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Bombardier commits to aero program after CSeries, Toronto land sale
(Reuters) - Bombardier Inc (BBDb.TO) said on Thursday it will stick by its remaining commercial aerospace program after agreeing to sell its biggest land asset, as the Canadian plane and train maker strives to raise cash to pay down its debt. Investors reacted positively to the news, pushing up the stock as much as 3 percent to C$4.05 in early trade. The company, which has a long-term debt of $9.1 billion and considered bankruptcy in 2015, sold its Downsview site in northern Toronto to the Public Sector Pension Investment Board for $635 million. That facility is an assembly site for its Q400 turboprop passenger planes and is one of four final assembly sites it uses. Thursday’s sale, combined with an equity raise of C$638.4 million ($496.73 million) in March gives the company $1 billion in cash. “This (the Q400) is a product line we’ll keep pushing,” Chief Executive Alain Bellemare told analysts on a call, allaying concerns about the plane line’s future. The company has up to five years to find a new assembly site for the plane. He said the deal would allow the company to “monetize an underutilized asset and optimize our business aircraft operations.” The Q400, with a backlog of 50 planes, has about 25 percent of the global market in small commercial planes, second to European rival ATR, the world’s largest maker of turboprops. Bombardier also agreed to sell a controlling stake in its flagship CSeries jet to Airbus (AIR.PA) last year for a token C$1 after struggling for years to make the plane line commercially successful. Jerry Dias, president of the Unifor union which represents workers who assemble the Q400 and Global 7000 plane in Toronto, said on Thursday the deal means Bombardier will keep the two programs in Canada. “My biggest concern all along has been the Q-400 and the Global program,” he said by phone. “Those two issues have been resolved. We are keeping all of it.” Bombardier said it would assemble business jets at a leased facility at Toronto’s Pearson Airport, and would continue leasing space at the Toronto site for three years, with options to renew for two more. Bombardier’s first quarter results showed revenue increasing in three of Bombardier’s four businesses, led by a 21-percent rise in its rail unit. But the company’s loss-making commercial aircraft segment, which includes the CSeries, reported a 12-percent drop in revenue and Bombardier used $721 million of its available cash in the quarter - more than last year. Bombardier said it is on track to achieve free cash flow breakeven for the full year. “I assume they will be utilizing the proceeds (of the sale) to reduce debt at an accelerated timeframe,” William Blair analyst Nicholas Heymann said. In a staff memo on Wednesday, Bellemare said the company’s commercial aircraft president would stay on to lead its regional aircraft business once the deal with Airbus for the CSeries is completed. Bombardier announced 15 new CRJ900 regional jets order worth $719 million from American Airlines Group Inc (AAL.O). “Cash flow for this quarter wasn’t strong but if we hear that they are on track to break even and next year begin to reduce debt, I think the stock should do well. Clearly people are anxious to know what’s next for Bombardier,” Heymann said. ($1 = 1.2852 Canadian dollars) Reporting by Yashaswini Swamynathan in Bengaluru and Allison Lampert in Montreal, writing by Nivedita Bhattacharjee; editing by Patrick Graham and Nick Zieminski | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
No Thanks
Smart Lighting Improves a Home or Business
Efficient lighting has the power to transform your home, save time and money. Believe it or not, the new lighting technologies are set to make huge strides in the industry. As LED lighting and efficient technologies become more prevalent, homes, businesses and communities will spend less money to provide light. The new technologies are truly revolutionary and are making a big impact. The discussion below highlights some of the revolutionary technology that is reducing energy usage, improving efficiency, improving lifestyles and reducing environmental damage.
Smart Bulb
Over the last few years, there has been a sea change in the US as more and more homes, government buildings, offices, hotels, industrial facilities and retail centers install efficient LED bulbs. The most important benefit of an LED bulb is that it can last much longer than an incandescent bulb. LEDs can last between 25,000 and 50,000 hours while incandescent may only last 1,000 - 2,000 hours. Even if the prices of an LED bulb is 5x as much, the investment is quickly made up. In addition, the LED bulbs emit much less CO2 and are therefore much better for the environment. Generally, LEDs emit only 10% of the CO2 that incandescent do. LEDs also do not emit mercury which can be hazardous to health. As of 2011, the government began requiring new properties to install LED bulbs rather than incandescent ones.
However, smart bulb does not only refer to the efficiency and environmental friendliness of the item. It also refers to it's integration into a smart network. That means that it can automatically be turned on and off wirelessly, has movement sensors, can change colors and is integrated with the rest of the home or office.
Smart Wifi Bulb
A smart wifi bulb is an LED bulb that can be controlled by your phone, tablet or computer through wifi capability. The bulb can be turned on or off, it can change colors, increase or decrease in intensity or respond to other bulbs in the home. No matter where you are in the world. You will be able to check if your lights are on and turn them off remotely.
A smart bluetooth bulb is also possible. The Smart Bluetooth Bulb will only use shortwave technology so you will have to be in vicinity of the bulb to operate it. However, there are a much wider array of handheld devices that can utilize bluetooth. That means you will be able to sit on your couch or while standing on the other side of the room from the switch and still operate the bulb. You can change colors, dim the lights or turn them on off completely.
Smart Lighting
The concept of smart lighting highlights the ability to integrate the entire lighting system of the home or office. The lighting system works in concert so that if the doors are all locked and nobody is there, all of the lights will shut off. When occupants enter the property, motion centers will immediately detect it and turn on. Similarly, the lighting is integrated with the internet and has wifi capability so it can be operated anywhere in the world as long as there is internet access.
Lighting can automatically become more intense or dim depending on the type of day and the needs of the room. For example, a room surrounded by windows facing west will be have brighter lighting in the morning and dimmer lighting in the early evening. Similarly, the basement will always have brighter lighting. This rightsizing of lighting demands helps to reduce energy consumption.
Energy Efficiency
Using advanced bulbs and lighting, homes and businesses can increase efficiency substantially and dramatically reduce electric bills. In the homes of the future, all lighting and electronics will utilize smart technology. However, many offices and industrial facilities are already integrating these devices. Smart technology integrates everything including air conditioning, electronic locks, and a range of electrical appliances. Imagine that as soon as you leave the home, all of the lights are instantly turned off, the air conditioning or heating moderates and any non-critical appliances (such as the refrigerator or in-use washer/dryer) are turned off. The energy reduction is huge. In addition, lights in every room in the house will be equipped with motion sensors so that they turn off when nobody is in the room. Together, this vision of the smart home or smart office creates tremendous reductions in energy use with the same quality of life.
Overall, smart technology including bulbs and integrated lighting is changing rapidly. It is effecting our energy needs and reducing the overall demand while extending the life of our lights and appliances. The people, organizations, companies and governments that jump on this trend quickest will take the greatest advantage. The inevitable rise of smart technology in lighting will continue to grow more and more prevalent in society. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
function emgrtest(m) %%% summary: emgrtest (emgr sanity test via EOC) %%% project: emgr - Empirical Gramian Framework ( gramian.de ) %%% authors: Christian Himpe ( 0000-0003-2194-6754 ) %%% license: 2-Clause BSD (2015--2016) %$ if(exist('emgr')~=2) error('emgr not found! Get emgr at: http://gramian.de'); else global ODE; ODE = []; fprintf('emgr (version: %1.1f)\n',emgr('version')); end %% Setup M = 4; N = M*M; Q = M; h1 = 0.01; h2 = 0.001; T = 1.0; rand('seed',1009); A = rand(N,N); A = 0.5*(A+A'); A(1:N+1:end) = -N; B = rand(N,M); C = B'; f = @(x,u,p,t) A*x + B*u + p; g = @(x,u,p,t) C*x; F = @(x,u,p,t) A'*x + C'*u; P = zeros(N,1); R = [zeros(N,1),ones(N,1)]; if(nargin==0) m = ''; end switch(m) case 'oct', EMGR = @emgr_oct; case 'legacy', EMGR = @emgr_legacy; otherwise, EMGR = @emgr; end W = sylvester(A,A',-B*C); WC1 = EMGR(f,g,[M,N,Q],[h1,T],'c',P); WC2 = EMGR(f,g,[M,N,Q],[h2,T],'c',P); EOC_WC = log( norm(WC1-W,'fro')/norm(WC2-W,'fro') ) / log(h1/h2) WO1 = EMGR(f,g,[M,N,Q],[h1,T],'o',P); WO2 = EMGR(f,g,[M,N,Q],[h2,T],'o',P); EOC_WO = log( norm(WO1-W,'fro')/norm(WO2-W,'fro') ) / log(h1/h2) WX1 = EMGR(f,g,[M,N,Q],[h1,T],'x',P); WX2 = EMGR(f,g,[M,N,Q],[h2,T],'x',P); EOC_WX = log( norm(WX1-W,'fro')/norm(WX2-W,'fro') ) / log(h1/h2) WY1 = EMGR(f,F,[M,N,Q],[h1,T],'y',P); WY2 = EMGR(f,F,[M,N,Q],[h2,T],'y',P); EOC_WY = log( norm(WY1-W,'fro')/norm(WY2-W,'fro') ) / log(h1/h2) WS1 = EMGR(f,g,[M,N,Q],[h1,T],'s',R); WS2 = EMGR(f,g,[M,N,Q],[h2,T],'s',R); EOC_WS1 = log( norm(WS1{1}-W,'fro')/norm(WS2{1}-W,'fro') ) / log(h1/h2) WI1 = EMGR(f,g,[M,N,Q],[h1,T],'i',R); WI2 = EMGR(f,g,[M,N,Q],[h2,T],'i',R); EOC_WI1 = log( norm(WI1{1}-W,'fro')/norm(WI2{1}-W,'fro') ) / log(h1/h2) WJ1 = EMGR(f,g,[M,N,Q],[h1,T],'j',R); WJ2 = EMGR(f,g,[M,N,Q],[h2,T],'j',R); EOC_WJ1 = log( norm(WJ1{1}-W,'fro')/norm(WJ2{1}-W,'fro') ) / log(h1/h2) end | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Hughes Bay
Hughes Bay (-64.21667°N, -61.33333°W) is a bay lying between Cape Sterneck and Cape Murray along the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Location
Hughes Bay is on the Danco Coast of the Antarctic Peninsula, on the west side of Graham Land. It is west of the southern end of the Detroit Plateau and north of the Herbert Plateau. It faces Two Hummock Island to the northwest across the Gerlache Strait. Major glaciers flowing into the bay include Sikorsky Glacier, Cayley Glacier and Blériot Glacier. The Argentine Base Primavera is on a headland in the north part of the bay. Hughes Bay is 42 km wide and indents the Danco Coast by 20 km. It lies south of the Chavdar Peninsula and north of the Pefaur Peninsula.
Name
The name "Hughes Bay" has appeared on maps for over 100 years, and commemorates Edward Hughes, master of the Sprightly, a sealing vessel owned by the London whaling company Samuel Enderby & Sons, which explored in this area in 1824–25.
Exploration
The first recorded landing on the Antarctic mainland was made in the area of this bay by Captain John Davis (see Davis Coast) from the shallop Cecilia (see Cecilia Island), tender to his ship Huron (see Huron Glacier) on 7 February 1821. The bay was roughly charted by James Hoseason, First Mate in the British sealer Sprightly (see Sprightly Island) in December 1824 and was named Hughes' Bay after Captain Edward Hughes, the ship's master The bay was further charted by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (BeAE) during 23–25 January 1898. Air photography of the area by the Falkland Islands and Dependencies Aerial Survey Expedition (FIDASE) in 1956-57 led to important changes in topography and outline of the bay, as shown on maps and charts. Prior to this time many identifications of names in the area were no more than guesses.
Glaciers
Glaciers feeding the bay, from northeast to southwest, include: Tumba Ice Cap, Gregory Glacier, Breguet Glacier, Sikorsky Glacier, Trepetlika Glacier, Mouillard Glacier, Lilienthal Glacier, Cayley Glacier, Blériot Glacier, Zimzelen Glacier, Krapets Glacier and Agalina Glacier.
Blériot Glacier
-64.41667°N, -61.16667°W. A short, but wide, glacier lying east of Salvesen Cove. Photographed by the FIDASE in 1956-57, and mapped from these photos by the FIDS. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for Louis Blériot (1872-1936), French aviator who in 1907 flew the first full-size powered monoplane and made the first flight across the English Channel in July 1909.
Farman Nunatak
-64.41667°N, -61.11667°W. A nunatak, 655 m high, rising west of Mount Morton in Blériot Glacier, on the west coast of Graham Land. Photographed by the FIDASE in 1956-57, and mapped from these photos by the FIDS. Named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee (UK-APC) in 1960 for Henry Farman (1874-1958), pioneer Anglo-French aviator and aircraft designer, who carried the first airplane passenger in 1908.
Islands
Island in the bay, from northeast to southwest, include: Moreno Rock, Moss Islands, Midas Island, Apéndice Island, Sprightly Island, Alcock Island, Roget Rocks, Afuera Islands, Murray Island, Challenger Island.
Moss Islands
-64.15°N, -61.05°W. Group of small islands and rocks lying east of Midas Island and north of Apendice Island in Hughes Bay. First charted in detail and given the descriptive name "Moos Inseln|(Moss Islands) by the SwedAE under Nordenskjold in 1902.
Midas Island
-64.16667°N, -61.11667°W. Island lying northwest of Apéndice Island. First seen by the Belgian Antarctic Expedition (BelgAE) under Adrien de Gerlache in 1898 and described as an island with two summits "like the ears of an ass." The name, given by the UK-APC in 1960, derives from this description; Midas, King of Phrygia, was represented in Greek satyric drama with the ears of an ass.
Roget Rocks
-64.33333°N, -61.16667°W. A small group of rocks 4 nmi southwest of Spring Point in Hughes Bay, Graham Land. Surveyed by K.V. Blaiklock of FIDS from the Norsel in 1955. Named by UK-APC for Peter Mark Roget, a member of the committee which planned the expedition of the Chanticleer (1828–31) and author in 1852 of the Thesaurus of English Words and Phrases Classified and Arranged so as to Facilitate the Expression of Ideas and Assist in Literary Composition.
Afuera Islands
-64.33333°N, -61.6°W. Group of three small islands lying north of Challenger Island and just outside the south entrance point to Hughes Bay. First charted by the French Antarctic Expedition (FrAE), 1908–10, under Jean-Baptiste Charcot. The name, which appears on an Argentine government chart of 1957, is probably descriptive of the island's location; "Afuera" means outer or outside.
Coastal features
Coastal features, from northeast to southwest, include Cape Sterneck, Cierva Cove, Sladun Peninsula, Base Primavera, Relyovo Peninsula, Charles Point, Brialmont Cove, Spring Point, Brabazon Point, Salvesen Cove, and Valdivia Point.
Brabazon Point
-64.4°N, -61.26667°W. Point forming the east side of the entrance to Salvesen Cove. Charted by the BelgAE under Gerlache, 1897-99. Named by the UK-APC in 1960 for John Moore-Brabazon, 1st Baron Brabazon of Tara, pioneer British aviator. He was the first British subject to fly an airplane in the British Isles, in April 1909, and responsible for the Royal Flying Corps Photographic Section during World War I and for the development of aerial photography.
Salvesen Cove
-64.4°N, -61.33333°W. Cove forming the south extremity of Hughes Bay. The cove was partially outlined on the charts of the BelgAE under Gerlache, 1897-99. Probably named by whalers operating in this vicinity after Salvesen and Company, whalers of Leith, Scotland.
Valdivia Point
-64.35°N, -61.36667°W. Point forming the northwest side of the entrance to Salvesen Cove. Charted and named "Valdivia Insel," after the German ship Valdivia, by the Swedish Antarctic Expedition (SwedAE) under Otto Nordenskjöld, 1901-04. Air photos taken by the FIDASE in 1956-57 show the feature to be joined to the mainland: | WIKI |
SyntaxCard
The SyntaxCard setting defines the output card as a syntax card.
Configure an output card as a syntax card by using the card settings and selecting Yes for the SyntaxCard setting. The default value for the SyntaxCard setting is NO.
When you specify a card as a syntax card, the map passes any syntax items it created to the next card. A map uses a syntax card so that the delimiter structure defined for a variable syntax object persists as the data flows from one output card to the next output card in the map. The card that follows a syntax card inherits the delimiter structure that is set by a syntax card.
A syntax card works with other output cards in the following way:
1. Output card 1 is defined as a syntax card. The syntax card maps most elements to =NONE and maps only the syntax items. For example, an EDI X12 element delimiter value can be represented as ="*".
2. Output card 2 maps only the data. Output card 2 does not map the syntax items that are defined in output card 1. But the mapping process maps the data according to the output card 2 structure as if the syntax items have been set.
For example, when producing EDI such as X12 and EDIFACT documents, syntax elements define the syntax of the components in the EDI schema. The syntax can vary for each input. Without a syntax card, you must define the syntax elements in the envelope to use the syntax structure later on. When bursting, a map can produce many EDI transactions. Without a syntax card, the only way to initialize the syntax is to include an envelope in each burst. The service that reads the output from the map must strip the envelopes from the output.
When your map includes a syntax card, the syntax need not be initialized with each burst. Also, it is not necessary to strip the envelopes from the output.
There are additional requirements and considerations for using the SyntaxCard setting.
You might have a requirement to pass the syntax value on additional output cards that do not follow directly after the card that is configured as the syntax card. In this scenario, you must also set the SyntaxCard setting to Yes on all of the output cards in between the syntax card and the card that uses the syntax values defined on the syntax card. For example, output card 1 is the SyntaxCard. You need to use the syntax values on output card 3. Therefore, you must also set the SyntaxCard setting to Yes on output card 2.
On the syntax item in the schema where the Delimiter property value is Variable, you must set the FIND setting to NO. When the FIND setting is set to NO, the predefined or default value is mapped.
You must use the same schema for the output card defined as the syntax card and the output card that uses the syntax values defined on the syntax card.
Although you are not restricted from doing so, you should use only the output card that is defined as the syntax card to define the syntax items. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Amazon Stock Is a Buy if Not for the Coronavirus
From a longer-term perspective, itâÂÂs not hard to hold a bullish opinion on Amazon (NASDAQ:). One of the most iconic technology firms in the world, AMZN revolutionized the concept of e-commerce. In doing so, the company transformed society. Yet even with its myriad accomplishments, value matters. With Amazon stock screaming to all-time highs, it begs the question: is it worth the price of entry now?
Source: Jonathan Weiss / Shutterstock.com
On one hand, Amazon stock deserves every uptick in market value. The underlying company for its fourth quarter of 2019 earnings report. Prior to the disclosure, Wall Street forecasted earnings per share to come in at $4.03. Instead, AMZN delivered $6.47, putting in the rear-view mirror disappointing per-share profitability misses in Q2 and Q3 of this year.
For revenue, covering analysts anticipated a haul of $86.02 billion. Yet again, AMZN rang in another robustly positive surprise with $87.44 billion. In the year-ago quarter, Amazon generated top-line sales of $72.4 billion. Notably, the companyâÂÂs cloud division, Amazon Web Services, had $9.95 billion in revenue, up 34% from Q4 2018. Consensus called for $9.81 billion.
Unsurprisingly, then, Amazon stock skyrocketed off the results. Shares have continued to make gains from there, with one likely reason that AMZN shifted consumer behaviors and expectations. Today, the modern consumer has increasingly , not physical ones.
Still, our own Chris Markoch raises a good point that Amazon stock is a . In other words, you must be overwhelmingly certain that shares will continue moving higher. Otherwise, youâÂÂre buying an excellent company at too rich a premium.
I understand the hesitation. Still, Amazon stock today isnâÂÂt as crazy as you might think.
Amazon Stock Is Permanently Etched into the Economic Landscape
Before I get into my argument, let me caveat by saying this: IâÂÂm not recommending that investors go out and buy shares right now. For reasons IâÂÂll explain later, I think waiting is a better call. But from a broader picture perspective, AMZN hasnâÂÂt gone into looney-ville yet.
I say that because the concept of e-commerce is a proven economic phenomenon. As IâÂÂve cited many times, online transactions represent . This trend is almost guaranteed to move higher in the coming years.
Why? From young to old, consumers recognize the convenience of shopping from home. Moreover, Amazon has steadily made progress in cutting down shipping times, as well as . From every angle, the company is becoming more useful, bolstering the case for Amazon stock.
Additionally, AMZNâÂÂs competitors are scrambling for an answer. With faster and cheaper shipping times, physical retailers like Walmart (NYSE:) and Target (NYSE:) are becoming less relevant. After all, the most compelling draw for physical stores in a digitalized world was the convenience of immediacy. While brick-and-mortars still hold this advantage, the lead has narrowed due to AmazonâÂÂs ever-expanding delivery infrastructure.
Plus, as AMZN becomes more powerful, the organizationâÂÂs dominance becomes a self-fulfilling prophesy. Successful expansion leads to economies of scale which sparks more successful expansion.
ItâÂÂs unlike any other industry, say for instance electric vehicles. Although Tesla (NASDAQ:) utterly dominates the EV space, infrastructural limitations necessarily cap the automakerâÂÂs upside for the next several years. ThatâÂÂs not the case with Amazon, which is basically creating its own infrastructure.
Thus, the year-to-date surge of slightly over 15% in Amazon stock is quite reasonable given the underlying innovations and overall impact.
Coronavirus Epidemic Is Still a Concern
Though I like the longer-term outlook for AMZN, I believe prospective buyers can get a better deal with patience. I say this because of the coronavirus from China, which is a headwind that I donâÂÂt think weâÂÂre fully appreciating.
On the midweek session of Feb. 12, the Dow Jones surged 200 points to a record high due to the . At the time, China reported infection cases that represented a week-over-week slow down in the virusâ growth rate.
But during the afterhours session, headlines flashed that the Chinese government adjusted its diagnostic criteria. With this update came a new figure: just in Hubei Province alone, the epicenter of the outbreak.
At time of writing, the New York Times is reporting 48,206 infected, with 1,310 deaths. Genuinely, IâÂÂm not trying to stoke fear or panic. However, in my opinion, China has lost control of this crisis. And thatâÂÂs perhaps why the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has warned that the coronavirus could â in the U.S.âÂÂ
Therefore, the smart play is to avoid piling into hot names like Amazon stock right now. As I said, I donâÂÂt believe the Street fully appreciates whatâÂÂs going on here. When it does, that should be a better time to consider AMZN.
As of this writing, Josh Enomoto did not hold a position in any of the aforementioned securities.
The post appeared first on InvestorPlace.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
The Fitness Myth Series: Ab Exercises Give You Packs!
Our focus is to turn the light on these hard-held beliefs on fitness, training, and health and to shed away the misconceptions that, despite the wealth of knowledge in the wellness industry, still exist today.
By Mirvat Ammouri
Myth
Doing crunches, sit-ups, and planks will slim my waist and show my packs.
Truth
Muscles and fat are two different things in your body. One doesn’t turn to the other. Doing exercises like crunches or resistance training using weights strengthens the muscles making them look strong and toned.
For the muscles to show, however, you need to shed off the layers of fat under the skin that hide them away. And to do that, a good high-intensity cardio regimen must be a part of your overall workout routine.
Conclusion
Having washboard abs that your friends would envy is more than just abs exercises. In addition to a healthy nutritious diet, exercises focusing on fat burning are essential.
Recommendation
• Eat clean: Healthy fats, well-sourced proteins, and complex organic carbs.
• Have a well-rounded weight training/resistance training program targeting all muscles.
• 2-3 times per week of high-intensity cardio (30 minutes is enough). Get your heart really pumping and break a real sweat.
You Might Also Like | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
A heat recovery rate of the thermochemical waste-heat recuperation systems based on experimental prediction
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
8 Scopus citations
Abstract
The concept of the thermochemical waste-heat recuperation system by steam methane reforming is considered. The heat recovery rate of the recuperation system can be considered as the main criterion of its efficiency. The methodology of determination of the recovery rate of the thermochemical recuperation system is developed. The recovered heat in such systems is a sum of the recovered heat in a steam generator and a reformer. The experimental investigation was performed from 500 to 1000C and for various steam-to-methane ratio from 1 to 3. The total recovered heat and the recovered heat in the steam generator and the reformer are calculated. In the temperature range below 700C the total recovered heat increases significantly due to the sharp increase in the enthalpy of steam methane reforming reaction. In the temperature range above 700C, the increase in the total recovered heat is carried out mainly due to the preheating of the synthesis gas since the reaction enthalpy reaches maximum value. The heat recovery rate of the thermochemical recuperation system is determined. It is established that the maximum recovery rate is for 700C and H2O:CH4 = 2. At temperature of 700C, the thermochemical recuperation system is capable of recovering more than 85% heat of exhaust gases.
Original languageEnglish
Article number117395
JournalEnergy
Volume198
DOIs
StatePublished - 1 May 2020
Externally publishedYes
Keywords
• Experiment
• Methane
• Recovery rate
• Reforming
• Syngas
• Thermochemical recuperation
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'A heat recovery rate of the thermochemical waste-heat recuperation systems based on experimental prediction'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
UPDATE 1-Nigeria inflation to fall to single-digits in mid-2018 -CenBank
(adds more details, quotes, background) LONDON, Oct 27 (Reuters) - Nigeria’s Central Bank Governor Godwin Emefiele said on Friday he expected inflation rates to fall at a faster pace and hit high single-digit rates mid-next year. “We are very optimistic that food prices will come down, and as they come down it will help to complement the reduction in core inflation,” Emefiele told journalists on the sidelines of an investment conference at the London Stock Exchange, adding he expected a “more aggressive moderation.” “We are hoping that by the middle of next year we should begin to approach the high single digits,” he said. Around 9 percent would be a good target, he said. Annual inflation in Nigeria slowed for an eighth month in September, easing to 15.98 percent. Nigeria, which has Africa’s largest economy, emerged from its first recession in 25 years in the second quarter as oil revenues rose. But the slow pace of growth suggests the recovery remains fragile. However, the central bank held interest rates at 14 percent in September to keep liquidity tight, saying it felt that loosening would worsen inflation and drive bond yields negative which could lead to capital flight and hurt the currency. Emefiele said as the economy began to hit thresholds on inflation and other gauges, he expected the monetary policy committee would begin to look at interest rate cuts a bit more favourably and think about easing. “I would like to see low interest rates and I would like to see low inflation and I would he happy to see it as quickly as possible. When? I cannot categorically say.” Asked about the outlook for unifying the country’s multiple exchange rates, Emefiele said Nigeria needed to see more foreign investors coming and was analysing the situation on which further steps to take. In April, Nigeria introduced the Investors & Exporters FX Window”, which allows investors and traders to swap nairas for dollars at market-determined rates. “We are beginning to get it right, and all I want to do is to continue to enforce what we are doing, and we will not want to take any action that ...will upset any gains that we have seen so far.” The World Bank forecast Nigeria’s economy to grow by 1 percent in 2017 - 0.2 percentage points below its forecast in April. Reporting by Karin Strohecker and Claire Milhench,; Editing by
Richard Balmforth | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
DuckDuckGo instant answer plugins based on JavaScript APIs
JavaScript Perl
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lib/DDG
share/spice
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README.md
dist.ini
README.md
DuckDuckGO Spice Plugins
See DuckDuckHack for an overview of the DuckDuckGo plugin system.
This repository is for contributing spice plugins. Each spice plugin will generally involve at least one HTTP(S) request to a third-party JavaScript API, though in some cases could be completely stand-alone. These API calls will return JSON objects to callback functions that you will specify.
Spice plugins are in beta and both the interface and testing procedure will improve over time. However, you can work away without worrying about what any changes might do to your plugins -- we'll take care of all that.
Contributing
First off, thank you!
Process
1) Pick a spice project (or add one) and comment that you're working on it.
2) Develop your plugin using the Structure below in a fork.
3) Test your plugin via Testing procedure below.
4) Submit a pull request.
Feel free to ask questions!
Structure
Each spice plugin currently produces three files. The first file is described in the DuckDuckHack plugin tutorial and you should start there.
When finished you will have made your plugin triggers file within the lib/DDG/Spice directory.
The other two files should be placed in a project directory within share/spice.
Each directory has a structure like this:
# Main file, which gets called by the client at the appropriate time.
# This file defines the callback function and any helper functions you need
# to process data that gets returned from the JSONP APIs.
plugin/spice.js
# Nginx conf to call the relevant external API.
# To prevent search leakage (and for caching), we run
# all calls through nginx.
# Start with the xkcd conf and try modifying it appropriately.
# In a future iteration this will be produced automatically.
plugin/nginx.conf
Testing
In a future iteration we'll give you a Web server testing facility that you an query.
For now, however, you should be able to test your spice plugin in your browser locally. To do so make an HTML file with a script tag that calls the external JSONP api. Then put your callback function in the same file. The API will return the JSON object to your callback function.
spice.js flow
The overall flow is as follows:
1) An external API is called with a callback function.
2) That callback function is defined by you, and takes the JSON object from the external API and parses out the information needed for display.
3) Your callback function calls the nra function with the appropriate variables. That is the internal function we use to display the Zero-click Info box for spice plugins. You pass nra a object that takes the following parameters. We are in the process of cleaning up this interface to be way more intuitive :)
// Requried snippet (abstract). It can be pure HTML in which case it is set via innerHTML, but better is it is an object, in which case onclick and other event handlers won't be destroyed.
items[0]['a'] = snippet;
// Optional header. If there is a relevant (and relatively short) title, then set it here.
items[0]['h'] = title;
// Required source name and url.
// These are used to make the More at X link in all Zero-click Info boxes.
// 's' should be the main name.
items[0]['s'] = 'XKCD';
items[0]['u'] = url
// Optional force of a bigger box. Usually the box is auto-resized smaller with an expansion UI if needed. Generally you shouldn't force it to be bigger, but in the XKCD case you don't want the big image to be cutoff.
items[0]['f'] = 1
// Optional image. If there is a thumbnail image, we will display it on the right.
items[0]['i'] = image_url
*/
Notes
1) Look at existing plugins for some examples.
2) If you use internal variables you should put a var statement at the top of the function so they don't leak scope.
3) If you make html, e.g. by createElement, note d is a global shortcut for document, i.e. d.createElement. (In future versions of the interface we will be backing off from creating display elements directly.)
4) Any functions should exist in your namespace. For example, for twitter the namespace is tr, so the main callback would named nrtr and a helper function would be nrtr_helper_function.
5) The image is automatically right-floated by default. To avoid looking bad, use and
(if you need line breaks) instead of
. Also it is good to end with a so the More at X line is on the same line. See the twitter plugin for an example.
6) Don't use jQuery. We use YUI2 internally. To set styles you can do:
YAHOO.util.Dom.setStyle(obj,'margin-top','5px');
If the whole Zero-click Info is an image (like in the XKCD case) you can use this class on the img:
YAHOO.util.Dom.addClass(img,'img_zero_click_big'); | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Pokémon Ultimate Journeys: The Series
A Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion
The following Wikimedia Commons file used on this page or its Wikidata item has been nominated for speedy deletion: You can see the reason for deletion at the file description page linked above. —Community Tech bot (talk) 15:07, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
* Pokemon Ultimate Journeys Logo.png
Hm
If this one goes, would we even be able to get a logo at this stage?--CreecregofLife (talk) 16:12, 16 May 2022 (UTC)
The Geeked Week preview
A good half of the first episode of the season was aired during Netflix’s Geeked Week Day 3 preshow starting around the 44 minute mark. I’m feeling like because it was in such an official Netflix capacity to the US audience, some sort of acknowledgment would be completely within guidelines. At the very least the English title reveal, if it’s not being dismissed under the belief it’s a working title or something. Am I wrong here?--CreecregofLife (talk) 03:11, 19 June 2022 (UTC)
New Anime: "Pokémon the Series: Scarlet and Violet"
Producers wants a new anime about the game Pokémon: Scarlet and Violet versions. The new anime series will be produced and aired on November 18, 2022 in Japan alongside with the Nintendo Switch game. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 18:52, 2 November 2022 (UTC)
* Do you have a source for this? ― Blaze WolfTalkBlaze Wolf#6545 18:53, 2 November 2022 (UTC)
I now have a source for this. This comes from the official Pokemon website: https://www.pokemon.com/us/pokemon-news/a-new-pokemon-animated-series-is-coming-in-2023-and-beyond 🦁⋆Stary90♡🦌 (talk) 23:23, 16 December 2022 (UTC)
* That simply says there's a new series, no name. ― Blaze WolfTalkBlaze Wolf#6545 03:18, 17 December 2022 (UTC)
Merge proposal
Pokémon: Mezase Pokémon Master is apart of that season so what is the purpose of the arc having its own article? It might be called season 25B but there needs to be consensus on that. MarioFan123 said in their recent edit that this will be apart of that season, thus making this arc a separate article is just unnecessary. If you users still want the articles split from each other, you AGAIN need consensus on that. Until then, this merge is recommended. BaldiBasicsFan (talk) 03:35, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
* Merge Glad you picked it. Actually I was thinking the same. Yuugone (talk) 07:10, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
* Nice that your agreeing with me. It's really appreciated. BaldiBasicsFan (talk) 14:33, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
* Comment I have an idea. How about we wait until the first episode of the arc airs in Japan? If it's being billed or treated as anything different the existing Journeys episodes (different OP/title cards/etc), then I'd say to merge. If it feels like something separate from that, I say leave the page up. MushroomMan674 (talk) 20:31, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
* Even then it’s apart of the same season so why? This is gonna have some consensus discussed too. BaldiBasicsFan (talk) 22:51, 25 December 2022 (UTC)
character names
I dont know but for some reason halfway through the episodes they suddenly change character names to their japanese names, i think we need to change the japanese names back to the english names: ex: we need to change Satoshi to Ash HiGuys69420 (talk) 17:59, 26 February 2023 (UTC)
Page protection
Page is temporarily protected to halt the edit war. The protection is not an endorsement of the current version, this is simply the one in place at this point in time. Can interested editors please discuss the issue on the talkpage and reach an evidence-based consensus on whether the additional material is or is not to be included. Fair warning that continued edit warring will necessarily lead to blocks from editing.
Editors wishing to make unrelated contributions can post them here using the template. All the best. -- Euryalus (talk) 04:02, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
Edit request
Re-add hidden note below episode list heading telling editors not to add dub titles until they're listed on the official Pokemon website. Bulbapedia or other sites are not reliable sources, it must come from the horse's mouth, or no dice. TheCatLife (talk) 13:15, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
* I don't think this is necessary per WP:BEANS. BUt if others disagree they are free to add it. ― Blaze WolfTalkBlaze Wolf#6545 13:18, 8 May 2023 (UTC)
Pokémon Ultimate Journeys new episodes dates editing request
Please add the new dates of new episodes of Pokémon Ultimate Journeys. New episodes will premiere on Netflix from June 23, 2023. — Preceding unsigned comment added by Krish1604 (talk • contribs) 14:44, 10 May 2023 (UTC)
Dub titles
I have added Dub titles which isn't listed on Pokémon.com yet with a source, If any editor has any objection please discuss it here on talk page rather than reverting. Ajeeb Prani (talk) 14:24, 18 May 2023 (UTC)
* Not on Pokemon.com, not allowed. Wait until June 23, then add them, but only the ones on the website. TheCatLife (talk) 01:54, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
* But a reliable source is added. Ajeeb Prani (talk) 03:41, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
* I'd like to invite, , , , , , to this discussion. Any comment or opinion here? Ajeeb Prani (talk) 09:07, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
* Possibly WP:OR, Cat is correct by saying that it’s wrong to add titles from TV Passport that is likely a primary source. BaldiBasicsFan (talk) 10:42, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
* Is TV Passport considered reliable? DecafPotato (talk) 14:32, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
* Some other editor said yes Ajeeb Prani (talk) 14:46, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
* They are real. Even Bulbapedia and Pokémon Wiki use them. To check, go to Cartoon Network Canada to see the next episode title on Saturday at 12PM, as the dubs airs there before anywhere else. ValenciaThunderbolt (talk) 14:49, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
* Bulbapedia and Pokémon Wiki aren't considered as reliable source. Ajeeb Prani (talk) 15:38, 19 May 2023 (UTC)
* I honestly don't have an issue with the dub titles being added in my opinion. As long as Cartoon Network (which is our most reliable source behind Pokémon.com) has them listed on its website, then I don't see what the problem is. The dub titles have been accurate in the past, so why wouldn't they be now? Yowashi (talk) 03:44, 20 May 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:The Drones (Australian band)
Total Wank
This reads like a complete PR exercise, with name dropping for no apparent reason other to tie the band to other pop and better known bands and musicians. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 06:50, 25 February 2009 (UTC)
i definitely agree with this. will endeavour to rewrite it or at least riddle it with "citation needed"s in the coming days --Lotsofmagnets (talk) 00:13, 10 November 2010 (UTC)
" The Birthday Party kicking the shit out of Neil Young in Hendrix' garage." [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] turns out 2 (two) of the 7 references actually contain this line and one states it´s from their own press kit. the other is exactly where this article has been lifted from word for word. definitely needs a complete rewrite by someone who is neutral.--Lotsofmagnets (talk) 00:29, 10 November 2010 (UTC)
Fair use rationale for Image:Drones ep.jpg
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Style/Infuences section
I feel this page deserves a section describing the stylistic and musical influences of this band. I have tried creating a section like this before twice, but they were both deleted with one user asking me to discuss this in a talk page. So...does this band need such a section? If so, can we decide by consensus which artists to include under it?? — Preceding unsigned comment added by Gablinanish (talk • contribs) 14:15, 17 March 2019 (UTC)
Is the break over?
Now I don't really know this band, I came across them on spotify and wanted to find out more. Though what confuses me is that there are on break, when they released a new album (or new on spotify at least) this year. It is not in the discographi here. Anyone know more? The albums name is "Our Hell is right here"
* This is the Australian band, the one you are referring to is I believe a band with the same name but from the UK. Dan arndt (talk) 03:44, 12 June 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:The works of the Rev. John Wesley, M.A., late fellow of Lincoln-College, Oxford (IA worksofrevjohnwe3wesl).pdf/190
7. Even Christians therefore are not so perfect, as to be free either from ignorance or error. We may, thirdly, add: nor from infirmities. Only let us take care to understand this word aright. Only let us not give that soft title to known sins, as the manner of some is. So, one man tell us, "Every man has his infirmity, and mine is drunkenness:" another has the infirmity of uncleanness; another that of taking God's holy name in vain. And yet another has the infirmity of calling his brother, Thou fool, or returning railing for railing. It is plain, that all you who thus speak, if ye repent not, shall with your infirmities, go quick into hell. But I mean hereby, not only those which are properly termed boldly infirmities, but all those inward or outward imperfections, which are not of a moral nature. Such are weakness or slowness of understanding, dullness or confusedness of apprehension, incoherency of thought, irregular quickness or heaviness of imagination. Such (to mention no more of this kind) is the want of a ready or retentive memory. Such in another kind are, those which are commonly in some measure consequent upon these: namely, slowness of speech, impropriety of language, ungracefulness of pronunciation: to which one might add a thousand nameless defects, either in conversation or behaviour. These are the infirmities which are found in the best of men, in a | WIKI |
So this looks mostly problem free on my boxen, except this warning triggers: Adding 3911820k swap on /dev/sda2. Priority:-1 extents:1 across:3911820k capability: warning: `dbus-daemon' uses 32-bit capabilities (legacy support in use) ------------[ cut here ]------------ WARNING: CPU: 1 PID: 2445 at arch/x86/entry/common.c:311 syscall_return_slowpath+0x4c/0x270() syscall 6 left IRQs disabled Modules linked in: CPU: 1 PID: 2445 Comm: distccd Not tainted 4.2.0-rc1-01597-gaecd781-dirty #18 0000000000000000 00000000776afac2 ffff880035413e58 ffffffff81c8915f 0000000000000000 ffff880035413eb0 ffff880035413e98 ffffffff810a8d82 ffff880035413e78 ffff880035413f58 0000000020020002 ffff880035410000 Call Trace: [] dump_stack+0x4f/0x7b [] warn_slowpath_common+0xa2/0xc0 [] warn_slowpath_fmt+0x55/0x70 [] syscall_return_slowpath+0x4c/0x270 [] int_ret_from_sys_call+0x25/0x9f ---[ end trace 083efc734e089d37 ]--- device: 'vcs2': device_add PM: Adding info for No Bus:vcs2 device: 'vcsa2': device_add with ancient user-space, running the attached .config. The system booted up fine otherwise. The warning corresponds to: if (WARN(irqs_disabled(), "syscall %ld left IRQs disabled", regs->orig_ax)) local_irq_enable(); and this was just the regular startup of the distccd daemon during bootup, nothing particularly fancy. Note that 'distccd' is a 32-bit ELF binary - and this is a 64-bit kernel. Syscall 6 would be: arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_32.tbl:6 i386 close sys_close Thanks, Ingo | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
[JAVA] I want to pass the argument of Annotation and the argument of the calling method to aspect
Introduction
This is a story about AOP of Java Spring Framework.
Use of @Aspect
For example, there are 100 classes that want to use a certain Service class, and it can be realized by adding @Autowired each time and DI, but it is not very smart. Therefore, define the process you want to perform in various places (class with @ Aspect annotation), and add annotation to the method of the class you want to use it to improve the visibility of the source code. That is the purpose.
Confirmation of terms
1. ʻAspect` The module itself that shows cross-cutting interests.
2. Join Point A point that executes a cross-cutting concern (at the time of method execution or exception throw).
3. ʻAdviceThe code that runs at a particular JoinPoint, the implementation of cross-cutting concerns.@Around` is highly versatile, but if you want to limit the timing such as processing that you want to perform only when the processing of the target method is successful, you should use Advice that suits your purpose.
@Before Processed before processing the target method
@AfterReturning Processed when the target method is successfully processed
@AfterThrowing Processed when an exception is thrown in the processing of the target method
@After: Processed when the process is completed regardless of the success or failure of the process of the target method
@Around Executed before and after processing the target method
1. pointcut An expression that selects the JoinPoint to be executed. You can narrow down the execution timing in detail by specifying the conditions. I will not touch it this time. The following will be helpful. https://qiita.com/rubytomato@github/items/de1019aeaaab51c8784d
Concrete example
Controller using Aspect
MyController.java
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/hogehoge")
public class MyController {
@GetMapping
@MyAnnotation(hoge = "test", piyo = false)
public String doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) {
//~ Processing ~
return "hogehoge";
}
}
Definition of Annotation
This area was helpful. https://itsakura.com/java-annotation-make Primitive type, String, Class, enumeration type, annotation, and only one-dimensional array of them can be specified as arguments. https://www.ne.jp/asahi/hishidama/home/tech/java/annotation.html
MyAnnotation.java
//Annotation scope.
@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
//Target to which you want to give Annotation.
@Target(ElementType.METHOD)
public @interface MyAnnotation {
/**String*/
String hoge();
/** boolean */
boolean piyo();
}
Aspect that receives the definition of Annotation as an argument
MyAspect.java
@Aspect
@Component
public class MyAspect {
@AfterReturning("@annotation(myAnnotation)")
public void after(JoinPoint jp, MyAnnotation myAnnotation) throws Throwable {
//Try to receive the caller's arguments
//Here, you can get the caller's HttpServletRequest req and HttpServletResponse res.
Object[] o = jp.getArgs();
//Can accept Annotation arguments
String hoge = myAnnotation.hoge();
System.out.println(hoge); // test
boolean piyo = myAnnotation.piyo();
System.out.println(piyo); // false
}
}
Summary
--Can receive the argument of the calling method, but cannot process the variable name as the key because it is the "value" of the argument
If you want to get the arguments of the calling method
protected HttpServletRequest getRequest() {
return ((ServletRequestAttributes) RequestContextHolder.currentRequestAttributes())
.getRequest()
.getParameter("hoge");
}
--Variables cannot be passed as arguments of Annotation (arguments) Primitive type, String, Class, enumeration type, annotation, and only one-dimensional array of them can be specified. ) --The writing method is slightly different depending on whether the Annotation argument is used or not. --When using, follow the sample code above --When not used @AfterReturning ("@ annotation (jp.ne.example.MyAnnotation)") (describe the full path of the annotation class)
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Since the argument of link_to is nil (null) and an unexpected link was generated, I tried to verify it | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
What is in a Windows VPS?
TM-NS
New Member
Hi:
I am considering opening a Windows VPS. My requirements are that
1) I have access to remote desktop
2) I have access to IIS (of course to Windows Server)
3) I have access to Perl
The questions are:
1) is your windows VPS preconfigured with the above.
2) if not, what is missing and how I can go about installing it?
3) how do I go about uploading my data to the site? ( I am currently using a VPS that has about 25 Gb of data)
4) can the same ip be used for several URLs (I am currently doing 2 for the same ip) and if there is a cost what is it?
Thanks for your help.
Quags
Administrator
Staff member
Remote desktop and VNC is included.
IIS is possible but not preinstalled, it can be installed in the server manager.
Perl is not installed, this is something that could be installed manually (check the perl website). I don't think it is available in the server manager.
You can upload data through remote desktop that is on your PC, otherwise I'd recommend downloading an FTP or SCP program in remote desktop and downloading the data (assuming the remote side has ftp or ssh)
As far as I am aware IIS does name based hosting (sharing ips) with out issues. VPS comes with 1 static IP.
Top | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Quick Answer: What Is SSWS Token?
What does access token mean?
An access token is an object that describes the security context of a process or thread.
The information in a token includes the identity and privileges of the user account associated with the process or thread.
If the password is authenticated, the system produces an access token..
What is token generation?
Token generation is decoupled from token verification allowing you the option to handle the signing of tokens on a separate server or even through a different company such us Auth0.
How do I find my access token?
The high-level overview of validating an access token looks like this:Retrieve and parse your Okta JSON Web Keys (JWK), which should be checked periodically and cached by your application.Decode the access token, which is in JSON Web Token format.Verify the signature used to sign the access token.More items…•
How do I login token?
How to Login to a User Accounts Using Login TokensIn the Email section of the Control Panel, navigate to the user for whom you want to create a token. … Click the user name.From the Actions drop-down list, choose Generate Token.From the Type drop-down list, choose a session type: … In the Token field, enter the token that you want to use.More items…•
How does access token work?
Access tokens are used in token-based authentication to allow an application to access an API. The application receives an access token after a user successfully authenticates and authorizes access, then passes the access token as a credential when it calls the target API.
How do I create a bearer token?
ProcedureOpen a new tab in the Postman app.For the HTTP method, select POST.Click the Authorization tab and select OAuth 2.0 as the type.Click Get New Access Token.For Token Name, enter a name, such as Workspace ONE .For Grant Type, select Client Credentials.More items…•
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How token based authentication works in REST API?
How token-based authentication works in Rest ApiThe client sends their credentials (username and password) to the server.The server authenticates the credentials and generates a token.The server stores the previously generated token in some storage along with the user identifier and an expiration date.The server sends the generated token to the client.More items…•
How can I get oauth2 token?
To get a token for a Server Application client, make a POST request to the Panopto Oauth2 token endpoint. The post request should be sent with a content type of x-www-form-urlencoded, and include the following parameters: grant_type: The method you are using to get a token.
How do I get my OKTO access token?
To request an access token using the Client Credentials grant flow, your app makes a request to your Okta Org Authorization Server’s /token endpoint. Include the following parameters: scope — Include the scopes that allow you to perform the actions on the endpoint that you want to access.
How long should access tokens last?
The access tokens may last anywhere from the current application session to a couple weeks. When the access token expires, the application will be forced to make the user sign in again, so that you as the service know the user is continually involved in re-authorizing the application.
What does bearer token mean?
Bearer Tokens are the predominant type of access token used with OAuth 2.0. A Bearer Token is an opaque string, not intended to have any meaning to clients using it. Some servers will issue tokens that are a short string of hexadecimal characters, while others may use structured tokens such as JSON Web Tokens.
What is the difference between access token and ID token?
ID Tokens vs Access Tokens The ID Token is a security token granted by the OpenID Provider that contains information about an End-User. … Access tokens, on the other hand, are not intended to carry information about the user. They simply allow access to certain defined server resources.
What is token in REST API?
Users of the REST API can authenticate by providing a user ID and password to the REST API login resource with the HTTP POST method. An LTPA token is generated that enables the user to authenticate future requests.
What is a token code?
The token code is a pseudo-random 6- or 8-digit number (PRN), based on the current time, that is displayed on the RSA SecurID token device. It is presumed that only an authorized user possesses the token device. … The token device generates a new token code at regular intervals, typically every 60 seconds.
Where do I find my Facebook access token?
3 AnswersGo to the Graph API Explorer.Choose your app from the dropdown menu.Click “Get Access Token”Choose the manage_pages permission (you may need the user_events permission too, not sure)Now access the me/accounts connection and copy your page’s access_token.Click on your page’s id.More items…•
How does soft token work?
Soft tokens are software programs, typically downloadable mobile authenticator applications, such as RapidIdentity Mobile or Google Authenticator, that effectively turn a user’s device into an OTP generator. The setup process entails the server generating a secret key.
What is token URL?
URL tokens are a way to give users access permission for various Web resources. When you log into a Web site with a user ID and password, that information gives you access to the site. … The first site sends a request for an authentication token to the second site’s Web server.
What is API secret key?
The API Key and API Key Secret are essentially software-level credentials that allow a program to access your account without the need for providing your actual username and password to the software. … | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Loïc Duval
Loïc Jean-Claude Duval (born 12 June 1982) is a French professional racing driver racing for Peugeot Sport in the FIA World Endurance Championship. Duval is a former FIA WEC champion and a winner of the 24 Hours of Le Mans endurance race, winning the 2013 edition alongside Allan McNish and Tom Kristensen driving the Audi R18 for Audi Sport. He is also a former Formula Nippon champion, winning the title in 2009.
So far, Duval has won 42 races in the different categories he raced.
Career
Born in Chartres, Duval began his career in karting. In 2002 was the Formula Campus France champion. In 2003 he was the Formula Renault 2000 France champion. In 2004 he placed eleventh with two podiums in the Formula 3 Euro Series and tested for Renault F1. The next year he finished sixth in F3 Euro Series and won a pole at the Macau Grand Prix. He then moved to Japan where he began racing in Formula Nippon and Super GT. In 2007 he continued in Formula Nippon and made two starts for A1 Team France in the A1 Grand Prix series in Australia and New Zealand. He won the 2009 Formula Nippon Championship with four wins driving for Nakajima Racing after finishing second in 2008.
On 11 June 2014, the Le Mans Audi No. 1 driven by Duval was severely damaged, casting doubt whether it could be repaired for the race, or if Audi could build a new car in time, which would start from the back of the field. Duval was in reasonable condition, considering the magnitude of the accident.
Formula E (2015–2017)
Duval made his Formula E debut at the 2015 Miami ePrix in March 2015, having missed the first four races of the inaugural 2014-15 Formula E season. He replaced Oriol Servià and partnered Jérôme d'Ambrosio at Dragon Racing, an American and former Indy team. Despite a slow start to his career, Duval achieved his first podium finish of the season with 3rd place at the 2015 Berlin ePrix with teammate d'Ambrosio winning the race resulting in Dragon Racing first double podium finish. Duval made second appearance to the podium at round two of the London ePrix in the season finale. Duval finished the season in 9th position with 42 points having raced in seven of the eleven championship rounds. Duval's contributions helped Dragon Racing finish 2nd in the Championship having spent the majority of the season outside the top five.
2015-16
Duval started the 2015–16 season off strongly having out qualified teammate d'Ambrosio in the opening two rounds. Duval finished fourth in Beijing, the first time he has outraced teammate d'Ambrosio. During the following round in Putrajaya, Duval crashed while fighting for a podium in the closing stages of the race. In Punta del Este, Duval qualified second on the front row alongside d'Ambrosio resulting in Dragon Racing's first front row lockout. He finished fourth, two tenths of a second behind his teammate in third.
Career summary
† Ineligible for championship points. ‡ Team standings.
* Season still in progress.
Complete Formula 3 Euro Series results
(key) † Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed over 90% of the race distance.
Complete Formula Nippon/Super Formula results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete A1 Grand Prix results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)
Complete FIA World Endurance Championship results
* Season still in progress.
Complete Formula E results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position; races in italics indicate fastest lap) † Driver did not finish the race, but was classified as he completed more than 90% of the race distance.
Complete Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters results
(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap) † Driver did not finish, but was classified as he completed 75% of the race distance.
Complete European Le Mans Series results
† As Duval was a guest driver, he was ineligible to score points. | WIKI |
Page:Chandrashekhar (1905).djvu/184
174 horses trampling to death the hapless wounded who chanced to fall under the hoofs. In this crowd also, Ramananda Swami looked for Protap, but with equal success. He also saw many of the infantry bathed in blood and with empty hands running away in precipitate flight. Among these again, he looked for Protap, but with no better success.
Tired with the search Ramananda. Swami sat down at the foot of a tree; a sepoy ran past him. Accosting the latter he said, “I see everyone of you running away, who has done the fighting then?”
“No one,” answered the sepoy, “Only a Hindu has fought very bravely.”
“Where is he?” inquired the Swami. “You will find him near the trenches,” said the sepoy as he fled.
Ramananda Swami went in the direction suggested. He saw no fighting there; the dead bodies of a few Englishmen and Hindus were lying together in a heap. The Swami began to search for Protap among these. From some one among the fallen Hindus a deep groan was heard Ramananda Swami pulled him out and found he was Protap-—Protap wounded, dying, but not dead.
He fetched some water and sprinkled his face. Protap recognised him and tried to lift his arm in salutation but failed.
“I bless you even without the salutation and wish you a speedy cure,” said the Swami.
“Cure!” groaned Protap. “That is not very far off. Will you kindly put the dust of your feet on my head?
“We all dissuaded you,” said Ramananda Swami. “Why did you come to this impossible battle? Did Shaibalini put you up to it?”
“You should not say so,” remonstrated Protap. | WIKI |
States with the most projected job loss from coronavirus
As businesses close and lay off workers in response to the the novel coronavirus outbreak, economists predict many Americans could lose their jobs by this summer.The Economic Policy Institute used employment data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics and forecasting data from Goldman Sachs and Deutsche Bank to estimate the number of job loss in every state by summer 2020.Nevada is projected to have the highest share of job loss in the private sector by this summer, owing to its large dependence on the tourism and hospitality industries.Visit Business Insider's homepage for more stories.
A recession seems to be on the horizon as more and more businesses have to lay off workers and close their doors temporarily due to the novel coronavirus outbreak. Goldman Sachs predicted a record number of 2.25 million claims for unemployment next week. Some US states could be prone to being hit harder by the economic chaos than others.The Economic Policy Institute recently shared their analysis of predicted job losses in every state by this summer. They used state employment data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and forecasts from two Wall Street banks. EPI reported that Goldman Sachs forecasts 3 million jobs lost by June, and Deutsche Bank projects 7.5 million jobs lost by this summer. EPI used the midpoint of the two investment bank projections, 5.25 million, to forecast the number and share of job losses in the private sector in each state. Their analysis also factored in the share of employment in each state in the leisure, retail, and hospitality industries, as they predict these sectors will be hit the hardest in the upcoming months.While some states are projected to fare better than others, EPI estimates that every state and Washington, DC will see at least some job loss as a result of the epidemic and the drastic responses to contain the new virus.
