gout "%sysfunc(pathname(WORK))\bezier-curve.png"; filename gout "\\extreme\samples\bezier-curve.png"; data _null_; /* Adapted from http://www.codetoad.com/vb_bezier.asp * A cubic Bezier curve is defined by four points. * * (x0,y0) & (x3,y3) are endpoints and * (x1,y1) & (x2,y2) are control points. * * The following equations define the points * on the curve. Both are evaluated for an * arbitrary number of values of t between 0 and 1. * * X(t) = ax * t ^ 3 + bx * t ^ 2 + cx * t + x0 * * X1 = x0 + cx / 3 * X2 = X1 + (cx + bx) / 3 * x3 = x0 + cx + bx + ax * * Y(t) = ay * t ^ 3 + by * t ^ 2 + cy * t + y0 * * Y1 = y0 + cy / 3 * Y2 = Y1 + (cy + by) / 3 * y3 = y0 + cy + by + ay */ libname = 'WORK'; memname = 'BEZIER'; entname = 'CURVE'; rc = gset ('CATALOG', libname, memname); rc = ginit(); rc = graph('CLEAR', entname); f = 1; rc = gset ('WINDOW', 1, -f,-f, f,f); rc = gset ('TRANSNO', 1); rc = gset ('COLREP', 1, 'CXAAAAAA'); rc = gset ('COLREP', 2, 'BLACK'); rc = gset ('COLREP', 1, 'CXCCCCFF'); rc = gset ('COLREP', 2, 'CX0000FF'); r = .95 * f; rc = gset ('LINCOLOR', 2); * rc = gset ('LINWIDTH', 1); * rc = gset ('LINTYPE', 1); rc = gdraw('ARC', 0,0,r, 0,360); rc = gset ('LINCOLOR', 1); * rc = gset ('LINWIDTH', 1); * rc = gset ('LINTYPE', 1); rc = gset ('ASF', 'LINWIDTH', 'INDIVIDUAL'); nVerts=12; do i = 1 to nVerts; theta1 = 2 * constant('PI') * (i-1) / nVerts; theta2 = 2 * constant('PI') * (i ) / nVerts; x0 = r * cos(theta1) ; y0 = r * sin(theta1) ; x3 = r * cos(theta2) ; y3 = r * sin(theta2) ; * aff - arc flattening factor none=0..1=straight; do aff = 0 to 1-1e-6 by .25; link drawBez; end; end; rc = graph('UPDATE');*,'NOSHOW'); rc = gterm(); stop; drawBez: array x[0:3] x0-x3; array y[0:3] y0-y3; x1 = aff * (x0 + x3) / 2; y1 = aff * (y0 + y3) / 2; x2 = x1; y2 = y1; cx = 3 * (x(1) - x(0)); bx = 3 * (x(2) - x(1)) - cx; ax = x(3) - x(0) - cx - bx; cy = 3 * (y(1) - y(0)); by = 3 * (y(2) - y(1)) - cy; ay = y(3) - y(0) - cy - by; xtp = x(0); ytp = y(0); iterations = 20; do t = 0 to 1 by 1/iterations; xt = ax * t ** 3 + bx * t ** 2 + cx * t + x(0); yt = ay * t ** 3 + by * t ** 2 + cy * t + y(0); * rc = gdraw('LINE', 2, xtp,xtp, ytp,ytp); rc = gdraw('LINE', 2, xtp,xt , ytp,yt ); xtp = xt; ytp = yt; end; return; run; options noxwait; x "start %sysfunc(pathname(gout))"; | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
‘Jane the Virgin’ Season 2, Episode 20: Are Jane and Petra Friends?
