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I've had a machine come back to me multiple times now with the MBR/boot sector trashed. It crashes while trying to load the MBR/boot sector without a warning. Basically just gives a black screen rather than complaining about media or anything else. This last time, the customer only had the machine for about 2 weeks before it happened again. All the AV and anti-spyware was up to date, but I suspect he must be getting into something bad.
It doesn't appear to be hardware related. The first time it happened I went ahead and replaced both the hard drive and controller (as an upgrade in speed, size, and noise level!) since he didn't have anything critical on the old drive. I can run the computer for days here and nothing bad ever happens.
So, is there a common virus/trojan floating around out there that's doing this right now? If so, is there a published repair procedure?
• Make and model of PC? – Moab Dec 19 '10 at 5:32
• It's a whitebox w/ AMD Hammer. Is currently at 2GB RAM, Single Seagate 73GB U160 SCSI on Adaptec 2100S RAID card. ASUS mobo. Originally had 512MB RAM and dual Seagate Ultra SCSI 9GB drives on an Adaptec 2940UW controller. – Brian Knoblauch Dec 20 '10 at 12:32
1
We finally narrowed it down to a supposed video that he received in e-mail. It fails to open, but after the next shutdown, the computer won't start... Moral of the story is never open attachments sent in e-mail, no matter who it appears has sent them. :-)
• Teaching people to walk around landmines is less efficient than having the computer do it with sandboxing like DropMyRights provides. How did you repair the MBR? – Cees Timmerman Nov 12 '13 at 7:38
• I didn't bother to repair the MBR. He only uses it for web surfing and checking e-mail, so data loss isn't a concern. I wiped the drive with the Adaptec firmware then built new partitions and reinstalled. I've never heard of "DropMyRights" before. I'll have to go check it out. – Brian Knoblauch Nov 12 '13 at 14:50
0
I don't think MBR/Boot sector trojan/viruses are common nowadays.
One thing you need to rule out is user doing something wrong - is your service charging him? You can consider adding a password onto the BIOS and setting the 'MBR readonly' flag there (most bios did have this support i think).
Before commiting the problem to software, though, you need to rule out possible controller problem... sometimes weird controller problem can lead to first sector corruption.
• I did not see the boot sector virus protection option in this BIOS. This has happened on 2 different controllers, with 2 different hard drives now. The first controller was in there for a couple years. User does report that he downloaded one of those "E-Cards" (probably a trojan) right before the first failure. He couldn't come up with anything special about the second time. – Brian Knoblauch Dec 20 '10 at 12:34
• "I don't think MBR/Boot sector trojan/viruses are common nowadays." They have become very popular in Windows PCs these days. – Moab Apr 20 '12 at 16:03
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CommonLounge Archive
Pandas: Apply functions and GroupBy
April 19, 2019
Introduction
So far in the course, we have learnt quite a bit about DataFrames. In particular, we learnt about using various boolean and arithmetic operations on DataFrame columns, and also about indexing to select and modify various subsets of a DataFrame.
In this tutorial we will learn another method for doing operations on and also modifying a DataFrame using DataFrame methods like apply() and applymap(). These methods allow us to apply a function over an entire DataFrame.
Let’s get started!
Set up
As in the previous tutorials, let us load the Pandas and Numpy libraries at the beginning.
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
The student dataset
Let us load the dataset for this tutorial using . We will use the read_csv() function for this. The dataset has 8 columns, but we will only keep 5 of them for this tutorial.
load_commonlounge_dataset('student_v3')
student = pd.read_csv("/tmp/student_v3.csv")
student = student[['Admn Yr', 'Board', 'Physics', 'Chemistry', 'Maths']]
Let us look at the first five rows of the data using the head() method.
print(student.head())
Brief description of the data-set:
This dataset contains information about students from an Engineering college. Here’s a brief description of the columns in the dataset:
• Admn Yr - The year in which the student was admitted into the college (numerical)
• Board - Board under which the student studied in High School (categorical)
• Physics - Marks secured in Physics in the final High School exam (numerical)
• Chemistry - Marks secured in Chemistry in the final High School exam (numerical)
• Maths - Marks secured in Maths in the final High School exam (numerical)
Numbers only dataset
For some parts of this tutorial, we will also need a DataFrame which only has numerical values. So, let’s also create a modified DataFrame with the numerical features from student. We will call this student_num:
# extract the numerical features
student_num = student.select_dtypes(include='number')
# display
print(student_num.head())
Note: In this tutorial, you can assume that we reload the dataset at the beginning of each section in the tutorial. That is, changes we make to the dataset will not carry on to the next section of the tutorial.
The apply() method
The apply() method is used to apply a function to every row or column of the DataFrame.
The syntax for apply() method is as follows:
DataFrame.apply(func, axis=0)
where,
• axis — allows us to decide whether to apply the function over rows or columns. Here, 0 means column-by-column, and 1 means row-by-row.
• func — is the function which we want to apply. It must accept one argument, which will be a Series (either a column or a row of the DataFrame, depending on the value of axis).
When we use the apply() method, it calls the func function once for each row / column, and passes the Series object to func as an argument.
Let’s see some examples.
apply() over columns
In this first example, we will use apply() to calculate the difference between the mean and the median of every column. For this example, we will be using the student_num DataFrame.
Let’s first define the function which will be called for each column.
def diff_func(arg):
diff = np.mean(arg) - np.median(arg)
return diff
Here, arg will be the Pandas Series object for a column in the DataFrame. Using the NumPy function mean() and median(), we will calculate the mean and median of the column and then return the difference.
Now, let’s use apply() to apply this function over all columns in the student_num DataFrame:
result = student_num.apply(diff_func, axis=0)
print(result)
As you can see, the result is a Series with the appropriate values.
Note: We do not put parentheses after the function name diff_func, since we do not want the function to execute immediately. We want to pass the function as a parameter, to be used by the apply() method.
Anonymous functions — lambda
Before we move on to the next topic, let’s learn a little about a concept in Python called lambda or anonymous functions.
It allows us to define and use a function directly in one expression instead of defining the function separately using def first.
In general, the syntax for lambda functions is as follows:
lambda arguments: expression using arguments
This returns a function object. In particular, note that there’s no function name, and that we can omit the return keyword. We’re only allowed to have one expression inside a lambda function.
For example, here’s a lambda function to find the cube of a number:
f = lambda x: x**3
print(f(5))
So, we can rewrite the previous code as follows:
result = student_num.apply(lambda arg: np.mean(arg) - np.median(arg), axis=0)
print(result)
This syntax is convenient when the function we are passing to apply() is really short.
Pre-defined functions
Obviously, we can also directly use existing functions with apply().
For example, to calculate the mean of the values in each column, we can simply pass np.mean in the apply() method:
print(student_num.apply(np.mean, axis=0))
apply() over rows
Now, let us apply a function over rows using axis=1.
We will be calculating the average marks from Physics, Chemistry and Maths columns for every row.
Let’s define our function:
def avg_func(arg):
x = (arg['Physics'] + arg['Chemistry'] + arg['Maths']) / 3
return x
Here the Series that will be passed to arg, will be the rows of the DataFrame. The column labels will be the index of this Series.
Now, we can apply() the function over all the rows.
avg = student.apply(avg_func, axis=1)
print(avg.head())
We can also store the results back in our DataFrame. Let’s try it:
student['Average'] = student.apply(avg_func, axis=1)
print(student.head())
Awesome!
apply() vs vectorized operations
Now, you may be wondering why would we use the apply() method when we could instead do these things using vectorized operations. For example, we could have done the last example without apply() as well,
student['Average'] = (student['Physics'] + student['Chemistry'] + student['Maths']) / 3
The advantage of apply() functions are that they are much more flexible, since we can write any arbitrarily complicated code inside func. We will some examples of more complicated functions being passed to apply() in the next couple of sections.
The main disadvantage of apply() functions is that they are not as fast as vectorized operations which take advantage of the fact that Pandas DataFrame and Series are built on arrays. So the vectorized code above for calculating the average would be faster than doing the same thing using apply().
Hence, when Pandas or NumPy already provides vectorized operations to do what we want to do, we should use those operations. But if those functions are not available, or the code is less complicated using apply(), then we should use apply().
Let’s do some slightly more complicated things using apply().
apply() function if-else example
Our student DataFrame contains the Maths, Physics and Chemistry grades for some students. However, they gave different examinations, and for students whose school Board was 'HSC', the subject exams had a maximum possible score of 200. Whereas for all other students, the maximum possible score is 100.
So, it would be nice to divide the Maths (and Physics and Chemistry) marks by 2, but only if Board is 'HSC'.
Let’s define our function for dividing the Maths marks by 2 if Board is 'HSC', and then use apply() the function:
# print first few rows before applying function
print(student.head(10))
print('')
# define func
def normalize_math(x):
if x['Board'] == 'HSC':
return x['Maths'] / 2
else:
return x['Maths']
# do apply and store results in student
student['Maths_normalized'] = student.apply(normalize_math, axis=1)
# print first few rows after applying function
print(student.head(10))
print('')
All the Maths marks are based out of 100 now! Similarly, we can normalize the marks for Physics and Chemistry.
The applymap() method
The applymap() method is used to apply a function on every single element of the DataFrame.
The syntax is very simple and similar to the apply() function:
DataFrame.applymap(func)
where func is the function we want to apply.
This returns a DataFrame with transformed elements.
Let us take an example where we divide all the elements by 100 and then square them.
First, we will define a function foo(). Here the arguments to the function are the individual values in the DataFrame.
def foo(arg):
return np.square(arg/100)
Next, we use applymap() to us execute the function:
# apply the new function
temp = student_num.applymap(foo)
# display top 5 results
print(temp.head())
Now, let us try and do the same thing with the lambda function. Instead of passing the function as argument, we will directly write the lambda expression.
# apply function with lambda
temp = student_num.applymap(lambda x: np.square(x/100))
# display top 5 results
print(temp.head())
The groupby() method
Earlier, we used the apply() method to find the mean of each column in the student DataFrame.
But if you notice the labels like Board or Admn Yr, it suggests that students may belong to different groups or clusters, according to values in these columns. Therefore, it is possible that aggregate statistics like mean or median are different for each such group of students.
We will use the groupby() method to break up the dataset into different groups, and then calculate aggregate statistics using the Pandas DataFrame method mean().
We will use the following syntax:
DataFrame.groupby(["column"]).mean()
Here the groupby() method will group the data according to the values from the column that is passed as argument. Then mean() will calculate the mean for each group separately.
Note: By default, DataFrame methods like mean() selectively operate on the columns with numeric dtype.
A good way to understand groupby() to think of it as a three step process of Split-Apply-Combine:
1. Splitting the data into groups based on some criteria.
2. Applying a function to each group independently.
3. Combining the results into a data structure.
Let’s see an example of group by.
First we will look at the mean of all the columns as a whole. This will allow us to understand the difference in the aggregate statistics better.
print(student.mean())
Now, let us use groupby() on the student DataFrame and find the average values of different groups of students from different Boards.
# calculate the group mean
group_mean = student.groupby(["Board"]).mean()
# display result
print(group_mean)
We can see the different groups of students based on Board have significantly different means for Physics, Chemistry and Maths columns.
groupby() can be a powerful tool when applied appropriately! Similarly, we can also calculate other statistics like median, standard deviation, etc with groupby().
Summary
• We can apply a function to every row / column of a DataFrame using apply() method.
• We can apply both pre-defined Pandas DataFrame statistical/mathematical functions or create our own functions.
• The anonymous function lambda can be used to apply functions inline, without defining it separately.
• Although apply() is slower than performing vectorized operations, it is more flexible.
• The applymap() method is used to apply a function on every single element of the DataFrame
• The groupby() method is used to break up the dataset into different groups, after which we can apply functions on each group separately.
Reference
apply()
DataFrame.apply(func, axis=0)
lambda functions
lambda arguments: expression using arguments
applymap()
DataFrame.applymap(func)
groupby()
DataFrame.groupby(["Column label"]).function()
© 2016-2022. All rights reserved. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
4 ways Congress can hit the reset button on disaster preparedness | TheHill
Recently, Congress passed a continuing resolution to fund the government through April of next year. The final bill also included $170 million to address some of the infrastructure issues causing the lead exposure in drinking water in Flint, Mich. In addition, disaster-affected areas such as those hit by Hurricane Matthew, the floods in Baton Rouge, and others were given $4.1 billion in disaster assistance. The passage of this would be laudable were it not coming nearly a year after the governor of Michigan declared Flint to be in a State of Emergency and nearly five months after the historic 1,000-year flooding event in Louisiana. This is a cycle repeated after disasters, where emergency managers and responders are left in limbo over how to plan and pay for disasters because existing funding mechanisms are insufficient. At its core, this is a structural issue, rooted in a lack of legislative preparedness that directly impacts our ability to prepare for, respond to and recover from disasters. The 115th Congress has an opportunity to develop a legislative agenda designed to apply the lessons of past events and to better our overall national resilience by improving our legislative preparedness, using the following four priorities. 1. Revising the Stafford Act to meet the needs of the 21st Century The Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act is the backbone of our disaster response framework, governing the national response to disasters and creating a vehicle for funding the response and recovery without requiring special appropriations. However, the act does not allow for infrastructure disasters like the lead in the water in Flint, to be declared as full disasters. This denies these emergencies the highest levels of support available under this legislation. Catastrophic events such as Hurricane Katrina and Superstorm Sandy have also required supplemental legislation to fund response and recovery since standing legislation was insufficient. Congress should revise the Stafford Act to enhance its ability to apply to 21st century threats, particularly in the context of our aging infrastructure, technological vulnerabilities and an increase in extreme events that exceed the currently legislated capacities. 2. Establishing a permanent fund for public health emergency response Over this past year, Zika came up for consideration several times before finally being passed in September’s continuing resolution, nearly seven months after the president’s request. In the interim, response dollars had to be taken from public health preparedness coffers, Ebola response funds and other public health priorities. Similar emergency funding was required for the response to the Ebola crisis. This underscores the need for a standing fund for public health emergency response. There are currently several ideas ranging from a fund of $300 million to $5 billion. In fact, there is a vehicle for Public Health Emergency Funding created in 1983 but only replenished twice, and at levels inadequate for the scope of crises like Ebola and Zika. To ensure our nation is prepared to respond to emerging public health threats, Congress should revise the Public Health Emergency Fund to include funding levels appropriate for the threats that we face, and include a replenishment schema that avoids the drawn-out politics we have seen with ad hoc emergency funding for health threats. 3. Increasing state and local preparedness resources State and local preparedness dollars have decreased dramatically since 2003. Public health preparedness dollars have been reduced by 30 percent and healthcare preparedness has been cut by nearly half. State and local homeland security funding has also been cut by as much as half in some areas. Although national guidance for preparedness has shifted toward “whole community,” the underwriting of community preparedness continues to decline. Without local capacities, national resources have no vehicle to reach those affected by a disaster. Congress should increase both authorization levels and appropriated funds for grant programs for state and local preparedness. This includes the Public Health Emergency Preparedness Program and the Hospital Preparedness Program funded through the Department of Health and Human Services, as well as the State Homeland Security Program and the Urban Area Security Initiative, funded through the Department of Homeland Security. 4. Incentivizing more active private sector participation in disasters Although government has the mandate and many of the resources for disaster response, much of our national capacity and expertise lies in the private sector. Despite this, there are barriers to private sector participation such as liability, perception of favoritism and lack of a common response language, among many others. Elements of private sector response can be seen in past responses like the Ebola crisis, but as random acts of effectiveness rather than a coordinated response. The private sector also has expertise and approaches to solving problems that could contribute positively to our national disaster response, but to achieve this we need to develop a better business model for engaging the private sector. Congress should formally engage a panel inclusive of government and private sector representatives to develop legislative recommendations for removing barriers and incentivizing the private sector to participate more fully in building community resilience and national preparedness. This is not an exhaustive list. There are many other topics that require urgent attention. To date nearly 80 percent of the recommendations from the National Commission on Children in Disasters remain unfulfilled. The bipartisan Blue Ribbon Study Panel on Biodefense has also highlighted that we are still far from building up adequate biodefense capabilities. There is much work to do, along with plenty of opportunities to include these issues as bills are drafted in the busy legislative season ahead. While there are many ambitions of the incoming Congress, ensuring a stronger legislative framework for disaster preparedness, response and recovery is in place should be a top priority. If we choose to ignore this, history will continue to repeat itself and the individuals and families affected by disasters will continue to shoulder the burden. With congressional action, this increased resilience will cascade across all of American and ensure that our quality of life, values and economy are not unduly threatened by the disasters that we will inevitably face. Jeff Schlegelmilch (@jeffschlegel) is the deputy director of the National Center for Disaster Preparedness at Columbia University’s Earth Institute. He has over a decade of experience in developing programs for community resilience and public health preparedness. Over that period he has advised numerous local, state and federal officials on preparedness policies and programs. Irwin Redlener, MD, (@IrwinRedlenerMD) is the director of the National Center for Disaster Preparedness at Columbia University’s Earth Institute, and professor of Health Policy and Management and Pediatrics at the Mailman School of Public Health at Columbia University. He is the is the author of “Americans At Risk: Why We Are Not Prepared For Megadisasters and What We Can Do Now,” published in 2006 by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. The views of Contributors are their own and are not the views of The Hill. View the discussion thread. Contributor's Signup The Hill 1625 K Street, NW Suite 900 Washington DC 20006 | 202-628-8500 tel | 202-628-8503 fax The contents of this site are ©2019 Capitol Hill Publishing Corp., a subsidiary of News Communications, Inc. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
UPDATE 2-Britain to shake up fund management to give investors better value
* FCA proposes a single fee for investors in funds * Stops short of recommending a cap on fees * Considers competition probe into investment consultancy (Releads, adds details, reactions) By Huw Jones and Simon Jessop LONDON, Nov 18 (Reuters) - Investors get poor value for money from Britain’s 7 trillion pound ($8.7 trillion) asset management industry because there is not enough competition and a lack of transparency on fees, the industry regulator said on Friday. To remedy this situation the Financial Conduct Authority has proposed a single fee for investors in funds in the world’s second largest asset management market but has stopped short of recommending a cap on fees. It also launched a consultation into whether the investment consultancy market should be referred to Britain’s Competition and Markets Authority for a full blown anti-trust probe. This market, which advises funds on asset manager selection and investment products, is outside the FCA’s remit. Just three companies account for 60 percent of the consultancy market, the report said. “There is a strong culture of gifts and hospitality in the investment consultancy sector which could influence the ratings given to managers,” the FCA said. Analysts said a single fee would allow investors to see upfront for the first time how much they are paying for trading costs. “The eye-catching headline is the proposed introduction of an all-in fee so that investors can easily see what is being taken from the fund,” Paul McGinnis, analyst at Shore Capital, said in a note. The difference from the existing fee structure “could be that these measures contain certain costs (including transaction costs) that are not known in advance by the investor”, McGinnis said. FCA Chief Executive Andrew Bailey said the watchdog wanted to make sure that asset managers were “pursuing energetically” their duty to act in their customers’ best interests so investors got value for money. “We want to see greater transparency so that investors can be clear about what they are paying and the impact charges have on their returns,” Bailey said. Accounting firm PwC said this would change the way the market operated by referring to direct and legally enforceable rights for investors. “The industry will need to work hard to demonstrate how it already best serves investors and how they intend to meet the concerns expressed,” Amanda Rowland, a regulation partner at PwC. The FCA’s proposals, which run to 200 pages, are the interim results of a year-long study into the asset management industry which found that “limited” competition in actively managed funds, which account for 77 percent of the total market, offer poor value for money. “On average, these costs are not justified by higher returns,” the FCA said. Even though a large number of firms operate in the market the asset management industry as a whole has enjoyed sustained, high profits over a number of years, the FCA said. The watchdog has proposed a “significant package of measures”, including a stronger duty on asset managers to act in the best interests of investors. It has proposed the “all-in” fee so that investors in funds can easily see what is being taken from the fund in charges, stopping short of more radical measures. “A price cap is a competition measure that is a last resort. That is not a good response from the point of view of encouraging competition,” Bailey told reporters. It has also recommended that Britain’s finance ministry should consider bringing the provision of institutional investment advice under the FCA’s remit. The watchdog’s final report, along with any proposed rule changes, will be published next summer. ($1 = 0.8072 pounds) Additional reporting by Carolyn Cohn; Editing by Rachel
Armstrong and Jane Merriman | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:The Black Cat v01no05 (1896-02).pdf/32
30 what is vulgarly known as a ghost—shall speak, and I will abide by the result."
On his return from dinner that evening Dr. Amsden locked all the doors and darkened all the windows of his apartments. Then, after smoking a meditative cigar, he went to bed. It was barely eight o'clock in the evening when his head touched the pillow, but, as he had planned to send his image to Miss Foote at precisely nine o'clock, before that young lady should have retired to her chamber, he wished to have ample time to get himself to sleep. Besides, he was really tired and drowsy, which was certainly a favorable condition for his experiment. He had feared that lie would be excited and nervous; but already the suggestion of sleep which he had been constantly reiterating for the past hour was beginning to tell upon his brain. The formula, "I am about to go to sleep, I am becoming sleepy, I sleep," was having a most magical effect.
Dr. Amsdem dropped into the misty chasm of slumber in less than fifteen minutes after getting to bed. But that fifteen minutes had been spent in strenuous command, on the part of the objective mind, that the subjective mind should go, at precisely nine o'clock, to the home of Miss Foote, present itself in the exact and correct image of the lover, and make an ardent appeal to the affections of the lady.
In about two hours Amsden awoke, bathed in perspiration, and feeling thoroughly exhausted. He was not conscious of having dreamed at all, and yet it seemed to him as if he had just shaken off a most horrible nightmare. He arose, lit the gas, and consulted his watch. It was just ten o'clock. "Thank heaven," he cried, "I did not wake before the time!" He went back to bed, and fell instantly into the deep slumber of complete exhaustion, from which he did not wake until late the next morning.
For two days he did not see Miss Foote. Then he summoned up courage to call upon her. She came downstairs looking pale and anxious, and the moment that Amsden's eyes fell upon her his heart began to throb with suffocating violence. Undoubtedly his experiment had succeeded as far as the proposal was concerned—but should his attitude be that of the accepted or rejected lover?
Hardly noticing his stammering expressions of solicitude for | WIKI |
User:Risdio51
Intro to me
Hi! My name is Risdio51, but you can call me Ed. I live in Columbus Ohio. I am currently in high school, and I plan on graduating college with a major in physics and a minor in art.
My interests
If you couldn't tell by my userboxes, then I am REALLY into classic rock. My favorite band is Gorillaz, and my favorite solo artist is David Bowie. I also really like games. My favorite game of all time is definitely Half-Life 2. My favorite movie of all time is The Matrix. I also really love Jojo's Bizarre Adventure. I also draw. A lot. I'm not really active on editing anymore. | WIKI |
This document describes the current stable version of py-amqp (2.2). For development docs, go here.
amqp.spec
AMQP Spec.
class amqp.spec.Basic[source]
AMQ Basic class.
Ack = (60, 80)
CLASS_ID = 60
Cancel = (60, 30)
CancelOk = (60, 31)
Consume = (60, 20)
ConsumeOk = (60, 21)
Deliver = (60, 60)
Get = (60, 70)
GetEmpty = (60, 72)
GetOk = (60, 71)
Nack = (60, 120)
Publish = (60, 40)
Qos = (60, 10)
QosOk = (60, 11)
Recover = (60, 110)
RecoverAsync = (60, 100)
RecoverOk = (60, 111)
Reject = (60, 90)
Return = (60, 50)
class amqp.spec.Channel[source]
AMQ Channel class.
CLASS_ID = 20
Close = (20, 40)
CloseOk = (20, 41)
Flow = (20, 20)
FlowOk = (20, 21)
Open = (20, 10)
OpenOk = (20, 11)
class amqp.spec.Confirm[source]
AMQ Confirm class.
CLASS_ID = 85
Select = (85, 10)
SelectOk = (85, 11)
class amqp.spec.Connection[source]
AMQ Connection class.
Blocked = (10, 60)
CLASS_ID = 10
Close = (10, 50)
CloseOk = (10, 51)
Open = (10, 40)
OpenOk = (10, 41)
Secure = (10, 20)
SecureOk = (10, 21)
Start = (10, 10)
StartOk = (10, 11)
Tune = (10, 30)
TuneOk = (10, 31)
Unblocked = (10, 61)
class amqp.spec.Exchange[source]
AMQ Exchange class.
Bind = (40, 30)
BindOk = (40, 31)
CLASS_ID = 40
Declare = (40, 10)
DeclareOk = (40, 11)
Delete = (40, 20)
DeleteOk = (40, 21)
Unbind = (40, 40)
UnbindOk = (40, 51)
class amqp.spec.Queue[source]
AMQ Queue class.
Bind = (50, 20)
BindOk = (50, 21)
CLASS_ID = 50
Declare = (50, 10)
DeclareOk = (50, 11)
Delete = (50, 40)
DeleteOk = (50, 41)
Purge = (50, 30)
PurgeOk = (50, 31)
Unbind = (50, 50)
UnbindOk = (50, 51)
class amqp.spec.Tx[source]
AMQ Tx class.
CLASS_ID = 90
Commit = (90, 20)
CommitOk = (90, 21)
Rollback = (90, 30)
RollbackOk = (90, 31)
Select = (90, 10)
SelectOk = (90, 11)
amqp.spec.method(method_sig, args=None, content=False)[source]
Create amqp method specification tuple.
class amqp.spec.method_t(method_sig, args, content)
args
Alias for field number 1
content
Alias for field number 2
method_sig
Alias for field number 0 | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:実相
RFV discussion: September 2018–February 2021
An anon has apparently been going through ENAMDICT and adding entries here. ENAMDICT is available via Jim Breen's WWWJDIC, which is a decent source, but I'm not sure of the data provenance.
Can anyone confirm that this reading Jitsusō actually exists in the wild? Outside of ENAMDICT and one other online JA-JA name dictionary, I can only find the expected Jissō. ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 19:47, 10 September 2018 (UTC)
* Here are four online dictionaries giving the romanization Jitsusou (next to Jissou):, , , . Not exactly in the wild, though. --Lambiam 00:27, 11 September 2018 (UTC)
* Thank you for the legwork. It looks like this might be a dictionary-only reading. Going through the links,
* Jisho.org is notable for its unreliability, and lists JMnedict among its sources, which I understand sources from ENAMDICT, the same as Breen's website.
* The entry at Weblio for the Jitsusō reading is also from JMnedict, which I understand sources from ENAMDICT, the same as Breen's website.
* Kanshūdō doesn't have any source information.
* Oriental Outpost sources from EDICT, whence also ENAMDICT.
* Curious if anyone bumps into someone with this name. ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 01:07, 11 September 2018 (UTC)
* I get several Californian hits for different but apparently related people with the middle name “Jitsuso” combined with the surname “Yamada”. --Lambiam 08:41, 12 September 2018 (UTC)
* Thank you, that's useful suggestive evidence, but we're lacking any kanji in these cases, so it's hard to confirm if this reading matches this spelling. Unfortunately, expanding the search to include the kanji results in zero hits. :(
* An interesting possibility is that this is an instance of "Ellis Island-ic", where a name has undergone transformation during the process of immigration to the US. In older kana orthographies, the small "tsu" character っ used to indicate geminate consonants (as in the expected kana spelling for this kanji compound) was not always written smaller. I wonder if it was reinterpreted as regular instead, but perhaps only outside of Japan? ‑‑ Eiríkr Útlendi │Tala við mig 16:07, 12 September 2018 (UTC)
* There seems to be a blogger with the handle "真如実相", but that seems more likely to be Shinyo Jissō (roughly, Mr. True Nature). Cnilep (talk) 01:58, 23 July 2020 (UTC)
* RFV-deleted — surjection ⟨??⟩ 11:09, 8 February 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:Userboxes/Politics by country
The result of the discussion was userfy Userboxes/Politics by country to User:Ipatrol/Userboxes/Politics by country; all templates on the page that are still in Template: space can be userfied to their respective creators' userspaces by any editor (see WP:Userbox migration). There was not enough consensus for outright deletion of this page or its associated templates, but there certainly is a consensus that this page does not belong in the Wikipedia: namespace, and there is a long-standing consensus that userboxes belong in userspace.--Aervanath (talk) 06:22, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
Userboxes/Politics by country
The compromise in the "Great userbox war" was that divisive, political, polemical and non-neutral userboxes were removed from template space. Whilst such things were not banned, they were heavily discouraged and allowed only in the unofficial domain of userspace. I'm disheartened to find that years later we have a project space page devoted to parading these things. We don't want a new war, but can we remove this and any similar pages? These things are not good for the project and its neutrality, and while we tolerate them, we should not have official project space encouraging them. Scott Mac (Doc) 18:13, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* Delete. This issue was decided years ago, and this page clearly falls outside the domain of what was decided. Phil Sandifer (talk) 18:27, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* Holy crap delete. First thing I saw on the page was titled Independence, Unification & Nationalist Movements. Nuke the page, and nuke the userboxes too. ⇒ SWAT Jester Son of the Defender 18:33, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* comment. This is worse than I thought. A wikipedia project page which offers users boxes promoting, among other things, neo-fascist racist far-right parties. See the transclusion. What next? The KKK?--Scott Mac (Doc) 18:37, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* User:AdorableRuffian/Userboxes/BritishNationalParty was transcluded here during the discussion, but was removed when it was closed, due to formatting issues.--Aervanath (talk) 06:22, 30 January 2009 (UTC)
* You just don't get it. This is not a promotion. This is statement. Also, you seem to miss what WP:NPOV is all about. Wikipedia is not intended to judge anything or anyone. Netrat (talk) 12:24, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* Delete Wikipedis is not the place for this. Myspace might be. Pedro : Chat 18:45, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* Bigtime delete. Per nom, we cannot have this in project space. If this heads for WP:SNOW I'd support an early close. --Bigtimepeace | talk | contribs 19:09, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* Comment: I personally agree with OP's POV re: the BNP, but Wikipedia is not censored. Freedom of expression means nothing unless freedom of expression extends to those things that one profoundly disagrees with. However, I agree with the general sentiment that this should be moved out of the mainspace as placing it in the mainspace implies official approval - or at least official acquiesance, in a way. Katana0182 (talk) 22:26, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* Delete and delete or userify the included userboxes that are outside user space. Jclemens (talk) 19:15, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* Weak delete, but please don't close this early - that would cause more problems than it would avoid. I note that the vast majority of userboxes listed here are in userspace, and the vast majority (in and out of userspace) are completely inoffensive. However, while it's somewhat a matter of cherry-picking, there are examples like the BNP one (and a few worse ones). Of course, those bad userboxes could be cleaned up, but then we are left with the question of whether we want a project-space directory of every political userbox (we probably don't), and the related question of whether we could keep it cleaned up (we probably couldn't). Rather than risk endorsing divisiveness, it is probably best to delete it. However, if someone is willing to userfy this - I am not - that would also be acceptable to me. — Gavia immer (talk) 19:39, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* Comment Userfying individual boxes is fine (not all of them but most of them are fine in their own right). That's not what this MFD is about. It's the fact that we have Wikipedia project space devoted to it, as opposed to userspace where, generally, there is a more Laissez-faire attitude. Pedro : Chat 20:00, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* Right, I think we agree on the individual userboxes; I'm willing to bet we even agree on which specific ones are unacceptable in project space. My point, in case it wasn't clear, is that someone might want to userfy the actual directory page, independently of the actual userboxes, and that I would be fine with this. — Gavia immer (talk) 20:28, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* Ah, apologies. Yes I suppose someone could indeed userfy the whole lot (with my personal misgivings that it would get to MFD again, but that's totally another matter). Sorry for misunderstanding your post. Pedro : Chat 20:47, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* Delete Doc put it perfectly...this doesn't belong in Project space. RxS (talk) 20:09, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* Delete nothing good can come from these userboxes, they are obviously divisive. RMHED (talk) 20:55, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* Comment redirects like this this and this should probably be nuked. Bad enough having political userboxes in userspace (but I can live with it) but we don't redirect from official template space. And, I thought thinks like Template:User Pro-Montenegro were disallowed from template space altogether.--Scott Mac (Doc) 23:06, 24 January 2009 (UTC)
* Nuke this - Very divisive, similar userboxes have met with rapid CSD's in the past, and this lot need screwing into a ball and flushing down the toilet. Thor Malmjursson (talk) 00:22, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* Comment Can this list be userfied to someone who wants it, and can there be a link in Template:WP:UBS to the userfied list? I think if we're going to keep the userboxes, it should be easy to know which are available. And a vast majority are not divisive. Gotyear (talk) 02:46, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* Userfy or if nobody wants it, delete. It doesn't need to be in Wikipedia space, but if the userboxes themselves are permitted, disallowing a list of them is silly. --B (talk) 03:24, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* B's solution, or delete It's the best course. rootology ( C )( T ) 04:00, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* Delete. We need to keep up a steady pressure on this until the abuse of Wikipedia for purposes other than producing an encyclopedia is wiped out. --TS 04:13, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* Delete or take B's solution - I remember the "Great userbox war". I think that I supported keeping as many as possible then. I still do, but only to a certain extent; userboxes such as these need to be deleted from the 'pedia namespace. Close per WP:SNOW? — Ed 17 (Talk / Contribs) 05:31, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* I also ask the following templates to be taken into consideration by the closer of this discussion:
* Template:User_Democratic_Party_2
* Template:User Progressive Democrats of America
* Template:User MoveOn
* These were all apparently created by an enthusiastic Democratic Party supporter on the eve of the 2008 Democratic National Convention. One of them transcluded only by the creator, the other two are transcluded by two users each. They should probably be userfied to the space of their creator or else replaced by existing userspace equivalents, lest the whole mess begin again. --TS 06:26, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* The compromise was that the boxes were to migrate into userspace and a number of archives exist in userspace for those want to have userboxes. Delete the page, Migrate or Delete the referenced userboxes in templatespace (depending on whether a user is willing to adopt/migrate the box), but Keep all referenced userboxes in userspace. If you wish to delete any of them, please open a separate MfD. Charon X /talk 11:58, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* Delete them all. This stuff has nothing to do with the creation of a neutral encyclopedia. Wikipedia is not a tribune, not a blog, not a soapbox, a battleground, or a vehicle for propaganda and advertising. --Obersachse (talk) 15:32, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* Userfy non-offensive ones, Delete the rest. Per B. This kind of stuff shouldn't be in project space. --Patar knight - chat/contributions 17:17, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* Proposal. Merge them with User:UBX/Userboxes/Regional Politics. Katana0182 (talk) 20:05, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* Delete and merge per Katana. The individual userboxes, and any listing of them, should be moved to user space. We must not tolerate this kind of thing outside user space. However, if I may be a little less serious, "nuking" them will likely cause too much collateral damage. Fortunately, despite the comments, I am not aware of any Wikipedia editors who have access to the weapons required to take out the servers in this way. Geometry guy 20:54, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* Keep I think showing the diversity of wpedians contributes to the project. The world is diverse and divisive, and our policies for NPOV must take account of that--and could even be said to exist because of that. This page reminds us. I am amazed that nobody else seems to see it this way. DGG (talk) 22:49, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* Because we're supposed to leave that crap behind when we edit Wikipedia? Just guessing. --TS 23:00, 25 January 2009 (UTC)
* my own view is that if anyone is foolish enough to use some of these boxes, it's good that we know it. It's useful to have a view of the foolishness and potential POV that may be present. Even the crap. DGG (talk) 01:39, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
* Merge per Katana, or Userfy per B (I'd be willing to have it if no one else wants it) I'm fine with having the list in user space rather than project space, but I thought one reason to have userboxes is to proclaim Wikipedians' biases openly on the user page. Gotyear (talk) 00:02, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* If there is any merit in declaring biases, then they should be "admitted" and not "proclaimed". The tone should be "this user strives to leave his biases out of his editing, however if you see his conservative/liberal/socialist biases evident in his editing, please let him know". The problem with userboxes is that they indicate a "pride" in ones biases, whereas if one's biases are evident in wikipedia, then one should be apologetic for that. The consensus seems to be that userboxes declaring bias are heavily discouraged, but not absolutely prohibited. Thus they are disallowed in project and template space (which might imply official sanction) but if kept in a user's own space, they are usually ignored.--Scott Mac (Doc) 00:54, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* This is a problem with the way belief and opinion userboxes have warped our editing culture since the sudden doubling of our editor base in late 2005. People see an opinion userbox and think it's Wikipedia saying "yes, use your userspace to proclaim how proud you are of your beliefs." Well if you have any pride in such biases, you should leave it at the door even if you cannot do the same with the biases. It was an unfortunate coincidence that those userboxes became popular with the "new draft" of thousands of new editors following the news items about Wikipedia.--TS 01:07, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* Userify. We seem to be overlooking the obvious; if an editor wishes to proclaim himself a nationalist loon, then we know, and don't have to figure it out throught a long series of useless exchanges on some talk page. Deleting his icon will not make him less loony; perhaps more so, since Wikipedia is then "persecuting his National Truth". Permitting such things in userspace, per GUS, probably helps the encyclopedia. Septentrionalis PMAnderson 03:23, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* But what about "Wikipedia is not a tribune"? Do you think userspace is not a part of Wikipedia? --Obersachse (talk) 06:14, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* That would be WP:SOAP, which this page under discussion certainly does not violate; it doesn't advocate anything, it's a list. (Those who feel that statements of allegiance are advocacy should start a separate MfD for the boxes themselves; but that's another question. ) Septentrionalis PMAnderson 14:23, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* Comment -editors commenting here may also be interested in Wikipedia:Miscellany for deletion/Wikipedia:WikiProject Kosovo/userbox.--Scott Mac (Doc) 12:05, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* Keep (albeit lonely but hopefully the arguments have weight) This is not the templates, but the list of templates -- while the nom seems to think that each of the templates ought to be deleted (which, I submit, ought be done on a case by case basis lest we have the classic baby and bathwater scenario). I see no harm is allowing an agglomeration of wonderfully conflicting templates to be listed, and would, in fact, be more disposed to delete a list of "officially politically correct" templates. Let's delete the actually bad templates and not delete the list . Collect (talk) 12:12, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* I've not suggested that the templates, which are mainly in userspace be deleted. I've merely suggested the few in template space be moved to userspace or deleted. This isn't about deleting userboxes.--Scott Mac (Doc) 12:23, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* Strong keep. Political userboxes are located outside of template space, just as was previously decided. Nominator himself wrote that such things are not banned. And if they are not banned, they do not break any rules. Nominator himself wrote that such userboxes are allowed only in the unofficial domain of userspace. And that's where they are located. You say don't want a new war, but you openly start one by attempting to delete this. If you don't want a new war, just leave it as is and ingore these userboxes. These things have nothing to do with project's neutrality, as they belong to user namespace, not article namespace. If and don't want to encouraging such userbozes, just don't use them. Personally, I've never seen much No personal attacks violations caused by an unserbox located at a user's page, but I've seen dozens of conflicts cuased by attempts to delete certain userboxes. Netrat (talk) 12:17, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* You've missed the point. This isn't about deleting userspace material. It is about deleting the listing page from the official project space.--Scott Mac (Doc) 12:21, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* Which would be nice if each person above thought that was what was intended. Vide ". Nuke the page, and nuke the userboxes too." etc. I find it hard to think that a list of permitted userboxes would be "not permitted" though. Collect (talk) 15:29, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* Well, logically this does belong to Wikipedia:Userboxes. However, since all userboxes listed belong to user namespace, this listing page may be moved to user namespace as well. I would accept it. Netrat (talk) 12:32, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* Keep. Even the loony BNP. They're already in userspace. I've made one userbox for myself that was based on one of the userboxes on the page under question, although I think mine was too neutral to be included on that page. Tangurena (talk) 22:23, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* Keep or I'll take it Symbol keep vote.svg I don't see anything wrong with it, but feel free to move it to User:Ipatrol/Userboxes/Politics by country if it's decided it can't stay in the project space.--Ipatrol (talk) 22:49, 26 January 2009 (UTC)
* Delete. There are already plenty of obnoxious editors that spend day in and day out POV'ing around the political beliefs, we don't need to give them a list of bumper stickers to help do it. Trusilver 01:30, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
* Delete the lot. Userboxes like these do not help in any way to build the encyclopaedia; they simply promote factionalism and divisiveness, and turn people's userpages into soapboxes for their political beliefs. This is not what Wikipedia is for. I don't see the value of allowing them even in userspace; why should we allow someone to have a userbox on their page proclaiming their support of a far-right party (or any other equally controversial issue)? What possible useful purpose does it serve? Terraxos (talk) 03:09, 27 January 2009 (UTC)
* : I joined in July of 2003 - or at least my first edit using a username wasn't until then. I didn't become much more than an occasional contributor until later. Excuse my ranting...but this has been a long time in coming...and this sort of "kids these days" attitude on the part of some, the now-regular, knee jerk, reflexive notability purges of so-called fancruft (If I was not assuming good faith in the authors of the policy - I would guess that the whole notability business was probably instituted for the benefit of a profit-generating wikifarm operated by some who are powerful in WP circles...but since I am assuming good faith...I never said anything just now.), along with the reduction of articles written in good prose to absolute b**lc**p that looks like it belongs in an academic journal of postmodern studies (with all the references, jargon, and stilted prose of the "excessively-referenced" writing style), as well as the constant efforts of the deletionists to sabotage the Project and turn WP into some kind of emulation of a dead-tree encyclopedia, which it isn't, it never will be, and it never should aim to be. It should be something more than that.
* IMHO, WP should be both broader, more in-depth, less-formal, less authoritative, more dynamic, and far more interesting. Obvious nonsense ought to go - but why not err on the side of keeping stuff around that might have some value to somebody?
* Perhaps I think that we take the rules a bit too seriously around here. I think that Wikipedia is meant to be an endless repository of knowledge - how-to content - video game hints - tables of useful data - not-so outlandish "original research" - so-called "fancruft" - and articles written in "in-universe style". If it wasn't - it would be boring. Now - feel free to bring out WP:NOT, and your favorite definition of what Wikipedia isn't - but here's a question that I'd like the deletionists here to answer: What did these userboxes ever do to YOU that they deserve to be deleted? If they were in articles - well, then they shouldn't have been - but if they weren't - why delete them? Why does an editor expressing who they are and where they come from on their userpage cause this sort of moral panic amongst the WP community? Why can't we all just get along? Instead of destroying stuff and deleting things (except for POV nonsense in mainspace, vandalism, autobiography/self-serving editing, as well as slanderous BLP entries) why can't we just get back to BUILDING stuff? Editor who wants to remain anonymous from <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 03:52, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
* No one is proposing deleting userboxes. Your "why can't we all get along" philosophy is exactly what we want in this place, it's just that if we have people at the door handing out Hammas headbands, Zionist bumperstickers or Fascist armbands, it is a rather naive application of "assume good faith" that thinks that encouraging such individualist expression helps us all get along.--Scott Mac (Doc) 09:05, 29 January 2009 (UTC)
| WIKI |
How to Block AI Chatbots From Scraping Your Website's Content – MUO – MakeUseOf
Concerned about AI chatbots scraping your website for content? Fortunately, you can block them from doing so. Here’s how.
As things stand, AI chatbots have a free license to scrape your website and use its content without your permission. Concerned about your content being scraped by such tools?
The good news is, you can stop AI tools from accessing your website, but there are some caveats. Here, we show you how to block the bots using the robots.txt file for your website, plus the pros and cons of doing so.
AI chatbots are trained using multiple datasets, some of which are open-source and publicly available. For example, GPT3 was trained using five datasets, according to a research paper published by OpenAI:
Common Crawl includes petabytes (thousands of TBs) of data from websites collected since 2008, similarly to how Google’s search algorithm crawls web content. WebText2 is a dataset created by OpenAI, containing roughly 45 million web pages linked to from Reddit posts with at least three upvotes.
So, in the case of ChatGPT, the AI bot isn’t accessing and crawling your web pages directly–not yet, anyway. Although, OpenAI’s announcement of a ChatGPT-hosted web browser has raised concerns that this could be about to change.
In the meantime, website owners should keep an eye on other AI chatbots, as more of them hit the market. Bard is the other big name in the field, and very little is known about the datasets being used to train it. Obviously, we know Google’s search bots are constantly crawling web pages, but this doesn’t necessarily mean Bard has access to the same data.
The biggest concern for website owners is that AI bots like ChatGPT, Bard, and Bing Chat devalue their content. AI bots use existing content to generate their responses, but also reduce the need for users to access the original source. Instead of users visiting websites to access information, they can simply get Google or Bing to generate a summary of the information they need.
When it comes to AI chatbots in search, the big concern for website owners is losing traffic. In the case of Bard, the AI bot rarely includes citations in its generative responses, telling users which pages it gets its information from.
So, aside from replacing website visits with AI responses, Bard removes almost any chance of the source website receiving traffic–even if the user wants more information. Bing Chat, on the other hand, more commonly links to information sources.
In other words, the current fleet of generative AI tools are using the work of content creators to systematically replace the need for content creators. Ultimately, you have to ask what incentive this leaves website owners to continue publishing content. And, by extension, what happens to AI bots when websites stop publishing the content they rely upon to function?
If you don’t want AI bots using your web content, you can block them from accessing your site using the robots.txt file. Unfortunately, you have to block each individual bot and specify them by name.
For example, Common Crawl’s bot is called CCBot and you can block it by adding the following code to your robots.txt file:
This will block Common Crawl from crawling your website in the future but it won’t remove any data already collected from previous crawls.
If you’re worried about ChatGPT’s new plugins accessing your web content, OpenAI has already published instructions for blocking its bot. In this case, ChatGPT’s bot is called ChatGPT-User and you can block it by adding the following code to your robots.txt file:
Blocking search engine AI bots from crawling your content is another problem entirely, though. As Google is highly secretive about the training data it uses, it’s impossible to identify which bots you’ll need to block and whether they’ll even respect commands in your robots.txt file (many crawlers don’t).
Blocking AI bots in your robots.txt file is the most effective method currently available, but it’s not particularly reliable.
The first problem is that you have to specify each bot you want to block, but who can keep track of every AI bot hitting the market? The next issue is that commands in your robots.txt file are non-compulsory instructions. While Common Crawl, ChatGPT, and many other bots respect these commands, many bots don’t.
The other big caveat is that you can only block AI bots from performing future crawls. You can’t remove data from previous crawls or send requests to companies like OpenAI to erase all of your data.
Unfortunately, there’s no simple way to block all AI bots from accessing your website, and manually blocking each individual bot is almost impossible. Even if you keep up with the latest AI bots roaming the web, there’s no guarantee they’ll all adhere to the commands in your robots.txt file.
The real question here is whether the results are worth the effort, and the short answer is (almost certainly) no.
There are potential downsides to blocking AI bots from your website, too. Most of all, you won’t be able to collect meaningful data to prove whether tools like Bard are benefiting or harming your search marketing strategy.
Yes, you can assume that a lack of citations is harmful, but you’re only guessing if you lack the data because you blocked AI bots from accessing your content. It was a similar story when Google first introduced featured snippets to Search.
For relevant queries, Google shows a snippet of content from web pages on the results page, answering the user’s question. This means users don’t need to click through to a website to get the answer they’re looking for. This caused panic among website owners and SEO experts who rely on generating traffic from search queries.
However, the kind of queries that trigger featured snippets are generally low-value searches like “what is X” or “what’s the weather like in New York”. Anyone who wants in-depth information or a comprehensive weather report is still going to click through, and those who don't were never all that valuable in the first place.
You might find it's a similar story with generative AI tools, but you'll need the data to prove it.
Website owners and publishers are understandably concerned about AI technology and frustrated by the idea of bots using their content to generate instant responses. However, this isn’t the time for rushing into counteroffensive moves. AI technology is a fast-moving field, and things will continue to evolve at a rapid pace. Take this opportunity to see how things play out and analyze the potential threats and opportunities AI brings to the table.
The current system of relying on content creators’ work to replace them isn’t sustainable. Whether companies like Google and OpenAI change their approach or governments introduce new regulations, something has to give. At the same time, the negative implications of AI chatbots on content creation are becoming increasingly apparent, which website owners and content creators can use to their advantage.
source
Jesse
https://playwithchatgtp.com | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Multilingual support
Posted by treeleaf20 on Wed, 02 Feb 2022 22:36:08 +0100
Multilingual support
International processing
The multilingual support in the Vue project uses vue-i18n https://kazupon.github.io/vue-i18n/zh/started.html
target
Realize the Chinese English switching function of elementUI and feel the effect of Chinese switching
Install internationalized packages
npm i vue-i18n@8.22.2
Please note the version number. vue-i18n now has a new version. The corresponding api is not compatible. Please use 8.22.2
ElementUI multilingual configuration
Introduce the element language pack file Src / Lang / index js
// Configure multilingual support
import Vue from 'vue' // Introduce Vue
import VueI18n from 'vue-i18n' // Introduce international plug-in package
import locale from 'element-ui/lib/locale'
import elementEN from 'element-ui/lib/locale/lang/en' // Introduce hungry English bag
import elementZH from 'element-ui/lib/locale/lang/zh-CN' // Introduce hungry Chinese bag
Vue.use(VueI18n) // Global registration internationalization package
// Create an instance of the internationalization plug-in
const i18n = new VueI18n({
// Specify the language type zh for Chinese en for English
locale: 'zh',
// Add the elementUI language pack to the plug-in language data
messages: {
// Language data in Chinese environment
en: {
...elementEN
},
// Language data in English environment
zh: {
...elementZH
}
}
})
// Configure elementUI language conversion relationship
locale.i18n((key, value) => i18n.t(key, value))
export default i18n
In main The plug-in of i18n mounted in JS
import i18n from '@/lang'
// Add to the root instance configuration item
new Vue({
el: '#app',
router,
store,
i18n,
render: h => h(App)
})
Acceptance effect
src/lang/index.js manually modify the locale attribute to zh or en to view the week display of the calendar component
Custom content multilingual configuration
background
In the previous summary, we have made the elementui component library support multilingual configuration through configuration. How can we implement multilingualism for the customized content: that is, the part that does not use elementui?
target
Import custom Chinese and English configuration
step
Note: the user-defined language configuration file is in the project resource / language package
|- src
|-lang
|-index.js
|-en.js # Copied from resource package
|-zh.js # Copied from resource package
to configure
import Vue from 'vue'
import VueI18n from 'vue-i18n'
import elementEN from 'element-ui/lib/locale/lang/en'
import elementZH from 'element-ui/lib/locale/lang/zh-CN'
// Import custom Chinese package
import customZH from './zh'
// Import custom English package
import customEN from './en'
Vue.use(VueI18n)
// Create an instance of the internationalization plug-in
export default new VueI18n({
// Specify language type
locale: 'zh',
messages: {
en: {
...elementEN, // Introduce hungry English language pack
...customEN // Add custom English package
},
zh: {
...elementZH, // Introduce hungry Chinese language pack
...customZH // Add custom Chinese package
}
}
})
Realize the Chinese and English switching of title
Prepare translation scheme
Modify head template rendering
<div class="app-breadcrumb">
{{ $t('navbar.companyName') }}
<span class="breadBtn">Experience version</span>
</div>
Manually switch the locale between en and zh to see the effect
src/lang/index.js
export default new VueI18n({
// Try switching here en
locale: 'zh'
...
})
Understand the switching principle between Chinese and English
After we introduced the VueI18n language plug-in, each component instance has a $t method, which can help us with language conversion. We can use the passed in key to find the text corresponding to the current key according to the current language type. The basic principle is as follows:
Realize dynamic switching between Chinese and English
Background: Although we have implemented the core logic of Chinese English switching, it is dead and cannot be switched dynamically
target
To achieve the following effects, click the Chinese and English buttons to pop up the drop-down box. When we click Chinese and en, we can dynamically switch the current language
thinking
When clicking the drop-down box, assign the currently selected language to this$ i18n. Just use the locale attribute
Encapsulating multilingual components
src/components/Lang/index.vue
<template>
<el-dropdown trigger="click" @command="changeLanguage">
<div>
<svg-icon style="color:#fff;font-size:20px" icon-class="language" />
</div>
<el-dropdown-menu slot="dropdown">
<el-dropdown-item command="zh" :disabled="'zh'=== $i18n.locale ">chinese</el-dropdown-item>
<el-dropdown-item command="en" :disabled="'en'=== $i18n.locale ">en</el-dropdown-item>
</el-dropdown-menu>
</el-dropdown>
</template>
<script>
export default {
methods: {
changeLanguage(lang) {
this.$i18n.locale = lang // Set to local i18n plug-ins
this.$message.success('Switching multiple languages succeeded')
}
}
}
</script>
Global registration
In component / index JS for global component registration
import Lang from './Lang'
export default {
// The initialization of plug-ins and the global functions provided by plug-ins can be configured here
install(Vue) {
// Global registration of components
Vue.component('Lang', Lang)
}
}
Introducing and using components in Navbar components
<!-- Language pack -->
<lang class="right-menu-item" />
<!-- Full screen assembly -->
<screen-full class="right-menu-item" />
Full screen function - basic implementation
target
Use the requestFullScreen provided by the browser to realize the full screen function
thinking
Add a button in the toolbar at the top. Click it for full screen display
In order to facilitate the reuse function, it is registered as a global component
Prepare components
Create the file Src / components / screenfull / index vue
<template>
<!-- Place an icon -->
<div>
<svg-icon icon-class="fullscreen" class="fullscreen" />
</div>
</template>
<script>
export default {
name: 'ScreenFull'
}
</script>
<style lang="scss" scoped>
.fullscreen {
width: 20px;
height: 20px;
color: #fff;
cursor: pointer;
}
</style>
To display this picture correctly, you must also have a corresponding file under src\icons\svg
Register global components
components/index.js
import ScreenFull from './ScreenFull'
const componentsPlugin = {
install(Vue) {
//...