Nevada has the largest projected job loss at a 5.3% decline in private sector employment. The Economic Policy Institute wrote in their post that Nevada's losses might be so high because it has one of the highest shares of workers in the leisure, retail, and hospitality industries. Two out of every five jobs in the state are in one of these industries, according to their analysis. The following are the 25 states that are projected to have the highest share of job losses in the US by this summer, based on EPI's estimates factoring in each state's share of national total private employment and the share of jobs in the leisure, hospitality, and retail sectors in the state. We also included the estimated number of job losses and the share of employment in the leisure, retail, and hospitality industries.
25. Tennessee is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.12%, with an estimate of 110,670 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 25.5%
24. Washington is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.13%, with an estimate of 119,145 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 25.6%
23. Oregon is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.15%, with an estimate of 68,104 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 25.8%
22. Oklahoma is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.16%, with an estimate of 56,213 job lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 26.0%
20 (tie). Arizona is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.17%, with an estimate of 104,914 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 26.1%
20 (tie). Alabama is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.17%, with an estimate of 70,159 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 26.1%
19. Delaware is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.19%, with an estimate of 16,727 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 26.4%
17 (tie). North Carolina is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.20%, with an estimate of 161,363 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 26.5%
17 (tie). Colorado is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.20%, with an estimate of 97,912 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 26.5%
16. Idaho is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.24%, with an estimate of 26,819 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 27.0%
14 (tie). South Dakota is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.27%, with an estimate of 15,402 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 27.3%
14 (tie). West Virginia is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.27%, with an estimate of 24,255 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 27.3%
13. Louisiana is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.31%, with an estimate of 71,452 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 27.8%
11 (tie). Maine is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.33%, with an estimate of 23,114 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 28.0%
11 (tie). New Hampshire is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.33%, with an estimate of 25,726 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 28.1%
10. New Mexico is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.34%, with an estimate of 29,016 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 28.2%
9. Vermont is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.37%, with an estimate of 11,334 job lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 28.5%
7 (tie). Alaska is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.39%, with an estimate of 10,946 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 28.7%
7 (tie). South Carolina is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.39%, with an estimate of 79,802 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 28.8%
6. Wyoming is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.46%, with an estimate of 9,850 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 29.7%
5. Mississippi is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.47%, with an estimate of 40,929 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 29.7%
4. Florida is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.51%, with an estimate of 352,753 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 30.2%
3. Montana is projected to have private sector employment decline by 4.64%, with an estimate of 18,230 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 31.8%
2. Hawaii is projected to have private sector employment decline by 5.09%, with an estimate of 26,926 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 37.3%
1. Nevada is projected to have private sector employment decline by 5.32%, with an estimate of 66,656 jobs lost.
Share of state employment in the leisure, hospitality, and retail industries: 40.2%
window._taboola = window._taboola || [];
window._taboola = window._taboola || []; | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Talk:Browser wars/Archive 1
Chart
Guys, the chart is completely miseading and bad. The percentage on the left only applies to IE/Win, otherwise it would look like Netscape still has a 90%+ share in the early 21st century. It tries to be both a pie chart showing area constrained into a rectangle, as well as a regular chart, and it does neither very well.
Can someone come up with a non-hybrid version that sucks less and is more legible? I'll do it myself if someone posts a link to the initial data that led to the chart. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk • contribs)
* It's a stacked graph. I've always thought it was obvious. Does it really need to be clarified? -- Schapel 15:31, 3 March 2006 (UTC)
* I agree with Schapel and personally believe the chart format is excellent; it well visualizes the impact of major events during the "War." <IP_ADDRESS> 18:54, 17 March 2006 (UTC)
* I too agree that the chart is good. But I also agree that it is missleading since it is so much out of date. Some statistics show that IE is down to some 53%, having lost their market mainly to mozilla based browsers, such as firefox, mozilla and Safari(?). The chart needs an update. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:17, 23 March 2008 (UTC)
Mobile Devices
Under "Other browser competition", someone who has a good grasp of the mobile devices browser market should flesh out that section. -- Limulus 13:00, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
* Right now it reads like an Opera advertisement. Mathiastck 20:59, 16 April 2007 (UTC)
"Safari, Apple's browser based on WebKit/KHTML, available on iPhone and iPod Touch is also a serious competitor."
SERIOUSLY???? I am not aware of safari being used on any other device than the ones mentioned. The devices dont support any other browser. There is no competition by or for safari in the mobile devices section. The part "is also a serious competitor." seems misleading to me. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:28, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
YES Seriously, it is the most used mobile browser above IE Mobile Source: http://marketshare.hitslink.com/report.aspx?qprid=10&qptimeframe=M&qpsp=106&qpmr=14&qpdt=1&qpct=0&sample=4 —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:39, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
misc
"the cause of the success" of computer worms might be a bit too strong. Maybe it should read "a major factor in the success" Lefty 22:49, 2004 Feb 24 (UTC)
Re FrontPage: The current version (from <IP_ADDRESS>) has a paragraph about about web designers not using "best viewed in Netscape" with an explanation that this was because of IE's "more complete support for web standards such as CSS" and obscures the original point about Microsoft's FrontPage producing IE-friendly HTML (at the expense of Netscape interoperability). I've reverted this comment once. In context, this is a list of advantages Microsoft exercised in the browser wars. IMO, releasing and promoting the use of a tool that generated HTML that favored one browser over another was one of the many subtle or not so subtle ways Microsoft used to kill Netscape. The effect (as was desired by Microsoft) was that some web designers stopped using "best viewed in Netscape". Could we perhaps move the bit about "best viewed in" to another place in the article and leave Microsoft's promotion of FrontPage in the list? Rick Block 14:14, 5 Apr 2004 (UTC)
Market share
I pulled this...
* However, IE's market share is currently estimated at 85% and dropping at a rate of 1% per 2 weeks.
* Interestingly, following the CERT's well-publicized suggestion to use an alternative browser after a flood of IE invulnerabilities, Mozilla Firefox is widely said to gain 1% of the total browser market overnight.
Does anyone have a reliable source for these numbers? Also "widely said" by who? AlistairMcMillan 14:38, 16 Dec 2004 (UTC)
* According to, firefox+moz has about 30% of the users, much more than in the graphics on this page. <IP_ADDRESS> 10:46, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
* Once again, the stats at W3 Schools are for that one site only. They are not representative of overall browser usage. See the usage share article for more details. -- Schapel 13:25, 12 October 2006 (UTC)
* The problem is that the 1% statistic is from a Softepedia article that says the statistic is from Net Applications, but Net Applications says that Firefox has 17%, so I'm not sure what exactly is going on with that. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:23, 27 March 2008 (UTC)
Under the heading "The second browser war", I find the following to be extremely misleading:
* An October 2006 Softpedia article notes, "IE6 had the lion's share of the browser market with 77.22%. Internet Explorer 7 had climbed to 3.18%, while Firefox 2.0 was at 0.69%
Firefox 2.0 was released at the end of October 2006, meaning 0.69% was their market share at the end of their first week of release. Furthermore, the original article only included those stats to show that in a little over a year, Firefox 2.0 held 16% of the market share, so putting the 1 liner completely out of context in the article seems very misleading. —Preceding unsigned comment added by David510 (talk • contribs) 10:01, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
* I agree. I just updated the current stats at the end of this section. While I was at it I pulled this quote altogether. It didn't add anything to the overall story, gave undue weight to the figures at that one point in time and, most worryingly, as David510 says above, it seemed to be using one isolated sentence, that was already secondary to the source itself (referring back to 2006 data in a 2008 article), to make a point that was the unrelated to the main point of the article, which was about how new browser versions eat into usage of the old versions, contrasting IE and FF recent releases. Isn't that 'original synthesis' in contravention of WP:OR? Who cares? It added nothing to the story anyway. --Nigelj (talk) 18:04, 7 January 2009 (UTC)
I.E. 6
There has been an update to IE since the article was written. It was bundled with Win XP Service Pack 2
* There has not been any major feature-driven update of Internet Explorer for quite some time. Bug fixes are not considered to be "feature updates". In other words, there is no Internet Explorer 6.5 or 7.0, yet. -[Unknown] 03:29, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
* Yes there has. IE 6 w/ SP2 has several new features--Will2k 05:24, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
* Internet Explorer 6.0 Service Pack 2 is a security related update. While it has "new features" such as the information bar, these are not truly new features as much as security related changes. Windows 2000, for example, is a version of Windows. While there are more than a couple service packs for Windows 2000, Windows XP is the new version, not Windows 2000 Service Pack 4. A new version of Internet Explorer would, in kind, be a new version of it.
* That means that "there have been no new versions of Internet Explorer since version 6.0" is totally true. And, my above statement - "There has not been any major feature-driven update of Internet Explorer for quite some time" is also true. Service Pack 2 was not a feature-driven update. It was not a new version - if it was, it would have been called 6.1 or something. This is of course the standard versioning system in computer science, and the way I and Microsoft both describe releases of our software. Had Service Pack 2 been a new version of Internet Explorer, you would see a new version number in your about dialog. It's really that simple. -[Unknown] 05:55, Dec 22, 2004 (UTC)
* What, like the line that says, "Update Versions: SP2"?
* "While it has "new features"... these are not truly new features..." Really? Seriously? I would suppose you would call adding central air conditioning to a house a "temperature-related change" and not a "feature addition"?
history
Can anyone substantiate the first and second paragraphs under history? These attribute specific motives to Microsoft that I don't know are verifiable, or even true. My impression (also probably not verifiable, and perhaps not true) is that Microsoft saw the web and the web browser as a potential threat to Windows as the dominant computer/user interface and therefore had to gain control of it (to limit its functionality and ensure the continued dominance of Windows). The point is if users spend most of their time in a browser, and browsers can run equally well on any OS, the OS becomes irrelevant. I think it's somewhat POV to make any claim about Microsoft's motives in this case (even, perhaps especially, direct quotes from Microsoft about their motives). My suggestion is to delete the entire second paragraph under history and delete the "Microsoft saw the success ..." clause from the first paragraph (leaving the sentence "Microsoft licensed Mosaic ..."). I think the facts are that Netscape was the defacto standard web browser and for whatever reason Microsoft decided to put them out of business. -- Rick Block 19:11, 29 Apr 2005 (UTC)
How are acctual quotes NPOV? Removing this info would be NPOV.
Pre-Browser Wars
Since, outside of Wikipedia, the IE vs. Netscape wars is considered the first browser wars and the current browser wars with IE vs. Firefox is the second browsers wars, I think we should change
* 1) Browser Wars I: Mosaic Wars
* 2) Browser Wars II: Netscape Wars
* 3) Browser Wars III: Internet Explorer Wars
to
* 1) Pre-Browser Wars: Mosaic Wars
* 2) Browser Wars I: Netscape Wars
* 3) Browser Wars II: Internet Explorer Wars
--mathwizxp 01:50, 26 Jun 2005 (UTC)
IE vs Netscape - the takeup by users?
Does any know what the takeup/takeover numbers for IE vs Netscape looked like in the 1990s, versus what the Firefox vs IE takeup/takeover numbers look like? I'm interested to see whether FF is grabbing market share more quickly or slowly that IE did when it first gained a serious foothold<EMAIL_ADDRESS>16:25, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
* See the Usage share of web browsers article for data on early adoption of IE. Be careful to compare numbers, because near the end of 1996 IE was included with Windows and therefore gained share very rapidly. -- Schapel 18:58, 5 January 2006 (UTC)
Consequences
Because Internet Explorer has the word "Internet" in its name, inexperienced users are sometimes misled into believing that Internet Explorer is the Internet...
To me, this paragraph seemed to be nothing more than unsupported speculation, with some advertisments thrown in for good measure. Can anyone offer a good reason to put it back? Cymsdale 19:37, 25 January 2006 (UTC)
* Numerous legends of people calling tech support saying "I deleted the Internet, help!" come to mind... that's probably how that started. It's not worth putting in, unless there's a seperate article on stupid tech support callers. A search returns 163,000 results:
--Planetary 22:49, 5 September 2006 (UTC)
I might add that the use of generic descriptive branding of bundled products generally does induce in inexperienced users, the illusion that the product concerned has no competition. This lends itself to a merging of product and function. Internet Explorer is an interesting example, but anyone can take a survey at their workplace to find out how many people are not aware that other word processors exist apart from Word. The dividing line between operating system, application and data in user perception is in reality a very fuzzy line. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:43, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
Distinction? Most of my users call anything "procedure", be it the OS, a software, a webapp, an excel file(with or without formulas) or any other file. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 14:55, 5 May 2010 (UTC)
It was Apache that killed Netscape business model not IIS
I removed
* Netscape's business model was not to give away its browser but sell server software...
It was Apache that killed Netscape business model not IIS. According to Apache HTTP Server "When first released, Apache was the only viable open source alternative to the Netscape web server (currently known as Sun Java System Web Server). It has since evolved to rival other Unix-based web servers in terms of functionality and performance. Since April 1996 Apache has been the most popular HTTP server on the Internet."
* Microsoft created licensing agreements with computer manufacturers...
That's simply not true. Sorry.
* Microsoft made it very easy for small and medium ISPs...
There was a CCK from Netscape that allowed ISP to configure and brand Netscape Navigator easily
-- <IP_ADDRESS> 16:56, 2 January 2007 (UTC)
graph at top of article
Hi. I notice the graph shown in this article doesn't cite the source of its data (nor in the description page on the commons wikipedia), therefore I've added a Fact tag until this is done. I have noticed some similar data, such as this, and I would be interested to see what sort of graph these numbers produce. I think it would be cool to have different shades of one colour for all the Netscape versions, and different shades of another colour for the IE versions. I would do this myself, if I had time. Any offers?! --Rebroad 10:56, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
* I've been replacing the browser usage share graphs with data from usage share. I still have the two that list multiple browsers to do (the one in this article, and the one at the top of the usage share article). -- Schapel 13:12, 3 March 2007 (UTC)
Picture creep
There's too many pictures in this article, to the point where the page looks cluttered. Is there a possibility that some can be removed? Inkbottle 00:53, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
Browser Wars Project Link
The link to "http://www.browser-war.org/index.php" really should be removed..... Look at the image, that's hardly a representitive sample! All in favour say "Ay!"
GoddersUK 20:52, 10 April 2007 (UTC)
* All the silly "browser wars" links should be removed. They don't seem to have anything to do with the content of this article, but rather are hawked by browser fanbois as a way of claiming their browser is best or most popular. -- Schapel 04:29, 13 April 2007 (UTC)
Repetitive sentences
The paragraph "The first browser war" and the sub-paragraph "Internet Explorer dominance" both include a similar sentence: "It was faster and it adopted the W3C's published specifications more faithfully than Netscape Navigator 4.0. Unlike Netscape, it provided the possibility for truly "dynamic" pages in which the flow of the text and images of the page could be altered after the page was loaded." Shouldn't it be changed? <IP_ADDRESS> 04:17, 13 June 2007 (UTC)
Best viewed with IE/Netscape logo
Where can I get one of those "Best viewed with..." logos?Astroview120mm 20:19, 18 June 2007 (UTC)
* You might try searching with Google, but you might also visit http://www.anybrowser.org/campaign/. -- Rick Block (talk) 01:13, 12 July 2007 (UTC)
Inclusion of Safari in 2nd browser wars and not Opera
I don't even use Opera so don't call me an unhappy fanboy. But it seems unfair to me that the article seems to suggest that Safari just entered the browser war and therefore gets special mention within the 2nd war section but Opera, which has been around (on the windows platform) for longer and has greater or comparable market share, is not given a single mention within that section, but is instead shunted off into the "other browsers" section. I think in the interests of fairness some sort of discussion needs to be had as to what requirements need to be met by a browser to qualify it as a major player in the 2nd war. Something like minumum market share. Otherwise we could argue all day between different browser loyalists about whether or not a browser deserves mention. Ninj4 13:18, 11 July 2007 (UTC)
Opera has been around a lot longer you are correct but Safari has a (comperativly) much larger market share. Source: http://marketshare.hitslink.com/report.aspx?qprid=0 —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:42, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
PSP
As far as I'm aware the psp browser is Netfront. Definitely not mozilla as the article claims. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:41, 12 September 2007 (UTC)
Fair use rationale for Image:Firefox <IP_ADDRESS> on Ubuntu.png
Image:Firefox <IP_ADDRESS> on Ubuntu.png is being used on this article. I notice the image page specifies that the image is being used under fair use but there is no explanation or rationale as to why its use in this Wikipedia article constitutes fair use. In addition to the boilerplate fair use template, you must also write out on the image description page a specific explanation or rationale for why using this image in each article is consistent with fair use.
BetacommandBot (talk) 06:38, 19 December 2007 (UTC)
Opera 3rd on Windows?
In the "Windows" section of "Other Browser Competition" it's claimed that " Opera is the third most popular browser on Windows" and is not sourced. I've not been able to find any market share statistics that only show WIndows browsers so i havn't changed it but i would argue that with nearly 6x more marketshare (overall) Safari is likely to be the third on Windows as well. Does anyone have statistics to either prove or disprove this? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 19:37, 21 February 2008 (UTC)
Cleanup
I've had a bit of a go-over on the page as it was a bit of a disaster, but more sources are required, its lacking some detail (it's a little biased towards IE IMO) and the second browser war is extremely badly written - it needs to explain better how market-share shifted, how there was a movement towards supporting FireFox (and its features such as extensions and IE's security reputation which led to its takeup) leading to the reformation of the IE team and the fact there has been an increased push towards W3Cs standards rather than browser-centric code. There should be more on the antitrust action and eventual settlement, and the lack of mention of IE5's incorrect box model or ActiveX also bugs me. -<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 01:32, 3 August 2008 (UTC)
all over again?
It seams to me (but may be hard to cite) that the browser wars are starting up again. It started with the release of Firefox 2 at the same time as IE 7. Then again (I may be wrong) with Firefox 3 and Opera 9.5. Now it seams that IE 8, Opera 10, Safari 4 and Firefox 4 may be released close together (though Firefox may be quite a while in the future). Also browsers seam to be borrowing aspects of other browsers, like firefoxs awesome bar on IE8 and Opera 9.5. Is IE8 becoming standards compliant to win the competition back? —Preceding unsigned comment added by Yhulkdsfdd (talk • contribs) 07:07, 29 August 2008 (UTC)
Google Browser (chrome)
In addition to the above, google is launching a browser called chrome, aimed at competing against firefox and ie.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/technology/7593106.stm
Yhulkdsfdd (talk) 17:58, 2 September 2008 (UTC)
Chrome major competitor?
This sentence in the opening paragraph seems skewed to me: "The term is used to denote ... the competition between the dominating Internet Explorer and several emerging browsers that has been since 2003, most notably including Mozilla Firefox and not until recently, Google Chrome."
While Chrome may someday be worthy of being mentioned in such a prominent place in the article, I think it's very premature at this point - as of this writing it's only been in open beta for two days. It's just too early to say whether or not it will leave a significant mark on the Browser Wars. Arsivis (talk) 05:01, 4 September 2008 (UTC)
Merchantability is more important than market share and this is what makes Chrome a major competitor. Chrome does a better job of rendering, having passed the acid 3 test 100% - a feat achieved by few other browsers. If a browser does not function substantially as documented (which is exactly what acid 2 and acid 3 test) then it's not even in the same market. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:50, 11 July 2009 (UTC)
Relativity of browser statistics
I have not found any subject in the article about the relativity of browser statistics. There are many ways of measuring the browser market shares and as many way to ditsort them.
I'm referring to an article on http://www.howtocreate.co.uk/nostats.html to know what I'm talking about. A paragraph should be dedicated to this matter when it comes to brower wars.
Bxlbjorn (talk) 11:49, 6 September 2008 (UTC)
Image copyright problem with Image:Internet Explorer 1.0.png
The image Image:Internet Explorer 1.0.png is used in this article under a claim of fair use, but it does not have an adequate explanation for why it meets the requirements for such images when used here. In particular, for each page the image is used on, it must have an explanation linking to that page which explains why it needs to be used on that page. Please check
* That this article is linked to from the image description page.
This is an automated notice by FairuseBot. For assistance on the image use policy, see Media copyright questions. --03:17, 16 September 2008 (UTC)
Goals
Maybe this is a dumb question, but what is the advantage of winning the browser war? Does is bring in revenue? I can't really see how. If someone has a good answer, it's probably worth adding the article. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 22:13, 18 September 2008 (UTC)
* No one ever answered this. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 00:59, 25 February 2009 (UTC)
* See . -- Rick Block (talk) 01:26, 25 February 2009 (UTC)
Both companies (Microsoft and Netscape) used free browsers to leverage their not-free server software. In those days, many companies thought they could own the whole business but didn't realize that the internet was more important than the back-room servers and the businesses they supported. What was worse is that MS used browser-bloat to compensate for bad pages containing non-compliant HTML (hey, our browser will render more pages than yours). After MS won the browser war, they did almost nothing with their lead (which makes me think that putting Netscape out of business might have been part of their original intention). When Netscape was on the chopping block with some of the business going to AOL, someone (I can't remember who) got the bright idea of putting the Netscape's rendering engine into the public domain as part o the Mozilla Foundation. Everyone using Windows on a PC thought this was a waste of time. However, everyone using any kind of UNIX operating system realized this was their only hope to continuing surfing. As everyone already knows, Mozilla is the basis for many alternate browsers including Firefox. Today, I personally know many professional web page publishers who first develop/test with Firefox and then switch to IE to fix up all the cross-browser issues. To do a good job you've got to check with all browsers and this brings up the modern point of view: 10 years ago their was no Amazon.com or eBay so maybe a company could think they could own the whole business. Today, the people who develop cross-browser support for these sites are (in my opinion) tortured souls as well as geniuses. Thank god MS now has a plan to get IE8 more compliant but they probably won't be 100% finished until IE9. --Neilrieck (talk) 16:55, 15 March 2009 (UTC)
The answer may be simple, but it's actually the smartest question anyone's ever bothered to ask about the browser wars. The advantage of winning the browser wars was the ability to ignore the World Wide Web Consortium, dictate web standards directly through browser technology, and thereby dominate the web editing and content management market. Frontpage and Expressionweb typically bring in several hundred dollars per license and that is what drives the push towards market segmentation. Market segmentation backfired on Apple/Macintosh in the 80's and 90's and it backfired so badly on Netscape (who all but ignored CSS in favour of a proprietary feature) that it put them out of the race. If Microsoft's seemingly standard corporate strategies really cut off Netscape's air supply, Mozilla and Firefox would never have been able to take their first breath. However, Mozilla succeeded by correcting the errors of Netscape - and instead of trying to monopolise the development market, they focused standards compliance. DHTML, VBScript, VML, ActiveX, MSHTML, ASP, .NET, XAML, etc are all examples of new market segments in the continuing battle for developer dollars, but the smart money will always be on universally recognised standards (such as XML, CSS 2.1, HTML 4.01, and XHTML 1.0 at the time of writing) - because only full compliance here will connect the developer with the broadest market. With much of XML functionality witheld from IE8 (eg. correct DTD application), it would seem that Microsoft has learned little from the self destruction of Netscape. They've literally given Firefox (which can use the DTD to determine how to present an SVG file) another chunk of market share on a silver platter. What do you think will happen as developers begin to require the use of high definition scalable and mathematically compatible formats such as SVG? I can see the ALT text now: "To view this comparative graph of atmospheric CO2 concentration, global mean temperature, and mass extinction rates over the Phanerozoic; download XYZ non-MS browser"...? —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 09:43, 11 July 2009 (UTC) | WIKI |
UPDATE 1-Turkey replaces eight mayors in crackdown on pro-Kurdish party
(Recasts with ministry statement) ISTANBUL, March 23 (Reuters) - Turkey has dismissed eight mayors being investigated for terrorism-related charges in eastern Turkey and replaced them with state officials, the Interior Ministry said on Monday, sustaining a crackdown on the pro-Kurdish Peoples’ Democratic Party (HDP). HDP co-leader Mithat Sancar earlier said authorities had detained mayors of five municipalities in mainly Kurdish areas as part of a crackdown revived after 2019 municipal elections. The Interior Ministry said in a statement that four mayors had been detained and there was an arrest warrant for a fifth, while the other three were under investigation. All eight of them were accused of being members of a terrorist group. The mayors represented the city of Batman, the Diyarbakir province districts of Ergani, Egil, Lice and Silvan, along with districts in the provinces of Bitlis, Igdir and Siirt, the ministry said. President Tayyip Erdogan and his government accuse the HDP of having links to the Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) militant group, leading to prosecutions of thousands of its members and some leaders. The HDP denies such links. The PKK is designated a terrorist group by the United States, the European Union and Turkey. More than 40,000 people have been killed in conflict since it took up arms in 1984. Sancar told reporters security forces on Monday morning had besieged municipality buildings in the affected provinces. “We reject with hatred this vile attempt that does not shy away from showing enmity against Kurds even in these difficult days when the whole world is battling an epidemic,” he said. Ankara had previously appointed trustees to 31 municipalities won by the HDP in March 2019 local elections, an HDP source said, adding 21 co-mayors had been formally arrested so far, aside from those detained on Monday. The former co-leaders of the HDP have both been jailed since 2016 on terrorism charges, with several other prominent members accused of supporting terrorism over what the government says are links to the PKK. (Reporting by Ezgi Erkoyun and Ali Kucukgocmen; Writing by Daren Butler; Editing by Ed Osmond and Mark Potter) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Grant Road Historic District
The Grant Road Historic District is located in the Tenleytown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The two-block historic district is what remains of a former settlement in rural Washington County in the District of Columbia. It includes 13 contributing buildings and the road itself, a narrow remnant of a country road that was used by soldiers in the Civil War. Following the war, the road was named after Civil War general and President Ulysses S. Grant. Grant Road developed into a residential street lined with mostly small, two-story homes for working-class people.
As the surrounding area developed, Grant Road retained its rural character. Segments of the road were separated for large scale development of middle-class homes. Many of the homes that once lined Grant Road were demolished in the process. After a large, prominent house on the corner of Grant Road and Albemarle Street was demolished in 1999, residents sought historic landmark status for their properties. The historic district was added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites in 2002 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. The buildings date from the 1860s to 1900s. Residential styles employed include the I-house, Italianate boxes, and side and front gabled folk house forms. A former post office and general store are also located on Wisconsin Avenue.
Geography
The Grant Road Historic District is located on the 4400 and 4500 blocks of Grant Road NW in the Tenleytown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. The 4400 block begins north of Tenley Circle at the intersection with Wisconsin Avenue, then crosses Fort Drive. Nebraska Avenue divides the two blocks. The 4500 block begins at the junction of 39th Street, Albemarle Street, and Grant Street, then proceeds northeast to the intersection with Brandywine Street. The historic district ends at this intersection, but this portion of Grant Road extends for another half block. Nebraska Avenue separates Grant Street from a one block portion further northeast between Cumberland and Davenport Streets. There are two additional stretches of Grant Road further east: two blocks between 30th and 32nd Streets, and an unnumbered portion between Broad Branch Road and Ridge Road that passes through Rock Creek Park.
The historic district includes the road itself and 13 contributing buildings, one of which is a commercial building on Wisconsin Avenue. The remaining buildings are single-family homes on Grant Road: homes on the north side of the 4400 block and south side of the 4500 block. There are several non-contributing houses on the 4500 block that were built in the mid-20th century. The 4500 block of Grant Road is narrow at only 33 feet (10 m) wide, which is around half the standard width of streets in the city, and does not have a sidewalk or street furniture. The buildings on the 4400 block include the commercial building fronting Wisconsin Avenue and three homes on a small ridge.
18th and 19th centuries
Around 1795, blacksmith John Tennally opened a small tavern at the intersection of present-day Wisconsin Avenue and River Road, which were former Native American footpaths. Around a dozen families soon moved to the area, forming a village called Tennallytown, the second oldest settlement in present-day Washington, D.C. The village became a stagecoach stop for people traveling between Georgetown and Maryland. In the 1791 plan for the new federal City of Washington, the village was included in the city's boundary. Due to its distance from the city center, Tenallytown would remain a small rural village in Washington County for many years. The village's name gradually changed to the present spelling, Tenleytown.
In 1805 present-day Wisconsin Avenue became a toll road and was later macadamized in the late 1810s and early 1820s. The village continued to grow in the 1800s, with a church, school, houses, and other businesses built near the tavern. By the 1850s the stagecoach service had ended due to the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad and the village was connected to rural communities to its east by a country lane that was called New Cut Road or Road from Turnpike to Broad Branch.
During the Civil War farmland in the surrounding area was seized by the federal government after the Union Army was defeated at the First Battle of Bull Run. The government built Fort Reno, one of 68 fortifications built to defend the city, on the city's highest natural point of 409 feet (125 m). New Cut Road was just south of Fort Reno and was used by soldiers to traverse between other forts. During the war Thomas Paxton reportedly constructed three houses on the present-day 4400 block of Grant Road. It is believed to be the same houses that stand there today. One of these homes, 4434 Grant Road NW, also known as the Tenant House, was possibly built as a tenant house for The Rest, an early 18th century house at 39th Street and Windom Place which is the neighborhood's oldest residence. Two schools were also built during the war. A school for white children stood on a hill overlooking the road and a school for black children was farther east, near the road's intersection with present-day Broad Branch Road. After the war New Cut Road was renamed in honor of General Ulysses S. Grant. Due to development that resulted from Fort Reno, the area's population increased and Grant Road became a residential street and important part of the village's growth.
The last quarter of the 19th century saw gradual development on Grant Road and the surrounding farmland area. The land where Fort Reno stood became a predominantly black neighborhood called Reno City. German, Irish, and Italian immigrants moved to Tenleytown, building their houses and opening a variety of shops. The area became a working class village, with two-story frame houses lining streets on the east side of Wisconsin Avenue. Most of the buildings in the historic district date from this period. The commercial building at 4425 Wisconsin Avenue NW, the oldest surviving commercial building in the neighborhood, was constructed in 1887 by John J. O'Day. It originally served as the O'Day General Store and Tenleytown Post Office. The house at 3837 Albemarle Street NW was reportedly built near the Old Naval Observatory in the mid 19th century, but relocated in the 1890s. Six surviving homes along the 4500 block of Grant Road were built between 1890 and 1894.
During the 1890s a streetcar line was installed along Wisconsin Avenue, linking the village with Georgetown and resulting in further development. The population of Tenleytown increased from 731 to 1,127 between 1892 and 1897 and large amounts of homes and shops were built along Wisconsin Avenue and the surrounding streets. In 1894 there were over 30 buildings on the 4400 and 4500 blocks of Grant Road. The road played such an important role in local development that a 1899 article in the Evening Star said that if Tenleytown was a hand, Grant Road was its thumb "with twisting and turning knuckles, grabbed onto by more than its shares of houses."
20th and 21st centuries
By 1900 there were six churches, several schools, and a firehouse in Tenleytown, along with a variety of specialty businesses including a restaurant, grocery shops, pharmacy, butcher shop, and dry goods store. President Theodore Roosevelt would ride his horse through the area as he made his way from the White House to his nearby hunting lodge. He reportedly stopped at the house at 4426 Grant Road NW on at least two occasions to take the children for a horseback ride. The two 20th century houses in the historic district, 4547 and 4555 Grant Road NW, were built during this period in 1908.
During the 1910s real estate developers purchased large amounts of land in the area to build middle-class homes for white residents. These projects didn't succeed until after World War I when developers Harry Kite and Samuel Kite Jr. led development east of Wisconsin Avenue, inspired by the success of nearby upper middle class subdivisions such as Chevy Chase, Cleveland Park, and Friendship Heights. These developments changed the demographics of Tenleytown from a working class village to middle-class neighborhood, and Reno City was demolished beginning in 1928. The developments also led to new roads being cut through the area. Wisconsin Avenue was widened in 1919 to accommodate streetcars and automobiles, and Albemarle Street was extended from Reno Road to Wisconsin Avenue. When Albemarle Street was extended in 1931, three houses on Grant Road were demolished and two were moved, including 3837 Albemarle Street NW. The houses on the 4400 block of Grant Road also lost their rear yards when Albemarle Street was extended.
In addition to the Albemarle Street extension, there was significant changes to Grant Road during the 1930s. Tenley Circle was paved in 1936, becoming a busy intersection for busses and streetcars, 39th Street was extended to Albemarle Street, and the diagonal Nebraska Avenue was created to link Tenleytown with Connecticut Avenue. Several houses were demolished in the process and in 1937 C. Harold Gray wrote: "Tenleytown was the nucleus of an extensive country road net which has since largely disappeared...In extending Washington's straight streets through the community, many of the buildings were removed and its appearance changed almost beyond recognition."
There were also large developments that changed the character of the neighborhood. Woodrow Senior High and Deal Junior High were built, a reservoir and water tower were built on the Fort Reno site, and the National Capital Planning Commission planned a scenic drive that would connect Civil War era forts. To build this scenic road, named Fort Reno Drive, several houses on Grant Road were demolished. The plan was approved by the neighborhood's new middle class residents, who thought the older buildings were unattractive and hurt the value of their own properties, but the project was later cancelled. After Nebraska Avenue was completed, homes were built along the road in the 1940s. The rear of these homes face the north side of the 4500 block of Grant Road. In the 1950s and 1960s some of the lots on the south side of the 4500 block of Grant Road were divided to accommodate construction of new homes. These mid to late 20th century homes on each side of the block are considered noncontributing to the historic district, but due to the deep lots of the Nebraska Avenue properties, Grant Road kept the appearance of a rural country road.
After Metro's Tenleytown station opened in the 1980s, there was significant development in the neighborhood. In the 1990s there were calls for higher density housing to be built close to the Metro station. This was welcomed by locals, but they wanted this new housing to be built along major roads like Wisconsin Avenue. In 1999 the large house on the northwest corner of Albemarle Street and Grant Road was demolished and replaced with condominiums. The house had been built in 1890 for Dr. John W. Chappell and included a large garden. It was considered one of the nicest buildings on Grant Road and its demolition was protested by area residents.
The people who lived in the remaining houses on Grant Road took notice and sought to protect their properties from demolition. Following a historic landmark designation process, the 4400 and 4500 blocks of Grant Road and its 13 remaining historic buildings were added to the District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites on April 21, 2002, and listed on the National Register of Historic Places on March 3, 2004. The Grant Road Historic District was the first historic district in the city to include just a single street. In 2017 a mural depicting some of Tenleytown's history and landmarks was painted on the side of 4425 Wisconsin Avenue NW.
Architecture
The two-story stucco and stone commercial building at 4425 Wisconsin Avenue NW is one of several buildings in the historic district designed in the Italianate style. The building is two-stories and three bays wide with a sloped roof. It originally included a projecting storefront but that was later replaced with the current show window. The building's main entrance is on Wisconsin Avenue, but the side door facing Grant Road originally served as a second entrance.
The Italianate two-story house at 4426 Grant Road NW, also listed as 3926 Albemarle Street NW, is historically known as the Burrows House. This is one of three houses reportedly built by Thomas Paxton in the 1860s and all are set slightly higher than street level. The building is three bays wide and features a gabled roof. The stone chimney, stone retaining wall, and stone columns supporting the one-story porch were reportedly quarried from local stones by W. Tyson Burrow in the 1880s. There is a one-story garage facing Albemarle Street. The house at 4430 Grant Road NW was designed in the vernacular Italianate style and is historically known as the Parks-Conner House. It is a two-story frame building with two bays and a bracketed cornice. The one-story wrap-around porch includes decorative elements. The vernacular Tenant House at 4434 Grant Road NW is believed to be the oldest of the three houses. Stucco covers the two-story, three-bay-wide frame building. There is a central chimney, gabled roof, and one-story porch. The original decorative porch included gingerbread detailing.
The first house on the next block is 3837 Albemarle Street NW, historically known as the Christian-Curran House. It is sited at the intersection of 39th Street, Albemarle Street, and Grant Road. The L-shaped building was designed in the vernacular Italianate style and is two bays wide with a hipped roof and one-story wrap-around porch. The Italianate house at 3831 Albemarle Street NW is historically known as the Poore House. The frame building is three bays wide and features a one-story porch.
The Hesterberg House at 4537 Grant Road NW was designed in the vernacular Greek Revival style. The rectangular building is two-and-a-half stories, three bays wide, four bays deep, and is connected to a one-story addition. The house at 4543 Grant Road NW is historically known as the Admiral's House. The house was originally two-story, L-shaped, and two bays wide, but was renovated into a $2 1/2$-story, four-bay-wide Colonial Revival building with a small porch. The Folk Victorian house at 4547 Grant Road NW is historically known as the Cottage. The house is a two-story frame building, two bays wide, and its original one-story porch includes decorative elements. The Voight House at 4555 Grant Road NW was designed in the Italianate style. It is two-stories, two bays wide, with a one-story side porch.
The house at 4561 Grant Road NW, also known as the Payne House, is another two-story, two-bay wide Italianate house. It includes the original porch with decorative elements. The vernacular I-house at 4565 Grant Road NW is two-stories and three bays wide with a small porch. The last house in the historic district, 3812 Brandywine Street NW, is also two-stories and three bays wide. It was designed in the Italianate style and includes a small porch. | WIKI |
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system
Natural killer (NK) cells are part of the innate immune system response and play a important role in the defense against tumors and virus-infected cells. significant dose-dependent reduction of NK cell degranulation guns and cytokine launch in newly separated Peripheral blood mononuclear cell populations from healthy blood donors. These results underline the importance of CaMKII for NK cell signaling and suggest protein kinase M2 as a book signaling component in NK cell service. Particularly, kinase inhibition studies on genuine NK cell populations indicate significant donor variations. by using cell lines like E562 (Hanson et al., 2007). E562 target cells communicate extremely low quantities of MHC course I (lacking personal). Nevertheless, organic cytotoxicity is dependent not really just on an missing inhibitory indication, but also on triggering indicators that are required for NK account activation and growth cell lysis (Moretta et al., 2000). Therefore, T562 cells exhibit ligands that content triggering NK cell receptors, y.g., MICA/B and ULBP2, the ligands of NKG2Chemical (Li et al., 2008), C7CH6 as the ligand of NKp30 (Brandt et al., 2009) and Nectin-2, which serves as a ligand for DNAM-1 (Moretta et al., 2000). T562 perform not really exhibit Compact disc48 (the 2B4 NK receptor ligand), as well as traditional (HLA-A, C, C) and nonclassical (HLA-E) HLA course I elements (Hanson et al., 2007). Additionally, organic cytotoxicity network marketing leads to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF- and IFN- (Vivier et al., 2008) and can end up being further prompted by supplementing interleukins like IL-2, IL-12, IL-18, as well as IFN-. After receptor engagement, proteins kinases, like Proteins Kinase C- (PKC), Phophatidyl-inositol-3-Oh yeah kinase (PI3T) or Src family members kinases (SFKs) like FYN, induce signaling systems managing NK cell effector features (Brumbaugh et al., 1997; Colucci and Kerr, 2011; Merino 1217448-46-8 supplier et al., 2012). ADCC- LIFR and organic cytotoxicity-induced indication transduction paths talk about many signaling elements and a kind of primary signaling network was recommended (T?nig et al., 2012). The same research defined post-translational replies of kinases pursuing NK cell account activation suggesting their function in proximal signaling paths. Among 188 kinases that had been characterized by accurate mass spectrometry in IL-2-extended individual NK cells, an elevated phosphorylation of FYN, the Calcium supplement/Calmodulin Kinase II (CaMKII) and Proteins Kinase Chemical2 (PKD2), was reproducibly noticed after receptor engagement (T?nig et al., 2012). Even so, our understanding about the signaling managing ADCC/organic cytotoxicity is normally extremely fragmentary to this time. Modulation of resistant replies is normally a general healing technique. Up to today, NK cell structured therapies against cancers are performed by using IL-2 or various other antibody-based therapies (Vivier et al., 2012). Furthermore, relevant kinase inhibitors were known to cause significant immune-modulatory results clinically. Research on NK cells had been carried out by using kinase inhibitors, like Imatinib and Nilotinib, both specifically targeting BCR/ABL, PDGFR, and c-KIT, as well as on Dasatinib, which is definitely additionally aimed against the Src kinase family. These studies confirmed their direct inhibitory effects on NK cell effector functions (Krieg and Ullrich, 2012). In the case of Dasatinib, a direct inhibition of NK cell effector functions resulted from its effects on PI-3 kinase and ERK1/2 signaling cascades (Salih et al., 2010). The protein kinase CaMKII 1217448-46-8 supplier was previously explained to play an important part in NK cell service, after becoming induced by lymphocytes function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1). Adding the CaMKII inhibitors KN62/KN93 reduced the secretion of lytic granules and the cytotoxic activity incredibly in CD3?CD16+ NK cells. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the HIV-1 Tat protein is definitely able to block calcium 1217448-46-8 supplier mineral increase and impairs CaMKII induction, which points to a medical relevance of the CaMKII kinase (Poggi et al., 2002). The PKD kinase family offers been implicated in a variety of cellular processes,. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The project of his flying machine was presented by the scientist in 1876. Mozhaisky encountered misunderstanding of the officials of the Ministry of War, as a result he was not allocated funds to continue his research.
Despite this, the scientist continued to develop, investing his own money in https://telegram-store.com/catalog/product-category/channels/facts, due to which the construction of the prototype of Mozhaiskiy’s aircraft was delayed for many years.
Mozhaisky airplane was built in 1882. The first tests of the flying machine ended in disaster, but witnesses claim that the aircraft still flew some distance from the ground before crashing.
Since there is no documentary evidence of the flight, Mozhaisky cannot be considered the first man to have flown an airplane. However, the scientist’s developments served as the basis for the development of aviation. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Wikipedia:Help desk/Archives/2010 January 4
= January 4 =
Templates
How are templates created? They seem so difficult to understand. Mr. Prez (talk) 00:03, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* See Help:Template. PrimeHunter (talk) 00:08, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
I want to create categories
Cant find anything about it. Here...http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:Categories_for_discussion my question was simply deleted after one month. Nobody answered anything.German.Knowitall (talk) 00:10, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Did you read this section on cats? ArcAngel (talk) (review) 00:21, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Your post was archived with no answers at Wikipedia talk:Categories for discussion/Archive 2009. It was a wrong place to post. Categories for discussion is for discussing changes (delete/rename/merge) to existing categories but not creation of new categories. There is no central place for that. Any logged in user can create a category by saving a non-empty category page. If you want feedback then you can try the talk page of a relevant WikiProject like Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Games. PrimeHunter (talk) 00:31, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* In fact you can create a category by adding a link to it on any page by inserting anywhere on the page. It will appear as a redlink until you put text into the category page itself, but if multiple pages link to it, it will function as a category containing all those pages. --ColinFine (talk) 08:09, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Thanks for the answers. I'm not sure if I understand it all but I will try to go ahead with this advice.German.Knowitall (talk) 00:08, 5 January 2010 (UTC)
start up
how do I start my own page in Wikipedia? Mmellino (talk) 02:59, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Welcome to Wikipedia, please have a read through this. Jeffrey Mall (talk • contribs) - 03:11, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* What do you mean by "my own page"? On Wikipedia, we do not own pages, but you can make a user page about yourself. --Teratornis (talk) 04:19, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* If you mean that you want to create a page about a new topic, please read your first article carefully. --ColinFine (talk) 08:10, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Before creating an article, please search Wikipedia first to make sure that an article does not already exist on the subject. Please also review a few of our relevant policies and guidelines with which all articles should comply. As Wikipedia is an encyclopedia, articles must not contain original research, must be written from a neutral point of view, should cite reliable sources which verify their content and must not contain unsourced, negative content about living people.
* Articles must also demonstrate the notability of the subject. Please see our subject specific guidelines for people, bands and musicians, companies and organizations and web content and note that if you are closely associated with the subject, our conflict of interest guideline strongly recommends against you creating the article.
* If you still think an article is appropriate, see Your first article. You might also look at How to write a great article for guidance, and please consider taking a tour through the Tutorial so that you know how to properly format the article before creation. An Article Wizard is available to walk you through creating an article. – ukexpat (talk) 17:32, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
Assessing (Grading) an Article in an WikiProject
In WikiProjects, I've noticed that articles are given grades (A, B, C, Start, Stub, etc) and importance levels. Who is allowed to grade an article? Can anyone do it, can only admin, or is there some special process where multiple people give input? I know that most WikiProjects give a grading scheme matrix on the WikiProject main page, but I wasn't sure if there was some sort of process of actually giving the grade and/or changing a grade.
Also, is the method for assessing an article the same from WikiProject to WikiProject, or is it just dependent on the project and their participants?
Thanks for your time!-- arm oren o10 04:03, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Generally, anything "B" and below can be assigned by anyone, but A-level needs a formal review by someone who is active in the project. There are a few projects that also require a somewhat formal review for B-class as well, but I think if you are looking for anything below A-class, just make a good-faith effort to assess it yourself using the criteria listed at the relevent Wikiproject. If you want an "A-class" review, find someone who is active in the project, and ask them to review it. -- Jayron 32 04:09, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* And see the links under WP:EIW. --Teratornis (talk) 04:21, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
Log in
Very strange. I was asked to log in, which happens every month or so, and could not. I enter my name, and it is changed automatically to all capital letters, and then is unrecognized. I cannot enter my user name as it is. What goes on?? An answer can be put on my talk page, I am Dumarest. —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 13:09, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Your user page says you use Firefox. Check if the wrong username is stored in Firefox. See . Copied to User talk:Dumarest. PrimeHunter (talk) 13:59, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
Facts
Trying to change facts regarding a page created about my father (media personality). —Preceding unsigned comment added by Steve.holmanjr (talk • contribs) 13:13, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Are you referring to ? Information in Wikipdia should be verifiable with prior publication in a reliable source. People are not allowed to use their own unpublished knowledge. Do you have a published source to this statement? The text was placed in the wrong place. The "edit this page" tab at top can edit the whole page. See also Biographies of living persons and Conflict of interest. PrimeHunter (talk) 14:07, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
Flagging a Section as United States - orientated?
In the Article History of Banking - Global Banking, this section seems to be entirely about banking in the United States, not global.
This: Original research Unreferenced
Is tagged in the opening to the section, but how do I add one that flags it as being US-orientated? E.G Interactive (talk) 16:45, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* See WikiProject Countering systemic bias and Category:Internationalisation maintenance templates. section may suit your purpose. PrimeHunter (talk) 16:54, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Thank you.
globalize/USA
* suits the purpose just fine. E.G Interactive (talk) 16:58, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
Number
FINDING A NUMBER WITH A 602 OR 603 NUMBER. i HAD A CALL FROM ONE OF THOSE PREFIXES AND HAVE BEEN UNABLE TO READ THE REST OF THE NUMBER. i AM VERY MUCH INTERESTED IN THE SPEED DIAL PROGRAM, AND WOULD LIKE TO GET BACK TO THE FELOOW WHO i WAS TALKING TO. i LIVE IN A 954 AREA WHICH ARE LOOKING FOR REPS. tHANK YOU, rOBERT yNGVE —Preceding unsigned comment added by <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:34, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* [[Image:Crystal_Clear_app_fonts.svg|20px]] Please use a descriptive title in future questions.
* [[Image:AROBAZE.png|20px]] Please do not include contact details in your questions. We are unable to provide answers by any off-wiki medium and this page is highly visible across the internet. The details have been removed, but if you wish for them to be permanently removed from the page history, email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>this address].
* [[Image:Symbol move vote.svg|20px]] This page is for questions about using Wikipedia. Please consider asking this question at the Reference desk. They specialize in knowledge questions and will try to answer any question in the universe (except how to use Wikipedia, since that is what this Help Desk is for). Just follow the link, select the relevant section, and ask away. You could always try for an article related to the topic you want to know more about. I hope this helps. --Mysdaao talk 17:57, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Information.svg Please do not SHOUT. Writing in all-caps, or "shouting", is considered inconsiderate and attention-seeking behaviour, and is thus discouraged. Your question will be no less regarded if written in regular case, nor will it be any more regarded if written in uppercase; in fact, many users choose to ignore queries written in all-uppercase. Intelligent sium 18:28, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
Info Box
Please advise on how to insert info box i.e. Vasileios Spanoulis for Joshua Urbiztondo,Thank You, Dave —Preceding unsigned comment added by David Urbiztondo (talk • contribs) 20:40, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* The infobox you require can be found here: Template:Infobox basketball player. To insert the infobox into User:David Urbiztondo/Joshua Urbiztondo, just edit the draft article and put the infobox coding at the top of the article.
* Also, looking at your username, I'm guessing you are related? I would advise you to read Wikipedia's Conflict of Interest guidelines and Wikipedia's Neutral POV guidelines. Although not forbidden, it can be difficult writing about someone you personally know in a neutral point of view! -- Phantom Steve /talk |contribs \ 20:49, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
Need help in posting an article
I have written a subpage for a client of mine and am ready to post it...but frankly, the directions for doing so make no sense tome. I had no problem creating the article under my user ID: Colleenszot/Phil Cooke. I just want to post it! Can someone help me so I easily understand how to post? Thanks so much Colleen —Preceding unsigned comment added by Colleenszot (talk • contribs) 21:51, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* No. It would be a conflict of interest for you to post a biography of a person who has paid you to write it and/or post it to Wikipedia. --Jc3s5h (talk) 21:55, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Plus, there is no evidence that Mr Cooke satisfies Wikipedia's notability guidelines, meaning if the article was posted it would likely be deleted for being about a non-notable topic. Being on TV does not necessarily make you notable; if it did, then I would have a better claim to notability than Mr Cooke (no offence intended). I suggest you read and understand Your first article, What Wikipedia is not and all of the 5 pillars. Xenon54 / talk / 22:01, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Alternatively, anyone can post a biography about anyone on WikiBios. There was also a Wikipopuli but it seems to be broken now. What city are you in? Your city may have a City wiki where you could post. City wikis are nice because they dispense with Wikipedia's notability requirements, and aim for comprehensive depth about a given geographical area, with articles about (ideally) every business, school, park, street, public building, nonprofit organization, or person in that area who wants an article. --Teratornis (talk) 01:10, 5 January 2010 (UTC)
* I moved it into article space, but it is obvious spam and unlikely to survive. -- Orange Mike | Talk 01:14, 5 January 2010 (UTC)
Posts for The International Cat Association
Hi -- I am the Director of Marketing for The International Cat Association (TICA). I did not set up the account to originate the page on TICA or post other information regarding the different breeds, the cat fancy, etc. So, that means I don't -- and no one else at our office -- know(s) who set up the account or the log in.
Do I need to be the originator of this content to be able to edit the content on the page about TICA or to post links to our new breed pages? If I do, can you help me with the log in for the account that was set up or tell me who originated it?
I appreciate your help!
Regards Debra Decker TICA Marketing www.tica.org
<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:11, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Hi Ms Decker. Wikipedia is an encyclopaedia which anyone can edit. You can edit the article on The International Cat Association, as you edited this page, by clicking on "edit this page" at the top of the page. However: you are strongly discouraged from editing the article of an entity which you are directly related to, except to correct unambiguous factual errors; this is known as having a conflict of interest. Any changes must be backed up by citing reliable sources. If there are factual errors you would like to correct, please see the tutorial and, of course, please do not hesitate to come back here if you have more questions. Xenon54 / talk / 23:59, 4 January 2010 (UTC)
* Or to gain consensus on changes that you think should be made, please open a discussion on the article's talk page. – ukexpat (talk) 15:15, 5 January 2010 (UTC)
* And do disclose your interest in the subject if you post there. --ColinFine (talk) 19:10, 5 January 2010 (UTC) | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jacob Zeilen
The result was Procedurally Close orphan AfD that was never listed properly. JERRY talk contribs 03:56, 20 February 2008 (UTC)
Jacob Zeilen
This article was started by someone who misspelled the subject's name. I was adding material, but realized a satisfactory article already existed. Now I just need to fix the links.
The actual article for this subject is at Jacob Zeilin. —Preceding unsigned comment added by BusterD (talk • contribs) 03:05, 23 November 2005
| WIKI |
Cry Baby (Garnet Mimms song)
"Cry Baby" is a song originally recorded by Garnet Mimms and the Enchanters, in 1963, and later recorded by rock singer Janis Joplin in 1970. Bert Berns wrote the song with Jerry Ragovoy. Garnet Mimms and the Enchanters recorded it for the United Artists record label. It topped the R&B chart and went to #4 on the Billboard Hot 100 chart in 1963, paving the way for soul hits by Aretha Franklin and Otis Redding later in the decade. The third verse was spoken by Mimms until the repeated refrain of the repeated song title.
Janis Joplin version
In September and October 1970, Janis Joplin recorded it for her album Pearl, posthumously released in 1971. The song was in more of a blues-rock style and produced by Paul A. Rothchild. Her rendition reached #42 on the US Billboard Hot 100, and #20 on Cash Box. The B-side included the track "Mercedes Benz".
The song became usual in Joplin's repertoire and today is often performed by many artists such as Joss Stone, Allison Iraheta, Magdolna Rúzsa. | WIKI |
Monitor in Three Flavors – C# Thread Synchronization
C#’s lock statement provides built-in language support for synchronizing multi-thread access to blocks of code. Under the hood, lock is syntactical sugar simplifying the use of .Net’s Monitor exclusive lock. Let’s examine three ways Monitor can be used: via lock, directly and via a method attribute.
lock
Access to a block of code commonly known as a critical section can be restricted to a single thread at a time via lock.
class Example
{
private object lockObject = new object();
public void DoSomething()
{
lock (lockObject)
{
// When one thread is executing this code block using
// a particular lock object instance, all other threads
// attempting to enter the code block using the same
// lock object instance will be force to wait until
// the first thread exits the block and then will be
// allowed to enter the block one at a time..
}
}
}
This syntax should be familiar to anyone who’s coded thread synchronization in C# before.
Directly
A lock code block is a syntax shortcut for placing the block inside a try…finally statement proceeded with a call to Monitor.Enter and concluded with a call to Monitor.Exit in the finally block. The end result varies slightly based on the CLR version but will be something along the lines of:
public void DoSomething()
{
Monitor.Enter(lockObject);
try
{
// Code to execute goes here
}
finally {
Monitor.Exit(lockObject);
}
}
The beauty of using Monitor directly is not the more verbose syntax but rather the advanced functionality provided by the class. A lock statement blocks until the thread is obtains the lock; with Monitor, a thread can TryEnter which fails immediately or after a timeout if the lock cannot be obtained, allowing your code to execute alternate logic when the lock is unavailable. Monitor also allows a lock-possessing thread to release its lock and place itself in a waiting queue where it will sit until another thread signals it to move to the ready queue so that it may resume execution when it receives the lock back.
As lock is syntactical sugar built on top of Monitor, calls to Monitor methods can be made from inside lock blocks.
public void DoSomething()
{
lock (lockObject) {
// Code
Monitor.Wait(lockObject);
// More code
}
}
Attribute
If an entire method is a critical section, applying a MethodImplAttribute with the MethodImplOptions value of Synchronized wraps the entire method in a lock.
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.Synchronized)]
public void DoSomething()
{
// Code
}
Watch out! If the method is an instance method, the current object instance is used as the locking object; if the method is static, the class type object is used. If the lock object used is publicly accessible, code elsewhere could also lock using the same object The potential result? Unnecessary and unexpected deadlocking your code. A best practice (see also) is to only lock on a private object or a private static object variable. This attribute-based approach, if used at all, must be used carefully to prevent inadvertent violation of this best practice.