Jane the Virgin As the second season of “Jane the Virgin” winds down, the momentum has slowed down as well. It’s perfectly understandable: Not only are these seasons long, but the series has also packed so many episodes to the brim that there is now some time to kill as we head toward Jane and Michael’s wedding. “Chapter 42” is a cute Mother’s Day episode that brings the Villanueva women to brunch with Petra and Anezka — only to then destroy Jane and Petra’s friendship. Obviously, Mother’s Day is important to Jane, Xo and Alma. They have a tradition of binge-watching a telenovela together while eating pints of ice cream. Jane is extra excited this year because it’s her first year as a mother and now she can officially be part of the Villanueva tradition. Unfortunately, she gets blindsided by Petra’s invitation to a fancy, four-course brunch and Jane, being Jane, can’t turn it down. Last week’s cliffhanger further complicates everything. Jane’s job is in jeopardy because of the classified ad that Anezka put in the paper. Even if Jane can prove that it wasn’t her, she’s still told that drama follows her and therefore she might not be welcome back next semester as a teaching assistant. The news pushes Jane to do some detective work to find the culprit and it isn’t long before she realizes who it is. Petra — protecting her sister because she’s angry at Jane for essentially calling Petra a bad mother — lies and tells Jane that Anezka denied everything. The friendship between Jane and Petra is constantly strained, so much so that it feels weird to even refer to them as friends. They occasionally get along but there is always some jealousy and resentment underneath their conversations. It’s not just because of Rafael (though that is certainly an issue, too) but also because Petra resents how motherhood comes naturally to Jane. Petra doesn’t even know her children’s nap times. She isn’t a bad mother, she’s just having a tough time adjusting to motherhood while also treating her postpartum depression. And, although Jane isn’t trying to be mean, she can come off as judgmental when talking about others’ parenting methods. Everything between Jane and Petra is complicated, and “Chapter 42” ramps it all up, culminating in Anezka having a stress-induced seizure and Jane basically washing her hands of Petra and her lies. As for everyone else, their story lines are slowly progressing but are mostly setting up whatever will go down in the final two episodes. Rafael’s being blackmailed by Derek (the big cliffhanger this week: Derek’s working with his mother) and Michael is finally excited about something again (his job as tech assistant on Rogelio’s show). Also, there is a fun little runner involving Rogelio (wearing glasses!) trying to seem smarter for a dinner party with Dina’s intellectual friends. It goes awry but it serves to push Rogelio and Dina closer and officially into a relationship. In a nice touch that I didn’t see coming, the story line doesn’t simply serve to increase tension with Rogelio and Xo’s on-again/off-again relationship but actually includes a poignant Jane moment. Jane realizes that her discomfort with being Rogelio’s wingman isn’t necessarily because of her loyalty to her mother. Instead, it’s because Jane had gotten caught up in a “Parent Trap” fantasy where she imagined that her estranged parents would get back together, get married and give Jane a typical family. With Dina in the picture, that’s not going to happen. Xo, meanwhile, deals with everything by sleeping with Rogelio’s nemesis. That’s certainly going to have damaging consequences for her. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Sorrell and Son - Deeping - 1926.djvu/283
places a little intimate sense of being nearer to each other thrilled in each body. Once, in a dark entry between two houses, they stood and kissed, a long kiss, clinging, Mary's hands upon Kit's shoulders. He felt and heard the sigh of the deep breath she drew at the end of that embrace.
"Dear boy."
"Mary."
They wandered, Kit's arm tucked under hers, and his hand holding her fingers. For whole minutes they did not speak. The houses seemed to grow higher, the streets narrower and more dark. They passed the flaring window of a shop at a corner, and Kit—like a man at sea—picked up the lights of that shop. He knew it. They were within a hundred yards of Orange Court.
"Dear boy,—why are you trembling?"
He was inarticulate. He felt her cheek pressing against his shoulder.
"I know. I'm like that too." | WIKI |
Talk:List of top 10 singles in 2023 (France)
Miley Cyrus 24 weeks
Miley has not spent 24 straight weeks at number one see here List of number-one hits of 2023 (France) DanTheMusicMan2 (talk) 20:24, 1 July 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Cesare Pavese
Cesare Pavese (, ; 9 September 1908 – 27 August 1950) was an Italian novelist, poet, short story writer, translator, literary critic, and essayist. He is often referred to as one of the most influential Italian writers of his time.
Early life and education
Cesare Pavese was born in Santo Stefano Belbo, in the province of Cuneo. It was the village where his father was born and where the family returned for the summer holidays each year. He started primary school in Santo Stefano Belbo, but the rest of his education was in schools in Turin.
He attended Liceo Classico Massimo d'Azeglio in Turin for his sixth form/senior high school studies. His most important teacher at the time was Augusto Monti, writer and educator, whose writing style attempted to be devoid of all rhetoric.
As a young man of letters, Pavese had a particular interest in English-language literature, graduating from the University of Turin with a thesis on the poetry of Walt Whitman. Among his mentors at the university was Leone Ginzburg, an expert on Russian literature and literary critic, husband of the writer Natalia Ginzburg and father of the future historian Carlo Ginzburg. In those years, Pavese translated both classic and recent American and British authors that were then new to the Italian public.
Arrest and conviction; the war in Italy
Pavese, an apolitical person in highly politicized times, moved in antifascist circles. In 1935 he was arrested and convicted for having letters from a political prisoner. After a few months in prison, he was sent into "confino", internal exile in Southern Italy, the commonly used sentence for those guilty of lesser political crimes. (Carlo Levi and Leone Ginzburg, also from Turin, were similarly sent into confino.) After a year spent in the Calabrian village of Brancaleone, Pavese returned to Turin, where he worked for the left-wing publisher Giulio Einaudi as editor and translator. Natalia Ginzburg also worked there.