Vue.component('ScreenFull', ScreenFull)
}
}
Use global components
Layout/NavBar/index.vue
<ScreenFull class="right-menu-item" />
<style>
.right-menu-item {
vertical-align: middle;
}
</style>
Realize full screen logic
Core technology:
The bottom layer of the browser provides us with an API for opening and closing full screen
1. Open the full screen: document documentElement. requestFullscreen()
2 close the full screen: document exitFullscreen()
Core idea:
1. If the current status is full screen, close the full screen
2. If the current status is not full screen, turn on full screen
3. After calling the API, switch whether the current state is full screen
Code implementation:
<svg-icon icon-class="fullscreen" class="fullscreen" @click="toggleScreen" />
<script>
export default {
name: 'ScreenFull',
data() {
return {
isScreenFull: false
}
},
methods: {
toggleScreen() {
this.isFullScreen = !this.isFullScreen
if (this.isFullScreen === true) {
// Full screen
document.documentElement.webkitRequestFullScreen()
} else {
document.exitFullscreen()
}
}
}
}
</script>
Here is the compatibility issue: webkitRequestFullScreen
Achieve icon switching in full screen
<svg-icon
:icon-class="isScreenFull? 'exit-fullscreen': 'fullscreen'"
class="fullscreen"
@click="toggleScreen"
/>
Full screen function - monitor browser exit full screen monitor ESC exit
Existing problems
When we click the browser cross or ESC key to exit the full screen, we find that our icon has not been modified. This is because the browser will not automatically synchronize to isscreen full after exiting, which needs to be implemented manually
thinking
What we need to do: when the monitor browser exits the full screen, change the local state to false
code
mounted() {
document.addEventListener('fullscreenchange', e => {
console.log('fullscreenchange.....')
// Monitor the screen change and judge whether the full screen has been exited in the callback
// If you have exited the full screen, change the local status to false
const isFull = document.fullscreenElement
if (!isFull) {
this.isFullScreen = false
}
})
document.addEventListener('webkitfullscreenchange', e => {
console.log('fullscreenchange.....')
// Monitor the screen change and judge whether the full screen has been exited in the callback
// If you have exited the full screen, change the local status to false
const isFull = document.fullscreenElement
if (!isFull) {
this.isFullScreen = false
}
})
document.addEventListener('mozfullscreenchange', e => {
console.log('fullscreenchange.....')
// Monitor the screen change and judge whether the full screen has been exited in the callback
// If you have exited the full screen, change the local status to false
const isFull = document.fullscreenElement
if (!isFull) {
this.isFullScreen = false
}
})
},
methods: {
toggleScreen() {
const fn = document.documentElement.webkitRequestFullScreen ||
document.documentElement.RequestFullScreen ||
document.documentElement.mozRequestFullScreen
console.log(fn)
this.isFullScreen = !this.isFullScreen
if (this.isFullScreen === true) {
// Full screen
// window.fn()
fn.call(document.documentElement)
} else {
document.exitFullscreen()
}
}
}
View compatibility: caniuse com
Full screen plug-ins can also be used
Full screen plug-in: https://github.com/sindresorhus/screenfull.js#readme
https://www.cnblogs.com/jervy/p/12804945.html
Topics: Javascript Vue.js Project | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
List of flags of Christmas Island
The Following is a List of Flags used in Christmas Island in Australia. | WIKI |
Zest: notation and representation
Published 2024-02-04
(This is part of a series on the design of a language. See the list of posts here.)
I want to be able to describe all data with a consistent notation when writing code, printing values or in graphical inspectors (see the shape of data).
On top of this notation, I have two goals that are in tension. I want to have some degree of control over the memory layout of values, rather than adopting the pointer-heavy universal layouts used in most garbage-collected languages. But I also want to be able to easily move data between processes, and also seamlessly live-reload code without erasing the heap (see there are no strings on me).
nominal vs structural
Layouts in most systems languages are dictated by nominal types eg a struct in c/rust/zig. Nominal types don't play well with the goal of a universal notation eg what happens if I copy a printed value from one repl to another repl that doesn't have a definition for that type? Or what if it has a conflicting definition? Or a definition with the same structure but different invariants?
One of the fundamental characteristics of a nominal type is that two separate definitions are not equal, even if they have the same name and structure. This means that the entire concept of a nominal type is tied to a compilation model and to a process lifetime. If I compile a program once and run two copies of the executable, should type foo from the first copy be considered equal to type foo from the second copy? What if I compile the same code at two different optimization levels? Or for two different platforms?
So usually communication in nominally typed languages is managed by defining a mapping in and out of some other notation like json, where the mapping from json to the nominal type is responsible for checking and enforcing the invariants of that type. The identity of the type only exists within the boundary of a single process, so it's invariants have to also be enforced at that boundary.
Relying on serialization is tricky in interactive contexts too. If I read in the notation for a foo but I depend on two different versions of the foo package, which one should I construct? In code this is usually solved by specifying a type in the deserialization call. But in a repl, inspector or debugger this is less straightforward - I might copy some data from one tool and paste it into another to analyze, only to find out that what I pasted can't be deserialized in a different context.
By contrast, structural types have a notion of equality that is not tied to process lifetime. If I take two totally different programs I can still meaningfully ask if type foo in one program is the same as type bar in the other program. Better still if I can serialize the type foo and send it along with the data!
So in zest I've ended up with two layers: every value has a json-like notation paired with a structurally-typed representation that dictates layout.
notation
The notation is limited to numbers, strings and objects.
Numbers are sequences of one or more digits, optionally with a decimal point and/or minus sign.
-0
42
3.14
Strings are something something unicode...
'Hello, world'
Objects contain zero or more key-value pairs. Order doesn't matter. Keys may not be repeated. Trailing commas are optional.
[
'name': 'Alice',
'age': 23,
'job': 'Radio operator',
]
If a key is a string which is also a valid identifier ([a-z][a-z0-9\-]*) then the quotes can be omitted.
[
name: 'Alice',
age: 23,
job: 'Radio operator',
]
Keys are not limited to strings.
[
0: 'zero',
1: 'one',
[0: 'a', 1: 'b']: 'a and b',
]
If a key is omitted, it will be assigned an integer value starting at 0. So the above can be written as:
[
'zero',
'one',
['a', 'b']: 'a and b',
]
All omitted keys must come before all explicit keys, so the below is invalid.
[
'zero',
'one',
['a', 'b']: 'a and b',
'illegal!'
]
representation
Each representation maps from some subset of all possible notations to a binary representation in memory. For example, numbers could be represented as integers or as floats:
// 64 bit signed integer
i64[2]
// 64 bit float
f64[2]
Every notation has a default representation which doesn't need to be explicitly written:
So 2 is equal to i64[2] but 2.0 is equal to f64[2].
Structs have a fixed set of keys which are laid out contiguously in memory in some implementation-defined order.
// ok
struct[
name: string,
age: i64,
job: string,
][
name: 'Alice',
age: 23,
job: 'Radio operator',
]
// error: cannot convert 23.5 to i64
struct[
name: string,
age: i64,
job: string,
][
name: 'Alice',
age: 23.5,
job: 'Radio operator',
]
// error: key 'job' is missing from [name: 'Alice', age: 23]
struct[
name: string,
age: i64,
job: string,
][
name: 'Alice',
age: 23,
]
// error: key 'height' is missing from struct[name: string, age: i64, job: string]
struct[
name: string,
age: i64,
job: string,
][
name: 'Alice',
age: 23,
job: 'Radio operator',
height: 152
]
// ok
struct[0: f64, 1: f64][0: 3.5, 1: 2.7]
// ok
struct[f64, f64][3.5, 2.7]
Lists may only contain keys that are consecutive integers starting at 0 and are laid out contiguously in memory.
// ok
list[string][]
// ok
list[string]['a', 'b', 'c']
// error: cannot convert 3 to string
list[string]['a', 'b', 3]
// ok
list[string][0: 'a', 1: 'b', 2: 'c']
// error: list would have a gap at key 2
list[string][0: 'a', 1: 'b', 3: 'c']
Maps only constrain the representation of their keys and values.
// ok
map[i64, string][]
// ok
map[i64, string][0: 'zero', 1: 'one']
// ok
map[i64, string]['zero', 'one']
// error: cannot convert 0 to string
map[string, string][0: 'zero', 1: 'one']
// error: cannot convert 0 to string
map[string, string]['zero', 'one']
A union represents one of a finite number of single-field objects, represented in memory by an integer tag.
// ok
union[strings: string, nums: i64][strings: 'hello']
// error: cannot convert 'hello' to i64
union[strings: string, nums: i64][nums: 'hello']
// error: union[strings: string, nums: i64] is missing key floats:
union[strings: string, nums: i64][floats: 3.14]
That's probably not all the reprs I'll ever need, but it's a good start.
equality and equivalence
To say that objects may not have repeated keys we have to define equality. So:
I'd like to also have a notion of equivalence which considers only notation. I think that it can be defined as a ~= b iff convert(a, repr(b)) == [some: b] and that this should be symmetric. The intuition is that if the conversion fails then the notation for a can't be represented by repr(b) so they can't possibly have the same notation.
nominal-ish types
Sometimes in languages like erlang, which has a universal notation and no nominal types, I'll run across some data and have no idea how to interpret it. Notation alone is not enough.
324142245123
We can provide extra context without any extra memory cost by using a single-key struct.
[java-util-Instant: 324142245123]
Now we know how this is intended to be interpreted, and we can't accidentally use it somewhere that expects an integer.
It would be nicer if we could the use the above as the in-memory representation, but have a different representation for the human reader:
[java-util-Instant: '1980-04-09T15:30:45.123Z']
This would effectively provide a mechanism for extending the (currently fixed) set of representations. But suppose we copy that into a repl - would it be represented as-is or would the repl somehow know to convert it to the millis representation internally. We're back where we started with nominal types - either we have to have a global namespace with only one version of each type, or we risk having different interpretations in different contexts (eg repl vs debugger).
elsewhere
The separation of representation and notation was inspired by zig's anonymous literals. There is a kind of structurally-typed universal notation lurking within zig, as evidenced by zig object notation. But it can't be fully realized because a systems language has to deal with pesky annoyances like circular data structures and pointers to unmapped memory.
The idea of a universal notation is most well known through json in javascript, but there it struggles when mixed with classes, which are effectively a kind of nominal type.
Nominal types are handled better in clojure, whose tagged literals are the inspiration for the above thoughts on nominal-ish types. Clojure accepts the context problem - being based on the jvm it needs to have a way to interact with nominal java types anyway.
Unison identifies that the root problem is the mapping from names to types. If we instead give each type a unique id and serialize the id, we can effectively have a global namespace without having to worry about name collisions. This does then require a certain amount of tooling to be able to write code - noone is memorizing all the unique ids. But it effectively moves the context problem out of the language and into the auto-completer, where it seems more manageable.
The authors of zed have written about the difficulties caused by needing context in order to work with data at all. For example, you might have a big pile of json data that you want analyze using sql. But in order to load it into a sql database you first have to specify a schema. How can you figure out what schema would fit your data? If only you had some sort of tool you could use to analyze your data...
One useful feature of nominal types is that you can use private constructors to enforce invariants. Being able to prove an invariant in a tiny section of your codebase and then assume it everywhere else is really powerful. But if you change the code you might change the invariant, making this fundamentally incompatible with live code reloading. An alternative model is found in databases. If we squint at sql constraints in the right light we can see that they associate invariants with a variable rather than with a type. Accordingly, sql databases are quite happy to change constraints without deleting and recreating all their data. What might that look like in a programming language? | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Preview: Stars at Lightning
The Tampa Bay Lightning face a must-win game in their quest for an Eastern Conference playoff spot when they host the Dallas Stars on Sunday in the second contest of back-to-back sets for both teams. The Lightning lost 2-1 in overtime to Montreal on Saturday but earned a point in their fifth straight contest (4-0-1) and trail Boston by four for the second wild card with one game in hand. Yanni Gourde scored in his third straight game for Tampa Bay, which possibly could have Tyler Johnson (lower body) back in the lineup while captain Steven Stamkos is close to being ready after missing 4 ½ months following knee surgery. Nikita Kucherov (38 goals, 80 assists), who just missed on a 2-on-1 rush in overtime for the Lightning on Saturday after missing the previous game due to illness, looks to warm up again after being named the NHL’s First Star of the Month for March. Dallas, which will miss the playoffs after finishing first in the Central Division in 2015-16, knocked off red-hot Carolina 3-0 on Saturday to end a two-game slide during which it scored just once. The Stars have won their last three meetings with Tampa Bay, including a 4-3 overtime triumph on Feb. 18 at home. TV: 6 p.m. ET, FSN Southwest Plus (Dallas), FSN Sun (Tampa Bay) ABOUT THE STARS (32-35-11): Tyler Seguin leads Dallas with 70 points despite being held to two in his last eight games while captain Jamie Benn (67), who scored the winning goal against Tampa Bay in the last meeting, has been kept off the scoresheet in his last three contests. Jason Spezza and defenseman John Klingberg each scored their 13th goal Saturday and rookie center Devin Shore added his 12th. With Curtis McKenzie (eye) and Ales Hemsky (lower body) out against Carolina, the Stars recalled fellow forwards Gemel Smith and Justin Dowling for the contest. ABOUT THE LIGHTNING (38-29-10): Andrei Vasilevskiy was outstanding with 34 saves Saturday to get Tampa Bay a point, but he is expected to be rested Sunday in favor of backup Peter Budaj. Victor Hedman picked up his 52nd assist, one behind Ottawa’s Erik Karlsson for the league lead among defensemen, on Saturday and has recorded 32 power-play points - most among blue-liners. Gourde, who was playing in the ECHL in 2013-14, has scored a short-handed tally, an overtime winner and Saturday’s third-period equalizer among his four goals this season. 1. Dallas LW Antoine Roussel, who registered a hat trick in the first meeting with Tampa Bay, is out for the season with a hand injury. 2. Tampa Bay LW Jonathan Drouin notched an assist on Gourde’s goal Saturday, giving him nine points in his last seven contests. 3. The Stars led the league in scoring last season (3.23 goals per game) and sits 17th (2.69) with four games remaining in 2016-17. PREDICTION: Lightning 5, Stars 3 | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Azov War (1501–1502)
The result was speedy keep. Nomination withdrawn. (non-admin closure) __EXPECTED_UNCONNECTED_PAGE__ Respublik (talk) 09:02, 16 July 2023 (UTC) AfDs for this article:
Azov War (1501-1502)
* – ( View AfD View log | edits since nomination)
The article does not apepar to reach notability guidelines as searching the articles name results in only the wikipedia page and websites that simply copy from wikipedia, as well as a few websites unrelated to the article's subject. The article was also created by a user who has been blocked for being a sockpuppet of the user Ea-Nasir, in case that information helps. Withdrawn by nominator as sources have been found Gaismagorm (talk) 23:08, 11 July 2023 (UTC) The references are to a book in Russian, which I cannot obtain or read even if I could get my hands on it. But the content of the paragraph largely matches the content of this article that was submitted for deletion. I would tend to assume good faith and trust that the citations aren't made up, but unless someone wants to verify it once and for all, I land on the side of keeping the article. RecycledPixels (talk) 00:10, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
* Keep. Expand, don't delete. The Russian Wikipedia article for Meñli I Giray, who was the Crimean Khan, has the following paragraph (via Google translate):"In the winter of 1501-1502, Sheikh-Ahmed, the khan of the Great Horde, began to prepare for a new campaign against the Crimean Khanate . Mengli Giray, warned of the impending invasion, ordered the mobilization of the entire male population over 15 years old [24] . Khan of the Great Horde, Sheikh-Ahmed, at the confluence of the Pine River into the Don, joined with the army of his elder brother Seyid-Ahmed [24] . The brothers built a fortification here, preparing to repel the attack of the Crimean Khan. However, the khans soon quarreled, and Seid-Ahmed with his detachments retreated to Astrakhan [24] . Ottoman Sultan Bayezid IIinvited the Khan of the Great Horde to migrate to the Southern Bug, but the Turkish ambassador was captured and killed by the subjects of the Khan [25]."
* i tried to search up the references and didnt get any books. the first one did give me a russian wikipedia article. is it possible for you to provide a link for the book (using google books or something) Gaismagorm (talk) 00:20, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
* unless of course you are talking about the russian wikipedia article, however i do still feel that the english wikipedia article needs some much better references. Gaismagorm (talk) 00:23, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
* It's references #24 and #25 in the Russian Wikipedia article I linked. Повелители двух материков RecycledPixels (talk) 04:43, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
* As it turns out, if you search that title on some of the ebook piracy sites, there are PDFs available for download, and the text can be selected and pasted into Google translate without much effort. Pages 74-77 of Volume 1. RecycledPixels (talk) 05:00, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
* keep. ah, thanks for the information. well in that case, we should keep the article Gaismagorm (talk) 17:35, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
* one question i do have is who Beslan (listed in the commanders and leaders section of the infobox) is Gaismagorm (talk) 17:42, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Ukraine-related deletion discussions. A. B. (talk • contribs • global count) 05:42, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Turkey-related deletion discussions. A. B. (talk • contribs • global count) 05:42, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Russia-related deletion discussions. A. B. (talk • contribs • global count) 05:42, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Military-related deletion discussions. A. B. (talk • contribs • global count) 05:42, 12 July 2023 (UTC)
* Comment Gaismagorm, since you as the nominator have changed your mind, I encourage you to withdraw this nomination in accordance with WP:WDAFD. Aintabli (talk) 14:26, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
* if i did it wrong, please tell me Gaismagorm (talk) 17:26, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
* also the thing at the bottom was a previous attempt at withdrawing, i think i got it to work at the top Gaismagorm (talk) 17:27, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
* withdrawn by nominator as sources have been found. Gaismagorm (talk) Gaismagorm (talk) 17:24, 13 July 2023 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Annai
Annai may refer to:
* Annai, Guyana, a small village in the Upper Takutu-Upper Essequibo Region of Guyana
* Annai (1962 film), an Indian Tamil-language film
* Annai (2000 film), an Indian Tamil-language film by Manobala
* Annai Velankanni, a 1971 Indian Tamil-language film about an apparition of the Virgin Mary in Velankanni, India | WIKI |
Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages
David Stucki, Daniela Brites, Leïla Jeljeli, Mireia Coscolla, Qingyun Liu, Andrej Trauner, Lukas Fenner, Liliana Rutaihwa, Sonia Borrell, Tao Luo, Qian Gao, Midori Kato-Maeda, Marie Ballif, Matthias Egger, Rita Macedo, Helmi Mardassi, Milagros Moreno, Griselda Tudo Vilanova, Janet Fyfe, Maria GlobanJackson Thomas, Frances Jamieson, Jennifer L Guthrie, Adwoa Asante-Poku, Dorothy Yeboah-Manu, Eddie Wampande, Willy Ssengooba, Moses Joloba, W Henry Boom, Indira Basu, James Bower, Margarida Saraiva, Sidra E.G. Vasconcellos, Philip Suffys, Anastasia Koch, Robert Wilkinson, Linda Gail-Bekker, Bijaya Malla, Serej D. Ley, Hans-Peter Beck, Bouke C. De Jong, Kadri Toit, Elisabeth Sanchez-Padilla, Maryline Bonnet, Ana Gil-Brusola, Matthias Frank, Veronique N. Penlap Beng, Kathleen Eisenach, Issam Alani, Perpetual Wangui Ndung'U, Gunturu Revathi, Florian Gehre, Suriya Akter, Francine Ntoumi, Lynsey Stewart-Isherwood, Nyanda E. Ntinginya, Andrea Rachow, Michael Hoelscher, Daniela Maria Cirillo, Girts Skenders, Sven Hoffner, Daiva Bakonyte, Petras Stakenas, Roland Diel, Valeriu Crudu, Olga Moldovan, Sahal Al-Hajoj, Larissa Otero, Francesca Barletta, E. Jane Carter, Lameck Diero, Philip Supply, Iñaki Comas, Stefan Niemann, Sebastien Gagneux
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
Abstract
Generalist and specialist species differ in the breadth of their ecological niches. Little is known about the niche width of obligate human pathogens. Here we analyzed a global collection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 clinical isolates, the most geographically widespread cause of human tuberculosis. We show that lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages, suggesting a distinction between generalists and specialists. Population genomic analyses showed that, whereas the majority of human T cell epitopes were conserved in all sublineages, the proportion of variable epitopes was higher in generalists. Our data further support a European origin for the most common generalist sublineage. Hence, the global success of lineage 4 reflects distinct strategies adopted by different sublineages and the influence of human migration.
Original languageEnglish
Pages (from-to)1535 - 1543
Number of pages9
JournalNature Genetics
Volume48
Issue number12
DOIs
Publication statusPublished - Dec 1 2016
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Genetics
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Mycobacterium tuberculosis lineage 4 comprises globally distributed and geographically restricted sublineages'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
biraz
Etymology
Morphologically.
Adverb
* 1) a bit, a little
Adverb
* 1) a bit, a little
Etymology
From, analyzable as.
Adverb
* 1) a bit, a little | WIKI |
In our bodies, capillary play a crucial function in carrying oxygen as well as nutrients to numerous organs and also tissues. Arteries, which have a much deeper red shade, are in charge of carrying oxygenated blood far from the heart, while veins, which may appear blue or environment-friendly, bring deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Have you ever questioned why capillaries frequently have this distinctive blue color? Let’s discover the interesting reasons behind why capillaries look blue.
The Function of Light
Unlike common belief, the color of our blood vessels is not actually blue. The perception of blue color is a visual fallacy created incidentally light interacts with our skin as well as the capillary underneath. Comprehending just how light communicates with our bodies can provide understandings right into why veins may show up blue to the nude eye.
The color of an object is figured out incidentally it connects with light. When light hits an item, it can be absorbed, sent, or reflected. Various products absorb and also send different wavelengths of light. When it comes to veins, they soak up much longer wavelengths of light, specifically red and yellow, while sending or mirroring much shorter wavelengths, such as blue and environment-friendly.
Because of this, when light encounters our skin, these shorter wavelengths of light have a greater chance of permeating the skin and also reaching the blood vessels, while the longer wavelengths are primarily taken in. This careful absorption and also transmission of light add to the perception of veins as blue or green.
• Blood vessels take in longer wavelengths of light (red and yellow)
• Much shorter wavelengths (blue as well as environment-friendly) are sent or shown biodermalix para que sirve by capillaries
• Light that permeates the skin adds to the understanding of blue veins
It is very important to keep in mind that the shade of blood vessels can vary amongst people, depending upon the density of their skin, the amount of subcutaneous fat, and the depth and size of the veins. These variables can affect how much light is taken in or sent by the capillaries, causing variations in shade strength.
The Makeup of Veins
Comprehending the composition of veins gives further understanding right into why they might appear blue. Blood vessels are capillary that lug deoxygenated blood back to the heart. They have a special structure that adds to their distinct appearance.
Capillaries are made up of three layers: the tunica intima, tunica media, as well as tunica externa. The tunica intima is the innermost layer of the capillary as well as is made up of endothelial cells. This layer is in direct call with the blood. The tunica media is the middle layer as well as includes smooth muscle mass cells, collagen, and elastic fibers. Finally, the tunica externa is the outermost layer as well as supplies architectural support to the capillary.
Within the capillary, variquit there is a network of shutoffs that assist maintain the one-way circulation of blood back to the heart. These valves prevent the blood from flowing in reverse and also ensure that it relocates effectively towards the heart.
The Influence of Blood and also Oxygen Degrees
Despite their look, capillaries do contain blood, albeit deoxygenated blood. The difference in oxygen web content between arteries and blood vessels contributes to the variation in their color. Arteries, which bring oxygenated blood, show up brighter red because of the oxygen-bound hemoglobin. In contrast, blood vessels contain deoxygenated blood, that makes them show up darker in shade.
Remarkably, blood vessels may appear even darker when blood circulation is restricted or when there is a greater focus of deoxygenated blood. Poor blood circulation or conditions such as venous insufficiency can better contribute to the prominence of blue capillaries.
In Conclusion
The phenomenon of veins appearing blue is largely attributed to the way light connects with our skin and also the capillary beneath. While capillaries are not naturally blue, their careful absorption and transmission of light, combined with the anatomical framework of capillaries as well as the nature of deoxygenated blood, create the assumption of blue blood vessels.
Following time you consider your capillaries, remember that their shade is not a reflection of the actual color of the blood inside them. Instead, it is a fascinating interplay of light, composition, and the physiology of our circulatory system. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
CMFCBaseVisualManager Class
The new home for Visual Studio documentation is Visual Studio 2017 Documentation on docs.microsoft.com.
The latest version of this topic can be found at CMFCBaseVisualManager Class.
A layer between derived visual managers and the Windows Theme API.
CMFCBaseVisualManager loads UxTheme.dll, if available, and manages access to Windows Theme API methods.
This class is for internal use only.
class CMFCBaseVisualManager: public CObject
Public Constructors
NameDescription
CMFCBaseVisualManager::CMFCBaseVisualManagerConstructs and initializes a CMFCBaseVisualManager object.
CMFCBaseVisualManager::~CMFCBaseVisualManagerDestructor.
Public Methods
NameDescription
CMFCBaseVisualManager::DrawCheckBoxDraws a check box control by using the current Windows theme.
CMFCBaseVisualManager::DrawComboBorderDraws a combo box border using the current Windows theme.
CMFCBaseVisualManager::DrawComboDropButtonDraws a combo box drop-down button using the current Windows theme.
CMFCBaseVisualManager::DrawPushButtonDraws a push button using the current Windows theme.
CMFCBaseVisualManager::DrawRadioButtonDraws a radio button control by using the current Windows theme.
CMFCBaseVisualManager::DrawStatusBarProgressDraws a progress bar on a status bar control ( CMFCStatusBar Class) using the current Windows theme.
CMFCBaseVisualManager::FillReBarPaneFills the background of the rebar control by using the current Windows theme.
CMFCBaseVisualManager::GetStandardWindowsThemeGets the current Windows theme.
Protected Methods
NameDescription
CMFCBaseVisualManager::CleanUpThemesCalls CloseThemeData for all handles obtained in UpdateSystemColors.
CMFCBaseVisualManager::UpdateSystemColorsCalls OpenThemeData to obtain handles for drawing various controls: windows, toolbars, buttons, and so on.
You do not have to instantiate objects of this class directly.
Because it is a base class for all visual managers, you can just call CMFCVisualManager::GetInstance, obtain a pointer to the current Visual Manager, and access the methods for CMFCBaseVisualManager using that pointer. However, if you have to display a control by using the current Windows theme, it is better to use the CMFCVisualManagerWindows interface.
CObject
CMFCBaseVisualManager
Header: afxvisualmanager.h
Calls CloseThemeData for all handles obtained in UpdateSystemColors.
void CleanUpThemes();
Remarks
For internal use only.
Constructs and initializes a CMFCBaseVisualManager object.
CMFCBaseVisualManager();
Draws a check box control by using the current Windows theme.
virtual BOOL DrawCheckBox(
CDC* pDC,
CRect rect,
BOOL bHighlighted,
int nState,
BOOL bEnabled,
BOOL bPressed);
);
Parameters
[in] pDC
A pointer to a device context
[in] rect
The bounding rectangle of the check box.
[in] bHighlighted
Specifies whether the check box is highlighted.
[in] nState
0 for unchecked, 1 for checked normal,
2 for mixed normal.
[in] bEnabled
Specifies whether the check box is enabled.
[in] bPressed
Specifies whether the check box is pressed.
Return Value
TRUE if Theme API is enabled; otherwise FALSE.
Remarks
The values of nState correspond to the following check box styles.
nStateCheck box style
0CBS_UNCHECKEDNORMAL
1CBS_CHECKEDNORMAL
2CBS_MIXEDNORMAL
Draws the combo box border using the current Windows theme.
virtual BOOL DrawComboBorder(
CDC* pDC,
CRect rect,
BOOL bDisabled,
BOOL bIsDropped,
BOOL bIsHighlighted);
Parameters
[in] pDC
A pointer to a device context.
[in] rect
Bounding rectangle of the combo box border.
[in] bDisabled
Specifies whether the combo box border is disabled.
[in] bIsDropped
Specifies whether the combo box border is dropped down.
[in] bIsHighlighted
Specifies whether the combo box border is highlighted.
Return Value
TRUE if Theme API is enabled; otherwise FALSE.
Draws a combo box drop-down button using the current Windows theme.
virtual BOOL DrawComboDropButton(
CDC* pDC,
CRect rect,
BOOL bDisabled,
BOOL bIsDropped,
BOOL bIsHighlighted);
Parameters
ParameterDescription
[in] pDCA pointer to a device context.
[in] rectThe bounding rectangle of the combo box drop-down button.
[in] bDisabledSpecifies whether the combo box drop-down button is disabled.
[in] bIsDroppedSpecifies whether the combo box drop-down button is dropped down.
[in] bIsHighlightedSpecifies whether the combo box drop-down button is highlighted.
Return Value
TRUE if Theme API is enabled; otherwise FALSE.
Draws a push button using the current Windows theme.
virtual BOOL DrawPushButton(
CDC* pDC,
CRect rect,
CMFCButton* pButton,
UINT uiState);
Parameters
[in] pDC
A pointer to a device context.
[in] rect
The bounding rectangle of the push button.
[in] pButton
A pointer to the CMFCButton Class object to draw.
[in] uiState
Ignored. The state is taken from pButton.
Return Value
TRUE if Theme API is enabled; otherwise FALSE.
Draws a radio button control by using the current Windows theme.
virtual BOOL DrawRadioButton(
CDC* pDC,
CRect rect,
BOOL bHighlighted,
BOOL bChecked,
BOOL bEnabled,
BOOL bPressed);
Parameters
[in] pDC
A pointer to a device context.
[in] rect
The bounding rectangle of the radio button.
[in] bHighlighted
Specifies whether the radio button is highlighted.
[in] bChecked
Specifies whether the radio button is checked.
[in] bEnabled
Specifies whether the radio button is enabled.
[in] bPressed
Specifies whether the radio button is pressed.
Return Value
TRUE if Theme API is enabled; otherwise FALSE.
Draws progress bar on status bar control ( CMFCStatusBar Class) using the current Windows theme.
virtual BOOL DrawStatusBarProgress(
CDC* pDC,
CMFCStatusBar* pStatusBar,
CRect rectProgress,
int nProgressTotal,
int nProgressCurr,
COLORREF clrBar,
COLORREF clrProgressBarDest,
COLORREF clrProgressText,
BOOL bProgressText);
Parameters
[in] pDC
A pointer to a device context.
[in] pStatusBar
A pointer to status bar. This value is ignored.
[in] rectProgress
The bounding rectangle of the progress bar in pDC coordinates.
[in] nProgressTotal
The total progress value.
[in] nProgressCurr
The current progress value.
[in] clrBar
The start color. CMFCBaseVisualManager ignores this. Derived classes can use it for color gradients.
[in] clrProgressBarDest
The end color. CMFCBaseVisualManager ignores this. Derived classes can use it for color gradients.
[in] clrProgressText
Progress text color. CMFCBaseVisualManager ignores this. The text color is defined by afxGlobalData.clrBtnText.
[in] bProgressText
Specifies whether to display progress text.
Return Value
TRUE if Theme API is enabled; otherwise FALSE.
Fills the background of the rebar control by using the current Windows theme.
virtual void FillReBarPane(
CDC* pDC,
CBasePane* pBar,
CRect rectClient);
Parameters
[in] pDC
A pointer to a device context.
[in] pBar
A pointer to a pane whose background should be drawn.
[in] rectClient
The bounding rectangle of the area to be filled.
Return Value
TRUE if Theme API is enabled; otherwise FALSE.
Gets the current Windows theme.
virtual WinXpTheme GetStandardWindowsTheme();
Return Value
The currently selected Windows Theme color. Can be one of the following enumerated values:
• WinXpTheme_None - there is no theme enabled.
• WinXpTheme_NonStandard - non standard theme is selected (meaning a theme is selected, but none from the list below).
• WinXpTheme_Blue - blue theme (Luna).
• WinXpTheme_Olive - olive theme.
• WinXpTheme_Silver - silver theme.
Calls OpenThemeData to obtain handles for drawing various controls: windows, toolbars, buttons, and so on.
void UpdateSystemColors();
Remarks
For internal use only.
Hierarchy Chart
Classes
Show: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Ricardo Garibay
Ricardo Garibay (January 18, 1923 – May 3, 1999) was a Mexican writer and journalist. He studied law at the National Autonomous University of Mexico, where he was also a professor of literature. He also served as the chief of press for the Secretariat of Public Education and hosted the television program "Kaleidoscope" on the Imevisión Channel 13 network, Imevisión. He was president of the College of Sciences and Arts of Hidalgo in Pachuca.
His work appeared in the Magazine of the University of Mexico, Proceso (which he co-founded), Novedades and Excélsior. He was a fellow of the Mexican Center of Writers from 1952 to 1953, and joined the National System of Artistic Creators of Mexico (SNCA) as creator emeritus upon its foundation in 1994.
Biography
He made his entry in television in 1975, first on Canal Once and then on Canal 13. channel 11 and then 13 (then Imevisión). Programs he created include Autores y libros (Authors and Books), A los normalistas con amor (To the Normalistas With Love), Poesía para militantes (Poetry for Militants) and Mujeres, mujeres, mujeres (Women, Women, Women). He also wrote several books, including Cómo se pasa la vida which compiles his biweekly column from Diorama de la Cultura. Garibay received several awards throughout his career including: a French award for best foreign novel in France in 1975 for The House that Burns at Night; the National Journalism Award in 1987; and the Colima Narrative Prize in 1989 for Taib. He was named Creator Emeritus of Conaculta in 1994.
Anthology
* Garibay between the lines, Ocean, Mexico, 1985.
Chronicle
* The glories of the great Barbs Grijalbo, Mexico, 1979; 2a. ed., 1991.
* Tendajón mixed Proceso, Mexico, 1989.
Stories
* The new lover (platelet count), Costa-Amic, Monday, 26, Mexico, 1949.
* Tales Costa-Amic, epigraphs, 15, 1952.
* The Colonel Panoramas, Mexico, 1955.
* Rhapsody for a scandal, Novarro, Mexico, 1971.
* The government body, Joaquin Mortiz, Mexico, 1977.
* The smoke of the train and the smoke asleep (platelet count), Center for Information and Development of Communication and Children's Literature, clock Stories, Mexico, 1985.
* Cullet mirror State Government of Tabasco, Mexico, 1989.
Trial
* Our Lady of Solitude in Coyoacán, Ministry of Public Education (SEP), Mexico, 1955.
* How life goes, UNAM, Contemporary Texts, 1975.
* Dialogues Mexicanos Joaquin Mortiz, Counterpoint, Mexico, 1975.
* Confrontations (conference), Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco (UAM-A), Mexico, 1984.
* Occupation read Ocean, 1996.
Screenwriting
* Iron Brothers , Dir. Ismael Rodriguez, 1961.
* What is Caesar Joaquin Mortiz, New Narrative Hispanic, Mexico, 1970.
* The thousand uses, 1971.
* The Barbs Agata, Guadalajara, Mexico, 1991.
Memories
* Fiera childhood and years, Ocean, Mexico, 1982; CNCA, Mexico, 1992.
* How to make a living, Joaquin Mortiz, Counterpoint, Mexico, 1992.
Novels
* Mazamitla Presents, Mexico, 1954; Costa-Amic, 1955.
* Drink a cup, Joaquin Mortiz, Series Volador, Mexico, 1962. Mazatlan Prize for Literature 1965
* Beautiful bay, Joaquin Mortiz, Mexico, 1968.
* The house that burns night, Joaquin Mortiz, Series Volador, Mexico, 1971; Ministry of Public Education (SEP) / Joaquin Mortiz, Mexican Readings, 2nd series, 45, Mexico, 1986.
* Pair of Kings, Ocean, Mexico, 1983.
* Aires de blues, Grijalbo, Mexico, 1984.
* Chamois UAM-Azcapozalco, Mexico, 1988.
* TAIB Grijalbo, Mexico, 1989.
* Triste domingo Joaquin Mortiz, Contemporary Novelists, Mexico, 1991.
* Trio , Grijalbo, Mexico, 1993.
Reports
* What you see you live! Excelsior, Mexico, 1976.
* Acapulco Grijalbo, Mexico, 1979.
Theatre
* Women in an act, Posada, Mexico, 1978.
* Lindas master! Joaquin Mortiz, Series Volador, Mexico, 1987. | WIKI |
Portal:Novels/Selected novel quote/8
Jonathan Livingston Seagull
* You will begin to touch heaven, Jonathan, in the moment that you touch perfect speed. And that isn't flying a thousand miles an hour, or a million, or flying at the speed of light. Because any number is a limit, and perfection doesn't have limits. Perfect speed, my son, is being there. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Little Kids Rock (2nd nomination)
The result was keep. (non-admin closure) NorthAmerica1000 01:19, 23 April 2014 (UTC)
Little Kids Rock
AfDs for this article:
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
Relisting per Deletion_review/Log/2014_April_8. This is an administrative action only; I offer no opinion on a desired outcome. -- RoySmith (talk) 23:07, 15 April 2014 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Organizations-related deletion discussions. ///Euro Car GT 23:32, 15 April 2014 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of New Jersey-related deletion discussions. ///Euro Car GT 23:33, 15 April 2014 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Education-related deletion discussions. ///Euro Car GT 23:33, 15 April 2014 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Music-related deletion discussions. ///Euro Car GT 23:33, 15 April 2014 (UTC)
* Weak Keep Article cites no WP:RS sources and is overtly promotional. But a quick Google strongly suggests the subject is in fact notable. This article needs major improvements though. On a side note, why do we have an AfD discussion if the nom is not presenting an argument for deletion? If a previous delete was overturned then it would seem the correct course would be to reopen the old AfD or ask the original nom if he/she wants to renominate the article for deletion. Anywho just my 2 cents. -Ad Orientem (talk) 04:02, 16 April 2014 (UTC)
* Weak delete Well, I am the original nominator, and in the deletion review I said:
* "the edit history on the page, which is woefully sparse, consisting essentially of a yearly cycle where a shill for the company inserts a bunch of promotional material and someone else takes it out. In my view, a good hint that an organisation is notable is that uninvolved editors have some interest in editing the page in and of itself. By that metric, LKR is about as notable as my laundry list.
* I agree with the suggestion above that it would be better to identify one or two clearly good sources than to stack up this mass of recycled press releases; "independent" is a stretch when plainly something has arrived from the organisation or a celebrity's PR flacks and been used to fill up an awkward gap on page 92. On the other hand, there is an argument that we don't judge that kind of thing; if enough reliable sources reprint that fluff, it counts."
* I don't think it would be the end of the world if the article stuck around and was radically pruned back, but it would still be nice to have one or two unequivocally decent sources not this mass of Phil Space. Pinkbeast (talk) 15:18, 16 April 2014 (UTC)
* Strong Keep This is fairly obvious, article passes WP:GNG here are some WP:RS, NPR, NY Times, and NYTimes source article (same author). There are more sources such as this BBC. The DRV nominator should add these to the article, this should have never been deleted. Valoem talk contrib 16:28, 16 April 2014 (UTC)
* keep (copied in part from my DRV comments) There are a fair number of relevant sources including, , , and a fair number more listed at . While most of the coverage is local, we've got coverage in the WSJ, the Boston Globe, and coverage by local sources (many entirely on the subject) in LA, TX, NY, and CA. While someone could argue that the sources aren't enough (the ones that aren't local are "too short" or something) it's plain this meets WP:N by a fair margin and that we have enough in reliable sources to write an article. Hobit (talk) 17:30, 16 April 2014 (UTC)
* Keep The reliable and verifiable sources about the organization and its efforts meet the notability standard. The article needs work to address tone and better integrate the sources into the article, but that's a reason to edit the article, not to delete it. Alansohn (talk) 18:58, 17 April 2014 (UTC)
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Choosing the Right Conveyor Belt Material
The right belt material can stand up to the abrasiveness of salts and seasonings. Shown above, ThermoDrive incline belting in A23 material.
Belt materials may look similar in their raw form, but they can have completely different compositions. This one is high among those critical choices that can make or break your plant’s productivity. Seriously. No food manufacturer can effectively optimize a plant’s conveyors without taking a hard look at which belt material should be used in a given area.
And be honest. Don’t you just want your belts to run properly and not have to worry about them? The consequences of making a poor selection can include belt breakages, unscheduled downtime, lower yield, higher costs, material degradation, and foreign material contamination.
To avoid some or all the above, food processors and equipment manufacturers must choose belt materials wisely. How? To find out, they asked the experts who develop, test and recommend belt materials for their food business customers.
What are the key factors in choosing the right conveyor belt material?
Application
Does the belt need to withstand heavy impacts? What about temperatures, which can range from frying to freezing? Will the belt be submerged in a dip tank? Examine your specific application and determine what the belt will be put through at that point in the processing line. Doing so can help answer a lot of critical questions about which material is best.
Drew Downer, Intralox ThermoDrive Mechanical Engineer:
"Potato processing plants, for example, are a unique environment where it’s crucial to focus on the specifics of the application."
Raw product could come into the plant with sand or dirt on it from outside. Coming from the peeler, potatoes give off starch that’s put into the application. The product may go through a bath of boiling oil, and eventually get covered with seasonings and spices. Each application brings different temperature, physical, and chemical considerations.
Drew Downer:
"The belt material you choose must be tailored to withstand the impacts associated with each application. Ask yourself, what’s unique about this specific application that’s different from other areas of the plant?"
Environment
Sometimes, the answer is obvious. (Don’t put belts that are known to be flammable near hot stuff!) Besides ovens, there are numerous environmental factors inside a food plant to consider.
Stephen O’Connor, Intralox Material Specialist:
"The actual environment the belt will be in is going to determine what materials are even possible to be used. I start with asking, what is this belt going to see temperature-wise? What about chemistry? What are the other needs and specifications such as mechanical strength? Could there be expansion of the belt material due to moisture?"
Drew Downer:
"Ultimately, the goal is long-lasting, reliable, food-safe uptime. That’s what we try to accomplish with our belt materials, and the selection, development, and deployment of them in the field."
Think about how cleaning solutions can affect your belting, too. Imagine meat, poultry, or seafood processing plant that must sanitize its belts nightly. Its sanitation crew has used the same sanitizer for a while, which hasn’t been a problem for the plastics in their belts.
Suddenly, they’re given a different sanitizer to use. The new product calls for the lower concentration, but the team is unaware and continues to use it at the higher concentration level.
Stephen O’Connor:
"Even small adjustments in the actual chemistry of your cleaner could completely change how your belt performs after a cleaning."
For guidance, lean on the expertise of your belting partner. They have the knowledge and insight to recommend what material will work seamlessly and run reliably in your environment.
Product
Is there something unique about the product being conveyed? For example, let’s say your facility processes foods that can be sticky. Some polymers are better suited to release products at a transfer. In this case, choosing the right belt material can help increase yield and reduce carryover.
Similarly, abrasive ingredients such as sugar or cornmeal can wear and degrade belts that aren’t made to hold up against rough or grainy foods. But there are materials created specifically to withstand these types of challenging products.
Your product is always top of mind for you, so keep it top of mind when selecting your conveyor belt material. Since the belt has direct contact with food, its physical and chemical properties should weigh into your decision on which material to use.
Your plant has everything to gain by using correctly specified conveyor belt material.
Before your next belting purchase, think of its application, the area’s environmental conditions, the specifics of the product being conveyed, and even how the belts will be stored prior to operation. It’ll be time well spent. Why?
Better performance, longer belt life, higher product yield, less maintenance, lower costs, and reduced chances of breakdowns are some of the benefits you can expect from choosing the right conveyor belt material.
Of all the potential issues that can arise in a food processing facility, your choice of belt material doesn’t have to be the cause of one. Consult your belting partner and equipment manufacturer early in the process. They can work together and with you to make the right selection.
Then, in the words of legendary inventor Ron Popeil, you’ll be able to "Set it and forget it."
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Lithium, Missouri
Lithium is a census-designated place and former village located in Perry County, Missouri, United States. The population was 92 at the 2020 census. The 2000 Census found Lithium to have zero residents; an Associated Press article, however, stated that about 50 people in fact resided there, but may have been counted as part of Perry County's rural population.
Lithium had a ZIP Code of 63775, but it has since been declared by the USPS to be "Not Acceptable - Use Perryville."
Etymology
Lithium's location is due to two natural mineral springs; one of the two springs contained lithium salts, giving the town its name.
History
Lithium was first surveyed as a town in 1882. The first settlers were Dr. Henry Clay Fish, Richard P. Dobbs and James G. Christian, who all came to Missouri from Illinois. The town was incorporated in 1883 and the first mayor was Richard C. Lisenby. The location of the town was determined by two mineral springs, which were highly prized on account of their medicinal qualities, which led to the construction of a bath house by Thomas King in 1883. A Baptist church, Lithium Baptist, was organized in 1885 and a Catholic church, St. John the Evangelist, was organized in 1896. By 1912 the town had two general stores, two mills, a brick yard and population of 98.
Geography
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 0.06 sqmi, all land.
Demographics
As of the census of 2000, there were no people living in the village.
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 89 people, 28 households, and 22 families residing in the village. The population density was 1483.3 PD/sqmi. There were 32 housing units at an average density of 533.3 /sqmi. The racial makeup of the village was 98.88% White and 1.12% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.12% of the population.
There were 28 households, of which 53.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 64.3% were married couples living together, 7.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 7.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 21.4% were non-families. 7.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.18 and the average family size was 3.27.
The median age in the village was 27.5 years. 34.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 9% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.7% were from 25 to 44; 20.2% were from 45 to 64; and 10.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 57.3% male and 42.7% female. | WIKI |
Page:John Wycliff, last of the schoolmen and first of the English reformers.djvu/388
the head of the English Church, had smitten his friends, hip and thigh, until they were either dispersed or beginning to fail in the hour of persecution; and now the hand of God was upon him, and he must have felt in 1382 that his days on earth were numbered. "All thy storms have gone over me," he might have said; "I am feeble and sore smitten; mine enemies close me in on every side." Who could have wondered if he had faltered in the end of his life, if he had shown one moment's weakness, or compromised himself by one impatient word? But he did nothing of this kind. He stands out to the last, amid the storm and stress of persecution, as firm as the cliff in Teesdale from which he took his name.
Wyclif addressed an independent petition to Parliament, on May 6, 1382, urging the authorities of the realm to support the simple faith of Christ, independently of the errors by which it has been overlaid. As to the form of this petition there is not a little uncertainty, for whilst some manuscripts have preserved a long "Complainte to King and Parliament" in English, consisting of four main clauses amply expounded, Walsingham briefly recapitulates seven points, which do not correspond with the English document. Walsingham's "seven interpretations" are as follows:
1. Neither the King nor the nation ought to yield to any external see or prelate. 2. The money of the realm ought not to be sent out of the country, to Rome, to Avignon, or elsewhere. 3. Neither cardinal nor any other mart ought to take the revenue of a church or prebend in England unless he duly resides | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Helga Funk
The result was Speedily deleted by Mailerdiablo (WP:CSD). ◄ Zahakiel ► 17:31, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
Helga Funk
* – (View AfD) (View log)
Sigh. I already nominated Annie Mail for deletion; Helga Funk was created by the same auther, with the same ridiculous nonsense. Not only does Helga Funk not exist, but she certainly did not predict the "inventions of automobiles, the entire field of aeronautics, and man's landing on the moon," nor write any of her groundbreaking science fiction. Per my arguments on Annie Mail's AfD, this article was most likely an April Fool's day joke, and the author is probably getting a kick out of the fact that its even being discussed. But... the article asserts notability, no doubt, but still should be speedied, and probably put in WP:BJAODN. Rockstar915 04:59, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
* Speedy delete - I already tagged it with speedy deletion tag. It seems to be a hoax, and lacks any reference to assert notability - not to mention some dubious claims. Baristarim 05:06, 2 April 2007 (UTC)
| WIKI |
Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA for human monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF).
Article Details
Citation
Furutani Y, Nomura H, Notake M, Oyamada Y, Fukui T, Yamada M, Larsen CG, Oppenheim JJ, Matsushima K
Cloning and sequencing of the cDNA for human monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF).
Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989 Feb 28;159(1):249-55.
PubMed ID
2923622 [ View in PubMed
]
Abstract
cDNA clones having a nucleotide sequence encoding a human monocyte chemotactic and activating factor (MCAF) were isolated and sequenced. The amino acid sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence reveals the primary structure of the MCAF precursor to be composed of a putative signal peptide sequence of 23 amino acid residues and a mature MCAF sequence of 76 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence of MCAF showed 25-55% homology with other members of an inducible cytokine family, including macrophage inflammatory protein and some putative polypeptide mediators known as JE, LD78, RANTES and TCA-3. This suggests that MCAF is a member of family of factors involved in immune and inflammatory responses.
DrugBank Data that Cites this Article
Polypeptides
NameUniProt ID
C-C motif chemokine 2P13500Details | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Baba Looey
Baba Looey is a fictional Mexican donkey that appeared in The Quick Draw McGraw Show. He is the deputy and familiar to Sheriff Quick Draw McGraw. He speaks English with a Mexican accent. He was originally voiced by Daws Butler.
Character
Baba Looey, McGraw's sidekick, is often portrayed as the more thoughtful half of the duo. At times realizing some detail about a given situation, Baba Looey tries desperately to caution Quick Draw of a trap or other danger, before Quick Draw charges headlong into the fray without listening or giving consideration to his surroundings. His identity of masked vigilante is El Kapoli, "champion of champions" as he declared. In the episode "Dizzy Desperado", he gets knocked in the head and switches to the criminal Little Cucaracha.
Popular culture
* Gary Dell'Abate, the executive producer of The Howard Stern Show, received his nickname "Baba Booey" from his mispronunciation of Baba Looey. On July 26, 1990, Dell'Abate mistakenly called Baba Looey "Baba B ooey" during a discussion of original cartoon cels, saying that he was thinking about getting "Quick Draw McGraw and Baba Booey" cels next. Dell'Abate is now more infamously known by "Baba Booey" than his own name.
* In the Daria episode "Lane Miserables", Trent asks the title character, "Why did Quick Draw McGraw hang around with that freaky little mule?"
* The name is a satirical portmanteau of "Babalú" which is a traditional Cuban song that Desi Arnaz made popular in the United States and uy which is a Spanish interjection.
Other appearances
* In an episode of The Brady Bunch, Marcia can be seen watching Baba Looey and Quick Draw McGraw on TV.
* Baba Looey, along with Quick Draw McGraw, makes an appearance in the Samurai Jack episode "The Good, The Bad, and the Beautiful", voiced by Greg Burson.
* He appears in the Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law episode "Guitar Control", voiced by Rob Paulsen. He is seen hanging out with Peanut and shows him Quick Draw's guitars. Peanut wonders how it works and kills Baba Looey with it.
* Baba Looey made a brief cameo in a MetLife commercial in 2012.
* In the Drawn Together episode "Breakfast Food Killer", Baba Looey made an appearance going by the name "Baba Booey". He was waiting in line to become the new mascot of Quackers cereal and randomly started jumping around and attacking people.
* Baba Looey appears in the series Jellystone! and is female and Cuban in this version called "Bobbie Louie" due to the character being voiced by Jenny Lorenzo. She works for the Jellystone government and has an American accent.