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In his poem “Disabled,” Wilfred Owen vividly describes the physical and psychological toll that war takes on a soldier. The speaker in the poem is a young man who has been wounded in battle and is now confined to a wheelchair. He is bitter and angry, and he feels that his life is over. He remembers how he used to be, full of energy and life, and he can’t help but compare himself to the other soldiers who are still able to fight. He is envious of their ability to walk and run, and he feels like a burden to them. The speaker is also haunted by the memory of the moment when he was wounded, when he saw the light of life slowly fading from his own eyes.
24/7 writing help on your phone | FINEWEB-EDU |
Russian gas defies U.S. sanctions to reach New England
As the Trump administration slaps fresh sanctions on Russian energy companies, a cargo of Russian gas is set to power homes near Boston. A tanker of liquefied natural gas from a Russian company on the Treasury Department’s sanctions list is scheduled to unload the fuel this weekend, making it the first shipment of gas from the country to ever reach the United States. It’s arriving just after the U.S. announced increased economic penalties Friday against Moscow-linked people and businesses because of Vladimir Putin’s 2014 invasion of Ukraine. Technically, the gas shipment does not appear to violate the prohibitions that the Obama administration imposed four years ago — it’s owned by a French energy trader and arriving on a French-owned vessel. But it shows the difficulty of enforcing sanctions involving energy cargoes, which can change hands frequently and are often mixed with fuel from multiple locations. The Treasury Department expanded its sanctions Friday to include 21 people and nine entities in Russia and Ukraine. The cargo is aboard the French LNG vessel Gaselys, which has been anchored in Massachusetts Bay since Wednesday while it undergoes safety and environmental inspections, according to Chief Petty Officer Luke Pinneo at the Coast Guard’s First District in Boston. It is headed to the Everett LNG import terminal a few miles north of Boston. “They are expected to be in port sometime this weekend,” Pinneo said. The circuitous route that the ship took to the U.S. during the past few weeks drew attention from energy traders, and French energy trader Engie confirmed Russian gas was part of the cargo. Gas from other European sources was also included, a spokeswoman said. The fuel shipment originated at a new $27 billion terminal on Russia’s Yamal Peninsula in the Arctic Circle operated by Yamal LNG, a joint venture among Russian gas company Novatek, France's Total and China's CNPC. Russian oil and gas shipments are not subject to U.S. sanctions put in place after Moscow's annexation of Crimea, but Yamal LNG and its majority owner Novatek have been on the sanctions list since 2014. Novatek's designation under Directive 2 of the sanctions prohibits U.S. citizens from dealing in the company's debt instruments that stretch out longer than 90 days. Engie loaded the Gaselys at the Isle of Grain LNG terminal in the United Kingdom, according to an Engie spokeswoman. That terminal received the first shipment of gas from Yamal, which Putin inaugurated last month. Engie bought the gas in a one-off deal in response to the winter cold snap that has plunged much of the Northeast into freezing temperatures and sapped the region's fuel supplies. The gas was to be delivered to the Mystic Power Generation plant in Massachusetts and other local utilities, spokeswoman Julie Vitek said. ”We have communicated the fact that there is a mixture of gas aboard this cargo — we communicated that to a variety of authorities,” Vitek said. “I don’t believe they’ve flagged the Russian gas as a concern.” The Treasury Department declined to comment on shipment, citing departmental policy, and the State Department did not respond to inquiries. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Humana's Government Business Impresses, High Costs a Drag
On Sep 21, 2016, we issued an updated research report on Humana Inc.HUM .
The Kentucky-based company is one of the largest health care plan providers in the United States. Last year, this internationally renowned insurer made it to the headlines due to its proposed acquisition by Aetna Inc. The merger, if successful, would have resulted in the formation of the second-largest managed care company in the nation. However, the future of the deal remains shrouded in uncertainty given the objection raised by the U.S department of Justice (DOJ).
Humana has been witnessing strong performances in Individual Medicare Advantage and Healthcare Services businesses over last few quarters. Consequently, it raised its guidance for the full year. Adjusted earnings per share for 2016 are now expected to be at least $9.25. Its Medicare business has also been outperforming over the past few years, primarily due to the operating initiatives that have started bearing fruit through favorable prior period medical claims development and lower current-year utilization.
Humana's financial strength is backed by its solid cash balance. Effective control on debt financing also helped Humana manage its capital. The company's focus on creating shareholders' value through several capital deployment activities helped it cement investors' confidence and drive long-term growth.
Nevertheless, Humana's public exchange business continues to remain weak. This has compelled it to curtail the sale of Affordable Care Act (ACA) plans and halt the expansion of the business. The company's group Medicare Advantage business has also been affected by low revenues and earnings due to its failure in overcoming the loss incurred on a large profitable account at the beginning of this year.
Moreover, Humana's Individual commercial membership has been adversely impacted by the sudden increases in premiums as well as benefit redesigns effective since the start of this year. As a result, Humana now anticipates membership of this segment to decrease by 200,000 to 300,000.
The continuous increase in operating, depreciation and amortization costs that has resulted in higher benefit ratios is another headwind for the company.
Zacks Rank and Stocks That Warrant a Look
Humana currently carries a Zacks Rank #3 (Hold).
Investors can also look at some better ranked stocks from the same space like WellCare Health Plan Inc WCG , UnitedHealth Group Inc UNH and The Joint Corp JYNT . All of these stocks carry Zacks Rank #2 (Buy). You can see the complete list of today's Zacks #1 Rank (Strong Buy) stocks here.
Confidential from Zacks
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HUMANA INC NEW (HUM): Free Stock Analysis Report
UNITEDHEALTH GP (UNH): Free Stock Analysis Report
WELLCARE HEALTH (WCG): Free Stock Analysis Report
JOINT CORP/THE (JYNT): Free Stock Analysis Report
To read this article on Zacks.com click here.
Zacks Investment Research
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Wikipedia:WikiProject Spam/LinkReports/to-athens.com
Reporting statistics of link to-athens.com; 2 records.
* to-athens.com resolves to <IP_ADDRESS> -.
* Link is not on the blacklist.
* Link would be caught by rule \bto-athens\.com on the monitor list (Automonitor: conflict of interest? (calculated overlap Toathens <-> to-athens.com; diff)).
* Link would be caught by rule \bto-athens\.com on the monitor list (Automonitor: conflict of interest? (calculated overlap Toathens <-> to-athens.com; diff)).
Reports COIToolBot reported 2 links.
* 17:00:03, Sun Mar 16, 2008 ca:user:IradiBot <-> to-athens.com (0%/0%/0% - Added link: www.to-athens.com (Monitored rule: \bto-athens\.com - reason for monitoring \bto-athens\.com: Automonitor: conflict of interest? (calculated overlap Toathens <-> to-athens.com; diff)) - ca:Atenes - diff - COIBot UserReport - ca:Special:Contributions/IradiBot.
* 15:31:21, Fri Mar 14, 2008 en:user:Toathens <-> to-athens.com (100%/66.66%/66.6% - calculated overlap Toathens <-> to-athens.com) - en:Athens - diff - COIBot UserReport - en:Special:Contributions/Toathens.
Below a full report on all use of the link to-athens.com.
LinkWatcher records:
* 1) 2008-03-16 12:59:59: User ca:IradiBot (talk - contribs) to ca:Atenes (diff). Links: www.cityofathens.gr www.to-athens.com.
* 2) 2008-03-14 11:32:53: User de:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs) to de:Athen (diff). Links: www.to-athens.com/.
* 3) 2008-03-14 11:31:18: User en:Toathens (talk - contribs) to en:Athens (diff). Links: www.to-athens.com.
* 4) 2008-03-12 07:53:00: User en:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs) to en:Athens (diff). Links: www.to-athens.com.
* 5) 2008-03-11 11:35:01: User it:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs) to it:Atene (diff). Links: www.to-athens.com.
* 6) 2008-03-11 11:33:38: User fr:Salebot (talk - contribs) to fr:Athènes (diff). Links: www.cityofathens.gr www.to-athens.com www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/athens-origins.html accessibilite.wikia.com/wiki/Ath%C3%A8nes www.tv5.org/TV5Site/athenes/ www.in.gr/directory/default.asp?lngInfoChannel=4979.
* 7) 2008-03-11 11:32:55: User nl:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs) to nl:Athene (diff). Links: www.to-athens.com.
* 8) 2008-03-11 11:29:23: User fr:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs) to fr:Athènes (diff). Links: www.to-athens.com.
* 9) 2008-03-11 11:26:29: User eo:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs) to eo:Ateno (diff). Links: www.to-athens.com.
* 10) 2008-03-11 11:18:46: User ca:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs) to ca:Atenes (diff). Links: www.to-athens.com.
* 11) 2008-03-11 11:15:30: User de:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs) to de:Athen (diff). Links: www.to-athens.com.
* 12) 2008-03-11 11:07:24: User en:<IP_ADDRESS> (talk - contribs) to en:Athens (diff). Links: www.to-athens.com. | WIKI |
User:COLORGRAYdesign/sandbox
This is the COLORGRAYdesign sandbox (account of Andy Rinehart). I am here to ONLY to test my Wiki markup for short sections of revisions-in-progress to the Rob Mathes article on Wikipedia. My test paragraphs will be immediately removed by myself after I have a chance to confirm the outpout is as desired. This is only intended to be a testing ground and is not in use in hopes of public exposure. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Can you call on an ipod touch
The result was delete. JForget 00:42, 7 February 2010 (UTC)
Can you call on an ipod touch
* – ( View AfD View log • )
Wikipedia is not a how-to guide I42 (talk) 19:27, 31 January 2010 (UTC)
* Delete. I wish there was a speedy delete option because this is a hopeless how-to guide. JBsupreme ( talk ) 19:28, 31 January 2010 (UTC)
* Delete for same reason as above. -- Stroppolo talk 19:36, 31 January 2010 (UTC)
* Delete Perfect example of WP:NOT material... I also wish there was a speedy deletion criteria for how-to guides as hopeless as this. The Thing // Talk // Contribs 20:53, 31 January 2010 (UTC)
* Delete - Not only is this a how-to guide, it's also a pretty pointless one. DitzyNizzy (aka Jess) | (talk to me) | (What I've done) 22:54, 31 January 2010 (UTC)
* Delete as speedily as possible- Man, I tried... I would consider it vandalism, so I marked it as that. Totally pointless how to. Exactly what Wikipedia is not.-- iBentalk/contribs If you reply here, please place a talkback notification on my page. 03:02, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
* Delete. Agree that a speedy would probably be non-controversial, except for the fact that we have no speedy criteria to back it. If the author had been a Vandalism-only account, that'd be enough to trigger a G3 in my mind, but this is for all appearances a good-faith attempt at a guide. The fact that guides don't fit here is not material to that good faith. But, agree, this isn't encyclopedic. UltraExactZZ Said~ Did 15:21, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
* Delete per nom as explicit how-to guide, preferably under the snowball guideline. --A More Perfect Onion (talk) 15:23, 1 February 2010 (UTC)
* Delete this could've been easily prodded. fetch comms ☛ 00:52, 2 February 2010 (UTC)
* delete, as per everyone else and WP:SNOW -- JohnBlackburne wordsdeeds 23:49, 2 February 2010 (UTC)
* Delete per TTTSNB. Cheers!☮ —Ecw.Technoid.Dweeb | contributions | talk | If you reply somewhere other than my talk, please talkback me. 17:30, 3 February 2010 (UTC)
* Delete -- so tempting to speedy as an IAR... -- Fabrictramp | talk to me 18:29, 6 February 2010 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Home » Blog » WHAT KINDS OF WATER LEAKS ARE THERE AND WHAT DAMAGE THEY CAN CAUSE
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WHAT KINDS OF WATER LEAKS ARE THERE AND WHAT DAMAGE THEY CAN CAUSE
What Kind Of Water Leaks Are There And What Damage They Can Cause
Water leaks being common can damage the property if not paid attention to. Having a regular Water leak inspection can help you to keep Water leak repair in check. There has been an increase in Water Leak in Orange County which has taken around for Water leak specialists as everyone is very particular about the money they are investing in and Emergency water leak repair.
There are two types of leaks: catastrophic water leaks that destroy homes and costly water leaks that increase water bills.
Water leaks in homes can be disastrous. And if left unaltered can lead to Mold removal, sheetrock replacement, and other tasks must be completed before you can return to your home.
The other type of leak is costly water leaks. These leaks add up to cost an underground irrigation leak if gone unnoticed for months, causing total bills to skyrocket by thousands of dollars. A hose can be used in the same way. Understanding and anticipating these types of leaks can save you money in the long run.
Catastrophic water leak can be of 4 types
Bursting of pipes
• If you’ve ever left a liquid in the freezer for longer than you intended, resulting in it bursting out of the cap or breaking the bottle, you know why many pipes burst during the winter months. Inspecting with the help of a Water leak inspection can give you accurate results and save you tons of your precious time.
• However, many pipes do not burst precisely where the water stopped freezing and expanding. Instead, this type of blockage causes an increase in downstream water pressure between the faucet and the blockage.Most burst pipes occur when temperatures drop below freezing.
When your toilet line fails
• A toilet supply line leak is equally dangerous, especially if it occurs on a high floor of your home or building, as the water will trickle down throughout your home. This type of leak can be caused by a variety of problems.
• If there is a leak between the fittings, you will most likely need to purchase a new supply line. There is nothing which an emergency water leak specialist cant repair.
• If the source is around the fittings, tightening them could be the solution. If you do find one, the most important first step in identifying a leak in your toilet supply line is determining the source of the leak.
Appliance failure can actually cause water leak
• Appliances for example washing machines can actually add into causing major water leak.washing machines because of brittle rubber tubes Certain leaks may be caused by a top load or front load washer.
• A Water leak detection can check if the leak in the front of a top-loading washer could indicate that the overflow tube is blocked or tilted. Overflow tube clogs are usually caused by using too much detergent.
• A leak beneath the washer in a front load washer could indicate that the seams on the outer drum have been compromised and it needs to be replaced. If there is a leak in the back of either washer, it is most likely caused by an incorrectly connected drain hose or a blocked drain pipe.
Look into your hot water tank
• If water is spraying or flooding from the pipes, there is most likely a leak where the pipes are soldered or a rusted out fitting near the hot water tank. If it is leaking from the tank itself, your tank may be corroded and must be replaced.
• If water is dripping or pooling around the heater, it could be coming from the pressure release valve. When it detects excess pressure in the pipes, this valve is designed to leak water. If the valve is not faulty, the issue is most likely due to your home’s water pressure settings or a temperature that is set too high.
• Dealing with leaks from the hot water tank can be risky. It is important to remember that the water that comes out of the heater could be hot enough to scald skin and you should always look out for a Water leak specialist for Water leak repair.
Costly water leaks can be of two types.
Leaky toilets can be a problem
• When you open the top of your toilet, you’ll notice a rubber flapper connected to the flusher by a metal chain. When you flush the toilet, the flapper opens, allowing water from the tank to enter the toilet – the flush. As the tank fills, the flapper closes and is forced down by the pressure of the water.
• These flappers, however, erode over time, causing water to flow continuously from the tank through the toilet and down the drain. They are common in multi-family buildings. Either a toilet flapper erodes and slowly allows water to leak through, or the toilet simply becomes stuck open, causing leaks similar to an open faucet.
• Toilet flappers should be replaced every two years. Having a Water leak inspection can help you as most homeowners aren’t aware of this and can approach Water leak detection to avoid any Emergency water leak repair and can be prepared or can take precautions.
Failure of irrigation system
• Many sprinkler systems have old underground pipes. Hard water can build up, and rodents can get into the irrigation system and cause a leak. This can go unnoticed for months and dramatically increase your water bill. Irrigation leaks contribute significantly to waste and high water bills.
• Typically, they occur underground and can be difficult to detect. A line underground will burst due to mites or freezing in the winter due to a small amount of water in it. These leaks can ruin your water bill and are difficult to locate and Water Leak in Orange County can have a Water leak specialist to help you.
Maintenance should be done regularly to avoid any future damages
• Doing routine maintenance on your appliances by calling the Water leak inspection team can be your first step to initially prevent leaks. If you are consistently updating older parts on your hardware or checking for hard to detect leaks, you can take guidance from the Water leak detection team which are experts in their field and can help you in preventing one from happening.
• You should Monitor your water bill as you can find spikes in the charges and determine if there is a leak and this can be your sign for signing up Water Leak Orange County.During the winter months especially, knowing your risk for leaks and getting Emergency water leak repair can be difficult on the spot for leaks such as from burst frozen pipes ,while in this case scenario knowing a Water leak specialist before hand can help you detect a leak early on.
• You can be too late at preventing water leak damage and well calling Water leak repair can save you time and energy.
• Tools like A leak detection system automatically detect an unusual increase in water usage 24 x7 and alert you when you have a leak. From the variety you can choose either moisture sensors or whole home systems. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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High-intensity-interval exercise to reduce cardio-metabolic risk in youth
Although typically associated with adulthood, the origin of cardio-metabolic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease and type II diabetes, starts in childhood. This means preventative strategies should start early in life. Physical activity is known to reduce a child’s cardio-metabolic risk, but very few children meet the current guidelines of performing 60 minutes per day of at least moderate intensity physical activity. This means, alternative exercise strategies, such as performing low volume high-intensity-interval exercise (HIIE) may be an attractive alternative to reduce cardio-metabolic risk in youth.
We have conducted a series of studies to examine the effect of performing HIIE compared to a work-matched bout of moderate intensity exercise (MIE) on a range of health outcomes in adolescents. We have shown that performing just 8 minutes of HIIE provides either comparable or superior changes in blood glucose, insulin and triglyceride, blood pressure and lipid oxidation when compared to ~ 30 minutes of MIE.
In addition, using measures of macro- (flow mediated dilation, FMD) and micro- (laser Doppler imaging) function we have shown that HIIE provides superior changes in vessel function when compared to MIE in the fasted state or following the ingestion of a high-fat meal. Finally, we have recently shown that just 6 sessions of HIIE performed over 2 weeks noes not alter traditional risk factors in adolescents (e.g. blood glucose, insulin, cholesterol) but blood vessel function and the control of heart rate is augmented.
Collectively, these studies provide evidence that the intensity of a single exercise bout is important for promoting health in adolescents, and that HIIE is a superior and feasible alternative to MIE. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
An "Uncertainty Principle" for traditional mathematical approaches to biological modeling
If you're a biological modeler, chances are there are two words that keep you up at night and that on occasion, might even have given you serious pause to question the wisdom of your choice of profession. Those two words are combinatorial complexity.
For anyone not entirely familiar with this concept, imagine one of the simplest possible biomolecular systems, with a kinase K that can bind to and phosphorylate a substrate S at either of two positions a and b, as shown in this first diagram. Even this very simple system can produce 13 possible molecular species: K unbound, S unbound in one of its 4 phosphorylation states, K bound at a with S in one of its 4 states, K bound at b with S in one of its 4 states.
Taking the traditional biological modeling approach of using ordinary differential equations (ODEs), you would therefore have to write 13 rate equations to describe this system. So far so good.
But now let's add the phosphatase P that dephosphorylates the sites a and b on S. If we do a similar analysis of the possible molecular species for our new system, taking into account now, the possible bound and unbound states of PandK on S, we discover that the addition of this single agent P yields 21 new molecular species in addition to the 13 that we already had! Furthermore, since we are working with a model of interdependent ODEs, we will also need to rewrite our original set of rate equations.
If it takes all this work to describe what is almost the simplest imaginable kind of system, how many equations would we need for a real biological system? How many rate equations would we need to describe the canonical epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway for example?
Hold on to your hats ... drum roll ... somewhere north of 1030 equations.
Yikes!
All this said however, biological modelers have built models of complex cellular systems like the EGFR pathway, so how on earth have they done it? The answer is by simplifying the system, typically by either ignoring features that are presumed to minimally impact the system's behavior, or by aggregating features to create a less granular description of the system, again under the presumption that this will not significantly affect the model's behavior.
The danger inherent in such approaches is that they require a set of a priori hypotheses about what are and what are not, the important features of the system i.e. they require a decision about what aspects of the model will least affect its behavior before the model has ever been run.
The famous Uncertainty Principle that we all learned in high school physics states that it is impossible to simultaneously determine with any accuracy, both the position and the momentum of an electron. A recasting of this principle for traditional biological modeling might be
"Scope or resolution, but not both at the same time"
One could argue that whereas the original physical principle is absolute, in the case of biological modeling the limitation is one of technology - "If we had a big enough, fast enough computer ..." etc. Perhaps, but when you compare the storage and processing time required to solve a system of 1030 equations with the scale of our universe, the biological modeling version of the principle seems pretty darn absolute to me.
Did I hear someone say "quantum computer"?
Just let me know when they've built one that could address this problem and I will gladly publish an update :-)
© The Digital Biologist | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
User:DragonAnimators
My name is DragonAnimators. I am an avid Minecrafter on Java Edition. I love all Boston sports teams. My tennis idol is Roger Federer. | WIKI |
Page:Scenes and Hymns of Life.pdf/187
Rh
"And she answered, I dwell among mine own people." 2 Kings, iv. 13.
"I dwell among mine own"—Oh! happy thou! Not for the sunny clusters of the vine, Nor for the olives on the mountain's brow; Nor the flocks wandering by the flowery line Of streams, that make the green land where they shine Laugh to the light of waters—not for these, Nor the soft shadow of ancestral trees, Whose kindly whisper floats o'er thee and thine— Oh! not for these I call thee richly blest, But for the meekness of thy woman's breast, Where that sweet depth of still contentment lies; And for thy holy household love, which clings Unto all ancient and familiar things, Weaving from each some link for home's dear charities. | WIKI |
Domain Alias - 2 domains alike/2 mailboxes alike
Discussion in 'Installation/Configuration' started by danhansen@denmark, Apr 22, 2013.
1. danhansen@denmark
danhansen@denmark New Member
Hi,
Question:
1. If we have, say animalshop.tld and animalshopping.tld set up because we want to ensure people finding our shop, and then want to set up a mailaccount which works for both the domains - is this what domain alias is use for?
Because, what I normally whould do was to set up say mail@animalshop.tld as the "Mailbox" to use, and then set up a "Email Forward" from mail@animalshopping.tld --> mail@animalshop.tld
2. Setting the "Email Domain" with SpamFilter "Normal" - will be a standard setting for all mailboxes for this domain. So if you set "SpamFilter" in "Email Domain" you do not need to set "spamFilter" in the mailbox unless you want an other setting. Is this correct?
3. Regarding "Domain Alias" Is this a bug? If we setup a "Email Domain" animalshop.tld and animalshopping.tld and then a "Domain Alias" from animalshop.tld --> animalshopping.tld. Then we create the "Mailbox postmaster@animalshop.tld.. If someone sends a mail to postmaster@animalshopping.tld (has no mailbox-only domain alias) it will arrive at postmaster@animalshop.tld as it should!!
But, if we then make the postmaster@animalshop.tld a "Email Catchall" shouldn't the mail to hullahop@animalshopping arrive at postmaster@animalshop.tld ??? If not, shouldn't we be able to create the "Email Catchall" animalshopping.tld --> postmaster@animalshop.tld?
The error message when sending a mail hullahop@animalshopping.tld which via "Alias Domain" and "Catchall" should arrive at postmaster@animalshop.tld is:
Final-Recipient: rfc822; postmaster@animalshop.tld
Original-Recipient: rfc822;hallihallo@animalshopping.tld
Action: failed
Status: 5.4.4
Diagnostic-Code: X-Postfix; Host or domain name not found. Name service error
for name=animalshop.tld type=AAAA: Host not found
Is the solution to setup mailboxes for both domains and forget all about "Domain Alias" ??? Or is there someone who has the solution.. If I am very qurious about knowing this ;)
Thanks in advance ;)
Last edited: Apr 23, 2013
2. darinpeterson
darinpeterson HowtoForge Supporter
Hi Dan,
Alias domains are used to have one website with multiple addresses. It does not impact email.
Best regards,
Darin
Last edited: Apr 23, 2013
3. danhansen@denmark
danhansen@denmark New Member
Whoops...
Hi Darin,
Sorry for not specifying exactly which tab I was refering to:
"ISPconfig CP > Email > Email Accounts > Domain Alias"
Actually I am having an issue with the Domain Alias that you are refering to. But this will be in another post, to keep things "simple" ;)
Kind Regards,
Dan
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Poincaré disk
Etymology
After Henri Poincaré.
Noun
* 1) The hyperbolic plane, viewed as a disk so that Euclidean circles and lines Euclidean-perpendicular to the disk's surface are hyperbolic lines.
Translations
* Finnish: Poincarén kiekko
* Spanish: disco de Poincaré | WIKI |
Tag Archives: Janus
Non-receptor tyrosine-protein kinase TYK2
TYK2 bind phosphotyrosineTYK2 a Janus kinase, contains a C-terminal protein tyrosine kinase catalytic domain and has no Nterminal signal peptide or transmembrane domain, of coding regions of exons and the adjacent intronic DNA sequences, identical to tyk2 of mutant Tyk2 forms deleted at the N terminus locus:19p13.2 [§§], a human mRNA (rs2304256) exon¤ encoding a non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase, the Tyk2 deficiency is likely to account for the phenotype by preventing* Tyk2 tyrosine phosphorylation for interferon (IFN) responses and Stat activation. STAT1 and STAT3 translocated to the nucleus following PAF (platelet-activating factor) stimulation in the presence of TYK2 in controlling responses to multiple cytokines IFNAR1 (the Tyr-based endocytic motif within) or PLAUR (a UPA receptor) urokinase signaling complex uPA containing TYK2 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PI3K stabilized at the cell surface are downstream events binding to the type I IFN TYK2 the DNA-binding domainreceptor complex a pathway that supplements ISGF3/interferon-stimulated response element, and IRF5 a regulator. (IFNaR1) domain (dimerized) is required to induce phosphorylation of binding helical bundled cytokines and TYK2 phenotypes ability at binding and signal transduction to the nucleus for the acquisition of DNA binding activity, and modulates uPAR dependent functional responses in upregulation of C5aR* expression. Mutations in TYK2 and STAT3 mostly impair IL-6R* responses, and polymorphisms¤. Phenylephrine induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Jak2, Tyk2, and STAT1. TYK2, has an SH2 domain that contains a histidine instead of arginine (semi- vs essential amino acid) it may have lost the ability on ligand-induced signaling to bind phosphotyrosine at a neutral pH of 7. Either of the two Src homology 2(SH2)p85 domains binds the pseudokinase domain (a hypothetical masking complex) of TYK2 directly.
TYK2 of 3NZO coding regions of exons and the adjacent intronic DNA
Tyrosine-protein kinase JAK1
JAK1 PTK domain in complex with two JAK inhibitorsThe Janus kinase family, Type I and II cytokine receptors is immediately N-terminal to the PTK domain 1p31.3: [§§]. And JAK2 in the interferon-gamma pathway PTK activity is located in the C-terminal PTK‘-like domain has a negative role of an intrinsic JAK inhibitor suppressor of cytokine signaling (Cordyceps bassiana‘ may contain more than one active component as a multi-utility ethnomedicinal herbal) of a variable N-terminal region target sufficient for binding to a biotinylated* peptide on the cytokine receptor OSMR/gp130 and a C-terminal signaling cascade SOCS box of the OSMR box1/2 region. Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) negatively regulate the Janus kinase, or inhibited enterovirus-induced signaling of JAK and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway, may be, the molecular site of action of taxifolin []. And myricetin could directly bind to JAK1/STAT3 molecules, these are the ‘softmolecular drug targets modality for immunosuppression. SOCS regulate JAK and EGFR signaling pathways, and LIF activated STAT of which SOCS-3 is a member and targeted IFN response factor 1- and class II transactivator-dependent and independent promoters, by suppressing the Janus**’* kinase-signal transducer ** and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway. Janus tyrosine kinase2 (TYK2), Jamip1 (Jak and microtubule interacting protein) associates via its C-terminal region activating multiple signaling (phosphorlration) pathways in parallel in HTLV-I infected T cells to facilitate* oncogenic transformation. (JAK)-STAT cytokine-induced pathway proteins may influence GHR signalling other peripheral** effects*(the leptin (Ob) antiapoptotic effect, critical to both ‘innate’ and adaptive immunity), and in human liver, in NF‘-kappaB activation by IFN (alpha) and IFN-gamma cytokine receptor family along with subunit IFNGR by formation of inhibitory complexes subunit IFNAR binding to its specific cell surface receptor and activator of transcription, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) pathway tyk, of STAT3 upstream kinases. JAK1 was stably associated with STAT3. IL-6 induces activation of JAK1 and JAK2 in human B cell lines. JAK/STAT signaling has been attributed to direct transcriptional regulation by STAT of specific target genes. Stat proteins are substrates of the Jak protein tyrosine kinases. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Wavertree (Maryland)
Wavertree or Howards Resolution is a historic home located in Glenelg, Maryland in Howard County. The estate was first surveyed as "Howard's Second Discovery" by Henry Howard in 1712. It is notable as the family seat of the prominent Iglehart family. Tilgman Iglehart built the federal style stone house in the federal style. Tilgman along with other family members are buried onsite in a family grave. The name Wavertree comes from a later owner, Colonel Leven Gale, who had ancestors in Wavertree, England. As with many pre-colonial buildings of the region, the fieldstone structure was a later addition attached to an older log structure. in 1938, the log structure section was removed from deterioration. The building was acquired in 1973 by Howard County for a park, but was returned to private ownership to Robert Watson by 1974 and Charles R. Miller Jr by 1978. The property is currently surrounded by Benson Branch Park. | WIKI |
Detecting Internet Explorer Accurately
Code Apr 11, 2016
For all modern developers of the web, Internet Explorer is the bane of existence (I'll explain why in a future post). Depending on your user base, you may still have to support a variety of browsers, both new and old. This causes difficulty in ensuring the code you write is compatible on so many platforms. But before we get into that, lets take a look at some data and see the level of severity.
Some stats in yo' face
Even though it's 2016, you may still be surprised to hear that a decent percentage of web consumption is still done on an outdated version of Internet Explorer. Don't believe me? Here is a screenshot of the last 12 months of browser usage statistics (courtesy of Statscounter).
As you can see from the graph, in the United States, 7.16% of users are still using an older version of Internet Explorer and a staggering 2.76% of that is still using IE8, which doesn't support ECMAScript 5, and IE9 only partially supports it!
To solve this problem developers can take multiple combinations of approach. Developers can incorporate a polyfill library, drop support, add HTML conditional comments, or sprinkle some Javascript condition checks to execute different blocks of code for each browser. Lets say you have no choice but to write some condition checks in your Javascript to detect the Internet Explorer version, how do you go about doing this accurately?
Detecting internet explorer
In this post I will go over how to detect the Internet Explorer version more accurately.
Uh... dude, there are like a BAJILLION documents on how to do this.
That's true, but there are some nuances with detecting the right version of Internet Explorer that's not addressed or ill-documented. For example, Microsoft has documented some useful ways of detecting Internet Explorer. In particular, take note on their section of parsing the user agent string. This section does not discuss a key implementation detail that is missing, which can cause you some grief.
As a result, there are some popular websites and tools that may have implemented an incomplete or even incorrect Internet Explorer checker.
I've seen this incompleteness on some popular tools that include both Optimizely and even Google Analytics. At Intuit, this bug has directly affected our product - Google Analytics mis-reported our browser usage stats and Optimizely would not place our users in a proper test bucket. So what is this bug?
The missing trident
Internet Explorer has always used a proprietary layout engine for each version of IE. Starting with IE8, it began reporting the version of this layout engine as part of the user agent string. The layout engine is named Trident; with every new version of Internet Explorer, there is a new version of Trident. You can read more about IE's user agent string here and read more about the all the possible user agent strings here.
How does this affect you? Well as I mentioned earlier, a lot of IE checkers only check against the MSIE version specified in the user-agent string. However, it is possible that when you go to a webpage, Internet Explorer can report back a different MSIE version, even if it is an up to date version that can render the page with the latest web standards. In fact, IE11 does not even report an MSIE version!!!
Yep that's right. For example, you can have Internet Explorer 10 installed in your computer, but when you open up a webpage, the user agent string might say it's MSIE 8. The page will then potentially freak out and render incorrectly. However, it's technically IE 10, which means it's using the latest rendering engine, so it should be able to conform to the latest web standards! There are many ways this can happen and it's all documented in MSDN. Want to try it yourself? Pop open the developer tools (F12) on Internet Explorer, modify your document mode, and check out the user agent string result.
I have IE11 installed on my desktop. When I switched the document mode to 8, the user agent string reports the browser as MSIE 8, but look at the trident string! It still reports 7.0!
Implementing a more accurate IE checker
Given this discovery, we can write a more accurate Internet Explorer checker. The example on MSDN is outdated as well and won't work for IE11, so lets tweak that a bit. Now for some free code!
function getMSIEVersion()
{
var version = -1;
if (navigator)
{
var userAgent = navigator.userAgent;
var regEx = new RegExp("MSIE ([0-9]{1,}[\.0-9]{0,})");
if (regEx.exec(userAgent) != null) {
version = parseFloat(RegExp.$1);
}
}
return version;
}
function getTridentVersion()
{
var version = -1;
if (navigator)
{
var userAgent = navigator.userAgent;
var regEx = new RegExp("Trident/([0-9]{1,}[\.0-9]{0,})");
if (regEx.exec(userAgent) != null) {
version = parseFloat(RegExp.$1);
}
}
return version;
}
All we're doing implementing two functions to check the Trident string and the MSIE version. Depending on your use case, you'll want to check on the combination of both the Trident and MSIE versions to figure out what to do next. To be honest, you really only need the Trident token to get a true representation of the IE version, then use the MSIE token to help you determine the current document mode.
That's it! It's as simple as that!
"Psh, I only deal with the latest and greatest"
If that is the case for you, then lucky you! You are one of few who doesn't have to worry about this IE bullhonky. So celebrate with some cake you lucky, glorious bastard!
But for the unlucky few (like myself), depending on the primary user base for your product, you may still have to support older browsers. As a byproduct, the percentage of your users who still use IE8 or IE9 may even be higher than the global stat! So no cake for me...
Tags
Kelvin Nguyen
A basic millennial pretending like he knows tech. I am a product visionary with no PMF, a wannabe designer with poor UX skills, and an influencer with only a few subs. I code sometimes too I guess. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Veronica ZUCKER, on Behalf of Herself and All Others Similarly Situated, Plaintiff, v. Chikara SASAKI, Bernard M. Manuel, Irving Benson, Colin C. Fenn, Trevor J. Wright, Roy E. Green, Gary C. Smith, Susan P. Johnson, Paul D. Baiocchi, James G. Groninger, Paul Jacobs, Stuart B. Katz, Cygne Designs, Inc. PaineWebber Inc., PaineWebber International (U.K.) Ltd., Furman Selz Inc., Smith Barney Inc., David Frankel, Barry Rothberg, Faye Landes and Ernst & Young, L.L.P., Defendants.
No. 95 Civ. 10517 (SWK).
United States District Court, S.D. New York.
May 6, 1997.
Milberg, Weiss, Bershad, Hynes & Lerach, L.L.P. by Keith M. Fleischman, New York City, Milberg, Weiss, Bershad, Hynes & Lerach, L.L.P. by William S. Lerach, San Diego, CA, Stull, Stull & Brody by Jules Brody, New York City, Weiss & Yourman by Joseph H. Weiss, New York City, Savett, Frutkin, Podell & Ryan by Stuart H. Savett, Philadelphia, PA, for Plaintiffs.
Mayer, Brown & Platt by Marc Gary, John J. Sullivan, Gary A. Orseck, Washington, DC, for Ernst & Young.
Wilmer, Cutler & Pickering by Charles E. Davidow, Joseph K. Brenner, Melinda Hardy, Jonathan E. Meyer, Washington, DC, for PaineWebber Inc., PaineWebber International (U.K.) Ltd., Furman Selz Inc., Smith Barney Inc., David Frankel, Barry Rothberg, and Faye Landes.
Wilson, Sonsini, Goodrich & Rosati Professional Corporation by Boris Feldman, Palo Alto, CA, Herrick, Feinstein, PC by Christopher J. Sullivan, New York City, for Cygne Designs, Inc., Chikara Sasaki, Bernard M. Manuel, Irving Benson, Colin C. Fenn, Trevor J. Wright, Roy E. Green, Gary C. Smith, Susan P. Johnson, Paul D. Baiocchi, James G. Groninger, Paul Jacobs, Stuart B. Katz.
MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER
KRAM, District Judge.
In this class action asserting securities fraud, defendant Ernst & Young, L.L.P. (“Ernst & Young”) moves to dismiss the amended complaint of plaintiff Veronica Zucker (“Zucker”), pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 9(b) and 12(b)(6). For the reasons set forth below, Ernst & Young’s motion is granted.
BACKGROUND
1. The Fraudulent Scheme
Cygne Designs, Inc. (“Cygne”) designs and manufactures clothing for retailers. Amended Complaint (“Compl.”) ¶2. On September 28, 1993, Cygne announced its acquisition of Fenn, Wright & Mason (“FWM”), another manufacturer, for 2,000,000 shares of Cygne stock. Compl. ¶ 60. In various public statements and documents, Cygne represented that the acquisition of FWM would increase its earnings and profitability. The acquisition closed on April 6, 1994, and the amount of goodwill was ultimately adjusted to approximately $47 million.
Despite Cygne’s favorable representations regarding the FWM acquisition, Zucker claims that in fact, all the defendants had learned during the pre-purchase investigation that FWM was experiencing problems such that there was no reasonable basis to believe that the purchase price or recorded goodwill could be recovered. Compl. ¶¶ 12, 82, 99(a)(c). Zucker claims that by early 1994, defendants knew that Cygne’s business was in trouble due to quality control operations, failure to obtain new and creditworthy customers, and management problems. Compl. ¶ 99.
In June 1994, Cygne undertook a secondary stock offering of $73.4 million (the “Secondary Offering”), in which it sold 2,300,000 shares. Zucker alleges that as a result of the Secondary Offering, certain insiders and controlling shareholders of Cygne sold 1,725,-000 shares at $18)4 per share. Compl. ¶¶ 4, 74. Moreover, according to Zucker, Cygne falsely reported that the proceeds of the Secondary Offering, together with Cygne’s internally generated cash flow, would provide Cygne with sufficient resources and liquidity to operate its business and pursue its expansion plans. Compl. ¶¶ 81, 83,94.
During this period, Zucker claims that defendants also represented to the investing public that Cygne would achieve strong earnings growth in 1994 and 1995. Compl. ¶¶ 73, 75, 80, 90, 92. Likewise, Zucker asserts that Cygne made numerous false representations regarding the ability and success of its business, internal organization, merchandizing and relationships with new customers. Compl. ¶¶ 65, 67, 73, 78, 91-93.
On August 4, 1994, Cygne announced an agreement to acquire another manufacturer, GJM International Ltd. (“GJM”), for $1.3 million and 650,000 shares of Cygne stock. As with its acquisition of FWM, Cygne represented to the investing public that GJM would be a strong addition to the company. Compl. ¶¶86, 92, 95. Cygne recorded approximately $27.7 million of goodwill in connection with this acquisition. Compl. ¶ 6.
On October 24, 1994, Cygne revealed that due to poor retail sales and product returns, its third quarter 1994 earnings would be much lower than originally forecast. Compl. ¶ 96. After this announcement, Cygne stock fell from $20 per share to $12)4 per share. Zucker alleges, however, that the stock continued to trade at artificially high prices due to various misrepresentations by Cygne, including that the third quarter decline was a one-time occurrence which had been corrected, Compl. ¶ 97, that the FWM acquisition was successful, Compl. ¶ 97, 114, that the GJM acquisition would improve Cygne’s earnings, Compl. ¶ 105, 106, that Cygne would achieve earnings growth in 1994 and 1995 due to new customers, Compl. ¶¶ 105, 107, 109-11, and that Cygne had sufficient financial resources and liquidity to operate its business and pursue its expansion plans, Compl. ¶¶ 100,103,108.
On April 28, 1995, Cygne filed its annual report with the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). At the same time, Cygne issued a public statement indicating that it would suffer a substantial loss in the first quarter of 1995 due to various factors, including poor performance of FWM’s Hong Kong product sourcing operation, weak sales, quality control problems, and a $1.1 million write-off of uncollectible accounts receivable from a new customer. As a result of this announcement, Cygne stock fell to $6)4 per share. Compl. ¶ 119.
On September 11, 1995, Cygne announced an even larger loss for the second quarter of 1995 of approximately $5.1 million. Compl. ¶ 129. Thereafter, on November 21, 1995, Cygne revealed a third quarter loss of over $43 million — almost $3.50 per share. This loss was attributable, in significant part, to the write-off of almost all of the goodwill recorded one year earlier in connection with Cygne’s acquisition of FWM. Cygne also revealed other significant problems, such as extreme liquidity shortages and discontinued customers. Compl. ¶ 131. ■
Given the aforementioned circumstances, Zucker alleges that from September 28,1993 through April 28, 1995 (the “Class Period”), Cygne’s financial statements were fraudulently manipulated to artificially inflate revenues and earnings. Zucker further asserts that the defendants knew or recklessly disregarded facts relating to this alleged fraud. Specifically, Zucker claims that despite their assurances that the FWM acquisition would increase Cygne’s earnings, defendants knew that the acquisition would, in fact, adversely affect Cygne’s earnings. In addition, Zueker alleges that defendants knew that Cygne’s business was in trouble and that Cygne had been engaging in numerous business activities that threatened the success of the company, but continued to make public statements to the contrary. Finally, Zueker claims that throughout the Class Period, Cygne utilized the help of a variety of professionals — including its independent accounting firm, Ernst & Young — to ensure the success of its scheme to defraud the public.
II. Allegations Against Ernst & Young
Zucker’s Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 claims against Ernst & Young are based solely on Cygne’s financial statements for the fiscal years ending January 29, 1994 (“Fiscal 1993”) and January 28, 1995 (“Fiscal 1994”). Zueker contends that Ernst & Young fraudulently issued “clean” audit opinions of these statements despite knowledge of facts that revealed the falsity of these statements.
Zueker asserts that in order to overstate revenues, earnings, and stockholders equity, Cygne engaged in numerous accounting practices in violation of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (“GAAP”). Such practices, according to Zueker, included improperly reporting the value of Cygne’s investments in FWM and GJM, improperly recognizing revenues and goodwill, failing to timely write down accounts receivable of doubtful collectibility, and improperly reporting a gain on the disposition of part of FWM’s assets in the first quarter of 1995. In particular, Zueker asserts that Ernst & Young knowingly disclosed false information relating to the FWM acquisition in footnote 14 of its audit report for Fiscal 1993. Footnote 14 of the report, labeled “Subsequent Event,” states that “On April 6, 1994, Cygne [purchased] FWM, and FWM became a wholly-owned subsidiary of Cygne. The excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the net assets acquired of approximately $46,500,000 has been recorded as goodwill and will be amortized over a twenty-five year period.” Report for Fiscal 1993, annexed to the Affidavit of Sarah A. Good, sworn to on April 8, 1996, as Exh. “5,” at F~ 20.
According to Zueker, at the time that Ernst & Young issued the above statement, it knew or had reason to know that the FWM acquisition would fail. Similarly, Zueker asserts that when Ernst & Young issued “clean” opinions on Cygne’s statements for Fiscal 1993 and Fiscal 1994, Ernst & Young knew or recklessly disregarded the above-stated “true facts” about Cygne. Plaintiff attributes Ernst & Young’s knowledge or reckless disregard of these “true facts” to Ernst & Young’s presence at Cygne’s headquarters and its access to Cygne’s confidential records.
According to Zueker, when Ernst & Young certified Cygne’s statements for Fiscal 1993 and Fiscal 1994 and stated that its examinations were made in accordance with Generally Accepted Auditing Standards (“GAAS”), Ernst & Young committed fraud against the public. Zueker claims that Ernst & Young’s audits were contrary to GAAS due to Ernst & Young’s failure to take various professional measures to ensure that its audits were accurate.
DISCUSSION
I. Standard of Law
On a motion to dismiss brought pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), the Court must accept the allegations in the complaint as true and construe them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Easton v. Sundram, 947 F.2d 1011, 1014-15 (2d Cir.1991), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 911, 112 S.Ct. 1943, 118 L.Ed.2d 548 (1992). A complaint should not be dismissed unless “it appears beyond doubt that the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which would entitle him to relief.” Still v. DeBuono, 101 F.3d 888, 891 (2d Cir.1996) (quoting Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41, 45-46, 78 S.Ct. 99, 101-02, 2 L.Ed.2d 80 (1957)).
Zucker’s claims against Ernst & Young are based on alleged violations of Section 10(b) of the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934 and Securities and Exchange Commission Rule 10b-5. Section 10(b) makes it
unlawful for any person ... [t]o use or employ, in connection with the purchase or sale of any security ... any manipulative or deceptive device or contrivance in contravention of such rules and regulations as the Commission may prescribe as necessary or appropriate in the public interest for the protection of investors.
15 U.S.C. § 78j(b). Rule 10b-5, a general anti-fraud provision promulgated under Section 10(b), makes it unlawful to “make any untrue statement of a material fact or to omit to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statement made, in light of the circumstances under which they were made, not misleading....” 17 C.F.R. 240.10b-5(2).
To state a cause of action under Rule lob-5, a plaintiff must plead that “in connection with the purchase or sale of securities, the defendant, acting with scienter, made a false material representation or omitted to disclose material information and that plaintiffs reliance on defendant’s; action caused him injury.” Bloor v. Carro, Spanbock, Londin, Rodman & Foss, 754 F.2d 57, 61 (2d Cir. 1985). To establish scienter pursuant to Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, a plaintiff must demonstrate either that (1) defendants had knowledge of the falsity of the misstatement or omission at issue, or (2) defendants had a “willful, deliberate, or reckless disregard for the truth that is the equivalent of knowledge.” Lanza v. Drexel & Co., 479 F.2d 1277, 1305 (2d Cir.1973).
II. Motion to Dismiss Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6)
A. The Fiscal 1993 Report
Ernst & Young’s audit report for Fiscal 1993 (the “Fiscal 1993 Report”), which was issued on April 8, 1994, included a footnote that reported a subsequent event — the acquisition of FWM. Paragraph 70 of the amended complaint describes this footnote:
Cygne’s financial statements, at footnote 14, reported the acquisition of FWM as a subsequent event, and in addition, reported that approximately $46.5 million of goodwill had been reported in connection with the acquisition of FWM and that such goodwill would be amortized over a twenty-five year period. The amount of the recorded goodwill was subsequently adjusted to in excess of $47 million.
Compl. ¶70. That the event was labeled “subsequent” indicates that it was not part of Ernst & Young’s audit of the Fiscal 1993 statement. Zucker claims, however, that Ernst & Young violated Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 by making this disclosure despite its knowledge or reckless disregard of the fact that the goodwill was materially overstated and that the acquisition would likely be unprofitable.
The statements in footnote 14 cannot form the basis for a securities fraud claim because Zucker concedes that the footnote accurately describes the manner in which the goodwill from the FWM acquisition was recorded in Cygne’s books. See Pl.’s Mem. of Law, dated May 24, 1996, at 34 (“the treatment of how Cygne was accounting for the FWM ... goodwill was disclosed in its public documents”). This concession undermines Zucker’s contention that footnote 14 forms the basis for a securities fraud claim against Ernst & Young. See Kramer v. Time Warner Inc., 937 F.2d 767, 778 (2d Cir.1991) (where there is accurate disclosure, there is “no hint of any intent to deceive”).
Unable to dispute the truthfulness of footnote 14, Zucker takes issue with the judgments made by Cygne and reported by Ernst & Young regarding the length of the amortization period and the amount of goodwill booked. Zucker argues that because Cygne wrote off almost all of the goodwill associated with the FWM acquisition on November 21, 1995, Cygne and Ernst & Young should have known that the FWM acquisition would fail when it was consummated eighteen months earlier. This argument is nothing more than an example of “fraud by hindsight.” Denny v. Barber, 576 F.2d 465, 470 (2d Cir.1978); see also Acito v. IMCERA Group, Inc., 47 F.3d at 53 (“[defendants’ lack of clairvoyance simply does not constitute securities fraud”).
Zucker offers no factual support for the assertion that Ernst & Young knew or should have known that there was no reasonable basis for the recorded goodwill and amortization period. Rather, the amended complaint simply asserts that as Cygne’s auditors, with access to Cygne’s internal documents, Ernst & Young knew or was reckless in not knowing that the FWM goodwill was materially overstated. This conclusory and fact-deficient allegation is insufficient to allege securities fraud. See San Leandro Emergency Med. Group Profit Sharing Plan v. Philip Morris Cos., 75 F.3d 801, 813 (2d Cir.1996) (since plaintiffs have not alleged circumstances indicating that the statements at issue were false, plaintiffs have failed to adequately plead fraud); Mills v. Polar Molecular Corp., 12 F.3d 1170, 1176 (2d Cir.1993) (plaintiff must allege facts implying defendants’ intent to deceive in order to state securities fraud claims); O’Brien v. Price Waterhouse, 740 F.Supp. 276, 281 (S.D.N.Y. 1990) (vague and unspecified allegations against auditor do not plead scienter), aff'd, 936 F.2d 674 (2d Cir.1991). Accordingly, allegations based on the Fiscal 1993 Report fail to state a claim for securities fraud against Ernst & Young.
B. The Fiscal 1994 Report
Zucker claims that Ernst & Young also acted improperly in connection with its audit of the Fiscal 1994 statement (the “Fiscal 1994 Report”). Zucker asserts that in its Fiscal 1994 Report, Ernst & Young purposefully treated a transaction as a subsequent event in order to avoid disclosing adverse facts about that transaction. In the Fiscal 1994 Report, the sale of an FWM division on April 7, 1995 was treated as a subsequent event since it occurred shortly after the completion of the Fiscal 1994 Report, dated March 23, 1995. Zucker claims, however, that since the Fiscal 1994 Report was not filed with the SEC until April 28,1995, Ernst & Young had adequate time to audit the transaction, but intentionally chose not to. Moreover, had Ernst & Young audited the transaction, Zucker claims that Ernst & Young would have realized that the goodwill recorded from the sale was significantly overstated.
The Fiscal 1994 Report cannot form the basis for a securities fraud claim against Ernst & Young since Zucker purchased her stock in June 1994 and the Fiscal 1994 Report was not issued until March 23, 1995. Allegedly false statements made after the named plaintiffs last stock purchase are not actionable because the plaintiff could not possibly have relied on such statements in purchasing the stock. See Denny v. Barber, 576 F.2d 465, 468 (2d Cir.1978); Ernst & Co. v. Marine Midland Bank, N.A, 920 F.Supp. 58, 61 (S.D.N.Y.1996); Fischer v. Tynan, No. 90 Civ. 7587, 1993 WL 213025, at *2 (S.D.N.Y. June 16, 1993); Levine v. NL Indus., Inc., 720 F.Supp. 305, 308 (S.D.N.Y. 1989), aff'd, 926 F.2d 199 (2d Cir.1991).
Zucker’s reliance on Robbins v. Moore Med. Corp., 788 F.Supp. 179, 187 (S.D.N.Y.1992) and Nicholas v. Poughkeepsie Savings Bank/FSB, No. 90 Civ. 1607, 1990 WL 145154, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. Sept. 27, 1990) is misplaced. In both cases, a group of defendants with an identity of interests allegedly made a series of “inter-related misstatements” as part of “a common course of conduct.” Robbins v. Moore Med. Corp., 788 F.Supp. at 187; Nicholas v. Poughkeepsie Savings Bank, 1990 WL 145154, at *5. Moreover, in both cases, the defendants were alleged to have made fraudulent statements both before and after the plaintiff purchased his stock. Under such circumstances, the courts found that the post-purchase statements were relevant to the course of wrongful conduct alleged. Id. at *5-*6; Robbins v. Moore Med. Corp., 788 F.Supp. at 187. In the present ease, however, Zucker has failed to allege any fraudulent statements made by Ernst & Young prior to her stock purchase in June 1994. Thus, this case falls squarely within the holding of Denny v. Barber, 576 F.2d at 468-69, in which plaintiffs class action was dismissed because it was based entirely on statements made after his stock purchase. In addition, unlike the defendants in Robbins and Nicholas, here, Ernst & Young did not engage in an ongoing course of fraudulent conduct. The only allegations against Ernst & Young involve two independent audit.reports issued one year apart.
Likewise, Zucker cannot establish reliance on the Fiscal 1994 Report based on a “fraud-on-the-market” theory. Under this theory, plaintiff may establish reliance by demonstrating that “materially misleading statements have been disseminated into an impersonal, well-developed market for securities” because an investor who trades stock at the market price does so in reliance on the integrity of that price. Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. 224, 247, 108 S.Ct. 978, 991-92, 99 L.Ed.2d 194 (1988). This presumption does not apply, however, where a defendant demonstrates that an investment is not causally linked to the alleged misrepresentation. In re Harcourb Brace Jovanovich, Inc. Sec. Litig., 838 F.Supp. 109, 113 (S.D.N.Y.1993). Here, even if Ernst & Young disseminated false information into the market, which resulted in an artificially high stock price, this market effect occurred subsequent to Zueker’s stock purchase. Thus, there is no presumption of reliance under the “fraud-on-the-market” theory here since Zucker did not purchase her shares between the time the alleged misrepresentations were made and the time the truth was revealed. Basic Inc. v. Levinson, 485 U.S. at 248, 108 S.Ct. at 992. Since Zucker has failed to plead reliance on the Fiscal 1994 Report, her claims against Ernst & Young cannot be based on the Fiscal 1994 Report.
C. Violations of Accounting Standards
Because the amended complaint often refers to both the Fiscal 1993 Report and Fiscal 1994 Report simultaneously, it is unclear to what extent Ernst & Young’s purported GAAP and GAAS violations are based on the Fiscal 1993 Report. As stated above, it appears that with the exception of the aforementioned “subsequent event” footnote in the Fiscal 1993 Report, all of Zucker’s allegations against Ernst & Young are based on events that occurred in Fiscal 1994. For example, Zueker’s allegations that Cygne violated GAAP by improperly recognizing revenue and goodwill and failing to write down accounts receivable of doubtful collectibility are based on events and conduct in “the first quarter ended April 29,1995.” Compl. ¶ 137.
In any event, Zucker’s general allegations of GAAP and GAAS violations fail to satisfy the scienter requirements of Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5. The mere misapplication of accounting principles by an independent auditor does not establish scienter. SEC v. Price Waterhouse, 797 F.Supp. at 1240. Rather, Zucker must prove that “the accounting practices were so deficient that the audit amounted to no audit at all” or that the accountant’s judgments were such that “no reasonable accountant would have made the same decisions if confronted with the same facts.” Id.; see also In re General Elec. Sec. Litig., No. 94 Civ. 4024, 1995 WL 590639, at *4 (S.D.N.Y. Oct.4, 1995) (absent sufficient allegations of fraudulent intent, purported GAAP violations do not support a securities fraud claim), aff'd, 101 F.3d 263 (2d Cir.1996). Zucker’s allegations refer simply to violations of basic auditing principles without reference as to how Ernst & Young’s violations were the result of intentional deceit or how they rise to the level of recklessness. Therefore, Zucker’s claims based on purported GAAP and GAAS violations must be dismissed.
III. Motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 9(b)
The amended complaint must be dismissed for the additional reason that Zucker’s allegations fail to satisfy the pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). The amended complaint is subject to the pleading requirements of Rule 9(b) because securities fraud claims under Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5 require proof of scienter. Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp., Inc., 25 F.3d 1124, 1127 (2d Cir.1994). The first prong of Rule 9(b) requires that “the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake shall be stated with particularity.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). Satisfaction of this element requires that the complaint (1) specify the allegedly fraudulent statements; (2) identify the speaker; (3) state where and when the statements were made; and (4) explain why the statements were fraudulent. Mills v. Polar Molecular Corp., 12 F.3d at 1175. The second prong of Rule 9(b) states that “malice, intent, knowledge, and other condition of mind of a person may be averred generally.” Fed.R.Civ.P. 9(b). Courts in this Circuit have required a plaintiff to allege facts that give rise to a strong inference of fraudulent intent. Id. at 1128; Aquino v. Trupin, 833 F.Supp. 336, 341 (S.D.N.Y.1993). There are two ways in which a plaintiff can satisfy this standard: (1) by alleging facts demonstrating a motive for committing fraud and a clear opportunity to do so; or (2) by identifying circumstances indicating conscious or reckless behavior by the defendant. San Leandro Emergency Med. Group Profit Sharing Plan v. Philip Morris Cos., 75 F.3d at 809.
Three recent Second Circuit decisions addressing the standard for pleading scienter in securities fraud actions have made clear that courts in this Circuit should “carefully serutinize[ ] securities fraud complaints with regard to the sufficiency of allegations of scienter.” In re 1993 Corning Sec. Litig., No. 93 Civ. 7015, 1996 WL 257603, at *5 (S.D.N.Y. May 15, 1996).
Ernst & Young argues and this Court agrees that Zucker has failed to satisfy either prong of the aforementioned test. To allege motive and opportunity, Zucker must plead facts demonstrating that Ernst & Young had “the means and likely prospect of achieving concrete benefits by the means alleged.” Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp, Inc., 25 F.3d at 1130. The amended complaint contains no allegations of motive and makes no suggestion that Ernst & Young received anything other than its usual fees for its work. The Court finds that mere receipt of compensation and the maintenance of a profitable professional business relationship for auditing services does not constitute a sufficient motive for purposes of pleading scienter. Duncan v. Pencer, No. 94 Civ. 0321, 1996 WL 19043, at *9-*10 (S.D.N.Y. Jan.18, 1996); Friedman v. Arizona World Nurseries Ltd. Partnership, 730 F.Supp. 521, 532 (S.D.N.Y.1990), aff'd, 927 F.2d 594 (2d Cir.1991). To hold otherwise would “effectively abolish the requirement ... of pleading facts which support a strong inference of scienter” against professional defendants. Duncan v. Pencer, 1996 WL 19043, at *9. Moreover, a contrary finding would require this Court to assume that Ernst & Young willingly condoned Cygne’s fraud in order to preserve its fee, at the risk of jeopardizing its reputation and license as well as the possibility of damages in an amount much greater than its fee. Because this conduct would be economically irrational for Ernst & Young, the Court need not credit such allegations. See Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp, Inc., 25 F.3d at 1130.
In addition, Zucker has failed to allege facts that constitute evidence of recklessness on the part of Ernst & Young. To plead facts establishing a strong inference that defendants engaged in accounting fraud, a plaintiff must specify the improper transactions, explain why such procedures used were improper, and estimate the approximate amount by which the company’s finances were misstated. Decker v. Massey-Ferguson, Ltd., 681 F.2d 111, 116 (2d Cir.1982); Schick v. Ernst & Young, 808 F.Supp. 1097, 1102 (S.D.N.Y.1992). Moreover, where motive is not alleged and plaintiff relies entirely on allegations of recklessness in asserting scienter, the evidence presented must be proportionally greater. Beck v. Manufacturers Hanover Trust Co., 820 F.2d 46, 50 (2d Cir.1987) (plaintiff may plead scienter without motive by identifying circumstances indicating conscious behavior by the defendant, “though the strength of the circumstantial evidence must be correspondingly greater”), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 1005, 108 S.Ct. 698, 98 L.Ed.2d 650 (1988). Zucker fails to meet this standard.
Zucker claims that during the pre-purchase investigation of FWM’s business, Ernst & Young learned that there were serious problems with FWM. Accordingly, Ernst & Young knew or had reason to know that the goodwill and amortization period associated with the FWM acquisition were materially misstated. As stated above, the only facts asserted in the amended complaint that support an inference of such knowledge or reckless disregard are that: (1) the agreement to acquire FWM was signed on or about September 28, 1993, more than six months prior to the completion of the acquisition and the issuance of Ernst & Young’s Fiscal 1993 Report; and (2) as Cygne’s auditors, Ernst & Young was often present at Cygne headquarters and had access to its confidential documents during the six month period between the signing of the agreement to acquire FWM and the completion of the acquisition.
Thus, Zucker’s claim that Ernst & Young knew or recklessly disregarded adverse facts about FWM is, in essence, based solely on Ernst & Young’s status as an auditor. As such, it is insufficient. Griffin v. McNiff, 744 F.Supp. 1237, 1248-49 n. 11 (S.D.N.Y.1990) (merely alleging that accounting firm qua auditor of company documents must have known or recklessly disregarded true facts is insufficient to support inference of scienter under Rule 9(b)), aff'd, 996 F.2d 303 (2d Cir.1993); O'Brien v. Price Waterhouse, 740 F.Supp. at 281 (fact that an accounting firm acted as an auditor and financial forecaster to an allegedly fraudulent investment scheme insufficient to create inference of scienter).
Zucker proffers no specific facts as to how or when Ernst & Young learned of or recklessly disregarded FWM’s problems and the negative consequences that would ensue from the acquisition. Zucker never states what alleged information was revealed to Ernst & Young, in what form the information was provided, at what point Ernst & Young became aware of it, and.from whom Ernst & Young received this information. Accordingly, the claim is insufficient under the pleading requirements of Rule 9(b). See The Limited, Inc. v. McCrory Corp., 683 F.Supp. 387, 394-95 (S.D.N.Y.1988) (10b-5 claim dismissed where plaintiff gave no indication of how or when defendant accountant learned of facts that made the financial statements misleading); Fahlenbach v. Trans Pacific Capital (USA) Inc., No. 95 Civ. 8776, 1996 WL 22602, at *3 (S.D.N.Y. Jan.16,1996) (dismissing 10b-5 claim that contained no factual allegations demonstrating that defendant knew of company’s problems); Griffin v. McNiff, 744 F.Supp. at 1250 (10b-5 claim dismissed where there was no factual support to infer that alleged fraud was known to accounting firm).
CONCLUSION
For the reasons set forth above, Ernst & Young’s motion to dismiss the amended complaint pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) and 9(b) is granted. Zucker’s request for leave to file an amended complaint is denied.
SO ORDERED.
. Zucker’s claims against the other defendants in this action — PaineWebber Inc., PaineWebber International (U.K.) Ltd., Furman Selz Inc., Smith Barney Inc., David Frankel, Barry Rothberg, Faye Landes, and Cygne Designs, Inc. and its officers and directors, Bernard M. Manuel, Irving Benson, Colin C. Fenn, Trevor J. Wright, Roy E. Green, Gary C. Smith, Susan P. Johnson, Paul D. Baiocchi, James G. Groninger, Paul Jacobs, Stuart B. Katz and Chikara Sasaki have been dismissed pursuant to a Stipulation and Agreement of Settlement dated April 14, 1997.
. The facts described below are those alleged in the amended complaint, which for purposes of this motion to dismiss are taken as true. See Dahlberg v. Becker, 748 F.2d 85, 88 (2d Cir. 1984), cert. denied, 470 U.S. 1084, 105 S.Ct. 1845, 85 L.Ed.2d 144 (1985).
. For example, Zueker claims that, inter alia, Ernst & Young failed to exercise due professional care, failed to obtain a sufficient understanding of the internal control structure at Cygne, failed to obtain sufficient material through inspection, observation or inquiries, falsely stated that the financial statements complied with GAAP, failed to plan and perform with an attitude of professional skepticism, and failed to maintain independence in all matters related to an assignment. Compl. ¶ 158.
. The acquisition closed on August 6, 1994, two days before the Fiscal 1993 Report was issued.
. Although the amended complaint is replete with general references to the Fiscal 1993 Report, the only allegation that specifically refers to this report is ¶ 70, which quotes footnote 14. All of Zucker’s other allegations, including alleged violations of GAAP and GAAS, appear to be based on events that occurred in Fiscal 1994.
. Moreover, the court in Robbins did not discuss Levine, which was affirmed by the Second Circuit "for the reasons stated by the district court.” Levine v. NL Indus., Inc., 926 F.2d 199, 204 (2d Cir.1991). In any event, this Court finds more persuasive the reasoning underlying Levine and other cases which have dismissed claims of misrepresentations made after plaintiff Is stock purchase. See Gross v. Summa Four, Inc., 93 F.3d 987, 993 (1st Cir.1996); Schwartz v. Novo Industri A/S, 658 F.Supp. 795, 799-800 (S.D.N.Y. 1987). It is impossible to establish reliance, an essential element of actions pursuant to Section 10(b) and Rule 10b-5, on statements which were issued after the purchase of stock.
. Moreover, because Zucker, the named plaintiff, has no standing to assert such claims, she cannot assert them on behalf of a class of shareholders. Levine v. NL Indus., Inc., 720 F.Supp. at 308.
. As discussed above, allegations based on the Fiscal 1994 Report fail to state a claim as a matter of law, given that Zucker’s purchased her stock nearly nine months before the report was released.
. San Leandro Emergency Med. Group Profit Sharing Plan v. Philip Morris Companies, Inc., 75 F.3d 801 (2d Cir.1996); Acito v. IMCERA Group, Inc., 47 F.3d 47 (2d Cir. 1995); Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp, Inc., 25 F.3d 1124 (2d Cir.1994).
. As such, the Court respectfully disagrees with decisions holding that the receipt of professional fees provides a sufficient motive for the purpose of pleading scienter. See, e.g., In re Leslie Fay Cos., Inc. Sec. Litig., 835 F.Supp. 167, 174 (S.D.N.Y.1993) (accountant-client relationship, in conjunction with an “unlikely degree of mere carelessness” on the part of the accountant gives rise to an inference of motive).
. In fact, elsewhere in the amended complaint, Zucker alleges that it was not until March 23, 1995 — almost one year after the Fiscal 1993 Report was issued' — that Cygne and Ernst & Young learned that the FWM acquisition could not provide the earnings necessary to support its valuation. Compl. ¶ 159.
. Zucker’s allegation fails for the additional reason that it assumes that between September 1993, when Cygne agreed to acquire FWM, and April 1994, when the acquisition closed, Cygne learned about serious problems with FWM that made it "unlikely that Cygne would ever recover any of the purchase price for FWM, let alone earn any profit an that acquisition,” Pl.’s Mem. of Law, dated May 24, 1996, at 42, but nonetheless proceeded with the acquisition for $44 million. In determining whether motive has been sufficiently alleged, the Court may assume that the defendant is acting in his informed economic self-interest. Shields v. Citytrust Bancorp, Inc., 25 F.3d 1124, 1130 (2d Cir.1994).
| CASELAW |
Many scholars over the years have the belief that there is a conspiracy surrounding the plays and poems of Shakespeare and that Shakespeare was not the engineer behind the works attributed to him. The theories as to the authenticity of the works attributed to Shakespeare started two centuries ago which characterized Shakespeare as non-knowledgeable minor paid by the Earl of Oxford, to pass the plays as his own, because it was deemed impossible for a member of the aristocracy to be a playwright in Elizabethan and Jacobean England.
William Shakespeare was born in 1564 in Warwickshire, England and during his childhood, Shakespeare seemed destined to follow his father's footsteps as a Glover. With the conditions in his family, William is said to have managed to receive his early education in a grammar school which ended in his mid-teens though scholars have put a massive critic and suggesting that there is no documentary evidence of handwriting or any other document to show that Shakespeare went to the grammar school.
In 1592, it was rumored that Shakespeare was caught poaching deer in the estate of the local squire. This could have led to his arrest but lucky enough, he fled to London to escape prosecution and that is when he took up work as an actor and a playwright. It is during this era that his talent in this field is recognized and in due time Shakespeare became famous and was said to have contributed a lot to the English culture. As a matter of fact, in 1598 Frances Meares named Shakespeare as a playwright and poet who the 'English tongue is mightily enriched' over and above, he recognized Shakespeare as the most significant writer of all times. Shakespeare made constant efforts to grow his career, and this led to critics who challenged the authenticity of his articles, some even calling him a fraud. These critics have built over the centuries even long after his death.
The argument that is put forward by the scholars who criticize Shakespeare is that the plays and sonnets of Shakespeare contain too much knowledge of foreign places and too much knowledge of the court life and the affairs of the court which could not have been comprehended by someone low in the social order. Other conspiracists' are of the view that the plays contained a wide range of knowledge and style that ought not to have been written by a person who lacked advanced education that most of the contenders had. Also, it was argued out that other members of the Shakespeare family, including William's parents, wife, and daughters, were illiterate and that it is impossible that someone with such knowledge could have grown up and lived in a low-income family.
However, Shakespeare's advocates have pointed out that indeed Shakespeare had a good education in the Latin language, rhetoric, and mathematics at the local school but their adversaries say there is no evidence of his attendance there. They further argue that there is no evidence of his handwriting- no letters or documents written by him. The Stratfordians fight back in favor of Shakespeare, and they say that most of the playwrights in Elizabethan London came from humble backgrounds, for instance, Shakespeare's friend, Ben Johnson. No one has entered forward to suggest that someone else wrote Ben Johnson's plays and neither Ben Johnson or any other Shakespeare's friends or relatives have indicated that their colleague, William Shakespeare, whom they knew very well, did not write the plays performed in his name. Nonetheless, Shakespeare was referred to more than Twenty times in different documents, and also his name appeared on the title pages of plays and poems. A more powerful argument in favor of Shakespeare as being the sole author of the games is that, there are records from his lifetime of books of his playsMuch Ado about Nothing, Henry IV Part 2, Kinglear being printed and his authorship being attested to by the official stationery.
It is evident that there is no concrete proof of Shakespeare's role of the playwright than records of the acknowledgment of that by his friends and colleagues. A tone of actors referred to him, identifying him as a writer. After his death, there were several eulogies that spoke of his work by poets like Hugh Holland.
DOUBTS ABOUT AUTHORSHIP
Doubts about the engineering behind the works of Shakespeare that significantly contributed to his attributes first arose in the mid-nineteenth century. In 1848 an American by the name Joseph Hart put forward the theory that the works of Shakespeare were written by a group of writers. It was later in 1856 supported by another American author, Delia Bacon, who also claimed that the plays were written by a group of people including Sir Francis Bacon and Sir Walter Raleigh. Over the years, names of individual writers presumed to be correct authors of Shakespeare's work have been put forward, and moreover, different theories have been developed to show who the real authors of Shakespeare's work are, and the methods are as follows.
THE OXFORDIAN THEORY
The Oxfordian Theory envisages that the works attributed to William Shakespeare we wrote by Edward de Vere, the 17th Earl of Oxford. Brought to the public eye in a 1920 book by J. Thomas Looney, the theory has several explanations for the doubt as to the authorship of Shakespeare's plays. Thomas suggested that evidence relied upon from the works of Shakespeare proved that the author of the games was a well-educated individual in matters to do with the law and was not only that person knowledgeable in the law, but also an expert in that field. He stated that the author of those plays had a wide range of both ancient Greek and Latin texts. In this view, he noted that Shakespeare was a poorly educated son of a tradesman who came from a low-income family and that he was not capable of obtaining knowledge relating to the law and ancient texts.
With the above reason, Thomas recognized Edward de Vere as the most probable candidate for the right authorship of Shakespeare's work which he presented inform of circumstantial evidence. Edward de Vere was the 17th Earl of Oxford, and it was deemed impossible for him to engage playwright among the common because of the fear of social embarrassment but according to theorists, Edward was an eloquent writer, and it was presumed that Shakespeare used Edward's articles in his plays and the subsequent texts. Thomas Looney also concluded that due to the nature and time of the birth of William Shakespeare, he was too young and it would have been inappropriate for him to earn his living in the ordinary theatre world.
Thomas suggests that Edward de Vere used William Shakespeare as a front for his work. Nevertheless, scholars who support the Oxfordian theory continue to trawl Shakespeare's work for any evidential clues to the true authorship while offering historical anomalies as far as evidence that Edward de Vere was the true writer of Shakespeare's works that earned him magnificent attributes across the globe.
THE BACONIAN THEORY
The Baconian Theory suggests that the scientist by the name Francis Bacon was the legitimate author of Shakespeare's plays. Bacon occupied a high office in the government, and for those who support this theory that Bacon was the real author, just like Edward de Vere, it would have been impossible for him to identify himself as only an ordinary playwright.
The theory actively lies on the philosophical capabilities of Bacon. He was a philosopher besides being a scientist and theorists argue out that His philosophical ideas are said to correspond closely to the works of William Shakespeare, but Baconian Theorists suggest that the evidence to prove that Bacon was the author relies on hidden clues in the texts. However, scholars of this theory have not come out openly to state the specific version or play that contain hidden traces that indeed show, Bacon was the legitimate author of Shakespeare's work. Supporters of this particular theory continue to press Bacon claim as the greatest English writer and the legitimate author of Shakespeare's plays.
THE MARLOVIAN THEORY
Christopher Marlowe was among the most significant playwrights of the Elizabeth Era. He was identified a contemporary of William Shakespeare. Marlowe was suspected of being a government spy, and he was later stabbed to death in Deptford. Theorists suggested that his death was faked to escape charges.
Theorists went ahead and established that Marlowe changed his identity and that he went on to write under the name "William Shakespeare" Supporting their findings, the theorists point out that the very first published work of William Shakespeare appeared just two weeks after the brutal murder of Marlowe. However, Shakespeare supporters point out that there is a difference in styles evident in the vocabulary and imagery used by both authors. They further argue that Marlowe, unlike Shakespeare, had little talent in comedy.
Nonetheless, the Marlovians believe that Marlowe faked his death and changed his identity and also the evidence that he lived long after 1593 as William Shakespear.
THE DERBY LITE THEORY
The theory that the 6th Earl of Derby, William Stanley, who was put forward by a group of French writers in the twentieth century and they firmly believed that William was the legitimate author of Shakespeare's works.
The theory came to light after the archivist by the name, Greenstreet, discovered a letter by Fenner, a Jesuit spy, and the content of the message was a complaint that Stanley was busying himself penning plays for the familiar players rather than concentrating with the Catholic cause. The theorists brought evidence which suggests that parts of 'Love's labor's lost' are founded on events which occurred at the court of Navarre in 1578, events they indicate Shakespeare would not know of, but William as an aristocrat would.
On the side of defending Shakespeare, it is argued out that this theory is weak because, hypothetically, Shakespeare could have received his information from one of many aristocrats he met during his lifetime.
The question that is left in people's mind is whether this son of a tradesman, was a stunning genius who contributed so much to British culture and the English literature through his magnificent plays and texts or was he a fraudster who got lucky after an aristocrat asked him to take the credit so as to avoid social embarrassment.
The other question is whether the different theorists that suggest the works of Shakespeare was authored by different people are wrong or collect. Apparently there are loopholes as to these theories with reference Shakespeare's supporters and advocates, the argument of the adversaries is shallow and it can be subjected to critics. Moreover, they argue that there is no sufficient evidence to support their arguments.
The Oxfordians like to argue that there was an aristocratic convention behind the writing of the plays but Shakespeare scholars reject this and point out clearly that the many poems and plays Oxford did without fear of sanction. The Marlovians stated that their candidate had to fake his death to continue writing under William Shakespeare to avoid arrest. However since the theory involved some England's mighty men, charges were not dropped. Concerning how Marlowe remained undetected for those decades, is mere speculation. During this period it was hard to trace a person. There was no passports or photographs.
Kinney, ed. (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Shakespeare. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-956610-5. May 9 pp302-339
Cooper (2016). Searching for Shakespeare. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11611-3. June 25 pp45-78
Bate, Jonathan (2...
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Troy Carter
Troy Carter may refer to:
* Troy Carter (physicist) (born 1973), American plasma physicist
* Troy Carter (politician) (born 1963), American politician
* Troy Carter (talent manager) (born 1972), American music talent manager
Fictional characters
* 2nd Lieutenant Troy Carter, character in Wing Commander (franchise), originated in 1990 | WIKI |
Second Round's on Me
Second Round's on Me is the second studio album by rapper Obie Trice and is his final album released under Shady Records. The track "Wanna Know" can be heard on the HBO series Entourage in the episode "The Sundance Kids" and also in the game Fight Night: Round 3 for the Xbox 360 as well as the PS3. The album contains a predominance of guest appearances from members of his Detroit crew Trife Life. It was released in the Netherlands on July 28, 2006, and in the United States on August 15, 2006, after over a year of delays.
Background
The first single released from the album was "Snitch" featuring Akon, with a music video directed by Jessy Terrero. Both performers can be seen and heard on the CBS series CSI: Crime Scene Investigation in the episode "Poppin' Tags" performing the hit song, and the music video can now be watched on Yahoo Music. The second single is "Cry Now" and the remix with Kuniva, Bobby Creekwater, Ca$his and Stat Quo can be found on the Eminem Presents: The Re-Up album. The third single is "Jamaican Girl". The Album features artists such as Eminem, 50 Cent, Akon, Trey Songz, Brick & Lace, Trick Trick, Big Herk and Nate Dogg.
Commercial
The album debuted at number eight on the Billboard 200 with 74,000 copies sold in its first week. As of January 2016, the album has sold 240,000 units.
Critical
Second Round's on Me received mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album received an average score of 48, based on 9 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews".
J-23 of HipHopDX gave high praise to Trice for having more of a presence on his own record to display his improved lyricism, vocal delivery and choice in beats, saying, "[T]hese days everyone likes to think that every respectable artist has one "classic" in their catalogue. If that is the case, Second Round's On Me will likely go down as Obie's." Brendan Frederick of XXL praised Trice and Eminem for having "superb attention to visual details and calculated rhyme structure" and an "expanded production palate" throughout the album to deliver in telling "bleak oratories of Detroit's streets" but also highlighted Rotem's contributions on "Mama" and "Obie Story" for allowing Trice to show "historical context to his struggles", concluding with: "Filled with unflinching street tales and dense lyrical couplets, Second Round should be sipped slowly for full potency. No shots to the head necessary." Thomas Golianopoulos of Vibe praised Eminem for supplying Trice's "sinister outlook" with "equally gloomy production" on tracks like "Violent" and "The Ballad of Obie", but highlighted "Mama" for showcasing Trice with "a much sunnier disposition." A writer for AllMusic said: "Leaning heavily on a mid-paced, paranoid gangsta rap production style, evidenced on tracks like "They Wanna Kill Me" and "Snitch" (a duet with Akon), Trice stakes his claim as a tough, swaggering performer whose self-awareness never undermines his hard, ghetto edge."
Entertainment Weekly writer Gilbert Cruz gave the album a C grade, calling it "a more subdued affair" than Trice's debut because it lacked Timbaland and Dr. Dre's "jaunty beats" and with more "repetitive, simplistic production" from Eminem, concluding that "Second Round's on Me does have moments of cross-genre joy, but this round goes down like a cheap well drink." Peter Relic of Rolling Stone wrote: "Full of creepy, minor-key themes and powered by homicidal mania, Second Round is wholly lacking in the playfulness that made his debut, Cheers, a varied delight." PopMatters contributor Mike Joseph gave credit to Trice for having a "solid" flow, but criticized the "tired, predictable subject matter" throughout the track listing and Eminem's production feeling "agonizingly predictable" and "substandard" to distract listeners from the hate-filled material, concluding that: "Second Round's on Me just emphasizes everything that's wrong with gangsta rap, which started out as admirable street reporting and has regressed into wanton violence which should be viewed as a cartoon, but a generation of urban youth has unfortunately come to accept as gospel."
Track listing
* Notes
* $undefined$ signifies an additional producer.
* $undefined$ signifies a co-producer.
* Sample credits
* "Cry Now" - "Blind Man" as performed by Bobby Blue Band.
* "Wanna Know" - "It Couldn't Be Me" as performed by Power Of Zeus.
Miscellaneous
The track "Wanna Know" was used for a Science Channel commercial, in episode 5 of Friday Night Lights and the video game Fight Night Round 3. | WIKI |
Source code
Revision control
Other Tools
---
# Presets defined here will be available to all users. Run them with:
# $ mach try --preset <name>
#
# If editing this file, make sure to run:
# $ mach python-test tools/tryselect/test/test_presets.py
#
# Descriptions are required. Please keep this in alphabetical order.
# yamllint disable rule:line-length
builds:
selector: fuzzy
description: >-
Run builds without any of the extras.
query:
- "^build- !fuzzing !notarization !reproduced !rusttests !signing !upload-symbols"
builds-debug:
selector: fuzzy
description: >-
Run the bare minimum of debug build jobs to ensure builds work on
all tier-1 platforms.
query:
- "^build- 'debug !fuzzing !rusttests !signing !plain !asan !tsan !noopt !toolchain !upload-symbols"
builds-debugopt:
selector: fuzzy
description: >-
Run the bare minimum of debug and opt build jobs to ensure builds work on
all tier-1 platforms.
query:
- "^build- !fuzzing !rusttests !signing !plain !asan !tsan !noopt !toolchain !upload-symbols"
devtools:
selector: fuzzy
description: >-
Runs the tests relevant to the Firefox Devtools
query:
- "'node-debugger | 'node-devtools"
- "'mozlint-eslint"
# 'mochitest-devtools-chrome should match the "-e10s" and "-fis-e10s" flavors
# explicitly target "'windows10-64-qr/" to avoid duplicate jobs on asan & shippable builds
- "'mochitest-devtools-chrome | 'mochitest-chrome-1proc 'windows10-64-qr/ | 'macosx"
# Linux is being named "linux1804" and may change over time, so use a more flexible search
- "'mochitest-devtools-chrome | 'mochitest-chrome-1proc 'linux '64-qr/ !swr"
- "'xpcshell-e10s 'linux '64-qr/"
devtools-linux:
selector: fuzzy
description: >-
Runs the tests relevant to the Firefox Devtools, on Linux only.
query:
- "'node-debugger | 'node-devtools"
- "'mozlint-eslint"
- "'mochitest-devtools-chrome | 'mochitest-chrome-1proc 'linux '64-qr/ !swr"
- "'xpcshell-e10s 'linux '64-qr/"
fpush-linux-android:
selector: fuzzy
description: >-
Runs correctness test suites on Linux and Android emulator platforms, as
well as builds across main platforms. The resulting jobs on TreeHerder
used to end up looking like a "F" shape (not so much these days) and so
this is typically referred to as an F-push. This is useful to do as a
general sanity check on changes to cross-platform Gecko code where you
unsure of what tests might be affected. Linux and Android (emulator)
test coverage are relatively cheap to run and cover a lot of the
codebase, while the builds on other platforms catch compilation problems
that might result from only building locally on one platform.
query:
- "'test-linux1804 'debug- !-shippable !-asan !-fis-"
- "'test-android-em 'debug"
- "^build !-shippable !-signing !-asan !-fuzzing !-rusttests !-base-toolchain !-aar-"
geckodriver:
selector: fuzzy
description: >-
Runs the tests relevant to geckodriver, which implements the WebDriver
specification. This preset can be filtered down further to limit it to
a specific platform or other tasks only. For example:
|mach try --preset geckodriver -xq "'linux"|
query:
- "'rusttests"
- "'platform 'wdspec 'debug !fis"
- "'browsertime 'amazon 'vismet 'shippable 'firefox !fis"
marionette:
selector: fuzzy
description: >-
Runs the tests relevant to the Marionette protocol, which underpins
many test harnesses as well as our WebDriver implementation.
This preset can be filtered down further to limit it to a specific
platform or to opt/debug tasks only. For example:
|mach try --preset marionette -xq "'linux 'opt"|
query:
- "'marionette !asan !shippable !gpu !headless"
- "'awsy-base"
- "'firefox-ui !asan"
- "'platform 'wdspec !qr | fis"
- "'xpcshell !asan !qr !spi !tsan"
- "'platform 'reftest 'debug !qr | fis -1$"
- "'platform !reftest !wdspec 'debug -1$"
- "'mochitest-browser 'debug !spi -1$"
- "'reftest 'debug !platform !gpu !no-accel !qr -1$"
perf:
selector: fuzzy
description: >-
Runs all performance (raptor and talos) tasks across all platforms.
This preset can be filtered down further (e.g to limit it to a specific
platform) via |mach try --preset perf -xq "'windows"|.
Android hardware platforms are excluded due to resource limitations.
query:
- "^test- !android-hw 'raptor | 'talos"
rebuild: 5
perf-chrome:
description: >-
Runs the talos tests most likely to change when making a change to
the browser chrome. This skips a number of talos jobs that are unlikely
to be affected in order to conserve resources.
query:
- "opt-talos- 'chrome | 'svg | 'session | 'tabswitch | 'other | 'g5"
rebuild: 6
selector: fuzzy
sample-suites:
selector: fuzzy
description: >-
Runs one chunk of every test suite plus all suites that aren't chunked.
It is useful for testing infrastructure changes that can affect the
harnesses themselves but are unlikely to break specific tests.
query:
- ^test- -1$
# Only run a single talos + raptor suite per platform
- ^test- !1$ !2$ !3$ !4$ !5$ !6$ !7$ !8$ !9$ !0$ !raptor !talos
- ^test- 'raptor-speedometer | 'talos-g1
sm-shell-all:
selector: fuzzy
description: <-
Runs a set of tests aimed to give a reasonable level of confidence for
basic SpiderMonkey changes (shell only), all platforms
query:
- "'spidermonkey | 'shell-haz"
- "!shippable !android 'jittest" # macosx64 jittests
sm-shell:
selector: fuzzy
description: <-
Runs a set of tests aimed to give a reasonable level of confidence for
basic SpiderMonkey changes (shell only) (linux only)
query:
- "!win !osx 'spidermonkey | 'shell-haz"
sm-all:
selector: fuzzy
description: <-
Runs a set of tests aimed to give a reasonable level of confidence for
basic SpiderMonkey changes, including those that would require a
browser build.
query:
- "'spidermonkey | 'hazard"
- "!android !asan !shippable 'xpcshell"
- "!android !asan !shippable 'jsreftest"
- "!shippable !android 'jittest" # macosx64 jittests
webrender:
selector: fuzzy
description: >-
Runs the conformance tests relevant to WebRender.
query:
- "!talos !raptor !shippable !asan '-qr"
- "^webrender-"
webrender-perf:
selector: fuzzy
description: >-
Runs the performance tests relevant to WebRender.
query:
- "'-qr !fis-e10s 'svgr"
- "'-qr !fis-e10s 'g1"
- "'-qr !fis-e10s 'g4"
- "'-qr !fis-e10s 'tp5"
- "'-qr !fis-e10s 'talos-webgl"
- "'-qr !fis-e10s 'motionmark-animometer" | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Iris Love
Iris Cornelia Love (August 1, 1933 – April 17, 2020) was an American classical archaeologist, best known for the rediscovery of the Temple of Aphrodite in Knidos.
Early life and education
Love was born in New York to Cornelius Love, a diplomat and investment banker descended from Alexander Hamilton and from Captain Cook, and Audrey Josephthal, a great-granddaughter of Meyer Guggenheim. Her parents collected art and antiques, her British governess was a classicist, and she was interested from an early age in archaeology and languages. Her grandmother, Edyth Guggenheim Josephthal, left her a trust fund.
She was educated at the Brearley School in New York and the Madeira School in McLean, Virginia, and in 1955, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts from Smith College.
She later studied Greek at Hunter College, earned a master's degree in classical archaeology from the New York University Institute of Fine Arts and completed coursework for her doctorate, but never wrote her dissertation, concentrating on her archaeological investigations.
While at Smith, Love spent her junior year abroad at the University of Florence and then wrote her senior thesis on the Etruscan warrior figures at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which she identified as fakes on the basis of comparison with figures at the National Archaeological Museum in Florence. In 1960, she met with the Director of the Metropolitan, James Rorimer, a family friend, to advise him of her forthcoming paper in a New York University journal exposing the figures as not genuine, but the museum announced the forgeries to The New York Times the day before its publication, without acknowledging her research. Alfredo Fioravanti confirmed that he had created the Metropolitan's figures.
Career
Love's first excavation was on the island of Samothrace, under Phyllis Williams Lehmann, beginning in 1955. She taught at Cooper Union, at Smith, and at C.W. Post Long Island University, where she became research assistant professor of art history and archeology in 1967.
After first visiting Knidos with Turkish archaeologist Aşkıdil Akarca, she conducted annual excavations there from 1967, with funding from New York University assisted by wealthy family friends and foundations. In 1969, her mostly female team discovered a foundation that Love believed to be the remains of the Temple of Aphrodite; this was confirmed by inscriptions found the following year. After Love presented her results at the annual meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America, it excited international attention and visits to the excavation site by many famous guests, including Mick and Bianca Jagger. This fanfare called Love's interpretation into question, with critics accusing her of converting the excavation into a vacation destination.
The finds at the temple site in Knidos included fragments of over-lifesized hands that Love believed to be from the statue of Aphrodite by the Athenian artist Praxiteles. In November 1970, she announced that she believed she had found the statue's head in a storeroom at the British Museum. The museum strongly disagreed, stirring a dispute in the press. Love later concentrated on the search for fragments of the statue at Knidos, digging numerous deep search trenches that still shape the area of ancient Knidos.
Love's discoveries in Knidos also included a Minoan settlement, in 1977; she later turned to Magna Graecia, primarily looking for other shrines of Aphrodite along the Gulf of Naples, but in 1986, after the Achille Lauro incident, the Italian government restricted civilian access to the Monte di Dio, where she had planned to dig for the Temple of Aphrodite at Parthenope. In 1982 she rediscovered a temple of Aphrodite in Ancona, at the northernmost point of Greek settlement in Italy.
Later life and death
After retiring from archaeology, Love bred dogs, initially dachshunds, at a house she owned in Vermont; Malachy, a pekingese whom she co-owned, won Best of Show at the 2012 Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show, and she was also part-owner of Wasabi, a grandson of Malachy who was the 2021 winner. She lived for 15 years with journalist Liz Smith, dividing her time between New York and Italy, where she also had a relationship with designer and artist Bice Brichetto.
She died on April 17, 2020 at New York-Presbyterian/Weill Cornell Medical Center of COVID-19.
Honors
Love was voted one of the "ten legendary women of the world" in 1980 for her archaeological career, received an honorary doctorate in fine arts from Marymount Manhattan College, and she was the first American to be made a Fellow of the Institute of the History and Archaeology of the Magna Grecia in Naples. | WIKI |
Template talk:Infobox currency/Archive 1
Slang terms
Many I suggest about somewhere putting the popular local slang words for currency in the list, like quid (GBP), buck/greenback (USD) or loonie/huard (CAD). 159753 20:40, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
* Will do. I will also add "plural of main unit", "plural of subunit", ERM withdraw date. --Chochopk 20:44, 8 July 2006 (UTC)
Other uses
This would be usefull for outdated non european currencies, but need a 'replced ? and replaced by which currently cant do. Enlil Ninlil 08:25, 10 July 2006 (UTC) Eg Malian franc
* I definitely thought about this. But it is proven inappropriate a few months ago because the "replace" relationship is not linear: it transcends time and space. Take a look at the succession boxes at the bottom of East African shilling and Malaya and British Borneo dollar and you will understand. ERM is a unique thing in history that interests a lot of people, and is representable in this infobox. 20 some currencies would make use of this so that's why I decided to put it there. The country infobox also has "EU ascension date". --Chochopk 09:36, 10 July 2006 (UTC)
Vote on style of coin/banknote list
Please vote
Now that the currency infobox has been implemented to 160 currencies, including some obsolete ones and even "European Currency Unit". But I have stumbled upon a formatting issue numerous times. So I would like to start a voting on the formatting of the list of "used coins/banknotes" in the infobox. There are many "factors" (dimension, attribute, whatever you call it) to decide
* The following discussion is an archived debate of the . Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. No further edits should be made to this section.
The result is incorporated above. It may not satisfy everyone, but some conclusion has to be drawn.
CIA World Fact Book
The correct title for the "CIA World Fact Book" is The World Factbook. I'll change the example above. – Zntrip 00:40, 30 August 2006 (UTC)
Disambiguation Link Repair
I am working on disambiguation link repair, and have found the this info box points to the Printer disambiguation page. Would someone be willing to redirect that link to point to printer? I am not familiar with the rules and mechanics of inbox editing, so I figured this was the best approach. Thanks. Srice13 18:42, 12 September 2006 (UTC)
Arabic and Hebrew
Is there any way to get Arabic and Hebrew in the "local name" section centred? – Zntrip 01:37, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
* Hmm.. this appears to be a problem specific to IE. Firefox has no problem centering it. Please remind me if I forget. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 07:21, 14 March 2007 (UTC)
Monetary Policy Used
There is a catagory called "Fixed exchange rate" which includes most of the worlds currencies that have a fixed exchange rate as their monetary policy. If there any way to add to the Currency infobox an optional field that outlines the montetary policy used to manage the currency. That way it should be easy to collate currencies according to the monetary policy approach used. Unfortunately my skill/confidence with Infoboxes is too low to attempt this myself. Terjepetersen 01:40, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
* Perhaps I can work something out. What is the specification you envision? If an infobox specifies "pegged_with", then put it under Category:Fixed exchange rate automatically? There are two kinds of peg, hard peg and floating within a narrow band. Currently, the infobox style guide says only put hard peg, while Category:Fixed exchange rate allows both. While we're at it, maybe we can try to make this more consistent. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 02:00, 26 March 2007 (UTC)
Adjustment
I propose making an adjustment to the infobox to show the estimated value against other major currencies say limiting it at the top 5 currencies. Whenever I hear a person signed an agreement for 500,000 Francs or Pounds, I only really want to know what that equals in dollars when I click on the word. I'm sure other editors feel the same way about foreign currencies. Quadzilla99 03:29, 1 March 2007 (UTC)
* Hello? Anyone? Quadzilla99 22:03, 3 April 2007 (UTC)
* Thats what Template:Exchange Rate is for. Jo e I 02:08, 4 April 2007 (UTC)
What languages to include in the infobox?
* The following debate was moved here from Talk:Euro.
Please discuss at Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Numismatics. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 04:06, 30 April 2007 (UTC)
* I quote Chochopk's comment in edit summary:
* Chochopk (Talk | contribs | block) (58,964 bytes) (revert Kaihsu's edit. Template talk:Infobox Currency says "Try to list the translation in all the languages of the "using_countries" attribute below." and Bulgaria is not a user, Montenegro is.)
* This is unwieldy for this currency. I suggest "Ευρώ ; Евро " Note the link to linguistic issues concerning the euro, which explains things in extensive detail. – Kaihsu 14:38, 3 May 2007 (UTC)
* 1) Spell the name of the currency the right way. The word "euro" is not capitalized in Greek.
* 2) No country that has Bulgarian as an official language (Bulgaria) uses the euro and therefore it should not be added to the infobox.
* 3) Regardless of the legal status of the use of the currency in a certain country, the official languages of any country using the currency are added. That means that Serbian is added because the euro is used in Montenegro and Kosovo. – Zntrip 05:04, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
Thanks; I see what you are trying to do now. See by the way. – Kaihsu 09:02, 4 May 2007 (UTC)
* One of the users of the euro currency is the European Union as an organisation, and all EU institutions use the euro as their official currency, regardless of which EU country they happen to be located in. The infobox would then need to show the name of the currency in all of the official languages of the EU (of which there are 27, including Bulgarian). (<IP_ADDRESS> 21:53, 4 May 2007 (UTC))
* If that is the case, then the EU must be added as a user too. There must be a symmetry between and . I don't have a problem with that. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 01:24, 5 May 2007 (UTC)
Since nobody is discussing it, I assume the everybody implicitly consents the new rule. It's at Template talk:Infobox Currency. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 06:44, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
* I don't think Latin Serbian is important. Serbia isn't actually even a member of the Eurozone. 惑乱 分からん * \)/ (\ (< \) (2 /) /)/ * 07:48, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
* Have you been following the discussion? Why do people keep talking about Serbia? The Serbian language doesn't necessarily imply Serbia. The whole reason is Montenegro. English doesn't always implies England either. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 08:20, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
* Sorry, yeah, that was clumsy, but Montenegro (just as Kosovo) isn't part of the Eurozone, either. Anyway, it appears that the majority here are for the current section, so I won't edit it again for the meantime. 惑乱 分からん * \)/ (\ (< \) (2 /) /)/ * 09:02, 14 May 2007 (UTC)
* Serbian shouldn't be listed, its not in any sense an official name of the currency. In any case why not just list Euro, Evro, ευρώ, Евро without specifying languages and provide a link to the linguistic issues page? Seems neutral enough, I'm going to do that now. +Hexagon1 (t) 04:44, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
I appreciate your effort of making it ambiguous intentionally, in order to compromise. While I don't oppose Hexagon1's edit strongly, I feel that I have to reiterate myself for my rationale. Supporters of Bulgarian (i.e. opposers of Serbian) keep saying that Serbian is not an official language, Bulgarian is. Then I have to ask, the official language of what? I never heard that a currency can have official languages, otherwise, this attribute would be prominently listed on the infobox, like in the country infobox. Political entities have official languages, such as a country, an autonomous region, or even a city. Currently the standing rule has this logic actual user official language euro -> Germany, Greece, Montenegro, ... -> Greek, Serbian, ... If you're saying that Bulgarian should be included, and not Serbian, then I reversely construct your logic as ??? official language euro -> EU -> Greek, Bulgarian, ... Now what is the 3 question marks? The proper way of describing the first arrow would be "the political and monetary union, of which this currency is intended for, and at the same time, a few exceptional member of this union can opt out from this currency, while non-member of this union may unilaterally adopt this currency". This logic is 100% correct, I'm not disputing about this. I'm saying that this logic cannot be extended to other currencies used by multiple countries/political entities, such as the United States dollar or the Gulf rupee.
Can you find a "political and monetary union, of which the USD is intended for, and at the same time, a few exceptional member of this union can opt out from the USD, while non-member of this union may unilaterally adopt the USD"?
We need a consistent and standardized rule of generating data in the infobox. After all, consistency and standard is what the infobox is all about. '''Make a rule that makes sense, and then generate data from it. Avoid making rules that fit some data that were made in a random, ad-hoc fashion.'''
Supporters of Bulgarian have been arguing in the scope of the euro, or the EU, and have been giving counter arguments to my arguments in the scope of the euro. My argument is not about the euro, it's bigger, it's about the entire scope of all currencies.
Now, can we talk about the rule, instead of one instance? --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 06:13, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
* The rule has been standardized per the infobox page, however its inappropriate for the article as evidenced by the controversy. I'm satisfied with my proposed solution as it eliminates this problem, Evro and Евро cover Serbian along with Slovenian and Bulgarian. In the long term, however, the rule agreed on at the infobox page needs to change, examples such as USD are ridiculous at the moment. I once carried a 10-pound note in Switzerland. How does this differ from so called "actual usage"? Why aren't the four languages of Switzerland included at GBP? +Hexagon1 (t) 08:42, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
* Switzerland is not listed as an user of GBP in the infobox in GBP. If you think this rule in inappropriate as a whole, you're welcome to propose another one. I never say it has to be the way it is now. I've been open about this and spammed the same invitation to currency talk pages where the same concern may arise. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 12:31, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
* Yes, I know it isn't, that's my point, how does so-called "actual usage" differ from my usage. Who defines "actual usage"? And why? I don't have a replacement rule, I am just pointing out some of the problems with the current one, mainly the arbitrary definition of "actual usage". +Hexagon1 (t) 02:54, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
* OK, what about this?
issuing authority working language euro ---> ECB -> Greek, Bulgarian, ...
* , and plus all the languages that appear on the physical currency (apply to Lebanese lira and Tunisian dinar). This will probably also solve the USD. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 04:45, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
* I hate explaining this, but I’ll say it again.
* 1) The infobox contains the “local languages” of the currency.
* 2) A “local language” is defined as the one printed on the physical currency or spoken as an official language in a country where the currency is legal tender.
* There is no controversy concerning this and the most neural approach is to follow set guidelines. The argument of WP:IAR is baseless because you have made the article more ambiguous by deviating from the format of other currency articles. Also you made no consideration to follow foreign grammatical rules in the infobox. You would have known to do this if you read Template talk:Infobox Currency and the needless capitalization just reinforces my suspicion that you didn’t even bother reading the talk page. Next time to some research and listen to others before making edits. – Zntrip 05:07, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
* Zntrip, are you defending the existing rule, or the concept of a consistent rule (well I guess the 1st one implies the 2nd)? What do you think about the new proposal I just made? --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 05:15, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
* Thank you for your charming attacks, you make me blush. I followed linguistic conventions, Greek wasn't capitalised. I don't see how IAR isn't relevant, read the article. I made it more ambiguous rather then compressing a very long page to a sentence. And please remain civil, accusations solve nothing. +Hexagon1 (t) 01:32, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
I, too, find the current rule quite ambiguous. How extensive should the usage be for the currency to be listed there? In many countries it is legally allowed to use currency of any country for paying for things, so if both the buyer and the seller agree, there would be no problem in using a foreign currency. As a service to the customers, shops in the border area between Sweden and Norway accept both Swedish and Norwegian currency (on both sides of the border). So should SEK be listed as being used in Norway, and should NOK be listed as being used in Sweden? Similarly, the cities of Haparanda (Sweden) and Torneå (Finland) are really just more or less the same city, with lots of people crossing the border all the time and some people working on one side of the border but living on the other side. All shops in both cities will accept the currency of both countries, so should SEK be listed as a currency of Finland, and EUR as a currency of Sweden? Or should we list only currencies used in at least 50% of the transactions? In that case, where would CUC be listed as being used? On the island of Cuba, CUP is probably more commonly used than CUC. (Stefan2 09:23, 17 May 2007 (UTC))
* The original intent is to list national or pseudo national entities where this currency is a legal tender. If it is legal that two parties agree to trade on a certain currency, that's not enough to have the status of legal tender. That is the field. Perhaps this is not spelled out in the style guide. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 09:36, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
* Chochopk, I totally support the existing rule, which I do think is consistent. Is there anything that I said that isn't outlined already. – Zntrip 21:35, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
* The infobox was fine they way it was with Slovenian and Serbian. If you read the infobox talk page you would understand this... so what is the problem? – Zntrip 21:39, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
* That everyone disagrees. And why the double post? I quite like Chochopk's proposal, it would at least prevent the ridiculous situation at USD and others like it. Stefan2's argument is very convincing, I agree with those points. +Hexagon1 (t) 01:32, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
* The proposition that Chochopk made would encompass languages of countries that don’t use the currency, which is more ridiculous than what we have already. The euro page would have “euro” written in Maltese, Latvian, Bulgarian, Turkish, etc. I still think we should stick to the language on the currency and the official languages of the countries that use the currency. – Zntrip 03:28, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
* Yes, on second thought, my proposed rule would include Maltese, Latvian, etc. The existing rule does seem better. This question is to Hexagon1, Stefan2, and Wakuran. What would you like to see in the infoboxes of the euro, the USD, the Indian rupee, and South African rand, and the Soviet ruble. And if you don't mind, also add the explanation of your choice. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 04:18, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
* How about this, the languages included should be all the official languages of the issuing body and the languages on the notes or coins, excluding any of the languages that is only used in nations that don't have the currency in ANY sort of official circulation (eg. the Sweden/Finland agreements above would qualify both nations for such circulation), unless there is no such 'using' country, in which case all the official languages and languages appearing on notes are listed. Just a proposal, analyse to shreds. +Hexagon1 (t) 06:26, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
* I'm having difficulty understanding your proposal. Let me try to reconstruct
* Languages of the issuing body
* Plus, additional ones that appear on the physical currency
* Remove ???
* Unless ???
* It would be easier if you use the word "plus" and "remove" and use positive condition (like if blah). Could you avoid using condition with the word "unless"? --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 21:34, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
Maybe like this:
* Show the name in all languages printed on the actual notes and/or coins. For EUR, only "euro" and "ευρω" are printed. For USD, that would mean "dollar" (or "US dollar"). For SUR, that would mean a long list of names.
* Show all official names as defined by the issuing agency (e.g. the ECB). For EUR, that would mean only "euro" and "ευρω" (with no accent above the "omega"). For USD, that would mean "dollar" (or "US dollar"). For SUR, that would probably mean the same long list of names. (Stefan2 12:05, 18 May 2007 (UTC))
* But what about the adjective? The Canadian dollar would be "dollar" in English and in French. Are you suggesting removing the national adjective? That's a lot of changes. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 21:34, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
* No, I didn't mean to remove the adjective. I was only talking about what languages to mention. (Stefan2 22:55, 19 May 2007 (UTC))
* The Omega in “ευρώ” always has an accent. In Greek, accents are omitted when a word is written in all capital letters. I just wanted to clear that up. The way it currently appears in the infobox is correct.
* I seem to understand that the EU and/or ECB decided that the only correct Greek spelling is without an accent. Then no one follows that decision (with the main argument being that it doesn't follow standard Greek spelling rules), but that's a different thing. (Stefan2 22:55, 19 May 2007 (UTC))
* So Hexagon1, what you are purposing would only eliminate the official languages of countries that have adopted a currency unilaterally? You do understand that if this were implemented the euro infobox would have seven spellings? “Euro” would be written in Greek, Latvian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Slovenian (which is the same as Latin Serbian), Maltese, and Bulgarian (which is the same as Cyrillic Serbian). Why have “euro” written in languages of countries that don’t even use the currency? – Zntrip 22:20, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
* Ok, I was misunderstood, so I doodled a flow chart to run a language through, and hopefully simplify my proposal: . +Hexagon1 (t) 06:11, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
* Hexagon1, I find this diagram overly complex. It seems that it is made in this way to fit some desired result. What is so bad about the (existing) "actual user" rule? Is it because you don't want to see Serbian? --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 19:19, 19 May 2007 (UTC)
* I have absolutely nothing against Serbian (dobro došli!), I'm myself Slavic, but I find it out of place in an article on the Euro. The present rule irritates me, "actual user" is vague, as shown above by Stefan2. I made my chart as an attempt to simplify my proposal, but I guess I'll have to put it mathematically: (official languages of issuing body + languages on the note) - languages only used in nations that don't use the currency in ANY (no de jure/de facto use) way = languages included. The exception would be where none of the countries that use the official languages or those appearing on the note are using the currency, in which case they'd be all listed (regardless of the third "operation" in my equation above). +Hexagon1 (t) 00:28, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
The current rule says actual users are the ones listed in the attribute. None of us are discussing what should be listed in. Since there is no ambiguity about the, there should be no ambiguity to list the languages of the. So the existing rule is not vague.
I'm afraid that the border-town example Stefan2 gave does not fit in the current framework. None of these individual towns are listed in the attribute. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 00:41, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
* I was discussing it, I specifically stated my problem with 'actual user' and my irritation with the present rule. I wasn't talking about just the framework of the Euro but of all currencies. I've moved the debate to here, so the discussion gets wider consensus. +Hexagon1 (t) 01:05, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
* Thank you for moving the discussion here. I still don't know why you find the current rule irritating. Previously, you said because it's vague. And I tried to explain why I don't find it vague. Do you agree? disagree? --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 01:16, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
* Actual use could refer to any number of things, official circulation, official (but not actual) use, de facto use, de facto use in one specific region, official (but not actual) use in one region, or official (but not actual) and de-facto cross-border monetary arrangements as mentioned above. OR maybe coins of one currency and notes of another are used. There is a plethora of "actual usages". I am just pointing out the flaws of actual usage, the main issue in question is the link between 'actual usage' and the names of the currency in different languages. I'm proposing a solution independent of actual usage. Sorry if I've been vague before. +Hexagon1 (t) 02:03, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
* You have given good points here. This is the ambiguity of the . There could be a number of interpretations, as you pointed out. Enumeration of currently is a qualitative process. There are no codified rules for this. But there is one for . It's based off the result of.
* At this point, there seems to be little dispute about the, for euro, for the USD, or for other "problematic" currencies. So if the result of is something most editors agree on, then there should be no ambiguity deriving off from . --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 02:13, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
* Yes, you refer to the rule of deriving from , and take it as a given, but that's exactly what I am opposing. I haven't come up with a new rule for , but one for , which aims to reduce its dependence on the ambiguous and prevent the situation at Euro. We should consider ourselves lucky no nationalists from the countries in question have come and started a huge edit war over this, due to the ambiguousness of the rule from which is derived. +Hexagon1 (t) 03:15, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
* What you propose is to bypass using_countries. But it comes with a price of over complex rule. Why not make using_countries unambiguous first, then currency_name_in_local would automatically become unambiguous. What about the thing Wakuran proposed below?
I haven't got the time to read the discussion carefully, but I think the infobox somehow should mention whether the currency is used "officially" or "unofficially" by a country, concerning the issuing agency. 惑乱 分からん * \)/ (\ (< \) (2 /) /)/ * 12:59, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
* I don't know, I still think it is less ambiguous the way it is. – Zntrip 19:56, 20 May 2007 (UTC)
* If there were such attribute, how would you partition the users of the USD, the euro, and some others. Right now, the USD lists
* the United States, the British Indian Ocean Territory,[1] the British Virgin Islands, Cambodia, East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, Panama, Turks and Caicos Islands, and the insular areas of the United States
* Euro:
* Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Kosovo, Luxembourg, Monaco, Montenegro, the Netherlands, Portugal, San Marino, Slovenia, Spain, Vatican City
* South African rand:
* Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland
* Singapore and Brunei dollar
* Both legal in both countries (I suppose)
* Belgian and Lux franc
* Both legal in both countries
* I'm just worried that this separation may cause more controversy and revert war. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 05:07, 21 May 2007 (UTC)
* I agree with Wakuran's proposal, and I don't think there's any abiguity, official would be where the issuing body has intended the currency to be issued, so Euro would be official in EU, Monaco, Vatican and San Marino, but unofficial Kosovo, Andorra and Montenegro, as an example. (distinction between bilateral and unilateral adoption) +Hexagon1 (t) 06:02, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
* Could you work out the other currencies and give some explanation why and why your partition won't be controversy? --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 06:35, 22 May 2007 (UTC)
* And you don't do this yourself because.. ? As I said, bilaterally adopted is official, unilaterally is unofficial. This is an extremely rudimentary and indisputable definition. And I don't see any controversy, you're the one that has an issue with this, please give an example of some possible controversy. If anyone is unhappy with this rule I will gladly hear their proposal. +Hexagon1 (t) 10:38, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
I don't have a problem with separating users. And I agree with that bilateral agreement is a rudimentary and indisputable definition. Why do I not do this exercise myself? I am not trying to make trouble with the new proposal. I am a template designer with strong interest in currency. But how am I supposed to know if the British Virgin Islands has a bilateral agreement with the U.S. or not. It requires research. Lack of sources that say it's bilateral doesn't automatically imply it's unilateral. We need a source that says it's unilateral in order to say it's unilateral. I asked the question in my previous correspondence because I don't know the answer. I need your help. It was not a rhetorical question to prove that such separation would controversial. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 18:08, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
* My appologies then, however would not requiring sources be beneficial? It would ensure accuracy to say the least, and probably prevent disputes rather then prevent them. I'm not sure of the other currencies, as I lack a strong background in currencies. I can't check it now as I am on severely limited net, I'll try to check it later. +Hexagon1 (t) 22:44, 23 May 2007 (UTC)
* Pardon my late reply. Busy in real life. I can make the separation of official and unofficial user. Here is the specification:
* still required. If is present, then is shown as "official user(s)", otherwise, simply "user(s)".