Pavese was living in Rome when he was called up into the fascist army, but because of his asthma, he spent six months in a military hospital. When he returned to Turin, German troops occupied the streets and most of his friends had left to fight as partisans. Pavese fled to the hills around Serralunga di Crea, near Casale Monferrato. He took no part in the armed struggle taking place in that area. During his years in Turin, he was the mentor of the young writer and translator Fernanda Pivano, his former student at the Liceo D'Azeglio. Pavese gave her the American edition of Spoon River Anthology, which came out in Pivano's Italian translation in 1943.
After the war
After World War II Pavese joined the Italian Communist Party and worked on the party's newspaper, L'Unità. The bulk of his work was published during this time. Toward the end of his life, he would frequently visit Le Langhe, the area where he was born, where he found great solace. Depression, the failure of a brief love affair with the actress Constance Dowling, to whom his last novel and one of his last poems ("Death will come and she'll have your eyes" ) were dedicated, and political disillusionment led him to his suicide by an overdose of barbiturates in 1950. That year he had won the Strega Prize for La Bella Estate, comprising three novellas: 'La tenda', written in 1940, 'Il diavolo sulle colline' (1948) and 'Tra donne sole' (1949).
Leslie Fiedler wrote of Pavese's death "...for the Italians, his death has come to have a weight like that of Hart Crane for us, a meaning that penetrates back into his own work and functions as a symbol in the literature of an age." The circumstances of his suicide, which took place in a hotel room, mimic the last scene of Tra Donne Sole (Among Single Women), his penultimate book. His last book was 'La Luna e i Falò', published in Italy in 1950 and translated into English as The Moon and the Bonfires by Louise Sinclair in 1952.
He was an atheist.
Themes in Pavese's works
The typical protagonist in the works of Pavese is a loner, through choice or circumstances. Their relationships with men and women tend to be temporary and superficial. They may wish to have more solidarity with other people, but they often end up betraying their ideals and friends; for example, in The Prison, the political exile in a village in Southern Italy receives a note from another political confinato living nearby, who suggests a meeting. The protagonist rejects a show of solidarity and refuses to meet him. This short novel appeared in a collection entitled Before the Cock Crows referencing Peter's betrayal of Christ before his death.
The Langhe, the area where he spent his summer holidays as a boy, had a great hold on Pavese. It is a land of rolling hills covered in vineyards. It is an area where he felt at home, but he recognised the harsh and brutal lives that poor peasants had making a living from the land. Bitter struggles took place between Germans and partisans in this area. The land became part of Pavese's personal mythology.
In The Moon and the Bonfires, the protagonist tells a story of drinking beer in a bar in America. A man comes in whom he recognizes as being from the valleys of Le Langhe by his way of walking and his outlook. He speaks to him in dialect suggesting a bottle of their local wine would be better than the beer. After some years in America, the protagonist returns to his home village. He explores Le Langhe with a friend who had remained in the area. He finds out that so many of his contemporaries have died in sad circumstances, some as partisans shot by the Germans, while a notable local beauty had been executed by partisans as a fascist spy.
Books
* Lavorare stanca (Hard Labor), poems 1936; expanded edition 1943.
* See also:
* Paesi Tuoi (Your Villages), novel 1941.
* La Spiaggia (The Beach), novel 1941.
* Feria d'agosto (August Holiday) 1946.
* Il Compagno (The Comrade), novel 1947.
* Dialoghi con Leucò (Dialogues with Leucò), philosophical dialogues between classical Greek characters, 1947.
* Il diavolo sulle colline (The Devil in the Hills), novel 1948.
* Prima che il gallo canti (Before the Cock Crows), two novels. La casa in collina (The House on the Hill) and Il carcere (The Prison), 1948.
* La bella estate (The Beautiful Summer), three novellas including Tra donne sole (Women on Their Own), 1949.
* La luna e i falò (The Moon and the Bonfires), novel 1950.
* Verrà la morte e avrà i tuoi occhi (Death Will Come and Have your Eyes), poems, 1951.
* Il mestiere di vivere: Diario 1935–1950, The Business of Living: Diaries 1935–1950 (published in English as The Burning Brand), 1952
* Saggi Letterari, literary essays.
* Racconti, – two volumes of short stories.
* Lettere 1926–1950, – two volumes of letters.
* Disaffections: Complete Poems 1930–1950, translated by Geoffrey Brock. (Copper Canyon Press, 2002) | WIKI |
Eocronartium
Eocronartium muscicola is a species of fungus belonging to the order Platygloeales. It is currently the only species in the monotypic genus Eocronartium. In the UK its recommended English name is moss rust. The species forms clavarioid basidiocarps (fruit bodies) on mosses, on which it is parasitic.