* Baba Looey and Quick Draw McGraw make a cameo as silhouettes in the 2020 Animaniacs revival segment "Suffragette City". | WIKI |
Stormy Daniels, Russia, Cricket Scandal: Your Evening Briefing
(Want to get this briefing by email? Here’s the sign-up.) Good evening. Here’s the latest. 1. President Trump ordered the expulsion of 60 Russian diplomats from the U.S., and European nations quickly followed suit. Together, the moves constituted a broad swipe at Russia’s diplomatic capabilities, and possibly its ability to conduct spying operations. The president’s decision was the latest action in a long history of espionage feuds between Washington and Moscow. _____ 2. Publicly, President Trump has remained quiet about Stormy Daniels, the pornographic film star whose unapologetic “60 Minutes” interview on Sunday detailed their alleged sexual encounters. Privately, he has railed against her, insisting that she was not telling the truth. Melania Trump, the first lady, has also remained silent. “She’s focusing on being a mother,” her spokeswoman said. Meanwhile, as the special counsel investigation enters critical phases, the president’s personal legal team has shrunk to essentially one person. Mr. Trump decided not to hire two lawyers who were announced as additions just last week. _____ 3. Student-led demonstrations against gun violence on Saturday represented triumphs of youthful energy, while adults lent organizational support. The fervor indicated gun control could play a major role in the 2018 midterm elections, with Republicans on the defensive. If Democrats hope to regain control of the House in 2018, they need to flip 24 Republican seats — and the math currently favors Democrats. Here’s a look at what to expect in the campaigns ahead. _____ 4. Bailey Davis, a cheerleader for the New Orleans Saints, was fired for posting a photo of herself in a one-piece outfit on her private Instagram account. In a discrimination complaint, she said the team places unreasonable rules on its female cheerleaders to protect them from male players. Cheerleaders must block all N.F.L. players on social media, and leave restaurants if a player arrives during their meal. It puts the onus on the women to fend off the men, while the players have no such restrictions. _____ 5. President Trump secured his first major trade deal. The U.S. and South Korea agreed to renegotiate their trade pact, with Seoul exempted from tariffs on steel and aluminum in exchange for reducing its steel exports and opening its market to American cars. The deal looked like early vindication of the White House’s efforts to use the tariffs as a bargaining chip. Above, South Korea’s trade minister, Kim Hyon-chong. _____ 6. Officials at a Kansas park knew a 170-foot-tall water slide that killed a 10-year-old boy was unsafe but rushed to build it anyway, according to an indictment unsealed in court last week. The slide, which required riders to ascend 264 steps, skirted basic engineering standards, the authorities said. The park and its former operations director were charged with 20 criminal counts, including involuntary manslaughter. _____ 7. A cricket scandal has shocked Australia. Steve Smith, the national team’s captain and one of its greatest players ever, admitted that he concocted a plan to illegally tamper with the ball during a series in South Africa, outraging fans of a sport that has always professed some moral sanctimony. Meanwhile, baseball’s opening day is coming up this week. Get ready with previews of the National League and the American League. _____ 8. Low fat? Low carbohydrates? Studies suggest the best diet is whichever one you can stick to. If you’re seeking self-improvement, you might consider why it’s so hard to hear negative feedback. Trusting that everyone is acting in good faith might be key to making it easier. _____ 9. It’s not just nostalgia animating ABC’s reboot of “Roseanne,” which debuts on Tuesday and is one of the few shows on TV right now about working-class families. But you can hear the voice of the original series, even if it can feel a bit dated. Roseanne Barr and John Goodman return as Roseanne and Dan Conner, replacing the perils of 30-somethings with the perils of 60-somethings whose lives didn’t quite work out. _____ 10. Finally, if you’re in love, congratulations. We’re all happy for you. But your Instagram friends might not appreciate your weekly #whyiloveher posts, or the performative #myboyfriendisbetterthanyours claims. In fact, they might be vomiting at them. Our Op-Ed writer, Krista Burton, says you should feel free to keep posting those cute selfies — just maybe do it moderation. Thanks for joining us, beloved reader, and we hope you have a tremendous week. Your Evening Briefing is posted at 6 p.m. Eastern. And don’t miss Your Morning Briefing. Sign up here to get it by email in the Australian, Asian, European or American morning. Want to catch up on past briefings? You can browse them here. What did you like? What do you want to see here? Let us know at briefing@nytimes.com. | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Page:Sushruta Samhita Vol 1.djvu/329
Chap.XXIII.] sound, or which simultaneously secretes pus and blood through both the channels, should be regarded as belonging to the incurable class. An ulcer in an emaciated patient, which is situated either on the head or in the throat, and which is narrow-mouthed and is traversed by a network of capillaries, and studded with fleshy or papillomatous eruptions, should be regarded as incurable. A distinctly audible sound or report is heard in these ulcers which are found to be charged with wind.
An ulcer in an emaciated patient, which secretes blood and pus, and is attended with indigestion, cough, painful respiration and non-relish for food, as well as a case of fractured skull, attended with cough, dyspnoea, secretion of brain-matter, and symptoms peculiar to the concerted action of the three deranged humours of the body, should be given up as past all remedy.
Authoritative verses on the subject:—A traumatic ulcer, which exudes a secretion of fat, marrow or brain-matter, may prove amenable to medical treatment, whereas a humoural ulcer under the circumstance will prove incurable.
An ulcer appearing at any part of the body other than a vital one (Marma), and which is found to invade its successive elements though without affecting any vein, bone, joint, etc. should be regarded as incurable. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Anthony Young
This page is an archive of the discussion about the proposed deletion of the article below. This page is no longer live. Further comments should be made on the article's talk page rather than here so that this page is preserved as an historic record. The result of the debate was keep. Sjakkalle (Check!) 13:49, 19 Jun 2005 (UTC)
Anthony Young
sub-stub, only one single fact Yoghurt 21:32, 7 Jun 2005 (UTC)
* Keep. The one single fact is a record which stands in a league that has been around for over 130 years.
* Unsigned comment by <IP_ADDRESS>. Xoloz 00:20, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
* Keep, professional baseball player. Kappa 00:06, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
* Keep, MLB recordholder. Xoloz 00:21, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
* Keep, the record makes him notable . -- BD2412 talk 00:39, 2005 Jun 8 (UTC)
* Keep, there are many major league baseball players on Wikipedia, and this one has a notable record. ErikNY 01:33, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
* Keep and expand. While he has a record, albeit an undesirable one, surely more can be said about him than this. Capitalistroadster 02:00, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
* Keep. I also expanded it a little bit, so it doesn't look like a substub. -- Grev -- Talk 03:08, Jun 8, 2005 (UTC)
* Keep even if the "one single fact" was as simple as professional baseball player. -- Jonel 03:11, 8 Jun 2005 (UTC)
* This page is now preserved as an archive of the debate and, like some other VfD subpages, is no longer 'live'. Subsequent comments on the issue, the deletion, or the decision-making process should be placed on the relevant 'live' pages. Please do not edit this page . | WIKI |
Page:LA2-NSRW-4-0497.jpg
TRUSTS
* 947
TRUSTS
America are cultivated in gardens and greenhouses.
Trusts. In the United States this term has come to mean a form of commercial association between individuals or corporations engaged in producing the same commodity, for the general purposes of regulating the amount of production; of establishing a uniform price; of diminishing the cost of competition; and of controlling the markets, in part at least upon the principle of monopoly. Such an organization is managed by a board of trustees to whom all the corporation stock of the constituent companies is irrevocably assigned.
There are several methods of organizing a trust. Each of the combining parties may lease his concern to one central body; or one central corporation purchases as fast as they are manufactured all products of the various parties, and then a fixed price is placed on the aggregate production of each party, and trustees are elected who control the sale of the whole product and divide the products proportionally among the various companies. The more usual plan of operation is as follows: All parties entering the organization become incorporated; then the stock of all the corporations is handed over to trustees who in exchange for stock thus deposited issue trust-certificates. They also elect directors who have complete control of the affairs of the concerns associated in the trust. Trust-certificates are transferable; dividends are issued according to the proportion of certificates held by each party. Trustees are elected annually by the holders of certificates, and through the directors they possess almost unlimited power over individual concerns. They may cause one concern to stop producing altogether, may limit productions, fix prices and the amount and manner of sales; in short, they control the entire field.
To illustrate: A few years ago 16 of the large sugar-refineries in the United States, furnishing the greater part of the sugar consumed, joined in a trust with a capital of 50 million dollars. As soon as the combination was effected, five of the factories shut down. At once the margin between raw and refined sugar began to widen. To the producer of raw material they dictated the price, for there was but one buyer, and to the consumer they dictated prices, for there was but one seller. Such forms of trusts have been declared illegal in the courts of every state where the matter has been contended.
The first important trade-combination of this sort formed was that of the Standard Oil Trust in 1881. It was quickly followed by the Cottonseed-Oil, Sugar, Tobacco and Lead Trusts etc.; and by the census of 1900 there were 185 such combinations of formerly independent concerns-
Trusts are the outgrowths of the ruinous competitive system, due to ease of intercourse and the difficulty of readily withdrawing capital once invested in fixed plants. They save salesmen's salaries, competitive advertising, cross-freights, running plants part time etc. They permit the standardizing of machinery and the organization of workmen under competent leadership. The large profits made by financiers and promoters, sometimes assisted by governmental favors, have encouraged their rapid multiplication in number and size. The tariff, by lessening foreign competition, has been an indirect cause of the formation of trusts as has the monopoly granted by patents, copyrights and trademarks.
The 185 trusts noted in the census-report of 1900 included 2,040 plants having a capitalization of $1,463,625,900. Many combinations operating with a like purpose were omitted by definition, while many more have been formed since, notably the United States Steel Corporation (q. v.), formed in 1901 with a capital of over one billion dollars. The value of material they annually consumed was $1,089,666,334, the value of products annually turned out was $1,667,^50,949, which was 14.1 % of the total value of all manufactured articles susceptible of management by trusts. It is safe to estimate that more than one third of the present factory output is controlled by trusts.
Many trusts are founded upon a natural monopoly; that is, they control the supply of raw material and by the extension of this control they put competitors at a great disadvantage, especially when, as in the case of oil, coal and iron, these raw materials are found in limited fields and quantities. A. trust may become a monopoly to the degree in which it governs the supply of raw material, for the industry which it seeks to control.
Recent antitrust movements have brought to light a number of evils peculiar to corporate finance; chief among them are wildcat promotions, payment of unearned dividends, speculative management and over-capitalization. By wildcat promotion is meant the action of the promoter who issues stock far beyond the actual cash-value of the plants under consideration, He pays for the plants with whatever stock is necessary, and retains the remainder, often securing for himself 20% of the capital of the organization^ paid to him in common stock. Besides this, the man who finances the company sometimes receives a premium of 50 per cent, for his risk. The capital stock usually is both preferred and common, the preferred represeirtirg the properties, including cash and cash-assets, which receive a fixed dividend of six or seven per cent, but do not participate in | WIKI |
Cliff Hoofman
Cliff Hoofman (born June 23, 1943 in Judsonia, Arkansas) was a justice of the Arkansas Supreme Court being appointed to the position in 2012 his term ending at the end of 2014. He was reappointed to the Arkansas court of appeals in December 2014 by outgoing governor Mike Beebe.
Education
Hoofman received his Bachelor of Science from the State College of Arkansas, now the University of Central Arkansas, in 1968, and his Juris Doctor from the University of Arkansas School of Law in 1972.
Legal career
Hoofman served eight years in the state Senate and 20 years before that in the state House. He also worked in the attorney general's office during Beebe's tenure as attorney general from 2003 to 2007.
Service on Arkansas Supreme Court
On November 21, 2012, Hoofman was appointed to the Arkansas Supreme Court by Governor Mike Beebe to replace Justice Robert L. Brown.
Personal life
He lives in Enola, Arkansas. | WIKI |
conda env create
CONDA(1) User Commands CONDA(1)
NAME
conda - conda env create
DESCRIPTION
usage: conda-env create [-h] [-f FILE] [-n ENVIRONMENT | -p PATH] [-q]
[--force] [--json] [--debug] [--verbose]
[remote_definition]
Create an environment based on an environment file
OPTIONS
positional arguments:
remote_definition
remote environment definition / IPython notebook
optional arguments:
-h, --help
Show this help message and exit.
-f FILE, --file FILE
environment definition file (default: environment.yml)
-n ENVIRONMENT, --name ENVIRONMENT
Name of environment.
-p PATH, --prefix PATH
Full path to environment prefix.
-q, --quiet
--force
force creation of environment (removing a previously existing
environment of the same name).
--json Report all output as json. Suitable for using conda programmati‐
cally.
--debug
Show debug output.
--verbose, -v
Use once for info, twice for debug, three times for trace.
examples:
conda env create conda env create -n name conda env create
vader/deathstar conda env create -f=/path/to/environment.yml
conda env create -f=/path/to/requirements.txt -n deathstar conda
env create -f=/path/to/requirements.txt -p /home/user/soft‐
ware/deathstar
Anaconda, Inc. February 2018 CONDA(1) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Scabricola splendidula
Scabricola splendidula is a species of sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusc in the family Mitridae, the miters or miter snails.
Description
Small shells, about 15 mm. Teleoconch with 6 or 7 whorls. Reddish-brown.
Distribution
Philippine Islands and the Solomon Islands, 20-183 m. | WIKI |
UPS is an abbreviation for Uninterruptible Power Supply or Uninterruptible Power Source. That's a battery used to power some type of computer or a web server in order to avoid the loss of data in case the main power source fails for reasons unknown or becomes unsafe. A diesel generator is more or less self-explanatory. UPSs and generators are widely-used as a backup in data centers to back up the main power source and to guarantee the consistent operation of all of the web servers located there. Due to the fact that the UPS works all the time, it offers the required power for the servers to remain functioning until the generator starts and takes over. Using such a backup is crucial for any data center or hosting company that wants to keep their hardware and data intact in the event of a power surge or outage, since it gives them ample time to react until the problem is resolved and the primary power supply is restored.
UPS & Diesel Back-up Generator in Website Hosting
The 99.9% network and server uptime guarantee that we offer is, in part, a result of the electrical power backup setup we have in each of the three data centers in which we provide website hosting packages - in Chicago (USA), in London (UK), and in Sydney (Australia). If you purchase a new account to develop or move your websites, it'll be created on a modern cloud platform which consists of many clusters handling your content. Each web server inside the given cluster provides its own efficient enterprise-class UPS to keep it operational no matter what, until a lot of electric power generators boot up and supply the necessary power for the entire facility to be working for several hours. You will not notice anything even if there is a disruption, since our backup units will power each of the devices and we won't need to limit the amount of working web servers or the network equipment that handles the traffic to your websites.
UPS & Diesel Back-up Generator in Semi-dedicated Hosting
The semi-dedicated server accounts which we offer are created within a state-of-the-art data center in the town center of Chicago and its electric power backup system is one of the reasons why we are able to guarantee a 99.9% uptime for both the servers which are part of our sophisticated website hosting platform and the network which addresses all the traffic to and from them. An individual UPS system is attached to every single web server to keep it online until a number of generators kick in. The latter are potent enough to offer electrical power for the whole data center for many hours without having to reduce the power consumption or the functionality of any web server or network device, so even if there is a blackout, all the Internet sites hosted on our platform shall still be accessible with no disturbances and will perform at top speed. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
How to make Custom Loading Screen in Next.js Project
Bhagya Mudgal's photo
Bhagya Mudgal
·Aug 25, 2021·
4 min read
Next.js
Introduction
Next.js is an open-source development framework built on top of Node.js enabling React based web applications functionalities such as server-side rendering and generating static websites.
I was trying to build a custom loading screen for my project in Next.js so I try to google how we can implement it and after hours of searching, I was not able to find a solution that suits my need. There was a solution I came across on the Internet that was using a library called "nprogress" to do so but it does not provide a loading screen that I want to implement so after going through Next.js documentation and this "nprogress" solution, I was able to figure out my solution for the problem. It took me lots of time so I created this blog to help anyone who wants to implement a custom loading screen in Next.js easily in less time.
Making Custom Loading Screen Component
This part solely depends on you and how you want your loading screen component to look like. For Example below is my Loading component:
import React from "react";
import styles from "./Loading.module.css";
function Loading(props) {
return (
<div className={props.loading ? styles.body_loading : styles.none}>
<div
className={styles.lds_ellipsis}
>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
<div></div>
</div>
</div>
);
}
export default Loading;
Styles (CSS) for the Loading component:
.body_loading {
display: flex;
align-items: center;
justify-content: center;
height: 100vh;
}
.none {
display: none;
}
.lds_ellipsis {
display: inline-block;
position: relative;
width: 80px;
height: 80px;
}
.lds_ellipsis div {
position: absolute;
top: 33px;
width: 15px;
height: 15px;
border-radius: 50%;
background: var(--orange);
animation-timing-function: cubic-bezier(0, 1, 1, 0);
}
.lds_ellipsis div:nth-child(1) {
left: 8px;
animation: lds_ellipsis1 0.6s infinite;
}
.lds_ellipsis div:nth-child(2) {
left: 8px;
animation: lds_ellipsis2 0.6s infinite;
}
.lds_ellipsis div:nth-child(3) {
left: 32px;
animation: lds_ellipsis2 0.6s infinite;
}
.lds_ellipsis div:nth-child(4) {
left: 56px;
animation: lds_ellipsis3 0.6s infinite;
}
@keyframes lds_ellipsis1 {
0% {
transform: scale(0);
}
100% {
transform: scale(1);
}
}
@keyframes lds_ellipsis3 {
0% {
transform: scale(1);
}
100% {
transform: scale(0);
}
}
@keyframes lds_ellipsis2 {
0% {
transform: translate(0, 0);
}
100% {
transform: translate(24px, 0);
}
}
So you have successfully build your loading screen component with custom styling now its time to render it on web application every time a route changes.
For doing that we will take help of Next.js router events, You can listen to different events happening inside the Next.js Router.
Here's a list of supported events:
routeChangeStart(url, { shallow }) - Fires when a route starts to change
routeChangeComplete(url, { shallow }) - Fires when a route changed completely
routeChangeError(err, url, { shallow }) - Fires when there's an error when changing routes, or a route load is cancelled
err.cancelled - Indicates if the navigation was cancelled
beforeHistoryChange(url, { shallow }) - Fires before changing the browser's history
hashChangeStart(url, { shallow }) - Fires when the hash will change but not the page
hashChangeComplete(url, { shallow }) - Fires when the hash has changed but not the page
For more details about these events and other router methods you can visit Next.js official documentation
By help of these events you can add your loading screen component to app.js see how:
First import {useState, useEffect} from "react", {useRouter} from "next/router" and your Loading component.
import { useState, useEffect } from "react";
import { useRouter } from "next/router";
import Loading from "../components/Loading";
Now we will declare loading variable using useState hook and initialize it with false and we will set it to true when route changes and revert it back to false once route change completes.
We will put that logic inside useEffect hook and set router as its dependency. It means everytime router changes logic inside useEffect hook will get executed.
function MyApp({ Component, pageProps }) {
const router = useRouter();
const [loading, setLoading] = useState(false);
useEffect(() => {
const handleStart = (url) => {
url !== router.pathname ? setLoading(true) : setLoading(false);
};
const handleComplete = (url) => setLoading(false);
router.events.on("routeChangeStart", handleStart);
router.events.on("routeChangeComplete", handleComplete);
router.events.on("routeChangeError", handleComplete);
}, [router]);
return (
<>
<Loading loading={loading} />
<Component {...pageProps} />
</>
);
}
export default MyApp;
}
We will pass loading variable as a prop to our Loading component so that whenever loading is true Loading component will have class having display: block and when it is false it will have class having display: none.
Conclusion
This is how you can make a custom loading screen in Next.js. I hope this blog help you and save your time and efforts.
Thank you for reading! See you again soon.
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To know more about me and my projects visit my Portfolio.
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Re: #APCC Pro 1.9 w/ASTAP platesolve test always fails #APCC
legendtrail@...
To the OP,
A few weeks ago, I upgraded Windows 10 to 19043, and began having problems with a number of applications. This included the same
sort of problems you have mentioned. I installed APCC and tried running a model, and it just would not solve 2+2. Whenever this happens
to me, and the whole user world isn't screaming, I start looking at my particular environment. I have to assume it's not the application. In this
case, I had to give controlled folder access to APCC, Maxim, and Pinpoint, and provide private firewall access to Pinpoint. Now everything
solves locally in about 15 seconds and my environment is still secure, as much as it can be. I don't know anything about your environment,
but its worth looking at your security plan and making necessary changes.
Join main@ap-gto.groups.io to automatically receive all group messages. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Pompe disease gene therapy is a novel, next-generation therapeutic approach for treating the disease. Gene therapy is a type of medical intervention that treats a genetic disease or halts and potentially reverses disease progression by correcting the underlying genetic cause. It alters the individual’s genetic makeup by replacing the faulty gene or adding a new gene with the correct DNA sequence to either cure the disease or improve the current functional status of the patient.1,2
Genes are directly transferred into a person’s cells using a vector, most commonly an adeno-associated virus (AAV). Risks of gene therapy using this viral method include possible infection caused by the virus and an immune system response. The risk of triggering an immune response is lower with gene therapy than with enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), however.3 The virus may also target the incorrect cells, which may damage healthy cells or contribute to cancer development.2
Due to the complexity of Pompe disease, which impacts multiple organ systems such as endothelial cells, motor neurons, and cardiac, skeletal, and smooth muscles, selection of desired target tissues for the AAV vector poses an important step in the delivery of gene therapy. Once the target tissue has been chosen, route of administration (intramuscular, intravenous, intrathecal, intracisternal, or intracerebroventricular), vector capsid serotype, and specific promoters on the AAV combine to achieve targeted gene therapy delivery and promote expression of the deficient enzyme.4
Preclinical Trials
Proof-of-concept preclinical trials in mice demonstrated the capacity of Pompe patient-derived cells treated with gene therapy to produce functional human acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) enzyme and that these corrected enzymes could be effectively delivered to the lysosomes. In these preclinical trials, the AAV vectors successfully delivered and transduced the corrected genetic material into cardiac and skeletal muscles as well as neural tissue, improving the function in both muscles and nerves in mice with Pompe patient-derived cells.5
Preliminary animal studies indicate that gene therapy possesses the potential to surmount the ERT half-life limitations caused by GAA ERT, which necessitates that the patient undergo frequent intravenous infusions and trips to the laboratory for treatment. ERT only delivers a certain amount of functional GAA enzyme at one time, and adequate GAA concentration levels deteriorate without continued replacement. In contrast, gene therapy has the potential to achieve a sustained replenishment of functional GAA enzyme in the blood.6
Currently, 3 universities and 7 biotechnology companies are conducting preclinical and clinical trials to determine the efficacy and safety of gene therapy for individuals with Pompe disease. One literature review published in 2019 indicated that biotech companies—Sarepta, Amicus, Regeneron, and AvroBio—were conducting preclinical trials, while Actus, Audentes, and Spark had achieved varying degrees of clinical trial status.7
Amicus announced a collaboration with the University of Pennsylvania’s Perelman School of Medicine in Philadelphia for their preclinical Gene Therapy Program for Pompe disease.8
AT845, a single-dose, muscle-directed gene therapy, demonstrated a robust, dose-dependent increase in GAA enzyme activity in mouse and nonhuman primate models that effectively improved function by clearing accumulated lysosomal glycogen without provoking immune responses.9
Clinical Trials
Clinical trials have begun to test gene therapy products in humans with Pompe disease.
Actus Therapeutics is currently in collaboration with Duke University to conduct a phase 1/2 clinical trial, ACT-CS101, to assess the safety and efficacy of gene therapy using an AAV vector that targets and transduces the corrected genetic material into liver cells in patients with Pompe disease.6,10
Spark Therapeutics is in collaboration with the University of California, Irvine to conduct a phase 1/2 investigational, dose-escalation clinical trial, RESOLUTESM, assessing the safety and efficacy of a liver-directed, AAV gene therapy for individuals with late-onset Pompe disease.11,12
Astellas Pharma recently acquired Audentes Therapeutics and is continuing the phase 1/2 clinical trial, FORTIS, to assess the efficacy and safety of AT845, a gene therapy for adults with late-onset Pompe disease. FORTIS is a multicenter clinical trial being conducted across 8 sites in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom.13,14
References
1. What is gene therapy? MedlinePlus. Updated March 1, 2022. Accessed March 7, 2022.
2. Gene therapy. Mayo Clinic. December 29, 2017. Accessed March 7, 2022.
3. Khanna S. Duke to begin clinical trials for Pompe disease gene therapy this fall. News release. Duke Department of Pediatrics; March 28, 2018.
4. Salabarria SM, Nair J, Clement N, et al. Advancements in AAV-mediated gene therapy for Pompe disease. J Neuromuscul Dis. 2020;7(1):15-31. doi:10.3233/JND-190426
5. Byrne BJ, Falk DJ, Pacak CA, et al. Pompe disease gene therapy. Hum Mol Genet. 2011;20(R1):R61-R68. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr174
6. Rosenberg M. Actus begins gene therapy trial for Pompe disease. News release. Duke Department of Pediatrics; February 1, 2019.
7. Ronzitti G, Collaud F, Laforet P, Mingozzi F. Progress and challenges of gene therapy for Pompe disease. Ann Transl Med. 2019;7(13):287. doi:10.21037/atm.2019.04.67
8. Programs & pipeline: Pompe disease. Amicus Therapeutics. Accessed March 7, 2022.
9. Eggers M, Vannoy CH, Huang J, et al. Muscle-directed gene therapy corrects Pompe disease and uncovers species-specific GAA immunogenicity. EMBO Mol Med. 2022;14(1):e13968. doi:10.15252/emmm.202113968
10. AAV2/8-LSPhGAA in late-onset Pompe disease. ClinicalTrials.gov. May 23, 2018. Updated February 21, 2021. Accessed March 7, 2022.
11. Spark Therapeutics announces first participant dosed in phase 1/2 study of investigational gene therapy for late-onset Pompe disease. News release. Spark Therapeutics; February 1, 2021.
12. A gene transfer study for late-onset Pompe disease (RESOLUTE). ClinicalTrials.gov. September 18, 2019. Updated February 21, 2022. Accessed March 7, 2022.
13. Abdullah AI. First patient dosed in FORTIS trial of AT845 for LOPD. Pompe Disease News. April 13, 2021. Accessed March 7, 2022.
14. Gene transfer study in patients with late onset Pompe disease (FORTIS). ClinicalTrials.gov. November 22, 2019. Updated August 27, 2021. Accessed March 7, 2022.
Reviewed by Harshi Dhingra, MD, on 3/5/2022.
READ MORE ON PD | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
This study investigated the effects of peristaltic pulse dynamic compression (PPDC) on range-of-motion (ROM) changes in forward splits. Serious stretching usually involves discomfort and large time investments. Tissue structural changes and stretch tolerance have heretofore been considered the primary mechanisms of enhanced ROM. The PPDC treatment was computer controlled. Circumferential and segmented inflation pressures were induced by feet to hip leggings.
Nine subjects, experienced in stretching and a forward split position, volunteered. The subjects were familiarized with the protocol and randomly assigned to an initial condition: experimental (PPDC), or control (CONT). The study involved a crossover design. Second conditions were tested within 1-5 days. All tests were 2 trials of right and left forward splits. Split flexibility was assessed by measuring the height of the anterior superior iliac spine of the rear leg from the floor. Pelvic posture was controlled by rear leg position. The PPDC treatment was 15 minutes of seated PPDC.
The control condition was the same except that leggings were not inflated. Pressures of 5 cells in the leggings were set at factory defaults, 70 mm Hg sequentially. Difference score results indicated statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05) differences by condition and the condition by leg interaction. The rapid acute changes in ROM (PPDC: right 25.3%, left 33.3%; CONT: right 12.2%, left 1.0%) support the premise that changes in ROM were dependent on mechanisms other than tissue structural changes and/or stretch tolerance. PPDC provides a means of rapidly enhancing acute ROM requiring less discomfort and time. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Reshea Bristol
Reshea LaNette Bristol (born February 10, 1978) is an American former professional basketball player. After starting her career in the WNBA with the Charlotte Sting in 2001, she went on to play fourteen years in Russia, Lithuania, Iceland, Switzerland, Turkey, the Czech Republic, Spain, and Stateside.
College career
Bristol played college basketball for the University of Arizona from 1996 to 2001. She finished her Arizona career in the No. 5 spot on the UA all-time scoring list, with 1,260 points.
Arizona statistics
Source
Professional career
Bristol was drafted by the Charlotte Sting with the 50th pick in the 2001 WNBA draft. She played for Dynamo in Moscow during the 2001-02 season.
In 2004, she signed with Keflavík of the Icelandic Úrvalsdeild. On 27 November 2004, she helped Keflavík win the Icelandic Company Cup after defeating ÍS in the Cup finals. In January 2005, she left the team due to a family emergency and missed the rest of the season. Despite an early exit, Bristol lead the league in assists, steals and three point percent and was named the Úrvalsdeild Foreign Player of the Year at the end of the season. She returned to Keflavík for the 2005–2006 season. In October 2005, she helped Keflavík win the annual Icelandic Super Cup after posting 14 points and 13 steals in a victory against Haukar. On 30 October 2005, Keflavík lost its first game with Bristol as a player. It had previously won all 22 games she had played in since 2004. In December 2005, Bristol left the club. Despite another early exit, she again led the league in assists and steals.
After spending the 2009-10 season with VS Prague in the Czech Women's Basketball League, she signed with Pabellon Ourense of the Spanish Liga Femenina 2 in January 2011. In 15 games, she averaged 10.5 points and 6.3 rebounds. | WIKI |
How much water can molecular sieves absorb
40
For a large number of manufacturing processes the chemicals produced will contain moisture (water) , oxygen , nitrogen and other gases. This will affect the purity of the chemicals which are being produced. For most applications, very high purity is required and if the chemicals are impure, the price which the manufacturer can charge will be lower. So to improve the purity of the chemicals which are produced,the manufacturer will use one or more molecular sieve which will adsorb the molecules of the various impurities depending on the type of sieve.
One of the main characteristics of all types of molecular sieves is the pore size. This is the size of the pores in the sieve material which is usually specified by the manufacturer. The pore size is usually defined in terms of angstrom (nano meter). The molecular sieve will absorb molecules which are smaller than the pore size and all the other molecules will not be absorbed. So effectively the sieve is like a filter, absorbing molecules which are smaller in size, while excluding the larger molecules.
Comments are closed, but trackbacks and pingbacks are open. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Portugal at the 2016 Summer Olympics
Portugal competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. Portuguese athletes had appeared in every edition of the Summer Olympic Games since the nation's debut in 1912.
The Olympic Committee of Portugal fielded a team of 92 athletes, 62 men and 30 women, across 16 sports at the Games. It was the nation's second-largest ever delegation sent to the Olympics, falling short of the record for the most athletes (107) achieved in Atlanta 1996 by nearly 20 percent. Men's football was the only team-based sport in which Portugal had representatives at these Games, returning to the Olympic scene after being absent from the previous two editions. Portugal also marked its Olympic debut in golf (new to the 2016 Games), as well as its return to taekwondo after 8 years, and slalom canoeing and tennis after 16 years.
The Portuguese roster featured 31 returning Olympians, including three past medalists: triple jumper and Beijing 2008 champion Nelson Évora and sprint canoeing duo Fernando Pimenta and Emanuel Silva, who brought home the nation's only medal, a silver, at London 2012. Windsurfer and multiple-time European champion João Rodrigues, who was selected as the nation's flag bearer in the opening ceremony, set a historic milestone as the first Portuguese athlete to participate in his seventh and final Olympics. Pistol shooter João Costa, the oldest of the team (aged 52), and Laser sailor Gustavo Lima joined the list of the nation's athletes who attended their fifth Games. Other notable competitors on the Portuguese roster included world-ranked judoka and four-time Olympian Telma Monteiro, road cycling pro Rui Costa, European Games taekwondo champion Rui Bragança, and sprinter Lorène Bazolo, who ran for her native Congo in London four years earlier.
Portugal left Rio de Janeiro with only a bronze medal won by Monteiro in the women's 57 kg, saving its pride from the humiliation of returning empty-handed for the first time since Barcelona 1992. Several Portuguese athletes advanced further to the finals of their respective sporting events, but came closest to the nation's medal haul, including Évora (sixth, men's triple jump), Pimenta (fifth, men's K-1 1000 m), Silva and his new partner João Ribeiro (fourth, men's K-2 1000 m), and João José Pereira, who finished fifth in the men's triathlon.
Competitors
The following is the list of number of competitors participating in the Games. Note that reserves in fencing, field hockey, football, and handball are not counted as athletes:
* width=78% align=left valign=top |
Athletics
Portuguese athletes achieved qualifying standards in several events (maximum of three athletes per event). On May 31, 2016, the Portuguese Athletics Federation (FPA) named the first batch of track and road athletes, all competing in both marathon and race walking, to the Olympic roster, with João Vieira remarkably going to his fourth Games. The final roster of 25 athletes (9 men and 16 women) was officially announced on July 12, 2016. Eight days later, the Portuguese federation announced that Yazaldes Nascimento would be unable to participate in the men's 100 metres due to injury, which had already left him out of the delegation for the 2016 European Athletics Championships.
* Key
* Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
* Q = Qualified for the next round
* q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target
* NR = National record
* N/A = Round not applicable for the event
* Bye = Athlete not required to compete in round
* Track & road events
* Men
* Women
* Field events
* Men
* Women
Badminton
Portugal has qualified two badminton players for each of the following events into the Olympic tournament. London 2012 Olympians Pedro Martins and Telma Santos picked up one of the spare athlete berths each from host nation Brazil and from the Tripartite Commission as the next highest-ranked eligible players in their respective singles events based on the BWF World Rankings as of 5 May 2016.
Slalom
Portugal has qualified one boat in the men's slalom C-1 for the Games, as the International Canoe Federation accepted the nation's request to claim a spare berth freed by Great Britain. The slot was awarded to José Carvalho, who finished among the top 20 canoeists at the 2015 World Championships.
Sprint
Portuguese canoeists initially qualified four boats for the Games through the 2015 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships. Meanwhile, one additional boat was awarded in the women's K-1 200 m by virtue of a top-two national finish at the 2016 European Qualification Regatta in Duisburg, Germany.
* Men
Qualification Legend: FA = Qualify to final (medal); FB = Qualify to final B (non-medal)
* Women
Road
Portuguese riders qualified for a maximum of four quota places in the men's Olympic road race by virtue of their top 15 final national ranking in the 2015 UCI World Tour. On 4 July 2016, the Portuguese Cycling Federation announced the selection of former Olympians André Cardoso, Rui Costa and Nelson Oliveira, and of 2016 national road race champion José Mendes, who would take part in his first Olympics.
Mountain biking
Portuguese mountain bikers qualified for two men's quota places into the Olympic cross-country race, as a result of the nation's eleventh place in the UCI Olympic Ranking List of 25 May 2016. On 9 June 2016, the Portuguese Cycling Federation announced it had selected Tiago Ferreira and London 2012 Olympian David Rosa as the nation's representatives in this event.
Equestrian
Portugal has entered one jumping rider into the Olympic equestrian competition by virtue of a top national finish from South Western Europe in the individual FEI Olympic Rankings.
Men's tournament
Portugal qualified a team of 18 players for the Olympic men's football tournament by reaching the semifinals at the 2015 UEFA European Under-21 Championship in the Czech Republic.
* Team roster
* Group play
* Quarterfinal
Golf
Portugal has entered two golfers into the Olympic tournament. Ricardo Gouveia (world no. 125) and José-Filipe Lima (world no. 392) qualified directly among the top 60 players for the men's event based on the IGF World Rankings as of July 11, 2016.
Artistic
Portugal has entered two artistic gymnasts into the Olympic competition. Gustavo Simões and Ana Filipa Martins claimed their Olympic spots respectively in the men's and women's apparatus and individual all-around events at the Olympic Test Event in Rio de Janeiro. On 22 July, however, the Portuguese federation announced that Simões would fail its debut Olympic participation in Rio de Janeiro due to a foot injury in a preparation event.
* Women
Trampoline
Portugal has entered two trampoline gymnasts into the Olympic competition. Diogo Abreu and two-time Olympian Ana Rente claimed their Olympic spots respectively in the men's and women's events at the Olympic Test Event in Rio de Janeiro.
Judo
Portugal has qualified a total of six judokas for each of the following weight classes at the Games. Five of them (three men and two women), with Telma Monteiro remarkably going to her fourth Olympics, were ranked among the top 22 eligible judokas for men and top 14 for women in the IJF World Ranking List of May 30, 2016, while Nuno Saraiva at men's lightweight (73 kg) earned a continental quota spot from the European region as the highest-ranked Portuguese judoka outside of direct qualifying position.
Sailing
Portuguese sailors have qualified one boat in each of the following classes through the 2014 ISAF Sailing World Championships, the individual fleet Worlds, and European qualifying regattas. On December 17, 2015, three Portuguese sailors had been named to the 2016 Olympic team, including seven-time Olympian João Rodrigues in men's windsurfing. Meanwhile, single-handed sailors Gustavo Lima (Laser), who confirmed his fifth Olympic appearance, and 2012 Olympian Sara Carmo (Laser Radial) had claimed their Olympic spots at the Princess Sofia Trophy Regatta to round out the selection of the sailing squad.
M = Medal race; EL = Eliminated – did not advance into the medal race
Shooting
Portugal has qualified one shooter to compete in the men's pistol events by virtue of his best finish at the 2015 ISSF World Cup series and other selection competitions, as long as he obtained a minimum qualifying score (MQS) by March 31, 2016.
Qualification Legend: Q = Qualify for the next round; q = Qualify for the bronze medal (shotgun)
Swimming
Portuguese swimmers have so far achieved qualifying standards in the following events (up to a maximum of two swimmers in each event at the Olympic Qualifying Time (OQT), and potentially one at the Olympic Selection Time (OST)):
Table tennis
Portugal has entered three athletes into the table tennis competition at the Games. Two-time Olympians Tiago Apolónia and Marcos Freitas, along with Chinese-born Yu Fu, secured Olympic spots each in the men's and women's singles, respectively, by winning their group final matches at the European Qualification Tournament in Halmstad, Sweden. Meanwhile, Shao Jieni was automatically selected among the top 22 eligible players to join Yu in the women's singles based on the ITTF Olympic Rankings.
Remarkably going with Apolonia and Freitas to their third Olympics, João Monteiro was awarded the third spot to build the men's team for the Games by virtue of a top 10 national finish in the ITTF Olympic Rankings.
Taekwondo
Portugal entered one athlete into the taekwondo competition for the first time at the Olympics since 2008. European Games champion Rui Bragança qualified automatically for the men's flyweight category (58 kg) by finishing in the top 6 WTF Olympic rankings.
Tennis
Portugal has entered two tennis players into the Olympic tournament, signifying the nation's return to the sport for the first time since 2000. João Sousa (world no. 30) qualified directly for the men's singles event as one of the top 56 eligible players in the ATP World Rankings as of June 6, 2016, while Gastão Elias (world no. 88) secured an additional Olympic place as a result of the withdrawal of players with higher ranking. On the second day of the Games, the withdrawal of the German pair from the men's doubles event allowed Elias and Sousa to enter the tournament as alternates.
Triathlon
Portugal has qualified a total of three triathletes for the Olympics. Miguel Arraiolos, João José Pereira, and João Pedro Silva were ranked among the top 40 eligible triathletes in the men's event based on the ITU Olympic Qualification List as of May 15, 2016. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Toby Heaps
The result was delete. ♠PMC♠ (talk) 22:37, 6 May 2021 (UTC)
Toby Heaps
* – ( View AfD View log )
Semi-advertorialized WP:BLP of an organizational founder, not properly referenced as passing our notability criteria for organizational founders. As always, just being president of an organization is not an automatic notability freebie in the absence of a WP:GNG-worthy volume of media coverage about him and his work -- but four of the seven footnotes are newspaper op-eds where he's the bylined author of the content, and the other three are his "staff" profiles on the self-published websites of companies or organizations he's been directly affiliated with. But people aren't notable just because they have profiles in their own employers' staff directories, nor do they get over the bar by being the author of media coverage about other things -- the notability test involves being the subject of media coverage written by other people. Nothing stated here is "inherently" notable enough to exempt him from having to have a stronger notability claim than just existing, and better sourcing to support it than just his own self-written content. Bearcat (talk) 16:54, 21 April 2021 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Businesspeople-related deletion discussions. Bearcat (talk) 16:54, 21 April 2021 (UTC)
* Note: This discussion has been included in the list of Canada-related deletion discussions. Bearcat (talk) 16:54, 21 April 2021 (UTC)
Relisted to generate a more thorough discussion and clearer consensus.
Please add new comments below this notice. Thanks, Kichu🐘 Need any help? 08:55, 29 April 2021 (UTC)
* Delete Not a single BLP ref in the first block. Fails WP:SIGCOV. scope_creep Talk 11:16, 3 May 2021 (UTC)
* Delete fails WP:GNG Devoke water 13:45, 6 May 2021 (UTC)
| WIKI |
The Long-Term Benefits of Investing in Full Mouth Dental Implants 1
The Long-Term Benefits of Investing in Full Mouth Dental Implants
Understanding Full Mouth Dental Implants
Full mouth dental implants are a comprehensive solution for individuals who have lost most or all of their teeth. This dental procedure involves the use of titanium posts, which are surgically inserted into the jawbone to mimic the root structure of natural teeth. Once these implants have integrated with the bone, a full arch of artificial teeth is attached, providing a functional and aesthetically pleasing replacement for missing teeth.
The Long-Term Benefits of Investing in Full Mouth Dental Implants 2
Initial Costs vs. Longevity of Dental Implants
One of the primary concerns for patients considering full mouth dental implants is the initial cost. It’s true that the upfront investment can be significant when compared to traditional dentures or bridges. However, when evaluating the longevity of dental implants, the perspective begins to shift. Implants are designed to last many decades, and with proper care, they can even last a lifetime, unlike dentures or bridges that typically require replacement every 5 to 15 years. This means that, over time, the cost amortizes, potentially making implants more cost-effective than other tooth replacement options.
Maintenance and Durability
Dental implants require the same level of care as natural teeth, which includes regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups. This routine maintenance contributes to their durability. In contrast, alternative solutions such as dentures might involve additional costs over the years, like fixatives, cleaning solutions, and more frequent dental visits for adjustments. Full mouth dental implants eliminate many of these recurring expenses, thus becoming more economical over the years.
The durability of dental implants also plays a pivotal role in cost-effectiveness. Made from biocompatible materials, implants are not susceptible to cavities, and they help preserve jawbone integrity, preventing bone loss that is often associated with missing teeth. This preservation of oral health can reduce future dental costs related to bone grafting, periodontal disease, and other oral health issues.
Improvement in Quality of Life
An often-overlooked aspect of full mouth dental implants is the improvement in quality of life they offer, which can indirectly translate into cost savings. Implants provide a level of comfort and performance akin to natural teeth, improving speech, the ability to eat a diverse range of foods, and overall self-confidence. By allowing for a healthier diet, dental implants can potentially lower long-term healthcare costs that stem from nutritional deficiencies or related health issues.
Furthermore, the confidence that comes with a stable, permanent solution like implants can lead to social and professional opportunities that might be hindered by the insecurities associated with removable dentures. The psychological benefits and potential lifestyle improvements are difficult to quantify but are undeniable influences on the overall cost-effectiveness of the treatment in the long run.
Considering the Investment in Your Health
When deliberating the cost-effectiveness of full mouth dental implants, it’s vital to regard them as an investment in one’s health, rather than just another medical expense. Evaluating the potential impact on oral and general health, the longevity and durability of the implants, and the quality of life improvements they offer can provide a more comprehensive picture of their value. Visit this external resource for additional information on the topic. best dental implants Dentist https://thewobblytooth.com/full-mouth-reconstruction, dive deeper into the subject.
Ultimately, while the initial costs of full mouth dental implants might be daunting, a detailed analysis considering their lifespan, reduced maintenance costs, health benefits, and positive impact on daily living reveals that they can indeed be a cost-effective solution in the long run. As with any significant medical decision, it’s important to consult with a dental professional to understand the full scope of benefits and costs tailored to your specific situation.
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Connie Murphy (Gaelic footballer)
Cornelius Murphy (born 1965) is an Irish former Gaelic footballer who played for the Dr. Crokes club and at inter-county level with the Kerry senior football team.
Playing career
Murphy first played Gaelic football at juvenile and underage levels with the Dr. Crokes club in Killarney. He won a Kerry U21FC title in 1986. By that stage Murphy had also joined the club's top adult team, having won a Kerry IFC title in 1985. He later won two Munster SCFC titles and was man of the match when Dr. Crokes beat Thomas Davis in the 1992 All-Ireland club final. Murphy's club career ended shortly after winning a second Kerry SFC medal in 2000.
Murphy first appeared on the inter-county scene for Kerry as a member of the minor team in 1983. He later spent a year with the under-21 team, however, his underage career ended without success. Murphy made his senior team debut during the 1987–88 league, however, his career coincided with a relatively fallow period in terms of success. In spite of this, he was selected on the All-Star team in 1989 and won a Munster SFC medal in 1991.
Management career
Murphy was appointed manager of the Kerry junior football team in 2002. His two-year tenure in charge saw the team win consecutive Munster JFC titles, however, Kerry lost the 2002 All-Ireland junior final to Wicklow.
Player
* Dr Crokes
* All-Ireland Senior Club Football Championship: 1992
* Munster Senior Club Football Championship: 1990, 1991
* Kerry Senior Football Championship: 1991, 2000
* Kerry Senior Club Football Championship: 1987, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1996
* East Kerry Senior Football Championship: 1986, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1995, 2000
* Kerry Intermediate Football Championship: 1985
* Kerry Under-21 Football Championship: 1986
* Kerry
* Munster Senior Football Championship: 1991
Management
* Kerry
* Munster Junior Football Championship: 2002, 2003 | WIKI |
ADL astronomical society
ADL, Astronomsko društvo Labod (Slovenian for Cygnus Astronomical Society) is the most active Slovenian astronomical society. It organises astronomy camps, lectures for youths and similar events.
The activity field of organization covers various fields of astronomy: planetary astrophotography, photometry of variable stars and objects of the Solar System, astrophotography of nebulae, monitoring the activities of meteors and comets, observation of exceptional astronomical events such as eclipses and auroras. | WIKI |
List of Old Dunelmians
This is a list of notable Old Dunelmians, former students of Durham School at Durham, England.
A to E
* Sir Carl Douglas Aarvold (1907–1991), Recorder of London, England International rugby player, British and Irish Lions rugby player.
* Garath Archer, England International rugby player.
* Adil Arif, Emirati cricketer
* Alexander Armstrong, actor and comedian.
* Charles Adamson, Barbarians and British Lions rugby footballer. Killed in action! Brother-in-law to Lewis Vaughan Lodge.
* John Askew (1908–1942), cricketer and England rugby union international.
* Jamie Atkinson, International Show Jumper.
* Sir Ernest Nathaniel Bennett (1868–1947), politician and journalist.
* Lee Best (1978-) England rugby player.
* Sir Anthony Alfred Bowlby CB KCVO KCB (1855–1929), Surgeon-General, Mentioned in despatches five times, Distinguished Service Medal (US).
* Ralph Bradley (1717–1788) pioneer of English conveyancing law.
* William Browne, Author and President of College of Physicians
* William Laurence Burn (1904–1966), historian and lawyer.
* Edmund Carter (1845–1923), Oxford University, Victoria, and Yorkshire, first class cricketer and rower.
* Hall Charlton (1979–), Newcastle Falcons RFC.
* Rod Clements (1947–), Musician, guitarist. Founder of folk-rock band Lindisfarne
* Thomas Cooke (1722–1783), 18th-century eccentric divine, author and playwright; published two comedies, 1722–83, and also sermons.
* Sir William Fothergill Cooke (1806–79), co-inventor of the Cooke-Wheatstone electrical telegraph, founder of the world's first public telegraph company.
* Bishop Mandell Creighton (1843–1901), Bishop of London. Historian. Author.
* Barry Cumberlege (1891–1970), cricketer and England rugby footballer.
* Dominic Cummings (1971–) British political advisor and strategist
* John Robert Davison MP, QC (1826 – 15 April 1871), barrister and Liberal politician
* Christopher Beckett Denison (9 May 1825 – 30 October 1884), politician, director of GNR, Siege of Lucknow
* William Eden (1744–1814), first Baron Auckland, penal reformer and diplomatist.
* Thomas Renton Elliott (1877–1961), physician and physiologist.
F to J
* Henry Cecil Ferens (c. 1899–1975), Cricketer, gave his name to Ferens House, until 2003 a house for junior boys.
* WMW Fowler, bomber pilot and POW, culinary author.
* Henry Watson Fox (1817–1848), famous missionary in Masulipatam. Pupil and friend of Dr.Thomas Arnold at Rugby School. Author of Chapters on Missions in South India.
* Sir William Fox (1812–1893), KCMG, three times Prime Minister of New Zealand. Statesman and social reformer.
* Edward Pritchard Gee, discovered Gee's golden langur Golden Langur.jpg, influential in creation of Chitwan National Park.
* Michael Gough (23 November 1916 – 17 March 2011), actor.
* Bishop John Graham (1794–1865), Bishop of Chester. Clerk of the closet to Queen Victoria. Taught classics and mathematics as a fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. Vice-chancellor of Cambridge University. Chaplain to Prince Albert.
* William Greenwell (1820–1918), archaeologist and librarian.
* William Hardcastle (1918–1975), journalist and radio broadcaster, co-founder of 'The World at One' radio programme.
* Field Marshal Henry Hardinge, 1st Viscount Hardinge (1785–1856), succeeded The Duke of Wellington as Commander in Chief of the British Army, Governor-general of India, First Anglo-Sikh War.
* Arthur Harrison (1868–1936), organ builder of note, those at Durham Cathedral, Ely Cathedral and Westminster Abbey to name a few. Partner in Harrison & Harrison.
* Ian Hay MC (1876–1952), not an OD but a master at Durham School, humorist and author.
* William Noel Hodgson MC (1893–1916), war poet on the Somme, mentioned in despatches. Killed in action.
* Ian Hogg (1937– ), actor.
* Thomas Jefferson Hogg (1792–1862), biographer and friend of Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley.
* Noel Forbes Humphreys, MC (1890–1918), England and British Lions rugby footballer. Killed in action.
* James Isaacson (1980–), Newcastle Falcons RFC, Leeds RFC.
* Sir Henry Evan Murchison James (1846–), author, director general of Post Office of India (1886). Author: The Long White Mountain; or Travels in Manchuria, 1889.
K to O
* Graham Kerr, Scotland international rugby union player
* John Kingston, Head Coach and Director of Rugby of Harlequins R.F.C.
* Sir John Grant McKenzie Laws (1945–2020), Lord Justice of Appeal.
* Sir Donald Limon, Clerk of the House of Commons
* Lewis Vaughan Lodge, (21 December 1872 – 21 October 1916) represented the England national football team. He also played first-class cricket with Hampshire.
* Frederick Lohden OBE, England and Barbarians rugby footballer
* Sir Henry Frederick Manisty (1808–1890), judge
* James Mickleton (1638–1693), antiquary and lawyer.
* Gordon Muchall, Durham, county cricketer.
* Sir Roderick Impey Murchison (1792–1871), scientist and geologist who served in the Peninsular War.
* William Andrews Nesfield (1793–1881), landscape architect and artist.
* Henry Nettleship (1839–1893), influential classical scholar.
* Sir Robert Owen (1944– ), High Court Judge.
P to T
* Geoff Parling, Leicester Tigers RFC, England, British and Irish Lions (Tour of Australia 2013).
* Richard Godfrey Parsons (1882–1948), Bishop of Middleton, Bishop of Southwark, Bishop of Hereford.
* Sir Thomas Sabine Pasley, KCB, Admiral in Royal Navy
* Sir Geoffrey Pattie (1936– ), politician
* Sir Robert Ker Porter (1777–1842). Painter and travel author.
* Max Pugh (1977– ) British film and television director.
* John Ranson England Rugby Union International
* Dean Edward Bannerman Ramsay (1793–1872), Author Reminiscences of Scottish Life and Character. Chief founder of the Scottish Episcopalian Church Society in 1838.Vice-president Royal Society of Edinburgh.
* Dr.James Raine (1791–1858). Not an Old Dunelmian, but second master at Durham School. Antiquarian, historian, topographer. Principle judge of the consistory court.