* (new), optional. If exists, it is shown as "unofficial user(s)".
* The rule of will be unchanged because would become official users only when is present.
* It will be up to the domain expert (not me) to decide who's official and who's not. I will remain busy in the coming days. Remind me if I don't do so for too long. And regarding Stefan2's question below, I believe that the answer is we should include Faroese and Greenlandic because DKK is officially used there. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 06:10, 27 May 2007 (UTC)
What languages should be listed for DKK? Currently only Danish is there, but shouldn't Faroese and Greenlandic be added too? (Stefan2 22:18, 26 May 2007 (UTC))
* Yes they should. I'll add them (if I ever find the name in Faroese or Greenlandic). – Zntrip 01:09, 28 May 2007 (UTC)
Should maybe Icelandic be added too? I think DKK was used in Iceland until it gained independence from Denmark in the 1940s. (Stefan2 00:05, 30 May 2007 (UTC))
* I would say no. It's only for countries that currently use it. Are you trying to make a point or something, because this is a little off topic? – Zntrip 01:39, 30 May 2007 (UTC)
* New parameter added. Documentation slightly updated. Under the current rule, only Greek is listed. Can we consider this issue resolved? --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 08:14, 31 May 2007 (UTC)
* Indeed we can. Finally this 4269-word long dispute brought to closure! Thanks Chochopk. +Hexagon1 (t) 08:28, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
* Wait, what about Slovenian? – Zntrip 21:50, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
* Thanks for the reminder. This is the power of open encyclopedia. Editors make mistakes and others catch them. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 21:57, 1 June 2007 (UTC)
Shouldn't the EU be added as a user of the euro? All EU institutions use the euro, regardless of which country they happen to be located in. This also means that Bulgarian etc. need to be added to the list of languages, I suppose. (Stefan2 10:02, 2 June 2007 (UTC))
* That's up to the domain expert to decide.. I am not an expert of European topics. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 22:08, 2 June 2007 (UTC)
Image Sizes
The function | does not work. I tried making the size of the coin in en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Caribbean_dollar smaller because it is now shown beyond the limits of its resolution and my attempt did not work. With |100px it should appear nicely, but instead the default size 252px cannot be changed. Q43 01:23, 30 August 2007 (UTC)
* Fixed (overdue response). --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 16:46, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
Pictures to use
In an article what is the preferred picture that you put in the infobox? Is it better to put:
* 1) Lowest value coin, lowest value note
* 2) Highest value coin, highest value note (like in AUS$ article)
* 3) Highest value note and all coins
Although it appears that it is common practice now to use highest note+ coin (b) I feel that this needs to be standardised, so wherever images are available, every currency has the same pictures (eg Euro has 500 note and 2 coin, US$ has 100 note and quarter, or dollar, even though rare) etc. Tarcus 23:59, 15 September 2007 (UTC)
* (I refactored your message a bit for readability). I personally prefer the highest for both, and I've been doing this if I am the first person to add an image to the infobox. My reason is that the highest value coin/note usually shows the most, the most about this country/region, culture, people, history, etc. There are cases where the design is standardized across denominations. But it is very unlikely that the highest denomination shows less than a lower denomination. Then again, there's no hard rule about this. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 16:46, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
Inflation
I think the inflation source should be put in a footnote in the inflation_rate field, rather than be displayed in the source field. Thus, inflation_source_date would contain only the date, which is more useful to the casual reader. Superm401 - Talk 01:14, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
* I originally want to be source and date. But your suggestion is rather bold. Do you think you can share some of the burden of converting to this format? --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 16:46, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
Issuing vs Using countries
Should not this template distinguish between issuing (ie those who are allowed to mint the coin) and (other) using countries. Especially in the case of the United States dollar this may clarify the relations. It would also illuminate the Euro article. Arnoutf (talk) 19:33, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
* You can use the optional parameter. --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 20:22, 2 January 2008 (UTC)
Page Name
Is there a code to write the name of the currency (the title) without it just calling it the page's title? — Dragoslav (talk) 01:45, 5 January 2008 (UTC)
Policy on Rare Designation
Every ATM in the 3rd world that I have used dispenses $100 bills, but never $2 or $50 bills. Making it "rare" on this page as POLICY is incorrect, it relects a bias to U.S. practices, and given that over 50% (55% - 70% as estimated by the U.S. Federal Reserve) of U.S. currency circulates overseas, and is regarded as a reserve currency, makes U.S. ATM practices irrevelant as a determination as to rarity. In fact, given that the majority of money circulates outside the U.S. makes the use of the currency outside the U.S. as the determining factor. Dobbs (talk) 23:22, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
Again - in the hands of foreigners is NOT a correct determination for the world reserve currency (currently the U.S. dollar) as a majority of the currency circulates outside of the U.S. In fact, several entire countries utilize U.S. currency as their native currency, or peg their currency to it. So how do you determine "foreigner" in that case?!?! And, BTW - tax evasion (in other "less enlightened" countries than the U.S. that have governments that seize money for citizens / governments that seize from citizens (your pick - call them "tax evaders" or "corrupt officials", depends on your point of view)) may be the morally correct thing to do. Also, casinos and drug dealers ARE (regardless if you LIKE it or not) LARGE users of currency - period. Their legality, criminality, or morality have NO bearing on the currency in and of itself. Just because users of a currency may not be "above board" in any of the senses I mentioned above does not reflect on the currency as an instrument. Dobbs (talk) 23:22, 20 January 2008 (UTC)
* I just realized a discussion is taking place here. Perhaps Talk:United States dollar is a better place? --ChoChoPK (球球PK) (talk | contrib) 09:23, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
* Policy regarding rare was referenced in the discussion over in Talk:United States dollar. As I think the $100 in not rare, I think either United States Dollar needs to be changed, or the policy needs to be changed. I especially find it wrong that currency holdings in the hands of 'foreigners' or 'criminals' is not considered for the purposes of deciding rarity. I think that is completely aribritary and bad policy. I really don't want to get into an edit war over this - but every time I make a change, it is reverted without comment which is really, really pissing me off. Dobbs (talk) 21:29, 22 January 2008 (UTC)
Issuing banks
There is a need for an additional parameter to allow for countries where multiple private banks are licenced to issue their own money. Although this is rare, two major currencies are covered by this arrangement, the pound sterling and the Hong Kong dollar. A banknote series may have a central bank, a number of issuing banks and a printer, which are all different. For example, a sterling note will have the Bank of England as its central bank, it may be issued by, say, the Royal Bank of Scotland, but the printer is De la Rue.
I think this template would benefit from the addition of an section to allow for this. Can anyone add this to the template? --Cnbrb (talk) 12:35, 25 October 2008 (UTC)
Stuffed
You people messing around are stuffing the template. Can you fix it please. Enlil Ninlil (talk) 04:46, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
* I've fixed a problem with the image code and updated the test cases to show a side-by-side comparison with the old and new code. Unless there are any constructive objections I'll get this migrated again. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 14:27, 21 July 2009 (UTC)
* Thankyou Chris, I will see how it looks and get back. Enlil Ninlil (talk) 03:29, 22 July 2009 (UTC)
* It is working fine old chap. Good work. Enlil Ninlil (talk) 03:30, 22 July 2009 (UTC)
* This was reverted again, but the user didn't bother leaving a comment to say what was up. I've restored the most recent version. Chris Cunningham (not at work) - talk 11:56, 13 August 2009 (UTC)
Small glitch
I noticed this problem at http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pound_sterling&oldid=334351334 (I have given a version-specific URL in case the article later changes and the problem is no longer apparent). In edit preview mode, the collapsible list of British Territories in the currency infobox fails to display (I don't just mean it's collapsed, I mean nothing is displayed, not even the heading or the "show" link). The list displays fine in normal view when I'm reading the article. Exactly the same collapsible list displays fine in preview mode when taken out of the infobox, so I imagine it's some interaction between the two. I'm using IE 8. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 20:22, 27 December 2009 (UTC).
infobox
I created a new version based on infobox. if you check the testcases, you will see the presentation is nearly identical. I added some indentation for sublabels, but otherwise it should look nearly the same. if there are no objections, I will update this in the next few days. Frietjes (talk) 22:15, 14 August 2013 (UTC)
* now updated. Frietjes (talk) 16:58, 18 August 2013 (UTC)
Indentation of sublabels
An IP posted on my talk page some questions regarding the format of the infobox. the current point of discussion is the indentation of the sublabels (e.g., website for the issuing authority). the use of ensp to indent the sublabels makes the labels look 'ragged', which is by design, since otherwise one would not know which sublabels belong to which labels. however, there are of course alternatives. I have presented one such alternative, which is to use bullets, in the sandbox. you can view the difference between the current and proposed change in the testcases. comments? alternatives? Frietjes (talk) 17:20, 7 January 2014 (UTC)
* As my opinion, i prefer previous(before using infobox) version, but if i have to choice one of the two, i like "alternatives"(including bullets). --<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:56, 7 January 2014 (UTC)
Cryptocurrencies
At the moment adding a cryptocurrency is not really supported. It would be practical to have additional fields... though the template editing is over my head. Could somebody look into it please? Specifically I'm editing Nxt at the moment (see Draft:NXT if the former is still red). The following would be real handy: I'm sure there is more - especially Bitcoin would need mining and such. -Thomas (talk) 04:32, 21 December 2014 (UTC)
* Coin supply
* Official Website (I sued issuing_authority_website, but that's not quite correct)
* Software License
* Transaction times
* Agree, I think though it may be better to create a new template rather than try to adapt this one. I will look into doing this. Greenman (talk) 12:52, 6 January 2015 (UTC)
If 1
I saw this edit. Shouldn't always be true? --Obsuser (talk) 00:49, 30 December 2016 (UTC)
* Obsuser, see the footnotes in the first example in the testcases. without something there, lists in the footnotes won't work. the easiest way to fix it is to wrap the input inside . Frietjes (talk) 13:52, 31 December 2016 (UTC)
Frequency of notes/coins
Can someone explain what encyclopedic value "frequency of notes" and "frequency of coins" adds to the infobox? Talk/♥фĩłдωəß♥\Work 14:48, 1 January 2018 (UTC)
* Currencies often have denominations that are technically legal tender but are not commonly seen in day to day use. For example, the United States two-dollar bill, the 500 euro note, or the 1000 Swedish krona bill. There is value in knowing this information at glance. —Gordon P. Hemsley→ ✉ 17:27, 19 October 2018 (UTC)
Inclusion of currency exchange rate
Should the exchange rate of a currency relative to the US dollar be included in the infobox taking into consideration that rates change daily by large and miniscule amounts Tech'n'Country123 (talk) 14:22, 18 May 2019 (UTC)
violations of MOS:FONTSIZE
All the inline notes parameters (and a few others) in this template violate MOS:FONTSIZE because they end up rendering their text too small (they're using in an infobox, which already renders text at a smaller size). I thought about BOLDly fixing this but wanted to discuss it first. —Joeyconnick (talk) 17:47, 10 October 2018 (UTC)
* What do you propose? —Gordon P. Hemsley→ ✉ 17:27, 19 October 2018 (UTC)
* Removing all the tags would be simplest. There are just the 12 instances. Maybe convert the language notes to actual notes or tool tips or something other than things that display big chunks of text in the infobox. —Joeyconnick (talk) 20:37, 19 October 2018 (UTC)
* ✅ User:Joeyconnick. -DePiep (talk) 18:42, 22 November 2019 (UTC)
* Thanks ! —Joeyconnick (talk) 19:12, 22 November 2019 (UTC)
Containing external links
I notice that the template has parameters for showing External links, and I wonder whether that is usually good practice.
An example of where these are used is in Croatian kuna, where the Issuance subsection shows the websites for 3 entities, as in:
Central bank Croatian National Bank
* Website [www.hnb.hr]
Printer Giesecke & Devrient
* Website [www.gi-de.com]
Mint Croatian Monetary Institute
* Website [www.hnz.hr]
This seems odd to me, as each of the 3 entities already shows their own article. So why are their websites shown? The reader has only to click on an entity's article, and surely that's where one would expect to find the website?
It seems that these websites - where (usually?) the entity has its own article - are superfluous, causing clutter, and serving only the purpose of promoting the Bank / Printer / Mint. Some of these are profit-making firms, so why do we give them free (& unnecessary) extra advertising?
Thoughts welcome. Trafford09 (talk) 04:37, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
* I agree this is undesired. WP:INFOBOX says that an infobox should give an overview of the article itself, not adding new information. The links provided in the kuna example should be in the article body (if at all), and probably only as a source reference. Then, respecting WP:NOTLINKFARM probablly means that only the issuing institute (central bank) is worth mentioning.
* As illustration on how to handle external links in infoboxes: United Nations only has its official website mentionend.
* I propose to remove *all* EL's from this infobox. -DePiep (talk) 11:03, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
Well, personally, of course I'm v. pleased by your arguments & aims, and would support them. I notice that the template is under the Portal:Numismatics umbrella. I've not worked on that portal; have you? I just wondered whether we're supposed to seek their support too?
I think that this template's linked to by (used in?) 251 to 499 articles, per this, or 450 articles per this. I dare say there's an argument for treading carefully? I'm no expert on etiquette. Trafford09 (talk) 18:14, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
* This TDmer listing is most precise on usage in mainspace: 409 (the link is mentioned in template documentation see #TemplateData, Monthly error report).
* I've put a notice at the Portal talk and at the WikiProject (which is a bit more active): Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Numismatics. Not just politeness, better to have involved people come here to have the best arguments. We'll have to wait a few days for those people.
* Parameters involved: mint_website. The issuer website (central bank) has to go too (could be a source ref website in article though). -DePiep (talk) 18:33, 6 March 2020 (UTC)
Change “exponent” → “minor units”
From the discussion Talk:ISO 4217/Archives/2020 it emerged that the term “exponent” is not an official term from ISO 4217, and when we became aware (in subsection Talk:ISO 4217) that the term persists in this infobox, Misha Wolf and Gordon P. Hemsley suggested to move the discussion here. For the article ISO 4217, it was agreed to use “minor units” instead. Can the same change be done in this template, too? (Note that in that discussion, the alternative term “currency subunit” was suggested by Misha, but that was refuted by Gordon in section Talk:ISO 4217/Archives/2020.) ◅ Sebastian 14:26, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
* ✅. New parameter: minor_units, replaces iso_exponent. Both can be used, but iso_exponent is 'deprecated'. Label changed to "Minor units". Note that it still only shows when iso_code is present. -DePiep (talk) 14:42, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
* Note: iso_exponent is used in 60 articles ("0" 8x, "2" 51x, "4" 1x). Shouldn't these inputs be changed? -DePiep (talk) 14:49, 29 October 2020 (UTC) (pingfix -DePiep (talk) 14:49, 29 October 2020 (UTC))
* Thanks for the quick action. I didn't suggest to also change the parameter name, which is not visible to the reader, but it allows for more consistency. Since that's what you did, it would make sense to update the “inputs”, which would allow us to deprecate the old name. For such cases, I used to apply AutoWikiBrowser, but that was long ago. ◅ Sebastian 15:05, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
* I find it editor-friendly to have parameter name reflect the labeltext.
* Yes, it is editor-friendly in the long run. In the short run, editors will have to get used to a new name, which some may consider less friendly to them. But that's just why I didn't suggest it; as for me, I'm happy with the change. ◅ Sebastian 16:51, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
* BTW, should it remain under the ISO-header? Or is it a more generic property of the currency?
* As far as I understood the discussion, there was consensus it is generic. That led to Misha Wolf considering it altogether redundant (“I think that the best option is to not display this field in the infobox.”). That should, however, be discussed in another section. ◅ Sebastian 16:51, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
* And what would be the new text? Can it be derived from values (0, 2, or 4)? (If so, I can run AWB for this) -DePiep (talk) 16:02, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
* Good question; it hadn't occurred to me (or to anyone else in the discussion, as far as I can see) that now, with the plural followed by a number, the number can be misread to mean the number of minor currencies. We had simply assumed it could stay as is. Hmm, maybe it's better to leave the parameter out, after all, as Misha suggested. ◅ Sebastian 16:51, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
* I'll wait for instructions :-) i.e, what it should show and what input options you need. I am not familiar with the topic at all. -DePiep (talk) 16:57, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
* Thank you! BTW, I'm no numismatics aficionado, either. This was just an inconsistency I stumbled upon, so I brought it up at Talk:ISO 4217/Archives/2020. I'll wait for their input just like you. ◅ Sebastian 17:14, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
* Thanks for looping me in. I will respond but am awaiting a grocery delivery right now so don't want to get involved in this important discussion just now. :) Misha Wolf (talk) 17:36, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
* I have reverted my today's changes to the infobox. First this discussion has to conclude, my misunderstanding. -DePiep (talk) 17:44, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
I support such a change to the template but consider that this field should be presented as containing a value drawn from ISO 4217 and should precisely match the ISO 4217 usage (hence "Minor unit", not "Minor units") and that each infobox occurrence should link to ISO_4217 so that readers can quickly discover what this field means. Misha Wolf (talk) 23:32, 29 October 2020 (UTC)
* Coming in from the outside: what does "Minor unit: 2" even mean? I have read the link, still unclear. So: the definition of minor unit (or exponent) is unclear, and then the meaning of the number (0, 2, 4 I have met). I don't even get this for US$. For an infobox, this is relevant. -DePiep (talk) 00:05, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
* In that case we need to improve the clarity of section ISO_4217. The ISO 4217 "Minor unit" field specifies the ratio between the value of a currency and the value of its minor unit, using powers of 10. For example, "2" indicates that the ratio between the value of the currency and the value of its minor unit is 100:1, "3" indicates that the ratio is "1000:1", and so on. Misha Wolf (talk) 00:19, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
* So 'minor' currency unit has not to do with coin values (just learned). It is about like "1$ and 1000$ are comonly used units in international finance trade" or so. In this case, the infobox label needs more ;-) -DePiep (talk) 00:39, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
* Minor units are often represented in manual transactions by coins but that is not relevant when, for example, making a purchase online. The airline ticket shown at the top of page ISO 4217 contains prices such as "EUR 99.69". If one happens to know that the ISO 4217 "Minor unit" value for EUR is "2", then one can tell that "EUR 99.69" represents 99 euros plus 69 euro minor units. ISO 4217 does not tell us the name of the Minor unit (in this case "euro cent"). Misha Wolf (talk) 00:53, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
* OK. I leave this page. Ping me if I can help. -DePiep (talk) 00:59, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
* Just "decimals" then except when using old UK s/d/p or 1/12 systems etc. -DePiep (talk) 01:01, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
* The Mauritanian ouguiya and the Malagasy ariary each have a ratio of 5:1 between the value of the currency and the value of its minor unit. Misha Wolf (talk) 01:06, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
* Afterthought: maybe "fraction used" is the wording we are looking for (to me it is clearest). Data can be 0.01, 0.20 etc. -DePiep (talk) 14:14, 30 October 2020 (UTC)
Red link fix
Infoboxes really should not have red links, especially in the left column where they are bolded. In some articles like German mark (1871) and Old Taiwan dollar, Banknotes and Coins were redlinked when corresponding articles are not given in the banknote_article and coin_article parameters and there are no default articles, such as Banknotes of the German mark. This has been fixed with the function. If the default articles exist, then they will appear as blue links; however, if they don't exist, then "Banknotes" and "Coins" will just be in bold and unlinked. If there are any objections we can discuss them here. Thank you for your consideration! P.I. Ellsworth  - ed. put'r there 19:11, 8 November 2021 (UTC)
* Red links are meant to encourage the creation of missing pages; their inclusion was intentional. On what basis are you asserting that infoboxes "should" not have red links? —Gordon P. Hemsley→ ✉ 04:39, 29 November 2021 (UTC)
* Good question, thank you for asking, ! As you know, an infobox is primarily used to present a subset/summary of information about the article's subject. As a secondary function there are often links to associated articles in them, which makes an infobox a type of navbox, much like a sidebar template. As such, I've always considered the lines in the guideline at WP:Red link to apply: "Editors who add red links to navboxes are expected to actively work on building those articles, or the links may be removed from the template." Are you or another editor you know working on articles to turn those red links into blue links? If so, then my "ifexist" edit can be easily reverted. P.I. Ellsworth  - ed. put'r there 05:54, 29 November 2021 (UTC)
* I disagree with your assessment that an infobox is a type of navbox and I see no evidence that consensus supports it. Navigation template and Manual of Style/Infoboxes are distinct pages which do not mention any mutual application between the two. The reason that WP:REDNOT contains the line you quote is because the primary purpose of a navbox is to help the reader find related articles; thus, it makes sense not to have an excessive number of links to articles that don't exist. But that is not the case with infoboxes: their primary purpose is to capture discrete data about (the subject of) an article, and links to specific expansion articles are part of that discrete data. Note also that, even if we were to accept that an infobox is a type of navbox, red links are common and accepted for certain formulaic navboxes like those generated by Americas topic (see, e.g., Time in the United States for a use), and I would argue that that would apply here as well. —Gordon P. Hemsley→ ✉ 14:18, 3 December 2021 (UTC)
* The evidence that consensus supports only blue links in infoboxes may be somewhat implicit due to the fact that this one, Infobox currency, is the first infobox I've seen in many years that had red links in it in at least two articles. Another indication would be the references to the navbox and sidebar templates on the Template:Infobox documentation page, which indicates that they are associated with infoboxes. Add to that the fact that I've never read anywhere in any policy, guideline, help page, essay or any other project page any words that would support letting red links exist in infoboxes with the sole exception of the sentence I quoted from WP:Red link above. So I ask again, are you or another editor you know actively working to create articles that will turn those red links into blue links? If so, that would justify our letting the red links stand inside those currency infoboxes long enough for them to blossom into blue links. I think the key thought here should be that red links are only helpful to those editors who are inclined to turn them into articles; red links are never helpful to general readers, who have little or no intention of doing anything else except reading Wikipedia. Remember there are far more readers of Wikipedia than there are active editors. P.I. Ellsworth  - ed. put'r there 15:25, 3 December 2021 (UTC)
unit= option needed
In almost all cases worldwide, the currency name and the unit name are the same, there are two major exceptions: renmimbi (China) and sterling (UK). At present, the only way to get their respective unit name (yuan, pound) into the infobox is to (mis-)use the superunit= argument with a trivial ratio of 1:1. The effect is amateurish. Would a competent template editor add a unit= argument, please? John Maynard Friedman (talk) 09:32, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
On further thoughts, it is actually not that unusual. The unit name of (for example) the Australian dollar is just 'dollar'. --John Maynard Friedman (talk) 10:09, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
* I concur with this request.
* I believe it ought to say "main unit", with no superfluous field for ratios.
* And I quite agree, it is far from unusual. Most currencies do not have names as such and are identified by the name of their main unit with a disambiguating demonym, although the actual unit only rarely includes the demonym as part of its official name on banknotes or coins, an even more august example being the United States dollar. Some currencies do include the demonym as part of the official unit name, such as the Turkish lira, whose banknotes give their denomination as (for instance) "Yüz Türk lirası".
I would also like to add to that a field for a non-ISO abbreviation may also be efficacious. As JMF has correctly pointed out on a number of occasions, a "symbol" is distinct from an "abbreviation". A symbol being a character specifically designed for the purpose (eg. ₳, ฿, ₵, ¢, ₡, $, ₯,,֏, €, ƒ, ₲, ₭, ₾, £, ₺, ℳ, ₦, ₱, ₽, ₹, ₪, ₸, ₮, ₩, ¥) while an abbreviation is an initialism or a contraction using standard QWERTY characters (eg. RMB, stg, Esc, fl etc). TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 13:16, 18 September 2022 (UTC)
* My proposal is that parameters ought to be added for main_unit_name and abbreviation, with the "symbol" parameter reserved exclusively for symbols with a unique Unicode codepoint.
* Here are some examples of how it would work:
* This would be especially welcome for currencies that do not use a symbol, just abbreviations:
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* This would be especially welcome for currencies that do not use a symbol, just abbreviations:
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* This would be especially welcome for currencies that do not use a symbol, just abbreviations:
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* This would be especially welcome for currencies that do not use a symbol, just abbreviations:
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* This would be especially welcome for currencies that do not use a symbol, just abbreviations:
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* This would be especially welcome for currencies that do not use a symbol, just abbreviations:
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* This would be especially welcome for currencies that do not use a symbol, just abbreviations:
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* This would be especially welcome for currencies that do not use a symbol, just abbreviations:
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* This would be especially welcome for currencies that do not use a symbol, just abbreviations:
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* This would be especially welcome for currencies that do not use a symbol, just abbreviations:
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* This would be especially welcome for currencies that do not use a symbol, just abbreviations:
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* This would be especially welcome for currencies that do not use a symbol, just abbreviations:
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* This would be especially welcome for currencies that do not use a symbol, just abbreviations:
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 19:04, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* All that makes sense to me and I support this proposal. Now all we need is someone skilled enough to be confident of changing safely a template that affects hundreds of articles. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 19:40, 22 September 2022 (UTC)
* ONe more question: what with local Unit name (thnk language, script)? We must expect English and local name, not necessarily the local currency name! -DePiep (talk) 18:53, 26 September 2022 (UTC)
Sandboxing underway
I have started sandboxing these changes (see Template:Infobox currency/sandbox). I will request expert review before putting live. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 11:53, 25 September 2022 (UTC)
* Sort of done but "Unit name" and "Abbreviation" are showing whether used or not. Also, I can't see how to test it. Will ask. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 19:00, 25 September 2022 (UTC)
* Having painfully hit the wall of my capabilities, at my request has very kindly volunteered to show me how it is done. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 16:45, 26 September 2022 (UTC)
* Background:
Anomalies that need to be resolved
Personally I would discard these. Nicknames change over the years and are best handled in body text. I would also drop plurals as more clutter. What is the plural of "Lira"? Lire (Italian grammar)? Liras (English grammar)? Lira (Turkish grammar)? Put it in body text.
* Where should the abbreviation be shown? For sterling and Renmibi, the obvious place is after currency_name_in_local. Will that look odd for currencies that don't distinguish between the primary unit name and the currency name? (like USD)
* At present, the order of display is very odd: the currency symbol shown in the Sub-unit section, just to simplify display of the subunit symbol. And the nickname is shown there too, as if it is a nickname for the subunit! So that needs to be resolved into (e.g., for sterling)
* Denomination
* Unit: Pound
* Symbol: £
* Nickname: quid
* Subunit name: penny
* Subunit symbol: p
* Subunit nickname: copper
Anything else while the juggernaut is over the maintenance pit? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 16:45, 26 September 2022 (UTC)
* Symbol Can we declare?enforce that only symbols encoded in Unicode are valid? (exept Cifrão of course). That it is the symbol routinely used locally => $ in Canada and Australia etc, not Can$ (or even worse, C$) nor A$.
* If I read your "to do" list correctly,, were you really thinking of putting Symbol:? Because if so, I don't agree. Belongs in body text. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 19:33, 26 September 2022 (UTC)
* Postponed, first implement unit, abbr correctly for all articles. -DePiep (talk) 05:49, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
Implementation
Triggered by 𝕁𝕄𝔽 :-), I have explored the Infobox wrt these changes. (there are loads of other improvements, but I will address these lateer).
* todo 1: unit. Allow "Unit" data point (row), eg "pound" for pound sterling. For now, I propose it to be top row below "Denomination" header. Label: "Unit" (unlinked, must be selfexplaining). Parameter: unit (because: there is only one unit; all others are super/sub. BTW it occurs to me that the parameter names here are impractically and editor-unfriendly long for no reason: no need to be a full documentation description ;-) ). Default value: Pagename. Note: when introduced, all pages need a check, pagename is not automatically right. (But: no harm done when it shows the Unit=pagename, for a few days).
* todo 2: abbr: parameter unit_abbr, to be shown right below the Unit. No data=no show (default), not crucial.
* Also: minor fixes. Link Denominations; See Infobox currency/testcases (background: Infobox currency/sandbox ).
* Proposal now: if you can agree with these two & their effect, we can make the change & edit the infoboxes. -DePiep (talk) 18:40, 26 September 2022 (UTC)
* Todo 1: Unit I agree. (This may be a work-in-progress issue but... At the euro example which, like every other current use, does not have a unit=, Unit Infobox currency/testcases is being displayed instead of skipped.)
* Todo 2: Abbreviation It should be currency_abbr, not unit_abbr. (There may well be a case for a unit_abbr too? Like fl. for Dutch Guilder (but is that a currency abbreviation or a unit abbreviation?)
* FYI, I've just done the pound sterling at the test cases page. Only issue is the missing currency-abbr. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 19:15, 26 September 2022 (UTC)
* Todo 1: Unit Yes it says "Infobox currency/testcases" because that is the default . In article Foobistan Bar the unit name would say "Unit: Foobistan Bar" by default. Someone can edit it into Bar, which will show OK then. OR is there a better way to introduce this? (IMO, some value must show for the Unit). Any better idea than default to pagename?
* Todo 2: Abbreviation OK, changed to abbr. (Of course, in currency-IB a prefix 'currency_' is not needed). Question: what should its position in the box be? More close to the currency name? But better not as a title (it is not that important). -DePiep (talk) 19:50, 26 September 2022 (UTC)
* Todo 1: Unit sorry but no, that is definitely wrong, for two reasons. (a) If the currency name is e.g. "US Dollar", the unit is definitely not also "US Dollar", it is just "dollar". (b) Our changes should have little (ideally no) impact on existing usages. That way minimises the "blowback" from people who don't like sudden changes and stir up a storm. ANI references, well you know how it goes. So if unit_name= is not stated, the line should not be displayed. Let it appear organically as and when the host articles are updated – manually.
* Todo 2: Abbreviation Ok, I agree. (Again, this line should not be displayed unless and until positively used with relevant info.) As for its position, I already identified that as an issue but still haven't come up with a good solution. The most logical place for it is with the ISO code but the purists won't like it. The only other place I can think of is after native_name_in_local but that gives it a prominence and implied importance that it doesn't merit. So IMO it has to be in the ISO box with line title "Non-ISO abbreviation". Anyone got a better idea? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 09:52, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* I am such a 'purist': since the abbr is about the currency not the unit, it should be near the title. Will make it show in row "local name" DePiep (talk) 11:39, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* So: to add, now in sandbox: unit, abbr. -DePiep (talk) 05:46, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* Questions: (Q1) What to show for "Unit" when no input? <Blank> (=no row) or <Pagename>? (Q2) Where to positioon abbreviation (being an abbr for the currency not the unit)? -DePiep (talk) 05:46, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* Detailed responses immediately above but in summary: Q1 => "no row"; Q2 => ISO box (least worst option). --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 09:52, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* Now sandbox has:
* (1) "Unit" now separate header (unit, symbol, nickname, plural). Section "Denominations" for super/subs.
* (2) "abbr" now added to subtitle ="local_name (abbr)". See demo here.
* No need to put data in wrong place (abbr not under ISO etc).
* Pilot = sterling; no other edge cases in view => we can go. -DePiep (talk) 11:58, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* It looks good to me. I've added USD to the test cases to verify we won't provoke a firestorm of disapproval from the largest audience for having made a silly mistake. Straight replacement of the template underneath ("in-flight engine change") looks ok, but better when the new arguments are invoked.
* The only thing that worries me is that we've done it all between you and me (though I predict with confidence that TCG will be happy) but we've had no neutral "peer review". Can you invite someone to be devil's advocate before we go live? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 12:41, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* then. No, no peer review nbeeded: together we understand the issue, and anyway no harm is done with the change. Prepare to check all 500 articles :-) Any way to work systematically? Use the tracking category? (I canm program that) -DePiep (talk) 12:44, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* Yes, best to use a programmed tracking category, please, as it will take a little more that 5 minutes to amend all that lot. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 14:00, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
Hold the front page!!! (well, ok, bottom right corner of the business page after "investment opportunities"). I've just done a test case of pre-decimal sterling and we no longer have a line to introduce sub-unit plurals. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 14:00, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* That's test #£sd I guess. What line does it need? What line disappeared? I don't see (good edge case) DePiep (talk) 14:05, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
RatioNamePluralAbbr. $1/undefined$ShillingShillingss., /- $1/undefined$PennyPenced
* I've put the plural right below unit. (Nickname to be above symbol too?). -DePiep (talk) 14:08, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* True, but you moved the world plural (correctly) to be with Unit but that is no longer enough since we now have plurals in two places: the Unit plural [pound/pounds] and the subunit plurals [penny/pence]. In the £sd example, it needs an intro line between $1/undefined$Penny and ShillingShillings.
* We've also lost anything to introduce sub-unit abbreviations
* I don't know if this will fit everywhere and what happens when there is no plural or "it depends" plural but how about:
* Subunit[s]
* Of course writing a variable size, content dependent, table should be a trivial exercise for you
* Yes, nickname in the Unit box. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 15:06, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* I see. I prefer solution (will build in a minute, see tests): when any sub/super-plural is present, the word appears in bold as title (but no datavalue, as that is the unit "pounds" so stays elsewhere). Same for s/s-symbols. The table you mention is a postponed thing (and deerly needed indeed; the super/subs are a horror). But not now. I want unit & abbr live asap. DePiep (talk) 16:05, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* Parameter name changed into name_abbr, as it pertains to name_currency and name_local. -DePiep (talk) 17:32, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* "S/s" should read "S/u". "name_abbr" is wise, it may still turn out that we need "su1_abbr" etc. (I was joking about the dynamic table, btw, I really didn't think you could do that at all, never mind in a few minutes. But it often useful to give an ideal target since today's impossible is often tomorrows difficult and just obvious the day after. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 18:37, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* s/s was just a working thing ;-) -- now gone. I think for the super/subs we can go as tested. To be redesigned later. DePiep (talk) 20:02, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
Tracking & checking changes
Tracking system: The dedicated, new subcategory is:.
* How to track?
* A. Add check to all 500 (together with blank unit, name_abbr; using WP:AWB). Cat all IB's that have this param (blank). When checked/edited manually, remove this param.
* B. Add 0/F, set manually Add to 1/T when visited
* C. Add unit, name_abbr to all 500. Cat all with blank unit, name_abbr.
* D. cat with absent unit, name_abbr.
* Note: for non-complicated edits, I can do AWB. (eg, with subunit "1/1").
* Note 2: more changes to come, so wil be reused
* What you think? -DePiep (talk) 17:32, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* E. No prior edits in the 500. Template does Cat all pages without any of these: unit, name_abbr, checked (irrespective of their input value). That is: when unit, name_abbr is used (after manual, smart edit), de-cat; when new parameters are not needed, add a blank checked to de-cat. (Aditionally: one could add XYZ to note: revisit later for other issues like sub-units). ~-DePiep (talk) 17:43, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* F. lol: adding unit and/or name_abbr, blank or with value, as checking edit. This will de-cat the article. (No checked needed!). -DePiep (talk) 18:20, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* I have never been involved in an exercise like that, so my opinion is uniformed by experience and so worthless. Look elsewhere, I'm afraid. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 18:28, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* OK. I could make a subpage with those 500 articles listed, as a working list, if that helps you. I myself will only do the most obvious changes, not the subtle ones. DePiep (talk) 19:59, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
Documenting the new features
We may as well get started on the documentation. OK. I disagree with you on the Unicode requirement, but does not matter. Later: extra row for the unichar. -DePiep (talk) 20:05, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* Do you mean you disagree that it should be required? OK, I was dithering about that one and won't argue. Case by case, I think. I don't think anyone would insist on ₨ rather than Rs, for example. My concern is more about misunderstood "symbols" that are really abbreviations. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 23:49, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* 100% DePiep (talk) 23:52, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* unit 'advised' is OK with me. UNderstandable. One canalso set Required in TemplateData. Could you add this to the /doc tables &tc? -DePiep (talk) 11:11, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
Changes 28 September 2022
* Planned changes (see also Infobox currency/testcases). Pilot articles: Pound sterling, US dollar,
* New parameters: name_abbr, unit, obsolete, image_alt_1, image_alt_2
* New tracking category:
* 1) Added name_abbr. Will show in subheader, with currency_name_in_local. eg, Stg.
* 2) Added unit. Will show under new subheader "Unit". eg, Pound
* 3) Tracking: when name_abbr and unit are not present, the article is categorised in . (The parametrs may be empty). IOW: when one is added (could be empty), the article is removed from the category.
* 4) Super- and subunit info stay under header "Denominations". Minor formatting adjustments.
* 5) New parameters image_alt_1, image_alt_2 added, 100% synonyms for alt1, alt2. Added for parameternaming consistency.
* 6) Regular not affected (new parameters are whitelisted).
* 7) remove setting "font-size:85%;" below (footnote, obsolete notice): cannot stack font reduction. Set obsolete notice in italics.
* 8) Added obsolete as full synonym for obsolete_notice, naming consistency (is acting as blank/T parameter)
* Edits needed: unit and/or name_abbr can be added. Initial omission does not break Infobox.
* Documentation to be updated
* -DePiep (talk) 23:18, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
* -DePiep (talk) 28 September 2022 (UTC) passim 09:45, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
Live
* ✅ -DePiep (talk) 10:16, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
For name_abbr, unit checking & updating, is your friend. I advise to change the pound asap, before it may be gone altogether ;-) Ping or talkpage me when questions arise. -DePiep (talk) 10:16, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* name_abbr position?
* Pound sterling and Renminbi updated, both look ok but
* ❌ New Zealand dollar because the placement of the currency abbreviation is wrong (produces tāra o Aotearoa (Māori) ($NZ)), abbr needs a new line. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 11:15, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* ping as requested. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 11:17, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* You mean: abbr always on separate line? And no -brackets then.
* Alt option: add to infobox title, not bold: "New Zealand dollar ($NZ)". DePiep (talk) 11:22, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* ? We're talking the abbr. Add to title row as I just demo'ed? DePiep (talk) 11:36, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* repeat question: shall I add abbr to infobox title, not bold: "New Zealand dollar ($NZ)"? -DePiep (talk) 11:50, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* For now, best use new line. I think we are going to have arguments over "alternatives" like C$ (!) and CA$, so citations will be needed and would look terrible in the title bar. [And yes, just unit, main is implied]. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 11:59, 28
September 2022 (UTC)
* ✅ Live. So, now extra line in subheader, unbold, no brackets added (but one can input them). See variants testpages (live template=lefthand!). Also NZ$ ;-) -DePiep (talk) 12:09, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* OK that (new line) works. I admit that it would look nicer in the title bar but best leave it until the dust has settled on the updates. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 12:12, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* unit labeling?
* Looks good to me so far, although I would prefer it to display as "Main unit" rather than just "unit". TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 11:26, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* Oops,, thought I was replying to JMF... Now, reply to TCG: 1. Thanks, good to hear :-)
* 2. Short "Unit" was chosen, because non-main units already are labeled "super" or "sub". No confusion AFAIK, so no need to be overly specific. DePiep (talk) 11:54, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* Also, the word "Unit" is now in a separate, dedicated header! Also helps making it Important. (and the extra data like plurals nicely go with it too) DePiep (talk) 11:59, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* I just think it makes for a more discrete categorisation: superunit, main unit, subunit :) TheCurrencyGuy (talk) 13:10, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* Yes, that's what I see too. Except: still works & correct if you leave out the "main"; does not add any info (quite opposite). "subunit" is straightforward related to the "unit". In semantic meaning, there is not difference between "the currency unit" and "the currency main unit": they unmistakenly signify the same, no confusion. (Even when there were an exotic currency with two "main" units, can be solved by using input first one is Alpha, second one is Beta unit (see foo foo[99]). DePiep (talk) 13:20, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
ISO 4217 code: changes
Changes wrt ISO 4217:
* New parameter Any text, will show after iso_code, with space. Shows unedited; the comment will also show when <blank> or missing.
* Target for the articles will change into (name change). Name reflects content. The will become the umbrella for topic of ISO 4217 (eponymous).
* none will add the article to (new).
* Notes: categorising text can be none, no, not, None (A=a).
* The text will show unedited. Advice: for longer texts, add a iso_comment.
* So: ABC or None (or FooNonsense) is triggering categorisation. A blank iso_code has no categorising effect for the reader (for maintenance: see next).
* When <blank> or missing, article is categorised in, (hidden, maintenance category). Sorted under "I".
* Also: when unit is missing, article is added to Category:Pages using Infobox currency to check, sorted under "U".
* Also: when symbol is missing, article is added to Category:Pages using Infobox currency to check, sorted under "S".
* Changed LH labeltext into "Subunit (decimals)" from "Exponent"(?).
* iso_exponent: added full synonym iso_decimals.
preparing, testing. DePiep (talk) 09:50, 5 October 2022 ... 10:23, 5 October 2022 (UTC)
* ✅ DePiep (talk) 13:53, 5 October 2022 (UTC)
* See also for later changes in this, wrt ISO 4217. -DePiep (talk) 18:45, 1 November 2022 (UTC)
Parameter changes: era, qid
* I've added era to the whitelist parameters, to be used later on. Gathering data while doing other tasks. -DePiep (talk) 11:48, 7 October 2022 (UTC)
* African Development Bank has an IB currency, but for different topic (their currency). For this: qid added. . Unused at the moment. -DePiep (talk) 06:13, 9 October 2022 (UTC)
Infobox: use title
I have, boldly, changed the Infobox to use standard Infobox title for Currency Name (not above then): semantically, it is the Title of the box (currency). Now appears above the box. currency_name_in_local, name_abbr now appear as above just inside the box border, right in top (close to the title, being names/identifiers too).
Removed deviating styling of above: kept bolding, larger, as "above"=subtitles go. (note: name_abbr is unbolded).
See for results: Pound sterling (with abbr, image), Japanese yen (lang), Afghan afghani (lang). DePiep (talk) 09:42, 3 November 2022 (UTC)
subunit presentation
It has several flaws. For example, properties of a single sub1 are scattered. Data present (subX is more complete than superX, so pilot is with subX): sub1: I want to look for a better presentation (in this thread). -DePiep (talk) 08:09, 29 September 2022 (UTC)
* The IB (infobox) has options to preset superunits (>$1/100$) and subunits (<$1/1$).
* subunit_name_1 = cent
* symbol_subunit_1 = $c
* subunit_ratio_1 = $1/1$
* plural_subunit_1 = cents
* nickname_subunit_1 = Nick1
* Thoughts: per subX all data together. In some tabular form, by subX. Make fraction show like "$1/100$"; could reuse subsymbol. Later more. -DePiep (talk) 08:09, 29 September 2022 (UTC)
RatioNamePluralAbbr. $1/100$ShillingShillingss., /- $1/undefined$PennyPenced
* c/p From JMF earlier post -DePiep (talk) 07:40, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
* I don't know if this will fit everywhere and what happens when there is no plural or "it depends" plural but how about:
* Subunit[s]
* --User:John Maynard Friedman 𝕁𝕄𝔽 15:06, 27 September 2022 (UTC)
LRM mark after symbol
* After all X data showing, the character is added. It cancels any possible RTL effects from RTL scripts (like Arabic); no effect with rtl like Latin. Invisible, will copy/paste.
* ✅ -DePiep (talk) 09:30, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
Symbol comment too big
At French franc, there is a short story at the symbol=, which would not matter except the template wraps the info in big, so we get F or Fr (briefly also NF during the 1960s; also unofficially FF and ₣), which is trop flamboyant. Ideas? an extra "nobig" option? => nobig? Or should cheat and declare that Fr was the primary symbol and the others were just abbreviations (except ₣, which never left the drawing board). --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 22:58, 28 September 2022 (UTC)
* Un petit problème
* I propose to add symbol_unicode to allow for, when applicable.
* I'd say (1) leave the symbol big. Big is useful because many symbols are uncommon and detailed, so show as painting, illuistrative too, not a Latin character. In this case, Latin "Fr." can join. But also (2) I propose to add symbol_comment, which will show in regular font. (Then, (3) with single symbol parameter, we can apply it to subunit fractions like "1/100 Fr." later on).
* Proposal: add symbol_comment; inline, with solved situation when the comment is a ref (not-spaced). -DePiep (talk) 06:34, 29 September 2022 (UTC)
✅ symbol_comment added. See Afghan afghani, French franc.
* Note: when the comment is a bare <ref>, the space should be omitted. (minor issue, no harm done). -DePiep (talk) 07:34, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
"Now he tells me!" I don't think it matters (much) as there will probably be other examples, but I think I may have misdirected traffic on this one. I have opened a new topic at talk:French Franc but I think now that F and Fr are not symbols for the French Franc, they are abbreviations. The only symbol was ₣ but it should not be shown as the symbol since it never became accepted. Though maybe we could show it with a suitable symbol_comment? ;--𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 08:16, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
* TL;DR: No question for IB.
* The new symbol_comment is needed to handle, well, comments (as you pointed out here first, re size). The F/Fr issue is not template-related but content so you are at the right talkpage there. Call me here when the template needs adjustment or options. Could be css.... (That said, personally I think we should not put too much stress on the abbr. Current header-throne is much already... Symbol is much more important & to be recognisable and correct as currency ID!, to be used in value amounts. Expect a long and slow campaign to have the proper symbol in the header). DePiep (talk) 08:38, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
symbol properties (sing/pl, lang, format)
I see that symbols are often in multiple, like in Algerian dinar, French franc. Could be by script (local/Latin) and by sing/pl. Also, to signal the symbol itself we could use an inline marker (but the looks overdone inline: ). For now I am using : NF). Also, maybe we need a "symbol_to_use_in_IB" to format in-IB currency amounts ("_$1/undefined$"). Ideas? -DePiep (talk) 08:28, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
* Example list (may be expanded) :
* DA: دج (Arabic), DA (Latin) ← Algerian dinar
* Fr: F or Fr (briefly also NF during the 1960s; also unofficially FF and ₣) ← French franc
* Afl.: Afl and ƒ. ← Aruba florin (both symbols equally used, as full synonyms?)
* 圓 / 円 (Yen){efn|The "圓" symbol is now obsolete in Japan.} ← Meiji Tsuho; dual scripts
* -DePiep (talk) 08:28, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
* Another option is char which leaves everything alone except put a fine box around it. Like this: دج. Any better? (Caution: I got my only ever reference to ANI arising from a "full and frank exchange of views" about whether it should even exist. It was grudgingly accepted for tiny glyphs that would disappear if not demarcated somehow. But I've noticed it being used increasingly where use mention distinction is needed and italics wouldn't work.) --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 11:38, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
* While editing (some 150 symbol_comments), I see a use/need for symbol1, symbol2, symbol3 +list & comment option. Then apply a dedicated formatting (not generic then), + format option. All notes can go into _comments. And this is before looking at the subunits. DePiep (talk) 12:18, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
Symbol in Unicode
* I propose to add symbol_unicode to allow for, when applicable.
* To consider: the link to "Indian rupee sign" could be moved into here, as demo-ed, so that the symbol itself is not cluttered with the underline ("ornaments" as they are called). Not for Latin characters. Could add script name? -DePiep (talk) 07:20, 29 September 2022 (UTC)
* Sorry, but I still think that this is a bad idea. The articles are about the currencies, not the currency signs. Yes, unichar definitely should be shown at the currency sign articles but here at the currency it is just adding even more clutter to the infobox. I oppose this addition. (Btw, you have the wrong target for your nlink= .)--𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 13:58, 29 September 2022 (UTC)
When ISO code=none
* Please consider: create "Category:Currency without ISO 4217 code" (sub of ). It should help the Reader distinguishing between: "Has definitely no ISO code" and "ISO code unknown". For this, (1) We could prescribe in doc: iso_code to start with codeword "none", and (2) is default-formatted into eg "none (cryptocurrency)[9]" . -DePiep (talk) 07:20, 29 September 2022 (UTC)
* Better: add iso_code_comment and conclude, in coordiantion with iso_code that currency does not have an ISO 4217.
* By extension: split current category to distinguish obsolete currencies. And: consider the funds & platinum currencies. ISO 4217 needs a big upgrading anyway. DePiep (talk) 12:57, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
Value formatting pattern
* value_pattern? We could add the value formatting pattern(s). before/after, spaces, fractions. rule + example. -DePiep (talk) 09:14, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
Show abbreviation in the "unit" box?
A number of the currencies I've been looking at don't have a unique symbol but what they do have is an abbreviation letter or letters that act as such. I have in mind F for Franc and zł for złoty. I appreciate the purist view that the symbol and the abbreviation denote the currency not the unit but for all but two currencies the distinction is academic (en_us: moot). I suggest that this arrangement would be a far more user-friendly as well as less contentious. (And it is currently lost under the infobox bar.) --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 09:00, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
* Will not be sourceable, I expect. Because such abbr is sloppy or incorrect usage of a the currency abbr. Or keyboard missing pond sign. Like "I found 5 Stg.!". Does not help to put sloppy informalities in the IB. Of course, you can disprove this with a source. For any of the 450 currencies we have. DePiep (talk) 09:09, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
* I add: when abbr usage for symbol is a bit common (to be convinced), and as opposed to currency abbr, we can & should add it as a symbol_comment. Not as a symbol. -DePiep (talk) 09:11, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
* I recognise that it is not easy and we may have to toss this one around for a bit. Certainly it is true (as a general principle) that terse titles in the infobox can mislead. [Btw, the current title "unit" for this section of the infobox need not be sacrosanct.]
* I'm not clear on what you mean by is "not sourceable"? I assume you can't mean for example that zł100 is "wrong"? or that F10 is "wrong"?
* We have a saying in the UK that "hard cases make bad law" which in essence says that laws should not be drafted on the basis of edge cases, that they should set out the broad principles and leave it to judges to determine the awkward cases. Likewise here, the infobox should be designed to handle 90% of currencies and the exceptions can be resolved with footnotes or body-text references. Sterling is such an awkward case [sometimes it is a noun, sometimes an adjective, sometimes both at once] and correct usage of the abbreviation belongs in body content, not the infoboz. For almost all currencies, the norm is either or . So stg. 5 million may look a bit lazy but it would be understood – although a professional would certainly write . Are there other uses for the abbreviation? --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 11:07, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
* "not sourceable": The infobox is not interested in any abbreviation of the symbol. At all. You have just rejected even adding symbol's definition—which is more useful & defining than an abbr. Now if an "abbreviation" is actually used as the currency symbol, i.e., in an amount, or on banknotes, it is called a "symbol" and infobox will treat it as such. (IOW, the infobox does not need to serve colloquial slang usage of "dlr." in sentences). DePiep (talk) 12:25, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
* I think we must still be at cross purposes, probably because this whole area is so messy. The concept of "an abbreviation of the symbol" never occurred to me, only an abbreviation of the currency name. I think we have the additional conceptual problem of the [currency] abbreviation being used as a de-facto currency symbol (as in, it is used in the same style and same way as are the dedicated currency symbols). So let me put down a few cases to see if we get on the same wavelength:
* Pre-ISO conventions that are still to be found: US$, $AU, IR£, GB£, FF. You name it. These were used as prefixes for sums of money and sometimes in text as abbreviations for the currency. IMO
* Sterling: abbreviated as Stg. Simple and well documented. Usage? "£5 bn. stg.": clearly in text shorthand, valid. "Stg 5 million": invalid. Symbol is £, again generally unambiguous.
* US Dollar: symbol is $, abbreviation is US$. No contest. "Dlr" is just slang, not notable.
* Pakistan Rupee: formal symbol is the ligature ₨ but it seems that the discrete pair Rs is almost universal. And again "Rs" [R,s] is used to prefix amounts of money and as in-text abbreviation. Is it a symbol, an abbreviation or both?
* Polish Złoty: what is zł.? Is it a symbol, an abbreviation or both? IMO it is only an abbreviation, the Polish currency does not have symbol.
* Discuss! --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 14:46, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
* You wrote, opening line: A number of the currencies ... don't have a unique symbol but what they do have is an abbreviation letter or letters that act as such. That says to me: "sometimes an abbr is used as a symbol". Next, I wrote: if something is used as a currency symbol, it is a symbol full stop. And the IB will handle it as a currency symbol full stop. This implies that it does not matter where it came from (could be runic, could be an abbr, could be invented, could be double-bar-everything as often occurs this century -- whatever). So, when it <semantically> is a symbol, there is no need to signal where it came from.
* If any relevance of this "abbr" claim remains, that should go in the article body. Of course, such usage should be sourced convincingly, preferably by banknotes & coins. Finally, I think we've spend enough time on abbr's for now. Other issues are more urgent. (Also, I have not read any problem using current IB in this issue). DePiep (talk) 16:01, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
* Ok, I can accept that analysis. My purist model was about to come badly unstuck with non-Latin forms, where I don't have a clue how to classify them. --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 16:16, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
DePiep (talk) 09:04, 30 September 2022 (UTC)
Cryptocurrencies
The cryptocurrencys have a separate Infobox: Infobox cryptocurrency ; some 45 articles have. That IB was forked from this IB currency. I have made an overview at Infobox currency/overview/crypto: crosscheck Wikidata <-> enwiki articles. (Also has ).
Takeaway: crypto's and regular currencies do not share an infobox. DePiep (talk) 18:13, 8 October 2022 (UTC)
* Applause! --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 19:28, 8 October 2022 (UTC)
Infobox to present 'era', 'obsolete', 'historical' clear & prominent
At the moment, the IBcurrency notes "obsolete" by different backgroundcolor (pink), by footnote "info from before abandoning", and possibly by an end-date in the data rows. That is a bot meagre, and could be more informative.
I propose to make changes:
* 1) Show "obsolete" more prominently, say by extra subheader-bar.
* 2) The "obsolete" status is determined by yes/date/... IB could say "Obsolete", but also "Historical" (think >100 year ago, ancient &tc). The bar could also have an Era (in years, or just the end date).
* 3) Color change abandoned, is meaningless and evenis unhelpful (because if we use a support color, then "Currency" shoudl have a single one. Tones might be applicable though.
* 4) Some Currency articles cover more than one (say, the history of the bolívar currencies). The IB should be able to cover those (no problem at the moment).
Later on I will present demo's here. -DePiep (talk) 08:42, 11 October 2022 (UTC)
* I support these proposals. To distinguish only by colour is against MOS:ACCESS at least (and in any case the code is meaningless to most readers). I'm less sure about the word "era" since it already has meanings (calendar era, geological era) and could be misunderstood. (On first reading, for example, I thought it would be "currency of the Babylonian empire" or similar, certainly nothing in the last century or two? I don't have a better idea, though! --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 14:45, 11 October 2022 (UTC)
* With "era" in this context, I am thinking of time period (start–end). Years, rr "X century BCE". Having to click on Babylonian Kingdom to know it is bad design (forbidden). -DePiep (talk) 05:31, 13 October 2022 (UTC)
* Word "Obsolete" best used of abandoned ISO-currencies (i.e., they are not maintained but may be existing in RL like in contracts). And other such recent currencies. ("abandoned after 1978").