At least 21 moss species, all in the subclass Bryidae, are recorded as hosts for Eocronartium muscicola. The fungus parasitizes its host through its gametophytic transfer cells. The species appears to be widespread, with most reports from Europe, North and South America. | WIKI |
Page:American Journal of Sociology Volume 2.djvu/502
488
THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF SOCIOLOGY
exercised for sanitary and health measures, so under the loosely constructed governments of western villages pauperism tends to flourish. This lack of positive preventive measures or checks in the loose government of a small town has its results in the
1-n;. 2. Habitation No. 2.
growth of immorality among the boys, if they are permitted to run at large. Thousands of children having the freedom of the street grow up in idleness and viciousness. This could be readily remedied, and in some cases is, by proper restrictions, in the place of reliance upon the safety of a small town.
The farm is always considered the ideal place to rear a family. Perhaps the ideal farm is the best place for a family to be reared, but here, as elsewhere, we find the good mingled with the evil. The farm life has its dangers as well as the city. The isolated life, bad economic conditions, and the morbid states that arise therefrom bring about insanity and immorality. The farm hands are, many of them, substantial boys from neighboring families. But many of them form a group of irregular workers | WIKI |
1974 All-Pro Team
The following is a list of players that were named to the Associated Press All-Pro Team, the Newspaper Enterprise Association All-Pro team and the Pro Football Writers Association, and Pro Football Weekly All-Pro teams in 1974. Both first- and second- teams are listed for the AP, NEA, and PFWA teams. These are the four All-Pro teams that are included in the Total Football II: The Official Encyclopedia of the National Football League and compose the Consensus All-pro team for 1974.
Key
AP = Associated Press All-Pro team; AP-2 Associated Press Second-team All-Pro; PFWA = Pro Football Writers Association All-Pro team; NEA = Newspaper Enterprise Association All-Pro team.; NEA-2 Newspaper Enterprise Association Second-team All-Pro; PFW = Pro Football Weekly All-Pro team; t = players tied in votes. | WIKI |
Banzai: Death Sortie of the Yamato
Banzai: Death Sortie of the Yamato is a 1991 video game published by General Quarters Software.
Gameplay
Banzai: Death Sortie of the Yamato is a game in which the Japanese battleship Yamato tries to reach Okinawa while successfully escaping detection from the Allied naval forces.
Reception
H. E. Dille reviewed the game for Computer Gaming World, and stated that "Since this particular designer has provided hours of enjoyment in the past, one can only hope his next effort does not require such a Sisyphus-like effort in terms of play balance."
The book The PC Games Bible describes the game system as "idiosyncratic" and that "it seems impossible to avoid anything other than the historical result", and concludes by saying that "GQS products are an acquired taste, and if this is to be your first nibble, another GQS title - for example the Midway titles might give more balanced game play. A title for the naval enthusiast."
Reviews
* Fire & Movement #76 | WIKI |
How To Unlock SAMSUNG Galaxy J2 by Unlock Code.
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You provide us with easy to find details of your phone e.g. the type, the IMEI number, country and the network that supplied the phone. This information is then used to provide an unlock code to unlock your phone. You simply follow the instructions we provide, and the phone will be unlocked – easy!
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Once you receive the codes, follow our detailed instructions and enter the codes into your phone by using the phone keypad. It is simple and straight forward and will immediately unlock your phone.
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It’s the small (roughly 2cm by 1 cm) microchip card that you insert into a phone when it’s first set up. It provides the identity of the phone for the mobile network. The SIM card is usually located behind the battery on the back of the phone.
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Your cards details are fully encrypted and processed over a secure server. We do not store your card details for maximum security. We also support PayPal, which has a Thawte certified 128bit SSL Security site.
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Yes, unlocking simply removes the network lock and SIM lock that are entered into the phones software when sold to you by the network.
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Removing the network restriction on your mobile phone with unlock codes is the safest form of unlocking available. You simply enter the necessary codes directly into your phone via the keypad to remove the network restriction
Supported variants :
• Unlock Samsung Galaxy J2 Pop (SM-J200)
• Unlock Samsung Galaxy J2 Pop (SM-J2008)
• Unlock Samsung Galaxy J2 Pop (SM-J200H)
• Unlock Samsung Galaxy J2 Pop (SM-J200F)
• Unlock Samsung Galaxy J2 Pop (SM-J200FN)
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UNLOCKLOCKS.COM | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
1950 Wollongong-Kembla state by-election
A by-election was held for the New South Wales Legislative Assembly electorate of Wollongong-Kembla on 11 February 1950 because of the resignation of Billy Davies to successfully contest the federal seat of Cunningham at the 1949 election.
Result
Billy Davies resigned to successfully contest the 1949 election for Cunningham.
Aftermath
Baden Powell did not serve for long, losing pre-selection for the 1950 state election and retiring from politics. | WIKI |
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