* James Raine (1830–1896). Antiquarian, archeologist, historian.
* John D. Rayner (1924–2005), Rabbi Emeritus of the Liberal Jewish Synagogue.
* Mike Roseberry, Middlesex and Durham, county cricketer.
* Thomas Rudd (1667/8–1733), master of Durham School, important historian and librarian of Durham cathedral and city, rector.
* John Warburton Sagar (1878–1941), England rugby player in 1901 season. Governor of Kordovan and Wadi Halfa in Sudan.
* Anthony Salvin (1799–1881), 19th-century architect who restored or extended Windsor Castle, Alnwick Castle, Warwick Castle, Rockingham Castle and the Tower of London.
* Prideaux John Selby (1788–1867). Botanist, ornithologist, illustrator.
* Granville Sharp (1735–1813), 18th-century initiator of the movement for the abolition of slavery and founder of Sierra Leone as a land for returned slaves, originator of Sharp's rule, still used as Biblical proof of Christ's divinity.
* Edward Shortt MP (1862–1935), Chief Secretary for Ireland and Home Secretary.
* Christopher Smart (1722–1771), 18th-century poet.
* Robert Spearman (1703–71), philosopher, eccentric theologian, author of An Enquiry After Philosophy and Theology.
* Charlie Spedding, winner of the 1984 London Marathon and bronze medal winner at the 1984 Olympic Games.
* Michael Stephenson (1981–), Newcastle Falcons RFC, Bath RFC.
* Joseph Stevenson (27 November 1806 – 8 February 1895), English Catholic archivist and editor of historical texts.
* Nigel Stock, Bishop to the Forces, Bishop at Lambeth, Bishop for the Falkland Islands.
* Mark Stockley-Haylock Guild Master of World of Warcraft esports clan and mythic plus team Digital Doom World rank 52.
* Robert Smith Surtees (1805–1864), comedy novelist, sports editor and founder of New Sporting Magazine.
* Charles Thorp, FRS (13 October 1783 – 10 October 1862), anti-slavery campaigner, environmentalist, educationalist, Fellow of the Royal Society, first warden of the University of Durham
* Will Todd, musician and composer.
* Dr. Henry Baker Tristram (1822–1906), canon, naturalist, travel writer, missionary and fellow of the Royal Society. Masonic Grand Chaplain of England. Founding member of British Ornithologists' Union.
* Dr. Thomas Hutchinson Tristram, Chancellor of London for 40 years. Doctor of Law. Last member of The Society of Doctor's Commons founded in 1511.
U to Z
* Sir Peter Vardy, entrepreneur and philanthropist.
* George Walker (mathematician), Mathematician, orator, preacher, abolitionist, composer, theologian
* Sir Hugh Seymour Walpole (13 March 1884 – 1 June 1941) CBE, Author, collector of art
* Mike Weston, Captain of British Lions and Manager of England Rugby in the first World Cup 1987.
* Robin Weston, Derbyshire, Durham, and Middlesex, county cricketer.
* Phil Weston, Derbyshire, Gloucestershire, and Worcestershire, county cricketer.
* Bishop George Howard Wilkinson (1833–1907), Bishop of St Andrews, Dunkeld and Dunblane and Primus of the Scottish Episcopal Church formerly Bishop of Truro.
* Micky Young, Bath Rugby, England Saxons, England 7s.
Speculative ODs
There have been claims for certain individuals to be ODs over the years, research has not been able to rule them out, but not in either.
* John Balliol, King of Scotland, possibly attended Durham School before its official foundation in 1414.
* Michael Scot, alias Scotus, Scott, and Michael the wizard, 13th-century mathematician, alchemist, scientist, linguist, philosopher and a character in Dante's Inferno
Citation needed
These are believed to be ODs but do not have references at this point. They are here so that editors can assist by finding references to support their inclusion and move them into the relevant sections above.
* Sir Raleigh Grey KBE CMG CVO, pioneer of Rhodesia who took part in the Jameson Raid, a great-grandson of the first Earl Grey
* John Wesley Hales, editor, man of letters
* Thomas Knaggs, 17th-century preacher
* Alan Redpath, Christian evangelist and author
* Andrew Roseberry, Glamorgan and Leicestershire, county cricketer.
* John Warburton Sagar, England international rugby union player and diplomat.
* Lord Wyfold of Accrington (c. 1851–1937 ), formerly Colonel Sir Robert Trotter Hermon-Hodge, Bart., raised to the peerage for public services in the Great War | WIKI |
Reducing Stress and Improving Health: The Power of Self-Care
eeling overwhelmed by stress? You have the power to take control of your health and well-being through the practice of self-care.
In today’s fast-paced world, stress is a common factor that impacts our physical and mental well-being. But here’s the irony: by prioritizing yourself and minding your own business, you can reduce stress and make better decisions based on personal goals and values.
Discover the powerful benefits of self-care and learn effective tools for managing stress in this article.
Key Takeaways
• Power of Self-CareStress is a significant contributor to various physical health problems and can increase the risk of mental health conditions such as depression and anxiety.
• Stress triggers the release of hormones that can cause physiological changes in the body, leading to serious health issues over time.
• Tools like breathing exercises, guided imagery, journaling, and mindful meditation can help manage stress by identifying its root causes and putting things into perspective.
• Prioritizing self-care, focusing on personal thoughts and feelings, and gaining confidence in one’s ideas and opinions can reduce stress and improve overall health.
The Connection Between Stress and Physical Health
Stress has a significant impact on your physical health. It can increase the risk of heart disease, asthma, obesity, gastrointestinal problems, depression, anxiety, and even Alzheimer’s disease. These physiological consequences aren’t to be taken lightly, as they can lead to serious long-term health effects.
When you experience stress, your body releases hormones like cortisol and adrenaline, triggering physiological changes. These changes, such as increased blood pressure and faster heart rate, can have detrimental effects on your health over time. It’s important to understand that stress is more than just a feeling; it’s a biological response that affects your entire body.
To manage stress and mitigate its impact on your physical health, there are practical tools you can use. Breathing exercises, guided imagery, journaling, and mindful meditation can all help reduce stress levels. By focusing on your own thoughts and feelings and prioritizing self-care, you can minimize the physiological changes caused by stress.
Understanding Stress as a Biological Response
You can better understand stress by recognizing it as a biological response that triggers physiological changes in your body. When you experience stress, hormones like cortisol and adrenaline are released, causing physical changes such as increased blood pressure, a faster heart rate, and rapid breathing.
These changes can have a significant impact on your overall well-being. That’s why it’s crucial to learn stress management techniques. By implementing tools like deep breathing, guided imagery, journaling, and mindful meditation, you can effectively manage stress and minimize its physiological effects.
These techniques help you identify the root cause of stress, often related to caring too much about others’ opinions. By focusing on your own thoughts and feelings, you can gain perspective and make decisions based on your personal goals and values.
Taking care of yourself and managing stress not only improves your physical health but also enhances your overall well-being.
Effective Tools for Managing Stress
Taking time for mindfulness and utilizing stress management techniques can lead to a healthier and more balanced mindset. When it comes to managing stress, two effective tools you can use are breathing exercises and guided imagery.
Breathing exercises are a simple yet powerful way to calm your mind and body. Take a moment to focus on your breath, inhaling deeply through your nose and exhaling slowly through your mouth. As you do this, imagine that you’re releasing all the stress and tension from your body with each breath. This can help reduce anxiety and promote relaxation.
Guided imagery is another helpful technique for managing stress. Close your eyes and imagine yourself in a peaceful and serene place, such as a beach or a forest. Visualize the sights, sounds, and smells of this place, allowing yourself to fully immerse in the experience. This can help shift your focus away from stress and bring about a sense of calm and tranquility.
The Impact of Stress on Decision-Making
Feeling overwhelmed by stress can cloud your judgment and lead to poor decision-making. Stress has a significant impact on cognitive processes and can influence risk-taking behavior.
Here’s how stress affects decision-making:
• Impaired cognitive processes: When you’re stressed, your ability to think clearly and rationally is compromised. Stress can hinder your problem-solving skills, memory, and attention span, making it harder to make sound decisions.
• Emotional decision-making: Stress can make you more prone to making impulsive and emotional decisions. It can heighten your sensitivity to negative emotions and make you more reactive to stressors, leading to riskier choices.
• Risk aversion or risk-seeking behavior: The influence of stress on risk-taking behavior can vary from person to person. Some individuals may become more risk-averse, avoiding any potential risks due to fear and anxiety. On the other hand, stress can also lead to risk-seeking behavior, where individuals engage in more impulsive and risky actions as a way to cope with stress.
Understanding the role of stress in decision-making can help you recognize when stress is influencing your choices. By managing stress effectively through self-care and mindfulness techniques, you can make more informed decisions that align with your goals and values.
Mind Your Own Business: A Key to Reducing Stress
Focusing on yourself instead of others can lead to a significant reduction in stress levels. It’s important to set boundaries and let go of external expectations.
When you prioritize yourself and mind your own business, you create a space for self-care, which is crucial for reducing stress. Instead of constantly worrying about what others think or trying to read their minds, shift your focus to your own well-being.
By setting boundaries, you protect your time and energy, ensuring that you prioritize what truly matters to you. Letting go of external expectations allows you to live authentically and make decisions based on your own values and goals.
The Power of Self-Care in Reducing Stress and Improving Health
When you prioritize yourself and make time for your own well-being, you create a positive impact on your overall state of mind and physical well-being. Self-care is essential for reducing stress and improving your health.
Here are some benefits of self-care in reducing stress:
• Stress reduction: Engaging in self-care activities helps to lower stress levels and promote relaxation. It allows you to take a break from your daily responsibilities and focus on yourself, which can significantly reduce stress.
• Improved mental health: Self-care activities such as meditation, exercise, and spending time in nature can enhance your mental well-being. They provide an opportunity to clear your mind, reduce anxiety, and improve your mood.
• Physical well-being: Taking care of yourself through activities like eating nutritious meals, getting enough sleep, and exercising regularly can improve your physical health. These self-care practices boost your immune system, increase energy levels, and help prevent illnesses.
Try incorporating self-care activities into your daily routine, such as taking a relaxing bath, reading a book, or practicing yoga. Remember, taking care of yourself isn’t selfish but necessary for reducing stress and improving your overall health.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Does Stress Impact the Immune System and Overall Physical Health?
Stress can have a big impact on your immune system and overall physical health. When you’re stressed, your body releases hormones that can weaken your immune system, making you more prone to getting sick.
It can also lead to problems like heart disease, obesity, and gastrointestinal issues. To reduce stress, focus on self-care strategies like deep breathing, meditation, and journaling.
Taking care of yourself is important for both your mental and physical well-being.
Can Stress Lead to Long-Term Health Problems Such as Chronic Pain?
Yes, chronic stress can indeed lead to long-term health problems such as chronic pain. When you experience stress over a prolonged period, it can negatively impact your physical health, including the development of chronic pain conditions.
However, by actively practicing stress management techniques, you can mitigate the effects of stress on your body and reduce the likelihood of developing chronic pain. Taking care of yourself and finding effective ways to manage stress are essential for maintaining your overall health and well-being.
What Are Some Effective Strategies for Managing Stress in the Workplace?
To effectively manage stress in the workplace, there are a few strategies you can try.
First, take advantage of workplace wellness programs that offer stress reduction activities like yoga or meditation.
Secondly, make sure to prioritize self-care by setting boundaries, taking breaks, and practicing relaxation techniques.
Additionally, try to foster a positive work environment by communicating effectively, seeking support from coworkers, and finding ways to make work more enjoyable.
How Does Stress Affect Sleep Patterns and Overall Quality of Sleep?
Stress can seriously mess with your sleep. In fact, did you know that stress is one of the leading causes of sleep deprivation? When you’re stressed, your mind races, making it hard to fall asleep and stay asleep.
The lack of quality sleep can have a major impact on your cognitive function. It can make it difficult to concentrate, make decisions, and even affect your memory.
Is There a Link Between Stress and Digestive Disorders Such as Irritable Bowel Syndrome (Ibs)?
Stress and the gut: Exploring the connection between stress and digestive health.
The mind gut connection: Understanding how stress affects the digestive system.
Yes, there’s a link between stress and digestive disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS).
When you’re stressed, your body releases hormones that can disrupt the normal functioning of your digestive system.
This can lead to symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel movements.
Managing stress through self-care practices can help improve digestive health and reduce the impact of stress on your gut.
Conclusion
Taking care of yourself and focusing on your own well-being is the key to reducing stress and improving your health.
By prioritizing self-care, you can mitigate the negative effects of stress on your body and mind.
Remember, minding your own business allows you to make better decisions based on your personal goals and values.
Implementing tools such as breathing techniques, guided imagery, journaling, and mindful meditation can further support your journey towards a healthier and more balanced life.
Embrace the power of self-care and regain control over your health and well-being. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Francisco Solís Hervás
Francisco Solís Hervás, O. de M. (1657–1716) was a Roman Catholic prelate who served as Bishop of Córdoba (1714–1716) and Bishop of Lérida (1701–1713).
Biography
Francisco Solís Hervás was born in Gibraltar in 1657 and ordained a priest in the Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy in 1674. On 8 August 1701, he was appointed during the papacy of Pope Clement XI as Bishop of Lérida. On 21 December 1701, he was consecrated bishop by Francesco Acquaviva d'Aragona, Titular Archbishop of Larissa in Thessalia. On 22 June 1713, he was selected by the King of Spain as Bishop of Sigüenza but was not yet confirmed by the pope before being selected as Bishop of Córdoba and confirmed by Pope Clement XI on 17 January 1714. He served as Bishop of Córdoba until his death on 14 October 1716.
Episcopal succession
While bishop, he was the principal consecrator of: and the principal co-consecrator of:
* Juan José Llamas Rivas, Bishop of Panamá (1714);
* Carlos Borja Centellas y Ponce de León, Titular Archbishop of Trapezus (1705);
* Pedro Aguado, Bishop of Pamplona (1713); and
* Sancho Antonio Belunza Corcuera, Bishop of Ceuta (1714).
External links and additional sources
* (for Chronology of Bishops) $[self-published]$
* (for Chronology of Bishops) $[self-published]$
* (for Chronology of Bishops) $[self-published]$
* (for Chronology of Bishops) $[self-published]$ | WIKI |
U.S. to file 'statement of interest' in lawsuits against opioid makers, distributors
February 27, 2018 / 7:01 PM / Updated 3 minutes ago U.S. to seek reimbursement from opioid makers, distributors Sarah N. Lynch 3 Min Read WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The federal government will seek reimbursement from major drug companies and distributors to recover costs it has borne from the opioid epidemic, the U.S. Justice Department said on Tuesday. Attorney General Jeff Sessions said Washington would side with states, cities and other plaintiffs in litigation that accuses the drug makers of deceptively marketing opioids and alleges that distributors ignored red flags indicating the painkillers were being diverted for improper uses. “The hard-working taxpayers of this country deserve to be compensated by any whose illegal activity contributed to these costs,” Sessions said. In 2016, the last year with publicly available data, 42,000 people died from opioid overdoses, according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. In the latest step by the Justice Department to tackle the opioid epidemic, the department said it would file a “statement of interest” in litigation consolidated in a federal court in Cleveland. Named in the litigation are opioid manufacturers Purdue Pharma LP, Johnson & Johnson, Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd, Endo International PLC and Allergan PLC and the three biggest drug distributors in the country - AmerisourceBergen Corp, Cardinal Health Inc and McKesson Corp.. Representatives for the eight companies did not immediately respond to requests for comment. The consolidated litigation pending before U.S. District Judge Dan Polster involves at least 355 lawsuits filed by cities, counties and others. Polster has been pushing for a quick, global settlement in the litigation and has invited state attorneys general who have cases in state courts or who are conducting a multistate probe of the companies to participate in those talks. The first settlement hearing was held in January. A second one is expected March on 6. The Justice Department is not expected to participate in the settlement discussions. Its statement of interest in the litigation will allow it to eventually get a share of the final settlement the companies pay. Plaintiffs’ lawyers have not quantified the potential costs involved in the cases but have compared them with the litigation by states against the tobacco industry that led to 1998’s $246 billion settlement. Also on Tuesday, Sessions announced the creation of a task force to combat the opioid crisis by seeking criminal and civil remedies and said he had appointed a federal prosecutor to lead the government’s battle. Additional reporting Makini Brice in Washington and Nate Raymond in Boston; Editing by Andrea Ricci and Peter Cooney | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Flint corn
Flint corn (Zea mays var. indurata; also known as Indian corn or sometimes calico corn) is a variant of maize, the same species as common corn. Because each kernel has a hard outer layer to protect the soft endosperm, it is likened to being hard as flint, hence the name. The six major types of corn are dent corn, flint corn, pod corn, popcorn, flour corn, and sweet corn.
History
With less soft starch than dent corn (Zea mays indentata), flint corn does not have the dents in each kernel from which dent corn gets its name. This is one of the three types of corn cultivated by Native Americans, both in New England and across the northern tier, including tribes such as the Pawnee on the Great Plains. Archaeologists have found evidence of such corn cultivation in what is now the United States before 1000 BC. Corn was initially domesticated in Mexico by native peoples about 9,000 years ago. They used many generations of selective breeding to transform a wild teosinte grass with small grains into the rich source of food that is modern Zea mays.
Distinctive traits
Because flint corn has a very low water content, it is more freezing-resistant than other vegetables. It was the only Vermont crop to survive New England's infamous "Year Without a Summer" of 1816.
Coloration
The coloration of flint corn often differs from white and yellow dent corns, many of which were later bred. Most flint corn is multi-colored. Like the Linnaeus variant of maize, any kernel may contain the yellow pigment zeaxanthin but at more varying concentrations. Regional varieties with specific coloration include blue corn and purple corn. Glass Gem corn became internet famous in 2012 when photos of this brightly colored flint corn went viral.
Uses
Popcorn (Zea mays everta, "corn turned inside out") is considered a variant of this type. It has a hard, slightly translucent kernel.
Flint corn is also the type of corn preferred for making hominy, a staple food in the Americas since pre-Columbian times.
In the United States, the flint corn cultivars that have large proportions of kernels with hues outside the yellow range are primarily used ornamentally as part of Thanksgiving decorations. They are often called either "ornamental corn" or "Indian corn", although each of those names also has other meanings. These varieties can be popped and eaten as popcorn, although many people incorrectly believe that such colored varieties are not palatable or are poisonous. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Trade-Air destinations
The result was merge to Trade Air. (non-admin closure) Kharkiv07 ( T ) 14:20, 4 November 2015 (UTC)
Trade-Air destinations
* – ( View AfD View log Stats )
Unsourced, relevent airline appears to fail WP:GNG and has no article. Mdann52 (talk) 09:48, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
* Delete. Lists of destinations almost certainly fail WP:NOTDIR, and when it's a list of destinations for a seemingly nonnotable airline, there's even less reason to keep it. In this case, with no parent article, there's no point to it in the first place . Nyttend (talk) 10:07, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
* Delete. No parent article, unsourced, fails GNG. sst✈discuss 10:47, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Aviation-related deletion discussions. sst✈discuss 10:48, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Transport-related deletion discussions. sst✈discuss 10:48, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Croatia-related deletion discussions. sst✈discuss 10:48, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
* Note: This debate has been included in the list of Lists-related deletion discussions. sst✈discuss 10:50, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
* Keep Merge but consider renaming it to match parent article Trade Air. MilborneOne (talk) 10:57, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
* Changed from keep to merge after consideration of later posts. MilborneOne (talk) 09:33, 30 October 2015 (UTC)
* Thank you for finding it, but it's still an inappropriate directory-style page, content that doesn't belong in the airline article, let alone as a standalone page. Nyttend (talk) 10:58, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
* We have had a global AfD on this type of articles at Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Pages in Category:Lists of airline destinations which has just been closed as a snowball keep. Doesnt mean that this could not be better referenced. MilborneOne (talk) 11:01, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
* Snowball kept because of a combination of factors: a pile of people who didn't care about our inclusion criteria, and the nomination's huge scope, which resulted in problems such as the unintentional inclusion of Dubrovnik Airline because it was incorrectly included in the category in question. The latter isn't an issue here, while presumably the closing administrator here will ignore votes without rationales like yours, or "it's useful"/"irrational" votes such as those that swamped the original. Nyttend (talk) 11:07, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
* Merge to Trade Air. Standalone lists of airline destinations are created due to article size considerations, but this is a very short list. sst✈discuss 12:49, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
* Merge to Trade Air. Although we do actually list airline destinations (e.g. see American Airlines destinations, British Airways destinations), there is not enough information here to sustain a stand-alone article. — Cheers, Steelpillow (Talk) 15:52, 28 October 2015 (UTC)
| WIKI |
2015-03-01
[Java] Jackson Json Parser 筆記
Object Encode / Decode
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Date;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ObjectMapper;
class Album {
private int id;
private String title;
private Date date;
private String[] list;
public int getId() { return id; }
public void setId(int id) { this.id = id; }
public String getTitle() { return title; }
public void setTitle(String title) { this.title = title; }
public Date getDate() { return date; }
public void setDate(Date date) { this.date = date; }
public String[] getList() { return list; }
public void setList(String[] list) { this.list = list; }
@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("id: %s, title: %s, date: %s, list: %s",
id, title, date, Arrays.toString(list)
);
}
}
public class TestJackson {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
Album album = new Album();
album.setId(1);
album.setTitle("Go Go Go!");;
album.setDate(new Date());
album.setList(new String[]{"Love", "Despair"});
ObjectMapper jsonMapper = new ObjectMapper();
String json = jsonMapper.writeValueAsString(album);
System.out.println(json);
// {"id":1,"title":"Go Go Go!","date":1425211903948,"list":["Love","Despair"]}
Album album2 = jsonMapper.readValue(json, Album.class);
System.out.println(album2);
// id: 1, title: Go Go Go!, date: Sun Mar 01 20:11:43 CST 2015, list: [Love, Despair]
}
}
Parser to Map
ObjectMapper jsonMapper = new ObjectMapper();
Map<String,String> map;
map = jsonMapper.readValue(
"{\"name\":\"jax\", \"age\":\"31\"}",
new TypeReference<HashMap<String,String>>(){}
);
System.out.println(map);
// {age=31, name=jax}
jsonMapper.configure(JsonParser.Feature.ALLOW_UNQUOTED_FIELD_NAMES, true);
jsonMapper.configure(JsonParser.Feature.ALLOW_SINGLE_QUOTES, true);
map = jsonMapper.readValue(
"{name:'jax', age:'31'}",
new TypeReference<HashMap<String,String>>(){}
);
System.out.println(map);
// {age=31, name=jax}
Encode Date
Date date = new Date();
String json;
ObjectMapper jsonMapper = new ObjectMapper();
json = jsonMapper.writeValueAsString(date);
System.out.println(json);
// 1425211840183
jsonMapper.disable(SerializationFeature.WRITE_DATES_AS_TIMESTAMPS);
json = jsonMapper.writeValueAsString(date);
System.out.println(json);
// "2015-03-01T12:10:40.183+0000"
參考自：FasterXML/jackson-databind · GitHub
2 回應:
terror bird kibble id 提到...
I know this is an old vid, but I'm doing a GET/POST. For simplicity, my post just uses JsonGenerator to create my json file.
My question(s):
A. How do I POST(add) for multiple objects that have an inner object (Multiple users as per your example) .
B. How do I read those back out?
Any assistance would be great as I've been pouring over docs for days now and my brain hurts.
胡忠晞 提到...
I am not familiar with JsonGenerator | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Tag Archive | Dehydration
Water! Water!
By Cindy Sproles
Marybeth was the new charge nurse in a prominent nursing home facility. As she perused the hallways after resident meals were served, she noticed carton after carton of unopened milk, 8 oz. glasses of cellophane sealed tea and cups of coffee…all untouched. “My residents aren’t taking in fluids.” She commented to the board. “I want to begin a campaign to encourage our people to drink more water.”
So she did. It took time, but Marybeth and her CNA’s poured cups of ice water, inserted straws and even gently placed the straws to the lips of weaker residents. Small cups of crushed ice were given to residents throughout the day. Two months passed and Marybeth and her staffed noticed a number of unique things. First, more of the residents were sitting in the lounge area. They were alert, chatting and social. Better yet, many who would normally refuse to walk, were tooling around the halls on their walkers.
Life at the residence had greatly improved and Marybeth gave the credit to her staff for their continued efforts in encouraging their patients to drink more water. “Things changed after we begin to hydrate our patients.” Water is a vital and healing source for the body and since our bodies are largely made up of fluids, it can’t help but improve the quality of life.
More and more Americans are switching their sights from sugar-filled drinks to water. Good old fashioned water. Nothing seems to truly quench a thirst over H2O. However, for our seniors drinking enough water is tough.
According to the American Medical Association as our bodies age our scale that balances the need for fluids and the desire for them, shifts. Thirst decreases. And the less we drink the less we want. This especially dangerous for our seniors.
Seniors need water and the hurdles happen when this desire plummets. Water hydrates not only thirst but the entire body. Well hydrated bodies sport brains that function better leading to stronger memory and thought process. Water acts as a lubricant to joints and muscles helping keep the body well-oiled and moving.
Aging adults will sometimes suffer with constipation thus adding fiber to their diets. Fiber increases stools and as a result draws more water from their systems. Drinking plenty of fluids aids in digestion and increases bowel functions. Being well hydrated helps aid in more elasticity in the skin, helping ward off dry skin, dry eyes and scratchy throats.
Kidney issues are common in seniors as well. Without proper hydration, the body cannot function to flush out impurities and toxins that build in the system. In a nutshell, water not only washes your dishes at home but it cleanses your body.
Encourage aging family members to keep water freely throughout their house. Adding a glass by the bed, one by the recliner, another in the laundry room and even water in the garage makes for a readily available reminder to reach for a sip.
Watch for symptoms of dehydration in your loved ones by checking for sunken and darkened eyes, drowsiness, confusion, labored or slurred speech, dizziness, chronic muscle aches, labored breathing and weakness. Few realize how important water is to the lungs. By keeping them moist and soft rather than dry and hardened, breathing (especially for those seniors with COPD and other pulmonary issues), is much easier.
Water increases the body’s ability to function properly and learning to avoid high-sugar drinks is one small step in helping improve your aging parent’s quality of life. Whether it’s cold tea, filtered water or flavored no-sugar or calorie water…drink. Water, water…who has the water? Keep a glass handy.
Hot is NOT Always Sexy
By Cindy Sproles
A number of years ago, singer Jerry Reed warbled the lyrics “When you’re hot, you’re hot. When you’re not you’re not,” to his fans. Folks laughed and danced as Reed tickled their funny bones with this catchy tune. Little did we realize how true the lyrics are.
For aging parents being hot is not as sexy as the song insinuated. Often summer heat can be deadly. As our bodies age the ability to regulate our body temperature lessens. The thirst mechanism is also thwarted and we’re more susceptible to heat stroke and dehydration. Senior’s appetites are less and their metabolisms are slower, thus placing them at severe risk.
The following factors place seniors at a higher risk for heatstroke:
*Certain medications (especially diuretics and antidepressants)
*Use of alcohol
* Inability to manage personal care
* Unavailability of air conditioning or fans
* Some mental illness and Alzheimer’s
* Certain medical conditions such as heart disease, diabetes and COPD
The single most important thing families can do for their seniors is to check on their loved ones numerous times a day during extended heat waves. Often the elderly “feel” cold and are inclined to up the household thermostat, raising the temperature higher. Watch for signs of heatstroke such as a red face, weakness, heavy breathing, dizziness and lack of sweat.
Encourage seniors to dress light. Lightweight, light-colored cotton materials help seniors remain cool. Keep cold bottles of water handy, damp cool rags and fans or air conditioning available. Limit outdoor activity especially during mid to late afternoon when heat indexes rise. Rest and eat light meals. Stress the importance of keeping hydrated but avoid alcoholic drinks. Remind seniors to take temped bathes or showers and to avoid hot laundry rooms on days the temperatures are toasty.
Don’t let your aging parents fall prey to the heat. Keep them safe and remind them daily of their importance to the family unit. Drag out those old family photos and glean through the times when hot meant more than the temperature outside.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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Woodpeckers
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Your complete guide on everything Woodpeckers
Gila Woodpecker
Melanerpes uropygialis
The deserts of the Southwest are home to a unique and rowdy woodpecker species. Gila Woodpeckers are adapted to life in the arid zone, where the mighty Saguaro cactus replaces regular trees.
Gila Woodpecker
Gila Woodpecker
Gila Woodpecker
Female Gila Woodpecker
Gila Woodpecker
Gila Woodpecker feeding on a cactus skeleton
Gila Woodpecker
Female Gila Woodpecker in natural habitat
Gila Woodpecker
Gila Woodpecker outside nest hole
Quick Facts
Classification
Scientific name:
Melanerpes uropygialis
Family:
Woodpeckers
Measurements
Length:
22cm to 25cm
Wingspan:
40cm to 43cm
Weight:
50g to 80g
Appearance & Identification
What do Gila Woodpeckers look like
Gila Woodpeckers are attractive birds with bold, contrasting plumage. Unlike most species in their family, they are not predominantly black and white.
Adult Gila Woodpeckers have uniform tan-brown underparts, heads, and necks. Their wings and back are black with conspicuous white barring. Prominent white markings are visible on the ends of each wing in flight. Their bill and eyes are black, and their legs and feet are dark blueish or greenish.
Females are very similar to males, although they have all-brown heads, whereas males have a small but distinct red crown. Juveniles are similar to adults, although generally duller.
You’re unlikely to confuse the Gila Woodpecker for any other species in Arizona, but their range does overlap with the Golden-fronted Woodpecker (M. aurifrons) in Central Mexico. That species has orange and yellow head markings and paler grayish underparts. Flickers (Colaptes spp.) have a similar color but are much larger and have spotted underparts, brown backs, and colorful wings in flight.
Gila woodpecker perching on branch
Gila Woodpecker Male
Female gila woodpecker on branch
Gila Woodpecker Female
How big are Gila Woodpeckers
Gila Woodpeckers are a medium-sized species similar in size to the widespread Hairy Woodpecker.
Length
Most adults measure 8 to 10 inches or 22 to 25 centimeters long. Males and females are similar in size.
Weight
Their weight ranges between about 1¾ and 2¾ ounces or 50 to 80 grams.
Wingspan
Adults have a 16 to 17-inch wingspan (40 - 43 cm).
Gila Woodpecker sitting on a wooden post
Gila Woodpecker sitting on a wooden post
Calls & Sounds
What sound does a Gila Woodpecker make?
Gila Woodpeckers are noisy birds that call and drum to communicate. Typical calls by both males and females include repeated yipping and a rolling ‘churr-churr-churr.’
Gila Woodpecker calling from the trees
Gila Woodpecker calling from the trees
Diet
What do Gila Woodpeckers eat?
Gila Woodpeckers are omnivores that eat a variety of plant and animal foods, including:
• Insects
• Worms
• Bird eggs and hatchlings
• Fruits and berries
• Suet and other birdfeeder offerings
What do Gila Woodpecker chicks eat?
Gila Woodpecker chicks eat similar foods to their parents, including insects and fruits. The young are ready to leave the nest after about a month but will be fed by their parents for much longer.
Gila Woodpecker at the nest with food for its young
Gila Woodpecker at the nest with food for its young
Habitat & Distribution
What is the habitat of a Gila Woodpecker?
Gila Woodpeckers are desert birds. They are closely associated with the giant saguaro cactus but also visit suburban areas and wooded water courses.
What is the range of a Gila Woodpecker?
Gila Woodpeckers are restricted to North America. Most of their range falls within western Mexico, although they also occur in the Southwest of the United States. They are widespread in Southern Arizona and occur marginally in neighboring California and New Mexico.
Where do Gila Woodpeckers live?
Gila Woodpeckers are most at home among the spines of the Saguaro cactus (Carnegiea gigantea), a giant species that can reach 40 feet tall. They will also forage among other trees and plants or catch prey down on the ground.
How rare are Gila Woodpeckers?
Gila Woodpeckers are common in suitable habitats, although they have a very restricted range in the United States.
Where can you see Gila Woodpeckers in the US?
Arizona is the best place to see Gila Woodpeckers in the United States. The Saguaro National Park is a great place to spot them, although they are widespread in the Sonoran Desert.
Female Gila Woodpecker on cactus plant feeding on the nectar
Female Gila Woodpecker on cactus plant feeding on the nectar
Lifespan & Predation
How long do Gila Woodpeckers live?
Gila Woodpeckers can live for about ten years in captivity. However, the oldest wild specimen on record lived for nearly eight years.
What are the predators of Gila Woodpeckers?
Little is known about the Gila Woodpecker’s predators. However, they are probably vulnerable to many desert carnivores, including birds of prey like hawks and owls, mammals like coyotes, and larger snakes.
Are Gila Woodpeckers protected?
Gila Woodpeckers are federally protected in the United States by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act.
Are Gila Woodpeckers endangered?
Gila Woodpeckers are not endangered as a species. Their population shows a stable trend, and they are assessed as ‘Least Concern’ on the IUCN Red List.
Gila Woodpecker searching for food on a tree trunk
Gila Woodpecker searching for food on a tree trunk
Nesting & Breeding
Where do Gila Woodpeckers nest?
Gila Woodpeckers typically nest in the stem of the saguaro cactus, although they will also use other species like mesquites (Prosopis) and cottonwoods (Populus). A paired male and female will work together to excavate a foot-long chamber with a two-inch entrance hole, usually high above the ground.
When do Gila Woodpeckers nest?
Gila Woodpeckers breed in the spring and summer. Their nesting season runs from April to August, and pairs may have a second or even third brood in good years.
What do Gila Woodpecker eggs look like?
Gila Woodpeckers lay three to six plain white eggs, each measuring about an inch long and three-quarters of an inch across (25 x 19 mm).
Gila Woodpecker feeding young bird at the nest
Gila Woodpecker feeding young bird at the nest
Behavior
Are Gila Woodpeckers aggressive?
Gila Woodpeckers are highly aggressive when nesting and do not tolerate other birds near their nest. Males are particularly protective and will chase and attack many other species of birds, as well as their own kind.
Where do Gila Woodpeckers sleep at night?
Gila Woodpeckers roost in cavities that they excavate in cacti and trees.
Gila Woodpecker leaving the nest in a Saguaro cactus
Gila Woodpecker leaving the nest in a Saguaro cactus
Migration
Do Gila Woodpeckers migrate?
Gila Woodpeckers are non-migratory, although some birds make short seasonal movements in the winter. You can usually find these birds in suitable habitats at any time of the year.
Are Gila Woodpeckers native to the US?
Gila Woodpeckers are native to the United States, although most of their range lies to the south in Mexico.
Four Gila Woodpeckers, male and female, feeding on seeds and suet in a garden
Four Gila Woodpeckers, male and female, feeding on seeds and suet in a garden
FAQs
What attracts Gila Woodpeckers?
Gila Woodpeckers are attracted to desert areas with giant cacti that provide nesting and feeding habitat. Birdwatchers from towns and suburbs in their natural range can also encourage these birds by hanging out bird feeders or providing fresh water in a shallow bird bath.
What trees do Gila Woodpeckers prefer?
Trees are often scarce in their natural habitat, so Gila Woodpeckers are usually found around the massive saguaro cactus. However, they also forage and nest in mesquite trees, cottonwoods, and various other species in suburban areas.
Do Gila Woodpeckers harm trees?
Gila Woodpeckers do not usually cause serious damage to trees. In fact, these birds benefit the saguaro cactus by eating its fruits and spreading the seeds.
Do Gila Woodpeckers go to bird feeders?
Gila Woodpeckers will visit birdfeeders in their range. They will take corn and suet and even enjoy the occasional drink of nectar.
Do Gila Woodpeckers drink from hummingbird feeders?
Gila Woodpeckers are known to have a sweet tooth, and they often visit hummingbird nectar feeders with designs that they can cling to.
What is the difference between a Gila Woodpecker and a flicker?
Gila Woodpeckers are from the Melanerpes genus, a medium-sized group with other well-known species like the Red-headed Woodpecker and the Red-bellied Woodpecker. Flickers are similar-looking but unrelated birds from the Colaptes genus.
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Chandi, Brahmanbaria
Chandi is a village of Brahmanbaria Sadar Upazila in Brahmanbaria District under Chittagong Division of Bangladesh. | WIKI |
Step 1: Prepare your API key and secret
Visit Developer Tools page and click GET REST CREDENTIALS to get your API key and secret.
Step 2: Set your API key and secret values
Copy following script below on GAS and set your API key and secret for var PK_API_KEY and var PK_API_SECRET.
/* -------------------------------------- */
/* Please provide your values */
/* -------------------------------------- */
// API Key and Secret are on https://app.passkit.com/ > Developer Tools (top right menu) > REST Credentials.
var PK_API_KEY = 'your_api_key';
var PK_API_SECRET = 'your_api_secret';
function myFunction() {
// Generate PassKit auth token for an API call
var token = generateJWT(PK_API_KEY,PK_API_SECRET);
var pk_url = 'https://api.pub1.passkit.io/';
var options = {
headers: {Authorization: token, ContentType: 'application/json'}
}
// Call PassKit API. Documentation available on https://docs.passkit.io/.
// This example makes a get request to obtain an account profile.
var endpoint = pk_url + 'user/profile';
var response = UrlFetchApp.fetch(endpoint, options);
var respText = response.getContentText();
console.log(respText);
}
// Generate PassKit API token with your API key and secret
function generateJWT(key, secret) {
var body = {
"uid": key,
"exp": Math.floor(new Date().getTime() / 1000) + 3600,
"iat": Math.floor(new Date().getTime() / 1000),
"web": true,
};
header = {
"alg": "HS256",
"typ": "JWT"
};
var token = [];
token[0] = base64url(JSON.stringify(header));
token[1] = base64url(JSON.stringify(body));
token[2] = genTokenSign(token, secret);
return token.join(".");
}
function genTokenSign(token, secret) {
if (token.length != 2) {
return;
}
var hash = Utilities.computeHmacSha256Signature(token.join("."), secret);
var base64Hash = Utilities.base64Encode(hash);
return urlConvertBase64(base64Hash);
}
function base64url(input) {
var base64String = Utilities.base64Encode(input);
return urlConvertBase64(base64String);
}
function urlConvertBase64(input) {
var output = input.replace(/=+$/, '');
output = output.replace(/\+/g, '-');
output = output.replace(/\//g, '_');
return output;
}
When you run the code, you will see your account profile on the Logs.
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Civil MDC
CONVERSION CALCULATOR 2
CONVERSION CALCULATOR
“CONVCALC” — CONVERSION CALCULATOR
Program Description:
“CONVCALC” is a spreadsheet program written in MS-Excel for the purpose of facilitating the adding and
subtracting of numbers (dimensions) represented in English “ft.-in. & fraction” format, as well as converting
those numbers to Metric (millimeter) equivalents. Also included are some miscellaneous English/Metric
conversions pertaining specifically to mass, force, and unit length or area.
This program is a workbook consisting of five (5) worksheets, described as follows:
Worksheet Name Description
Doc This documentation sheet
ft-in-frac Calculator (Ver. 1) Calculator to Add and Subtract feet, inches, and fractions (Version 1)
ft-in-frac Calculator (Ver. 2) Calculator to Add and Subtract feet, inches, and fractions (Version 2)
Metric Conversion Calculator Calculator to Add/Subtract in Metric with English Conversions
Misc. Conversions Miscellaneous English/Metric Conversions
Program Assumptions and Limitations:
1. The “ft-in-frac Calculator (Ver. 1)” and “ft-in-frac Calculator (Ver. 2)” worksheets are two different input format
versions of the same tool to add and/or subtract up to fifteen (15) entries. In each of these two (2) worksheets,
the input is first displayed for confirmation. Then, it is converted into decimal feet, and finally converted into a
Metric equivalent in terms of millimeters. Arithmetic results are totalled and displayed at the bottom.
2. The “ft-in-frac Calculator (Ver.1)” worksheet has a required input format as follows:
ft = whole feet
in = whole inches (0 to 11 max.)
N = numerator of fraction (if applicable)
D = denominator of fraction (if applicable)
Note: Do not input a numerator value (N) >= denominator value (D). However, 0/0 may be input for no fraction
value, or clear cells with “Clear Contents” (do not use “Space Bar”).
3. The “ft-in-frac Calculator (Ver. 2)” worksheet has a required input format as follows:
ft.inNNDD
where: ft = whole feet
in = whole inches (2 digits required, if applicable)
NN = numerator of fraction (2 digits required, if applicable)
DD = denominator of fraction (2 digits required, if applicable)
Examples of input: 4′-7 1/8″ is input as 4.070108
10′-11 13/16 is input as 10.111316
2′-1″ is input as 2.01 (trailing zeros not required)
Note: This version is included due to the similarity of form and function to past programs developed for HP
handheld calculators.
4. In the “Metric Conversion Calculator” worksheet, the input in millimeters is converted into decimal feet and
then displayed in feet, inch, and fraction format. Arithmetic results are totalled and displayed at the bottom.
5. In the “Metric Conversion Calculator” worksheet, the user can input the degree of accuracy to be used in
conversion from millimeters to feet, inch, and fraction format. Either 1/16″ or 1/32″ may be selected.
6. All three (3) “Calculator” worksheets require the user to select the arithmetic operator to be used for each
entry, either addition (+) or subtraction (-). Note: if left blank, the program assumes addition (+).
7. This program contains numerous “comment boxes” which contain a wide variety of information including
explanations of input or output items, equations used, data tables, etc. (Note: presence of a “comment box”
is denoted by a “red triangle” in the upper right-hand corner of a cell. Merely move the mouse pointer to the
desired cell to view the contents of that particular “comment box”.)
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File:MannWithClark.jpg
James Robert Mann (right), U.S. Representative from Illinois, with Speaker of the House Champ Clark. Photo from Library of Congress. Date 1911–1919. | WIKI |
Talk:Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/ADHD and motivation
References and suggestions
Hi! As someone diagnosed with ADHD this topic automatically took my interest! One area that I think is always a good talking point is how identifying ADHD in men and women is different. Also how their symptoms differ! (Just some food for thought) Definitely, something to note when diagnosing, that women may have different symptoms than men.
Slobodin, O., & Davidovitch, M. (2019). Gender Differences in Objective and Subjective Measures of ADHD Among Clinic-Referred Children. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2019.00441
Crawford, N. S. (2022). ADHD: a women’s issue. Https://Www.apa.org. https://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/adhd
Chronis‐Tuscano, A. (2022). ADHD in girls and women: a call to action – reflections on Hinshaw et al. (2021). Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 63(4), 497–499. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13574
--U3161584 (discuss • contribs) 07:12, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
Hello! I was reading through your chapter and wow that's a lot of really awesome content you have put in. A suggestion I would make is to try and narrow down the scope of your content as it is quite broad and covers a lot of background information regarding ADHD. I think focussing more on the motivational aspect and ADHD's impact on motivation, as well as perhaps discussing how to increase motivation in someone who has ADHD would be beneficial for your chapter. Finding articles to support this would be helpful, as well as providing hyperlinks. Hope this helps! U3216389 (discuss • contribs) 01:50, 12 October 2022 (UTC)
Hi I was looking at the presentation of your chapter you have included a lot of good information on the topic. A suggestion I would have is to maybe include some tables and some short quizzes to add to the presentation and engagement of your book chapter :)Hope this helps! U3215103 (5:33PM October 16th 2022) - Social contribution
Resource Suggestions
Hey,
As someone with ADHD, I love your topic!
I'm particularly interested in what you'll find for environmental influencers of ADHD and motivation.
For me personally, cognitive remediation was a huge part of developing the skills to manage ADHD-related amotivation. As such, I though I would share a couple journal articles discussing the intervention. I hope they help.
Stevenson, C. S., Whitmont, S., Bornholt, L., Livesey, D., & Stevenson, R. J. (2002). A cognitive remediation programme for adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. The Australian and New Zealand journal of psychiatry, 36(5), 610–616. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01052.x
Tajik-Parvinchi, D., Wright, L., & Schachar, R. (2014). Cognitive Rehabilitation for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Promises and Problems. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry = Journal de l'Academie canadienne de psychiatrie de l'enfant et de l'adolescent, 23(3), 207–217.
Veloso, A., Vicente, S. G., & Filipe, M. G. (2020). Effectiveness of Cognitive Training for School-Aged Children and Adolescents With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02983
Jdebear (discuss • contribs) 05:09, 28 August 2022 (UTC)
Nice formating of information, really easy to read and enjoyable topic. Thought you might like this article on ASMR as a treatment option for ADHD: Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response as a Treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder--Zmelmoth02 (discuss • contribs) 23:11, 21 October 2023 (UTC)
-- Jtneill - Talk - c 22:17, 25 September 2022 (UTC)
Feedback and suggestions
Great choice of topic! As someone with a recent diagnosis of ADHD I'm intrigued to see how your chapter develops so I can learn more. Can't wait to read it!
I have found a few interesting articles that may be worth considering when expanding your chapter. For example, Milioni et al. (2017) discuss the impacts of "high-functioning ADHD" in terms of "masking" of executive functioning amongst individuals with higher intellectual efficiency. They suggest this may account for difficulties in obtaining a clinical diagnosis, which I can agree with considering my own lived experience. Keezer et al. (2021) also focuses on this area of research. Very interesting stuff!
References:
Keezer, Leib, S. I., Scimeca, L. M., Smith, J. T., Holbrook, L. R., Sharp, D. W., Jennette, K. J., Ovsiew, G. P., Resch, Z. J., & Soble, J. R. (2021). Masking effect of high IQ on the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test in an adult sample with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. ''Applied Neuropsychology. Adult, ahead-of-print''(ahead-of-print), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/23279095.2021.1983575
Milioni, Chaim, T. M., Cavallet, M., de Oliveira, N. M., Annes, M., dos Santos, B., Louzã, M., da Silva, M. A., Miguel, C. S., Serpa, M. H., Zanetti, M. V., Busatto, G., & Cunha, P. J. (2017). High IQ May “Mask” the Diagnosis of ADHD by Compensating for Deficits in Executive Functions in Treatment-Naïve Adults With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21(6), 455–464. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054714554933 U3223109 (discuss • contribs) 00:44, 11 October 2022 (UTC)
feedback
Hey there. Great job on your book chapter looks like there was a lot of time and effort that had been put into completing this. My one suggestion to make the chapter more appealing maybe the use of more images/figures/tables throughout. This may engage the reader more and be appropriate for all kinds of audience when reading your information. U3216563 (discuss • contribs) 06:23, 16 October 2022 (UTC)
Heading casing
-- Jtneill - Talk - c 03:04, 19 November 2022 (UTC)
-- Jtneill - Talk - c 08:36, 22 November 2022 (UTC) | WIKI |
Talk:Pedophilia/Archive 15
AN/I report re this page.
I have reported User:KimvdLinde's attack site about this page at AN/I. Interested editors may comment at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators%27_noticeboard/Incidents#Hounding_and_off-wiki_harassment_by_a_WP_admin.3F_.28User:KimvdLinde.29 — James Cantor (talk) 18:18, 24 September 2010 (UTC)
* Thank you for reporting me. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 04:19, 25 September 2010 (UTC)
Globalizing
Yesterday, I tweaked the lead so as to have a somewhat more international angle to it, by highlighting that the international ICD10 stresses that pedophiles are attracted to pre-pubertal and early pubertal children, contrary to the American DSM IV that is more restricted to only pre-pubertal kids. Like any effort to make this article more balanced, this was reverted this morning by the usual editor. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 15:11, 24 September 2010 (UTC)
* Response to the null edit: that was a year ago and consensus can change when new arguments are brought forward. Furthermore, consensus is not the end of everything. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 15:21, 24 September 2010 (UTC)
* Yes, everybody, look at this discussion: Talk:Pedophilia/Archive 12
* I was the first one to bring up such a matter, and am clearly not too opposed to "early pubertal" being in the lead, but it also comes with problems...as brought up in this discussion: Talk:Pedophilia/Archive 13.
* As I stated in that second discussion: By "early pubertal stage," WHO means young people who still look prepubescent but are really pubescent and the pedophile does not care (that their target is actually pubescent). A pubescent 13-year-old boy, for example, may still look prepubescent; a pedophile is not going to pass on that. If the boy has pubic hair, the pedophile could insist that the boy shave; "problem" solved. Key word is "preference" here. A pedophile going after someone who is pubescent but looks prepubescent still has a sexual preference for prepubescent children.
* I will go ahead and add back "early pubertal" to appease KimvdLinde, and for the reasons I stated in that first discussion, but this is not a "globalize issue"...which is why I will be removing that tag. How else do you think "pedophilia" is defined in other countries?
* As for consensus, the consensus version usually stays until new consensus is formed. Flyer22 (talk) 15:27, 24 September 2010 (UTC)
* And here we go again, definitions of a pedophile seem to differ, even among major diagnostic handbooks. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 04:19, 25 September 2010 (UTC)
* Definitions are pretty much consistent among the medical community -- prepubescent (as James M. Cantor so wonderfully showed above). Even the ICD-10 stresses "prepubescent" right after saying "prepubertal or early pubertal age." How else do you think a pubescent 11-year-old boy looks? Typically, he looks like a prepubescent! Still ripe for the picking for a pedophile. Again, the key word is "preference." A pedophile still prefers prepubescent children, or one who looks prepubescent. If you haven't noticed, the lead says "primary or exclusive." Even hebephilia, as far as I'm concerned, is a term which should be directed more towards girls (as some others think)...because an 11-year-old pubescent girl has more of a chance of not looking prepubescent and therefore stressing the difference between it and pedophilia. This is most likely why Karen Franklin skips straight to mentioning girls and says that hebephilia (generally 11-14) should not be deemed a disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association, because "large proportions of heterosexual men are sexually attracted to young pubescent girls." By that, I take it she means "normal men" (although she is focusing on the attraction rather than the preference). As even Dr. Frederick S. Berlin says, "Most men can find adolescents attractive sexually, although, of course, that doesn't mean they're going to act on it. Some men who become involved with teenagers may not have a particular disorder. Opportunity and other factors may have contributed to their behaving in the way they do." What I am talking about, though, is people who look prepubescent but are actually pubescent. What I stated in the "Should we include the wording 'early pubescent' beside 'prepubescent' in the lead?" discussion clearly shows that what you stated in your blog about the main editors watching over/editing this article is wrong. We clearly understand a bordeline between pedophilia and hebephilia. What we are trying to stay away from is further normalizing this term as applying to a sexual attraction to anything under 18. Because a man finding a 17-year-old girl (a complete biological adult, I might add) sexually attractive is not abnormal or pedophilia in any way. Plenty of normal men (including celebrities) found Britney Spears sexually attractive and admitted to it when she came on to the scene. They were generally called "dirty old men," not pedophiles. But today, any adult man lusting after 17-year-old Miley Cyrus is called a pedophile (even her older boyfriends), which may have to do with the television show that made her famous still airing episodes where she looks very young. The "common use" association has definitely gotten worse over the years...but it's still wrong. As wrong as calling fish-eating vegetarianism (as mentioned in the Vegetarianism article's lead).