* Propose start using (showing) the word "Historically" for more ancient currencies. Any better cutoff than ISO's end data? -DePiep (talk) 05:31, 13 October 2022 (UTC)
* Yes, "obsolete" is good. In a very few cases maybe obsolescent might be more appropriate but it is used to capture a transition phase that nobody will maintain.
* Odd, but for some illogical reason I am content with the word "era" for "x century BCE" but it bothers me in the case of, say, the Reichsmark. Yes, use it, maybe someone in the future will think of a better word that is equally succinct. Most people will be looking at the content, not the packaging.
* ISO's end-date is an entirely defensible line in the sand. No doubt they have done all the diplomatic negotiations, who are we to know better?
* Great work on this infobox! --𝕁𝕄𝔽 (talk) 09:46, 13 October 2022 (UTC)
Source of Standard ISO 4217 available
Template ISO 4217/cite now has the source (definition) of the ISO 4217 codes & currencies. See its documentation for use options. Article ISO 4217 may need a check. As a bulletlist, the sources are:
DePiep (talk) 13:31, 26 October 2022 (UTC)
Infobox: more local_name support
I have prepared these changes in the infobox:
* 1. name, local_name_format are added as full synonyms ("aka") for currency_name, currency_name_in_local. This is to simplify names to remember.
* 2. Added: local_name, local_name_lang. These take plain text input (foreign lang/script expected), and the infobox will compose Native name automatically. e.g. →
* This eases the usage (no need to study ), and allows standard formatting (to be: smaller font for "(Greek)" language link; which is in Above title, so actually undo-the-enlarging).
* 3. These parameters will be tracked in for incorrectness (double usage, unused _lang).
* 4. unit, symbol will be removed from that tracking catergory (initial need, i.e. to add units, is not urgent apparently).
Testcases are active, but in a more technical testing.
* Ready for implementation.
DePiep (talk) 14:49, 6 November 2022 (UTC)
* Also: up to three local names can be added for automated listing (local_name1, local_name_lang1, ..., local_name3, local_name_lang3.
* Name-issues tracked under "N" in
* -DePiep (talk) 17:37, 7 November 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
Fall in EU firms' debt issuance fuels recession fears
BRUSSELS (Reuters) - Companies in the European Union sharply reduced the amount of money they raised on debt markets last year, an industry report said on Wednesday, in a sign the bloc could be heading toward a recession as firms hold off investment. The EU economy has traditionally being over-exposed to bank loans, making it more vulnerable to banking crises than the United States, where companies are more used to tapping markets for funding via equity and bond issues. But, despite the EU’s efforts to reduce the reliance on banks, European firms continue to largely shun public markets, a report from the Association for Financial Markets in Europe (AFME), a finance trade body, showed. Last year, market finance accounted for 12% of EU companies’ funding, down from 14% in 2017, a disappointing outcome for the European Commission, the EU’s executive, which in 2015 launched plans for a capital market union meant to diversify firms’ financing. The drop was caused by a 16% fall in corporate bond issuance and a 5% cut in equity issuance, AFME said, noting the drop in its market finance indicator was the largest since it started compiling it in 2012, just after the euro zone bond crisis. “Negative changes to the indicator of this magnitude have taken place in periods associated with economic crisis and instability,” the report said, estimating this could result in a decline of 0.2 percentage points in EU growth this year. The 28-country EU and the smaller 19-nation euro zone both saw their growth slowing to 0.2% in the second quarter of this year, while industry data and confidence indicators point to a possible further deterioration this quarter. Companies in Britain, which is set to leave the bloc at the end of this month, have reduced their debt issuance by even more than in the EU, AFME said, pointing to Brexit uncertainty as a likely cause. Britain remains, however, the EU’s largest market for corporate debt and equity issuance. Companies there relied on market finance for more than a quarter of their funding last year, a percentage similar to the United States, although down from 34% in 2017. Despite the decline in market finance, overall funding to EU companies rose last year, pushed by a 7% increase in the volume of bank loans, the AFME report said, a development that runs contrary to the goal set by the EU’s finance commissioner Valdis Dombrovskis to reduce reliance on banks. Dombrovskis, whose mandate has been renewed for other five years, said this month that strengthening the bloc’s capital market union was among its top priorities. The AFME report also said EU savers reduced their investments in financial products last year, stashing more money in bank deposits or simply keeping it in cash. In a more positive development, the EU confirmed its global leadership in green bonds last year and saw an increase in securitizations and other arrangements to transform bank loans into tradable financial products - instruments that if not abused can boost banks’ lending to firms and households. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Template:Did you know nominations/Karachi, You're Killing Me! - Saba Imtiaz
The result was: promoted by Allen3 talk 13:54, 26 August 2015 (UTC)
Karachi, You're Killing Me! - Saba Imtiaz
* ... that Karachi, You're Killing Me! is a debut novel by Saba Imtiaz?
* ALT1:... that Karachi, You're Killing Me!, a debut novel by Saba Imtiaz, is described as "Bridget Jones's Diary meets The Diary of a Social Butterfly"?
* Comment: It's a double article nomination.
* Reviewed: Coast Guard City, Elvira Hancock
Created by Captain Assassin! (talk). Self-nominated at 01:41, 27 July 2015 (UTC).
* Symbol question.svg Both these articles meet length and age criteria. Written in dispassionate tone, both use at least 1 inline citation per para. Both hooks check out but the latter one is better. No plagiarism detected. QPQs pending.--Skr15081997 (talk) 10:45, 25 August 2015 (UTC)
* QPQs are done. -- Captain Assassin! «T ♦ C ♦ G» 11:49, 25 August 2015 (UTC)
* Symbol confirmed.svg QPQs have been done. Good to go.--Skr15081997 (talk) 13:05, 25 August 2015 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century Volume 3.djvu/54
full term of six years from March 4, 1871. There was a warm contest for these positions before the Republican caucus which made the nominations, as the Republicans had a large majority on joint ballot and their choice was sure to be ratified by the Legislature. George G. Wright of Des Moines, William B. Allison of Dubuque and Governor Samuel Merrill of McGregor were candidates for the full term; James B. Howell of Keokuk, J. B. Grinnell of Grinnell, William Vandever and D. N. Cooley of Dubuque and John Scott of Nevada were candidates for the short term.
In the joint convention of the General Assembly which convened on the 20th of January, George G. Wright received one hundred and twenty-one votes for the United States Senator for the full term of six years and Thomas W. Clagett, the candidate for the Democrats, received eighteen. For the short term James B. Howell received one hundred and twenty-two votes and John T. Stoneman, Democrat, received nineteen.
The most important acts of this General Assembly were the following: the creation of a State Board of Immigration, consisting of the Governor and one member from each of the six Congressional Districts, its secretary to act as the Commissioner of Immigration. The board was authorized to send agents to the eastern States and to Europe for the purpose of aiding immigration of Iowa.
A strong effort was made at this session to pass a bill to prescribe rules and regulations for railroads and to establish uniform and reasonable rates of tariff for transportation of certain freights thereon. The bill met with the powerful opposition of the railroad companies throughout the State and was the beginning of the long contest between the people and these corporations as to the power and right of the Legislature to control railroads. The bill was defeated in the Senate, where it originated, by a vote of twenty to twenty-one. An act was passed providing for the taxation of railroad property, after a long | WIKI |
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By: Kevin Hale
Today’s feature is dedicated to the developers interested in becoming a member of the hardcore Wufoo army. Thanks to our recently released real time notification platform, you can now create a WebHook from your Wufoo form so that it’ll automatically send a HTTP POST of the data collected from your form to a web page on your server so that you can get at it programmatically as it comes in rather than having to use our normal Query APIs to poll or request the data periodically to see if there’s anything new.
WebHook Notification Settings
What’s a WebHook?
For those of you who aren’t familiar with the lingo, WebHooks are really easy to understand. They’re basically a system that sends a message from a web server containing a collection of variables when something happens. It’s a very simple event notification system and it makes integrating Wufoo into a custom application or external database a lot easier than using traditional APIs.
WebHooks in Wufoo push data out when they arrive and the reason a push system (our servers letting your servers know when something happens) is better than a polling system (your servers periodically asking our servers if there’s something new) is that it’s a lot less work to implement, uses less resources most of the time (on your end and our end) and can get you the data as soon as it arrives as opposed to when you think it might be coming.
Because a WebHook sends the data as an HTTP POST as opposed to a JSON formatted string or XML file, they’re also so much easier to parse. For example, if you’re using PHP, getting at the data being sent from us would be as easy as $_POST['variableName'].
How does it work?
All you have to do is create a page that will accept an HTTP POST and prepare your end for doing something with the data we send you. The POST will contain a collection of Field IDs paired with the data submitted for that field. If you want to know what fields are associated with what Field IDs, you can look them up on your account’s API page, which you can access from the Code Manager. If you’re more ambitious, you can also use our Query API to get at that information dynamically.
Once you’re set on your end, just tell us the URL of that web page. Setting up a WebHook in Wufoo is very easy. Just go to the Notification Settings for a form that you want to have sending WebHooks and then follow along with Tim in this screencast:
Please note that WebHooks do not allow you to export or send entries that have already been collected through your form to your server or application. It only works on entries after the WebHook is set up. If you want to import a lot of past data into your database or application, you’ll want to either use either our APIs or develop a way to import from a CSV file.
The ability to create a WebHook from your Wufoo form is available to all users across all plans. If you want to learn more about how to integrate Wufoo’s real time notifications using WebHooks, check out our WebHook documentation. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Wells - The First Men in the Moon, 1901.djvu/335
Rh relaxation of his confinement. "The first dread and distrust our unfortunate conflict aroused is being," he said, "continually effaced by the deliberate rationality of all I do." I am now able to come and go as I please, or I am restricted only for my own good. So it is I have been able to get at this apparatus, and, assisted by a happy find among the material that is littered in this enormous store-cave, I have contrived to despatch these messages. So far not the slightest attempt has been made to interfere with me in this, though I have made it quite clear to Phi-oo that I am signalling to the earth.
You talk to other?' he asked, watching me.
Others,' said I.
Others,' he said. 'Oh yes. Men?'
"And I went on transmitting."
Cavor was continually making corrections in his previous accounts of the Selenites as fresh facts flowed in upon him to modify his conclusions, and accordingly one gives the quotations that follow with a certain amount of reservation. They are quoted from the ninth, thirteenth, and sixteenth messages, and, altogether vague and fragmentary as they are, they probably give as | WIKI |
Page:Prose works, from the original editions (Volume 1).djvu/83
*sence she felt calmed; and those passions which, in solitude, were almost too fierce for endurance, when with him were softened into a tender though confused delight.
It was one evening, when no previous appointment existed between Matilda and Zastrozzi, that, overcome by disappointed passion, Matilda sought the forest.
The sky was unusually obscured, the sun had sunk beneath the western mountain, and its departing ray tinged the heavy clouds with a red glare. The rising blast sighed through the towering pines, which rose loftily above Matilda's head: the distant thunder, hoarse as the murmurs of the grove, in indistinct echoes mingled with the hollow breeze; the scintillating lightning flashed incessantly across her path, as Matilda, heeding not the storm, advanced along the trackless forest.
The crashing thunder now rattled madly above, the lightnings flashed a larger curve, and at intervals, through the surrounding gloom, showed a scathed larch, which, blasted by frequent storms, reared its bare head on a height above.
Matilda sat upon a fragment of jutting granite, and contemplated the storm which raged around her. The portentous calm, which at intervals occurred amid the reverberating thunder, portentous of a more violent tempest, resembled the serenity which spread itself over Matilda's mind—a serenity only to be succeeded by a fiercer paroxysm of passion.
CHAPTER XII.
Still sat Matilda upon the rock—she still contemplated the tempest which raged around her.
The battling elements paused: an uninterrupted | WIKI |
Page:The Annual Register 1758.djvu/275
CHARACTERS.
261
up x\Q Other in its (lead ; except- ing that circumftance, he is 2 firm Prefbyterian. He is perfeftly fkill ed in all the arts of managing at elecftions, as well as in large baits of pleafare for making con- verts of young men of qualiiy, upon their firft appearance ; in which public fervice he contracled fuch large debts, that his brethren were forced, out of mere juftice, to leave Ireland at his mercy, where he had only time to fee bimfelf right. Although the graver heads of his party think him too pro- riigate and abandoned, yet they dare not be alhamed of him; for befides his talents above-mention- ed, he is very ufeful in parliament, being a ready fpeaker, and con- tent to employ his gift upon fuch occafions, where thcfe who con- ceive they have any remainder of reputation or modelty are afhamed to appear. In fiiort, he is an un- contelHble inllance to difcover the true nature of fadion ; f:nce, be- ing over-run with every quality which produceih contempt and hatred in all other commerce of the world, he hath notwithltanding been able to make fo conliderable a figure.
The Lord Cowper, although his merits are later than the relt, de- ferveth a rank in this great cou.i- cil. He was conliderable in the ftation of a pradifing lawyer : but as he was raifed to be a chan- cellor and a peer, without paffing through any of the intermediate Heps, which in the late times have been th? conftant practice, and liule flc.lled in the na:ure of government, or the true inte- relh of princes, further than the municipal, or common law of England ; his abilities, as to foreign
aifairs, did not equally appear in the council. Some former paiTages of his life were thoirght to dif- qualify him for that office, by which he was to be the guardian of the queen's confcience : but thefe difficulties were eafily over- ruled by the authors of his pro- motion, who wanted a perfon that would be fubfervient to ail their defigns, wherein they were not difappointed. As to his other ac- complilhments, he was whac we ufually call a piece of a fcholar, and a good logical reafoner, if this were not too oken allayed by 3 fallacious way of managing an ar- gument, which makes him apt to deceive the unwary, and fometimes to deceive himfelf.
The laft to be fpoken of in this lift, is the Earl of Notting- ham, a convert and acquifition to that party fince their fall, to which he contributed his ailillance. I mean hi's word?, and probably his uiihes; for he had always lived under the conftant vifible piofef- fion of principles direftly oppofite to thofe of his new friends : his vehement and frequent fpeeches againfi: admitting the Prince of Orange to the throne, are yet to be feen ; and although a nume- rous family gave a fpecious pre- tence to his love of power and money, for taking an employment under that monarch ; yet he was allowed to have always kept a referve of allegiance to his exiled mafter, of which his friends pro- duce feveral inftances, and fome while he was fecretary of ftate to King William. His outward re- guhrity of life, hi; appearance of religion, and feeming zeal for the church, as they are an effect, fo they are the excui'e of that ftift- S 3 nefs | WIKI |
Rafael Nazaryan
Rafael Nazaryan (Ռաֆայել Նազարյան, born on 26 March 1975 in Yerevan, Soviet Union) is a retired Armenian football midfielder and a current manager. He was a member of the Armenia national team and participated in 23 international matches, scoring 1 goal in an away 1998 World Cup qualification match against Portugal on 20 August 1997. In February 2011 Rafael was appointed as a head coach of the Armenia national youth football team.
As Player
Armenian Premier League: 1993, 2006, 2007
Armenian Cup: 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996–97, 2002, 2004
As Manager
Armenian Cup: 2012–13 | WIKI |
JSON RDF ISO19115/ISO19139 XML
Significance of Halimeda bioherms to the global carbonate budget based on a geological sediment budget for the Northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Since the correlation between carbon dioxide levels and global temperatures was established in the ice core records, quantifying the components of the global carbon cycle has become a priority with a view to constraining models of the climate system. The link between the marine carbonate budget and atmospheric CO2 levels draws attention to the fact that this budget is still not adequately quantified.
It is widely accepted that the calcareous green alga Halimeda is a prominent contributor of carbonate to reef sediment facies in the tropics, however, Halimeda bioherms remain one of the main reservoirs of unaccounted for carbonate. In fact, it has been suggested that Halimeda bioherms on the shelf of the Northern Great Barrier Reef may contain an equal or greater volume of carbonate than the reefs themselves.
Here we attempt to determine the quantitative relationship between Halimeda bioherm and coral reef derived carbonate accumulated during the Holocene on the outer shelf of the Northern Great Barrier Reef Province using data from seismic profiles, reef drill cores and Halimeda bioherm piston and vibrocore cores from the published literature.
The methodology used is detailed in the document availble for download through this record.
Calculations reveal that the ribbon reefs of the Lizard Island and Cooktown regions cover areas of approximately 18.5 and 20.5 km2 and comprise approximately 0.52 and 0.92 Gt CaCO3 respectively. The Halimeda bioherms of the Lizard Island and Cooktown regions cover areas of approximately 184 and 118 km2 and comprise approximately 2.06 and 0.86 Gt CaCO3 respectively.
Thus, that ratio of ribbon reef to Halimeda bioherm CaCO3 is approximately 1:4 and 1:1 for the Lizard Island and Cooktown regions respectively. If we assume that the carbonate content of the Lizard Island region bioherms ranges from 20 to 90 %, we estimate that the mass balance of Halimeda bioherm CaCO3 is between 0.55 and 2.5 Gt. The ratio of ribbon reef to Halimeda bioherms CaCO3 may vary between 1:1 to 1:5 depending on the carbonate content of the Lizard Island bioherms.
Data and Resources
Additional Info
Field Value
Title Significance of Halimeda bioherms to the global carbonate budget based on a geological sediment budget for the Northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia
Type Dataset
Language English
Licence Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 Australia
Data Status inactive
Update Frequency never
Landing Page https://data.gov.au/data/dataset/0063838c-2589-4690-9ea3-23efd82062e1
Date Published 2017-06-24
Date Updated 2023-08-11
Contact Point
Australian National University
Bradley.Opdyke@anu.edu.au
Temporal Coverage 2017-06-24 21:16:06
Geospatial Coverage {"type": "Polygon", "coordinates": [[[141.0, -24.0], [153.0, -24.0], [153.0, -9.0], [141.0, -9.0], [141.0, -24.0]]]}
Jurisdiction Commonwealth of Australia
Data Portal data.gov.au
Publisher/Agency Australian National University | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Mark 60 CAPTOR
The Mark 60 CAPTOR (Encapsulated Torpedo) is the United States' only deep-water anti-submarine naval mine. It uses a Mark 46 torpedo contained in an aluminum shell that is anchored to the ocean floor. The mine can be placed by either aircraft, submarine or surface vessel. The torpedo, once placed, can last anywhere from weeks to months underwater. The original production contract of the CAPTOR mine was awarded to Goodyear Aerospace in 1972, and entered service in 1979. It was hoped to reduce minefield costs and used in the creation of a barrier of the "Greenland-Iceland-United Kingdom gap to interrupt Soviet submarines in the event that deterrence failed."
The mine uses Reliable Acoustic Path (RAP) sound propagation to passively identify and track the difference between hostile submarine signatures, surface vessels and friendly submarines. Once identified, the torpedo leaves its casing to destroy its target. | WIKI |
User:ComputerGuyAW/Information technology/Simay Memisoglu Peer Review
General info
* Whose work are you reviewing?
(provide username) ComputerGuyAW
* Link to draft you're reviewing
* Information technology
* Link to the current version of the article (if it exists)
* Information technology
Evaluate the drafted changes
(Compose a detailed peer review here, considering each of the key aspects listed above if it is relevant. Consider the guiding questions, and check out the examples of what feedback looks like.)
The article attains a well-developed lead section and a precise lead introductory sentence, Links to the sites and citations are included for every word that may produce conflict under the information technology branch. There is also pictures that show computer logic board, the Antikythera mechanism, which is considered the first mechanical analog computer, dating back to the first century BC,. The Zuse Z3 is the first programmable computer and a program in paper tape etc. All this informations also very helpful to person who does not have any idea or more information about computer and information technology. I would like to write about IT history under the history title for this sentence : "Humans have been storing, retrieving, manipulating, and communicating information since the Sumerians in Mesopotamia developed writing in about 3000 BC. However, the term information technology in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review; authors Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)." Their definition consists of three categories: techniques for processing, the application of statistical and mathematical methods to decision-making, and the simulation of higher-order thinking through computer programs". All links and citations work very well and help you to have an idea about the article and even for the sentence because there is a citations and links after almost every sentence which has the story about IT. Overally, I would say you did a really great editing even I cannot find any reason to write about. I think the it was perfectly splendid. Good job!... | WIKI |
Lloyd Nelson Hand
Lloyd Nelson Hand (born January 31, 1929) is an American lawyer and former political aide who served as Chief of Protocol of the United States in the 1960s. Prior to that, he was an assistant to then-Senate Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson and served as a state coordinator for his presidential campaign.
Early life
Hand was born in Alton, Illinois and received a B.A. degree and a law degree at the University of Texas at Austin, where he served as president of the university's student body in 1950-51 and attracted the attention of Johnson, who was serving in the U.S. Senate. Hand went on to serve 3.5 years in the U.S. Navy during the Korean War and was discharged as a lieutenant.
Career
From 1957 to 1961, Hand served as a staff assistant to Johnson while he served as Majority Leader in the U.S. Senate. When Johnson announced his candidacy for President of the United States, Hand became the campaign's state coordinator in California, but Johnson eventually became John F. Kennedy's running mate. After Kennedy won the election and Johnson became Vice President, Hand went on to become a lawyer and vice president of the Pierce National Life Insurance Company in Los Angeles.
In December 1964, when Angier Biddle Duke announced his resignation as Chief of Protocol of the United States to serve as the U.S. Ambassador to Spain, then-President Johnson chose Hand to replace Duke, calling Hand a "trusted and respected friend and associate." Hand took office as Chief of Protocol on January 21, 1965. He left the position after 14 months. In 1972, Hand joined the presidential campaign of former Vice President Hubert Humphrey as senior traveling advisor. Humphrey lost the Democratic nomination to Sen. George McGovern.
As of 2019, Hand works as senior counsel at the law firm King & Spalding in Washington, D.C., where he provides counsel to Fortune 500 companies, foreign governments and institutional clients. He was also a member of the Council of American Ambassadors and served as co-chair of the council's Ambassadors Roundtable program in 2013. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Valued picture candidates/File:KosovoMirusha.jpg
Picture of Mirusha waterfalls
* Reason:very good picture of the waterfalls, including old pump/hose system
* Articles this image appears in:List_of_waterfalls_in_Serbia
* Creator:Flutur Gërbeshi, uploaded by User:Mdupont as part of the contest
* Support as nominator --James Michael DuPont (talk) 07:21, 14 November 2010 (UTC)
* Weak Support nice image but it only shows EV for a paragraph. Spongie555 (talk) 04:22, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
* Weak support per Spongie. -- Extra 999 (Contact me + contribs) 11:26, 15 November 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose Good framing, but the image is poor quality with low resolution (thus not so much detail), sky blown out, and unnatural colours. Most importantly, it only partially illustrates a list, so I don't see how it would be "among Wikipedia's most educational work"--Elekhh (talk) 03:08, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
* Neutral, leaning toward oppose. The quality's not good, plus not sure of the importance of a fake waterfall. But if it is WP:NOTABLE then considering it's geographic location (needs geocoding also BTW) it might be hard to replace, so... -- I'ḏ ♥ One 04:32, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
* INFO The waterfall is not fake. When I was there there was a LOT of water. Here are some more pictures. commons:Category:Miru%C5%A1a_Waterfalls . This was one of the first submission from our photo contest there will be more. I am also learning about this system. thanks for your patience.James Michael DuPont (talk) 08:47, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
* So why the hose? It's kind of unnecessary then. -- I'ḏ ♥ One 20:36, 22 November 2010 (UTC)
-- Extra 999 (Contact me + contribs) 12:39, 24 November 2010 (UTC) | WIKI |
United States v. Dudley/Opinion of the Court
The imports in this case were eight car loads of spruce boards and plank, planed on one side, and tongued and grooved. They varied from 1 to 3 inches in thickness, from 4 to 11 inches in width, and from 12 to 20 feet in length. Some were 'butted to exact lengths.' They were prepared for use by what is known as a 'flooring machine,' which is a combination of a simple planing machine with a matching or tonguing and grooving machine. Some of the smaller mills use separate machines for planing and matching, the combination machine seeming to be of comparatively recent origin. The boards were adaptable for flooring, ceiling, sheathing, etc.
They were assessed for duty under paragraph 181 of the tariff act of August 28, 1894, which imposed a duty of 25 per cent. ad valorem upon 'house or cabinet furniture, of wood, wholly or partly finished, manufactures of wood or of which wood is the component material of chief value, not specially provided for in this act.'
Upon the other hand, the importer insisted that they should have been admitted free of duty, under paragraph 676, which exempts 'sawed boards, plank, deals and other lumber, rough or dressed,' except certain lumber of valuable cabinet woods.
Forty-seven witnesses were examined before the board of general appraisers, 23 of whom testified that lumber which had been planed, grooved, tongued, or beaded was still 'dressed lumber,' even when finally shaped for the carpenter to ut together in roofing, flooring, ceiling, etc., and 24 testifying, in substance, that the term was only applicable to such as had been merely planed upon one or both sides, and brought to an even thickness. It was admitted by witnesses upon both sides that in ordering such articles the term 'dressed lumber' would not sufficiently describe them, and that they were usually ordered by description, or by their specific designation, as 'flooring,' etc.
Ordinarily, the fact that an article in the process of manufacture takes a new name, is indicative of a distinct manufacture, as was intimated in Tide Water Oil Co. v. U.S., 171 U.S. 210, 18 Sup. Ct. 837; but we do not think it important in this case that 'dressed lumber' is divisible into flooring, sheathing, and ceiling, since sawed lumber is none the less sawed lumber, though, in its different forms and uses, it goes under the names of 'beams,' 'rafters,' 'joists,' 'clapboards,' 'fence boards,' 'barn boards,' and the like. In other words a new manufacture is usually accompanied by a change of name, but a change of name does not always indicate a new manufacture. Where a manufactured article, such as sawed lumber, is usable for a dozen different purposes, it does not ordinarily become a new manufacture until reduced to a condition where it is used for one thing only. So long as 'dressed lumber' is in a condition for use for house and ship building purposes generally, it is still 'dressed lumber'; but if its manufacture has so far advanced that it can only be used for a definite purpose, as sashes, blinds, moldings, spars, boxes, furniture, etc., it becomes a 'manufacture of wood.' It follows that the words 'flooring, ceiling, sheathing,' do not, under this act, describe a new manufacture, but, rather, the different purposes for which sawed lumber may be used. It is much like the commercial division of lumber into 'selects, common, and culls,' which are all lumber, but of different qualities. None of these are in reality new names, but merely specifications of the more general term 'lumber.' Indeed, a manufacturer receiving an order for lumber could not possibly fill it, to the satisfaction of his customer, without knowing the purpose for which if was designed, or the quality desired.
The fact that 'dressed lumber' is ordered under the names of 'flooring,' 'ceiling,' 'sheathing,' does not indicate that it is not still 'dressed lumber,' but, rather, that it is of a quality of width specially adapted to those purposes. Had it been of a particular quality, width, and thickness, and sawn into lengths which would make it usable only for the manufacture of boxes, perhaps it might be termed a 'manufacture of wood,' for the purposes of this act. It is true that the lumber in question was in a condition to be used for flooring without further manufacture, except such reductions in length as the dimensions of the room might require; but it was also usable for ceiling, sheathing, and for similar purposes, with no further alterations. Had it so far been changed as to be serviceable for only one thing, it is possible that it might be regarded as a separate and independent manufacture, though, under the case of Tide Water Oil Co. v. U.S., 171 U.S. 210, 18 Sup. Ct. 837, this may admit of some doubt. But, while lumber planed upon one or both sides may be 'dressed lumber,' we think that when tongued and grooved it is still 'dressed lumber,' and not a new and distinct manufacture; in other words, that tonguing and grooving is an additional dressing, but it does not make it a different article. Lumber treated in this way is still known in the trade as lumber; advertised as lumber; handled as lumber; shipped as lumber; bought and sold by the thousand feet, like lumber.
We also think that some light upon the proper construction of the words 'manufacture of wood,' in paragraph 181, is afforded by the fact that it is used in connection with 'house or cabinet furniture of wood, wholly or partly finished,' and is foll wed by the words, 'or of which wood is the component material of chief value.' This would indicate an article 'made up' of wood, analogous to furniture, or other article in which wood is used alone or in connection with some other material. It seems to us quite clear that it could not have been intended to apply to lumber which had only passed beyond the stage of planed lumber by being tongued and grooved.
Upon the facts of the present case, we are of opinion that the imports in question should habe been classified as 'dressed lumber,' and the judgment of the circuit court of appeals is therefore affirmed. | WIKI |
Hugh Ritchie v. S. Corning Judd et al.
Filed at Ottawa May 13, 1891.
1. Mortgage—sale thereunder—notice to mortgagor—sufficiency of ■notice. A note secured by mortgage on lots was put in the hands of real estate brokers for collection, and the mortgagor also employed them to sell the lots. A private sale was made, which fell through, for the reason the title did not appear good, whereupon the mortgagor ceased to rely on the brokers and looked elsewhere for advice. The brokers then had the property sold under the power of sale in the mortgage, without personal notice to the mortgagor, and it was bought by one having no privity or connection with the brokers: Held, that the brokers were not guilty of a betrayal of trust.
2. The failure to give the mortgagor personal notice of a sale under a power in a mortgage will not invalidate the sale, where the purchaser has no notice that the mortgagee purposely concealed the sale from the mortgagor. The parties may stipulate for personal notice to the mortgagor, of the time and place of the sale, but if they do not, the failure to give such notice will not affect the power to sell.
3. Where the purchaser at a sale under a power in a mortgage is neither party nor privy to any arrangement to prevent the mortgagor from having notice of the sale, it will be sufficient if all the notice of the sale was given which the mortgage requires.
4. Same—second sale—validity thereof. Where a sale is made under a power in a mortgage, upon due and proper notice, the power will be exhausted, and a second sale under the fear of some defect in the first will be a nullity, and the purchaser under both sales will not be es-topped from relying upon the validity of the first salé.
5. A sale under a power in a mortgage will not be set aside, on the bill of the mortgagor, from the fact that the sale was twice advertised, when the second notice was made necessary to obviate a defect in the first, and the sale was made under the last notice, and no injury was •shown to have resulted from having the two notices published.
6. Same—agreement to hid at the sale, and preparation of notices—■ whether fraudulent. ' An agreement between the holder of a mortgage containing a power of sale and one expecting to buy the land, that the latter shall bid at the foreclosure sale under the power the full sum due on the mortgage, and buy up some adverse claims, which agreement contains no provision that the premises shall be sold to him unless he is the highest bidder, is not fraudulent as to the mortgagor, there being nothing in it to prevent competition in bidding.
7. If a party, in the expectation of becoming the purchaser of property at the sale thereof under a power of sale, supervises the notices of the sale, so that they are in accordance with the terms of the deed of trust or mortgage, this will not authorize the mortgagor to have the sale to such party set aside, when it does not appear that the mortgagor has sustained any injury thereby.
8. A person expecting to bid at the sale of land under a power in a mortgage may assist or advise as to the notices of the sale, and if such notices are prepared under his supervision, that fact can not be held to prove that he had himself purchased the mortgage debt and was himself foreclosing, over positive evidence to the contrary.
Appeal from the Superior Court of Cook county; the Hon. H. M. Shepard, Judge, presiding.
Mr. A. T. Galt, and Messrs. Hanecy & Merrick, for the appellant:
Any agreement among parties not to bid against each other at a public sale of land, being designed and calculated to stifle competition, is such a fraud as to afford ground of avoiding the sale as against a purchaser participating in the fraud. Loyd v. Malone, 23 Ill. 43.
A trustee or a mortgagee can not become a purchaser at his own sale. Mapps v. Sharpe, 32 Ill. 13; Griffin v. Marine Co. 52 id. 130; Roberts v. Fleming, 53 id. 196; Watson v. Sherman, 84 id. 263; Williams v. Rhodes, 81 id. 571; Gibbons v. Hoag, 95 id. 45; Ventres v. Cobb, 105 id. 33; Hamilton v. Lubukee, 51 id. 415.
A purchaser under a power of sale purchases at the peril of the sale being void, if a material condition precedent to the exercise of the power does not exist. A sale without the existence of such condition precedent is one not authorized by the power, and no title can pass by it. Shippen v. Whittier, 117 Ill. 282.
The doctrine of caveat emptor applies to a judicial sale. Bassett v. Lockard, 60 Ill. 164; Roberts v. Hughes, 81 id. 130;
Bond v. Ramsey, 89 id. 29; Gunnell v. Cockerill, 84 id. 319; Redden v. Miller, 95 id. 337.
On a sale under a power of sale in a mortgage or trust deed the utmost good faith is required of a trustee or mortgagee, .and reasonable certainty and publicity given of the time, place and terms of sale.
The trustee in a deed of trust is the agent of the grantor and his assigns, as well as of the creditor thereby secured, and it is his duty to protect the interests of all parties by acting in good faith in conducting the sale. Webber v. Curtiss, 104 Ill. 309; Clevinger v. Ross, 109 id. 349 ; Mathison v. Prescott, 86 id. 493 ; Stone v. Williamson, 17 Ill. App. 175; Rounsavell v. Crofoot, 4 Bradw. 671; Flint v. Lewis, 61 Ill. 299; Ventres v. Cobb, 105 id. 33; Hamilton v. Lubukee, 51 id. 415; Gibbons v. Hoag, 95 id. 45.
A person purchasing of an agent is bound, at his peril, to see that the agent has authority to make the sale. Davidson v. Porter, 57 Ill. 300; Reynolds v. Ferree, 86 id. 570.
Where there is a conspiracy by the holder of a note secured by a trust deed, to take advantage of the grantor in the trust deed, and, by an abuse of the trust, wrongfully to deprive him of his equity of redemption, the right of the latter to relief rests upon the clear and solid ground of equitable jurisdiction over trusts, for the control of all the fraudulent abuses of them, unless barred by the paramount claims of a bona fide purchaser for valuable consideration and without notice.
Where a person is, and for thirty years has been, in the open and visible possession of a tract of land as his farm and residence, that possession is notice to all the world that he has some interest in the land, and whoever buys it while that possession continues takes it subject to that interest, whatever it may be. Flint v. Lewis, 61 Ill. 299.
Where an agent entrusted with funds to pay the taxes violated his trust and permitted the sale, this, and positive proof of fraud of a similar character, of course, render the' sale void.. Blackwell on Tax Titles, 392.
Conveyance by attorney must be executéd in the name of the principal. A mortgage containing a power of sale authorizing the mortgagee, his personal representatives or assigns,, to sell the premises, and, as the attorney of the mortgagor, to-execute a deed to the purchaser, held, that the assignee of the-mortgagee could only convey the title as the attorney of the-mortgagor, and by using the name of his principal in the conveyance. A deed made by the assignee in his own name, as-grantor, was held not to pass the title. Speer v. Hadduck, 31 Ill. 439; Barrett v. Hinckley, 124 id. 32.
Messrs. Lyman & Jackson, for the appellees:
No fraud or conspiracy is proved against appellant, JohnRitchie, or on the part of Mead & Coe, or on the part of Judd..
The agency of Mead & Coe, in connection with the Burnt-Records act,, and all obligations resting upon them toward Hugh Ritchie, were terminated prior to the arrangement with Amos Bóstwiek and S. Corning Judd to'foreclose the mortgage..
No duty existed on the part of Mead & Coe, or any one, to-notify Hugh Ritchie of the foreclosure sale. The mortgage-required no such notice.
Messrs. Judd, Ritchie & Esher, and Mr. W. C. Goudy, for the appellee Judd:
The agreement of Judd to bid at the sale could not.have-prevented competition, as it was not known to any but the-parties to it, and it in fact secured a purchaser in any event,, and did not bind him not to accept a higher bid, if offered.
Mr. Chief Justice Scholfield
delivered the opinion of the Court:
This appeal brings before us for review a decree of the Superior Court of Cook county, dismissing the bill of complaint in a certain cause wherein Hugh Ritchie is complainant,. and S. Corning Judd, Edward C. Wentworth, John Ritchie, Aaron B. Mead, Albert L. Coe and Edward O’Hara are defendants.
On the 15th of June, 1865, the sheriff of Cook county made a tax deed to Hugh Ritchie for lots 1 and 2, in block 3, of H. 0. Stone’s subdivision of Astor’s addition to the city of Chicago, and on the 13th of September, 1865, the mayor of Chicago also made to him a tax deed for the same property. Thereafter, claiming to be in the exclusive possession of these lots, and to have paid all taxes and assessments thereon, on the 30th day of December; 1873, Hugh Ritchie conveyed them, by way of mortgage with power of sale, to his brother, John Ritchie, of Liverpool, England, to secure the payment of a promissory note for $3500, from the former to the latter, dated February 1,1874, payable six months after date, and bearing interest at the rate of ten per cent per annum, payable half-yearly. The note not having been paid, on the 15th of January, 1880, John Ritchie sent it, together with the mortgage, to Aaron B. Mead and Albert L. Coe, a firm of real estate brokers doing business in Chicago under the firm name of Mead & Coe, for collection. Mead & Coe made several efforts to collect the amount due from Hugh Ritchie, which were unavailing, but by the consent of John Ritchie, coercive measures under the mortgage were delayed from time to time. At one time Hugh Ritchie offered to give a deed to John Ritchie for the lots, in satisfaction of the debt, but being informed that John Ritchie would not agree to that, he then agreed to co-operate with Mead & Coe to effect a sale of the lots for the purpose of paying the note and interest. This being satisfactory to John Ritchie, on the 19th of May, 1883, Mea.d & Coe placed the property upon their books for sale, the figures' first agreed upon as the price being $4500, but this was afterward increased to $8800.
In November, 1883, Mead & Coe made a contract with John H. Batterman for the sale of the lots to him for $9000. ' Of this, $500 was paid down as earnest money, and the remainder, $8500, was to be paid on the delivery to Batterman of a good and sufficient warranty deed for the lots within thirty •days from the date of the contract, or as soon thereafter as the title should be examined and found good, but it was provided that if the title should not prove good the $500 should he returned to Batterman. The abstract of title showed that the title of Hugh Ritchie rested entirely on his tax deeds, and that the patent title to the lots was in Amos Bostwick, who Rad obtained a deed therefor in 1856. Hugh Ritchie claimed that his title was superior to that of Bostwick, but not furnishing satisfactory evidence thereof to the attorney of Batter-man, the contract was rescinded and the $500 advanced was ¿returned to Batterman.
Subsequently, about the 3d of June, 188Í, Hugh Ritchie ■authorized Mead & Coe to have their attorneys, Messrs. Lyman & Jackson, file a bill in his name, under the Burnt Records act, to establish his title. The bill was filed, and Amos Bostwick was made defendant. He appeared and answered, ■setting up his patent title and claiming its superiority, and Re also filed a cross-bill, praying that his title be decreed established as the paramount title. The case was continued .along, from term to term, and Hugh Ritchie failed to furnish ■evidence which his attorneys thought would be sufficient to establish his title as paramount to that of Bostwick. It appears from his examination that during all that time he had in his possession important evidence in that respect, which he' willfully withheld, through a distrust of Mead & Coe and Lyman & Jackson. In view of this failure to furnish evidence, Lyman & Jackson advised a compromise with Bostwick, believing, as they informed Hugh Ritchie, that in the event of & trial of the pending suit the title of Bostwick would prevail. Accordingly, an offer was make by Mead & Coe to purchase Bostwick’s title for $2500, which was rejected by Bostwick. •'This offer had the approval of John Ritchie, but not that of Hugh Ritchie, who, though refusing to produce the requisite -evidence of that fact, continuously persisted in claiming the superiority of his own title.
About the 1st of October, 1886, Hugh Ritchie and Mead & Coe had an interview, in which, as they claim, he terminated whatever agency they previously had to act on his behalf, and he then notified them that he should thenceforward protect himself and look elsewhere than to them for aid. Meanwhile, before that time, in the month of August of the same year, one Merigold, of the firm of W. D. Kerfoot & Co., real estate brokers in Chicago, having learned at what price the Bostwiek title could be obtained and for what sum John Ritchie would sell his note and mortgage, had undertaken to make a contract with S. Corning Judd for their sale, but Judd had declined to'enter into the contract, for the alleged reason that, though willing to buy the title, he was not willing to buy the note and mortgage. Afterwards, on the 5th of October, 1886, John-Ritchie, under the advice of Mead & Coe, assigned the note, and conveyed, by deed, his title and interest in the lots as mortgagee to Edward C. Wentworth, a member of the firm of Mead & Coe, for the purpose of having him foreclose by a sale of the property, pursuant to the power in the mortgage. On the 23d of October, 1886, an agreement in writing was made and entered into by and between Edward C. Wentworth, Amos Bostwiek and S. Corning Judd, but by mistake it was dated October 1, 1886, as follows, to-wit:
“This agreement, made and entered into this first day of October, 1886, by and between Edward C. Wentworth, of the city of Chicago, in the county of Cook, and State of Illinois, party of the first part, Amos Bostwiek, of the city of Minneapolis, in the State of Minnesota, party of the second part, and S. Corning Judd, of said city of Chicago, party of the third part:
Witnesseth: That for and in consideration of the covenants and agreements of the said third party, as hereinafter set out, the said first party (being the holder and owner of one certain note made by Hugh Ritchie to one John Ritchie, of date of" February 1, 1874, and secured to be paid by a sale mortgage of December 30, 1873, on lots one (1) and two (2), in block three (3), in Stone’s subdivision of Astor’s addition to Chicago, which said note and mortgage were, on the 5th day of October,. 1886, duly assigned to said first party,) hereby covenants and agrees to foreclose said sale mortgage in the manner therein, provided, and sell said lots as provided in said sale mortgage, and also to procure from said John Ritchie a quit claim deed" to said lots to said third party, to be in readiness at the date-of said sale, on or before December 1,1886, and will also immediately have the abstract of title to said lots brought down to date, and procure a tax abstract of said lots.
“And said second party, in consideration of said covenants and agreements of said third party, hereinafter set forth, agrees, on his part to make, execute, acknowledge and deliver to said third party a quit claim deed to said lots, the said second party being the holder of the patent title to said lots, on the-date of the sale aforesaid, by said holder of said note and mortgage, (said first party).
“And said third party on his part hereby covenants and agrees that' he will at said sale bid, or cause to be bid, for said lots the sum or amount remaining unpaid on said note,, both principal and interest, and will pay to said first party the sum so bid, together with a sufficient sum, over and above-amount so due on said note, to make the aggregate sum of eighty-nine hundred and forty-seven dollars ($8947) for said quit claim deed from said John Ritchie, provided the said abstract of title shall show said patent title to be in said second party, and no incurable defects in the said title otherwise than now appear by the present abstract; and said third party further agrees and covenants that he will pay to said second party the sum of four thousand and fifty-three dollars-($4053) for said quit claim deed from said second party, by "which the patent title to said lots shall be vested in said: third party, said payments aforesaid to be made at the time, of making said sale and delivery of the said several deeds' hereinbefore referred to; and said third party further agrees to assume and pay all taxes and assessments on said lots for the year 1886, and also to assume the responsibility of pro-, -curing possession of said lots should the said possession be-claimed by any other person, by reason of any lease from said! Hugh Ritchie or otherwise.
“Upon the fulfillment by said third party of each of the cov-. enants and agreements by him, as hereinbefore set forth, said' first party hereby agrees to make to him, said third party, his heirs or assigns, a deed to said premises without any expense to the said S. Corning Judd, provided the said lots are struck off and sold to him at the said sale for the amount hereinbefore by him agreed to be bid therefor. In case said lots shall be bid off for a greater sum or amount at said sale than herein agreed to be bid by said third party, then in that case the said first party shall procure from the purchaser or purchasers at said sale of said lots a good and sufficient deed or deeds conveying the same to him, the said Judd, otherwise this contract to be void. Upon compliance with the conditions and of the covenants herein agreed to, by said parties of the first and second part, said third party is to make the payments herein by him agreed to be made, this agreement to be left in escrow with the Merchants’ Rational Bank of Chicago, Illinois, until the same is, and the conditions therein are, fully complied with, and the same ready to be cancelled.
“Witness the hands of the several parties hereto, the day and year first above written.”
Judd also afterwards verbally agreed to pay Kerfoot & Co. $500, as commissions, if the sale and conveyance should be consummated according to the agreement.
Henry Hudson, the attorney of Bostwick, prepared the notices for the foreclosure sale, which were subsequently sub-. mitted to Judd. They were in the form, and published, as required by the terms of the mortgage, in the Chicago Legal News, for four successive weeks, namely, on the 6th, 13th, 20th and 37th days of November, 1886, fixing the time of sale-on the 7th day of December, 1886, and the place of sale at the door of the court house in Chicago. The lots were offered for sale at the time and place named in the notices, and there-were at least two bids therefor. Judd, by his agent, bid the; sum of $8947, as he had, by his contract, agreed to do, and that being the highest bid, the property was struck off to him, and the next day, Wentworth, as assignee of John Ritchie, trustee, made and delivered a deed conveying the lots to him, pursuant to this purchase. On the same day a quit claim deed, bearing date November 9,1886, executed by John Ritchie- and wife to Judd, was delivered to him, and there was also, at the same time, delivered to Judd the deed of Amos Bostwick, and after the delivery of these deeds Judd paid to Went-worth $8947, and to Bostwick $4053. The lots were, at the-date of this sale, occupied by Edward O’Hara, as tenant of Hugh Ritchie, there being a small framed house thereon. O’Hara having declined to surrender possession, Judd brought an action for forcible detainer against him, in January, 1887.. Pending the trial of that action, O’Hara accepted a lease from Judd, to' terminate the 1st of April thereafter. At the end of' that term, O’Hara having failed to surrender possession, Judd' obtained a judgment against him in an action for forcible detainer, and a writ of possession was issued thereon, and Judd was, by virtue thereof, placed in the possession of the-property.
The bill prays that the sale to Judd be set aside, and that Hugh Ritchie be allowed to redeem from the deed of trust, and for an account. The grounds upon which the relief is asked, are, first, that the defendant Judd entered into an arrangement with Mead & Coe, (who were the agents of Hugh Ritchie, with authority to sell the property at private sale, and out of the proceeds to pay the amount due upon the mortgage,) to purchase said note and mortgage, and in pursuance of that arrangement Judd did purchase the note and mortgage, and had the same transferred, without consideration, te Edward C. Wentworth, the cashier of Mead & Coe; that after such assignment, Judd, in the name of Wentworth, published notices of sale, as specified in the bill; That Wentworth, under directions from Judd, went through a form of sale, at which the property was bid off for $8947, and that Wentworth, under the like directions from Judd, deeded the property to him, making false recitals as to the notice given,—and that these-things were done by Judd, Wentworth, John Bitchie and Mead & Coe, for the fraudulent purpose of depriving Hugh Bitchie of the title to his property; second, that knowledge of the sale was intentionally concealed by Judd, Wentworth, John Bitchie and Mead & Coe from complainant; and third, that the notice of sale required by the mortgage was not given, but instead of four weeks it was published only three weeks, viz., on the 13th, 20th and 27th days of November, 1886, the sale being-December 7, 1886. These grounds will be considered in the reverse order of their statement.
The third ground is unsupported by the evidence. The-notices of sale were published in four consecutive issues of the Legal News,—namely, on the 6th, 13th, 20th and 27th of November,—as has been before stated, and that ground is abandoned by counsel in their argument.
The only foundation for the second ground is found in a letter of Mead & Coe to John Bitchie, dated October 23,1886, in which they say: “On further consideration we all decided it would be just as well to foreclose without Hugh Bitchie’s knowledge, if possible, as the information would only give him an opportunity to interfere by way of injunction, or some other legal proceedings.” This letter was written by Mead, and in his examination as a witness he testified, that while he did not remember to whom he referred by the term “we,” in that letter, Judd did not participate in this arrangement, to his knowledge, adding, “that is, I do not remember that he did.” Wentworth testified: “I have no knowledge of agreement or understanding that the foreclosure of the mortgage should be made, or that it was just as well to make it, without Hugh Bitchie’s knowledge.” And Judd himself testified, referring to this letter: “I never heard of the letter. * * * I was not a party to any such conversation or any such arrangement.”
We find nothing in the record tending to show that Judd did or was privy to anything done to prevent Hugh Bitchie having knowledge of the sale. It was competent for Hugh Bitchie to agree what notice should be given before there should be a foreclosure and sale, and if this did not require a personal notice to himself, the failure to give him personal notice of the determination to sell, or of the time and place of sale, did not affect the power to sell. (Irish et al. v. Antioch College et al. 126 Ill. 474; Equitable Trust Co. v. Fisher, 106 id. 189; Hoodless v. Reid et al. 112 id. 105; Princeton Loan and Trust Co. v. Munson, 60 id. 371.) And so, since Judd was neither party nor privy to any arrangement to prevent Hugh Bitchie from having notice of the sale, it is sufficient that all the notice was given, and as it is required to be given by the deed of trust.
The first ground is equally unsustained by the evidence. In a letter written by Mead & Go. to John Bitchie, on the 31st of, July, 1886, they inform him of an offer they had had from the attorney of Bostwick for his claim, but in their letter to him of September 18,1886, which is put in evidence by appellant, they say: “In our last we mentioned that Bostwick’s attorney has approached us, through .another broker, asking what we would sell our claim for, and we named'$10,000. Since then he has been to see us, and stated he had a customer for it, and we finally, after considerable negotiations and conferences with ÍLyman, agreed to take $8700 cash for the note, and a quit claim from you for your interest in the property as obtained by tax title. Out of this $8700 you will have to pay the amount we have advanced for taxes, as per statement sent in our letter of July 31, of $728.73, and the tax claim of $299.86, also our commissions, and attorneys’ fees and court costs, which would altogether be, in round numbers, $1000, so that. the sale would net you not far from $6671.41, he (the purchaser) proposing to buy out the Bostwick claim and foreclose. your mortgage, thus cutting off Hugh Ritchie, if he could not settle with him otherwise; but after considerable delay we were finally introduced to the party who proposed buying the property, and it seems he did not understand the matter as the broker represented. He is willing to buy the property and •pay the price agreed, but insists on having a perfect title.”
Merigold testified upon this question, in response to interrogatories propounded to him by Judd: “Mr. Judd did not agree to purchase the note or mortgage, or both. Mr. Coe and myself and Mr. Hudson went down to the post-office building to see you, and had a conversation with you. I heard you say distinctly that you would not buy the note,—that you wanted a deed to the property from Mr. Ritchie, (Mr. Hugh Ritchie,) and an assignment of the mortgage from John Ritchie, and quitclaim from Bostwick. I think it was said that Mr. Hugh Ritchie had some tax claims,—either John or Hugh Ritchie. I think I saw the contract made between Wentworth, Bostwick and you. There was a sale made under the John Ritchie mortgage, and you bought the property at the sale. Judd paid the commissions of the sale,—defendant Judd. (A check shown him for $500, payable to the order of William D. Kerfoot & Co., and signed S. Corning Judd, indorsed by W. D. Kerfoot & Co. to Mead & Coe.) We were all active in the negotiation for the sale with defendant Judd. I do not think Mead & Coe had anything to do with the negotiations with Judd. The negotiations were between myself, Henry Hudson and Mr. Judd. Mr. Judd was to pay the commission for the sale,— the sum of $500.” This is fully corroborated by the testimony of Coe.
Judd testified: “I was applied to to purchase the John Bitchie note and mortgage, and refused. I did not want to-purchase any law suit.” He had also previously testified: “I never knew, prior to about the time this contract was signed between Wentworth, Bostwick and myself, that there had been an assignment to Wentworth, or that there was a proposition to make such an assignment. And at the time I signed the-contract I did not know that anybody except Wentworth had any interest in the note and mortgage, and made this contract with him accordingly, and with Mr. Bostwick, through his agent. I never made any contract in reference to this property until the one that has been offered in evidence, in writing. The terms of this contract were talked over before it was signed. It was brought to me signed by Wentworth, and perhaps by Bostwick, and then I signed it. According to my recollection it was the latter part of October, 1886. I can not-tell when the assignment to Wentworth was shown to me, but: I think it was at the time when I signed this contract. I never .paid any commissions to any one with respect to that sale,; until after the sale of December, 1886.”
But it is insisted that the written contract between Went-worth, Bostwick and Judd, on its face, conclusively proves that the sale was collusive, corrupt and against public policy. We are unable to concur in this view. There is nothing in that instrument that tends to prevent competition in bidding. It requires the mortgage to be foreclosed, and the property to be sold, in the manner provided in the mortgage. There is no agreement that the property shall be struck off to Judd, except upon the condition he shall be the highest bidder. Indeed, it contemplates that the property may be bid off by some other person than Judd, for a greater amount than Judd agrees to bid, allowing, in that event, to Wentworth, the option of procuring from that person a conveyance of the property or to rescind the contract. The agreement is, in effect, simply one with the mortgagee, in advance of a mortgage sale, to bid so much at that sale, without imposing any obligation on the mortgagee to strike the property off to him for that amount. It secures a bid for that amount, but leaves the sale open to the competition of the world, just as fully as it would have been had that agreement not been made. Since Wentworth assumed no legal liability to convey to Judd in the event a higher bidder should compete for the property, it is impossible that, in a legal sense, he could have been interested in having Judd get the property, for if it should be struck off to a higher bidder he would receive from that bidder every cent that he could possibly get from Judd in the event the property should ■be struck off to him, and the excess of the bid in addition.
1 So far as John Ritchie’s agreement to quitclaim is concerned, we apprehend that Judd obtained no other or different right thereby than any purchaser at the trustee’s sale would have obtained, since Ritchie’s tax deed, having been taken to protect his interest as mortgagee, would inure to the purchaser of that interest at the mortgage sale. But if this were not true, then Judd would occupy, with reference to this interest, the same position that he does with reference to Bostwick’s title. Hugh Ritchie has no right to claim any benefit resulting from consolidating outstanding titles or claims of title to this property. He is entitled to have his interest in the property sold for its reasonable cash value, and he may object to any arrangement or combination of outstanding interests, if there can be such, that will have the legal effect to impair that value. But it is manifest that here, Judd, by contracting for all the outstanding titles or claims of title to the property, bid more for the interest of Hugh Ritchie than he otherwise would, and it is not shown, nor do we perceive how it is possible, that this had any tendency to prevent others from bidding for Hugh Ritchie’s interest as much as they otherwise would.
The evidence is direct and unequivocal that the notices of the sale were not prepared by Judd, but that they were prepared by Hudson, the attorney of Bostwick, though they were by him submitted to Judd. But if it be conceded that they were prepared under the supervision of Judd, that fact can not be held to prove that Judd had purchased the note and mortgage and was himself foreclosing, in. view of the positive evidence in this record that he had not made such purchase. Having-agreed to become a bidder at the sale, it was not unreasonable that he should have a solicitude that the notices should be such as the execution of the power in the mortgage required, and after approving them, he would, doubtless, be estopped to object to the sale on that account; or if the notices in any degree fell short of conveying to the public or to the mortgagor the information the power required, he would doubtless be responsible therefor. But this is not claimed. The notices "were in nowise defective, and Hugh Ritchie sustained no injury by reason of them.