* You want to know why the medical definition of the term is correct? Why people should generally stick to the medical definition when defining pedophilia? It's for the same reasons Legitimus and the IP in the "Move" discussion stated above. Age of consent and Age of majority vary by state and by country and are not universal (even if 18 is the most used criterion for adulthood). If we go by that "not of legal age" reasoning, then what may be a pedophile in one state or country is not a pedophile in another state or country. And this is exactly why pedophilia is not based on socially constructed adulthood...but rather biological adulhood. Biological adulthood cannot be governed. You're either a biological adult or you're not...without society's say in the matter. Flyer22 (talk) 17:00, 25 September 2010 (UTC)
* Obviously, you do not get that this is an encyclopedia, and as such, we do not determine ourselves what is correct and what is wrong, we document what happens in the big scary world outside. if the term pedophile is used wider and wider, that needs to be reported. What you are doing is using the medical POV to determine the scope of the article, and sorry, that is wrong. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 01:45, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* Obviously, you do not get that though this is an encyclopedia, it is not a dictionary (meaning dictionary sources need not apply to most of this article). We do not have to determine for ourselves what is correct and what is wrong, as that would be WP:Original research. We let the sources determine what is correct and what is wrong for us. And all medical sources say that applying the term "pedophilia" to everything under 18 is wrong. If your pop culture sources which muddy the term and label perfectly normal men pedophiles (as if there is some obvious physical age difference between 17 and 18) were authoritative over the medical sources and said that the medical sources were wrong, we would report that as well. But they don't. They don't say that medical sources are wrong at all, and certainly are not authoritative over them. All your pop cultures sources do is say "children" and yet also define children as being "between birth and puberty," only proving our point. If the term "pedophile" is used wider and wider, that needs to be reported, you say? Uh, we do that. And we rightfully say that researchers -- you know, the experts on this term -- say that such wide usage is wrong. Using a medical POV to determine the scope of most of this very medical article is not wrong. If that were the case, then all other similar Wikipedia articles would follow your logic, but they don't. If Anorexia nervosa was suddenly used by the mainstream public to refer to any skinny person... Oh, wait, it's already used in such a way. But you don't see that getting undue weight in that (very) medical article. Using a medical POV to determine the scope of most of this article is no more wrong than using a sexual POV (as in reliable sources about sex) to determine most of the scope of the Sexual intercourse article. We already compromised with you. You get a bit about the common usage in the lead, which was already in the lead in the first place. You don't get half the article on the common usage. As it would report what exactly? What a simple paragraph (as the lead already does) can? Can't very well use the dictionary sources to say they agree with non-prepubescent when they define "child" the way they do. And other than dictionary sources, there would simply be a lot of pop culture sources saying how so and so labeled...or wrongly labeled this or that person a pedophile. Like here as well. Stuff like that can be covered in the Misuse of terminology section. Or even a new section called In popular culture. Whatever. Flyer22 (talk) 17:41, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
Overall Effect of Article
I would like to point out that, in reading this article for more information on the subject, it reads like an article in a medical encyclopedia, starting out by defining pedophilia as a mental disorder and immediately referencing diagnostic manuals, etc. Much of the article then go into great detail about various diagnostic criteria and physiological and psychological trends in diagnoses, as well as a long section on treatment. Most of this information is both irrelevant and meaningless to the average (non-technical) reader, as the average reader neither has a degree in psychology, nor is pursuing one at some point in the future.
This article explores the medical definition of Pedophilia as a psychiatric disorder in far too much depth, while not mentioning at all the part sexual interest towards children has played in current or past society. The Oxford English Dictionary definition doesn't mention any medical considerations at all, so it seems strange to put almost exclusive emphasis on pedophilia as a medical/psychiatric issue. It also seems that it would be prudent to include at least cursory discussions of the relationship between pedophilia and child pornography, emerging patterns of pedophiles using the internet, recent and historical scandals involving pedophilia (such as the Roman Catholic priest scandal that made headlines around the world for months on end -- it's very strange that there is absolutely no mention in the entire article), as well as literary and artistic figures from the past who engaged in behavior that would today be classified as pedophilia, among other topics entirely missing from the article. (For example, I notice that at the bottom of the article, there is a link to an article about Pederasty. It seems like Pederasty would merit at least a short paragraph in this article, if for no other reason to explain the distinction from pedophilia) As the article stands, to me, as a reader with no intention of practicing psychiatric diagnosis or treatment, it is almost completely useless excepting the section on etymology and the disgracefully short section Legal and Social Issues. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:34, 25 September 2010 (UTC)
* As an example this TIME magazine article, while containing some information not fitting in the prepubertal category, seems to have a lot more relevant and interesting information than this article. Obviously it's not an encyclopedia article, and it includes some anecdotal observations and isn't by any means comprehensive. However, it represents some of what an average user might come to this article expecting to find out. If a decision has been made to exclude this type of non-medical content from the article, it needs to be made extremely clear at the beginning of the article why this is the case and in which article this information can be found. <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 10:54, 25 September 2010 (UTC)
* You'll pardon me if I am a tad suspicious of your anonymous post originating from the area near Sacramento, CA. You sound strangely familiar...
* Legitimus (talk) 15:19, 25 September 2010 (UTC)
* I'd like to add that much of the article goes into great detail about various diagnostic criteria and physiological and psychological trends in diagnoses, as well as a long section on treatment...because, well, this is an article on a medical issue first and foremost. Complaining about this article being too medical is like complaining about the Sexual intercourse article being too sexual. This information is not irrelevant or meaningless to the average (non-technical) reader at all...if they are coming here to find out what pedophilia is. No degree in psychology is needed to understand most of this stuff. And if they are unsure about a word, term, or person, they could always Google that topic. We are supposed to strive to create stellar articles. Not mediocre ones. Flyer22 (talk) 17:21, 25 September 2010 (UTC)
I saw this listed on the RfC page. Honestly, the intro to this article is rubbish, and I can't be bothered to read the rest, because I see where it's headed. What is or isn't officially classified as a psychiatric disorder is decided by a committee, after much pork barrel negotiation. Homosexuality was at one point a psychiatric disorder. Playing videogames too much is probably going to a psychiatric disorder in the next edition. Now, don't get me wrong, I don't condone pedophilia, but a definition like "is a deviant sexual interest or behavior (paraphillia)" makes far more common sense. And you can easily cite some (psychiatric!) textbook for it. The article on paraphillia has fare more common sense that this one. It say explicitly that "Psychologists and psychiatrists codified paraphilias as disorders..." Tijfo098 (talk) 20:35, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* The intro of this article is not any more rubbish than the intro of the Anorexia nervosa article calling it an eating disorder, or other topics that are largely considered disorders being reported by Wikipedia as disorders first and foremost. And unlike homosexuality, pedophilia is still considered a mental disorder and most likely always will be. Saying pedophilia "is a deviant sexual interest or behavior (paraphillia)" is not specific enough. Though we have the DSM to go into that afterwards. But even if we did start the article out that way, it would still need to soon after note that pedophilia is largely considered a mental disorder in the medical community. Even the Paraphilia article says, "Pedophilia is a psychological disorder in which an adult experiences a sexual preference for prepubescent children, or has engaged in child sexual abuse."
* Whether or not to have pedophilia as a mental disorder in the lead has been addressed time and time again, usually by pedophiles (I'm not calling you a pedophile, just clarifying), and each time...it has been decided by either us or the larger community that it should definitely stay defined as a mental disorder in the lead. Flyer22 (talk) 20:56, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* Sorry, the bad quality of other articles is not a guideline for this article. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:20, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* Sorry, it's not bad quality because you say so. It's precedent, and for good reason, and not because I say so (as if calling Anorexia nervosa or pedophilia disorders is "bad quality" anyway...yeah, right). Flyer22 (talk) 21:25, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* No, it is because several editors say so. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:43, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* Several editors or the larger community, which has always been the case with this or other Wikipedia articles. That's what WP:Consensus is. If we had not been here, this article would have been run by pedophiles trying to normalize pedophilia, as this FOX NEWS article wrongly reported of Wikipedia recently. What that article says was true back in the day, except for what it says about SqueakBox... But is wrong now. Flyer22 (talk) 22:12, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
As a further comment, the introduction makes no mention of social issues whatsoever, as if pedhophillia was an abstract or purely medical matter. Here's a reading of 20th century UK history that might change you mind. Now, Flyer22, you asked for comments, but it seems to me this is just a face saving exercise, or maybe you just enjoy debating in circles. Perusing this talk page, I see you don't give a damn what anyone else thinks about this article, and just repeat your point that its contents is perfect and sufficient as long as it mirrors the current version of the DSM and ICD. Given that attitude, I'm not going to make any further comments here. Tijfo098 (talk) 21:49, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
* The introduction does make mention of social issues, such as with the common usage of the term. We must also not confuse pedophilia with child sexual abuse or matters not relating to the medical definition. Pederasty, for example, is not the same thing. And if you perused this talk page more closely, you would see that I am not the only one who enjoys debating in circles and seemingly doesn't give a damn about what anyone else thinks. I would not have to keep repeating myself if certain people would not keep repeating themselves, suggesting that the common use definition (which goes off socially-constructed adulthood, and which varies by state and by country, rather than biological adulthood, which cannot be goverened) should be just as prominent in this article. These matters have been gone over time and time again...even before now, and shot down each time. Not just by me. Even as recently as a recent AfD. Like I said before, if I and the usual editors had not been here, then this FOX NEWS article would be right. Flyer22 (talk) 22:12, 26 September 2010 (UTC)
Next step on definitions
Now that the definitions are all in one section, I propose that we structure the definitions to reconcile with the wiktionary definition. That way we are not making this about the numerous biomedical definitions used in mental health, but the "actual" definition we have been discussing above. By structuring it from oldest and most general senses to the many narrow definitions proposed and used in mental health, we will be giving this the required balance and NPOV. If the article ever gets unwieldy, we can revisit a separate article for the mental disorder (which is WAY over-represented in the article right now). Jokestress (talk) 19:13, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
* Disagree. And you know you and I disagree on what "the actual" definition is. What lay people think it is...is not how it will generally be defined here. Most of your changes have been accepted, and I would say it is better left at that. Flyer22 (talk) 19:50, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
* All you have to do is provide a reliable source for this "actual definition" I keep hearing about. I have a laundry list of actual definitions we will be including over the next several weeks. I am doing them one at a time. If you want a "misuse" section, that should probably go under all the disease model stuff. It's only a "misuse" under those specific circumstances. This article has huge problems, and I think we can all work together to rectify them. That means making proposals and compromises that reflect reliable sources, not just defending the status quo because it matches one understanding of this phenomenon. Jokestress (talk) 20:03, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
* A reliable source for the actual definition is in the article, plenty -- the sexual preference for prepubescent children. You have a laundry list of misuses...if they are anything similar to what is in the Misuse of terminology section, and we will not be including those as accurate definitions. They will either go in the Other uses section or the Misuse of terminology section, because this article should focus on the most authoritative sources. I am not for the Misuse section going under all the "disease model stuff," and have already explained why. It is only a misuse under those specific circumstances, you say? Oh, so a man who prefers 17 to 18-year-olds is a pedophile because someone incorrectly uses the term? Nope, that's not how it works. This article has huge problems, according to you, and your "solutions" have generally been shot down for a reason. Not because of WP:OWN. Furthermore, you seriously need to gain WP:Consensus before making such huge changes on such a controversial article as this one in the future. Flyer22 (talk) 20:58, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
* I agree that we should get towards a more general definition of this term. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 20:27, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
* Getting towards a "more general definition" of the term would be getting away from the true definition. Is there a true definition? Of course there is. Otherwise, everything would count as pedophilia -- the act, the sexual interest in pubescents and post-pubescents, everything. This article is about the psychiatric disorder first and foremost, as it should be. We should not be giving undue weight to all these other definitions that cause nothing but harm. There are men who may have sexually abused a prepubescent child but are not pedophiles. Sexual interest in pubescents and postpubescents is not pedophilia. We should be clear about all of this. Not say, "Oh, you consider Mark Foley a pedophile? Then you are correct." Flyer22 (talk) 20:58, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
* You are missing the point. A medical operationalization of a term is NOT the general term. What is the GENERAL definition? As for undue weight, the current article obviously has a lot of WP:UNDUE issues by medicalizing a general term. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:39, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
* I am not missing the point. My point is that this article should not hugely focus on the more general term -- which includes a sexual attraction to everything under 18. That is not pedophilia, no matter how generally applied. This article mainly focues on the medical term because this is more so a medical article, and "a sexual preference for prepubescent children" is the accurate definition of the term. That is not undue weight. We certainly don't need people coming to Wikipedia to learn about what this is, and then leaving here thinking that all of these "definitions" are perfectly valid. I also point out that we don't do this for most medical and legal articles here either. We don't present all or even most of the POVs about rape outside of its legal definition. The Sociobiological theories of rape section, for example, is small, for very valid reasons, and not because it has its own article. The Rape article focuses on the legal definition first and foremost...and mostly, just as this article should focus on the medical definition first and foremost...and mostly. Flyer22 (talk) 21:48, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
* Well, I do not understand why you think I think the general term of pedophilia included everything below 18, so I would appreciate if you would not assume things I am not saying. Secondly, I am glad you agree with me that we should clarify the general use of the term immediately just like in the rape article, which immediately focuses on the legal term AND the general use of the term, within the first two sentences. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 22:00, 20 September 2010 (UTC)
* What else would I assume? That's what the general definition is/what it includes. The term pedophilia is often thrown around by the general public to refer to a sexual interest in pubescent and post-pubescent teenagers. Surely, you have seen that with the Mark Foley case...and with the recent Roman Polanski case. You said the "general term." What else was I to assume? And as for this article clarifying the general use of the term, we already do that; it's right there in the lead. Yes, we say that experts advise against such improper use. Because they generally do, and we don't want people thinking that all those things are indeed pedophilia. I see no reason it should come early in the lead, however, which would only confuse people about the term's true meaning. The medical definition comes first in the lead, then the other uses. But we did have a different lead before, which started off saying "In the medical field," "In law enforcement," "In common use," etc. I could link to that lead if you want.
* But as for having all these inaccurate definitions of this term taking up an equal portion of this article, I am speaking of what WP:Undue says: "Keep in mind that, in determining proper weight, we consider a viewpoint's prevalence in reliable sources, not its prevalence among Wikipedia editors or the general public." What the general public believes -- that pedophilia generally means the act and applies to anything under 18 -- should not dominate here. That goes for reliable mainstream sources calling Mark Foley a pedophile. The general belief that he is one...does not mean we should give people the impression they are right about that. The simple fact is...they aren't. Flyer22 (talk) 12:57, 21 September 2010 (UTC)
* Okay, here is the version of the more neutral lead, where we start off saying pedophilia has a range of definitions. Of course, we go into the medical/psychological definition first. This was the preferred lead, even by me, for quite some time. And I wouldn't mind going back to something like that. Then we evolved to this and finally to the current version to make the lead less cluttered and add-in a bit about its origin. Flyer22 (talk) 14:33, 21 September 2010 (UTC)
* Well, pedophilia is used in normal English to indicate a sexual interest in pre-pubescent children. Nothing more and nothing less. See the various dictionaries for various slightly different definitions. Yes, you are assuming a lot, and it is irritating because I had to respond in several replies just to get it through your head what I mean because you assume all kind of things. If it is not clear what someone means, ASK. So, I hope you stop assuming I include pubescent kids and sexual child abuse with different motivations such as power trips. Now that we have this out of the way. Let's take the example of rape to rewrite the lead of this article.
* Anyway, the current lead is a severe case of UNDUE, because of the pretty much exclusive focus on the medial operalization of the term at the cost of the general use of the term at the expense of the general use of the term. And that needs to be changed. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 03:33, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
* No, pedophilia is used in normal English to indicate a sexual interest in anything under 18, as noted by this expert and addressed in the lead and in the Misuse of terminology section. This was also evident from the Mark Foley and Roman Polanski cases; almost all of the media incorrectly labeled them pedophiles. Prime examples of misuse and normal use of the term. It has nothing to do with assumptions or anything else. Between you and I, I am not the one who often makes assumptions. And I need nothing drilled into my head to understand what you mean. You, on the other hand? May need to better consider my points. Twice I have even felt the need to point you to WP:CIVIL, as I feel your replies are sometimes rude and abrupt. I'm not here to frustrate you, and am willing to compromise. Why you seem to believe "normal use" of the word stops at prepubescents is beyond me. If that were the case, the Misuse of terminology section would not be there; it was put there through consensus because of the rampant misuse of the word regarding teenagers. The dictionary? All it says over and over again is the "sexual interest in children," almost always without specifying "prepubescent." I should know. The lead is not a case of WP:UNDUE. This is a medical article, about a medical term. Of course, the way the term is used medically is going to be covered the most. There is no way the lead can address all the things it needs to address about pedophilia in the medical sense in just one or two paragraphs...if that is what you are going for. And if so, what comes after that, two paragraphs focusing on how the public (in this case, the dictionary) uses the term to only refer to "the interest" rather than "the preference"? That would be WP:UNDUE. WP:UNDUE clearly says what the general public thinks is irrelevant in this case. We only address what they think in the lead because not only is what they think so widespread but also "off." This article's lead cannot be designed as lightly as the Rape article's lead without leaving out crucial information. We must address the fact that people who commit child sexual abuse commonly exhibit this disorder, but that some offenders do not not meet the clinical diagnosis standards. We must address that not all pedophiles commit the abuse. We must adress that "pedophilia" is used to refer to child sexual abuse itself, and to the sexual abuse of pubescent or post-pubescent minors, and that researchers are against these imprecise uses. We should note the term's origin, its causes, the forensic psychology and law enforcement uses, most pedophiles being men, media attention and social activism, and that there is no significant curative treatment for pedophilia. All of that should be in the lead. So unless you have a specific design for the lead leaving all of that in, I do not see any way the lead can adquately sum up all it needs to. Per WP:LEAD, the lead should touch on and summarize the most important aspects of the article, and should contain four paragraphs at the most. We did that. In fact, this lead was carefully designed.
* I already gave you a link to a different lead-in for this article, which was also carefully designed, and starts out in a more neutral tone. You mention the Rape article's lead. Well, out of the three paragraphs for the Rape article's lead, it uses two paragraphs to focus on the legal aspects of the term. It only mentions the general use of the term once near the lead-in. This more neutral lead-in for this article does the same. But we go into more depth about the other uses. We touch on the medical definition first, then the other uses. Will that suffice for you? If so, we can only use that lead-in and a bit of the other stuff, because that version of the article's lead is more cluttered. If not, you need to give better detail about exactly what you want done with the lead. Flyer22 (talk) 15:08, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
* I made a proposal for the new lead below. Flyer22 (talk) 17:16, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
RFC: WP:UNDUE to equally cover non-medical views of pedophilia in the Pedophilia article?
I wasn't sure whether to put this in science or society, or even media/literature, since this is not only a social topic but a medical one as well. So, hopefully, an outside editor will put it in the right category if I got it wrong.
On the issue: In the medical field, pedophilia is generally defined as a sexual preference for prepubescent children. Generally, the term is used to refer to the sexual act itself (child sexual abuse) and to describe a sexual interest in anything under 18. For this article, one view believes the article should stick mostly to the medical definition and research about the preference versus non-preferencial offenders. The other view believes the article should give a little more or just as much weight to how the term is generally used. Question is: Would focusing a little more or just as much on the general definition be undue weight, and confuse people entirely about the definition? This discussion has been had a little above this RfC on the talk page, and a little above that at, and was even taken to AfD. Compromises have already been made. How much more compromising should be allowed, if any? Flyer22 (talk) 14:14, 21 September 2010 (UTC)
* See discussion above. The lead of the current article is a severe case of WP:UNDUE because of the near exclusive focus on the medical operalization of the general term. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 03:33, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
* Yes, see the discussion above to see why I disagree with KimvdLinde. Flyer22 (talk) 15:08, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
Proposals for new lead
We can use this section for design and WP:Consensus of the new lead. We do this every time we design a new lead for this article. We go over what needs to stay in the lead, and then someone provides a complete version of how they would like the lead to be worded. I have already stated above in the section what I feel needs to remain in the lead; such information has remained in the lead after every redesign for very valid reasons. Here is my proposal of the new lead:
Pedophilia (or paedophilia) has a range of definitions as found in psychiatry, psychology, the vernacular, and law enforcement. As a medical diagnosis, it is defined as a psychiatric disorder in adults or late adolescents (persons age 16 and older) characterized by a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children (generally age 13 years or younger, though onset of puberty may vary). The child must be at least five years younger in the case of adolescent pedophiles. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), pedophilia is a paraphilia in which a person has intense and recurrent sexual urges towards and fantasies about prepubescent children and on which feelings they have either acted or which cause distress or interpersonal difficulty. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) uses a slightly wider definition, and defines pedophilia as a sexual preference for children of prepubertal or early pubertal age.
In common usage, pedophilia means any sexual interest in children or the act of child sexual abuse, often termed "pedophilic behavior". For example, the Psychology Today Diagnosis Dictionary states, "Pedophilia is defined as the fantasy or act of sexual activity with prepubescent children." Common use of the term also extends to the sexual abuse of pubescent or post-pubescent minors. Researchers recommend that these imprecise uses be avoided, as people who commit child sexual abuse commonly exhibit the disorder, but some offenders do not meet the clinical diagnosis standards for pedophilia, and the clinical diagnosis for pedophilia pertains to prepubescents. Additionally, not all pedophiles actually commit such abuse. Pedophilia was first formally recognized and named in the late 19th century. A significant amount of research in the area has taken place since the 1980s. At present, the exact causes of pedophilia have not been conclusively established. Research suggests that pedophilia may be correlated with several different neurological abnormalities, and often co-exists with other personality disorders and psychological pathologies. In the contexts of forensic psychology and law enforcement, a variety of typologies have been suggested to categorize pedophiles according to behavior and motivations. Most pedophiles are men, although there are also women who exhibit the disorder, and the issue of pedophilia has been the subject of a great deal of media attention and social activism as it is stigmatized in much of the world. No significant curative treatment for pedophilia has yet been developed. There are, however, certain therapies that can reduce the incidence of a person committing an abusive act on a child. -Flyer22 (talk) 17:16, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
* Reject: The article lead (after some debate) is now quite well written. Your proposed alternate lead is weaker. Note you start off with a caveat about different definitions, but then re-post the medical definition (current) without specifying what 'other' definitions exist. I don't like article ledes that start off with 'definitions vary' type introductions (I call them nonce introductions), and I don't see how this type of language helps this article. -Stevertigo (t | log | c) 17:23, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
* Hey again, Stevertigo. It wasn't KimvdLinde who made the above proposal; it was me. I am glad to see another editor who helped design the current lead, though. I agree that it is best. But you can see that two editors above disagree. The proposal is weaker in stressing the medical sense, but is still doing its job. I start off with a caveat about different definitions, yes. But I go into all of them. The proposal says "in psychiatry, psychology, the vernacular, and law enforcement." I go over all those, starting with the medical definition first. "Various definitions" lead-ins help provide neutrality, such as with the Gender article. Though I agree that such a thing seems "off" regarding the Pedophilia article. It's not as though most people consider this not a mental disorder. Flyer22 (talk) 17:34, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
* I understand. However I just looked at the article a few days ago and found its introduction section to be satisfactorily well written. An article lede should be straight to the point, and that's what the current version is. Introductions of the type "[subject] is [this]" can't be improved upon in the way you suggest. -Stevertigo (t | log | c) 17:49, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
* The current lede is unacceptable. The one above is an improvement, but we are getting ahead of ourselves. The lede should reflect the article, which as it stands completely over-represents one definition of "pedophilia." There is a phenomenon of sexual interest in children. Among the terms for this phenomenon is "pedophilia." Among the definitions of "pedophilia" is a clinical diagnosis. Among the clinical diagnosis are competing diagnostic criteria. We need to cover all of that here (lest we have the dreaded "POV fork"), but we usually save the lede for last on these kinds of rewrites. Jokestress (talk) 20:08, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
* Of course I disagree that the current lead is unacceptable. But moving on: We are not getting ahead of ourselves; the lead should come first (as it is the starting point, after all). The proposed lead does reflect the article. The entire article need not be changed to what you say, however, for all the reasons already gone over above. What more do you propose we say about a sexual interest in prepubescent children? This article does not only cover the preference. It covers the preference, interest and act...as demonstrated by the Diagnosis section, the Psychopathology and personality traits section, and the Prevalence and child molestation section. You act as though it's only covering the preference. It's not. Whatever you want to add can go in those sections or the Other uses section, as long as there is no undue weight and your reporting is true and reliable. But pedophilia being about the preference/an enduring feeling is the authoritative definition of the term and should be most prevalent in this article. Flyer22 (talk) 20:27, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
* Per Stevertigo's comment, the first sentence should state what the article is about. Since this article has to be about the phenomenon and the term, we need to define the phenomenon, in my view:
* Pedophilia is sexual desire directed towards children.
* In behavior science, pedophilia describes adult sexual interest in children.
* Or we can do it as a term:
* Pedophilia is a term which describes adult sexual interest in children.
* Any similar simple declarative sentence proposals are fine. The above can be sourced to dictionaries, etc. Jokestress (talk) 21:05, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
* To me, it's best to start off saying it "has a range of definitions" and then go into those definitions...as to be more neutral and not initially neglect the authoritative definition. We should also always stress "prepubescent," except for when speaking of how the term is generally applied. But the general definition should not come first in my view. The authoritative definition gets first place, as it does in most articles where there are different POVs of a term. We also have the distinguish tag which already stresses that "This article is about the sexual interest in prepubescent children" (it does not say "preference" at all, just "interest").
* I want to say, though, that I appreciate us moving forward and trying to work on compromises with each other. Your "merging of definitions" proposal turned out alright indeed. Flyer22 (talk) 21:28, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
* Often, definitions range from generic (Pedophilia is the sexual attraction by adults to children) to highly specific (DSM IV). So, instead of saying there are a bunch of definitions, start with a generic one, and then explain how more specific definitions are used in specific fields.
* If I were to rewrite the lead, I would write the first paragraph as follows:
"Pedophilia (or paedophilia) is generally defined as the sexual attraction by adults to children. In general usage, this sometimes includes all minors, but appropriately includes only pre-pubescent children. As a medical diagnosis, it is defined as a psychiatric disorder in adults or late adolescents (persons age 16 and older) characterized by a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children (generally age 13 years or younger, though onset of puberty may vary). The child must be at least five years younger in the case of adolescent pedophiles. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), pedophilia is a paraphilia in which a person has intense and recurrent sexual urges towards and fantasies about prepubescent children and on which feelings they have either acted or which cause distress or interpersonal difficulty. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) uses a slightly wider definition, and defines pedophilia as a sexual preference for children of prepubertal or early pubertal age."
* -- Kim van der Linde at venus 22:44, 22 September 2010 (UTC)
* That looks fine, but the first sentence uses a definition "sexual attraction by adults to children" that I don't see in books or papers. How about Pedophilia (or paedophilia) is generally defined as sexual attraction directed towards children. That's what my OED has, though some editions use "felt" instead of "directed." Further, since this attraction can occur in people who are not legally adults, it may be better to leave "adults" out of the most general sense. Otherwise we start getting close to "adult sexual interest in children," the most-used and best-sourced phrase which scares some editors. The revised first sentence can be sourced to published dictionaries, which seem preferable to the online freedictionary and m-w sources in the article. Jokestress (talk) 00:55, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* I am fine with whatever general definition is best. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 02:20, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* I think the above-suggested "sexual attraction directed towards children" is a good pick. While the absence of "adults" being mentioned worries me a bit (in that it there is possible confusion with the unrelated COCSA) I can live it with it since the rest of the lead makes the matter pretty clear. My only other suggestion is to reverse the position of the sentences "In general usage" with "As a medical diagnosis" because the latter is technically more correct. "In general usage" is ok to include in the lead, but it is still technically a pop culture muddling of the term. Similar to schizophrenia being used to mean split personalities and irony used in place of "coincidence," it might be popular but it's still wrong.Legitimus (talk) 12:19, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Still disagree with putting the general definition first. The general definition is the common use definition and is also not the authoritative definition. And as Legitimus said, it is "pop culture muddling of the term." The authoritative definition should come first, always in cases like this. If we are going to start off as going "straight to the point" about this definition, then it should be the one that most experts say is the correct definition. Keep in mind that we must not give undue weight to the general public's view of this term, as WP:UNDUE says. This is the case for most articles of a medical or psychological nature on Wikipedia. And we definitely should not leave out "adults." The fact that 16 and 17-year-olds can be pedophiles is covered by "late adolescents" and we specify 16 anyway. I still prefer my initial proposal, starting with the lead-in about its different definitions, but, to compromise again, here is my second proposal:
"Pedophilia (or paedophilia) encompasses a range of adult sexual interest in prepubertal children. As a medical diagnosis, it is defined as a psychiatric disorder in adults or late adolescents (persons age 16 and older) characterized by a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children (generally age 13 years or younger, though onset of puberty may vary). The child must be at least five years younger in the case of adolescent pedophiles. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), pedophilia is a paraphilia in which a person has intense and recurrent sexual urges towards and fantasies about prepubescent children and on which feelings they have either acted or which cause distress or interpersonal difficulty. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) uses a slightly wider definition, and defines pedophilia as a sexual preference for children of prepubertal or early pubertal age."
* And then the common usage definition will be dealt with in the second paragraph, as demonstrated in my first propsosal. The first sentence states "interest" only and makes sure to note "prepubertal" as to stay close to the authoritative definition.
* On a side note: I don't feel comfortable implementing any new version without the thoughts of the usual editors (other than myself and Legitimus) commening on this, and will be contacting them to weigh in. Flyer22 (talk) 15:45, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Well, you yourself said that the general use is wider than pre-puberal children, so this lead is unacceptable. That is why I wrote it as I did it. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 16:59, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Well, it's also been acknowledged, even by your version, that the general use is wrong. General use does not top authoritative use, especially on a medical or psychological article. It's that way on most medical or psychological articles here, if not all, and I see no reason it should be any different in this case. Going by your argument, we should not define the Vegetarianism article right off the bat as not including fish, since most people believe that, yes, it does include fish (so much so in fact that the Vegetarian Society felt they had to speak out against it). And the Rape article? Forget defining that right off the bat in legal terms, going by your argument. The Pedophilia article is more of a medical article. Not a "general public says this" article. This is why your version is unacceptable. People come to this article to learn what pedophilia is, not what it generally (and inaccurately) is thought of. Wikipedia is not a dictionary. And, besides, the dictionary most likely does not stress "prepubescent" because they already usually stress that a child is someone "between birth and puberty."
* Moving on... For the common usage definition, my second proposal is this (only a slight alteration):
"In common usage, pedophilia means any sexual interest in children or the act of child sexual abuse, often termed 'pedophilic behavior'. For example, The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary states, 'Pedophilia is the act or fantasy on the part of an adult of engaging in sexual activity with a child or children.' This common use application also extends to the sexual interest and abuse of pubescent or post-pubescent minors. Researchers recommend that these imprecise uses be avoided, as people who commit child sexual abuse commonly exhibit the disorder, but some offenders do not meet the clinical diagnosis standards for pedophilia, and the clinical diagnosis for pedophilia pertains to prepubescents. Additionally, not all pedophiles actually commit such abuse."
* For the above right there, I simply traded out the Psychology Today Diagnosis Dictionary with The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary and tweaked the bit after it a little. I did this because The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary does not stress "prepubescent" and gives a more accurate wording of how pedophilia is usually defined in dictionaries. But of course we could also use the OED in place there as well. Either way, my latest two proposals take away any perceived undue weight. Undue weight would be placing any more significance on the general use than my proposals already do. Flyer22 (talk) 17:34, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
Consensus: General use before authoritative use?
I've asked WikiProject Sexology and sexuality, WikiProject Psychology, and WikiProject Medicine/Google Project to weigh in on this as well. Of course, if you are against the general use being put first, make a comment under the Oppose section and state why. If you are for the general use being put first, make a comment under the Support section and state why.
The proposals for the new lead are above.
Oppose
* As I stated before, "General use does not top authoritative use, especially on a medical or psychological article. It's that way on most medical or psychological articles here, if not all, and I see no reason it should be any different in this case."... I have already made compromises. Just because the general use by the public does not come first, it does not make the compromises any less so. My version gives more neutrality without initially straying away from the authoritative, precise definition of the term. Flyer22 (talk) 18:18, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* The general definition is based on ignorance and is innately flawed as it attempts to apply variable legal definitions to what is a scientific subject. I am merely tolerating it's inclusion in the lead as a compromise, but it does not trump medical usage.Legitimus (talk) 18:39, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose. This is an encyclopedia article about a scientific term. There is no support in reliable sources for a "general use" of the word "pedophilia" separate from its academic definition. The term is sometimes misused, such as the word "pedophile" being used in a news story to describe an adult who sexually abuses a young person who is legally a minor but is not a prepubescent child. That's not an expansion of the term, or a "general definition", it's just a mistake. Per WP:MEDRS, "The popular press is generally not a reliable source for science and medicine information in articles." --Jack-A-Roe (talk) 06:08, 27 September 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose as per above comments. Thanks, ♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 14:02, 27 September 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose. Anyone who has spent time with pedophiles knows that pedophilia is an affliction, and quite a sad one. It ia a psychiatric condition, and that it the primary meaning of the term, and we are a scholarly encyclopedia, and we use scholarly terminology absent a very good reason not to, of which I have not been convinced. Herostratus (talk) 17:36, 28 September 2010 (UTC)
Support
* Despite the weird wording as if general usage of the term is not authoritative, the issue at hand is that the term pedophilia has a general usage, authoritatively recorded in dictionaries etc. The question is whether the medical operalization of the term should be dominating the article at the cost of the general usage of the term. My answer is no, it should not. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 18:32, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* KimvdLinde is right. There is no "authoritative" use, as Flyer22 continually misstates. From the Finkelhor above: "even the meaning of pedophilia itself is a matter of some controversy, with different theorists and investigators defining it in different ways." Authorities use both inclusive and exclusive definitions. We have citations that demonstrate this range of uses. We should start with inclusive (the broadest senses used in the literature), then move to narrow definitions proposed by others. The fixation here on the DSM/ICD definitions does not reflect how experts and the lay public use this term. It's classic WP:UNDUE based on a misrepresentation of this phenomenon and the many terms used to describe it. I'll keep repeating this: other definitions are not misuse; they are simply other uses. The DSM is not the be-all and end-all. There is growing sentiment that the whole DSM is garbage and should be eliminated. See "Time's up for psychiatry's bible," the recent editorial in New Scientist. Frankly, I am going to tag this NPOV if I continue to see claims about "misuse" and "authoritative" definitions. These falsehoods are easily disproven by quoting published experts. Jokestress (talk) 18:46, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Comment. See the above discussions I have had with Jokestress about this. There is no controversy as to how pedophilia is defined among experts. Among experts, it is defined as a sexual preference or sexual interest in prepubescent children. And "preference" usually tops that. Finkelhor's statement about "even the meaning of pedophilia itself is a matter of some controversy, with different theorists and investigators defining it in different ways" does not trump how the term is generally defined by experts. Forgetting the DSM, this article has a whole slew of references that show "preference for prepubescent children" is the usual medical definition. And I will say this again, if it's not "sexual preference for or sexual interest in prepubescent children," it is most certainly a misuse. The act is not pedophilia, no matter how much it is commonly called such. Pedophilia is about what goes on in the mind, just like any other sexual interest. And sexual attraction or interest in teenagers is certainly not pedophilia. Flyer22 (talk) 18:59, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Comment. So to sum up: David Finkelhor is quoted in a book stating the definition is "a matter of some controversy." Pseudonymous Wikipedia editor Flyer22 insists there is no controversy and provides no sources to back that claim up. I believe our policy is to ignore the irrelevant opinion of Flyer22 and go with the published sources. I don't even know why we are discussing this. Jokestress (talk) 20:36, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Comment. You have yet to prove that defining pedophilia as a sexual preference for prepubescent children is a controversial definition among most experts. This article and its abundance of sources goes against your claim. One "expert" making a claim that there is "some controversy" is not sufficient to trump the medical definition being used first. And it is not up to me to prove anything anyway; WP:BURDEN lies with you. That is why we are discussing this. Flyer22 (talk) 20:46, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Comment. If you are unwilling to acknowledge published sources which clearly state that there is controversy in relevant fields regarding the definition of pedophilia, and that a range of definitions have been proposed and used in published sources, we should probably escalate this to dispute resolution. Verifiability, not truth. If you have sources that state there is no controversy, please provide them. It is patently obvious by reading published sources that a wide range of definitions are in use, from inclusive to exclusive. We should discuss the controversy and describe the range of published definitions, per policy. Jokestress (talk) 20:59, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Comment. I have already stated why your claim cannot trump the medical definition. This supposed controversy would be WP:UNDUE, unless the controversy is significant. Dictionaries defining pedophilia as a "sexual interest in children" when those same dictionaries also say that a "child" is "between birth and puberty" is not a controversy either. If anything, they agree with "prepubescent." And plenty of sources in this article state "preference." Again, the burden does not lie with me. If you want a controversy section in this article, that might be okay...as long it is clear that it is not bordering on WP:FRINGE. But that does not mean "the controversy" is significant enough to place the medical definition second. Flyer22 (talk) 21:15, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
Abstain
* Comment. Flyer22 asked if I would weight in on the proposed ledes, and I am happy to do so. However, because I have published such definitions myself, I think I should abstain from registering a vote.
* My main reaction to the discussion is that NPOV can be violated in two ways. The definition should, of course, follow from those “that have been published by reliable sources, in proportion to the prominence of each viewpoint.” (That is, NPOV does not mean that all definitions must be handled equally; NPOV means that the existing RS’s should be reflected proportionally.)
* Although it is entirely true that the biomedical definition is not unanimous, it would be an error to exaggerate the prominence of the alternatives. The scholar.google engine, which searches all academic fields, finds 19,700 articles with the keyword “pedophilia.” The results, which are (mostly) sorted by citation rate, show that the great majority of top scholarship uses the biomedical definition. So although one can certainly pick out from the literature notable authors who used alternative definitions, these comprise only a small proportion of the existing scholarship. (Moreover, the evolution among scholars over recent decades has been for greater, not lesser, precision; the pubs that used alternative definitions are very often 20+ years out of date.)
* Wrt emphasis on lay-definitions, I think Legitmus put it best: “[I]t is still technically a pop culture muddling of the term. Similar to schizophrenia being used to mean split personalities.”
* — James Cantor (talk) 21:39, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Comment. If we are going by citation rate, David Finkelhor is about five to ten times more influential than Cantor's colleagues regarding the definitions of pedophilia and child sexual abuse. Finkelhor's inclusive definition is widely adopted for good reasons. Jokestress (talk) 22:41, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Ho-hum. I can suggest only what I always do about Jokestress' claims: Interested editors should just check for themselves. In this case, go to scholar.google.com, type in "pedophilia", and check whether Jokestress' or my description of the status quo seems the more accurate. (Doing what I note here shows that four of the top five most cited scholarly works on pedophilia are from CAMH/Clarke authors.)
* Now, if Jokestress would like to switch her attentions, just for a moment, from me back to the page (and if we take for granted that Finkelhor is the biggest of fishes in this field, whereas my colleagues and I are mere plankton), we still have the easily shown status that the large majority of the most cited scholarly works on pedophilia use the biomed definition. Moreover, if one looks up Finkelhor's publication record (http://www.unh.edu/ccrc/researchers/pdf/cv_finkelhor-david.pdf), one sees that his field is the victim impact of childhood sexual abuse, not pedophilia itself. The article that Jokestress' cites (and cites) was his only one on pedophilia. I don't know if he'd use the same definition if he were writing that article today. (I've never met him.)
* For emphasis, Finkelhor and Green and so on have every right to hold whatever dissenting view they like. Of the ~20,000 scholarly articles, however, and even if someone were somehow able to produce a list of 200 RS's that use some other definition, one would still have 99% consensus for the biomed definition. (Okay: Pause over. Jokestress may now return to sly references to how I should return to living under rocks and eating worms.)
* — James Cantor (talk) 23:43, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Indeed, let's look at Google Scholar on pedophilia and child sexual abuse:
* Child sexual abuse, in Violence in America (D Finkelhor) Cited by 296
* Pedophilia and exhibitionism: A handbook. (JW Mohr) Cited by 207
* Phallometric diagnosis of pedophilia. (K Freund, R Blanchard) Cited by 135
* Assessment of the sensitivity and specificity of a phallometric test. (K Freund, RJ Watson) Cited by 109
* University males' sexual interest in children. (J Briere, M Runtz) Cited by 106 [BTW, James Cantor thinks this article should be excluded. COI?]
* Erotic preference in pedophilia. (K Freund) Cited by 109
* Explanations of pedophilia: A four factor model. (D Finkelhor, S Araji) Cited by 105
* Now, let's look at Finkelhor on pedophilia and child sexual abuse:
* Sexually victimized children. (D Finkelhor) Cited by 1729
* Child sexual abuse: New theory and research. (D Finkelhor) Cited by 1676
* Impact of child sexual abuse: A review of the research. (A Browne, D Finkelhor) Cited by 1692
* Impact of sexual abuse on children: A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. (KA Kendall-Tackett, LM Williams, D Finkelhor) Cited by 1489
* Sexual abuse in a national survey of adult men and women. (D Finkelhor, et al) Cited by 1152
* The traumatic impact of child sexual abuse: A conceptualization. (D Finkelhor, A Browne) Cited by 928
* A sourcebook on child sexual abuse. (D Finkelhor, S Araji) Cited by 910 [this is the source for the controversy comment]
* So, 910 people cited Finkelhor for the book I believe we should cite. The highest citation number for Cantor's colleagues is 135. James Cantor's typical strategy for denigrating competing views is that someone is not specialized enough to merit consideration as an "expert." Only he and his friends qualify for inclusion (hence his denigration of Briere/Rutz). The claim that someone who studies child sexual abuse is not qualified to discuss pedophilia seems a bit self-serving, no? Jokestress (talk) 00:16, 24 September 2010 (UTC)
* Comment. Jokestress proves my point for me: Finkelhor is a well-published expert on victimization from child sexual abuse, not pedophilia. By running a search on "pedophilia and child sexual abuse", rather than on just "pedophilia," Jokestress confabulates the two literatures and gets results that reflect the sizes of those fields. (Child sexual abuse is a much larger field than is pedophilia; large fields produce more citations than small fields, by definition really, so citation counts can only be compared within a field and not between fields.)
* But, to move this away from Jokestress' obsession with CAMH/me and back to the page for another brief moment: The relevant scholarly works on pedophilia are found by searching on "pedophilia", not "pedophilia and child sexual abuse", and the scholarly literature on pedophilia (itself) uses the biomed definition by far the most widely.
* — James Cantor (talk) 00:35, 24 September 2010 (UTC)
* And you prove mine. "Only phrenologists can understand phrenology" was a retort from the days of the Phrenological Journal. Finkelhor has given more than enough thought to "pedophilia" and "pedophilic behavior" to be widely regarded as an expert. His thoughts on operational definitions of pedophilia have been widely cited. Just because you haven't met him and don't agree with him doesn't make him an unreliable source. Jokestress (talk) 01:06, 24 September 2010 (UTC)
Scope of article
Should the current pedophilia article cover all uses of the term, or should there be several articles covering the general use, the medical use etc?
* To expand, as it seems to be confusing: Should Pedophilia cover everything from the most general usage of the term "Sexual interest in children" to the specialized medical definitions, or should we have a general Pedophilia article that covers the "sexual interest in children" and a separate article covering the medical term (Pedophilia {paraphilia)?-- Kim van der Linde at venus 19:30, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
One all encompassing article
* My favorite. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 18:32, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Definitely for one all-encompassing article. Adult sexual interest in minors is the best way to go. And as I said before, I would be willing to help. Flyer22 (talk) 18:41, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* I am confused, one all encompassing article would be pedophilia covering ll uses of it. What I read here is that you want at least two separate articles, one about pedophilia the medical term, and one overview article.
* Not sure why you're confused. One all-encompassing article would not be about pedophilia (sexual preference for prepubescent children) only. It would be about pedophilia, any sexual interest in prepubescent children or underage adolescents, child sexual abuse, hebephilia and ephebophilia. Flyer22 (talk) 19:19, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* I am talking about pedophilia general usage vs medical operalization. Not about an umbrella article. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 19:30, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* You said one all-encompassing article; that is an umbrella article and what I am agreeing to. There should not be an article titled Pedophilia (general usage) or anything like it. All it would consist of is dictionary definitions saying the same thing over and over again. Where would the studies be on this general usage that includes everything under 18? The studies and research all focus on prepubescent children. If it's early pubertal, that's hebephilia. Mid/late/post-pubertal, that's ephebophilia. There really is nothing more to say about how the term is generally applied, except that it is often used to describe a sexual attraction to all children. Flyer22 (talk) 19:47, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* I wrote: Should the current pedophilia article cover all uses of the term. I did not write Should we have an umbrella article covering all terminology related to sex with minors.-- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:05, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Er, the title says "One all encompassing article." And the meaning is the same thing, really...except some uses of the term simply aren't pedophilia. Flyer22 (talk) 21:50, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* I am fine with an all-encompassing article with a broader name. If we do that, we should merge hebephilia and ephebophilia and pedohebephilia and pedohebephebophilia and pseudopedohebephebophilia and whatever else the "experts" have discovered and coined this month. The new article will be scalable as they create additional diseases. Jokestress (talk) 18:53, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
Requested move
The result of the move request was: Not moved. Jafeluv (talk) 22:57, 30 September 2010 (UTC)
Pedophilia → Pedophilia (paraphilia) — Ok, in the past days, it has become clear that this article is about the medical operalization of the term pedophilia. Because of that, I suggest this page is moved to Pedophilia (paraphilia) to reflect the narrow scope, and to free the page for a discussion about the general term pedophilia as used in society, law enforcement, medical corner, etc. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:22, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
Stevertigo (t | log | c) 22:01, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Support per nom, maybe we can finally start moving forward with these pages. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:22, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Support This has been my assertion since my first post here. Jokestress (talk) 21:31, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose. See lengthy discussion above. I would also like to note that not all the usual editors of this article have weighed in yet on this discusion. This article is about the preference, interest and act regarding prepubescent children. It is largely defined as only pertaining to prepubescents. Even the dictionary sources stress that a child is a person "between birth and puberty," aiding in the "prepubescent" definition of the term. To have an article titled "pedophilia" and have it not be about prepubescent children would only be an article muddying the term and lending to confusion (i.e cases such as Mark Foley). Flyer22 (talk) 21:44, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Well, if you read what I wrote above, I was under the impression that it was only about pre-pubescent kids, but it was you who showed me I was in error. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 22:10, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Well, if you read what I wrote above, I am clear that it is largely defined as only pertaining to prepubescents, as in most literature and medical sources. The common use (pertaining to everything under 18) is simply a common use; not an accurate definition, just as the source I showed in that discussion states. Flyer22 (talk) 22:21, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose - what other kinds of pedophilia are there except the paraphilic kind? And if the defintion differs slightly in accord with different fields, creating different articles violates WP:FORK. I don't understand what Kim's problem is with the current setup, and why he is changing his tactics from proposing a new lede to proposing a name change. I'd hate to jump to assumptions. Kim appears to be confusing the issue of terminology and the issue of topic.
* There are a lot of people with an unhealthy sexual attraction to pre-pubescent kids, who do not fit the formal DSM-IV definition of a pedophile. All those people are not covered at current. PS, I am a girl. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 22:10, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Furthermore, there are critiques of the use of "pedophilia" as a diagnostic term: Studer (2006), Boer (2000), Chenier (2008), Green (2002). It has lost its utility because of the controversy about how to use it. We need a place to cover the phenomenon and a place for this specific term. Some editors freaked out when I created an article about the phenomenon, but the problem remains. Jokestress (talk) 22:17, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* This article does cover people with an unhealthy sexual attraction to pre-pubescent children who do not fit the formal DSM-IV definition of a pedophile. This is covered in the Etymology and definitions section (specifically the Diagnosis sub-section) and the Prevalence and child molestation section. And judging by the sources in this article, the general medical community does not seem to be under any controversy about how this term is used. Flyer22 (talk) 22:27, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose unnecessary POV fork. Powers T 23:59, 23 September 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose local opinion is largely dependent on the local age of consent, which is not 18 across the world or the US. There is already an article on ephebophilia, which some people believe is the same as pedophilia, and any article that uses 18 as the dividing line is highly biased against any jurisdiction where that is not legal age (such as countries where it is 21) <IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 04:22, 24 September 2010 (UTC)
* As I stated below, that is exactly why "pedophilia" should be limited in the way it is by the medical community: Age of consent and Age of majority vary by state and by country and are not universal (even if 18 is the most used criterion for adulthood). If we go by that "not of legal age" reasoning, then what may be a pedophile in one state or country is not a pedophile in another state or country. And this is exactly why pedophilia is not based on socially constructed adulthood...but rather biological adulhood. Biological adulthood cannot be governed. You're either a biological adult or you're not...without society's say in the matter. Flyer22 (talk) 17:03, 25 September 2010 (UTC)
* The modern tendency for human puberty to be earlier and earlier makes queryable the right criterion here. Anthony Appleyard (talk) 09:55, 24 September 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose. The name change would cause a POV fork by creating a separate article for an imaginary construct such as: the kinds of pedophilia that are not a paraphilia. That POV fork was rejected with strong consensus recently at the AfD for Adult sexual interest in children. There are other articles for the various separate related topics. For example, newspapers sometimes inaccurately use the term "pedophilia" to describe incidents of pederasty, (sexual abuse by an adult male of a minor male who is not a prepubescent child). That kind of use doesn't create a new separate topic, it's just a mistake, or a way to sell papers through sensationalizing the story. That's why scholarly sources for scientific articles are preferred in Wikipedia policy. And this is a science article. --Jack-A-Roe (talk) 05:30, 27 September 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose as unnecessary, the current title is perfect and does not need changing, plus the POV fork arguments are compelling. Thanks, ♫ SqueakBox talk contribs 13:42, 27 September 2010 (UTC)
* Oppose absolutely and would you people please cut it out. If we have an article Pedophilia (paraphilia), what will be the name of the corresponding POV fork article? Perhaps Pedophilia (loving and caring relationship) or Pedophilia (perfectly normal desire) or whatever, hm? Maybe we could have an In popular culture section ("On Family Guy, Stewie says...").
* I am supposed to be retired from this, as I am quite frankly afraid of these people, who cannot seem to refrain from harrassment (e.g. see here, or here's a gem from the New York Times:
* "Ms. James (N.B.: this is Andrea James, User:Jokestress as she openly admits on her user page) downloaded images from Dr. Bailey’s Web site of his children, taken when they were in middle and elementary school, and posted them on her own site, with sexually explicit captions that she provided."
* Lovely. I could tell you what the captions were but I don't want to spoil your breakfast. Gee, now that I've weighed in here, maybe Andrea will post the route my kids take to school. Why are we, as Wikipedia editors, even required to interact with these kinds of people? How many other editors are going to be intimidated by this sort of thing? Is this how these people plan to get their way?
* What a waste of time. These people are never going to be allowed their hideous POV. We are never going to go sliding down the path that leads to "But other experts maintain that in a safe and caring consensual relationship, a loving and respectful adult can..." or whatever. So why are we even talking about this? Herostratus (talk) 17:26, 28 September 2010 (UTC)
Please vote: is Frederick S. Berlin a crank?
Since that's how consensus is built on this page, please vote if he's acceptable as a source here (for his own views) on pedophilia. Tijfo098 (talk) 14:37, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
* Can you provide a link to his work? -- Kim van der Linde at venus 18:39, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
* The source used here is the same one I pointed you to...to show you how widely the term is misused, which is also distinguished here by the Encyclopædia Britannica...and other encyclopedias. Flyer22 (talk) 19:19, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
* No, he is not a crank: "He was Associate Professor, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and Founder of the Sexual Disorders Clinic at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Dr. Berlin has written extensively on sexual disorders for numerous distinguished journals, including The American Journal of Psychiatry, The New England Journal of Medicine, and The American Journal of Forensic Psychiatry." Sums it nicely up. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:51, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
* This is a mal-formed RfC even in the terminology of the heading. Did someone call him a "crank"? Why is this question even being asked? And assuming he's not a crank, that's not a sufficient condition for his writings to be automatically reliable as a source in general. Berlin is published and has credentials, yes, however he has also has expressed some controversial views and engaged in controversial treatment methods that have not been widely accepted. There is no consensus among researchers that all of his writings are in line with mainstream academic views. To determine if something he wrote is useful as a source for the article, that requires seeing the proposed text that his work would be used to support, and which of his works is referenced. Then the decision can be made, within the context of the use. --Jack-A-Roe (talk) 10:00, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* Depends. Asking if he is a crank is a loaded question. What assertion are we talking about? Material source to a specific person undergoes varying levels of vetting and scrutiny, so it depends on the asserted fact and the source that used to support it.Legitimus (talk) 17:08, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
Richard Green ref
Ok, I added the Richard Green ref again to the article. It was kept out of the article because it was claimed that some past 'consensus' to do so existed. However, that 'consensus' was based on a rather different question: "Should Richard Green (sexologist)'s article and resulting controversy advocating removal pedophilia from DSM be added to the article?". Here, it was added with regard to the issue of 'content pedophiles', basically, those who fail the diagnosis because they are not distressed by having those feelings. As for the consensus that was claimed previously, it was actually a four against three score, with the only open expert in favor of inclusion. So, no consensus either way. As such, I do not think there is any objection to add him to the article as a second person who has objections to the DSM IV definition of the term. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 19:18, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* As said above, I'm okay with the inclusion. It seems Legitimus doesn't mind it much either, though I dare not speak for him. Flyer22 (talk) 19:49, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* In regards to the matter of address "contended" pedophiles (or what some may call egosyntonic pedophiles) I'm ok with including it. That is a genuine flaw to the DSM-IV-TR. My gripes with Green's paper have to do with completely separate matter that right now is not a problem in this article.Legitimus (talk) 20:53, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
Glad that this issue is solved.-- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:11, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
Merged definition and criticism to definition sections
Generally, criticism related to a specific aspect of the article, like criticism to medical definition, should be kept together for clarity. Having a criticism section at the end of the article dealing exclusively with a paragraph at the top of the article does not make sense. Hence, I have moved the criticism section to the appropriate place so that the topic (medical diagnosis with pro's and cons) is kept together. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 00:46, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
* Seems ok to me with the current state of the criticism section.Legitimus (talk) 16:47, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
* I don't mind either, since it is still titled Critcism. Flyer22 (talk) 17:51, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
Criticism section
I started a Criticism section due to what I stated in this edit. It needs to be expanded upon, of course. If there are any objections to having a Criticism section of term's medical definitions, explain why you object. This is not a criticism section for pedophile opinions on it, so no worries there. Flyer22 (talk) 17:09, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
* I think it's ok to have it. Only thing is what we call it. Barbaree seems to criticize the criteria rather than the "definition" per se. And does Barbaree endorce or criticize using actions as the sole diagnostic criteria?
* Also, the Barbaree cite seems incomplete somehow, since it is a chapter from a book. Sexual deviance: theory, assessment, and treatment published it's first edition in 1997, and the second edition in 2008. I only have access to the latter. Of note is that the chapter in question appears to have been completely re-written in the 2nd edition by two other authors, Camileri and Quinsey. Also, the 1997 edition pre-dates the DSM-IV-TR (published in 2000) so is that criticism still applicable?Legitimus (talk) 17:35, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
* Hmm, good questions. See, I rushed the section (as I have to go for now and just wanted it out there already). But I'm sure we'll solve this matter. Flyer22 (talk) 17:44, 1 October 2010 (UTC)
* Okay, I tweaked the section to this. For the Barbaree part, I added in "1997" to specify and until we can get further info on that 1997 piece. I'm going to go ahead and trust the line about his endorsement of using actions as the sole diagnostic criteria, since it was already in this article before I made the criticism section. The other piece I added was written up by Tijfo098, as seen here. I altered the word "controversy" away from relating to the pedophilia criteria, and left out Richard Green, for reasons already gone over. But if it is felt that Green should be mentioned, I am okay with it. Flyer22 (talk) 17:26, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
* I think omitting Green just shows again how biased this article is. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 17:28, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
* I only omitted him due to past consensus. I am okay with mention of him. We can form new consensus right here. My vote is to include. Flyer22 (talk) 17:33, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
* Which past consensus? The same that held this article in hostage with the medical terminology only approach. Looks like that consensus has been soundly rejected, and so I think the proper way is to include things, and if there is substantial objection, to discuss it then. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 17:38, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
* This past consensus: Talk:Pedophilia/Archive 14
* I voted oppose due to the reasons given by Jack and Legitimus. But looking back, James made valid points as well. And this article mostly covering medical terminology has not been rejected at all. The latest discussions and "polls" show that. But we have been including things to reach common ground -- things that are not "out there" to include. The lead matter has been settled. We now have an Other uses section. The Misuse of terminology section has been changed to Misuse of medical terminology, and we even now have a Criticism section on the medical terminology. What else do you want included? Flyer22 (talk) 17:51, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
* Okay, there are some improvements, but this article is still far too much medical oriented. Just look at the intro. But heck, this article is owned by you, and quite frankly, it is getting really obnoxious. I have some more on this later this evening when I am home, because I doubt that your claimed consensus actually exists once I tally the names of the various people. To add, the previous discussion was about a specific way of including it, and the tally was just slightly in favour of not including. What I saw there is anything but a consensus. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 20:28, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
* Kim, I am listening to you. Trying to work out compromises. True, I don't get the "far too much medical oriented" deal...because, as I have said before, that, to me, is like saying the Rape article is too law-oriented. Or the Sexual intercourse article is too "sex-oriented." Yes, I feel the lead is fine... because it tackles the medical definition first, including "early pubescent," all without stressing "preference" in the first line...the common use definition second, and then the origins of the term and how the term relates to society as a whole. This article, like all medical topics on Wikipedia, is naturally going to have more medical detail than non-medical detail. Most of the research on it deals with medical insight. What type of research or significant information could we include that is out of the medical field, other than simply reporting on child sexual abuse? We already have a Child sexual abuse article. The only thing I can think of left for us to add to this article is an In culture or In popular culture section.
* And will you stop the "own" accusations? Just because I am the main person editing this article these days, it does not mean it is owned by me. As I said at the noticeboard, "The only reason I am the main one speaking out for what has been gone over time and time again at [this] article, mainly with pedophiles who have now been blocked or banned, is because Legitimus is trying to take a [brief break] from [this] article, Jack-A-Roe is too busy these days, SqueakBox is hardly active on [this] article anymore, and MishMich is completely missing in action." And we all know James is often busy. Yes, there was WP:Consensus to not include that article by Green. There are only a few of us editing this article; when there are more against something than for, we have to take that as consensus, unless we take it to the wider community. I really am making an effort to work with you here. You have a point about the previous discussion having been about a specific way of including Green. Again, I am now okay with Green being added. I am just trying to make sure that enough people are okay with it first. Flyer22 (talk) 21:32, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
* Kim I have about had it with your attitude. You know why I've been keeping away from this article? Because I know when someone isn't interested in listening and I would be wasting my breath/manual dexterity. So I just stop engaging. If I have to pick between an article going in a bad direction and getting pushed around by a hard-headed ignoramus, I'll take the former thank you. I learned my lesson long ago when a middle-aged pot-bellied druggie kept insisting to me he knew more about what was a drug effect and what was a placebo effect for a specific substance than the American Pharmacists Association because he ingested it himself enough times. Sometimes you just gotta fold and walk away. You know what's stupid about all this? When I peel back all the vitriol from your posts and blog, I probably agree with most of the stuff you bring up; seems like many others here would too. But when you come in with that adversarial attitude and slinging insults, people are going to disagree with you anyway regardless of what they think.
* I'll stay available as a resource and if someone needs sources or fact checking, but I am not going to stand around and argue with someone who can't be civil.Legitimus (talk) 23:28, 4 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, thank you for letting me know that you are just contrary because I do not talk your way of talking while addressing the serious issues with this article. I think it sums it nicely up. So, if you just want to be contrary, I suggest you indeed edit other articles. As for the uncivil charge, I think you better back that up with diffs. Finally, maybe you and Flyer22 should consider that if people put their stamp of ownership on the article, yes, things will get slkowly but surely tense. I raised the issues long before I wrote my blog post. Do you know why I wrote the blog post? Because of the same issues that are still a problem, namely ownership and undue issues. Some things have improved, but many issues remain. If you want the issues to go away, I suggest you actually deal with it instead of just being contrary as you just indicated.
* I am quite aware that recently, about 5 people have commented on the general tone of the article. Me and Jokestress to start with, and later several others both here in reponse to the RFC and at my talk page in response to the AN/I report as well as at the AN/I rerport itself . So, maybe take those responses at heart and start fixing this problem article instead of being contrary.
* And oh, I laud the effort of the regulars to keep the pedophiles from slanting this article towards acceptance of pedophilia, but when such an effort result in ownership of the article when non-pedophiles want to contribute to the article, it becomes a problem. Anyway, I despise people who misuse children in any form just to be clear. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 02:17, 5 October 2010 (UTC)
* Kim, James and I have also commented on the rudeness of some of your replies. Your first post on my talk page was rude, I feel. But moving on: The several other editors have not agreed with you and Jokestress or "new" editor Tijfo098...judging by the latter "RfC discussions" and the move discussion. The one IP in the link you showed is basically saying this article should be dumbed down so that "regular folk" can understand it, and that's bull. That's not how Wikipedia works, and "regular folk" should be able to understand this article perfectly well as it is. And Hans Adler's comment resembles some things I've been saying. Adler says, "It is important for researchers to be careful about the way they present their findings to the public so that it cannot be abused." I say, "Exactly." That is why we report what are deemed the accurate definitions of pedophilia first. The term is abused/misused much too often. This is not a "problem of an article." It would be a "problem of an article" if not letting some random 21-year-old kid know that he is not a pedophile for finding some 17-year-old girl sexually attractive, as is often the case for Miley Cyrus and her boyfriends. Adler says, "Specifically, if researchers come to the conclusion that there are two different types of pedophilia that can be clearly separated, then they must be able to say so without fear of public smear campaigns." I say, yes, the Criticism section is tackling these "two different kinds of pedophilia"...and researchers still are not saying sexual attraction to everything underage constitutes pedophilia. Adler says, "But it appears to me that due to some unnecessary underlying disagreements, you are currently not addressing these points constructively." And that is what Legitimus was trying to say about your approach to this article.
* Watching over this article and discussing things, and gaining consensus to change things is how Wikipedia works. And yet you call this "own" with us. You keep saying this article needs "improvement" without specifying what improvement it is you seek. The only "improvement" you clarified was the lead, and that has been taken care of...even though you disagree with some of the wording. You say you "despise people who misuse children in any form just to be clear," but, again, that is not what this article is mainly supposed to be about. It is mainly supposed to be about what goes on in the minds of pedophiles. The act is mainly documented at the Child sexual abuse article. It seems to me and others that you want people walking away from this article calling sexual attraction to any minor an accurate definition of "pedophilia." But what I am saying is that research says that's not true. And if it was true, then it would mean that even being sexually attracted to post-pubescent bodies would be pedophilia. Do you not understand that post-pubescents are full adults? While not all of them have the title of legal adults, they are still completely physically mature people. How can a sexual attraction to that be pedophilia in any way? I came across an 18-year-old boy one time who truly believed he was a pedophile simply because he had a 16-year-old girlfriend; sending that type of message is not something I feel this article would be better for.
* Anyway, if you can lay out what changes you are seeking for the body of this article, we can start there. But, yeah, I really don't see what else it needs. Child sexual abuse is covered. Age disparity in sexual relationships is covered, etc., etc. Flyer22 (talk) 16:07, 5 October 2010 (UTC)
* Lets start with your accusation of me being rude. This edit. That was rude? Lets see what triggered that. I had added the DSM IV age criteria of 13 years or younger after I checked the DSM IV. That was without crosschecking of the DSM IV changed to 12 years, with as part of the edit summary "Shouldn't we change it to 12, to match the Diagnosis section?" Basically, it got reverted without actually checking the main source. The first hint of article ownership in action. But it get worse. The 12 year criterion is pure original research because there is no source that claims that age criterion. Worse, it was written as if it was in the DSM IV, basically misrepresenting a reliable source.
* But lets move on to what I posted on your talk page that you consider rude. Bascially, I say I would appreciate it if you would check your sources before reverting me. The reaction I get is obviously ownership reaction: "I know what it says, or else I wouldn't be working at the article". Obviously, you did NOT know what it said, but because you were working on the article, you would know better than a new editor who actually did check the source in question. And oh, first asking for a RFC because you cannot win the argument, and then label one of the editors who shows up as a "new" editor (quotes in the original) fits with the ownership issue. Anyway, I could keep pointing out edits that effectively result in ownership of this article, but I suggest that you just stop doing so. In that context, I think it would be wise if you stop proclaiming where this article should be about. This article is about what reliable sources say about pedophilia, and whether or not you like those sources is irrelevant. Whether you think that the article should be about a specific aspect, that is not for you nor the combined editors to determine. Again, the reliable sources dictate what this article is about. Blocking other editors of doing so is akin ownership of an article.
* So, as for your misunderstanding of what I am saying. I really do not appreciate that you, after me explaining things so frequently, still misrepresent what I am saying. It really adds to the feeling of ownership of this article, because what I actually say is misrepresented so that the actual message I am sending is gone so nothing has to be changed because the misrepresented opinion of me is not what I want changed. So, I suggest you actually read what I have been writing before once again claiming things I have not said.
* My main problem with this article is that it is primarily about the medical operalization of the term, ignoring the wider scope. By creating a "Criticism" section, that notion is only strengthened. If the article was not so one-sided, most of that would be included under the diagnosis section, as they are just different ideas about diagnosing pedophilia. By separating them into a diagnosis section (at top) and a critisism section (at the end), the issue of the medical operalization as defined in the DSM IV remains. The focus of the DSM IV also makes it an American oriented article; starting the the ICD 10 for that matter is a far better starting point as it is globally used. The lead has been improved somewhat, but still suffers from the same issue, namely a medical operalization focus over the general use of the term. And no, I am not satisfied with the changes as currently implemented. Anyway, this should be a nice starting point of a good discussion how to change the article so it is less biased towards the medical operalization, which is a clear case of WP:UNDUE. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 02:51, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
* Uh, yes, that edit was rude. Lets see what triggered it. An asssumption that I was not familiar with the DSM-IV and didn't know what I was doing. You still say, "Basically, it got reverted without actually checking the main source." No, it got reverted because, "I was assuming good faith in this edit made by another editor, feeling that he must be going off some other source. The fact that the other usual editors did not revert him back then (and, really, we see everything) led me to believe even more in the reason behind the change. But... Whatever." You said you understood. Clearly, that was a lie. But it gets worse, because you said you did not confuse pedophilia with a sexual attraction to pubescent or post-pubescent teenagers. Soon, a little later, you were doing just that -- wanting the ignorant misuse of the term put forth as valid.
* Obviously, I did NOT know what the DSM said? Uh, yeah, go back through the archives of this talk page, where the DSM is brought up time and time again. I have been working on this article since 2007. And yet I wouldn't know what it said? Think again, and keep wishing that I did not have extensive knowledge of pedophilia so that you can further your "own" accusations. Asking for an RfC because I cannot win an argument, you say? I say that just shows how out of touch you are with Wikipedia's rules. And as you can see, the RfC had nothing to do with my "winning" the argument. You suggest that I stop "owning" this article? Please! All I have done is bring things to this talk page, compromise with you and the like, the exact opposite of what you state at User:KimvdLinde/Own at pedophile. When you don't get your way at an article, you run off like a spoiled little child and cry "Own" and then post about it on a blog or here. In that context, I think it would be wise if you stopped proclaiming what this article should be about. This article is not just about what reliable sources say about pedophilia. If a reliable source says pedophilia is a sexual attraction to people ages 20 and up, no, that does not mean it should be in this article, especially when we have experts on the topic saying that's not true. There are reliable sources misreporting Michael Jackson's height, but the editors of his article (and related articles) got that right and did not use those sources as though there is some sort of controversy about his actual height. You see, we also use WP:Common sense here at Wikipedia -- something you don't seem to understand. You just want any old junk in this article to further your POV that the term "pedophilia" should apply to any and all minors, which is absolutely absurd, given that age of consent and age of majority laws/rules vary, and that most late teenagers are full physical adults themselves...which is why they can be pedophiles as well. You make it sound as though America is allowing pedophilia by having the age of consent start at age 16 in some states. Whether we think that the article should be about a specific aspect, that is not for me nor the combined editors to determine, you say? Wrong again! That is exactly how Wikipedia works. We ask, discuss, what should and should not be in this article. That is how Wikipedia works all around. WP:Consensus. What do you not understand about that? We block pedophiles and pedophile-POV pushers here, thank you very much. If editors like you had been around back then, this article would be a complete mess. And, contrary to what you believe, it is not a complete mess.
* You've explained things so frequently? No, you haven't! You have not said exactly what you want included in this article, other than the lead! And now the lead matter is over, whether you like it or not.
* Again, you say your main problem with this article is that it is primarily about the medical operalization of the term, ignoring the wider scope. I ask, "Why not just go to all medical articles and say they should be half about wrong usage of the term?" Try that at the Anorexia Nervosa article or even the Mental retardation article and you will get the same treatment. I mean, what wider scope for pedophilia are you talking about? Everything under 18 being called pedophilia? Well, everything under 18 is not pedophilia! Why should we include the whole Criticism section under Diagnosis, when what Howard E. Barbaree says is not usually how pedophilia is diagnosed, and when it is already covered with the line "On the other hand, a person who acts upon these urges yet experiences no distress about their fantasies or urges can also qualify for the diagnosis," and when the new "two types" of pedophilia are not even official yet? But, really, these "two types" of pedophilia are already covered in the Diagnosis section -- Exclusive and non-exclusive (which vary in level of intensity). Read up on them. This article is not only or mainly focused on the DSM-IV. The Etymology and definitions section also makes that clear; it cannot be helped that most experts say pedophilia is a sexual preference for prepubescent children. That goes globally as well. If you go to China, you will find that pedophilia is defined exactly the same way by experts there. You want non-expert opinions in this article? Well, I have asked you over and over again what type of layout this article would have if we were to go about that. Would there be an In culture section? An In popular culture section? What???? You have not proposed a layout. That is what I mean about you not being clear. I'm still not understanding your problem with the lead, and never will. It starts out the way all medical topics on Wikipedia start off. You don't see the Anorexia Nervosa article starting off by saying, "Anorexia Nervosa refers to any really skinny person." Or "In common usage, "Anorexia Nervosa refers to any really skinny person." I am not and never will be convinced that "common usage" of the term pedophilia should come first; neither were the majority of fellow editors (including the additional ones from the move discussion). So I compromised with you. Anyway, I am looking for some sort of layout from you, a specific layout, as some sort of starting point so that we may move forward. Flyer22 (talk) 16:15, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
* Please provide diffs of other articles where I cry own to win a dispute. If you cannot, I expect an apology for a false accusation.
* If I add something that is straight out of the DSM IV (and indicated in the edit summary), and you change that incorrectly and then claim you know the DSM IV, you obviously do not. Otherwise, you would have known that what I added was correct. Hiding behind others is just plain weak and really does not fly with me.
* Please provider me with a diff where I claim that pedophile included post-pubescent. If you cannot, please drop the repeated accusation that I did so.
* Well, first you used the rape article as an example of how it should be done and now you conveniently shifted to the Anorexia Nervosa article, which curiously does not start with a medical operalization at all. Contrary to this article.
* The fact that you have edited this article for so long does not give you any more priveledges on what reliable sources say.
* The lead matter is not over. You unilaterally proclaiming to have edited according to consensus, while I have argued that the consensus is actually quite different.
* -- Kim van der Linde at venus 23:10, 6 October 2010 (UTC)
* Oops. I should have said, "When you don't get your way at this article, you run off like a spoiled little child and cry 'Own' and then post about it on a blog or here." But the same goes for your interactions with Cantor. And you will not be getting an apology from me, when it is clear that I will not be getting an apology from you regarding your accusations.
* Hiding behind others? Laughable! This talk page has been over the DSM time and time again -- generally age 13 years or younger. So what, I was blind every time I had to look over the DSM -- check it? Okay (sarcasm). You are the one who said, "This is a unfortunate aspect of changes in terminology that apparently is going on." I trusted one editor, who must have seen the same "unfortunate aspect of changes in terminology" you saw, and apparently others at this article trusted him as well. I felt he had good reason for changing "13" to "12"...and had only just noticed it the day you changed it back to 13. It's just plain weak that you cannot get past your hostility towards me to see the damn truth.
* Please provide you with a diff where you claim that pedophilia includes post-pubescents? No diffs needed. You claim it every time you state the lead should say pedophilia should generally refer to the sexual interest in children, or that the article should be half about that. "Children," of course, includes underage post-pubescents. "Children" by itself is not specific enough, and you very well know that.
* The Rape article is still a good example to use. It starts out with the legal definition first, then goes into the "general use," then back to rape offenses. And guess what? This article starts off with the medical defintion first, then goes into the general use definition, then child sexual abuse offenses. And the Anorexia Nervosa article does not start out with a medical operalization at all? Uh, what do you call it saying "Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by refusal to maintain a healthy body weight, and an obsessive fear of gaining weight due to a distorted self image"? Eating disorder has nothing to do with medical operalization at all? What you seemed to miss is that the Anorexia Nervosa article starts out classifying Anorexia Nervosa as a disorder, just like this article -- after a general line -- starts out classifying pedophilia as a disorder.
* The fact that I have edited this article for so long does not give me any more privileges on what reliable sources say? Never said it did.
* The lead matter is not over? Uh, yes, it is. You can argue that the consensus is in your favor all you want, but judging from this talk page, it clearly is not. The problem with your version of the lead, other than starting out with the inaccurate "definition" of pedophilia, is that no dictionary sources say "pedophilia generally refers to a sexual attraction to children"; they do not use the word "generally"...and those same dictionary sources you cite specify "child" as being "between birth and puberty"...which you continue to ignore. Your dictionary sources therefore agree with "prepubescent" when it comes to pedophilia. Other than popular culture sources (as in the media wrongly using the term), you have no sources saying that it is perfectly valid to call pedophilia a sexual interest in just "children." Other encyclopedias, such as the Encyclopædia Britannica, specify right off the bat what pedophilia truly is, and so should we. Flyer22 (talk) 15:33, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* Ok, problem solved. Glad you took that accusation away.
* Yes, you are. What you did is first not checking yourself a change with an ambiguous edit summary, and them when I add something specifically referring to the DSM, you revert it, subsequently claiming that you thought the earlier change was correct because OTHERS did not fix it. Hiding behind others.
* Good that you realize I did not say it and that it was YOUR interpretation that leads you to that conclusion. A post-pubescent is not a child. And just check, puberty lasts till about 16-18, which only after that, they are post-pubescent. So, it is your interpretation of what I write, not what I am saying. This is a MAJOR issue with this discussion.
* Looks like we are reading different articles. I did not know that the word "disorder" was exclusively claimed by the medical establishment and is not to be used outside of that. Thank you for letting me know.
* Good, glad we agree we have the same privileges with regard to editing this article. Now lets see if we can agree on what actually is a consensus. 4-5 vote is a consensus for the 5 vote position?
* Well, if you think you can determine whether the lead discussion is over, you are back to the ownership issues.
* -- Kim van der Linde at venus 17:13, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* LOL.
* LOL again. Why would I have to check the DSM, when I already know what it says? I did not say I thought the other change was correct because OTHERS did not fix it. I said nothing of "correct." I said I was assuming good faith in that editor. I was also going to ask that editor about the change, until you reverted me and sniped at me.
* Nope. You did say it; you have been more than clear about wording things as "children." We all know what "children" includes. But now you say a post-pubescent is not a child? Well, finally! Then you agree that the lead should not just say "children," since society often regards underage post-pubescents as children anyway. And if you check out the Adult article and dictionaries again, pubescents are not biological children either. One does not have to finish puberty to be a biological adult. And correction -- puberty typically ends at age 15 or 16 for girls; 17 or 18 for boys.
* The point is that Anorexia Nervosa is defined as an eating disorder by the medical establishment, which the Info disease box clearly shows.
* We do have the same same privileges, and right now, yes, consensus is for the medical definition coming before "common use" definition.
* The determining is not up to me; the sources and community decides. And they have for now.
* Flyer22 (talk) 17:44, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, if you knew what the DSM IV said, you would have known that it said 13 and younger, and you would not have changed it, because you would have known that the sentence about the DSM IV diagnostic criteria was actually correct, and the 12 year was incorrect.
* Huh, no, I never said post-pubescent being children, but if you want to insist, I suggest you back it up with some diffs instead of just asserting that I said it.
* Okay, thank you for conceding that disorder is not an medical exclusive term.
* Well, I do not see that consensus, in fact, if I have counted correctly, I see a majority that wants a different lead.
* Well, then we obviously disagree what they have decided.
* I am glad we have worked out a few issues and that some of the accusations have been leveled. Now that we have established that we have the same rights and what consensus is, I will start implementing those things supported by consensus. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 19:06, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* I am glad we have worked out a few issues and that some of the accusations have been leveled. Now that we have established that we have the same rights and what consensus is, I will start implementing those things supported by consensus. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 19:06, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* We've already gone over this. If you must insist I had no idea what the DSM said, then whatever. But those familiar with me at this article since 2007 know I am familiar with the DSM and its criteria. My knowledge of pedophilia is one of the main reasons I even started editing/looking after this article. I rarely dabble in things I'm not familiar with here at Wikipedia.
* I assert it, because "children" includes post-pubescents. You know that's how society sees underage post-pubescents, due to age of majority, and yet you keep pushing for the beginning of the lead to say "children" without any qualifier.
* Not what I said, but okay.
* What majority wants a different lead? The question is clearly proposed above, about "which use" we should go with first, and most editors have said medical use. Medical use was also seen as triumphant in the move discussion. Randomly counting people, such as the IP in the Globalize section, who have nothing to do with the proposed question about medical use vs. common use does not count; that IP, for example, did not weigh in on the consensus discussion. And regardless of him, there is no consensus for your proposed lead -- or common use being before medical use. And again -- your "common use" does not even back you up because dictionaries generally say that a child is a prepubescent.
* Clearly.
* I am glad we have worked out a few issues and that some of the accusations have been leveled as well. But you do not have consensus for your version of the lead, and that is clear from above. You should not implement any of the debated material without consensus. I didn't revert your Green addition because you made a valid point about what the concerns were in the previous discussion about him, and because I don't object to him being included the way he is now included. Neither would James. Flyer22 (talk) 19:44, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, let me ask you some questions:
* What is the age criterion in the DSM VI for pedophilia?
* What did I add?
* Where did you change it too?
* Which one was correct?
* Thank you for admitting you were asserting it and not me. A Child is generally a human between the stages of birth and puberty. Check dictionaries and even wikipedia. It was you who asserted that is had a wider definition in general usage, and I accepted that. It is obvious that the general usage is wider than the DSM IV (like the ICD 10, which brings back the US-centered scope currently or even the new DSM V expansion), but also, that that usage is not really preferred. If you recall, my lead proposal was exactly dealing with that without immediately jumping to the US-centered medical operalization.
* Well, do you then claim disorder is exclusive to the medical field?
* Yes, if I correctly read what people wrote, the consensus is not what you think.
* -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:29, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* Yes, if I correctly read what people wrote, the consensus is not what you think.
* -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:29, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:29, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* No, let's ask you one big question:
* How is it that one could not know the age criterion in the DSM for pedophilia when that same one has been working on the Pedophilia article since 2007 and, before you arrived at the article, it was brought up as recently as this discusion? I was clearly aware of the DSM criteria for pedophilia and have been for some time. Your refusal to accept my word and insistence that you are correct about why I reverted is both silly and tiring.
* I said that "pedophilia" is used to refer to a sexual attraction to all minors, something I could not believe you didn't already know. I backed that up with a source, to show that it is incorrectly used to refer to all minors. The keyword is "incorrectly." What you call "the general usage" is the wrong usage, like experts state. And the point is that your "general usage" dictionary sources do not back you up in excluding "prepubescent"...because they say that children are prepubescent.
* Sigh. Not even answering that. I made my point.
* You did not read correctly then.
* . Flyer22 (talk) 22:07, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, easy, the person in question changed the proper DSM IV age criteria to a incorrect age even when the edit summary indicates it came from the DSM IV. Now that I have answered yours, answer mine.
* Well, you are correct, it is obvious that SOME people use that term very broad. I have not made that claim. What I do claim is that the term is generally used in wider way than the strict DSM IV definition. See for example the ICD 10. I also know that many people would not inculde all minors, specifically because of age of consent laws are generally more permissive than age of majority. So, your repeated assertion that my way of seeing is a specific way is incorrect. Children are not post-pubescent. That is a ludicrous claim to make. They can be minors yes, but not children. Unless you want to use the word entirely different, in that everybody is a child of someone.
* And your point was, that it was a medical definition because it was called a disorder?
* Well, we will find out.
* -- Kim van der Linde at venus 23:15, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, we will find out.
* -- Kim van der Linde at venus 23:15, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* -- Kim van der Linde at venus 23:15, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
Outdent
* 1) This is ridiculous. I gave my reason for reverting you, and all other contributions/discussions I have either made or had at this article about the DSM prove your conclusion as wrong. Get over it.
* 2) And we tackle that some people use the term wider, but it is still wrong usage, and that is what we make clear in the lead. People commonly misusing the term does not mean that such misuse should go first in the lead or that it should be given as much weight in this article as the correct/medical usage. Children are not post-pubescents, you say? That is a ludicrous claim to make, you say? No, it is not a claim at all. And it is absolutely ludicrous that you have even stated such a thing. Post-pubescent minors are regarded as children; this is not something I even need to source. But, to indulge you with a source, Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of Law states that a child is "a person below an age specified by law." Post-pubescent minors are regarded as children, not simply minors, by the general public every time there is some kind of sex scandal involving them and older adults. Likewise, prepubescents can be considered minors as well. And if "children" only meant "prepubescent," you wouldn't be so determined to exclude "prepubescent" from the beginning of the lead. By your reasoning, I could just as easily say that pubescents are not children either...since they are biological adults after all. Therefore, calling pubescents children -- all because society says they are -- is ludicrous as well (by your logic).
* 3) My point is that Anorexia Nervosa is defined as disorder by the medical community, and it being determined a disorder is included in the lead first...right beside the Info disease box.
* 4) Well, we will find out? We don't have to "find out." It's clear from above. The medical sources are authoritative and correct. Your "general use" sources don't back you up, seeing as I could just as easily use those sources to add in "prepubescent" to your version.
* 5) Flyer22 (talk) 23:54, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
* No, the facts are pretty clear. You changed it away from the DSM IV in the DSM IV criteria section while claiming you know the DSM IV.
* Well, the main point remains that you think that how the world at large uses it is superseded by the medical operalization, which is bogus. And really, you can cherry pick a source but the law version ios not really what the general public uses. So, lets take the general merrrian websters def: "a young person especially between infancy and youth". But heck, I am not maki9ng those claims about ownership for nothing.
* Well, my point is that with anorexia nervosa, the general use and the medical definition are rather close, and the article does not start with the DSM IV diagnostic criteria:
* A. Refusal to maintain body weight at or above a minimally normal weight for age and height (e.g., weight loss leading to maintenance of body weight less than 85% of that expected; or failure to make expected weight gain during period of growth, leading to body weight less than 85% of that expected).
* B. Intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even though underweight
* C. Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced, undue influence of body shape on self-evaluation, or denial of the seriousness of the current low body weight.
* D. In postmenarcheal females, amenorrhea, i.e., the absence of at least three consecutive menstrual cycles.
* Does not look like those criteria are in the second line of the article. So, lets stop the pretense that the article is even close to this out of balance article.
* Yes, I just have to go through all the edits and make a tally.
* -- Kim van der Linde at venus 14:24, 9 October 2010 (UTC)
* I appreciate the break for one day.
* The facts are pretty clear indeed. You are wrong, which is clear from my past discussions about the DSM at this article. You are not going to get me to lie and say that I did not know what the DSM said, so, again, you might as well drop it.
* The main point remains that you continue to think that common and wrong usage should top correct and authoritative usage, which is bogus. The law version is not really what the general public uses? Yes, it is, and I backed that up with a source. Another source taken from the lead also backs this up. A child, by society's standards, usually includes everything under 18.
* The Anorexia nervosa article may not start out with the DSM IV diagnostic criteria, but it still starts off defining it as an eating disorder first. It does not go into common usage first...or even at all. In common usage, really skinny people are called anorexic all the time. The point is that most, if not all, medical articles here at Wikipedia define their terms in medical terms first. No pretense.
* A tally won't matter. Authoritative sources, as well as yours, specify prepubescent children as the source for a pedophile's sexual interest. And the recent consensus discussion is currently in favor of medical usage first. Past consensus is also for medical usage coming first. Unless new consensus is formed for your version, per WP:Consensus, the current version will remain. I doubt that your version would last long even if it did suddenly gain enough support to be implemented, per WP:MEDRS.
* Flyer22 (talk) 16:30, 9 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, I know how you see it, and what remains is that an editor who claims that she knows the DSM IV changed the proper information away from the DSM IV. What you excuse is is really irrelevant to me.
* Well, looks like we won;t resolove that issue, as expected. I am not expecting you to give a inch on the current medical operalization narrative, regardless of how many people object or how many sources are put forward.
* Well, maybe because you like the Anorexia nervosa article so much, we could cut out the DSM IV info from the lead and make it more general. Seems that you think that is a good way>
* You are not the only one who can decide what happen with this article, and I dispute completely that your perceived consensus is still there. So, the lead is going to change.
* -- Kim van der Linde at venus 19:46, 9 October 2010 (UTC)
* If "my excuse" was irrelevant to you, you wouldn't have kept bringing it up. But oh well. At least it seems dropped now.
* There's nothing to resolve. Sources and a simple Google search show me as correct. Heck, even the Child article does. There is a such thing as a "minor child," after all. I'm not giving an inch as far as putting the incorrect and "common use" definition first, no. For the various reasons gone over by me and others. We have already compromised with you. The problem is that "compromise" is not good enough for you; you just want your way.
* Nope. Because authoritative sources should be in the lead.
* I did not say I was deciding anything for the article! You are the one acting as though what you say goes. The lead is going to change? Not to your view, it isn't. Why? Because of what I stated above. There is no perceived consensus on my part. Past consensus is for the medical definition coming first, and so is current consensus. The recent consensus and move discussions show this. If you are counting, then you should also be counting James's thoughts, as well as Stevertigo's. Only two editors, yourself included, are for putting the "common use" definition first...judging by the talk page. Only two editors, yourself included, have said that the lead should start out saying "children" instead of "prepubescent children." Tijfo098 argued for the lead not starting out as immediately defining pedophilia as a mental disorder simply because the DSM says so, not for your proposal, and that was taken care of (by changing the initial lead-in and simply specifying it as an "interest"). This means your version will not be put forth, unless you gain new consensus. You can say that your version will be put forth all you want, but the policies and guidelines I have cited are on my side. And even if your version were to be implemented, the fact remains that it would not last long because it does not hold up; even your sources disagree with you, as they specify a child as someone who is prepubescent; most dictionary sources specify a child as prepubescent, either first and foremost or only. There is nothing wrong with the lead saying that pedophilia "encompasses a range of adult sexual interest in prepubertal children," because that is correct. "Early pubescent" is the exception, and only because "early pubescent" often still looks "prepubescent." That is the only damn reason the ICD-10 says "early pubertal." Notice that it does not simply say "pubertal." Contrary to your beliefs, it is not just the DSM IV or America's medical community which restricts pedophilia to prepubescent children. This article, with its many sources, shows that pedophilia is not only restricted that way by the DSM. In the general medical community, pedophilia is a sexual preference or interest in prepubescents. Not pubescents or post-pubescents. We can add non-American sources saying the same thing. Consensus is not just about "voting" anyway; it is also about the weight of arguments. And the argument that the incorrect and "common use" definition should come before the correct and authoritative definition does not hold up. It never has at Wikipedia articles.
* Flyer22 (talk) 17:50, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
* You know what, you can keep claiming things I do not say (maybe dig up a few diffs to prove your case), but that does really not make it something I have said. So, I am done with those aspects of the discussion, which included that I obviously have perceived a different consensus among editors commenting on this article. As for the compromise, no, that was not a compromise I agreed with. So, no, you have not compromised with me yet. So, we will continue. As for you claim that the DSM IV is so important in reliable sources, better check the literature. How many research articles do you think use that definition versus articles that use a more generic definition? -- Kim van der Linde at venus 22:21, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
* Refer to the above. The DSM IV is an authoritative source, and so are the expert sources. The majority of the medical community and scholarly text stresses "prepubescent," as James makes perfectly clear in this edit. Correct and authoritative use trumps incorrect, "common use" at medical articles; it always has. Flyer22 (talk) 14:46, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
* Nope. Because authoritative sources should be in the lead.
* I did not say I was deciding anything for the article! You are the one acting as though what you say goes. The lead is going to change? Not to your view, it isn't. Why? Because of what I stated above. There is no perceived consensus on my part. Past consensus is for the medical definition coming first, and so is current consensus. The recent consensus and move discussions show this. If you are counting, then you should also be counting James's thoughts, as well as Stevertigo's. Only two editors, yourself included, are for putting the "common use" definition first...judging by the talk page. Only two editors, yourself included, have said that the lead should start out saying "children" instead of "prepubescent children." Tijfo098 argued for the lead not starting out as immediately defining pedophilia as a mental disorder simply because the DSM says so, not for your proposal, and that was taken care of (by changing the initial lead-in and simply specifying it as an "interest"). This means your version will not be put forth, unless you gain new consensus. You can say that your version will be put forth all you want, but the policies and guidelines I have cited are on my side. And even if your version were to be implemented, the fact remains that it would not last long because it does not hold up; even your sources disagree with you, as they specify a child as someone who is prepubescent; most dictionary sources specify a child as prepubescent, either first and foremost or only. There is nothing wrong with the lead saying that pedophilia "encompasses a range of adult sexual interest in prepubertal children," because that is correct. "Early pubescent" is the exception, and only because "early pubescent" often still looks "prepubescent." That is the only damn reason the ICD-10 says "early pubertal." Notice that it does not simply say "pubertal." Contrary to your beliefs, it is not just the DSM IV or America's medical community which restricts pedophilia to prepubescent children. This article, with its many sources, shows that pedophilia is not only restricted that way by the DSM. In the general medical community, pedophilia is a sexual preference or interest in prepubescents. Not pubescents or post-pubescents. We can add non-American sources saying the same thing. Consensus is not just about "voting" anyway; it is also about the weight of arguments. And the argument that the incorrect and "common use" definition should come before the correct and authoritative definition does not hold up. It never has at Wikipedia articles.
* Flyer22 (talk) 17:50, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
* You know what, you can keep claiming things I do not say (maybe dig up a few diffs to prove your case), but that does really not make it something I have said. So, I am done with those aspects of the discussion, which included that I obviously have perceived a different consensus among editors commenting on this article. As for the compromise, no, that was not a compromise I agreed with. So, no, you have not compromised with me yet. So, we will continue. As for you claim that the DSM IV is so important in reliable sources, better check the literature. How many research articles do you think use that definition versus articles that use a more generic definition? -- Kim van der Linde at venus 22:21, 10 October 2010 (UTC)
* Refer to the above. The DSM IV is an authoritative source, and so are the expert sources. The majority of the medical community and scholarly text stresses "prepubescent," as James makes perfectly clear in this edit. Correct and authoritative use trumps incorrect, "common use" at medical articles; it always has. Flyer22 (talk) 14:46, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
paper quote
For those that have no access to the paper by Studer and Aylwin, here is the relevant quote:
* The diagnostic criteria as specified in the DSM-IV-TR (2000) are both over-inclusive in that all acts of child molestation warrant diagnosis, and under-inclusive in that individuals who have not acted upon, and who are not distressed by their sexual interest in children do not meet diagnostic criteria.
They state it this strong, not me. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 15:43, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* The authors use warrant because of the DSM-IV-TR criteria:
* A: Over a period of at least 6 months, recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children (generally age 13 years or younger).
* B: The person has acted on these sexual urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty.
* Let me see if I get their argument straight. Criterion A warrants inclusion if the person has recurrent behavior involving sexual activity with a kid. Criterion B warrants inclusion if they acted on it. Combined, this includes all child molesters because they showed the behavior as well as the acted upon. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 15:52, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* It makes more sense when you explain it that way, because initially it comes across like they completely forget Criteria A. At the same time, it seems like their interpretation (and any professionals who do the same) is missing the spirit of the criteria and crunching it down like a legal statute. One could argue that the "behaviors" must be "sexually arousing" to the patient in order for that to be applicable, which brings the matter back to the mind. And as far as I know, in practice, behavior alone typically does not equal a diagnosis.Legitimus (talk) 16:20, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
ICD 10 vs DSM IV: age range difference
The international ICD 10 and American DSM IV differ in various important aspects from each other. One of them is the range of children included. The DSM IV stresses pre-pubescent children, while the ICD 10 states pre-pubescent and early pubescent children. So, to pretend that the ICD 10 is similar to the DSM IV with regard to this aspect is a misrepresentation of the ICD 10. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 16:15, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* No misrepresentation. The World Health Organization's definition states:
ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders- Diagnostic criteria for research F65.4 Paedophilia
* 1) The general criteria for F65 Disorders of sexual preference must be met.
* 2) A persistent or a predominant preference for sexual activity with a prepubescent child or children.
* 3) The person is at least 16 years old and at least five years older than the child or children in B.
* The fact that it includes "early pubertal" does not stop the fact that it mostly stresses "prepubescent" and is used as the source for adolescent pedophiles in this article. Flyer22 (talk) 16:44, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* well, lets start at the beginning: WHO ICD10: F65.4 Paedophilia: A sexual preference for children, boys or girls or both, usually of prepubertal or early pubertal age. That they do not mention that in the specifications for research, which is not the main document, is irrelevant. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 16:52, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Furthermore, this difference is also mentioned by Seto in his 2009 review. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 16:55, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* I'm not seeing how it's irrelevant. But the point is that this source is used to source "prepubescent" and the note on adolescent pedophiles; therefore, there is no misrepresentation going on...especially since we mention it and "early pubertral" specifically after the DSM criteria. Flyer22 (talk) 17:03, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, I disagree, and you bring up another crucial point, and that is that the ICD 10 ref is used to ref the DSM IV criteria. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 17:17, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* We usually disagree on what should be done with this article. Nothing new. The ICD-10 ref is not used for the DSM IV criteria; it overlaps with it, when it comes to a sexual preference for prepubescent children. The lead says, "As a medical diagnosis, it is defined as a psychiatric disorder in adults or late adolescents (persons age 16 and older) characterized by a primary or exclusive sexual interest in prepubescent children (generally age 13 years or younger, though onset of puberty may vary). The child must be at least five years younger in the case of adolescent pedophiles." That is mostly the ICD-10's definition. Flyer22 (talk) 17:28, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Yes, the key word is MOSTLY. If the ICD 10 ref has to stay, the sentence has to be fixed to reflect the variation between the sources. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 17:38, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* The source does not have to be "fixed" in any way. The ICD-10 part is sourcing itself -- as it includes prepubescents and adolescent pedophiles. That is what we are using the ICD-10 for in the lead-in. Because it agrees with "prepubescent." Sources are combined like this all the time, without any type of uproar. We do not say the ICD-10 does not include early pubescents; therefore, it is not a misrepresentation, especially since we mention it and "early pubescents" in particular. Flyer22 (talk) 17:58, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, I leave if for what it is, because that section needs to be rewritten once the medical diagnosis section has been updated with the other general used methods for diagnosis. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:57, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* As I stated below, I am not sure what other relevant diagnosis you mean. If it is a diagnosis saying that "preference" is not needed and only "interest" is, that is not how pedophilia is typically defined in the medical field. Even your Seto source points this out. This is why not all child sexual abusers are considered pedophiles. It certainly is not typically defined as extending to pubescents in the medical field. Flyer22 (talk) 22:17, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* If whatever you are planning to add does not go along with fitting how pedophiles are typically diagnosed, as in officially termed pedophiles by the medical community, then it should go in the Other uses section. Flyer22 (talk) 22:27, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
Changing source
This morning, I added information of a new source to the article. The authors explicitly state that: "The diagnostic criteria as specified in the DSM-IV-TR (2000) are both over-inclusive in that all acts of child molestation warrant diagnosis, and under-inclusive in that individuals who have not acted upon, and who are not distressed by their sexual interest in children do not meet diagnostic criteria." Flyer22 took it upon herself to change the wording from The criteria are over-inclusive because all acts of child molestation warrant this diagnosis to The criteria are over-inclusive because all acts of child molestation are considered for diagnosis because the lead says something else.. I changed it back explaining it was the authors words, not mine and she basically changed it back to fit with lead again. Considering for is a fundamental different meaning than warrant. That the lead says something else than this source is irrelevant. If that is an issue, it should be solved without changing the meaning of the source. Changing the meaning of the source because other sources say something else is original research and is not allowed at wikipedia. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 17:34, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* This is no problem. I was not focused on your source. What I and Legitimus have stated can simply be sourced to that part as well. Flyer22 (talk) 17:48, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, I understand that you do not think it is a problem, but what I see is original research and that is a problem. I suggest you find a different solution without changing what the source says. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 18:28, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* It's been fixed with a source that specifies that not all child molesters fit the clinical definition of a pedophile. No original research. Flyer22 (talk) 18:33, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* No, warrant is still changed to considered for, aka the meaning of the source is still changed. Aka, Original research. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 18:37, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Disagree, because "considered" is sourced to the source I added, not to your source. But I will go ahead and rearrange. Flyer22 (talk) 18:41, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Also, while a person who acts upon the urges but experiences no distress can also qualify for the diagnosis, it does not mean that they will qualify. That is the problem with quoting someone else's opinion of the DSM. Flyer22 (talk) 18:55, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* We;;. I changed the section to reflect better the source while keeping the general qualifyer on how people see it in place. Also explained how they see the over-inclusiveness, because it is not readily obvious. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:56, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* That's fine. Flyer22 (talk) 22:14, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
Primary sources when multiple secondary and tertiary sources are available
From WP:RS: Wikipedia articles should be based mainly on reliable secondary sources. Although I have generally no problem with primary sources, when we have multiple secondary and tertiary sources, I question why a rather specific primary source needs to be included, like the Blanchard2007 ref in the beginning of the lead when there are at least four secondary and tertiary sources for the same point. if it needs more references, I am sure we can find a whole bunch of secondary sources to add. Thoughts? -- Kim van der Linde at venus 22:04, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* I question why he shouldn't be. That's what I'm saying. Flyer22 (talk) 22:10, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, because there are probably a few hundred primary sources that say the same, so do you want to add all those? What is needed is some good references, not all references. if there is an abundance of good references, secondary references are preferred in those cases because they sum up the research of many articles, contrary to primary sources. So, unless there are no good secondary sources, primary sources should be avoided. Therefore, it is up to you to ague why this primary source is so special that it needs to be included when there are many secondary sources available. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 22:16, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Do you feel that primary sources should be excluded? Just because secondary sources are available, it does not mean primary sources should be excluded. Primary sources are often backed up with secondary sources in Wikipedia articles. Flyer22 (talk) 22:23, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* I think that primary sources should be excluded if there are sufficient secondary sources, in line with WP:RS. If there are good secondary courses available, it requires aditional arguments before including primary sources. I have not seen those arguments in this case, other than a personal preference, which would open the door to adding tens of primary sources that are actually far more to the point. This article not even uses the DSM IV criteria for the diagnosis of the patients, but phallometry, a different operalization than the DSM IV. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 22:35, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* It is also personal preference to exclude primary sources if there are sufficient secondary sources. The above says "Wikipedia articles should be based mainly on reliable secondary sources," not that primary sources should be excluded or excluded entirely. I prefer the Blanchard source to the Seto source because the Blanchard source is more reliable in my view about what it means to be a pedophile. Using primary sources does not mean we will be using primary sources all time. Yes, we use Blanchard, Cantor and their team in this article, but that is not a bad thing; they are experts on this topic. As long as we are not mostly using their findings, then using them at some points is fine. But I am not too stressed to keep Blanchard in the lead. As long as there is no movement to remove all of his or Cantor's work, I suppose it will be okay. Flyer22 (talk) 23:46, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* I have no problem with Cantor's etc work, and it should be included at appropriate places. This just was not one of them. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 00:27, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
Where did the surgical castration section go?
It's in use, or even on the rise in a number of EU countries, Poland, the Czech Republic, etc. Tijfo098 (talk) 09:38, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
Some of the afflicted seek it voluntarily, even in the US. Tijfo098 (talk) 09:43, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
definitions order
Whether the definitions should be ordered as popular first or expert first depends on the reason for defining. Wiktionary seems to be meant as a popular dictionary, so far; the instruction on writing its definitions doesn't say so explicitly but supports that perspective. The Oxford English Dictionary orders definitions in historical order, oldest first; it's intended as a scholars' dictionary and scholars tend to want to know what the word meant in 1700 and 1920, since often they already know what it means today. The OED and Merriam-Webster's Third New International rely more on edited literature to find what was used popularly and among educated people but only weakly in any particular profession; professional words tend not to appear unless they've made it into general English. The Dictionary of American Regional English is a dialectal dictionary that avoids whatever has appeared in print; it relies on personal interviews, diaries, dialogues in novels trusted as authentic, and the like. I think the American Heritage Dict. draws on newspaper files for the examples it relies on when writing definitions. Taber's is for nurses and Stedman's is for physicians and their definitions are written accordingly. Glossaries and children's dictionaries are almost all prescriptive, limited to what a user is supposed to say; descriptive dictionaries describe actual use by whichever audience is intended to rely on it. In short, how to order definitions is up to the editors and depends on the purpose of defining at all.
Wikipedia's purpose in defining words thus depends on Wikipedia's purpose. Clearly, it's meant for anyone who can read at a middle school level or higher; they don't need any other background. One is not expected to be a scientist, for instance, to read a science article.
WP wants neutrality, so both expert and popular definitions should be presented separately when they differ and when they are part of majority or significant minority discourse. I.e., in this case, neutrality encompasses both expert and popular.
WP wants verifiability and expert meanings are usually more easily verified, because they're often officially promulgated and disseminated with no doubt as to official authority.
Definitions should come from promulgators rather from antagonists. E.g., the definition of a religion should not come from its sworn enemies, even if the sworn enemies vastly outnumber the adherents and no one understands how the religious community survives at all.
As to pedophiles, most people (at least in the U.S.) fall into one of three groups: nonexpert pedophile; nonexpert enemy of pedophiles; and expert (most people being not pedophiles, experts are presumably not pedophiles). Pedophiles could tell us what they mean by the word but as soon as they announce themselves they know they risk being put away or worse, so we probably won't hear from enough of them to get their consensus and those willing to tell us after they've been incarcerated may be telling us only what their parole boards or doctors would like to hear, so those will tend to approximate psychologists' definitions or be based in denial. The nonexpert enemy is problematic because, one, they're enemies and thus less reliable and, two, many will be sharply contradictory even within an individual: they'll say any adult having sex with a girl is a pedophile but in a separate conversation they, at least men, will object to charging any young man with so-called "statutory rape" of a slightly underage girl, especially one often deemed attractive, because, they'll say, she was old enough to make her own decision (a sign is that it's hard to win those cases in jury trials).
Popular definitions are available from dictionaries, but generally dictionaries, except dialectal ones, are tertiary sources (derivative dictionaries rank even lower). WP shuns tertiary sources, at least when secondary sources are available. Dialectal dictionaries are secondary but rarely appropriate for WP. Surveys generally are secondary. I haven't read of a survey asking the public to define pedophilia but I wonder if anyone believed they needed one so I wonder whether they'd have spent the money to survey a representative sample with a low margin of error.
Popular definitions are useful because they tell us how society organizes its perceptions and responses. When people decide there's an important problem they can't handle casually or amateurishly, they tend to demand specialized service from people willing to focus serious time and effort into it. Those latter people soon become experts in the service. So when experts define central terms, they tend to do so to, more or less, fulfill public demand for their service. If the mental services fields define pedophilia only to prepubescence when law goes to 18, that tells me the public supports mental services on the men when the girls are prepubescent but only a legal whacking will do if the girls are older up to 18. The public hasn't been asked to approve the professional definitions but they tend to approve their end services or they don't reward them (e.g., pay them). Among the groups of experts society has engaged for the purpose are those in law, psychology, and biology (in some subjects historians, philosophers, and religious leaders will have at it but I don't know that to be the case for this word in any major way). Law is important but in the U.S. laws would be more likely to define sexual assault as an act and intent as to whether a single act was deliberate and then the criminal justice system would consider whether to manage a court loser as being at risk of recidivism in the same way that a bank embezzler may become a recidivist, but the law probably does not define pedophilia as a separate phenomenon, since we don't convict or sue for pedophilia (viz., for liking) but for the deliberate act. I gather from the WP article that biology is new to the field, so it may not have settled on definitions. So psychology and psychiatry (and maybe social work except it's far down the totem pole) are likely to provide the richest sourcing for definitions that are verifiable and appear in reliable sources.
Medicalization technically refers to psychiatry (and other medical fields) rather than to psychology, since psychologists are not allowed to prescribe prescription medicines, but both can apply behavioral techniques and talk therapy and can rely on the same studies of those, so I assume the professional organizations in psychiatry and psychology largely agree on the definition. If they disagree, they should be put side-by-side.
The practice of psychology does have major problems. It tends to be used to evade responsibility, even if that's not what its practitioners plan. If someone wants to protect Johnny who's suddenly facing jail, one obvious way out is that he didn't know what he was doing and got carried away by a little seductress (a fiction but never mind), and that sounds like it can be cured by a psychiatrist, boot camp, or an adult girlfriend, all of which are highly problematic responses, even if they work. I think psychological cures probably work on men who want to change but that doesn't include men who only say they want to change, and that may be most of them. But psychologists failing to cure pedosexuals doesn't mean their latest definitions are bad. The badness resides in the pedosexuals. Psychologists' current definitions of pedophilia may still be the best available relative to the profession. Whether arrested perpetrators, their families concerned that their futures not be damaged, and institutions trying in private to rescue people who should be jailed publicly to deter others are trying to duck responsibility is a separate issue. If psychologists, biologists, lawyers, or conjurers can reduce pedosexuality, more power to them. Those making the major efforts in that direction are likely have useful definitions we can state.