It is insisted, as a circumstance tending to mislead, that the property was first advertised, in October, to be sold on the 23d of November, and that the first notice of the sale of the 7th of December was published in the same number of the Legal Nezcs that contained a notice that the property would be sold on the 23d of November. It is not shown that anybody was misled by these notices, and it is shown that1 Judd did not direct or control the publication of those first given. An error occurring in the first notices, no other course remained than to re-advertise to sell at a subsequent day, and in the absence of evidence of a bad motive in giving such notices, and of an improper effect resulting therefrom, we can not hold that Hugh Ritchie was prejudiced thereby.
A point is urged, though not alleged in the bill, that the price at which the property was sold was inadequate. The .evidence on this point is conflicting, but it can not be said that the preponderance sustains the contention. It is shown that one or two parties failed to bid for the property because they were advised by their counsel that the title was not good, and it is obvious that by the same amount that Bostwick’s title was valued by those desiring to bid at the sale, the value of Hugh Ritchie’s title was depreciated. But from the evidence in this record it is clear that if Hugh Ritchie’s title was in fact paramount to that of Bostwick, he alone is responsible for not having had that fact established before the agreement between Wentworth, Bostwick and Judd was entered into. He was informed by his attorneys, after Bostwick had filed his cross-bill in the burnt record proceedings setting up that he was the owner of the patent title to the lots in controversy, that Bostwick’s title must prevail over his title under his tax deeds unless he could make proof of possession and payment of taxes for the requisite period of limitation under the statute, and the proceeding was continued from time to time to enable him to make that proof, and he failed to make it. He thus permitted the record to stand showing his claim under his tax deeds, unsupported by evidence sufficient to make them a prima facie title, for he offered no judgment or precept to support them, which was indispensable, at least before the amendatory act of 1879, (Eagan v. Connelly, 107 Ill. 464; Elston v. Kennicott, 46 id. 196,) and Bostwick making claim under his patent title. Since no public record exists showing what proof can be made in each case in regard to possession and payment of taxes, and the claims of individuals in that respect are liable to be magnified because of self-interest, it is impossible that the public could know* with accuracy which of these titles was paramount, and the question of title was therefore necessarily so much in doubt that no prudent person would bid the same amount for the title at the mortgage sale that he would be willing to pay for both titles. It is hence obviously not conclusive that the price bid at the mortgage sale was inadequate, merely because the amount was less than witnesses think was the value of the property, which means the value of a perfect title. The number of witnesses testifying to valuations showing that the price bid was not inadequate is greater than the number testifying the other way, and these show quite as much accuracy of discrimination and intelligence in respect of the matters to which they testify, as do those.
There is earnest insistence in argument to the effect that the evidence proves that appellant had a right to rely upon Mead & Coe to prevent the property from being sold, or, if they could not prevent that, at all events to give him timely notice of the sale, that he might himself take steps to protect his rights. The power of sale was, by its own terms, assignable, and it is not questioned but that the conveyance by John Ritchie to Wentworth was a lawful assignment of it. The evidence in the record proves that Judd had no knowledge, prior to his purchase, of the relations between Mead & Coe and 'John Ritchie, and Mead & Coe and Hugh Ritchie, and Mead & Coe and Wentworth; that he contracted with Went-worth . believing that he was the owner of the indebtedness secured by the mortgage, and the bona fide assignee of the power of sale to protect his own interest; and so, by the voluntary act of Hugh Ritchie in executing this mortgage, he authorized John Ritchie to put the execution of the power in the hands of Wentworth, and authorized Judd, and the balance of the public having no notice to the contrary, to deal with Wentworth as if the power had been executed to him in the first instance. He and they were charged, at their peril, to know, before purchasing, that the conditions precedent to the exercise of the power, as Its terms provided,—that is, that the debt was due and unpaid, and that the requisite notices of the time and place of sale were published; but they were under no obligation to make inquiries not affecting the conditions precedent to the exercise of the power. It is not claimed that the note had been paid, and the evidence wholly fails to support any pretense that the time for the payment ■of the note was, by contract, extended to a period beyond the day of sale, or that by a valid contract the power was canceled.
Although, under the evidence, we do not think that Judd •can be held responsible for any betrayal of the trust of Mead ■& Coe to Hugh Ritchie, it is not impertinent to the case to say that, in our opinion, the evidence fails to show that Mead & Coe were guilty of such betrayal. A sufficient outline of the facts material to this phase of the case is: John Ritchie put the note and mortgage in the hands of Mead & Coe for collection • some time in the year- 1880. Soon afterwards Hugh Ritchie, being unable to pay the note, placed the mortgaged property in the hands of Mead & Coe for private sale, John Ritchie forbearing to press for immediate payment of the note, so as to give time to raise the requisite money by private sale. In this arrangement Mead & Coe were still the agents of John Ritchie, and they were only agents of Hugh Ritchie to the extent of effecting a private sale of the property, and, necessarily, when it was ascertained that the property could not be sold at private sale, their agency for Hugh Ritchie would at once be terminated. When the private sale to Batterman failed because of the inability of Hugh Ritchie to furnish a satisfactory abstract of title, the evidence shows no further efforts were made by Mead & Coe to sell the property at private' sale, and although Hugh Ritchie makes some claim to the contrary, the evidence clearly preponderates that before the agreement between Judd, Wentworth and Bostwick was entered into, he had ceased to treat and rely upon Mead.&. Coe as his agents for any purpose. Mead and Coe each testified that this was the fact, and Hugh Ritchie himself, in effect, admits it in his testimony, for, in speaking of his having terminated their agency, he said: “On the 5th day of October, in Lyman & Jackson’s office, with Mr. Mead, in the way they acted I felt inclined to look somewhere else for my interest. I could see that they were working against me. I may have :said, on my direct examination, that I would have nothing more to do with him. After I notified Mr. Mead that I would have nothing more to do with him, did Hot take steps to prevent, a foreclosure. Took steps to tie it up by filing a document, of ownership in the recorder’s office.” There is also evidence in the record warranting the chancellor in coming to the conclusion that a demand had been repeatedly made upon Hugh Bitchie for the payment of the note, and that he knew, when he had the interview, to which he above alludes, with Mead &r Coe, that steps would be taken immediately to sell the property pursuant to the terms of the mortgage, and there is no-ground in the evidence for claiming that any contract existed for the extension of time for the payment of the note or for the suspension of the execution of the power of sale. The evidence fails to prove any privity between Judd and Mead & Coeprior to his purchase, or any knowledge and approval by him of acts done or omitted by them to the prejudice of the rights-of Hugh Bitchie, and there is therefore no ground upon which-his title can be avoided because of their failure to perform, their duty to Hugh Bitchie.
• It appears that after the execution of the deeds to Judd,, pursuant to his purchase on the 7th of December, 1886, and. his agreement with Wentworth and Bostwick, he, having some-doubt whether the note had been assigned to Wentworth before the first notice for that sale was published, procured Wentworth to re-advertise the property to be sold on the 13th. of January, 1887, and to then again sell it at public auction,, and that at that time, and before the property was sold, an-agent of S. H. Kerfoot, who claimed through Bostwick, gave-public notice that he had a claim upon the property, whereupon an agent of Judd announced that Judd claimed to be-the owner of the property, and that then the sale proceeded,, and the property was again sold to Judd, and it is thereupon contended, first, that Judd is thereby estopped to now claim that the sale on the 7th of December was valid; and second,, that the notices given by Kerfoot and Judd on the 13th of January, 1887, prevented competition in bidding, and rendered that sale void. It is sufficient for the present that the bill does not question the validity of the sale of December 7, because the note was not assigned before the first notice of the sale was published, and there is nothing in this record to impeach the sale on that ground. We must therefore assume that Judd’s fears were not well founded, and, the first sale being regular, the power of sale was exhausted, and the sale on the 13th of January, 1887, was a nullity. The doctrine of estoppel can have no application, for the very obvious reason that no one is here claiming any right in this property, other than Judd, upon the faith of Judd’s re-advertising it for sale. Had some one, other than Judd, acted to his prejudice upon the faith of that advertisement, it might be that the doctrine of estoppel could be invoked; but whether so or not is irrelevant to any question now before us.
It may be observed, though it is of no importance in the decision of the case, that it does not appear that any one was present on the 13th of January, 1887, who would have bid upon the property had not the claims in behalf of S. H. Kerfoot and Judd been made, and who was prevented from bidding by the assertion of those claims.
We are, upon the whole, unable to say that the decree below is not authorized by the evidence preserved in the record, and it is therefore affirmed. The clerk will tax the costs of appellees’ abstract to appellant.
Decree affirmed.
Mag-euder, J.: I am unable to concur in the view of this case presented by the opinion, or in the conclusion reached by it. | CASELAW |
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The machine hydraulic system can be compared to another extraordinary machine that is the human body, blood and muscle.
The main pump, the hydraulic control valve, is the heart of the machine. The pump can work through the energy of the diesel engine, hydraulic pressure and flow rate directed by the driver from his cab joysticks controlling the distributor will bring strength and power to the blade cylinders, bucket cylinders, stick cylinders.
You'll understand that the blood of the machine is hydraulic oil. A truly vital fluid.
Transmission of movement requested by operator is granted via the cylinders. The oil should be slightly viscous, it is often Monograde 10W. It allows limited heating of moving parts and pump housing.
Pumps, distributors, cylinders have micron tolerance set. That is why it is important to change the oil, replace the filters regularly and inspect the seals and moving parts.
We must not forget that the hydraulic circuit operates at 350 bar pressure for nearly a shovel at a rate of 400 liters per minute. Any particle of sand, metal dust can have a catastrophic abrasive effect.
You should know that a large particle larger than 15 microns can damage an operating clearance of a hydraulic part whose tolerance is between 10-15 microns which is ... 10% the size of a human hair! Also filters hydraulic oil manufacturers have a fineness of 5 microns.
For such fine adjustments, it is not uncommon for manufacturers specializing in miniaturization that are facing the hydraulic parts. This is the case of Kawasaki motorcycles known for its high performance but also Rexroth Poclain Caterpillar and JCB them known for their expertise in construction equipment.
A board that is worth gold: Always remember to perform a drain, a cleanup by dialysis and an operating cycle with special filters when replacing any part that is a part of the hydraulic circuit. You'll save on the life of your circuit and therefore your hardware. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Matucana klopfensteinii
Matucana klopfensteinii is a species of Matucana found in Peru.
Description
Matucana klopfensteinii is globose and medium-green color, reaching a diameter of 8–13 cm and a height of 12–64 cm. As the plant matures, it develops 15-19 ribs. These ribs are segmented into many tubercles. Areoles are large with many trichomes covering the ribs. The plant features nine to fifteen radial spines, each extending up to 1-4.5 cm, accompanied by one to four central spine reaching a length of up to 1-5.5 cm. Spines are gray in color.
The flowers measures 6.8-9.0 cm in length, opens to a width of 4.8-6.5 cm, and red in color. The fruit, approximately 1.5–2 cm long and 1-1.3 cm wide, starts off green and undergoes a darkening process as it ages.
Distribution
Plants are found growing in Cajamarca, Peru at elevations of 1150 to 2662 meters. Plants are found growing on rocky slopes along with ''Armatocereus rauhii subsp. balsasensis, Browningia pilleifera, Espostoa mirabilis, Peperomia dolabriformis, Peperomia selenophylla, Peperomia wolfgang-krahnii, Deuterocohnia longipetala, and Pereskia horrida''.
Taxonomy
The plant was first described by Nelson Cieza and Guillermo Pino in 2014 and named after Olivier Klopfenstein who first photographed the plant. | WIKI |
Identification of epidermal growth factor receptor-positive glioblastoma using lipid-encapsulated targeted superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in vitro
Posted on 22.11.2017 - 05:00
Abstract Background Targeted superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) nanoparticles have emerged as a promising biomarker detection tool for molecular magnetic resonance (MR) image diagnosis. To identify patients who could benefit from Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeted therapies, we introduce lipid-encapsulated SPIO nanoparticles and hypothesized that anti-EGFR antibody cetuximab conjugated of such nanoparticles can be used to identify EGFR-positive glioblastomas in non-invasive T2 MR image assays. The newly introduced lipid-coated SPIOs, which imitate biological cell surface and thus inherited innate nonfouling property, were utilized to reduce nonspecific binding to off-targeted cells and prevent agglomeration that commonly occurs in nanoparticles. Results The synthesized targeted EGFR-antibody-conjugated SPIO (EGFR-SPIO) nanoparticles were characterized using dynamic light scattering, zeta potential assays, gel electrophoresis mobility shift assays, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images, and cell line affinity assays, and the results showed that the conjugation was successful. The targeting efficiency of the synthesized EGFR-SPIO nanoparticles was confirmed through Prussian blue staining and TEM images by using glioblastoma cell lines with high or low EGFR expression levels. The EGFR-SPIO nanoparticles preferentially targeted U-251 cells, which have high EGFR expression, and were internalized by cells in a prolonged incubation condition. Moreover, the T2 MR relaxation time of EGFR-SPIO nanoparticles could be used for successfully identifying glioblastoma cells with elevated EGFR expression in vitro and distinguishing U-251 cells from U-87MG cells, which have low EFGR expression. Conclusion These findings reveal that the lipid-encapsulated EGFR-SPIO nanoparticles can specifically target cells with elevated EGFR expression in the three tested human glioblastoma cell lines. The results of this study can be used for noninvasive molecular MR image diagnosis in the future.
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Chen, Huai-Lu; Hsu, Fei-Ting; Kao, Yu-Chieh; Liu, Hua-Shan; Huang, Wan-Zhen; Lu, Chia-Feng; et al. (2017): Identification of epidermal growth factor receptor-positive glioblastoma using lipid-encapsulated targeted superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in vitro. figshare. Collection. https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.3937771.v1
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Aqua Metals Announces CFO Transition and Appointment of Eric West
RENO, Nev., May 07, 2025 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Aqua Metals (NASDAQ: AQMS), a pioneer in sustainable lithium battery recycling, today announced a leadership transition in the role of Chief Financial Officer. Judd Merrill, who has served as CFO since 2018, is now taking a role as CFO of a publicly listed company with increasing responsibilities and will begin transitioning from his position effective May 16, 2025. To support a smooth transition and continued momentum, Judd will actively support the Company as a consultant through August 2025.
The Company also announced that Eric West, Aqua Metals’ former Vice President of Finance, will be appointed as Chief Financial Officer effective May 19, 2025. Eric brings deep institutional knowledge and financial experience to the role, having worked alongside Aqua Metals’ leadership team during a period of strategic evolution and technology development over the past six years. Eric holds a master’s degree from UNR in accounting and is a CPA. Before joining Aqua Metals Eric worked in the mining industry and began his career at Grant Thornton, LLP.
“We’re fortunate to have both the continuity and added capacity that this transition brings,” said Steve Cotton, President and CEO of Aqua Metals. “Judd’s leadership has been instrumental in positioning Aqua Metals for success, and we’re grateful for his continued support over the coming months. We’re equally excited to welcome Eric West back in an expanded role. His familiarity with our mission, team, and industry will be a tremendous asset from day one as we advance our commercial and operational goals.”
This leadership change comes as Aqua Metals continues to position itself at the forefront of America’s domestic critical minerals and battery recycling strategy.
About Aqua Metals
Aqua Metals, Inc. (NASDAQ: AQMS) is reinventing metals recycling with its patented AquaRefining™ technology. The Company is focused on commercializing sustainable lithium-ion battery recycling that is non-polluting and closes the loop on critical minerals for clean energy technologies. Aqua Metals is based in Reno, Nevada, with facilities located in the Tahoe-Reno Industrial Center. For more information, visit www.aquametals.com.
Aqua Metals Social Media
Aqua Metals has used, and intends to continue using, its investor relations website (https://ir.aquametals.com), in addition to its X, Threads, LinkedIn and YouTube accounts at https://x.com/AquaMetalsInc (@AquaMetalsInc), https://www.threads.net/@aquametalsinc (@aquametalsinc), https://www.linkedin.com/company/aqua-metals-limited and https://www.youtube.com/@AquaMetals respectively, as means of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with its disclosure obligations under Regulation FD.
Safe Harbor
This press release contains forward-looking statements concerning Aqua Metals, Inc. Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions and other statements that contain words such as "expects," "contemplates," "anticipates," "plans," "intends," "believes", "estimates", "potential" and variations of such words or similar expressions that convey the uncertainty of future events or outcomes, or that do not relate to historical matters. Those forward-looking statements involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties, and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially, including, but not limited to, (1) the risk that we may not be able to acquire the funding necessary to maintain our current level of operations; and (2) those risks disclosed in the section "Risk Factors" included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 31, 2025. Aqua Metals cautions readers not to place undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. The Company does not undertake and specifically disclaims any obligation to update or revise such statements to reflect new circumstances or unanticipated events as they occur, except as required by law.
Contact Information
Investor RelationsBob Meyers & Rob FinkFNK IR646-878-9204aqms@fnkir.com
MediaDavid ReganAqua Metals415-336-3553david.regan@aquametals.com | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
How long does it take to recover from wisdom teeth surgery? | Smile Solutions
13 13 96
Level 1,
Manchester Unity Building, 220 Collins St, Melbourne
Smile Solutions
How long does it take to recover from wisdom teeth surgery?
What are wisdom teeth?
Your wisdom teeth are the third and last molars on the left and right sides of your upper and lower jaw. They are also the last teeth to erupt into the mouth and normally appear in one’s late teens to early twenties.
How do I know if I have wisdom teeth?
Not everyone develops wisdom teeth, and there is nothing to worry about if you don’t have any.
The easiest way to be sure is to see a dentist; a routine examination will often identify any wisdom teeth.
recover wisdom teeth surgery
Do they need to be extracted?
Because wisdom teeth are the last teeth to erupt into the jaw, they often struggle for space and this can cause them to become impacted, or remain below the gum line. When wisdom teeth are impacted, they can cause infection or decay in the teeth next to them.
Give our friendly reception team at Smile Solutions a call on 13 13 96. They will then arrange a consultation with one of our highly trained clinicians to assess you for wisdom teeth extraction.
What do I do if I think I have a impacted wisdom tooth?
A tooth that has only partially erupted or has come through at a crooked angle is known “impacted”. The gum around the impacted tooth may become swollen, painful or (in some cases) infected, which can cause considerable pain.
While waiting to see a dentist, you should keep the area around the wisdom tooth as clean as possible with good oral hygiene.
If infection is present, you may be given a local anaesthetic (dental injection) to numb the area around the tooth and relieve any pain. The area will be thoroughly cleaned and sterilised with an antibacterial solution. A prescription of antibiotics analgesics (pain killers) may also be given in severe cases.
recover wisdom teeth surgery
Depending on the degree of impaction and your personal preference, extractions can also be carried out under IV sedation or general anaesthesia. This option will all be discussed at your initial consultation.
If you experience any of the above symptoms, call our friendly reception team at Smile Solutions. We are open seven days a week, and if you are in pain we will always aim to arrange a same-day appointment for you.
Do I need to see a specialist for wisdom tooth removal?
Wisdom teeth can erupt in lots of different positions, with differing levels of complexity associated with their removal. They can even be buried deep in the jawbone or in close proximity to facial structures such as nerves or sinuses.
While many removal procedures can be carried out by a general dentist, in more complex cases a specialist oral & maxillofacial surgeon will become involved so as to make the process as effective and risk free as possible. All of these practitioners can be seen at our single Melbourne CBD location.
What does the procedure for wisdom tooth removal involve?
At your first visit a clinical assessment of your wisdom teeth will be carried out. Normally a specialised X-ray called an OPG, or in more complex cases a three-dimensional scan called a CBCT, is arranged. This will give your clinician a better indication of where your wisdom teeth are placed in your jaw, and she or he will then be able to give you a clear picture of what to expect during and after extraction. The options for how the wisdom teeth are removed will be discussed in detail and of course your personal preferences will be taken into account.
Removal under local anaesthetic
Removal of the tooth/teeth can in many cases be carried out under local anaesthesia (the same as the anaesthesia used for a filling).
You’ll be awake and aware of everything happening around you, but the area the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon works with will be completely numb. You may still feel pressure placed around the area.
The procedure will take place in the dental chair, in the dental clinic. The local anaesthetic will be administered by a Smile Solutions specialist anaesthetist and you will be monitored by them throughout the procedure.
Removal under general anaesthetic
The removal of your wisdom tooth will take place in hospital, under surgical conditions. You will be given a choice of hospital and be admitted to day surgery. During your admittance you will receive all the care and procedure of a usual hospital visit.
A specialist anaesthetist will carry out the administration of general anaesthetic and you will be constantly monitored throughout your procedure. Your Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon will perform the removal surgery. After the administration of anaesthetic, you will have no recollection of the procedure.
Everyone who has their wisdom teeth removed has a different preference, and it’s up to you, in discussion with your Oral and Maxilliofacial Surgeon to decide.
It’s important to take into account the difficulty of the extraction, what you’re comfortable with, treatment costs, and your level of private health insurance.
What should I expect when my wisdom teeth are removed?
A small amount of bleeding, some discomfort and a little bruising are all normal after wisdom tooth removal. However, in most patients all of these resolve quickly.
• Pain
Wisdom tooth removal involves minor oral surgery. Depending on the complexity of your surgery, the amount of pain you experience will vary.
• Swelling
Swelling can occur due to the trauma caused to the tissues around each tooth that’s being removed. Anti-inflammatory medication and ice/heat packs can help manage this in the days following your procedure.
• Bruising
The normal amount of bruising can be expected to develop two to three days after the procedure.
How long is the recovery time after wisdom tooth extraction?
A small amount of bleeding, some discomfort and a little bruising are all normal after wisdom teeth removal, but most patients recover fully from all of these.
Recovery time really depends on the complexity of your case. If you have one simple upper wisdom tooth removed, you should be back to normal the next day. If, on the other hand, all four of your wisdom teeth are impacted and need to extracted in hospital, your recovery time can be up to a week.
recover wisdom teeth surgery
The team at Smile Solutions will give you clear instructions on the day as to how to look after yourself following surgery, and we are always on hand for any post-operative care if you have any problems.
Generally your dentist or surgeon will arrange a follow-up appointment with you to check that you are healing well.
What aftercare is needed?
At Smile Solutions, your practitioner will give you a post-operative pack when you have had your surgery. This will include written instructions on what to do, a medical certificate if required, additional gauzes for any post-operative bleeding, and a mouthwash and syringe for keeping the surgery site clean.
We also give you our after-hours emergency number for your peace of mind. Pain relief and antibiotics, if needed, will also be prescribed.
What to avoid
• Avoid smoking for at least 72 hours but longer if possible.
• Don’t drink through a straw
• Avoid drinking alcohol.
• Avoid blowing your nose.
• Avoid excessive spitting or rinsing.
• Don’t drink hot soup or other hot liquids.
• Avoid physical exertion for 24 hours.
Any of the above behaviours, if not avoided, can disturb the healing clot and this can cause what we call a dry socket. A dry socket can cause a throbbing pain at the site of the wisdom tooth removal, usually about 48 to 72 hours after the procedure. If you suspect you may have developed a dry socket you should contact your dentist immediately for treatment.
At Smile Solutions we will provide you with the best possible care before, during and after your wisdom tooth removal. If you have any questions please give our friendly team a call on 13 13 96. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Occitan alphabet
Translate please
Some of the texts are in French. Please translate it.
This is an oddly edited article, with pieces of text in French, Occitan, and a kind of incomprehensible English (maybe a computer translation). I typed a translation, but then realized that I can't figure out what the author of the original English parts was trying to say about the letter names and gender.
--<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:13, 27 July 2008 (UTC)
* I have corrected this bad translation --Nil Blau (talk) 22:25, 23 November 2008 (UTC)
In the Letter Names section, at the very end, is the sentence Shouldn't that be?
* Elision is common before a letter starting with a vowel.
* before a word starting with a vowel
OsamaBinLogin (talk) 17:25, 26 May 2024 (UTC) | WIKI |
Registration Dossier
Diss Factsheets
Administrative data
Link to relevant study record(s)
Description of key information
Key value for chemical safety assessment
Additional information
No toxicokinetic studies are available. The available toxicity studies provide no or little information. Therefore the assessment is primarily based on physicochemical properties, supported by some toxicological information.
Physical and chemical properties
The physical/chemical properties that are of importance to assess the toxicokinetics behaviour of IDDPP are:
• Molecular weight – 192 g/mol
• Water solubility – 0.052 mg/L
• Log Kow – 5.87
• Vapour pressure – 26.6 Pa
Absorption
2EHDPP is highly lipophilic (Based on log Kow) and therefore oral/GI-absorption by passive diffusion is expected to be limited. If any absorption occurs, micellular solubilisation will be the major mechanism for absorption, also based on the low water solubility and low molecular weight. In a Range Finding Acute Oral Toxicity study at autopsy there were haemorrhagic areas of the liver, lungs, and kidneys, and intestinal inflammation found (Birch, Melvin D., 1969). This indicates that oral absorption has occurred. Acute toxicity tests give little additional information.
The same absorption patterns are considered to be applicable for respiratory absorption, although exposure via this route is unlikely based on the low vapour pressure. Based on acute inhalation toxicity study an LC50 of 2.1 mg/L (6hr) has established, indicating that 2EHDPP is classified as harmful by inhalation. This confirms that respiratory absorption of the substance has occurred and might be the main exposure route.
Because of its highly lipophilic character the dermal penetration of 2EHDPP into the stratum corneum will be high. However, because of its very low water solubility the rate of penetration from the stratum corneum into the epidermis is likely to be low and therefore dermal absorption is considered to be low.
Distribution, metabolism and elimination
There is no information about the distribution, metabolism, excretion, bioavailability and accumulation of 2EHDPP. Based on the physical chemical properties the substance is likely to be distributed into cells and to a lower extent into the extracellular spaces. Since its highly lipophilic character it is anticipated that it tends to be accumulated in adipose tissues and in lipophilic layers like stratum corneum.
No specific target organ has been identified. The effects of repeated exposure to 2EHDPP are investigated in two studies. Both studies report hypertrophy of the liver as key finding. Brain and adrenal weight was significantly increased for the high dose males, showing a dose-related response. Kidney, testes and caecum (empty) weight was significantly increased for the mid and high dose group, also indicating a dose-related response. This was also seen for the liver, but here all treated males had a significantly increased weight.
Conclusion:
2EHDPP can be absorbed after oral exposure, but respiratory exposure might be the main exposure route. The amount of absorption cannot be predicted. Dermal absorption is considered to be very low. No information is available about the distribution, metabolism and excretion. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:The Botanist's Guide Through the Counties of Northumberland and Durham (Vol 1).djvu/201
44 Lichen polyrhizos.—With. 4. 64.
Lichen pellitus.—''Eng. Bot. t.'' 931.
On Muggleswick Fell, D. On Cheviot On Hexham Fell, N.—Mr. F. Scott. [On Rocks and Stones upon Cronkley, Yorkshire.]—H.
1275. Verrucaria Schraderi.
Lichen Schraderi.—''Eng. Bot. t.'' 1711.
On calcareous Rocks and Stones near Middleton, and between Widdy Bank and Caldron Snout. On Limestone Rocks on Cleadon and Boldon Hills, D.—H.
1276. Verrucaria muralis.
On Limestone Rocks on Cleadon and Boldon Hills, D. On the Walls of Gainford Church. D.—H.
Var. V. tessellata.
L. tessellatus.—''Eng. Bot. t.'' 533.
On Stones near Gainford, D.
1277. Verrucaria stigmatella, Var. atomaria.
On Trees near Egleston, D. In Woods near Newcastle, N.
1278. Verrucaria epidermidis.
On the Epidermis of Birch.
1279. Verrucaria punctiformis.
On Trees near Egleston, D.
1280. Verrucaria thelostoma (Ach.) Nova Species.
Crusta tenui suborbiculari tenuissime rimosa fusca; Tuberculis hemisphaericis umbilicatis concoloribus.
On Whinstone near Egleston, D.—H.
Obs. Tubercula madefacta rubida
1281. Verrucaria analepta.
On Trees near Newcastle, N. and Egleston, D. Rh | WIKI |
Comment 11 for bug 553759
Zakhar (alainb06) wrote :
> > - do gnome-keyring handle UTF-8 filenames (maybe specification says it does not... and thus client calling
> it with UTF-8 is buggy)
> it seems it doesn't handle those correctly or this bug would not be opened
Wow... a program written in the 21st century that do not handle UTF-8. Shouldn't we fire the one that built the architecture of that!
I share your analysis
- about the fact that gnome-keyring should still do proper things when handled a filename it does not support.
- and indeed I wonder why the filename was localized. It doesn't help either when you read documentation to try to understand things, as most of the documentation is written in English, and would probably mention this file as "default.keyring" which you wouldn't find on a systems with French, Greek, Russian, etc...
About this bug, something has to be done as currently, without the workaround you suggested, Ubuntu One is broken in most non-english Ubuntus. Network Manager, although not broken, is annoying and keeps asking you for the password of you Wifi as it cannot retrieve the previous keyring file (yet to be fully confirm as I don't have Wifi myself, and it's illegal to crack you neighbour Wifi, even for the sake of a test!)
Considering that gnome-keyring is unaware of UTF-8, isn't the simpler thing reverting to the English name for that file: default.keyring
And about gnome-keyring, should I open a "bug" or "suggestion", to urge them consider UTF-8? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
The Benefits of Hiring a Network Cabling Installation Company
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A good network cabling installation company in guyana will be familiar with all the latest standards and regulations when it comes to installing cables. They will know which wires to use for certain types of hardware and which connections to make. They will be able to handle the process with as little hassle as possible. Additionally, they will follow current installation practices. There are many benefits to hiring a professional network cabling installation company. You can request a quote from as many companies as you want.
There are two types of network cable. One type is single-mode, while the other is multi-mode. Both types transmit data at high speeds and offer high bandwidth. Multi-mode cable is recommended for premise applications, while single-mode fiber is best for long-distance, high-bandwidth use, and high-density networks. A professional network cabling installation company should also test every part of the network to ensure it will work. If possible, they will install as much cable as needed to ensure that the connection is stable and reliable. The cables should also be protected by cable protectors. Also, they should be clearly labeled to prevent any future issues with electrical interference.
Why Network Cables are Essential
Network cables are essential for data transmission. They are available in various types and specifications. Choose the cable type that best suits your needs. A cable that carries high-speed data should be Cat5 or Cat6. You may also need a PoE network switch to supply power to security devices. If you use a PoE network switch, you can eliminate the need for additional wiring. And a PoE network switch can also connect network video recorders and servers.
Cat-series cabling is also available in different sizes. For a home, Cat-style cable is best for small spaces. It provides high-speed data transmission and eliminates signal noise and interference. The high-speed version of this cable can support speeds of up to 10 Gbps. This makes it perfect for small businesses and home offices. However, if you need a faster connection or a long-distance network.
A professional network cabling installation company will follow the latest standards to ensure that everything works properly. Network cabling is used to connect different network devices, such as computers and wireless routers. These cables are made of copper or glass, and will enable communication between them. There are different types of network cables available, including Ethernet, coaxial, fiber-optic, and twisted pair. A professional network cabling installation company will be familiar with all of these, as well as all of the latest technologies and standards.
Choosing Professional Network Cabling
Choosing a professional network cabling installation company will be a good way to ensure that your business’s data is secure. You can hire a network cabling installation company that offers nationwide service and secure connectivity. They will also work with your company’s IT team to ensure everything works smoothly. They have been in business for over 10 years, and their technicians know all of the ins and outs of network cabling installation. So, if you’re looking for a quality network cabling installation company, consider Prime Data Communications. They will provide you with great service and secure connectivity at a competitive price.
Structured cabling is an essential part of a business’s internal network. A structured cabling system will offer a high-bandwidth solution that will support your business’s growth. The typical business environment includes multiple IT equipment and interconnected devices. Installing a single cabling system will ease the maintenance burden and increase the simplicity of your network. You won’t have to deal with multiple wiring systems, which can be complicated and expensive.Coaxial cable is used for high-bandwidth applications and is commonly used in phone lines. Twisted pair cables are more complex to install but are ideal for longer distances. Telecommunications companies use coax cables for cable TV and telephone services. These types of cable have varying signal strengths, and should be installed by a qualified technician. They can also be twisted pair cables, which provide voice and data channels. So, it’s important to understand what type of network cabling service will be best for your network.
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Subscribe to receive the weekly Newsletters from our website. Don’t worry, we won’t spam you. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Hákon the Good
Inspired by his upbringing at the English court, Hákon I – nicknamed ‘Athelstan’s foster-son’ – strove to make Norway more like his mentor’s realm, a well-organised Christian kingdom. His reforms were to have a lasting impact, explains Synnøve Veinan Hellerud.
Five sagas, some in Latin, some in Old Norse supported by skaldic (medieval Scandinavian) verse, tell the story of Hákon Aðalsteinsfóstri, youngest son of the Norwegian king Harald Fairhair (r. 872-930) and brother of the infamous Eric Bloodaxe (r. 931-33). Hákon earned his nickname from having been brought up in England at the court of King Athelstan. After the death of his father, Hákon returned to Norway, was accepted as monarch and ruled for 27 years. His reign is described in the sagas as a peaceful and prosperous period and he was remembered as Hákon the Good. His success as a ruler is at least partly due to his personality, but there is no doubt that his English upbringing was an important influence on the future king. | FINEWEB-EDU |
MIDEAST STOCKS-Major Gulf stocks gain ahead of OPEC+ meet
April 9 (Reuters) - Major bourses in the Gulf traded higher on Thursday as investors shifted focus to an OPEC+ meeting later in the day on expectations the world's largest oil producers will agree to cut production.
Saudi Arabia's benchmark index .TASI added 0.7%, with Samba Financial Group 1090.SE up 3.4% and Al Rajhi Bank 1120.SE up 0.5%. Brent crude LCOc1 futures rose 2.9%, or 95 cents, to $33.79 a barrel by 0746 GMT.
Major oil producers including Saudi Arabia and Russia are likely to agree to cut production, but only if the United States joins the effort aimed at coping with the effect of the coronavirus on fuel demand, three OPEC+ sources told Reuters on Monday.
In Dubai, the index .DFMGI gained 1.9%, with Emaar Properties EMAR.DU rising 2.6% and Emirates NBD Bank ENBD.DU up 2.2%.
The Abu Dhabi index .ADI jumped 4.1%, boosted by a 7.5% surge in the UAE's largest lender First Abu Dhabi Bank FAB.AD.
The Qatari index .QSI rose 0.3%, helped by a 1.2% increase in Qatar Islamic Bank QISB.QA.
(Reporting by Ateeq Shariff in Bengaluru Editing by David Holmes)
((AteeqUr.Shariff@thomsonreuters.com; +918061822788;))
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of Nasdaq, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Miscellaneous/2020 October 27
= October 27 =
La nuit de Walpurgis by Constantin Nepo
Hi, I have been looking everywhere for more information about the painting La nuit de Walpurgis by Constantin Nepo, like time and location. If anyone knows of any site or info about it, I’d really appreciate it. Miss Bono [hello, hello!] 03:03, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
* I don't know if this is helpful, but the full name of the artist in Russian is Константин Константинович Непокойчицкий (Moscow, 1914 – Paris, 30 December 30 1976), shortened to Константин Непо. He was the husband of ballerina Yvette Chauviré, who died just four years ago. --Lambiam 09:37, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
* The information above is confirmed on other sites (see here, e.g. ). Nepo was active starting in the early 1920s, but the work you mention appears to be more recent, from its style. Lots of reproductions of that work are available on social media sites (mainly Pinterest), but none that give more information about its origins. This snippet from 2011 calls Nepo a "forgotten artist", and mentions that he was "a choreographer, painter of theatre scenery, theatre producer, actor, night-club artist in Saint-Germain-des-Prés, guitarist, singer, painter, and a friend many famous persons such as Picasso or Giacometti, as well as Yvette Chauviré's partner." Another site mentions he was of Romani (gypsy) background, and was sometimes called "Prince Nepo". He doesn't seem to have any works in major museums, so I expect that the painting in question belongs to a private collector. Most of his work appears to be in the orientalist tradition, and he seems to have been active in Morocco at some point, because a number of his works feature Moroccan subjects. By the way, the subject of the painting Walpurgis Night is from the opera Faust by Charles Gounod, itself inspired by the play by Goethe. It could thus have been produced as part of the scenery for a staging of the opera. Xuxl (talk) 13:55, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
* Digging deeper, I find that the Walpurgis Nacht section of Gounod's opera has often been staged as a self-standing ballet. It makes it even more likely that the painting was produced as an illustration for a production of this ballet, since Nepo's works for the theater were mainly for ballets (which is not surprising given his spouse was a famous ballerina). This 1966 article from Le Monde confirms that Yvette Chauviré had danced that ballet at the Opera de Paris some years before. This article mentions that it was staged at the Opéra de Paris in 1935 and 1958. Yvette Chauviré is not listed as one of the dancers in 1935, but it's a candidate as she was already a member of the Opéra's dance company by that time. The 1958 performance was by a visiting Russian troupe, so it's unlikely they would have commissioned a Parisian artist to produce scenery for that. Xuxl (talk) 16:54, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
* The list of performances at the Paris Opéra skips a 5th performance between 1935 and 1958, unless "(6e)" is a typo for "(5e)". If a painting was used as a backdrop for the 1958 staging of the ballet, it would have been too large for the visiting Bolshoi troupe to have brought it with them, in which case it was most likely locally produced. Since Nepo was not only a Russian painter but also a muralist and had a connection to ballet, he would then, I think, have been well positioned for being commissioned for this. --Lambiam 13:07, 28 October 2020 (UTC)
* Thank you very much! Miss Bono
chemical
What is the absolute method classification means and wich analytical techniques belongs to this group? How we can get the concentration from the meassured quantities? — Preceding unsigned comment added by فزييلنسوفب (talk • contribs) 15:07, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
* I'm not sure what you mean by the first question? I've never heard of the "absolute method classification". Your second question, how to calculate concentration; there are several methods of doing so, as there are several different ways to express concentration. If you read that Wikipedia article I just linked, it goes through SEVERAL different ways to express and calculate concentration, I won't list them all here. -- Jayron 32 17:31, 27 October 2020 (UTC)
* The McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6th edition, has this definition:
* absolute method [′ab·sə‚lüt ′meth·əd]
* (analytical chemistry)
* A method of chemical analysis that bases characterization completely on standards defined in terms of physical properties.
* One of the citations below this definition, under the heading "References in classic literature", contrasts (1H-NMR) spectroscopy as an absolute method with IR spectroscopy as a relative method; the same source also uses the terminology of comparative method. Apparently, these terms are used by some authors in a classification of analytical techniques. --Lambiam 15:37, 28 October 2020 (UTC)
* Thanks! It's been a few decades since I was a working chemist; I worked a bit in organic synthesis and a bit in a mass spec lab, and a bit in a food science lab, at the time, and only for a short while anyways. Makes sense! -- Jayron 32 15:46, 28 October 2020 (UTC) | WIKI |
User:Wenthist1/sandbox
PS Rodney
The PS Rodney was built in Echuca in 1875 by Thomas McDonald. PS Rodney was 106 feet long (32.3 m), 21 foot wide (6.4 m), and had a depth of 7 feet (2.1m). The steam engine was a horizontal direct acting 2 cylinder of 70 horse power built in Melbourne by Robinson Brothers. At the time she was boarded and burned in 1894 PS Rodney was owned by Permewan, Wright Company Ltd.
PS Rodney had an iron framed hull which was planked with River Red Gum. She had a single deck, cabin and upper saloon and was said to be worth 3000 pounds
Burning of the Rodney
In late August 1894 PS Rodney passed through Mildura towing a barge full of goods as well as 45 non union shearers headed for work at Tolarno Station. Rodney’s captain was Jimmy Dickson. He was warned by other boat captains to expect trouble as he went further up the Darling River. (1/9/94 Cultivator article)
Dickson took on fuel and moored in a swamp opposite Polia Station overnight on the 26 August. In the early hours of the morning a group of masked/disguised men boarded the Rodney – they roughed up the captain and the barge was set adrift. There were bags of chaff on the boat which was set alight with the supplies of kerosene. The burning boat floated down the river and eventually burnt to the waterline.
The news spread quickly and a one hundred pound reward was offered by the NSW government and the boat owners for information leading to the arrest of the offenders. (1/9/94 Cultivator article)The shipwreck of the Rodney can be found on the southern bank of the Darling River on Polia Station north of Pooncarie. What remains is the hull structure of the boat – an iron frame and remaining timbers that show evidence of being burnt.(ref) Nuttley, David and Tim Smith (2003) DarlingRiver, NSW maritime archaeological survey 26-30 July 2002 August 2003 (NSWHeritage Office / Paramatta NSW)
An 1895 (2/3/1895) edition of the Mildura Cultivator reported that the Nile (italics) had passed through Mildura laden with the salvage from the Rodney. The boiler, most of the machinery as well as tools and miscellaneous iron work was raised. (ref)online
Centenary celebration
A crowd estimated at 700 attended the site on Polia Station for a re-enactment of the burning of the Rodney on 20 August 1994. There was a replica which was doused in kerosene and set alight. It was organised by the Pooncarie & District Development Association and the Rivers and Riverboat Historical and Preservation Society.
Archaeological Survey
In 2000 the NSW Heritage office undertook an archaeological survey of the shipwreck and concluded it was significant according to a number of criteria and worth considering for listing on the heritage register. ...”site is significant as a physical marker to a violent episode in the Shearer’s Strikes of the 1890s... the remains provide a tangible link to this colourful era of riverboat activity. (ref - Page 30 archaeological survey).
The shipwreck site of the PS Rodney was listed on the NSW State Heritage Register in 2008. ref (sunraysiaDaily 21/1/2008 p.4) | WIKI |
AirPlay vs. Miracast vs. Chromecast: Which Is the Best Screen Mirroring Technology?
AV Access Blog_ AirPlay vs Miracast vs Chromecast Which is the Best NEW
With the rapid development of screen mirroring technologies, we can easily share content from a computer, tablet, or smartphone to a TV display or a projector. AirPlay, Miracast and Chromecast are wireless display technologies, or standards, that allow you to mirror your laptop or mobile device’s screen onto another device supporting the corresponding mirroring protocol. So AirPlay vs Miracast vs Chromecast, what’s the difference and which suits you best? You can find the answers in this blog.
What Is AirPlay and How to Use it?
AirPlay was first made available by Apple more than ten years ago, and it is still one of the easiest ways to distribute media across Apple products and other compatible systems. It is a function that enables AirPlay-compatible speakers, TVs, and other devices to receive media from Apple devices (often iPhones) when they are all connected to the same wireless network.
This implies that for AirPlay to function, both devices must be within Bluetooth range, connected to the same router through an Ethernet wire, or both must be linked to the same Wi-Fi network.
For instance, AirPlay is a practical way to play music from your iPhone to a Bluetooth speaker. The same is true for videos: AirPlay is the easiest way to preserve seamless viewing while watching a YouTube video on your iPad but wishing to see it on a larger screen.
If you can locate the AirPlay button, using AirPlay is quite simple. It is typically found in the app that you are using to view or listen to the content. The AirPlay button, which resembles a square with a solid triangle in the bottom center and is located in the upper right corner of the movie, can be seen as an example in the Amazon Prime Video app for iPhone.
If the AirPlay button is not present, you must utilize the “Screen Mirroring” feature on your iPhone, iPad, or Mac computer, which connects via AirPlay. The following is a video tutorial for you to use AirPlay to stream your iPhone to your TV.
What Is Miracast and How to Use it?
Miracast is another wireless technology that is used to connect screens to our computer wirelessly. It is a protocol that enables two devices to be recognized, to connect, and to mirror the screens of one device on the other. It is one of the wireless display standards established by the Wi-Fi alliance.
It can be broadly categorized as “HDMI over Wi-Fi,” as it eliminates the need for a cable to connect a device to a display. This allows you to replicate content from many devices, including TVs, smartphones, and other devices generally capable of supporting this technology, onto PC screens.
For example, you may wonder how you can cast your Android smartphone’s screen to a TV. Finding out if your TV is Miracast compatible is the first step in connecting an Android device that supports Miracast to a TV. Because many smart TVs support Miracast, connecting your devices is as simple as turning on screen mirroring, choosing your TV from the list of devices on your Android, and following the on-screen instructions.
If your TV does not support Miracast, you can use a dongle or wireless display adaptor to connect your Miracast-capable Android to the TV by following these easy steps:
• Connect your Miracast adapter to your TV’s available HDMI input.
• Your TV’s input source should be changed to the adaptor.
• On your Android device, go to the “wireless display” settings menu and enable screen sharing.
• To finish the setup procedure, choose the Miracast adapter from the shown device list and adhere to the on-screen directions.
The following is a video tutorial for you to use Miracast to connect your smartphone to your TV.
What Is Chromecast and How to Use it?
Developed by Google in 2013, Chromecast is a device that you plug into your TV’s HDMI port, powered by a USB cable. Not simply a dongle has Chromecast capabilities. It can be integrated straight into a TV, and some of the top Chromecast-equipped TVs will help you reduce the number of devices that are connected to your TV’s HDMI ports.
You can use Chromecast to access video material from Netflix, YouTube, Hulu, the Google Play Store, and other services while using your smartphone or computer as a remote control. Additionally, you can use it to stream virtually any form of entertainment from a laptop or desktop computer’s Chrome browser.
For example, you may wonder how you can cast your smartphone’s screen to a TV using Chromecast. The steps are as follows:
• Plug the Chromecast device into an HDMI port on the TV you want to use after connecting it to a power supply.
• Turn on the television and make sure the HDMI channel is selected (HDMI 1, HDMI 2, etc.).
• Set up Chromecast as a new device and download the Google Home app on your smartphone. Verify that your mobile device has Bluetooth turned on.
• To configure your Chromecast, then follow the on-screen instructions.
The following is a video tutorial for you to use Chromecast to connect your smartphone to your TV.
AirPlay vs Miracast vs Chromecast: What’s the Difference?
AirPlay Chromecast
Miracast
iOS
Yes Yes No
Android
No Yes
Yes
Windows Phone
No No
From 8.1
Chrome Os
No Yes
No
Os X
Yes Yes
No
Windows Only Music Yes
Yes
The above is a comparison chart on their operating system compatibility. Besides that, there are other differences as well for your reference.
AirPlay allows you to stream audio, video, and photos from your iPhone to your TV. Some of its advantages are as follows:
• High-Quality Audio and Video Transmission: AirPlay transmits audio and video at a bitrate of up to 256 Kbps for audio and up to 50 Mbps for video, both of which are of very high quality.
• Utilization: AirPlay is quite simple to use, with a straightforward interface that enables you to choose the device to which you wish to stream content and manage playback.
• Integration with Other Apple Products: AirPlay is easily used with other Apple products like the Apple TV because it is smoothly connected with them.
AirPlay has some disadvantages as well:
• Limited Compatibility: Since AirPlay only works with Apple products, you cannot stream from or to a non-Apple device using it.
• Cost: An Apple device is required for AirPlay, which can be expensive.
Miracast features higher compatibility than other screen mirroring technologies. Some of the advantages of Miracast include:
• Wide Range of Device Compatibility: A number of TVs and streaming devices as well as various Android smartphones and tablets and Windows PCs all support Miracast.
• No Requirement for a Different Streaming Device: You don’t need an additional streaming device like an Apple TV because Miracast allows you to stream directly from your device to a TV or other display.
• Usability: Miracast is user-friendly, with a straightforward interface that enables you to choose the device to which you want to broadcast content and manage playback.
Miracast has some drawbacks as well:
• Only Limited Support for Streaming Content that is Protected: Due to licensing limitations, Miracast does not support the streaming of content that is protected, such as Netflix or Hulu.
• Potential for Latency: Sometimes, latency in Miracast transmissions might result in a lag between the audio and the video.
• Limited Adoption: Despite having a large number of devices that support it, Miracast is not as frequently used as other streaming technologies like AirPlay and Chromecast.
Chromecast also has its pros and cons. Its advantages are as allows:
• The Chromecast Device Is Extremely Portable: The gadget is compact and uncomplicated.
• Ability for Simple Casting: Chromecast will enhance your viewing experience if you want to cut the cord and have already been streaming content from Netflix or Hulu on your phone or other devices.
• Easy Setup: With the Chromecast device connected to a large screen, you may mirror what you’ve been watching on your smaller screen.
The disadvantage of Chromecast mainly lies in its information security defect. When a casting device is linked to your network, there are several security concerns. It leaves your network vulnerable and gives confidential information a chance to leak. Casting devices are open networks that are connected to your private network, so it’s vital to use caution when using them.
Conclusion
Hope you can now distinguish between the three widely used wireless display technologies: Miracast, Chromecast, and Airplay. Every technology has benefits and drawbacks. You need to take their pros and cons into consideration before purchasing the related device, which can help you save money in the long run.
Miracast requires no additional dongle, wireless router, or Internet connection and is simple to set up and operate. There isn’t a media streaming option, though. While Chromecast and Airplay allow both screen mirroring and media streaming, they are only compatible with Apple and Google products, respectively.
If you are looking for a high-quality wireless presentation system device that supports Airplay and Miracast, AV Access eShare W80 is the one you can’t miss. It supports both wired and wireless connections. You can share contents easily from your source device to a large screen via HDMI cable or wireless casting.
Working with BizEye series webcams and AnyCo series speakerphones, the wireless presentation system allows you to make a wonderful local presentation or hold an efficient remote conference in your meeting room.
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3 thoughts on “AirPlay vs. Miracast vs. Chromecast: Which Is the Best Screen Mirroring Technology?
1. Shane Jiang says:
Hi, thank you for your comment. I think it depends on what devices you have at hand. If you have an iPhone, you can try using AirPlay and casting your mobile screen on your TV. If you have an Android phone, try using Miracast.
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John Amodeo
John C. Amodeo is an American television line producer, unit production manager, and former editor.
Career
Amodeo produced the situation comedies Ink from 1996 to 1997, Sports Night from 1998 to 1999, and Titus from 2000 to 2002. He later produced Arrested Development from 2004 to 2006 and Samantha Who? from 2007 to 2009.
Awards
In 1985, Amodeo was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Achievement in Video Tape Editing for Going Bananas, and was later twice nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series for Arrested Development in 2005, and 2006. He was also nominated for the Producers Guild of America's Television Producer of the Year Award for Arrested Development in 2006, and 2007. Amodeo also helped Tim Allen get his ham radio license in 2014. | WIKI |
Page:Rachel (1887 Nina H. Kennard).djvu/209
strong and happy for the whole of my journey. This evening I give my fourth representation in London; by the 8th I shall have given the six evenings I promised.
I hope, dear Alexander, that while your little mother goes to gather laurels and dollars in America you will gather your laurels in the approaching examination. Think of the happiness it will be, whenever I receive a good report of you. Gabriel is still too young for much study, but his turn, I hope, will come.
Grandmamma returns to Paris as soon as we have embarked for America. She will bring you the latest news, and will give you both two tender kisses from me,
Your little Mother, who loves you both with all her heart.
She wrote to her mother an account of the journey out. She said her health was good in spite of pains in her chest:—"The ache in my side has even disappeared for the present. I have certainly felt other pains in my back and chest; but I must never forget that my chest was always a weak one."
Her very insistance, however, on her happiness and well-being is a little suspicious:—
Léon de BeauvalletLéon Beauvallet [sic], one of the troupe whom Rachel took with her, has written an account of this "Odysée," as he calls it, of French tragedy in America; it is brimful of fun, rattle-headed nonsense, and astounding caricature, but greatly offended the Americans of the day. | WIKI |
Louis II de Lorraine, cardinal de Guise
Louis II de Lorraine, cardinal de Guise (6 July 1555, Dampierre – 24 December 1588, Château de Blois) was a French prelate, Cardinal and politician during the latter French Wars of Religion. The third son of François de Lorraine, duke of Guise and Anne d'Este Louis was destined for a career in the church. His uncle Cardinal Lorraine resigned his offices of Archbishop of Reims to him in 1574, and the death of his other uncle Louis I de Lorraine, Cardinal de Guise passed his ecclesiastical empire on to him upon his death in 1578. At which time the king made him Cardinal. Cardinal Guise actively involved himself in the first Catholic Ligue that rose up in opposition to the generous Peace of Monsieur which brought the fifth war of religion to a close in 1576. The ligue succeeded in resuming the civil war the next year and a harsher peace was concluded. Over the following years of peace, he would feud with Épernon, and receive Henri III's new honour when he was made a chevalier de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit in 1578 among the first cohort. Finally reaching the ecclesiastical age at which he could assume his responsibilities as Archbishop of Reims in 1583 he entered the city in triumph and oversaw a council at which he pushed for the promulgation of the Tridentine Decrees.
In 1584, Henri's brother Alençon died, and as the king had no children, the inheritance of the throne was due to default to Henri's distant cousin Navarre, a Protestant. This was intolerable to the Guise family, and Cardinal Guise, and they sought to revive the ligue of 1576, agreeing to establish a new ligue at a council in Nancy in September of that year. On 21 March 1585, the Guise and their allies issued the Péronne Manifesto which denounced the failure of the king to suppress Protestantism, the problems of succession and the king's choice of favourites. Several days earlier the duke of Guise had occupied Châlons-sur-Marne, formerly declaring war on the crown. Cardinal Guise and his brother marched on Reims and succeeded in gaining entry, assuming authority over the religious capital of the kingdom for the ligue. The war with the king would be brought to a conclusion by the Treaty of Nemours in July 1585, by which Henri agreed to a series of humiliating concessions, and promised to pursue a war against heresy. His pursuit of the war was half-hearted, and in 1586 Cardinal Guise met with his brothers at the Abbey of Ourscamp where they affirmed that even if the king made peace with the Protestant Navarre they would defy him and continue the fight regardless. Guise and Cardinal Bourbon the ligueur candidate to succeed Henri, published a remonstrance in which they denounced the court as a sinful place and advocated reform on the lines of the Council of Trent.
In May 1588 Henri pushed for a confrontation with the duke of Guise during the Day of the Barricades. His plan backfired and he was forced to flee the capital, while a coup government calling itself the Seize assumed control of the city. In the wake of this humiliation, Henri was forced into further concessions, among them promising to get the Pope to make Cardinal Guise the Legate of Avignon. The Cardinal now had grander ambitions, and he headed to Troyes where after gaining entry, he effected a ligueur coup and purged the administration of royalists while urging his brother to march on the king in Chartres and force him into a monastery. With Troyes in hand, Cardinal Guise integrated the city into the ligueur Sainte-Union, alongside Chaumont, Reims and Paris, but was frustrated by the reticence of Châlons-sur-Marne. In September Henri called an Estates General and after having assured himself of an appropriately ligueur delegation from Troyes, he left for the meeting at Blois. At the estates, he clashed with Henri, brow-beating the king into deleting parts of his opening address that were critical of nobles who were participating in the ligue. Cardinal Guise was by now increasingly incautious in his contempt for the king, and on 17 December toasted his brother as the king, and joined his Catherine in joking about tonsuring Henri. On 23 December the duke of Guise was assassinated and the Cardinal was arrested. After being interrogated he was butchered in his cell on 24 December. France exploded in outrage over the murder of the duke and his brother. Meanwhile the legal-minded ligueurs recognised the king's folly in having the Cardinal executed, and began campaigning for Sixtus V to excommunicate the king. While Henri sought to justify himself to the Pope as acting in self-defence, the Pope found his excuses insufficient, and was preparing to excommunicate him for the crime, when the king was assassinated on 1 August.