The DSM has been severely and validly criticized in and out of the profession. Nonetheless, until it is professionally renounced or replaced, it remains the authority because of which organization has promulgated it, a leading organization for the profession, and it is relied on for legal and insurance purposes. For example, in the U.S. if a patient believes a practitioner has committed malpractice and sues, the practitioner can rely in court on the DSM in establishing the standard of care owed to the patient. It's not the only way but it is one.
Professionals in individual communications likely evolve different definitions idiolectally and dialectally, but they can't be relied on because secondary sources glossing professional dialectal use are almost certainly lacking.
Professional definitions tend to be more complex than lay meanings, such as if they fragment a subject. A solution to aid readability is to start with a relatively simple overarching concept and place the precise definition under that umbrella.
Legal definitions are harder to source. The last time I saw the Merriam-Webster legal dictionary it was of forgettable quality. Black's Law Dict. isn't top notch but is widely accepted among U.S. lawyers. The best is a recent legal treatise on the subject, written for attorneys, with a definition cited to its source; since this probably is not a matter of Federal Constitutional law (although influenced by it), it's likeliest to be defined either Federally or in states by statute or in a majority opinion from the highest court of the jurisdiction (U.S. Sup. Ct. or a state's highest court). Absent those sources, other sources, like regulations or other courts' majority opinions, can be binding within their respective jurisdictions (maybe persuasive elsewhere or maybe not), therefore authoritative to that extent.
Popular misuse of language may become correct use just because it's popular, a feature of English linguistics (and of most languages, and although French has an official organization to control language development English has no equivalent), and popular error becoming correct just through repeated use is a potential source of confusion which itself can cause errors. Nonetheless, if most of the public and most of the edited news media have a sense of the word that is internally consistent, then that is roughly what the society says the word means. Arriving at such an evolved definition can't be done by finding a pattern in 200 newspapers, since in WP that would be OR, but dictionary editors can do that. That is roughly how editors of leading descriptive dictionaries judge what to put in. If someone invents a word or mangles an old one and then enough people use it that way for long enough it'll get into an authoritative dictionary. If that happened for a popular definition of the word pedophilia, once this has arrived into secondary sources the WP article should reflect that and give that definition, although not if it hasn't spread enough and lasted enough to be significant in general discourse.
Descriptive dictionaries of general English cannot assure that definitions will neatly interconnect, as between meanings of pedophilia and child for age, because they derive their definitions from whatever people write or say, even when limited to edited writings, because people don't make their words neatly interconnect. People tend to use those two words in different contexts; when they say pedophilia they'll also refer to children but most times they refer to children they don't refer to pedophilia, and that allows meanings to get fuzzy at the border. (Note that a common core word usually has many definitions.) Legal language supports neat lexical relationships (there's a saying in law that "the law is a seamless web", meaning that no two laws ever conflict, but what it takes to resolve an apparent conflict is another story), but, compared to law, general language gets fuzzy quickly.
Readers' expectations may shape the article. I thought that pedophilia was about wanting sex with anyone too young legally to consent and didn't know about the distinctions. However, the lede's first sentence and the template above it already clarify the ages scoped by the article and refer me elsewhere for the age cohorts it doesn't cover.
If reliable secondary sources on popular general English support the word pedophilia as going up to 18 and if that has become established, it may be useful to readers to say something like that and then to distinguish lay and specialized definitions on the age point. It's not feasible to label the lay definition as an error if it is established lay usage, but it is important to explain that they're different and perhaps that they serve different purposes. For example, if the treatment of adults should differ according to the child's/minor's age, then having different definitions may be operationally useful to mental and criminal service providers.
I'd sequence definitions from psychology and psychiatry first, followed by those from law, biology, and the general public (per suitable dictionaries), followed by those from any other disciplines (if any) that contribute a significant minority to the discourse, e.g., history.
Nick Levinson (talk) 06:59, 11 October 2010 (UTC) (Corrections (clarifying lower jurisdiction, word vs. concept, and on labeling a lay definition and cutting an excess reverse virgule): 07:31, 11 October 2010 (UTC)) (Dummy edit only because I erred in the last edit summary: 08:03, 11 October 2010 (UTC))
* One major unresolved problem is that among mental health "experts," the word pedophilia is used in two significantly different ways, even in the DSM: to describe the general phenomenon, and to describe a more narrowly-defined mental disorder. It leads to a counter-intuitive definition that not all pedophiles can be diagnosed with pedophilia. My own attempt to tease apart the two conflicting definitions was torpedoed for "promoting pedophilia" by the editors camped out at this space. Due to WP:OWN issues, the article asserts the One True Definition™ is the narrowest one used. The casual reader of this article leaves with an inaccurate take on this topic because of a strange obsession with some nonexistent "TRUE" definition combined with paranoia about anyone trying to rectify the copious problems with this article. Anyone questioning the problems with this article is smeared as some sort of pedophilia advocate at best and an actual pedophile at worst. It's POV pushing and undue weight of the highest order, combined with breathtaking violations of WP:AGF and WP:NPA, being waged as a war of attrition. Jokestress (talk) 08:05, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, there is a study out there that actually scored articles on the definition they used for their study, and the DSM IV definition is only used occasionally (10 out out 271 studies. Talking about serious undue. Other diagnostic methods are missing all together, like the SSPI and phallometric methods. because the issues are so severe, a edit by edit approach is not going to kick it, and I therefore have started a sandbox page to do a massive rewrite. Please come over and lets see if we can make a far better page than this one. I think in that way, we can resolve the fear of the owner of this page once they see things are actually better. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 12:13, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
* Thank you for weighing in, Nick. You already know I greatly appreciate your contributions at this encyclopedia, as you deal with sexual orientation and sexuality like I do, and we have sometimes crossed paths, working together nicely. Your take on this matter just so happens to go along with what we have already done with the lead of this article, adding to the consensus to keep the medical and correct definition before the incorrect, common use definition. Jokestress says the lead and article gives the impression that not all pedophiles can be diagnosed with pedophilia. The matter lies in how pedophilia is defined. It is often defined as a "preference" by the medical community. And the medical community, not just the DSM, says that not all child sexual abusers, for example, are pedophiles. However, this article does not only focus on pedophiles who have a sexual preference for prepubescent children. The Etymology and definitions section breaks down two different types -- exclusive and non-exclusive -- in varying degress (with a link), clearly showing that people who may not be primarily sexually attracted to prepubescent children are considered pedophiles as well. The lead starts out saying pedophilia "encompasses a range of adult sexual interest in prepubertal children," which is true; pedophilia addresses the sexual interest in prepubescent children or children who look prepubescent (the mention of "early pubescent" covers the looks part James Cantor and other experts have mentioned). The lead makes clear the actual definition of pedophilia first, as experts have stated over and over again that the lay person definition is wrong. This is no narrow definition of the term; it is the correct definition. People leave this article knowing that referring to a person's sexual attraction to a pubescent 15-year-old girl or post-pubescent 17-year-old boy or girl is not pedophilia. How is that wrong? Sexual preference for pubescent and post-pubescents is covered at Hebephilia and Ephebophilia. Just because most of the general society conflates pedophilia with age of majority, it does not mean we have an obligation to call them right in saying that a sexual interest in all minors is pedophilia. And that is what the word "children" without any qualifier is -- all minors. WP:OWN is constantly stated by Jokestress and KimvdLinde of the usual editors here, when all we are doing is putting forth the authoritative and correct definition of pedophilia first -- interest/preference in prepubescent children. Flyer22 (talk) 15:25, 11 October 2010 (UTC)
* I'll look for a hardcopy DSM IV, to see about a conflict.
* The sandbox looks like a work in progress and, being a writer myself, I don't want to dump my mitts in prematurely. Besides, I'm not an expert in this field. Some points only:
* Footnote 1 supports a 0–18 definition, so either the cite should be to because on only the second definition is for general English, the first one being limited to the prepubertal, or, if you prefer the latter URL, the reference should specify the definition that's from Am. Heritage.
* In the lede's second sentence, instead of "appropriately" I think I'd prefer the more specific "in psychology this" and then at the end of the sentence I might add "(pubescent children are objects of hebephilia and older adolescents are objects of ephebophilia )" or "(for pubescent children see hebephilia or for older adolescents see ephebophilia )", letting the hatnote be reduced to just its first two sentences. By adding either parenthetical note, you could avoid a misunderstanding by a lay reader thinking psychologists don't care about their 16-year-olds.
* At one point (after "at least five years younger in the case of adolescent pedophiles."), you have named references in reverse numerical order. I tried that when I preferred that one reference be considered by readers as somehow better. However, I've found such articles edited by someone or a bot putting the references into numerical order, which I think is normal in refereed scientific journals anyway. So, if you prefer the references be in a counternumerical order you choose, you probably should reword main text so each reference can follow a different word, although if that results in cumbersome wording that might get edited out by someone else. I have no easy solution. (If you don't care, it's not worth the work to keep them in numerical order and the bot or someone can do it if they like.)
* Categories should be disabled until an article goes live because the category pages list the sandbox article (I looked at one and the sandbox page is at "K"). The intended categories can still be shown on the sandbox page itself, although the layout will be different, by typing a colon before the word "Category" without a space each time. Commenting out the translations list might be a good idea, too; the result will be a display of those entries at the page's bottom instead of in the left navigation bar.
* Nick Levinson (talk) 04:50, 12 October 2010 (UTC) (Correction of Dorland's to Am. Heritage: 05:06, 12 October 2010 (UTC))
* Regarding the DSM-IV, may I be of help? I have all versions of the DSM dating back to the first (or at least easy access to them). So, what is it you are looking for? Also, do you mean the DSM-IV (1994) or DSM-IV-TR (2000)? As to the rest of the issue, I have chosen to recuse myself at this time but will remain for purposes of vetting and finding sources.Legitimus (talk) 15:43, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Nick, you don't have to be an expert to work here, as I'm sure you know. And non-experts are even encouraged to help at medical articles, as to help with some balance. We have never turned away people simply because they aren't experts or because they have not studied this topic extensively. As has been stated many times, I started studying this when I was 16 (and was not always in Florida when I did). I am 28 now (just turned 28 on the 4th; still look quite young, though, LOL) and still often do not understand some aspects of this disorder. For example, why do pedophiles often feel they have to act on this disorder instead of seeking help for it? Well, I know their rationale, but still... Since they like to compare themselves to gays so much, I point out that there are plenty of closeted gay men who go almost their entire lives without seeking out another man. Does pedophilia (and I am speaking of the ones with a sexual preference for prepubescent children; the ones who cannot seem to squelch their sexual desires for even the briefest of time) really drive people to be unable to control themselves sexually? I never buy that they cannot hold back and spare a child. The majority are simply selfish, and want what they want. They try to rationalize it as "helping the child come into their sexual own" and say that the child should have as much say over their own body sexually as adults (insisting that age of consent should be dropped to as low as 7 or even lower). Whatever.
* Anyway, as for KimvdLinde's sandbox. The problem is that most editors here, including yourself, have either stated that they would have the psychology/psychiatric definition come first or that it should come first. I also feel that all the common use stuff should go in the second paragraph, and not the last as you suggested. Other than that, I don't have a problem with reasonable changes to the article, which has already happened and continues to happen as this article and topic evolves. Flyer22 (talk) 15:55, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Legitimus, probably DSM IV-TR, unless earlier versions are important for modern professional use and not just historical reference. The point of possible conflict is in the comment above by Jokestress, who says "the word pedophilia is used in two significantly different ways, even in the DSM: to describe the general phenomenon, and to describe a more narrowly-defined mental disorder", identifying them as "conflicting". I'm curious if there's actually a conflict and what it is, or if two definitions can be reconciled.
* Flyer22, pedophiles often feel they have to act on this disorder instead of seeking help for it for about the same reason that most adults feel they have to act on their respective sexualities, especially heterosexuality, which is socially accepted (as increasingly some other sexualities are, too). Pedosexuals leave to us to convince them that there's something wrong with what they do, namely the effect on the children.
* I lack credentials for almost any subject, but I also lack self-developed expertise in quite a few, and this is one of those, so, except for an occasional point, I prefer not to weigh in and maybe mangle something that others are tending to better than I will. I have to choose subjects.
* Thanks. Nick Levinson (talk) 02:51, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* Ah I see. From my own reading, this accusation that the DSM has conflicting definitions appears to be untrue. It is only defined one way, as a mental disorder. It is on page 571-572. I can scan these two pages if needed.Legitimus (talk) 11:14, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
ephebophilia
Ok, confusion. ephebophilia is sometimes confused with pedophilia, and that is apparently considered so confusing that it was added to the hatnote. Intersperced through the article, several terms were mentioned and explained, infantophilia, hebephilia and ephebophilia, because of the confusion it can cause. For that reason, I brought them together so people can find those confusing definitions in one place, and know where they are about. Flyer22 now argues that ephebophilia should not be among them because it is not important enough. I think we should be consistent and deal with them in one place instead of interpserced at various places, and I personally think that oif we are mentioning a specific term in the hatnote, which is often the first thing people read, we have to clarify it in the text at a reasonable place as well, and not somewhere 60% or so into the article. Thoughts? -- Kim van der Linde at venus 15:35, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* I simply don't feel that it should go as high as you put it; it's already lower, in the History of disease models section. And then mentioned in the Misuse of medical terminology section. I don't object much to hebephilia being so high, since it can overlap with pedophilia (especially in the case of boys, which I have pointed out before)...and since Pedohebephilic Disorder is being considered. Flyer22 (talk) 16:10, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, I think what bou do is introducing more confusion, but considering the poor state of the article, I think there are more important things to fix, such as the diagnosis section. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 17:40, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* It's not introducuing more confusion; it's clearing up confusion. You are not currently pleased with the Diagnosis section, which is why you will be adding more to it, but it is not in poor condition already. Oh well. Difference of opinions. Flyer22 (talk) 13:07, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* Would creating a sidebar template perhaps be helpful? It would be narrower in focus than the paraphilias template, present a compact list of links to pedophilia-related articles, be well organized, be editable as a separate document (so if someone creates an article on topic x the link could be added to just one template but all the articles showing the template would link to the new topic x), display on every page where a one-line template is inserted, and display as either expanded or not as an editor specifies. Some of these templates have nice artwork and probably some are plain. A sidebar usually appears on the right, near the top of a page; the space to the right of the table of contents is usually empty and this can fill it. Examples of sidebars: BotanySeries; History of India; Science.
* I don't know how easy it is to create one, but others would have to populate and organize it because I don't know enough to know which topics are important and which would just bloat the template.
* If there are too many topics, a solution is to create a list or index page, which differs from a category in permitting annotations but requires that the list/index be manually edited like any article, when categories self-populate automatically. The list/index can be linked to in a sidebar, too, so the sidebar can be limited to important topics and the list/index, giving readers access in more ways to more topics.
* Inline linking within the article would continue as at present.
* How does this sound? Would anyone be willing to do the populating of a sidebar?
* What should be the name at its top, e.g., Pedophilia, Pedophilias, or something else? maybe something more inclusive? Probably, the name should coincide with the name of an article, so the name can be a link.
* Nick Levinson (talk) 03:00, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* Ephebophilia is not in the pedophilia category page or the paraphilias template. Should it stay absent from both? Nick Levinson (talk) 03:00, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* It are all bascially age related categories. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 03:13, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* Ephebophilia is not in the pedophilia category page or the paraphilias template because it is not considered a paraphilia/mental disorder. James Cantor/James Cantor has also commented on this. Flyer22 (talk) 13:07, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
Cure for the mental problem
Is there no cure for this mental problem? For example transsexuals cure their mental problem, dysphoria, with sex surgery and hormone therapy, so there has to be a cure for this as well. It's not HIV. Kerliboxxy (talk) 00:43, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* I don't know where you are going with that question, but assuming good faith: It does not work the same way, and transsexualism is not a comparable subject. I don't know how you came to the idea that it was. For pedophilia, there is no universal 100% successful "cure" and indeed there are very few of those in medicine in general. There are successful cases where a pedophile is able to start being attracted to adults and no longer fantasizes about children, but these are case-by-case, they are uncommon and they are often affected by variables that the therapist cannot change.
* Because this disorder's core principle is a drive to act in a manner than harms others, there is often a focus on simply preventing those harmful actions. This focus is not necessarily the best at working towards a true "cure" but rather it is an unfortunate necessity.Legitimus (talk) 13:44, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
Medical Hypotheses paper (of Studer & Aylwin )
Why is this given so much weight when peer-reviewed review papers, like Blanchard's 2009 exists, and it also discusses in depth the criticism brought by various against the DSM-IV-(TR) criteria? Granted, Blanchard's proposals to solve those issues should only be attributed to Blanchard (and to the DSM-5 subworkgroup now), but I don't see a good reason why Blanchard's paper is constantly thrown out from here in favor of more obscure sources. (per discussion in the sections above). Tijfo098 (talk) 10:00, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* Some of it is primary vs secondary sources per WP:RS. There were also some conflict of interest issues in that one of Blanchard's coauthors is a user on WP who, depending on the paper, may or may not have suggested some of Blanchard's papers be added. However I can't ignore than the weight of the aforementioned COI was largely exaggerated due to a certain other user have an axe to grind with Blanchard and his group.Legitimus (talk) 11:04, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* Blanchard's paper is a (good, in my opinion) secondary source for the purpose of summarizing criticism, but a primary source for his own proposals. Tijfo098 (talk) 11:42, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* the Blanchard 2009 paper is fine as a summary of some of the criticism. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 13:40, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* I have no objections to it's use either. My previous reply was just an explanation.Legitimus (talk) 13:45, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* No objections, per statements above. Flyer22 (talk) 18:44, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
Expansion
I've opened up the article for expansion on the general society's views, as Kim and Jokestress have voiced should be done. I'm okay with it is as well. Is everyone else? Flyer22 (talk) 17:46, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Legitimus, you think you can add some information on how pedophilia is defined in law enforcement? I remember us discussing it one or two years ago. Flyer22 (talk) 18:07, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, the word doesn't appear in any statutory laws that I know of, but it does appear in a handful of places with regards to police work. There are forensic manuals like Holmes and Holmes (2002) used by the FBI that use the term "pedophile" to mean the exact same thing as "child molester," but temper this by breaking it down into offender typologies that include what we would probably call a non-pedophile offender. Come to think of it I need to see if there is a new edition to this book and if the terminology changed. One other that only remember being mentioned in passing is some special investigative unit in the UK called the "Paedophile Unit." I don't recall the source though.Legitimus (talk) 18:24, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Yes. Thank you. I remember this being brought up. And we mention typologies in lead and in the Diagnosis section. "Paedophile Unit" used to be in the lead, I think. Flyer22 (talk) 18:30, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Now I changed it to this, but I don't know. I am trying to stop what would lead to a lot of overlap. For example, child molestation is covered by medical research, by law enforcement, and by society. So where do we place that section? Just let it remain under medical psychology? I'll probably rearrange the titles again. Flyer22 (talk) 19:12, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* And now to this. I added "specific" because the History of disease models deals with psychology as well. And I suppose all three sections (medical, law enforcement, and society) will cover child molestation. The sections just need to be different enough to not be complete repeats. Flyer22 (talk) 19:42, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* "specific" read awkwardly, so it was removed. People know what we mean anyway, since the title "History of disease models" obviously will relate to its psychological background. No need to be technical about everything; I'm just like that sometimes. Flyer22 (talk) 19:54, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* I did a little writing for the forensic/law enforcement section using the subjects I mentioned. Holmes does have a new edition out as of 2008. It still uses "pedophile" in a non-medical way, but at least provides definitions and justification for this use in the chapter opening. Holmes prefers to define (for purposes of his book) pedophile as "a perverse lover of children" and includes non-sexual offender types, such the "mysoped" who is primarily focused on the sadistic and murderous actions, and may not do anything sexual.Legitimus (talk) 20:07, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Thanks a lot, Legitimus. I knew you would come through. Flyer22 (talk) 20:09, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
With the new redesign, is everyone okay with the lead-in being changed to "has a range of definitions as found in psychiatry, psychology, the vernacular, and law enforcement," away from "encompasses a range of adult sexual interest in prepubertal children"? This way, the lead no longer starts out with "prepubescent" only and better accompanies the article's redesign. The "As a medical diagnosis" part goes into "prepubescent" and "early pubescent" anyway. Flyer22 (talk) 20:35, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* I went ahead and changed it for the reasons stated above and in that edit summary. Of course, I did not mess with the rest of the lead. The Medical diagnosis part still comes first due to the majority of editors saying it should and because it comes first in the lower body of the article. If anyone objects to widening the lead-in, I'm all "ears." Flyer22 (talk) 20:54, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* For the moment, yes, that is an issue that will come back soon enough once the other sections are completes and the diagnosis section expanded with other relevant diagnoses. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:59, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* I am not sure what other relevant diagnosis you mean. If it is a diagnosis saying that "preference" is not needed and only "interest" is, that is not how pedophilia is typically defined in the medical field. Even your Seto source points this out. This is why not all child sexual abusers are considered pedophiles. It certainly is not typically defined as extending to pubescents in the medical field. Flyer22 (talk) 22:14, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* If whatever you are planning to add does not go along with fitting how pedophiles are typically diagnosed, as in officially termed pedophiles by the medical community, then it should go in the Other uses section. Flyer22 (talk) 22:26, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Diagnosis and definition are two separate but related things. Even if there was only one single definition (there are more than one), there are a multitude of diagnostic tools, of which the DSM IV is just one. The diagnostic criteria in the DSM are just one way to diagnose a pedophile, a specific operalization of the term. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 22:35, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Yes, diagnosis and definition are two separate things, and we make that clear in the lead. The point is how pedophiles are typically diagnosed. People are not usually diagnosed as pedophiles by the act of child molestation alone, nor are they usually diagnosed as pedophiles by "interest" alone. If the information you want to add is not in line with how pedophilia is typically diagnosed, it should not be in the Diagnosis section but rather in the Other uses section. Unless, we are going to split the Diagnosis section into two groups (which I am not opposed to). But as for "early pubescent," that certainly is not how pedophilia is typically diagnosed. Even by the ICD-10's standards, that person would surely have to have a sexual interest in or preference for prepubescents; I am sure of that. Flyer22 (talk) 23:30, 12 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, DSM IV criteria are used in only very few studies. Most studies use different criteria, either a different way based on self-reporting, SSPI or phallometric measurements (used in the Blanchard 2007 paper). There are a few others, but those are rare. A diagnosis section that actually fails to report the most frequent used diagnostic tools is a serious problem, and currently, it focuses on the diagnostic method that is only rarely used on studies about pedophilia (from a literature review, 10 out of 271 studies). What I intent to add is how diagnostics are genrally done, and you can out your fear aside that it is about child molesters, because I do now the difference. Trying to put general used diagnostic tools in the other uses section is not acceptable. As for the ICD 10, what you think it is is irrelevant, it is what is is, and early pubescents are included. Seto even make a point of it to stress that the new hebepedophilia classification is actually equivalent to the current ICD 10 classification based on what is included. But I think when you start looking at the actual data, hardly any hebepedophila has a narrow age range, most have a wide age range, based on the phallometric measurements Canor and Blanchard presented in their articles. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 00:40, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* I see what you mean. I am familiar with other diagnostic tools used to identify pedophilia. I have never always focused on the DSM IV only. I would say that the ICD-10 and DSM IV should still come first in the Diagnosis section, however. My fear was/is what you have in mind for the lead after adding more to the Diagnosis section. The DSM IV is still the most authoritative source, and every other diagnostic tool should not be in the lead. The lead is meant to summarize the most important aspects of a topic, per WP:LEAD. And the main definition of pedophilia among experts in this field is a sexual preference for prepubescent children; it is also how pedophiles are mainly diagnosed. As long as that stays clear in the lead first and foremost (as most editors have currently agreed that it should), I look forward to your additions. Flyer22 (talk) 12:56, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* I'm ok with some of the alternative diagnostic tools being added. I had a source paper that compared 4 different tools that was very good, but I have misplaced it (will get back). Also, with regard to the ICD-10, I would advise using the "Green Book" and "Blue Book" mental illness supplements rather than the one-sentence definition from the main text. These two texts go into greater detail about diagnosis, and may clear up the aforementioned issue about "early pubertal" targets. To summarize though, the Green Book mentions only prepubescents and almost spot-on mirrors the DSM. The Blue Book mentions them, but adds "sexually mature adolescents" as falling outside the definition.Legitimus (talk) 13:59, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* This article? -- Kim van der Linde at venus 14:49, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* That's very close. Same authors and criteria. But it's this one.Legitimus (talk) 19:31, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* You want to add the information about the "early pubertal" targets stuff yourself, Legitimus? Or will you leave that to Kim? Or rather just help out? And are you only referring to the Diagnosis section? Or to adding it to both the lead and Diagnosis section? Like a bit about it in the lead, and expansion of it in the Diagnosis section, or is that too much clutter for the lead? Flyer22 (talk) 19:47, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* Well, what we have to do is first determine what is actually used, and based on that, adapt the lead. Quite frankly, I think that choosing one specific set of diagnostic criteria to be featured in the lead is not okay, especially if it is so limited used in reliable sources as the actual way of diagnosing. I think that the specific diagnostic criteria have to be eliminated from the lead and a more general sentence about what kind of diagnostic methods are used should be added. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 20:59, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* Going into the DSM as the first diagnostic criteria goes back to what Nick said. "The DSM has been severely and validly criticized in and out of the profession. Nonetheless, until it is professionally renounced or replaced, it remains the authority because of which organization has promulgated it, a leading organization for the profession, and it is relied on for legal and insurance purposes." There is also the matter that (even though it doesn't say it this way) it stresses a sexual preference for prepubescent children, which most experts agree with when it comes to diagnosing pedophilia; so it isn't off there, even if most researchers don't rely on the specific DSM criteria to diagnose pedophilia. It pretty much sums up the "intense" and "enduring" parts that most experts believe define a pedophile and separates them from situational offenders. It's not as though we go into the complete DSM layout in the lead; it's mentioned first because it is seen as the authority, even with its critcism. For example, lay people are quick to cite the DSM first. The ICD-10 is a good balance to it, especially since it tackles the overlap of pedophilia and hebephilia. If you can work other diagnostic criteria into the lead after the DSM-IV and ICD-10, without it seeming trivial or as clutter, then I say go for it. We can always tweak things. Flyer22 (talk) 21:27, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* This is again the definition versus diagnosis issue. The definition needs to be in the lead, and a overview on how it is diagnosed, but promoting one diagnosis tool is not appropriate. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 21:39, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* No need to promote one. But even you said the DSM is authoritative. I definitely feel that it should stay in the lead. Flyer22 (talk) 14:25, 14 October 2010 (UTC)
* Indeed, no need to promote one. Just explain to me, why is the DSM IV in the lead in all details and phallometry only mentioned one time in the behavioral intervention section? When I started with this article, based on this article, I thought indeed that the DSM IV was authoritative for the US. After reading a lot of articles, I have changed my mind. The problem is that several other diagnostic methods are not even mentioned in this article, while a substantial part of the research as well as the assessement of individuals uses those tools. When I started with this article, I thought there were some issues with the general flow of the article and somewhat too much focus immediately on the psychopathological aspects of the term, but by now, it is obvious much much more needs to be done. -- Kim van der Linde at venus 14:48, 14 October 2010 (UTC)
* The DSM IV is not in the lead in all details, but you are right that phallometry should be mentioned more, and that the article needs more work. I cannot explain why phallometry is not mentioned more, as I started helping out with this article in 2007 and most of it was already written before I joined the team. Changes were made over time, but you are correct that it is clear that more changes should have been made and need to be made now. We were pleased when James Cantor joined, and he did not seem to feel the article was suffering from lack of information of other diagnostic tools; I suppose that is part of the reason we felt the article was just fine as it was, as long as he was helping out.This source goes over all the issues we have most recently addressed, and a lot of it definitely needs to be in this article. Flyer22 (talk) 18:39, 14 October 2010 (UTC)
* I think there are few more articles, including two that go through published articles and scored what diagnostic method they are using. What shocked me was the relative unpopularity of the DSM IV in research articles.-- Kim van der Linde at venus 20:59, 13 October 2010 (UTC)
* Some diagnostic methods simply do not lend themselves well to research, whereas others do not work very well in clinical settings. For example, it is a bit of a hard sell to convince your patient who's comes to your office seeking therapy to strap a device to his genitals and look at possible lewd pictures vs. simply building a rapport with you over time and talking about his thoughts and emotions (whereby the therapist can use something like the DSM). In research, it's easier to use phallometry because it is a one-time exam (usually) and the subject is informed of what is expected going into the study, thereby eliminating those that would be reluctant to go through with it. These pros and cons of each are covered somewhat in the 2008 edition of Sexual Deviance.Legitimus (talk) 18:00, 15 October 2010 (UTC) | WIKI |
Weekly Earnings Preview: GameStop, Lululemon Athletica, Oracle and Kroger in Focus
FXEmpire.com -
Monday (September 6)
Tuesday (September 7)
Wednesday (September 8)
Thursday (September 9)
Friday (September 10)
Earnings Calendar For The Week Of September 6
Monday (September 6)
Ticker Company EPS Forecast
DPH Dechra Pharma £47.90
SMAR Smartsheet Inc. -$0.13
SUMO Sumo -$0.14
Tuesday (September 7)
Ticker Company EPS Forecast
CASY Casey’s General Stores $2.99
Wednesday (September 8)
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: GAMESTOP, LULULEMON ATHLETICA
GAMESTOP: The world’s largest multichannel video game retailer is expected to report its fiscal second-quarter loss of -$0.67 per share, an improvement from a loss of -$1.40 per share seen in the same period a year ago.
The Grapevine, Texas-based company would post year-over-year revenue growth of about 20% year-on-year to around $1.1 billion. EPS estimates have been exceeded twice in the last four quarters.
LULULEMON ATHLETICA: The Vancouver-based retailer healthy lifestyle-inspired athletic retailer is expected to report its fiscal second-quarter earnings of $1.18 per share, which represents year-over-year growth of about 60% from $0.74 per share seen in the same period a year ago. The apparel retailer would post year-over-year sales growth of about 50% to $1.34 billion.
“Lululemon Athletica (LULU) is a LT topline grower, supported by compelling secular tailwinds (e.g., performance/athleisure focus), a market share gain opportunity, & credible future revenue driver (e.g., international expansion, digital growth, & product innovation/expansion into new categories). The company’s recent MIRROR acquisition offers both revenue & profitability upside, as reflected in our bull case,” noted Kimberly Greenberger, equity analyst at Morgan Stanley.
“LULU dominates the NA athletic yoga apparel category due to its unique brand positioning & fashionable products. Covid accelerated consumers health & wellness focus & fashion casualization, both of which should benefit LULU.”
TAKE A LOOK AT OUR EARNINGS CALENDAR FOR THE FULL RELEASES FOR THE SEPTEMBER 8
Ticker Company EPS Forecast
DNLM Dunelm Group £3.00
KFY Korn Ferry International $1.07
CPRT Copart $0.91
GME GameStop -$0.67
RH Restoration Hardware $6.48
ABM ABM Industries $0.81
AVAV AeroVironment -$0.24
LULU Lululemon Athletica $1.18
Thursday (September 9)
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: ORACLE
The world’s largest database management company is expected to report its fiscal first-quarter earnings of $0.97 per share, which represents year-over-year growth of over 4% from $0.93 per share seen in the same period a year ago. The Austin, Texas-based computer technology corporation would post revenue of $9.8 billion.
“Oracle‘s current low valuation at ~16.7x CY22e EPS reflects its slower growth rate compared to peers. Despite potential opportunities within existing database customers and cloud-based ERP applications, offsets from waning businesses mean 2021 likely lacks the catalysts for the positive inflection in revenue growth investors would need to see to drive multiples higher,” noted Keith Weiss, equity analyst at Morgan Stanley.
“With management guiding to mid-single-digit CC revenue growth in a software sector filled with strong secular growth stories, and operating margins declining in FY22 due to heightened investment in Cloud, we remain Equal-weight while our price target moves up to $77.”
TAKE A LOOK AT OUR EARNINGS CALENDAR FOR THE FULL RELEASES FOR THE SEPTEMBER 9
Ticker Company EPS Forecast
MRW Morrison Supermarkets £5.77
ASO Avesoro Resources $1.38
VRNT Verint Systems $0.42
FIZZ National Beverage $0.52
Friday (September 10)
IN THE SPOTLIGHT: KROGER
Kroger, one of the world’s largest food retailers, is expected to report its fiscal second-quarter earnings of $0.64 per share, which represents a year-over-year decline of over 12% from $0.73 per share seen in the same period a year ago.
The retailer, which operates over 2,500 supermarkets in the U.S., would post revenue of 30.4 billion, down about -0.3% year on year. However, it is worth noting that in the last four quarters, on average, the company has beaten earnings estimates over 21%.
This article was originally posted on FX Empire
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Page:The Works of the Rev. Jonathan Swift, Volume 5.djvu/124
116 the progress of their fortunes in the world; by which the force of worldly discretion, and the bad consequences from the want of that virtue, will strongly appear.
Corusodes, an Oxford student, and a farmer's son, was never absent from prayers or lecture, nor once out of his college after Tom had tolled. He spent every day ten hours in his closet, in reading his courses, dozing, clipping papers, or darning his stockings; which last he performed to admiration. He could be soberly drunk, at the expense of others, with college ale, and at those seasons was always most devout. He wore the same gown five years without dragling or tearing. He never once looked into a playbook or a poem. He read Virgil and Ramus in the same cadence, but with a very different taste. He never understood a jest, or had the least conception of wit.
For one saying he stands in renown to this day. Being with some other students over a pot of ale, one of the company said so many pleasant things, that the rest were much diverted, only Corusodes was silent and unmoved. When they parted, he called this merry companion aside, and said, "Sir, I perceive by your often speaking, and our friends laughing, that you spoke many jests; and you could not but observe my silence: but, sir, this is my humour; I never make a jest myself, nor ever laugh at another man's."
Corusodes thus endowed got into holy orders; having by the most extreme parsimony, saved thirty-four pounds out of a very beggarly fellowship, he went up to London, where his sister was waitingwoman to a lady, and so good a solicitor, that | WIKI |
Heaven and Earth and the Stars
Heaven and Earth and the Stars is a 1976 album by Lulu. It was the second and last of her albums to be released on the Chelsea record label, which ceased to exist in 1977. Like the previous album, it was produced by Wes Farrell, apart from two tracks "The Man Who Sold the World" and "Watch That Man" which were produced by David Bowie and Mick Ronson. The former had been a big hit for Lulu, reaching No.3 in the UK, although had been released more than two years before this album's release. Also from 1974 was Lulu's theme song for the James Bond film, The Man with the Golden Gun, produced by John Barry. Another hit single featured on this album was "Take Your Mama for a Ride", which had been a No.37 hit in 1975. Despite these inclusions, the album failed to chart, being too late to cash in on the hits. Further singles released from the album were "Boy Meets Girl" and the title track, bring the total single releases to five – half the album.
Tracks from the album were released on Compact disc in 1999 on a compilation with her previous album. Hulda Nelson was responsible for the cover design and illustration.
Track listing
Side one Side two
* 1) "Heaven and Earth and the Stars" (Colin Allen, George Bruno Money) – (3:08) strings arranged by Don Costa
* 2) "Boy Meets Girl" (Kenny Nolan) – (2:57)
* 3) "Mama's Little Corner of the World" (Kenny Nolan) – (3:13)
* 4) "The Man with the Golden Gun" (Don Black, John Barry) – (2:32) arranged and conducted by John Barry
* 5) "Baby I Don't Care" (Marie Lawrie, Billy Lawrie) – (4:00)
* 6) "Take Your Mama for a Ride, Part 1" (Kenny Nolan) – (5:26)
* 1) "Honey You Can't Take It Back" (Kenny Nolan) – (3:14)
* 2) "The Man Who Sold the World" (David Bowie) – (3:50)
* 3) "Watch That Man" (David Bowie) – (4:58)
* 4) "Old Fashion Girl" (Kenny Nolan) – (3:14)
* 5) "Take Your Mama for a Ride, Part 2" (Kenny Nolan) – (3:49) | WIKI |
Claus Dalpiaz
Claus Dalpiaz (born October 10, 1971 in Kufstein, Austria) is an Austrian former ice hockey goaltender.
Dalpiaz began his career in Germany with two seasons with the Rosenheim Star Bulls, quickly establishing himself as the team's starting goalie. He then moved the VEU Feldkirch for three seasons before returning to the Star Bulls. In 1997 he briefly played for the Kassel Huskies but after two games with the team he returned to Rosenheim. In 1999, he departed from the Deutsche Eishockey Liga and moved to the 2nd Bundesliga to play for EC Bad Nauheim. In 2000, he went back to Austria and signed with HC TWK Innsbruck where he spent seven seasons as the team's starting goalie. He played for Graz 2007-2008 and for Starbulls Rosenheim from 2008 to 2010. Since 2011 he is trainer for HC Kufstein. | WIKI |
Wikipedia:Reference desk/Archives/Humanities/2021 May 26
= May 26 =
Russia in the Central African Republic Civil War and African as a whole
Can anyone give me some insight into what the incentive is for Russia is to be involved in the CAR civil war? Is it simply wanting the CAR to be indebted and influenced by Russia, or is it deeper than that? I know China and France's influence in contemporary Africa is vast, but is Russia's present elsewhere? Aza24 (talk) 07:08, 26 May 2021 (UTC)
* The Soviet Union used to use Cuban proxies in Africa, as in Angola -- see Cuban intervention in Angola, Cuban military internationalism. In the "horn" region of East Africa, if the United States was allied with one of Ethiopia or Somalia, then the Soviet Union was inevitably allied with the other (which did not contribute to solving any problems). I don't know much about the situation in the CAR today, but it used to be very solidly in the French sphere, so if Putin thinks he could loosen the connection with France, that might give him an incentive to commit mischief... AnonMoos (talk) 08:50, 26 May 2021 (UTC)
* Russia’s Strategy in the Central African Republic from the Royal United Services Institute says that Russia has three objectives:
* 1. To replace France as the dominant influence, as AnonMoos says above.
* 2. To challenge UN sanctions for its own commercial gain.
* 3. To use the CAR as "a springboard for expanded influence in Central Africa".
* Alansplodge (talk) 10:27, 26 May 2021 (UTC)
Determinism and predictability
I have seen this argument in a number of places. It goes like this:
* If determinism is true, then a person's actions are predictable.
* A perfect predictor could, in theory, predict a person's actions perfectly if determinism is true.
* Consider a prediction by a perfect predictor. For example, the machine might predict that a person will wake up at 6:00 am tomorrow morning. It seems that the person will inevitably wake up at 6:00 am, assuming that the predictor really is perfect and the person has no knowledge of the prediction.
* However, what happens if the person knows of the prediction? The person could easily make a different choice, and this seems to break the determinism.
* I have seen make the argument made that the predictor simply is not perfect (because it could not predict the effect of its prediction on the person's behavior. However, it seems that the predictor could, in theory, be perfect all the times when the person does not know about the predictions. Does this mean that the problem lies in the idea of a "perfect predictor" (instead of determinism)?
* I really cannot make sense of this, as it is hard as can be for me to imagine how determinism could not be true.<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:21, 26 May 2021 (UTC)
Okay, thanks!<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 23:49, 26 May 2021 (UTC)
* There are LOTS of perspectives on this. What you're asking about is questions of philosophy, which is mainly understood as a field that tries to establish how we should think about or conceptualize various fields of human activity, but it is not scientific endeavor with experimentation and definitive results. It's a means of using reason and rationality to try to organize your thinking about a subject rather than a way to test an idea or a concept. If science is about learning what the world around us is like, philosophy is more how should we think about the world around us, and there really aren't definitive "right" or "wrong" ideas in the same way. If you want to know more about how various philosophers and schools of thought have handled concepts like free will and determinism, I would start with those two articles, and just follow on links from there. -- Jayron 32 23:45, 26 May 2021 (UTC)
* This seems to be related to the problem of self-reference, in a sense. It's an interesting thought experiment. One solution is simply that a perfect predictor cannot exist, which is certainly a plausible one (see Chaos theory for one out of many reasons why). Zoozaz1 talk 01:53, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
* Also Heisenberg's uncertainty principle. (It doesn't literally apply here, but I think the problem is analogous). Iapetus (talk) 08:48, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
* Also also Gödel's incompleteness theorems, etc. There are lots of results in 20th century math and physics that are proofs of uncertainty. -- Jayron 32 11:07, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
* Here is the recommended method for making a perfect prediction apparatus: (1) Make a perfect copy of the universe; (2) Let it run at twice the speed of the universe it is a copy of; (3) Inspect the results and report them back to our universe. Needless to say, the copy needs to reside outside the existing universe, otherwise the normal universe is disrupted and any predictions need to be based on the now disrupted universe, which means we need to modify the copy, and so on ad infinitum. --Lambiam 08:56, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
* The thing is, because of quantum uncertainty, even if you could do that, you wouldn't end up with the same universe. It's baked into the physics. The clockwork universe is a dead concept. That doesn't mean it isn't deterministic, just that it is not predictable or reproduceable. -- Jayron 32 16:48, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
* Re self-reference: A completely deterministic world could also be seen as a formal system, powerful enough for Gödel's incompleteness theorems to take effect. --T*U (talk) 09:14, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
* A lot of amazing answers here. Thank you all so much!<IP_ADDRESS> (talk) 17:38, 27 May 2021 (UTC)
There has been a lot of discussion of Newcomb's paradox... -- AnonMoos (talk) 23:17, 27 May 2021 (UTC) | WIKI |
User:Mg Than Lin Aung/sandbox
Than Lin Aung is A Burmese. His born on Sungaikolok,Naratiwat at 8.6.2001. His attend school on Myanmar.
He is a Wikipedia's writer on registered 12.3.2019.
His Hobby is building road.
His blogspot.com id is www.ilovexunglapat.com
intent://images.app.goo.gl/94cYv9zLppiZFBcEA#Intent;package=com.google.android.gms;scheme=https;S.browser_fallback_url=https://www.google.com/imgres%3Fimgurl%3Dhttps://4.bp.blogspot.com/-jpYqcQNQTsU/WDQl9IUb4HI/AAAAAAAAABo/kt508Jf5iZ4jnhKcO0ezg4eJpTo1txM6wCLcB/s1600/IMG_20161119_131948_265.jpg&imgrefurl%3Dhttp://ilovexunglapat.blogspot.com/&tbnid%3DOw9SrcQLhSApiM&vet%3D1&docid%3D4VH-WDHR3x3wxM&w%3D462&h%3D797&hl%3Den-US&source%3Dsh/x/im;end; | WIKI |
Sound Synthesis Theory/Additive Synthesis
=Additive Synthesis=
Introduction
As previously discussed in Section 1, sine waves can be considered the building blocks of sound. In fact, it was shown in the 19th Century by the mathematician Joseph Fourier that any periodic function can be expressed as a series of sinusoids of varying frequencies and amplitudes. This concept of constructing a complex sound out of sinusoidal terms is the basis for additive synthesis, sometimes called Fourier synthesis for the aforementioned reason. In addition to this, the concepts of additive synthesis have also existed since the introduction of the organ, where different pipes of varying pitch are combined to create a sound or timbre.
A simple block diagram of the additive form may appear like in Fig. 6.1, which has a simplified mathematical form based on the Fourier series:
$$f(t) = a_0 + \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}a_n \sin(f_{n} t)$$
Where $$a_0$$ is an offset value for the whole function (typically 0), $$a_n$$ are the amplitude weightings for each sine term, and $$f_n$$ is the frequency multiplier value. With hundreds of terms each with their own individual frequency and amplitude weightings, we can design and specify some incredibly complex sounds, especially if we can modulate the parameters over time. One of the key features of natural sounds is that they have a dynamic frequency response that does not remain fixed. However, a popular approach to the additive synthesis system is to use frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental frequency, which is known as harmonic additive synthesis. For example, if the first oscillator's frequency, $$f_1$$ represents the fundamental frequency of the sound at 100 Hz, then the second oscillator's frequency would be $$f2 = 2f_1$$, and the third $$f3 = 3f_1$$ and so on. This series of sine waves produces an even "harmonic" sound that can be described as "musical". Oscillator frequency relationships that are not integer related, on the other hand, are called "inharmonic" and tend to be noisier and take on the characteristics of bells or other percussive sounds.
Constructing common harmonic waveforms in additive synthesis
If we know the amplitude weightings and frequency components of the first $$x$$ sinusoidal components or partials of a complex waveform, we can reconstruct that waveform using an additive system with $$x$$ oscillators. The popular waveforms square, sawtooth and triangle are harmonic waveforms because the constituent sinusoidal components all have frequencies that are integer multiples of the fundamental. The property that distinguishes them in this form is that they all have unique amplitude weightings for each sinusoid. Fig. 6.2 demonstrates the appearance of the time-domain waveform as a set of sines at unique amplitude weightings are added together; in this case the form begins to approximate a square wave, with the accuracy increasing with each added partial. Note that to construct a square wave we only include odd numbered harmonics- the amplitude weightings for $$a_2$$, $$a_4$$, $$a_6$$ etc. are 0. Below is a table that demonstrates the partial amplitude weightings of the common waveshapes:
A conclusion you may draw from Fig. 6.2 and the table is that it requires a large amount of frequency partials to create a waveform that closely approximates the idealised mathematical forms of the waveforms introduced in Section 5. For this reason, it should be apparent that additive synthesis techniques are perhaps not the best method for producing these forms. The strengths of additive synthesis lie in the fact that we can exert control over every partial component of our sound, which can produce some very intricate and wonderful results. With the constant modification of the frequency and amplitude values of each oscillator, the possibilities are endless. Some examples of ways to control the weightings and frequencies of each component oscillator are illustrated:
* Manual control. The user controls a bank of oscillators with an external control device (typically MIDI), tweaking the values in real time. More than one person can join in and change / alter the timbre to their whims.
* External data. Digital information from another source is taken and converted into appropriate frequency and amplitude values. The varying data source will then effectively be in 'control' of the timbral outcomes. Composers have been known to use data from natural sources or pieces derived from interesting geometric, aleatoric and mathematical models.
* Recursive data. Given a source set of values and a set of algorithmic rules, the control parameters reference the previous value entered into the system to determine the result of the next one. Users may wish to "interfere" with the system to set the process on a new path. See Markov chains.
There is, however, the major consideration of computational power: complex sounds may require many oscillators all operating at once which will put major demand on the system in question.
Additive resynthesis
In Section 1 it was mentioned that just as it is possible to construct waveforms using additive techniques, we can analyse and deconstruct waveforms as well. It is possible to analyse the frequency partials of a recorded sound and then resynthesize a representation of the sound using a series of sinusoidal partials. By calculating the frequency and amplitude weighting of partials in the frequency domain (typically using a Fast Fourier transform), an additive resynthesis system can construct an equally weighted sinusoid at the same frequency for each partial. Older techniques rely on banks of filters to separate each sinusoid; their varying amplitudes are used as control functions for a new set of oscillators under the user's control. Because the sound is represented by a bank of oscillators inside the system, a user can make adjustments to the frequency and amplitude of any set of partials. The sound can be 'reshaped' - by alterations made to timbre or the overall amplitude envelope, for example. A harmonic sound could be restructured to sound inharmonic, and vice versa. | WIKI |
Cayetano Corona Gaspariano
Cayetano Corona Gaspariano is a Mexican potter from San Pablo del Monte, Tlaxcala, who is the only authenticated producer of Talavera ceramics in the state.
He left his home state at age thirteen to learn the craft in Puebla, working for years at the Uriarte workshop. In 1981, he decided to return to San Pablo del Monte, founding his own workshop with his sons. This eventually grew into the current La Corona enterprise.
The workshop produces bowls, large covered vases called tibores, flowerpots, jars, platters, and tiles. They make some tiles that assemble into murals with country scenes and religious imagery. They use two types of clay, a black sandy type and a rose-colored clay, both bought in bulk in Puebla. They blend the clays and leave them wet to ferment before shaping pieces, usually with molds. The pieces sit to dry in an unventilated room, which can take up to a month. The unglazed pieces are fired, then coated in a white glaze made from tin and lead. They paint paints designs with mineral pigments limited to the traditional colors of Talavera ceramics: blue, yellow, red, green, black and white.
Because of its certification, the Corona family can sell its ware in upscale markets in Mexico such as Liverpool. They also export to Canada, the United States, Denmark and Japan.
In 2001, Corona Gaspariano was named a “grand master” by the Fomento Cultural Banamex. La Corona and other workshops run by the family received a visit from the state governor in 2012. | WIKI |
Herm Doscher
John Henry "Herm" Doscher, Sr. (December 20, 1852 – March 20, 1934) was an American third baseman and umpire in the early years of professional baseball, playing for five different teams in the National Association and National League from 1872 though 1882. He also served as a regular umpire in both early major leagues, the NL (1880–81) and American Association (1887–88, 1890). His son Jack was a major league pitcher for several years, mainly for the Brooklyn Superbas. Jack Doscher was the first son of a major leaguer to also play in the majors.
Playing career
Born in New York City, Doscher began his playing career in the National Association with the 1872 Brooklyn Atlantics as a right fielder. He only played in six games that year, but batted .360, and played in only one game in the 1873 season, also in Brooklyn. He didn't play in the Association in 1874, but did return for the 1875 season when he played in 22 games, all at third base, for the Washington Nationals. He didn't hit very well, and was only able to play in the minor leagues for the next few seasons. One of his stops was with the London Tecumsehs in 1877, a team that went on to win the championship that season.
He reached the National League again in 1879, when he joined the Troy Trojans. After that season, Doscher was named to the NL umpiring staff, and he worked 51 games in 1880 and 79 in 1881 before returning to the playing ranks with five games for his newest and last team, the Cleveland Blues. He appeared in 25 games in 1882, ending his playing career.
Mistaken expulsion and reinstatement
In 1882, he accepted a temporary job as a scout with Cleveland, even though he had signed a contract with the Detroit Wolverines for the 1883 season. The Cleveland directors had him expelled from the league for "embezzelment and obtaining money under false pretense". It was later proven in NYC court that the original contract was never signed by Detroit, voiding the original contract. He was unanimously reinstated in 1886, and returned to umpiring in the American Association in 1887.
Umpiring career
Known as a colorful, but a no-nonsense, hardline player, he was a natural to the umpiring profession. Once quoted as saying "I've got to play ring master, school teacher, poppa and momma, and doctor in every game", he would use any tactic he could to control the game, even physical force if necessary.
His full-time return as an umpire lasted just three season, 1887, 1888 and 1890, but his officiating career was not without notable occurrences. He was involved in two no-hitters; one occurred on August 19, 1880, when he was the umpire for Larry Corcoran's no-hitter, just the fourth no-hitter thrown in the major leagues. The other was Adonis Terry's no-hitter on May 27, 1888, Terry's second career no-hitter.
On September 21, 1890, with the Rochester Broncos at the St. Louis Browns in the second game of a doubleheader, and St. Louis leading 10–3 in the eighth inning, Doscher ejected Rochester's Sandy Griffin for arguing and called an end to game, giving the victory to St. Louis because Griffin refused to leave the field. It was Doscher's only forfeit on record as an umpire.
Later years
Doscher's occupations in subsequent years include work as a scout; the discovery of future Hall of Famer Willie Keeler is attributed to him. Doscher died in Buffalo, New York at the age of 81, and was interred at Elmlawn Cemetery in Tonawanda, New York. | WIKI |
ROC at the Olympics
ROC at the Olympics may refer to:
* Republic of China at the Olympics (1924–1976)
* Republic of China (Taiwan), or Chinese Taipei at the Olympics (1984–present)
* Russian Olympic Committee:
* Russian Olympic Committee at the Olympics
* Russian Olympic Committee athletes at the 2020 Summer Olympics
* Russian Olympic Committee athletes at the 2022 Winter Olympics | WIKI |
War crimes in the Korean War
The Korean War was a major conflict of the Cold War and among the most destructive conflicts of the modern era, with approximately 3 million killed, most of whom were civilians. It resulted in the destruction of virtually all of Korea's major cities, with thousands of massacres committed by both sides—including the mass killing of tens of thousands of suspected communists by the South Korean government, and the torture and starvation of prisoners of war by the North Koreans. North Korea became among the most heavily bombed countries in history.