Youth
Louis II de Lorraine was the third son of François de Lorraine, duke of Guise and Anne d'Este. He was born in 1555, his elder brothers Henri de Lorraine and Charles de Lorraine having been born in 1549 and 1554 respectively, while his elder sister Catherine de Lorraine was born in 1552. Unlike his elder brothers, Louis was destined for a church career.
In his youth, Gilles d'Abos served as his governor, a role for which he would be rewarded during the Cardinal's career with a place in his household. His education was conservative, led by a Benedictine scholar, contrasting greatly with the humanist education of his uncle Lorraine.
Ecclesiastical inheritance
Upon the death of his uncles, the first Cardinal of Guise, and Cardinal Lorraine Guise succeeded to many of their benefices providing him with a great number of lucrative revenues. Among the abbeys he inherited was the Abbey of Fécamp one of the two great abbeys of Normandie, which was resigned to him by Lorraine in 1574. Cardinal Lorraine had worked hard even in his final year, to ensure that Henri would agree to the transfer of his benefices upon his death, including the critical Archbishopric of Reims. The archbishopric of Reims brought with it the position of premier pair de France. His cousin Claude de Lorraine, chevalier d'Aumale held the other great Norman abbey of Bec. In 1578 upon the death of the first Cardinal of Guise, Guise was elevated to the Cardinalate. His elevation came in great part due to the efforts of Henri.
Guise was not content merely to inherit the ecclesiastical fortune granted to him however, and from 1574 to 1588 he would acquire a further six benefices, aided by the Pope's favour towards him. He would abide by the traditional rules of canonical age requirements, only assuming the authority he inherited as Archbishop of Reims in 1583, making a triumphal entry into the ancient city that year. Now invested with the authority of Archbishop, he held a provincial synod in May that looked towards Trent as a model for church reform, and put himself at the centre of a penitential procession movement that was blooming, with thousands of pilgrims descending on Reims. Despite these efforts he would be derided in Roma at the time as someone who compromised the authority of the Holy See.
Relationships
Despite the prohibitions of the ecclesiastical profession, Guise was not celibate, and with his mistress Aymerie de Lescherenne he would have four illegitimate children. He would further enter into dispute with Épernon favourite to Henri III over their mutual desire for one of the daughters of Mme d'Estrées. This reputation as a womanizer led to Pope Sixtus V describing him as a Galero, not a Cardinal.
First ligue
With the formation of the first national Catholic ligue in 1576, formed in opposition to the Peace of Monsieur which afforded generous provisions to Protestants generally and their aristocratic leaders in particular, Cardinal Guise saw advantage for his family in affiliation. The only member of his family currently in the episcopate he brought his spiritual backing to their cause.
The ligue successfully pressured Henri into resuming the civil wars in 1577. Lacking money from the Estates General, he was unable to support an army, and as such a peace party quickly developed at court. During a debate in March 1577 about the clergy's demand at the Estates for only one religion to be tolerated in France, Cardinal Guise lined himself up in support of the measure, alongside his brother the duke, their brother Mayenne and Nevers. Catherine de Medici meanwhile led the opposition on the council, arguing that there could never be peace in France if this measure was enforced. The civil war would continue for several more months before the disintegration of the royal army due to lack of finances led to the conclusion of the Treaty of Bergerac in September.
Years of peace
With the departure of Alençon, Henri's brother, from court in February 1578, the favourites of Henri turned their violent attentions to the favourites of those young men in the entourage of the duke of Guise. In April they would fight a famous duel in which two favourites of the king and two of Guise's were killed. Henri was furious at what had transpired, and the Guise family, equally frustrated with the court, and fearful of royal retribution, decided to stage a grand departure en masse. On 10 May, Cardinal Guise and his two brothers alongside their cousins the duke of Aumale and the duke of Elbeuf, all departed court.
Henri desired for his favourite, Épernon to succeed the present governor of the key port city of Boulogne, Antoine d'Estrées to his office. This brought him into conflict with Cardinal Guise, who attempted through his relationship with the d'Estrées family to obstruct this appointment. Henri complained to the Cardinal about his efforts, and ultimately Épernon would receive the governorship.
In 1578, Henri decided to create a new chivalric order, to supersede the previous Ordre de Saint-Michel which had in the 1560s been debased through its widespread awarding. The Ordre du Saint-Esprit received its first chevaliers on 31 December 1578. Cardinal Guise, alongside Cardinal Bourbon was created chevalier de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit in the first intake.
In July 1581, the family received a major boon when a marriage was arranged between Anne de Joyeuse, chief favourite of Henri, and Marguerite de Lorraine-Vaudémont, a cousin of the Guise. The cardinal and his brothers were present on Marguerite's behalf to witness the signing of the marriage contract. The wedding took place on 24 September 1581. The Cardinal hosted one of the many marriage feasts that accompanied the event, hosting the new couple on 9 October at the hôtel de Guise.
Second ligue
While the first ligue had collapsed after the Treaty of Bergerac, the death of Alençon and the resulting situation in which Navarre, a distant cousin of Henri and a Protestant was now heir to the throne, revitalised the movement in 1584. The duke of Guise and his two brothers, met with family allies at Nancy in September, at which they agreed to form an association to exclude Navarre from the succession. To this end, they sought the support of Felipe II, who was keen to aid radical Catholics abroad. The two sides would sign a secret treaty at Joinville on 31 December of that year, by which Felipe offered financial support in return for various concessions.
The duke of Guise and Cardinal Guise met with allied ecclesiastics in 1585, to strategize the ligueur plan of action for the province of Champagne. In February of that year, a shipment of arms (7000 arquebuses and 250 Corslets) being smuggled up the Marne by Guise's écuyer Rochette was intercepted at Lagny. Henri reacted with fury to the discovery, a fury equalled by the duke of Guise, who claimed the arms were for his protection at Joinville. On 21 March the ligueurs published the Manifesto of Péronne, outlining the reason they had recently taken arms, as with Guise's seizure of Châlons-sur-Marne on 16 March. Péronne was chosen by the Guise as the location, so as to symbolically link their ligue to that of 1576, which had originated there. The manifesto expounded on the problems facing the kingdom from Protestants at arms, to the lack of a dauphin, to the monopolisation of access to the king by a small handful of favourites. Henri had also according to the manifesto betrayed his promises at the Estates General of 1576 to reunite his subjects in the Catholic faith. This manifesto was likely written by a member of Cardinal Guise's entourage, Claude Mathieu.
With Châlons secured, the duke of Guise united with his brother the Cardinal and together they marched on Reims, hoping the city would welcome them. They were unpleasantly surprised at their reception, having been beaten in a race to the city by the baron de Lux who carried orders from Henri not to admit them. An assembly of 200 notables assembled to consider whether to permit their entry, and concluded that they would follow the direct instructions of the king. Cardinal Guise sprung into action, and over the next 24 hours worked to persuade the council of his brother's good intentions, and successfully convinced the council to countermand the order. The commander of the porte de Vesle however continued to refuse their entry, noting that he had not received any countermanding orders to those he had been provided with yesterday, so the party headed to another gate via which they gained entry, proceeding to Cardinal Guise's residence of the Abbey of Saint-Rémy. While the duke of Guise initially made a poor impression upon the grandees of the city, Cardinal Guise worked to distribute privileges to a number of leading notables, bribing many others, thus securing their hold on Reims.
Treaty of Nemours
In the months of civil war that followed, Catherine de Medici, mother to the king, would conduct negotiations with both Cardinal Guise and Cardinal Bourbon at Épernay, however, these were unable to achieve an acceptable compromise. During the negotiations, Cardinal Guise demanded the city of Reims as his personal surety. Further negotiations not involving Guise conducted by Catherine would bring the short war to an end with the Peace of Nemours in July. The peace was an almost total capitulation to the ligue and the Manifesto of Péronne. Protestantism was banned, all preachers expelled and a number of surety towns granted to the Guise family and their clients. On the happy occasion of their political victory, Cardinal Guise met with his two brothers, the Prince of Joinville son of the duke and Esclavolles for a series of festivities. Among the celebrations was a ritual burning of an effigy of heresy.
Now committed to war against his heir Navarre, Henri pursued the conflict half-heartedly, continually sending out feelers for negotiation with his cousin. The duke of Guise met with his Cardinal brother and Cardinal Bourbon at the Abbey of Ourscamp a few kilometres from Noyon in September 1586, together they affirmed their alliance and agreed they would reject any peace negotiated by Henri and continue the fight against heresy alone if necessary. Cardinal Guise and Bourbon agreed to remonstrate against the king and called for a reformation of the French church. The two men denounced Henri's court as a place which produced wickedness. Despite these declarations, when Henri attempted to raise funds to prosecute the war through the alienation of church land, Cardinal Guise vehemently opposed any suggestion of the project. Remaking to the Cardinal while asking for funds 'Is this not a holy war?' he received in reply that taking funds from the church would risk the continuity of the Mass.
In September 1587 the Cardinal of Guise entered Langres which had recently paid host to both Dinteville and Guise in one of their showdowns. He sought to bring the city to the ligue through less militant means, offering a bribe to the mayor, Roussat in the form of a large pension. Roussat however refused, an act which was celebrated by the city in its official memory.
Day of the Barricades
The Day of the Barricades in Paris radically altered the balance of power between Henri and the ligue in the kingdom. On 5 June the king was forced to concede to the ligue, agreeing to establish an Edict of Union by which he would affirm the exclusion of Navarre from the succession, and forgive all those who had participated in the disorder in Paris. Soon thereafter the duke of Guise was made lieutenant-general of the army, Bourbon was granted the privilege of appointing the master of town guilds, and for Cardinal Guise, Henri promised to acquire the legateship of Avignon for him from the Pope. Cardinal Guise was not satisfied however, and urged his brother to seize his advantage, and march on the king in his Chartres exile and seize him, so that he might be deposed and confined to a monastery.
Troyes
Cardinal Guise sought to take advantage of the new ligueur ascendency by securing the family possession of the towns of Champagne. He wrote to Rouen, Troyes and Sens urging them to provide support to the ligue and remain unified in their loyalty to the movement. On 16 May representatives of the ligue arrived at Troyes hoping to secure a declaration of loyalty from the city. They presented their case in front of council, but had by this point been outmanoeuvred by Henri who had sent word to the town that Guisards were not to be received, and resultingly the président de Mesgrigny declared the town's loyalty to the crown.
Cardinal Guise himself arrived outside Troyes on 4 June, at the gate of Saint-Jacques. He was denied entry to the city, and moved over to the gate of Croncels where in a meeting with several of the city's notables he was again rebuffed. Fuming at his treatment, Guise retreated from the walls. On 9 June he attempted a new strategy, conscious that he might not have the advantage for long if the lieutenant-general Dinteville arrived he requested an interview with several officials of the town so that he might make the will of Henri and the duke of Guise known to them. By now his plans for a coup were underway and the following day he gained entry with the aid of ligueur sympathisers inside who were in control of Croncels and allowed him to enter alongside Esclavolles and an armed escort.
He travelled to the episcopal residence accompanied by a 200-strong bodyguard and mayor d'Aubeterre. He quickly set about consolidating his authority over Troyes, first through the installation of Nicolas de Hault as mayor, a man with long connections to the Guise family, and then a week later, a general purge of the administration, to remove all the councillors who were hostile to the ligue. In total 2/3 of the council was purged by the coup. Guise represented himself as a leader of a more populist regime, however, few of those appointed to replace the purged councillors were 'new men'. Several of the new councillors were however those who had helped him in assuming control over the city, among them the commander of the gate that had afforded him entry.
Among those purged from the council was d'Aubeterre, who had accompanied Guise on his forceful entry into the city. D'Aubeterre had been nominated by the king, and had relations with de Mesgrigny, making him an object of suspicion. De Mesgrigny was expelled from the city by Guise and many other residents left at this time for exile. The new regime expected the people of Troyes to toast to the health of the Guise, and not speak of Henri. Cardinal Guise arranged for the restoration of the water supply to Troyes, which he had previously cut off, and set about instilling fervour through regular religious processions. Bonfires were held where enemies of the ligue were burned.
He reached out in letters to Châlons-sur-Marne, hoping to bring them into the fold of the Sainte-Union. After several councillors were sent to meet with Guise, they stalled for time, claiming they could not come to a decision before convoking the three estates in Châlons to consider their grievances. Guise and his brother the duke were increasingly frustrated by Châlons' various stalling tactics, the city only making a tentative agreement with the ligue after the king had already conceded signing the Edict of Union on 21 July while staying in Rouen. Other cities were far more willing, and representatives from Chaumont, the Seize in Paris and Reims met in Troyes to affirm their allegiance to the ligueur Sainte-Union. Guise was delighted with Chaumont, and dispatched the prince de Joinville to the city to congratulate them.
While Cardinal Guise had achieved success in Troyes for the family, his cousin Charles, Duke of Aumale was having a more difficult time in Picardie. Unlike Guise he had failed to secure the city he desired, Boulogne.
Estates General of 1588
With news of the calling of an Estates General, Guise prepared to depart Troyes, ensuring before he left that he would be accompanied by suitably ligueur delegates to represent the city in the Estates: Yves Le Tartrier, Philippe de Verd and Jacques Angenoust. For his own participation, he had secured election through the assembly of Rouen.
In the Estates that gathered at Blois in September, Guise secured for himself the position of Président of the first estate, alongside Charles I, Cardinal de Bourbon. In total the ligue held a majority among the first estate, with seventeen of the twenty-six prelates being affiliated at some time with the movement. Despite this, the royalist prelates were far more active in the proceedings that followed. Upon laying sight on the Cardinal Henri allegedly remarked 'Look! The reçeveur général de Champagne, a joke about the financial extraction from Troyes Guise had undertaken.
Henri opened the Estates with a polished speech. In it he mentioned 'some grandees' who in the past had formed ligues in his kingdom, and that while he would forgive and forget the past, any of his subjects who entered such organisations going forward were guilty of treason. At this the duke of Guise became pale, and after proceedings were finished for the day was pulled aside by Cardinal Guise, who chided the duke for not having followed his advice after the Day of the Barricades and having been content to do things by half. Having held council with the duke and the Cardinal de Bourbon, the Archbishop of Lyon and Cardinal Guise went to find the king. The two men explained that the presence of this portion of his speech had greatly distressed the estates, and that if it was not removed from the published version the estates would depart from Blois. Henri yielded to the threat and removed the offending phrases. This new humiliation added to Henri's grievances with the Guise.
Despite their theoretical ligueur alliance with the Third Estate deputies, the duke of Guise and his brother were increasingly frustrated by the intransigence of the Third Estate as the Estates General continued. At a meeting with La Chapelle-Marteau, the ligueur mayor of Paris and président of the Third Estate, Cardinal Guise tried to convince him that his deputies inflexibility in their fiscal demands, would destroy the French state. Henri for his part saw the hand of the Guise behind the Third Estates radical demands.
Assassination
The situation between the Guise and Henri was thus increasingly strained. At a dinner party on 17 December, Cardinal Guise raised a toast to his brother, describing him as the king, meanwhile Catherine de Lorraine, the duke's sister joked that she would soon have need of her scissors (to tonsure Henri), to which Cardinal Guise added that he would hold the king's head still. The events of the evening were reported to the king by the Venetianelli. Unable to tolerate the continued erosion of his authority, as represented by this and the slights of the Estates, Henri resolved to kill the duke of Guise and his brother.
Cardinal Guise arrived to attend the king's council on 23 December, alongside his brother the duke of Guise and the Archbishop of Lyon. The archbishop and Cardinal arrived first, worrying Henri that some traitor had warned the duke of his plan, causing him to stay away. Shortly after their arrival the duke was called off to meet the king in a side room, and on his way to Henri was murdered by several members of the king's bodyguard the Quarante Cinq. The sound of his murder was not quiet and Guise and Lyon could hear the struggle and rose to rush to their brother and compatriot. The Cardinal, in terror, cried out to the captain of the Scots guard for his life. Cardinal Guise had to be restrained by four councillors from moving to the door. At this, Marshal Aumont put his hand on his sword and warned Guise and Lyon to stay seated. The two men were arrested shortly thereafter. For the rest of the day Guise was interrogated by Marshal Retz as to the 'true designs' of the ligue. Under pressure, he confessed that the ligue had planned for the duke of Nevers to seize the king. Left in a cell for the night with Lyon, the two men feared they were to be put to death, and gave each other the necessary absolution to face their demises. Alongside offering each other absolution Guise and Lyon comforted each other through the night, and refused to eat any food offered to them out of fear that it might be poisoned.
Henri made the decision to have Cardinal Guise executed on 24 December 1588, after initially considering sparing him due to his high ecclesiastical status. Upon remembering how the Cardinal had spoken of him during the dinner of the 17th he decided he would only spare the Archbishop of Lyon. The sacrilegious prospect of murdering a Cardinal did not appeal to even the members of his personal bodyguard and only one of the Quarante Cinq could be convinced to carry out the deed. Captain Michel de Gast and several soldiers who were each compensated several hundred livres for their participation entered his cell and butchered him with halberds. Shortly after his murder his body and that of his brother were burned, so that their bones could not become a tool of martyrdom.
Consequences of murder
In the wake of the dual assassination Paris and France at large exploded in fury. The streets rang with cries of 'Murder!' 'Fire!' 'Vengeance!' The Seize which ruled Paris, vowed that they would expend every last drop of blood to avenge the two princes. In early 1589, Rouen would fall to a ligueur coup, and servants of the deceased Cardinal would be among those who composed the new ligueur council in the key city. While the population of Paris was largely upset about the murder of their Catholic hero, the duke of Guise, for the legally tactical ligueurs, the murder of Cardinal Guise was far more strategically advantageous to their cause. It was possible to declare that by killing a Cardinal, Henri had incurred an automatic excommunication, not even requiring the word of the Pope to establish. As such they were legally obligated to rebel against him to restore 'Christian rule'. The doctors of the Sorbonne certainly took this view and in anticipation of the imminent excommunication of the king for the murder of the Cardinal, they declared Henri deposed, and elaborated that it was the duty of all Frenchman to resist him forcefully.
Pope Sixtus V was sympathetic to these efforts, and commented that Henri's murder of Cardinal Guise was a sacrilegious act that carried with it the possibility of excommunication. As early as 24 December Henri had requested a meeting with the Papal Legate Morosini to explain his actions, he asserted he would have preferred to deal with the Guise brothers via the normal legal process, but their threats to his authority were too immediate. Morosini was disgusted, and informed the king he had violated the Papal bull In Cena Domini through his murder of the Cardinal, and that he would need to seek absolution from the Pope. Henri retorted that he was exempt from excommunication by virtue of being king of France. While Morosini had the authority to excommunicate him in that meeting, through his office, he decided not to, leaving it to the Pope to decide. On 25 December, Henri confessed to the theologal of Blois for his murder of Cardinal Guise and was absolved by him.
In early January Henri dispatched Cardinal Joyeuse to Roma to justify the assassination of the Cardinal to the Pope. Joyeuse tried to offer the king's justification to Sixtus, but was interrupted by the angry Pope who remarked that Cardinal Guise should have been sent to Roma for trial and that 'never before had a king killed a Cardinal'. Sixtus concluded by saying that he expected Henri to submit an appeal for absolution to him in writing. On 9 January Sixtus held a consistory in which he discussed the death of the Cardinal. He expounded upon the 'infinite pain' he had been in upon receiving the news, and how Emperor Theodosius I had been excommunicated for far less. He warned that if Henri was allowed to get away with the murder, other Cardinals would be vulnerable also. Claude d'Angennes the bishop of Le Mans was dispatched the following month to continue entreating with the Pope, he was received several times into Sixtus' presence, but failed to achieve absolution for the king.
As Henri lay dying after he was stabbed on 1 August, he sought absolution from his confessor. The confessor refused, as he had yet to satisfy the demands made of him by Sixtus; releasing Cardinal Bourbon, and doing penance for the murder of Cardinal Guise. Henri, desperate to die a good Catholic promised that he would meet all the Pope's demands. | WIKI |
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Astrophysics > Astrophysics of Galaxies
Title: Orbits and action changes during star-clump encounters responsible for the origin of exponential discs in dwarf galaxies
Abstract: Previous studies found that stellar scattering by massive clumps can lead to the formation of exponential profiles in galaxy discs, but details on how a star is moved around have not been fully explained. We use a GADGET-2 simulation where an exponential profile forms from an initially Gaussian disc in about 4 Gyr for a low-mass galaxy like a dwarf irregular. We find that nearly all large angular momentum changes of stars are caused by star-clump encounters with the closest approach less than 0.5 kpc. During star-clump encounters, stars may increase their random motions, resulting in an increase in the average radial and vertical actions of the whole stellar population. The angular momentum change and the radial action change of an individual star are influenced by the direction from which the star approaches a clump. A star initially at a higher galactic radius relative to the scattering clump usually gets pulled inwards and loses its angular momentum during the encounter, and one at a lower radius tends to shift outwards and gains angular momentum. The increase in the radial action is the largest if a star encounters a clump from the azimuthal direction, and is the smallest from a radial approach. The angular momentum change due to encounters has an inward bias when the clump profile has a steep radial decline, and a shallow decline can make the bias outwards. The stellar profile evolution towards an exponential seems to occur regardless of the direction of the bias.
Comments: 20 pages, 21 figures
Subjects: Astrophysics of Galaxies (astro-ph.GA)
DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stac2870
Cite as: arXiv:2210.00651 [astro-ph.GA]
(or arXiv:2210.00651v1 [astro-ph.GA] for this version)
Submission history
From: Jian Wu [view email]
[v1] Sun, 2 Oct 2022 23:29:13 GMT (1730kb,D)
Link back to: arXiv, form interface, contact. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
R117 road (Ireland)
The R117 road is a regional road in Ireland. The route (north-south) starts Harcourt Road at the end of the South Circular Road on the southside of Dublin city centre. It crosses the Grand Canal and goes through the suburbs of Ranelagh, Milltown, Windy Arbour, Dundrum, Sandyford, Stepaside and Kilternan (where it crosses the R116) before passing through the Scalp into County Wicklow.
In Wicklow it goes through Enniskerry where it veers east to the N11 at Fassaroe just west of Bray, this part of the road is colloquially known as "The 21 Bends".
The official description of the R117 from the Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012 reads:
* R117: Dublin - Enniskerry - Kilcroney, County Wicklow
* Between its junction with R114 at Harcourt Road in the city of Dublin and it junction with N11 at Kilcroney in the county of Wicklow via Charlemont Street, Ranelagh Road, Ranelagh, Sandford Road and Milltown Road in the city of Dublin: Dundrum Road; Dundrum Bypass, Sandyford Road, Ballally, Stepaside, Golden Ball, Kiltiernan, Glenamuck South and Enniskerry Road in the county of DunLaoghaire — Rathdown: The Scalp at the boundary between the county of DunLaoghaire — Rathdown and the county of Wicklow: Killegar, Knocksink, Enniskerry and Cookstown in the county of Wicklow.
Transport
Most of the route is covered by the 44 bus operated by Dublin Bus. The bus route does not use the Dundrum bypass, instead running through the village, and also terminates at Enniskerry village and not at the N11. | WIKI |
Listbox - Multiple Checkboxes, but NOT multiple Selections
1. 6 weeks ago
Dave S
Jan 7 San Diego, California USA
I have a listbox, where only ONE record can be "active" [selected] at a time..... BUT I need the ability to set (or reset) the checkboxes on multiple rows at once.
Anyone have a way to do this that is intuitive to the user?
Thanks.... I found an alternative approach to get the required data....
2. Karen A
Jan 7 Pre-Release Testers
@Dave S I have a listbox, where only ONE record can be "active" [selected] at a time..... BUT I need the ability to set (or reset) the checkboxes on multiple rows at once.
Anyone have a way to do this that is intuitive to the user?
IIRC If you click directly on the checkbox the row is not selected... If not If you put it in it's own column you cam make that happen for a click anywhere in that column if you want Or in the first 20 pixels.
- karen
3. Dave S
Jan 7 San Diego, California USA
You misunderstand Karen... I want the user to be able to set/reset the checkbox on muliple rows without having to click each check box.
I had thought I would check how many rows the user had selected and if more than ONE I would alter the checkboxes in those that were selected, and then unselect them... .However there is no way to tell when the user have finished selecting a range of rows. using MouseDown/Up is not an option, since UP won't fire unless DOWN returns TRUE and if DOWN returns TRUE nothing can be selected :(
4. Karen A
Jan 7 Pre-Release Testers
@Dave S You misunderstand Karen... I want the user to be able to set/reset the checkbox on muliple rows without having to click each check box.
I had thought I would check how many rows the user had selected and if more than ONE I would alter the checkboxes in those that were selected, and then unselect them... .However there is no way to tell when the user have finished selecting a range of rows. using MouseDown/Up is not an option, since UP won't fire unless DOWN returns TRUE and if DOWN returns TRUE nothing can be selected :(
Timer checking if the shift or control key is still down?
-Karen
5. Craig H
Jan 7 Black Hills, SD, USA
Edited 6 weeks ago
Dave, I not sure I understand... It seems as though this is a "radio button" problem "where only ONE record can be "active" [selected] at a time". ( I presume that having a checkbox checked is the same as being "active" and being selected )
@Dave S I have a listbox, where only ONE record can be "active" [selected] at a time
Did you mean that only one record can be "active" or that only one record should be "active"? In the former case, it is not clear how the user could get into the state of having multiple selections? Radio buttons would, of course, prevent the user from making multiple selections.
I asked a question the other day in the Getting Started forum about CheckBoxes as a tri-state control. Maybe you could use the "indeterminate" state of checkboxes in some way? If your views can be formulated as a sort of "tree view", then the "indeterminate" state may be of use.
6. Dave S
Jan 7 San Diego, California USA
I want no more than one record that is considered "selected", but I want/need to be able to select any range of rows and set their checkbox.
Consider this. the "selected/active" record is the one available for the user to edit (its an Address), only one address can be in edit mode at any one time. The checkboxes determine what records are available for a "batch" process. This could be to delete the records, print the records or transfer them from one list to another.
So its kind of like inverting what a listbox considers "checking the box" vs selecting a range
7. Julian S
Jan 7 Pre-Release Testers, Xojo Pro UK
Edited 6 weeks ago
Do it like windows explorer does, if you select the row (not on the checkbox) it selects the row, if you select on the checkbox it checks the box and selects the row which you can repeatedly do until you click on just a row (not on a checkbox) which clears all checks and selects the current row.
If you want to try this, turn on "item check boxes" in explorer under the view tab.
8. Dave S
Jan 7 San Diego, California USA
Thanks.... but again.. I don't want the user to have to click on EACH row. You can select groups or random rows using Shift/Alt.
What I have decided to do is if the user SELECTS more than one row, the edit window goes away, and a menu of options appears....
And Julian, no offsense, but I avoid WINDOWS as much as I can... using it on those rare (very) where I need to test an app,
9. Julian S
Jan 7 Pre-Release Testers, Xojo Pro UK
Ah right I thought you wanted something different because multi selecting with key modifiers is standard (at least on Windows).
Don't forget that multi select on lists acts differently between Mac/Windows if you're planning cross platform.
10. Norman P
Jan 7 Pre-Release Testers, Xojo Pro outside listening to the silen...
Edited 6 weeks ago
you can shift click IF you allow multiple selection in the listbox itself
otherwise you can only select one row at a time
you cant allow both at the same time
unless MAYBE if when you detect mousedown you check if the shift key is down as well and alter the selection mode to multiple and then change it back sometime later
thats the only way I can think of that a Xojo listbox would allow this behaviour
*I've never coded one to do this but it seems sort of plausible you could
11. Hey Dave
How about putting a one column additional listbox with checkboxes in every row next to your main listbox (and scroll synced)? That way the user will have one row selected on the main listbox but many rows selected on the other.
Then it's just a matter of checking the checboxes on the additional listbox to see what's selected.
12. Dave S
Jan 7 Answer San Diego, California USA
Thanks.... I found an alternative approach to get the required data....
13. Michel B
Jan 8 Pre-Release Testers, Xojo Pro
Edited 6 weeks ago
@Dave S Thanks.... I found an alternative approach to get the required data....
After that thread, it could be nice for posters and readers to explain how you solved the issue.
14. Dave S
Jan 8 San Diego, California USA
by alternative
@Michel B After that thread, it could be nice for posters and readers to explain how you solved the issue.
see 6 postings above
15. Michel B
Jan 8 Pre-Release Testers, Xojo Pro
Edited 6 weeks ago
I see. You ask for assistance. Why refuse to explain what solution you applied ?
16. Dave S
Jan 8 San Diego, California USA
I am not refusing to explain.... but the solution I decided upon has nothing to do with the original question I asked. It is an alternative work-around, not a method to do the actions in the original question.
@Dave S What I have decided to do is if the user SELECTS more than one row, the edit window goes away, and a menu of options appears....
17. Douglas H
Jan 8 Pre-Release Testers, Xojo Pro
Edited 6 weeks ago
@Michel B I see. You ask for assistance. Why refuse to explain what solution you applied ?
Moreover, he DID say what he ended up doing. But when you asked he said "see 6 postings above" but did not also repeat:
What I have decided to do is if the user SELECTS more than one row, the edit window goes away, and a menu of options appears....
EDIT: I see Dave has now ammended his answer to repeat that as well.
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Yash Joshi — Updated On August 4th, 2022
Beginner Data Cleaning Libraries NLP Python Text
This article was published as a part of the Data Science Blogathon.
Introduction
NLTK is a string processing library that takes strings as input. The output is in the form of either a string or lists of strings. This library provides a lot of algorithms that helps majorly in the learning purpose. One can compare among different variants of outputs. There are other libraries as well like spaCy, CoreNLP, PyNLPI, Polyglot. NLTK and spaCy are most widely used. Spacy works well with large information and for advanced NLP.
To get an understanding of the basic text cleaning processes I’m using the NLTK library which is great for learning.
The data scraped from the website is mostly in the raw text form. This data needs to be cleaned before analyzing it or fitting a model to it. Cleaning up the text data is necessary to highlight the attributes that you’re going to want your machine learning system to pick up on. Cleaning (or pre-processing) the data typically consists of a number of steps. Let’s get started with the cleaning techniques!
Removing extra spaces
Most of the time the text data that you have may contain extra spaces in between the words, after or before a sentence. So to start with we will remove these extra spaces from each sentence by using regular expressions.
CODE:
2. Removing punctuations
The punctuations present in the text do not add value to the data. The punctuation, when attached to any word, will create a problem in differentiating with other words.
CODE:
"I like NLP." == 'I like NLP'
Punctuations can be removed by using regular expressions.
CODE:
text = "Hello! How are you!! I'm very excited that you're going for a trip to Europe!! Yayy!"
re.sub("[^-9A-Za-z ]", "" , text)
Punctuations can also be removed by using a package from the string library.
CODE:
import string
text = "Hello! How are you!! I'm very excited that you're going for a trip to Europe!! Yayy!"
text_clean = "".join([i for i in text if i not in string.punctuation])
text_clean
3. Case Normalization
In this, we simply convert the case of all characters in the text to either upper or lower case. As python is a case sensitive language so it will treat NLP and nlp differently. One can easily convert the string to either lower or upper by using:
str.lower() or str.upper().
For example, you can convert the character to either lower case or upper case at the time of checking for the punctuations.
CODE:
import string
text = "Hello! How are you!! I'm very excited that you're going for a trip to Europe!! Yayy!"
text_clean = "".join([i.lower() for i in text if i not in string.punctuation])
text_clean
4. Tokenization: Splitting a sentence into words and creating a list, ie each sentence is a list of words. There are mainly 3 types of tokenizers.
a. word_tokenize: It is a generic tokenizer that separates words and punctuations. An apostrophe is not considered as punctuation here.
CODE:
text = "Hello! How are you!! I'm very excited that you're going for a trip to Europe!! Yayy!"
nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(text)
word_tokenize
Notice that the highlighted words are split based on the punctuations.
b. TweetTokenizer: This is specifically used while dealing with text data from social media consisting of #,@, emoticons.
CODE:
text = "Hello! How are you!! I'm very excited that you're going for a trip to Europe!! Yayy!"
from nltk.tokenize import TweetTokenizer
tweet = TweetTokenizer()
tweet.tokenize(text)
Observe the highlighted part here and in word tokenize
c. regexp_tokenize: It can be used when we want to separate words of our interests which follows a common pattern like extracting all hashtags from tweets, addresses from tweets, or hyperlinks from the text. In this, you can use the normal regular expression functions to separate the words.
CODE:
import re
a = 'What are your views related to US elections @nitin'
re.split('s@', a)
5. Removing Stopwords
Stopwords include: I, he, she, and, but, was were, being, have, etc, which do not add meaning to the data. So these words must be removed which helps to reduce the features from our data. These are removed after tokenizing the text.
CODE:
stopwords = nltk.corpus.stopwords.words('english')
text = "Hello! How are you!! I'm very excited that you're going for a trip to Europe!! Yayy!"
text_new = "".join([i for i in text if i not in string.punctuation])
print(text_new)
words = nltk.tokenize.word_tokenize(text_new)
print(words)
words_new = [i for i in words if i not in stopwords]
print(words_new)
Can give condition to get words with length greater than 2 after removing stopwords
6. Lemmatization & Stemming
a. Stemming: A technique that takes the word to its root form. It just removes suffixes from the words. The stemmed word might not be part of the dictionary, i.e it will not necessarily give meaning. There are two main types of stemmer- Porter Stemmer and Snow Ball Stemmer(advanced version of Porter Stemmer).
CODE:
ps = nltk.PorterStemmer()
w = [ps.stem(word) for word in words_new]
print(w)
OR
ss = nltk.SnowballStemmer(language = 'english')
w = [ss.stem(word) for word in words_new]
print(w)
b. Lemmatization: Takes the word to its root form called Lemma. It helps to bring words to their dictionary form. It is applied to nouns by default. It is more accurate as it uses more informed analysis to create groups of words with similar meanings based on the context, so it is complex and takes more time. This is used where we need to retain the contextual information.
CODE:
wn = nltk.WordNetLemmatizer()
w = [wn.lemmatize(word) for word in words_new]
print(w)
Based on the problem we have to use either Stemming or Lemmatizing.
End Notes
These are the cleaning techniques that must be applied to make our text data ready for analysis and model building. It is not necessary that you have to perform all these steps for cleaning.
Sometimes, you want to create new features for analysis such as the percentage of punctuation in each text, length of each review of any product/movie in a large dataset or you can check that if there are more percentage of punctuations in a spam mail or ham mail or positive sentiment reviews are having more punctuations than negative sentiment reviews or vice-versa.
Once the text cleaning is done we will proceed with text analytics. Before model building, it is necessary to bring the text data to numeric form(called vectorization) so that it is understood by the machine.
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Page:Comical stories of Thrummy Cap and the Ghaist (NLS104185980).pdf/12
Frae this aback near forty year,
I of this place was overseer,
When this Laird's father had the land,
A' thing was then at my command,
Wi' power to do as I thought fit,
In ilka cause I chief did sit:
The Laird paid great respect for me,
But I an ill return did gie;
The Title-Deeds of his Estate"
Out of the same I did him cheat,
And stale them frae whare they did lie,
Some days before the Laird did die.
His son at that time was in France,
And sae I thought I'd hae a chance
Gif he sud never come again,
That the Estate would be my ain.
But scarcely three bare weeks were past,
When death did come and grip me fast,
Sae sudden that I hadna pow'r
The charter back for to restore,
Soon after that hame came the heir,
And syne got up the reefu' rair,
What sorrow was come o' the Rights?
They sought them several days and nights
But never yet hae they been seen,
As I aneath a muckle stane,
Did hide them i' this cham’er wa',
Weel sew'd up in a leather ba';
But I was ne'er allow'd to rest
Until that I the same confest;
But this to do I hadna power,
Frae yon time to this verra hour,
'That I've reveal'd it a' to you;
And now I'll tell you what to do. | WIKI |
Currently, there are over 80,000 chemicals in use and approximately 2000 new chemicals are introduced into use every year. Regulatory agencies have recognized the need for alternative toxicological methods and models to decrease the time and expense of current toxicity testing protocols. In association with the National Toxicology Program (NTP), our group is developing C. elegans as an alternative organism for in vivo toxicological testing. Short life cycles, easy and inexpensive maintenance and culturing, and detailed biological knowledge has allowed for the development of rapid, low-cost toxicity tests that readily lend themselves to mechanistic studies of toxicant actions. Because of the evolutionarily conserved nature of the stress-response and other relevant pathways, it is likely that responses elicited in C. elegans will be applicable to understanding similar processes in higher organisms, including humans. This group is part of the National Toxicology Program and within the Biomolecular Screening Branch. The screening facility is involved in the development of C. elegans as an alternative organism for toxicological testing. Because of the evolutionarily conserved nature of signal transduction and stress-response pathways, it is likely that responses elicited in C. elegans will be applicable to understanding similar processes in higher organisms. There are two major activities of this group: research and development of C. elegans MTS and HTS technologies and participation in the MOU among the NTP, EPA, and NCGC, designated Tox21 (Science 15 February 2008 319: 906-907 DOI: 10.1126/science.1154619). Development of C. elegans medium-throughput screening assays - Protocols for the monitoring of growth, size, reproduction, feeding, and movement have been developed and have been used to test 100 toxicants. Included in the creation of monitoring protocols, statistical analysis routines have been developed specifically for the C. elegans data. We have submitted one manuscript on the feeding assay and are completing additional studies that will be included in manuscripts currently being prepared on the reproduction and growth assays. In collaboration with Grace Kissling (EDBP), Marjolein Smith (SRA) we have developed a mathematical model that described C. elegans growth and the effects of toxicants on growth parameters. This year the WormTox group tested the chemicals in the ToxCAST phase 2 library (700), in addition to cadmium, mercurical, DMSO, paraquat, chlorpyrifos, MNNG and tunicamycin. We created an automated, high-content, high-throughput in vivo toxicological assay. Transcriptional response was measured in several strains of transgenic C. elegans containing fluorescent proteins driven by the promoters of stress-inducible C. elegans genes. This system captured both changes in pathway activation, as well as tissue-specificity of gene expression. Currently, we have 14 gene constructs available for testing -- ced-3, cyp-35A2, gcs-1, gst-38, gst-4, hsp-16.2, hsp-16.4, hsp-17, hsp-4, hsp-6, hsp-60, mtl-2, ugt-1 and ugt-13. Each transgenic strain has been confirmed to respond to at least one stimulus, usually heat shock;however, the reaction was often obscured by high baseline fluorescence levels. To select genes with a sensitive and specific stress response, we compared transcription of stress response genes using an array of well understood compounds -- paraquat, an oxidative stressor;N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine, a DNA damaging agent;cadmium, a heavy metal toxin;chlorpyrifos, an organophosphate neurotoxin;tunicamycin, an endoplasmic reticulum stressor;and heat shock, a common C. elegans control stressor. By observing changes in fluorescence by eye, we showed that at least one of the first 6 genes tested (cyp-35A2, gst-4, hsp-16.2, hsp-16.4, hsp-4, and hsp-60) upregulated in response to each toxicant. The response was generally mechanistically relevant, for example, hsp-4 (known to respond to endoplasmic reticulum stress) transgenic nematodes increased signal after tunicamycin treatment. The assay was optimized using pcyp-35A2::mCherry, punc-47::GFP nematodes treated with 6 concentrations of chlorpyrifos. This combination typified both changes in intensity and location of fluorescence. Florescence data were measured from images of transgenic nematodes taken with a high content imager and analyzed using CellProfilers WormToolbox. The software is a high-throughput imaging analysis program specifically designed for use with nematodes. Initial studies indicate that the results of the new assay are similar in trend, although less sensitive, than quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Future studies will compare all transgenic nematodes currently available to the seven stressors by both qRT-PCR and the novel high-content, high-throughput assay. We are also developing a new assay to measure mitochondrial function my measuring ATP in vivo levels. Using a highly strain of C. elegans which constitutively expresses firefly luciferase, we are developing a an assay that tracks levels of ATP pools as a marker for physiological status. Changes in luminescence following toxicant exposure will reflect changes in ATP levels. This assay will be used to determine the relative effects of a variety of chemicals on physiological health instead of the more common changes in morphological traits.
Project Start
Project End
Budget Start
Budget End
Support Year
7
Fiscal Year
2012
Total Cost
$3,572,040
Indirect Cost
City
State
Country
Zip Code
Hall, Julie; Haas, Kathryn L; Freedman, Jonathan H (2012) Role of MTL-1, MTL-2, and CDR-1 in mediating cadmium sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicol Sci 128:418-26
Boyd, Windy A; Smith, Marjolein V; Freedman, Jonathan H (2012) Caenorhabditis elegans as a model in developmental toxicology. Methods Mol Biol 889:15-24
Harrington, James M; Boyd, Windy A; Smith, Marjolein V et al. (2012) Amelioration of metal-induced toxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans: utility of chelating agents in the bioremediation of metals. Toxicol Sci 129:49-56
Boyd, Windy A; Smith, Marjolein V; Kissling, Grace E et al. (2010) Medium- and high-throughput screening of neurotoxicants using C. elegans. Neurotoxicol Teratol 32:68-73
Boyd, Windy A; McBride, Sandra J; Rice, Julie R et al. (2010) A high-throughput method for assessing chemical toxicity using a Caenorhabditis elegans reproduction assay. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 245:153-9
Peterson, Randall T; Nass, Richard; Boyd, Windy A et al. (2008) Use of non-mammalian alternative models for neurotoxicological study. Neurotoxicology 29:546-55 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Predazzo
Predazzo (, literally big meadow) is a village and comune in the province of Trento, northern Italy. Predazzo is located about 58 kilometres northeast of Trento in Val di Fiemme.
It is one of the main centers of Val di Fiemme (the other is Cavalese), being the most populous and widespread of the valley. It is an important road junction and trade between the valleys of Fiemme and Fassa and the area of Primiero.
Predazzo is also the home of Pastificio Felicetti, a maker of pasta.
Territory & climate
Predazzo borders with the following municipalities: Moena, Tesero, Panchià, Ziano di Fiemme, Primiero San Martino di Castrozza, Canal San Bovo, Nova Levante and Nova Ponente. Located at the confluence of the river Travignolo from the Dolomite Group of the Pale di San Martino, in the river Avisio, from the top of the Marmolada, it is the most upstream of the Val di Fiemme.
The territory of Predazzo is part of the Paneveggio-Pale di San Martino Natural Park, the Magnifica Comunità di Fiemme and Comprensorio della Valle di Fiemme (C1).
Minimum and maximum temperatures during the whole year reach -21 °C and +38 °C.
Morphology and geology
The characteristic morphology of Predazzo was originated around 200 million years ago, when a volcano collapsed. The territory then changed shape due to different atmospheric phenomena (e.g. erosion, glaciation). Predazzo is consequently located in the core of the Dolomites, between Lagorai, Latemar and Pale di San Martino mountain groups - which are part of the Dolomites recognised by UNESCO as World Heritage Site.
At the beginning of the 18th century, the Italian geologist Giuseppe Marzari Pencati noticed that granite, lava and marine sediment were altogether present in this area. The discovery of geology's value in the Dolomites attracted more and more scientists and researchers from all Europe, making Predazzo become an important destination for geology. Among the list of names: A. von Humboldt, F. von Richthofen, D. de Dolomieu, M.M. Gordon.
Hamlets and places
Predazzo is divided in 8 neighborhoods and has 6 hamlets: Bellamonte, Paneveggio, Mezzavalle, Fol, Coste and Zaluna. Pè de Pardac (Piè di Predazzo) is the historic center and it is located between Sommavilla and Molin. Molin is located on the west part of Predazzo, at the foot of Pelenzana, and takes its name from the presence of mills and canals in the early twentieth century. Before the advent of the electric light, in fact, many manufacturers took advantage of the hydraulic force on the course of the water conveyed in canals.
Somaìla (Sommavilla), situated near the square, is considered part of the old town and marks the end of the valley Travignolo.
Poz is a very recently district, close to the municipal aqueduct north of Predazzo and at the foot of Mount Mulat. Adjacent at it there is Birreria that take the name because of the presence of a brewery (now closed) near the exit to the north of Predazzo. Borgonuovo appears to be the newest part of Predazzo. New houses built close to the horse racing and football fields. It is located south of Predazzo.
Main sight
Predazzo is home of a Geological Museum of the Dolomites, which offers guests the opportunity to learn about the geological and mineralogical properties of this alpine territory. There are also relevant educational and cultural itineraries, such as the GeoTrail Dòs Capèl, that is the oldest path of Italy that focuses on geology.
On the road from the town to Passo Rolle is the Forte Dossaccio, and Austrian fortification from World War I.
Traditional events
There are also different traditional events during the year:
* Catanaoc 'n festa, that consists of gastronomic festival and historic commemoration.
* Saint Martin's fireworks (11 November), that's celebrated with huge bonfires and a cortége.
* Saint James' market (25 July)
* The Desmontegada de le Vache (beginning of October), an episode of alpine transhumance where the livestock is brought back to the valleys after the summer season on high pastures.
Twin towns
* 🇩🇪 Hallbergmoos, Germany, since 1994
* 🇮🇹 Ferrere, Italy, since 2005 (friendship)
Ski jumping
The ski jumping and the ski jumping part of nordic combined was held here at the FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 1991 and FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2003. And it is again at the ongoing FIS Nordic World Ski Championships 2013.
People
* Ivo Pertile, ski jumper | WIKI |
Jakub Vojta
Jakub Vojta (born 19 April 1991) is a Czech football midfielder currently playing for SK Malešov. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Today's featured article/May 21, 2006
Michigan State University is a public university in East Lansing, Michigan. As the first agricultural college in the United States, it served as a model for future Land Grant colleges under the 1862 Morrill Act. Well known for its academic programs in education and agriculture, MSU pioneered the studies of packaging and music therapy. MSU has the premier hospitality school in the United States, and the study abroad program is the largest of any single-campus university in the nation, offering more than 200 programs in more than 60 countries on all continents including Antarctica. Following the introduction of the Morrill Act, the college became co-educational and expanded its curriculum beyond agriculture. After World War II, the number of students tripled as the institution became a major university. Today, MSU is the nation's sixth-largest university by enrollment. As a research university, MSU is one of 60 members of the Association of American Universities. MSU's Division I sports teams are nicknamed the Spartans. They compete in the Big Ten Conference in all sports except ice hockey, which is part of the Central Collegiate Hockey Association. '''(More...)
Recently featured: Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport – Henry James – The Catlins | WIKI |
Page:Dorothy Canfield - Rough-hewn.djvu/336
pull. Garnier, this boy's father, was a business acquaintance of mine, and quite a level-headed man. We got together, away from his wife. She was just crazy over her son's death. From one day to the next she looked twenty years older. And the way she cursed us all for ever coming to Bayonne—not that I cared. She was out of her mind, anyhow. All the same, the things she said … and poor Flora in her coffin.…"
He drew a long breath, and cast his dead cigar from him with a vivid gesture of disgust.
"The up-shot was, that Garnier got busy the right way. He furnished the political pull, and I furnished the money. We stopped fooling with the police and went straight to the Préfet, and they passed the order down quick from one office to another, to have that inquest settled at once, with no more noise. When that hit the police who'd been bothering us, they curled up and dropped off. I bribed a reporter and the editor of the local newspaper, and when the music-teacher brought Marise back to the funeral, the whole mess was buried."
In the momentary silence which followed, as he drew breath again. Cousin Hetty's self-control gave way. He could feel that she was shaking uncontrollably and hear that her teeth were chattering.
He was startled, having forgotten that she was there, forgotten that this was anything but one of the sick, silent evocations which blackened so many hours for him.
"Great Scott! Hetty, you're freezing to death," he cried, helping her roughly to her feet. "Why under the sun didn't you say you were getting cold?"
She did not intimate that she was shaken by anything but a physical chill. Stiff and bent, clinging to his great arm, unable to stop the nervous chattering of her teeth, she hobbled back to the house beside him.
The light from the fire on the hearth set them miles apart, as she had known it would. His face closed shut. He would never mention all this to her again. He was irritated that | WIKI |
Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers: Series II/Volume X/Works/On the Holy Spirit/Book III/Chapter 7
Chapter VII.
The Son Himself does not judge or punish without the Spirit, so that the same Spirit is called the Sword of the Word. But inasmuch as the Word is in turn called the Sword of the Spirit, the highest unity of power is thereby recognized in each.
44. what should we say of the other points? We have heard that the Lord Jesus not only judges in the Spirit but punishes also. For neither would He punish Antichrist, whom, as we read, “the Lord Jesus shall slay with the Spirit of His mouth,” unless He had before judged of his deserts. Yet here is not a grace received, but the unity remains undivided, since neither can Christ be without the Spirit, nor the Spirit without Christ. For the unity of the divine nature cannot be divided.
45. And since that instance comes before us, that the Lord Jesus shall slay with the Spirit of His mouth, the Spirit is understood to be as it were the Sword of the Word. Lastly, in the Gospel also the Lord Jesus Himself says: “I came not to send peace but a sword.” For He came that He might give the Spirit; and so there is in His mouth a two-edged sword, which is in truth the grace of the Spirit. So the Spirit is the Sword of the Word.
46. And that you may know that there is no inequality but unity of nature, the Word also is the Sword of the Holy Spirit, for it is written: “Taking the shield of faith, wherewith ye may be able to quench all the fiery darts of the wicked one. And take the helmet of Salvation, and the sword of the Spirit, which is the Word of God.”
47. Since, then, the Sword of the Word is the Holy Spirit, and the Sword of the Holy Spirit is the Word of God, there is certainly in Them oneness of power. | WIKI |
Talk:True length
This page needs a rewriting (if it is needed at all). The first problem is "in geometry" in the very beginning. In geometry the concept is not needed as in geometry of metric spaces all lengths are "true" and other spaces have not lengths at all. The term makes sense and is used in descriptive geometry, including cartography, and in engineering and other arts that use these. However, the definition should be more precise. In particular, what does "true length" mean in context of scaled drawings? The definition given here restricts the term to the distance between certain endpoints whereas other sources define it so that (in a typical application) there is a true length (or true distance) between every pair of points. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 08:26, 20 June 2013 (UTC) | WIKI |
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Principal Investigator
Principal Investigator's Name: Adarsh Valoor
Institution: NIT Trichy
Department: Computer Applications
Country:
Proposed Analysis: Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Deep Learning (DL) have a long way ahead as well as an immediate potential for transforming everywhere it touches, especially in the medical domain. But due to the lack of transparency in the AI-powered applications is creating problematic situations in their pathways. This is especially problematic with the medical domain, where the outputs generated by the AI systems need to be interpreted on a daily basis. The Explainable AI (XAI) provides the end-users with an understating on what grounds did the system generated a specific output, which can then be interpreted with the help of a domain expert (in this case, clinicians), and it is an essential part of the case of Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSSs). With the XAI enabled, these would provide the medical practitioners with a deeper understating of the system's decisions, make their decision-making process much more accurate, and even lead to a crucial inference in life-death situations. The necessity for such self-explaining systems in the medical domain is enhanced for fair and ethical decision-making. The systems that are getting trained in a restricted environment and the system when acting as a reinforcement agent are prone to biases, and if any, should be uncovered as well. We have done an exhaustive literature review incorporating the up to date in application of XAI in the clinical system especially with respect to Alzheimer's Disease (AD). We found that tabular data processing tends to be the common trend, while the XAI-enabled CDSSs with text analytics seem to be the least popular. In this work, we are aiming to create explainable models for understanding Alzheimer's disease. In this work, we are aiming to create a model that encompasses a series of the following 3 linked subproblems: • 1st subproblem aims to design a classifier that can differentiate the Cognitive Normal (CN) and the Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) patients in the initial stages of the disease progression using cognitive scores, neuropathology vital signs, symptoms, demographics, etc. as a baseline. • 2nd subproblem deals with the ADNI dataset’s enhancement with the curvelet transform. • 3rd subproblem deals with the prediction, explanation as well optimization of the entire model with the CNN pruning method and the explainability with the SHAP's global and local explainers for adequate feature reduction and selection.
Additional Investigators | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Portal:Scotland/Selected article/Week 9, 2008
William Adam (1689 – June 24, 1748) was a Scottish architect, mason, and entrepreneur. He was the foremost architect of his time in Scotland, designing and building numerous country houses and public buildings, and often acting as contractor as well as architect. Among his best known works are Hopetoun House near Edinburgh, and Duff House in Banff. His individual, exuberant style built on the Palladian style, but with Baroque details inspired by Vanbrugh and Continental architecture.
As well as being an architect, Adam was involved in several industrial ventures and improvement schemes, including coal mining, salt panning, stone quarries and mills. From 1731 he built up his own estate in Kinross-shire, which he named Blair Adam. In the 18th century, Adam was considered Scotland's "Universal Architect". However, since the early 20th century, architectural critics have taken a more measured view, Colin McWilliam for instance finding the quality of his work "varied to an extreme degree".
He was the father of three architects; John, Robert and James, the last two the developers of the "Adam style". | WIKI |
Topic: using chumbu off my verizon fios?
im getting verizon cable/internet the modem is also a router so im ditching my netgear router the ne fios requires a 5 digit password its locked,does the chumby allow for router settings basically can i set the chumby conection to imput the password/or is it only for standard wireless like my netgear?
Re: using chumbu off my verizon fios?
I don't have an answer for that - we'll have to do some research.
We implement the industry standards for WEP and WPA-PSK wireless encryption - the the extent that a vendor may layer some additional proprietary or non-standard security scheme on top of that, it may be a problem depending how it's done.
Re: using chumbu off my verizon fios?
from what i understand of the FIOS service is that you can control the wi-fi security settings on the verizon-supplied
router. do you know if you are getting the actiontec router?
if you can provide some more details on the equipment, i'll attempt to help with the settings.
/mdkail
Re: using chumbu off my verizon fios?
as far as actiontec i dont know what you mean,i did see a youtube video of the chumby and it detected the guys router at startup and he had to imput his password which means his router was locked so verizons router is locked you do have to add the password on a computer for new connections so im going to say yes it supports it its no different if i lock linksy or netgear so neibors cant access my router usually its a 5 or 7 digit web code,thanks...
Re: using chumbu off my verizon fios?
have you read the following?
http://www.chumby.com/help/faq/3
and
http://www.chumby.com/help/connect_wep
so, what we need to know is does your FIOS router support WEP?
/mdkail
Re: using chumbu off my verizon fios?
I have FIOS with my chumby, and all I had to do was put the WEP key in, the first time I connected to the network. After that, Chumby works great!
Re: using chumbu off my verizon fios?
I'm using my Chumby with Verizon Fios too.
No issues.
Re: using chumbu off my verizon fios?
wow thankyou all of you for your input yes wep now i understand i havent recieved my chumby yet but its on its way im playing with the virtual chumby and having a ball however does the chumby allow you to go back or foward with widgets if say you saw something and as it goes to the next widget you want to go back?
Re: using chumbu off my verizon fios?
Yes the *real* chumby allows you to switch between widgets and channels, or even stay on a particular widget. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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