Civilian deaths and massacres
Around 3 million people died in the Korean War, the majority of whom were civilians, possibly making it the deadliest conflict of the Cold War era. Although only rough estimates of civilian fatalities are available, scholars from Guenter Lewy to Bruce Cumings have noted that the percentage of civilian casualties in Korea was higher than in World War II or the Vietnam War, with Cumings putting civilian casualties at 2 million and Lewy estimating civilian deaths in the range of 2 million to 3 million.
Cumings states that civilians represent at least half of the war's casualties, while Lewy suggests that the civilian portion of the death toll may have gone as high as 70%, compared to Lewy's estimates of 42% in World War II and 30%–46% in the Vietnam War. Data compiled by the Peace Research Institute Oslo lists just under 1 million battle deaths over the course of the Korean War (with a range of 644,696 to 1.5 million) and a mid-value estimate of 3 million total deaths (with a range of 1.5 million to 4.5 million), attributing the difference to excess mortality among civilians from one-sided massacres, starvation, and disease. Compounding this devastation for Korean civilians, virtually all major cities on the Korean Peninsula were destroyed as a result of the war. In both per capita and absolute terms, North Korea was the country most devastated by the war. According to Charles K. Armstrong, the war resulted in the death of an estimated 12%–15% of the North Korean population (c. 10 million), "a figure close to or surpassing the proportion of Soviet citizens killed in World War II". There were numerous atrocities and massacres of civilians throughout the Korean War committed by both sides, starting in the war's first days. In 2005–2010, a South Korean Truth and Reconciliation Commission investigated atrocities and other human rights violations through much of the 20th century, from the Japanese colonial period through the Korean War and beyond. It excavated some mass graves from the Bodo League massacres and confirmed the general outlines of those political executions. Of the Korean War-era massacres the commission was petitioned to investigate, 82% were perpetrated by South Korean forces, with 18% perpetrated by North Korean forces.
The commission also received petitions alleging more than 200 large-scale killings of South Korean civilians by the U.S. military during the war, mostly air attacks. It confirmed several such cases, including refugees crowded into a cave attacked with napalm bombs, which survivors said killed 360 people, and an air attack that killed 197 refugees gathered in a field in the far south. It recommended South Korea seek reparations from the United States, but in 2010, a reorganized commission under a new, conservative government concluded that most U.S. mass killings resulted from "military necessity", while in a small number of cases, they concluded, the U.S. military had acted with "low levels of unlawfulness", but the commission recommended against seeking reparations.
Chinese POWs
Chinese sources claim at Geoje prison camp on Geoje Island, Chinese POWs experienced anti-communist lecturing and missionary work from secret agents from the U.S. and Taiwan. Pro-communist POWs experienced torture, cutting off of limbs, or were executed in public. Being forced to write confession letters and receiving tattoos of an anti-communism slogan and Flag of the Republic of China were also commonly seen, in case any wanted to go back to mainland China. Pro-communist POWs who could not endure the torture formed an underground group to fight the pro-nationalist POWs secretly by assassination, which led to the Geoje uprising. The rebellion captured Francis Dodd, and was suppressed by the 187th Infantry Regiment.
In the end, 14,235 Chinese POWs went to Taiwan and fewer than 6,000 POWs returned to mainland China. Those who went to Taiwan are called "righteous men" and experienced brainwashing again and were sent to the army or were arrested; while the survivors who returned to mainland China were welcomed as a "hero" first, but experienced anti-brainwashing, strict interrogation, and house arrest eventually, after the tattoos were discovered. After 1988, the Taiwanese government allowed POWs to go back to mainland China and helped remove anti-communist tattoos; while the mainland Chinese government started to allow mainland Chinese prisoners of war to return from Taiwan.
UN Command POWs
The United States reported that North Korea mistreated prisoners of war: soldiers were beaten, tortured, starved, put to forced labor, marched to death, and summarily executed.
The KPA killed POWs at the battles for Hill 312, Hill 303, the Pusan Perimeter, Daejeon and Sunchon; these massacres were discovered afterwards by the UN forces. Later, a U.S. Congress war crimes investigation, the United States Senate Subcommittee on Korean War Atrocities of the Permanent Subcommittee of the Investigations of the Committee on Government Operations, reported that "two-thirds of all American prisoners of war in Korea died as a result of war crimes".
Although the Chinese rarely executed prisoners of war like their North Korean counterparts, mass starvation and diseases swept through the Chinese-run POW camps during the winter of 1950–51. About 43% of U.S. POWs died during this period. The Chinese defended their actions by stating that all Chinese soldiers during this period were suffering mass starvation and diseases because of logistical difficulties. The UN POWs said that most of the Chinese camps were located near the easily supplied Sino-Korean border and that the Chinese withheld food to force the prisoners to accept the communism indoctrination programs. According to Chinese reports, over a thousand U.S. POWs died by the end of June 1951, while a dozen British POWs died, and all Turkish POWs survived. According to Hastings, wounded U.S. POWs died for lack of medical attention and were fed a diet of corn and millet "devoid of vegetables, almost barren of proteins, minerals, or vitamins" with only 1/3 the calories of their usual diet. Especially in early 1951, thousands of prisoners lost the will to live and "declined to eat the mess of sorghum and rice they were provided". The unpreparedness of U.S. POWs to resist heavy communist indoctrination during the Korean War led to the Code of the United States Fighting Force which governs how U.S. military personnel in combat should act when they must "evade capture, resist while a prisoner or escape from the enemy".
North Korea may have detained up to 50,000 South Korean POWs after the ceasefire. Over 88,000 South Korean soldiers were missing and the KPA claimed they captured 70,000 South Koreans. However, when ceasefire negotiations began in 1951, the KPA reported they held only 8,000 South Koreans. The UN Command protested the discrepancies and alleged that the KPA were forcing South Korean POWs to join the KPA. The KPA denied such allegations. They claimed their POW rosters were small because many POWs were killed in UN air raids and that they had released ROK soldiers at the front. They insisted only volunteers were allowed to serve in the KPA. By early 1952, UN negotiators gave up trying to get back the missing South Koreans. The POW exchange proceeded without access to South Korean POWs who were not on the PVA/KPA rosters.
North Korea continued to claim that any South Korean POW who stayed in the North did so voluntarily. However, since 1994, South Korean POWs have been escaping North Korea on their own after decades of captivity. , the South Korean Ministry of Unification reported that 79 ROK POWs escaped the North. The South Korean government estimates 500 South Korean POWs continue to be detained in North Korea. The escaped POWs have testified about their treatment and written memoirs about their lives in North Korea. They report they were not told about the POW exchange procedures and were assigned to work in mines in the remote northeastern regions near the Chinese and Russian border. Declassified Soviet Foreign Ministry documents corroborate such testimony.
National Defense Corps incident
In December 1950, the South Korean National Defense Corps was founded; the soldiers were 406,000 drafted citizens. In the winter of 1951, 50,000 to 90,000 South Korean National Defense Corps soldiers starved to death while marching southward under the PVA offensive when their commanding officers embezzled funds earmarked for their food. This event is called the National Defense Corps Incident. Although his political allies certainly profited from corruption, it remains controversial if Syngman Rhee was personally involved in or benefited from the corruption.
Bombing of North Korea
The initial bombing attack on North Korea was approved on the fourth day of the war, 29 June 1950, by General Douglas MacArthur immediately upon request by the commanding general of the Far East Air Forces (FEAF), George E. Stratemeyer. Major bombing began in late July. U.S. airpower conducted 7,000 close support and interdiction airstrikes that month, which helped slow the North Korean rate of advance to 2 mi per day. On 12 August 1950, the USAF dropped 625 tons of bombs on North Korea; two weeks later, the daily tonnage increased to some 800 tons.
The U.S. dropped a total of 635,000 tons of bombs, including 32,557 tons of napalm, on Korea, more than during the entire Pacific War. North Korea ranks alongside Cambodia (500,000 tons), Laos (2 million tons) and South Vietnam (4 million tons) as among the most heavily bombed countries in history, with Laos suffering the most extensive bombardment relative to its size and population. Almost every substantial building in North Korea was destroyed as a result. The war's highest-ranking U.S. POW, Major General William F. Dean, reported that the majority of North Korean cities and villages he saw were either rubble or snow-covered wasteland. North Korean factories, schools, hospitals, and government offices were forced to move underground, and air defenses were "non-existent". In May 1953, five major North Korean dams were bombed. According to Charles K. Armstrong, the bombing of these dams and ensuing floods threatened several million North Koreans with starvation, although large-scale famine was averted with emergency aid provided by North Korea's allies. General Matthew Ridgway said that except for air power, "the war would have been over in 60 days with all Korea in Communist hands". UN air forces flew 1,040,708 combat and combat support sorties during the war. FEAF flew the majority at 710,886 (69.3% of sorties), with the U.S. Navy performing 16.1%, the U.S. Marine Corps 10.3%, and 4.3% by other allied air forces.
As well as conventional bombing, the communist side claimed that the U.S. used biological weapons. These claims have been disputed; Conrad Crane asserts that while the U.S. worked towards developing chemical and biological weapons, the U.S. military "possessed neither the ability, nor the will", to use them in combat.
In the eyes of North Koreans, as well as some observers, the deliberate targeting of civilian infrastructure (which resulted in the destruction of cities and a high civilian death count) was a war crime. Historian Bruce Cumings has likened the American bombing to genocide. | WIKI |
Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Anton Brus
Archbishop of Prague, b. at. Muglitz in Moravia, 13 February, 1518; d. 28 August, 1580. After receiving his education at Prague he joined the Knights of the Cross with the Red Star, an ecclesiastical order established in Bohemia in the thirteenth century. After his ordination to the priesthood Emperor Ferdinand appointed him chaplain of the Austrian army, in which capacity he served during the Turkish war (1542-45). He was elected Grand Master General of his order in 1552, when he was only 34 years of age. In 1558 he became Bishop of Vienna; in 1561 the emperor made him Archbishop of Prague, a see which had remained vacant since 1421 when Archbishop Conrad abandoned his flock and entered the Hussite camp. During the intervening years the archdiocese was governed by administrators elected by the cathedral chapter. Before Archbishop Brus took possession of his see, Emperor Ferdinand I, who was also King of Bohemia, sent him as Bohemian legate to the Council of Trent (1562). Besides other ecclesiastical reforms, he urged the archbishop to advocate the expediency of permitting the Utraquists, or Calixtines, of Bohemia and adjoining countries to receive the Holy Eucharist under both species; he hoped that after this concession many of the Utraquists would return to the Catholic Church. The archbishop was ably assisted in his endeavours by the imperial delegate from Hungary, Bishop George Draskovich of Funfkirchen (Pécs), and by Baumgärtner, the delegate of Duke Albrecht V of Bavaria. Brus could not be present at the twenty-first and the twenty-second sessions of the Council, during which this petition of the emperor was discussed. The majority of the fathers of Trent considered it beyond their power to grant the privilege of lay communion under both kinds and referred the matter to Pope Pius IV, who, in a Brief dated 16 April, 1564, granted the petition, with certain restrictions, to the subjects of the emperor and of Duke Albrecht of Bavaria. The Archbishop of Prague was to empower certain priests to administer the Holy Eucharist in both kinds to such of the laity as desired it. The faithful who wished to take advantage of this privilege were obliged to profess their belief in the Real Presence of the whole Christ in each species, while the priest at the administration of each species pronounced the formula: "Corpus et sanguis Domini nostri Jesu Christi custodiant animam tuam in vitam aeternam. Amen." instead of the customary formula: "Corpus Domini nostri," etc.
The emperor and the archbishop expected great results from this papal concession. Thinking that the Utraquist consistory at Prague would at once accept all Catholic doctrine, the emperor put it under the jurisdiction of the archbishop. Both, however, were soon undeceived. The Utraquist consistory was ready to present its sacerdotal candidates to the archbishop for ordination, but there his authority was to end. They refused to permit their candidates for the priesthood to undergo examination on Catholic theology or to give proof of their orthodoxy, and complained to the emperor that the archbishop was infringing upon their rights.
Had Ferdinand not died at this critical moment, the papal concession would perhaps have produced some salutary effects, but under the weak rule of his son Maximilian, who became emperor in 1564, the gulf that separated the Catholics from the Utraquists was continually widening. In order to publish and put into execution the decrees of the Council of Trent, the archbishop intended to convene a provincial synod at Prague; but Maximilian, fearing to offend the Bohemian nobility of whom the majority were Protestants, withheld his consent. Hampered on all sides, the archbishop and the small body of Catholic nobles, despite their almost superhuman efforts, could only postpone the impending crisis. The Utraquists no longer heeded the archbishop's commands, continued to administer the Holy Eucharist to infants, disregarded many decrees of the Council of Trent, neglected sacramental confession--in a word, were steering straight towards Protestantism. After 1572, the archbishop refused to ordain Utraquist candidates, despite the expostulations of Emperor Maximilian. The death of Maximilian (12 October, 1576) brought no relief to the archbishop and his ever-decreasing flock of Catholics. His successor, Emperor Rudolph II, though a good Catholic at heart, was as weak as his predecessor. After the death of Brus the Catholics of Bohemia continued on their downward course until the victory of Ferdinand II over the Winterkönig Frederick V at the White Mountain near Prague (8 November, 1620).
FRIND, Geschichte der Bischofe und Erzebischofe von Prag (Prague, 1873), 182-189; BORWY in Kirchenlex., s.v.; biography in ''Oesterreichische Vierteljahrschrift fur kath. Theologie'' (Vienna, 1874).
MICHAEL OTT | WIKI |
ASIA CREDIT CLOSE: Nida fails to take the wind out of high-yield rally
SINGAPORE, Aug 2 (IFR) - Asian trading was interrupted this morning by Typhoon Nida, with most banks and trading houses in Hong Kong staying away until the storm weakened around lunchtime. CDS was quoted wider, with the Asia ex-Japan iTraxx investment grade index rising 1bp to 118bp/120bp. The Japan and Australia iTraxx indices were each 2bp wider. Even in less liquid market conditions, the mood still felt supportive, with the Asian high-yield rally continuing as new unrated issues from CSI Property and Hong Kong Airlines raised a combined US$500m without prior marketing. In high yield, Sri Lanka’s 2022s and 2026s are up 3.5 and 4.5 points, respectively, from reoffer, and 361 Degrees’ five-year non-call three paper has gained seven points since it was sold in late May. Olam International’s perpetual non-call five notes are up a quarter of a point since pricing last month. Such supportive conditions are likely to tempt Chinese issuers, in particular, to add to the supply. “Regulatory conditions are shifting constantly, and some issuers are finding it hard to bring money offshore, so now they are considering offshore funding,” said a DCM banker. There was one outlier: Noble Group’s 2020s dropped half a point to 83.5 today, after it said it had no explanation for a sudden plunge in its share price, which was down 15% by 4pm. In other recent issues, ONGC Videsh’s 2026s were 2bp wider today at Treasuries plus 213bp, while its 2022s were 1bp tighter at 173bp over. Those levels were 7bp and 2bp tighter, respectively, than pricing last month. China Railway XunJie’s new 10-year was 1bp wider at Treasuries plus 164bp, but that was still inside original pricing of 170bp. Shenzhen Expressway’s 2021s were flat today, but have rallied to Treasuries plus 162bp, since pricing at 200bp just three weeks ago. Reporting by Daniel Stanton; Editing by Vincent Baby | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
User:4myself4/Games
I think you guys would like to be able to play some games, right? Well here you go! If you have requests please post them here.
Chess
Go here for more.
Time
Go here for more. | WIKI |
Romanian MiG-21 fighter jet crashes during airshow, kills pilot
BUCHAREST (Reuters) - A Romanian air force MiG-21 Lancer fighter jet crashed during an airshow in eastern Romania on Saturday, killing its pilot, the defense ministry said. Eyewitnesses at the airshow, attended by about 4,000 people. said the plane exploded when it hit the ground. Television footage showed flames and thick smoke. Television reports quoted witnesses as saying the pilot might have tried to avoid hitting the crowds and instead chose to crash on a nearby field. The ministry said the cause of the crash, some 240 kilometers (150 miles) east of Bucharest, was being investigated. It named the dead pilot as Lieutenant-commander Florin Rotaru, 36. Romania, a NATO member since 2004, received its first six F-16 fighter jets from Portugal in 2016, as it phases out its communist-era MiGs. Reporting by Radu Marinas; Editing by Stephen Powell | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
keltapyrstönapsija
Etymology
,
Noun
* 1) yellowtail snapper, commercially important species of snapper native to the western Atlantic Ocean, mostly found around coral reefs | WIKI |
Page:Complete Works of Menno Simons.djvu/313
Rh have the word of God. Nevertheless, we will always freely accept, and willingly follow the instruction of any pious person, who can, in the fear of God, convince us by the Spirit, word, example, commands, ordinances, prohibitions, and usages of the Lord, and not by tyranny and violence, and point out any thing that would be more useful and better; to greater honor to God, or more to the edification of his church, than we have followed and confessed during several years of manifest truth, and to which we have unwaveringly testified in so exceedingly much anxiety, misery, tribulation, and persecution. For all things in Christ's church that shall avail and stand before his throne must be judged by the Spirit, word, example, commands, ordinances, prohibitions, and usages of the Lord. I trust that those who seek and sincerely fear the Lord, will agree with me in this respect.
But with this writing of Gellius he will, surely, not convince us; for it is full of brawling, profanity, defamation, false accusations, tyranny, sophistry, wrong explanations, and false doctrines (if I am wrong, rebuke me); so that it does not silence the pious, as was his intention, but makes them still more active; and it will be the cause of strengthening salutary doctrine and truth, and thus be the cause of his loss where he intended to make gain. For I trust, when both our writings are compared one with another, that, through the grace of God, a glorious, clear light will be thrown on the church of Christ; while it will expose to the plain and humble whom he intends, by it, to dissuade from our doctrine what his own nature, works, writings, and fruits are, and, by comparing them to Christ's plain word, Spirit, example, ordinances, and usages prove to them how earthly and carnal-minded he and his are; how he exercises his profession; what he seeks; what are the fruits of his doctrine; what sacraments he uses; what ban he practices, and what kind of church he holds to, &c.
I would, therefore, faithfully admonish and pray him, not to undertake more than he can accomplish; and not to kick against the pricks. Acts 9: 5, for it will not avail him. But he should remember that many a learned man (not that I esteem learning, if at all opposed to Christ), in past times as well as at present, has industriously tried it, as he now does; but what has been accomplished by it, the fruits openly testify. For some of them have become such zealots against us that they have made themselves guilty of innocent blood; they have grossly offended and condemned to the judgment of the devil, so many pious and faithful hearts, who, through fear and love of their God, dared not walk with them on the broad road; have, besides, written and contended so much for the unity of their churches, that they have brought the poor, reckless people to such a disorderly and wild state, that they, generally speaking, lead such a fruitless, impenitent life that it seems as if never prophetic or apostolic doctrine had been taught, and as if never Christ nor the holy Spirit had appeared on earth.
Had they, now, wisely, obediently, and humbly comprehended, listened to, and followed the word and ordinance of the Lord, the usage and example of the apostles; had they sincerely feared their God; had they not acted hypocritically with lords and princes, and the world in general; but taught the doctrine in true zeal without any respect of persons or favors; had they faithfully, unto death, rebuked the sins of all mankind, of high and low station alike, with doctrine and with life; had they unwaveringly served God and obediently proclaimed the gospel, in such a manner as to have assembled and built up unto the Lord a truly, penitent people, that is, a true church, according to the example of the apostles; had they not sought their own gain and ease; and had they also not abused and slandered the pious and godly, by their crying and writing; then the precious word, Christ's glorious gospel of grace never would have been profaned so light-mindedly; nor would this poor, unwary people have been degenerated into this wild and reckless state, as, alas, may now be witnessed in all parts of the world.
Thus, I fear, it will be with Gellius; for of what use his preaching and Church-service have been these many years, toward bringing about a pious, penitent life in the fear of God, I will let the world judge by his disciples, who are the fruit of his seed. | WIKI |
// Tutorial //
A Brief Introduction to Expo
Published on December 12, 2018
Default avatar
By PaulHalliday
Developer and author at DigitalOcean.
A Brief Introduction to Expo
While we believe that this content benefits our community, we have not yet thoroughly reviewed it. If you have any suggestions for improvements, please let us know by clicking the “report an issue“ button at the bottom of the tutorial.
If you find yourself looking to create cross platform mobile applications with React, you’ll have likely heard of React Native and Expo.
To summarize, Expo can be thought of as a set of libraries and tools that provide easy access to native device functionality and custom UI. Some examples of this can be things such as the Camera, Local Storage, Contacts, and more.
We’ll be creating a small weather application that uses Expo to interface with the native location API. As well as this, we’ll be publishing our application on expo.io for other users to interact with!
To get started, go ahead and create an account over at expo.io. We’ll use this to manage our Expo projects in the future.
Installing the Expo CLI
We can install the Expo CLI by running the following in the terminal:
Bare in mind, you’ll need to have Node.js and the iOS/Android SDKs installed prior to running this command!
$ npm install expo-cli -g
This then gives us access to a variety of commands. We can see a full list of commands with descriptions by typing the expo command. In order to initialize a new project, we’ll need to type the following:
$ expo init my-project
> blank
$ cd my-project
$ code .
Expo will now be creating a new project that includes the likes of react, react-native and the expo SDK. This means we don’t have to install React Native ourselves.
You may also be asked to sign-in to your Expo account at this time. Do that with the credentials you created earlier.
Running our project
We can run the blank project on either iOS or Android via the pre-built npm scripts. We can also download the Expo application on the Google Play/Apple App Store to run this on a real device quickly and easily.
Let’s start off by running our application on the emulator with either (or both!):
Note: You will need a computer running macOS to view Expo applications on the iOS Simulator.
$ npm run ios
$ npm run android
This starts the Metro bundler, essentially a HTTP server that compiles our code with Babel to target the latest JavaScript features. The appropriate simulator should then open and the Expo application will be installed. If your application doesn’t open automatically, open the Expo application from within the simulator.
Our starting app, as seen in the simulator
If all is well, you’ll see the words “Open up App.js to start working on your app!” on screen. Let’s do the same, but have this on our physical device:
1. Download the Expo application on your respective app store.
2. Open the Expo application and log in with your Expo account.
3. From within your Camera application, scan the QR code on the bottom left of the Metro Bundler page (or your terminal) that opened when we ran npm run ios.
4. Your project should open in the Expo app!
If this doesn’t work, try switching the connection to/from Tunnel/Lan/Local modes.
Your First Expo App
We can now go ahead and make changes to our Expo application, starting with App.js. We’ll create an application to get the weather for the user’s location.
Let’s start off by creating an account over at the OpenWeatherMap API. You will be emailed an API key and we’ll be using this throughout the tutorial.
We can create an API to get the weather for a particular latitude and longitude by creating a file named Api.js inside of api/Api.js:
const APP_ID = 'YOUR_APP_ID';
const APP_URL = `http://api.openweathermap.org/data/2.5/weather`;
export const getWeather = async (lat, lon) => {
const res = await fetch(`${APP_URL}?lat=${lat}&lon=${lon}&units=metric&APPID=${APP_ID}`);
const weatherData = await res.json();
return weatherData;
};
As we’re using Expo, we can get the user’s location easily. Let’s do that inside of App.js:
import { Location, Permissions } from 'expo';
// Omitted
async _getLocation () {
const { status } = await Permissions.askAsync(Permissions.LOCATION);
if (status !== 'granted') {
this.setState({
error: 'User denied access to location.'
});
}
const location = await Location.getCurrentPositionAsync({});
this.setState({ location });
}
At this stage, we can capture the current location and get the weather for that latitude and longitude inside of componentWillMount:
import { getWeather } from './api/Api';
// Omitted
async componentWillMount () {
this.setState({
loading: true
});
await this._getLocation();
const lat = this.state.location.coords.latitude;
const lon = this.state.location.coords.longitude;
const weatherData = await getWeather(lat, lon);
this.setState({
weatherData,
loading: false
});
}
Combining that with our render view, gives us the following component inside of App.js:
import React from "react";
import { StyleSheet, Text, View, ImageBackground } from "react-native";
import { Location, Permissions } from "expo";
import { getWeather } from "./api/Api";
export default class App extends React.Component {
state = {
weatherData: [],
loading: false
};
async componentWillMount() {
this.setState({
loading: true
});
await this._getLocation();
const lat = this.state.location.coords.latitude;
const lon = this.state.location.coords.longitude;
const weatherData = await getWeather(lat, lon);
this.setState({
weatherData,
loading: false
});
}
async _getLocation() {
const { status } = await Permissions.askAsync(Permissions.LOCATION);
if (status !== "granted") {
console.error("Not granted! Uh oh. :(");
}
const location = await Location.getCurrentPositionAsync({});
this.setState({ location });
}
render() {
const { weather, main } = this.state.weatherData;
if (this.state.loading) {
return (
<ImageBackground
style={styles.background}
source={require("./assets/background.png")}
>
<View style={styles.container}>
<Text style={styles.text}>Loading...</Text>
</View>
</ImageBackground>
);
} else {
return (
<ImageBackground
style={styles.background}
source={require("./assets/background.png")}
>
<View style={styles.container}>
<View style={styles.weatherCard}>
<Text style={styles.text}>{main.temp}°C</Text>
<Text style={styles.text}>{weather[0].main}</Text>
</View>
</View>
</ImageBackground>
);
}
}
}
const styles = StyleSheet.create({
container: {
flex: 1,
alignItems: "center",
justifyContent: "center",
paddingLeft: 10,
color: "white"
},
background: {
width: "100%",
height: "100%"
},
weatherCard: {
width: 350,
height: 120,
borderRadius: 20,
shadowOffset: { width: 0, height: 6 },
shadowColor: "#000",
shadowOpacity: 0.5,
shadowRadius: 14,
elevation: 13,
padding: 10
},
text: {
fontSize: 40,
textAlign: "center",
color: "white"
}
});
Publishing your project
When you’d like to publish your application, the Expo CLI can do this from the terminal. Run the following to build for iOS and Android:
expo publish
[00:54:09] Unable to find an existing Expo CLI instance for this directory, starting a new one...
[00:54:22] Starting Metro Bundler on port 19001.
[00:54:24] Tunnel ready.
[00:54:24] Publishing to channel 'default'...
[00:54:26] Building iOS bundle
[00:54:55] Finished building JavaScript bundle in 28885ms.
[00:54:55] Building Android bundle
[00:55:20] Finished building JavaScript bundle in 24779ms.
[00:55:20] Analyzing assets
[00:55:23] Finished building JavaScript bundle in 3504ms.
[00:55:26] Finished building JavaScript bundle in 2951ms.
[00:55:26] Uploading assets
[00:55:27] Uploading /assets/background.png
[00:55:29] Processing asset bundle patterns:
[00:55:29] - /Users/paulhalliday/my-project/**/*
[00:55:29] Uploading JavaScript bundles
[00:55:41] Published
[00:55:41] Your URL is https://exp.host/@paulhalliday/my-project
Anyone with the URL can take the QR code and open the application up inside of the Expo app. Try it out for yourself!
Our completed Expo app
If you’d like to do more advanced builds with respective .IPA/APK files and much more, check out the detailed guide over on the Expo documentation.
Thanks for learning with the DigitalOcean Community. Check out our offerings for compute, storage, networking, and managed databases.
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import { Location, Permissions } from “expo”; does not compile.
Changed it to below to make it work.
import { Notifications } from ‘expo’; import * as Permissions from ‘expo-permissions’; import * as Location from ‘expo-location’;
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HomeBack PainProtecting Yourself From Back Pain During Pregnancy
Protecting Yourself From Back Pain During Pregnancy
Back pain is something everyone experiences at one point in their lives. Muscle strain and injury is a common cause of back pain and something you have to be aware of if you are pregnant. If you are planning on having a baby or already pregnant, there are some things you need to keep in mind and some precautions you will need to take in preventing and treating back pain. Keep reading this article for some more information and advice about pregnancy and back pain.
You might experience back pain more than usual during your pregnancy because of all the changes happening in your body. Weight gain is an unavoidable part of pregnancy. Actually, not gaining weight during pregnancy would be a bad thing. But weight gain in anyone can cause back pain due to the extra pounds you need to carry around. Make sure your weight gain during pregnancy is healthy, but not excessive. You can do this by focusing on healthy food with lots of nutrition, which will also help your baby grow strong and healthy.
The increase of certain hormones during your pregnancy can also cause back pain. Some hormones are released by your body to make your joints looser to make giving birth easier. While this change will benefit you in the future, the changes in your lower body can end up causing discomfort and possibly pain. Just remember that it will make things easier down the line.
Other causes of back pain during your pregnancy is that your body’s center of gravity changes. This can be hard to adjust to and you might end up changing trying to compensate for it by standing and sitting in different ways that might not be good for your back. To prevent this from happening, be careful of your posture during pregnancy. Always try to stand and sit with your back straight, and try not to let the added weight in front pull you down and hurt your back.
Other than maintaining a healthy, but not excessive, weight gain and keeping good posture, there are other ways you can prevent back pain during pregnancy. You should avoid sleeping on your back or stomach. Your weight is more evenly distributed when you sleep on your side. Also, always remember to squat, not bend, if you have to lift anything heavy.
There are also some things you should remember when trying to treat back pain. Avoid over the counter medications for pain and research anything your doctor prescribes to make sure it is right for you. If you have any concerns, speak with your doctor about them. If the pain is severe, consider seeing a chiropractor. You can also ease the pain with a hot or cold compress or a back brace.
Back pain can put a damper on an otherwise healthy pregnancy and make other conditions seem even more painful. Depending on the cause, some back pain may be unavoidable but there are ways to reduce and treat the pain when you are pregnant. Use the information and advice from the article above to go through your pregnancy with as little back pain as possible.
Related Post | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Page:Aristotelous peri psuxes.djvu/255
CH. I.] which are the material for most of the works of man's hand; as the human intellect can confer upon its creations nothing save newness of form. Without asserting that all which is has emanated from living bodies, modern science has shewn that vast masses of matter, now inorganic, were the product of what once had life.
Note 3, p. 59. Thus every natural body partaking of life, &c.] The text seems to be in accordance with what had preceded, but it has been objected to by some on account of its supposed obscurity; it seems, however, to imply that the three primordial conditions, matter, essence and form, are necessary to, and concur in the formation of every specific body.
Note 4, p. 59. And since the body is such a combination, &c.] This passage is obscure both in wording and purport, but it seems to imply that the living body, being what it has been said to be, is independent and self-existent, and, as such, cannot be Vital Principle, because it cannot be among the subordinates of a subject, which is the part seemingly ascribed to Vital Principle, as merely realising what already had existence in potentiality.
Note 5, p. 59. Now reality is, in the twofold signification, &c.] These two terms, which, as has been said, pervade and illustrate Aristotle's philosophical writings, are, themselves illustrated, as it were, here, under the forms of sleep and watching—the one, being the analogue of potentiality, and the latter, of reality—and thus knowledge, | WIKI |
User:Omanom
How can governments intervene when free markets produce Pareto inefficient results? How effective can these interventions make? | WIKI |
Webhook Template issue with Pushover
I’ve followed this guide - Webhooks Tutorial - Push notifications with Pushover
{
"token": "",
"user": "",
"title": "Temperature Update",
"message": "The temperature is currently {{{temperature}}}."
}
However my data temperature is blank in my message received.
I see it being published in console, but it’s not showing up in the Pushover message
Have you inserted the token and key correctly?
Can you post the console screenshot too?
I believe so. Pushover is sending messages every 5 minutes based on the Particle publish, but the temperature is not coming through.
Here’s a screenshot of the console.
And here’s the full webhook:
{
"event": "temperature",
"deviceID": "deviceID",
"url": "https://api.pushover.net/1/messages.json",
"requestType": "POST",
"noDefaults": true,
"rejectUnauthorized": true,
"form": {
"token": "token",
"user": "userid",
"title": "Temperature Update",
"message": "The temperature is currently {{{temperature}}}."
}
}
When I try to send the Pushover message as just “{{{temperature}}}”, it fails to send a push notification with this error:
{"message":"cannot be blank","errors":["message cannot be blank"],"status":0
It seems that Pushover is not receiving Particle’s information of ‘temperature’.
Your events don’t hold a {{{temperature}}} field.
You can only use that when your data entry in the event is a JSON string in itself containing a key/value pair with the key "temperature".
With an event like yours you’d use the entire data entry via {{{PARTICLE_EVENT_VALUE}}}
However, instead of sending three events in the same second, I’d wrap all three of your readings into a single JSON even.
So it would look something like this?
{
"event": "temperature",
"deviceID": "ID",
"url": "https://api.pushover.net/1/messages.json",
"requestType": "POST",
"noDefaults": true,
"rejectUnauthorized": true,
"json": {
"name": "{{PARTICLE_EVENT_NAME}}",
"value": "{{PARTICLE_EVENT_VALUE}}"
}
}
Sorry, I’m new and trying to dive into this head first but having trouble understanding the syntax of the JSON data and how it can pull the Particle events.
That depends on the format your target server requires.
I’m not familiar with the requirements of Pushover, but for your original webhook you’d change this
"message": "The temperature is currently {{{temperature}}}."
to this
"message": "The temperature is currently {{{PARTICLE_EVENT_VALUE}}}."
And in order to unify your three events (Particle.publish() calls) into a single JSON event, you’d do something like this
char data[96];
snprintf(data, sizeof(data)
, "{\"temperature\": %.2f, \"batState\": %.1f, \"batSoC\": %.1f}"
, temp
, batState
, batSoC
);
Particle.publish("temperature", data, PRIVATE);
(assuming variables temp, batState & batSoC are all float or double)
This way you could keep your original webhook definition with {{{temperature}}} (the key inside the data entry, not the event name - hence I’d rename the event to something more general like pushover and trigger the webhook on that).
To test what’s actually being received on the remote side, you could first direct that webhook to some service like requestbin.com which lets you see what your target server will see. Once that satisfies the demands you can finally target your original server.
The {{{PARTICLE_EVENT_VALUE}}} edit worked for me! Thank you.
If I’m understanding you correctly, a JSON event will allow me to have more data and do more with it?
Yes, you can have multiple data points in a single event - what you want to do with that is up to you :wink: | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Thursday, October 2, 2008
Image browser with ASP.NET Ajax
Introduction
I have written an image browser page with ASP.NET, using ASP.NET Ajax to retrieve information about images on the server. Images are displayed using a single aspx page and a folder with jpg files. The code-behind is written in C#. No database is involved.
Background
My goal was to show my family some photos on a web page and hopefully spending less than a few hours accomplishing that. So I wanted to do so without using a database, without titles, without descriptions, without tags, etc. However, I included the shooting date of the photo as part of the file name, since it provided a way to retain som information without using a database.
You see the resulting web page on the right.
The code
Code-behind (C#)
I first created a aspx web form, and in the code-behind wrote a static web method to return information about the images on the server:
[WebMethod]
public static Image[] GetImages()
{
// The virtual path to the image folder:
// (in this case a folder that contains some photos)
string imageFolderVirtualPath = "~/Photos/";
string imageFolderPath = HttpContext.Current.Server.MapPath(imageFolderVirtualPath);
List<image> images = new List<image>();
DirectoryInfo diImages = new DirectoryInfo(imageFolderPath);
// Only *.jpg files are included in this case:
foreach (FileInfo fiImage in diImages.GetFiles("*.jpg"))
{
string fileName = fiImage.Name;
// If the file name starts with the DateTime pattern yyyy-MM-dd,
// the date is parsed from that:
string date = string.Empty;
int year = 0;
int month = 0;
int day = 0;
if (fileName.Length > 9 && Int32.TryParse(fileName.Substring(0, 4), out year)
&& Int32.TryParse(fileName.Substring(5, 2), out month)
&& Int32.TryParse(fileName.Substring(8, 2), out day))
{
date = new DateTime(year, month, day).ToLongDateString();
}
images.Add(new Image
{
Date = date,
VirtualPath = CombineVirtualPaths(imageFolderVirtualPath, fileName)
});
}
return images.ToArray();
}
A helper method combines the virtual paths:
private static string CombineVirtualPaths(string virtualPath1, string virtualPath2)
{
return string.Format("{0}/{1}", virtualPath1.Trim('~', '/'), virtualPath2.Trim('/'));
}
A helper class contains information about an image:
public class Image
{
/// <summary>
/// The virtual path to the image file
/// </summary>
public string VirtualPath { get; set; }
/// <summary>
/// The date as a string
/// </summary>
public string Date { get; set; }
}
html/aspx markup
In the *.aspx file I have the following markup:
<body onload="GetImages();">
<form id="form1" runat="server">
<asp:ScriptManager id="sm1" runat="server" EnablePageMethods="true" EnableScriptGlobalization="true">
</asp:ScriptManager>
<div>
<div id="divButtons" style="float: left;">
</div>
<div id="divImage" style="float: left;">
</div>
</div>
</form>
</body>
Javascript
On load fires a javascript method that retrieves info from the page method:
// Information about the Images:
var images;
// The index of the currently shown Image:
var currentImageIndex = 0;
// Calls the page method to obtain information about the Images:
function GetImages() {
PageMethods.GetImages(GetImagesCompleted);
}
// The call-back where information about the images is returned:
function GetImagesCompleted(result) {
images = result;
ShowImage();
}
// Shows the Image:
function ShowImage() {
var currentImage = images[currentImageIndex];
var date = currentImage.Date;
var imgImage = "<img id='imgImage' alt='" + date +
"' title='" + date + "' src='" + currentImage.VirtualPath "' />";
var dp = document.getElementById("divImage");
dp.innerHTML = imgImage;
document.title = date;
ShowButtons();
}
A separate javascript method displays navigation buttons as appropriate:
// Shows the buttons:
function ShowButtons() {
// Gets localized texts (English or Danish) for the buttons.
// This only works with the following two settings:
// - The ScriptManager on this page must have: EnableScriptGlobalization="true"
// - web.config must have: <globalization culture="auto"> (in <system.web> section)
// The default English texts:
var first = "First";
var previous = "Previous";
var next = "Next";
var last = "Last";
if (Sys.CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.name.toLowerCase().startsWith("da")) {
// The Danish texts:
first = "Første";
previous = "Forrige";
next = "Næste";
last = "Sidste";
}
var button1 = "<div><input type='button' style='width: 75px;'";
var btnFirst = button1 + " value='" + first + "' onclick='ShowFirstImage();'";
var btnPrevious = button1 + " value='" + previous + "' onclick='ShowPreviousImage();'";
var btnNext = button1 + " value='" + next + "' onclick='ShowNextImage();'";
var btnLast = button1 + " value='" + last + "' onclick='ShowLastImage();'";
if (currentImageIndex == 0) {
btnFirst += " disabled='disabled'";
btnPrevious += " disabled='disabled'";
}
if (currentImageIndex == images.length - 1) {
btnNext += " disabled='disabled'";
btnLast += " disabled='disabled'";
}
var button2 = " /></div>";
btnFirst += button2;
btnPrevious += button2;
btnNext += button2;
btnLast += button2;
var db1 = document.getElementById("divButtons");
db1.innerHTML = btnFirst + btnPrevious + btnNext + btnLast;
}
// Shows the first Image:
function ShowFirstImage() {
currentImageIndex = 0;
ShowImage();
}
// Shows the previous Image:
function ShowPreviousImage() {
if (currentImageIndex > 0) {
currentImageIndex -= 1;
ShowImage();
}
}
// Shows the next Image:
function ShowNextImage() {
if (currentImageIndex < images.length - 1) {
currentImageIndex += 1;
ShowImage();
}
}
// Shows the last image:
function ShowLastImage() {
currentImageIndex = images.length - 1;
ShowImage();
}
Points to notice
• A useful application built in a single web form and a folder with images
• The EnableScriptGlobalization feature on the ScriptManager and the ability to extract language information in javascript using Sys.CultureInfo.CurrentCulture.name.
License
Copyright (c) 2008, Ole L. Sørensen
All rights reserved.
Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
• Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
• Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the distribution.
• The names of its contributors may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this software without specific prior written permission.
THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
(The above license is based on the BSD license here: http://www.opensource.org/licenses/bsd-license.php)
Wednesday, October 1, 2008
Thinkpad X61S recovery
The laptop that I use at work, an IBM Lenovo Thinkpad X61S, has suffered a case of brain loop while installing Service Pack 1 of Visual Studio 2008 / .NET 3.5. This means, that I cannot start the computer in Windows Vista. I am now doing the following to recover Windows Vista as well as recover data:
1. During boot, pressing F8 opened an overview of boot methods, e.g. "safe mode".
2. I chose the first option: "Repair Your Computer".
3. I logged in to Rescue and Recovery with an administrator account.
4. I opened a command prompt.
5. I connected a USB hard disk.
6. I copied data from the C-drive to the USB drive.
7. I recovered the system to its initial state (as when it was delivered).
8. After that I am going to install programs etc. (e.g. VS2008/.NET 3.5 SP 1 before I work on the computer!!!!).
9. Finally I will copy data from the USB drive.
| ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Conning--2017 Insurer Mergers & Acquisitions Tactically Focused, Future Focused
HARTFORD, Conn., March 8, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- Insurer mergers and acquisitions moderated in 2017, and were focused on tactical acquisitions and divestitures to better position for future profitability, according to a new study by Conning.
"Insurer merger and acquisition activity in 2017 continued at the levels seen in 2016, which were itself a retreat from prior years' levels," said Jerry Theodorou, Vice President, Insurance Research at Conning. "These lower activity levels were due in part to the moderate economic growth and the uncertainty regarding tax reform, which finally resolved in December with passage of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act."
The Conning study, "Global Insurer Mergers & Acquisitions in 2017: Repositioning to Face the Future" tracks and analyzes both U.S. and non-U.S. insurer M&A activity across property-casualty, life-annuity and health insurance sectors. Specific transactions are detailed, and trends are analyzed across all sectors.
"Insurer mergers and acquisitions in 2017 centered around bolt-on property-casualty specialty acquisitions, run-off dispositions in both the life and property-casualty sectors, and vertical integration in the health/managed care sector," said Steve Webersen, Head of Insurance Research at Conning. "Large-scale consolidations were conspicuously absent, and the recurring theme was tactically driven divestitures and acquisitions meant to reposition insurers to face the future. The repositioning was especially evident among life insurers exiting certain geographies, products and run-off businesses. Many of the buyers were newly formed firms, attracted to the asset management opportunities afforded by life insurer portfolios. Insurers actively exited underperforming lines and entered specialty segments offering healthier growth and margin prospects."
"Global Insurer Mergers & Acquisitions in 2017: Repositioning to Face the Future" is available for purchase from Conning by calling (888) 707-1177 or by visiting www.conningresearch.com .
ABOUT CONNING ®
Conning ( www.conning.com ) is a leading global investment management firm with approximately $121 billion in global assets under management as of December 31, 2017.* With a long history of serving the insurance industry, Conning supports institutional investors, including pension plans, with investment solutions and asset management offerings, award-winning risk modeling software, and industry research. Founded in 1912, Conning has offices in Boston, Cologne, Hartford, Hong Kong, London, New York, and Tokyo.
*As of December 31, 2017, represents the combined global assets under management for the affiliated firms under Conning Holdings Limited, and Cathay Securities Investment Trust Co., Ltd. ("SITE"). SITE reports internally into Conning Asia Pacific Limited, but is a separate legal entity under Cathay Financial Holding Co., Ltd. which is the ultimate controlling parent of all Conning entities.
Contact:
Michael Warner
Conning, Inc.
860-299-2408
Mike.Warner@Conning.com
View original content: http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/conning2017-insurer-mergers--acquisitions-tactically-focused-future-focused-300607360.html
SOURCE Conning | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Soccer: Chelsea edge Man United in Cup final with Hazard penalty
May 19, 2018 / 6:18 PM / Updated 43 minutes ago Soccer: Chelsea edge Man United in Cup final with Hazard penalty Martyn Herman 1 Min Read
LONDON (Reuters) - Eden Hazard’s first-half penalty proved decisive as Chelsea salvaged their season by beating Manchester United 1-0 in the FA Cup final in what is widely-expected to be manager Antonio Conte’s swansong on Saturday. Soccer Football - FA Cup Final - Chelsea vs Manchester United - Wembley Stadium, London, Britain - May 19, 2018 Chelsea's Eden Hazard in action with Manchester United's Chris Smalling Action Images via Reuters/Andrew Couldridge
The Belgian’s searing pace earned the spot-kick in the 21st minute after forcing Phil Jones into a desperate lunging tackle and he coolly tucked it away for what proved to be the winner.
Jose Mourinho’s United were dismal in a scrappy first half and although they improved significantly after the break they were denied a record-equalling 13th FA Cup triumph and ended the season without a trophy.
Chelsea, whose Premier League title defence fizzled out into a fifth-placed finish, survived several scares but they defended superbly as Conte celebrated his first domestic cup honour as a manager having seen his side beaten by Arsenal a year ago.
It was only Mourinho’s third defeat in 15 Cup finals as a manager. Slideshow (4 Images) | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Subhrajit Saikia
Subhrajit Saikia (born 9 December 1974) is a former Indian cricketer who played domestic cricket for Assam cricket team. He is a left-handed batsman who bowled right-arm medium pace. Saikia made his first-class debut for Assam in the 1993/94 season of Ranji Trophy. He played 43 first-class matches with highest score of 127 and 29 List A matches.
Saikia was the coach of Assam cricket team during 2012/13 domestic season. Under his tenure as coach the team became the runners up of 2013 Vijay Hazare Trophy. It was Assam's biggest achievement in domestic cricket so far. | WIKI |
0
Having a one-to-many relation, I am trying to get records in the accounts table where only one record exists in the accounts_prop table.
I have the following query, but it does not do the desired. The query returns records with more records in the accounts_prop table.
select *
from `accounts`
where exists (
select *
from `accounts_prop`
where `accounts`.`account_id` = `accounts_prop`.`account_id`
and `von` >= '2017-08-25'
having count(account_id) = 1
) limit 3
1
Setup sample data:
create table accounts (account_id int, von datetime);
insert into accounts (account_id, von) values (1,'2017-08-01'), (2,'2017-09-01'), (3,'2017-10-01');
create table accounts_prop (account_id int, propname varchar(30));
insert into accounts_prop (account_id, propname) values (1,'pname1'), (2,'pname1'), (2,'pname2'), (3,'pname1');
Sample data joined together:
select a.account_id,
a.von,
ap.propname
from accounts a
join accounts_prop ap
on a.account_id = ap.account_id
order by 1,2,3;
account_id | von | propname
---------- | ------------------- | --------
1 | 2017-08-01 00:00:00 | pname1
2 | 2017-09-01 00:00:00 | pname1
2 | 2017-09-01 00:00:00 | pname2
3 | 2017-10-01 00:00:00 | pname1
Proposed query:
select a.*
from accounts a
where a.von >= '2017-08-25'
and (select count(*)
from accounts_prop ap
where ap.account_id = a.account_id) = 1
order by 1,2;
account_id | von
---------- | -------------------
3 | 2017-10-01 00:00:00
Here's a dbfiddle for the above.
0
Edit: Just saw that you were asking for MySQL. This won't work as MySQL has no support for analytical functions.
The following should work on MySQL now (SQLFiddle):
SELECT
accounts.*
FROM
accounts
JOIN accounts_prop
ON accounts.account_id = accounts_prop.account_id
AND von >= '2017-08-25'
GROUP BY accounts.account_id
HAVING count(1) = 1
LIMIT 3
Old Solution:
One way to tackle this would be using a window function to count rows by account_id and filtering on that:
SELECT * FROM (
SELECT
accounts.*,
count(1) OVER (PARTITION BY accounts.account_id) row_count
FROM
accounts
JOIN accounts_prop ON
accounts.account_id = accounts_prop.account_id AND von >= '2017-08-25'
) sub
WHERE row_count = 1
LIMIT 3
• From the OP's comment on my answer, they might actually be using MariaDB, if that matters. – Oreo Aug 25 '17 at 11:17
• Then my first solution might even work. Don't have access to MariaDB test instance unfortunately to verify – Werter Aug 25 '17 at 11:24
• the query alone works if I do not use where statemant – fefe Aug 25 '17 at 12:20
0
You are trying to COUNT() stuff without grouping your data with a GROUP BY clause.
Try this:
SELECT `accounts`.*
FROM `accounts`
INNER JOIN (
SELECT `accounts_prop`.`account_id`
FROM `accounts_prop`
WHERE `von` >= '2017-08-25'
GROUP BY `accounts_prop`.`account_id`
HAVING COUNT(account_id) = 1
) AS `accounts_prop`
ON `accounts`.`account_id` = `accounts_prop`.`account_id`
LIMIT 3
• Thanks for feedback. Adding group by does not solve the problem in my case – fefe Aug 25 '17 at 8:33
• Hmm, interesting. Try my new edit. – Oreo Aug 25 '17 at 8:37
• this has some syntax errors – fefe Aug 25 '17 at 9:43
• I don't actually have MySQL installed on my machine, so I can't test out the syntax errors... Did you try Werter's answer to your question? – Oreo Aug 25 '17 at 9:52
• on mariadb does not work – fefe Aug 25 '17 at 10:10
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Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question. | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Production at Libya's Sharara oil field returns to normal after protest: NOC
TRIPOLI (Reuters) - Production from Libya’s largest oil field was returning to normal after being briefly disrupted by armed protesters who broke into a control room in the coastal city of Zawiya, the National Oil Corporation (NOC) said on Monday. A pipeline supplying jet fuel and gasoline from Zawiya to Tripoli that the protesters had also closed has reopened, the NOC added. Libya’s Sharara field has been producing about 270,000 barrels a day (bpd), accounting for about a quarter of the country’s output. It has been key to a revival in Libya’s oil production, which climbed to more than 1 million bpd in late June from just over 200,000 bpd a year ago. Libya has been exempted from an OPEC-led push to cut global production and bolster oil prices, and the recovery of the North African country’s output has complicated the bloc’s efforts to curb supply. The NOC gave no reason for the protest in Zawiya, which began on Sunday, forcing oil workers to gradually reduce production from Sharara which is located in Libya’s south west. A local shipping source said loading operations in Zawiya had also been affected. The tanker Dubai Beauty was due to load 750,000 barrels at Zawiya on Tuesday, the source said. The NOC operates Sharara in a partnership with Repsol, Total, OMV and Statoil. The field has seen several brief shutdowns after it was reopened in December following a two-year blockade of the Sharara-Zawiya pipeline. Armed groups have frequently targeted oil facilities across Libya in recent years in order to press financial or political demands. “The armed protesters were evacuated from the control room, pumping returned to its natural level and production is being restored,” the NOC said. NOC Chairman Mustafa Sanalla, who has campaigned to end blockades, restated a plea to local factions not to disrupt oil supplies, which represent Libya’s only significant source of income. “Personal grievances and demands cannot be resolved through inflicting harm on everyone, and closure tactics are an unacceptable negotiating method,” Sanalla was quoted as saying in the NOC statement. Reporting by Ayman al-Warfalli, Ahmad Ghaddar and Ahmed Elumami; Writing by Aidan Lewis; Editing by Greg Mahlich and David Holmes | NEWS-MULTISOURCE |
Ex Models
Ex Models is an American no wave-influenced post-hardcore band based in Brooklyn, New York.
Career
The band, based around brothers Shahin and Shahryar Motia, was started while they were in high school. They reunited after college to make their first album, Other Mathematics, released in 2001 on Ace Fu Records. The subject of their lyrics ranges from sex to Jean Baudrillard and his philosophy about simulacra.
Their second album, Zoo Psychology, was released two years later. By this time, bass guitarist Mike Masiello left the band. Zach Lehrhoff replaced him, providing vocals as well.
By 2005, the band had been reduced to the duo of Shahin and Zach and a third album, Chrome Panthers, was released marking a new direction, even more repetitive and minimalist, which the band dubbed "Fundustrial Noise". Contributing on record, and occasionally live, was drummer Kid Millions of Oneida.
In 2007, the 'classic' line-up of both Motias, Zach and drummer Jake Fiedler performed in NYC's East River Park. However, the reunion with Fiedler was short-lived, with the remaining three commencing to play out as Knyfe Hyts, a more metal-oriented outfit.
Other activities
Ex Models are active in the Brooklyn music scene and are also in side bands. Shahin has played with The First Lady Of Cuntry and the Cunts and Zach in The Seconds, Pterodactyl, and with Marnie Stern. In 2010, Shahin was a member of Oneida.
Members
* Shahin Motia - vocals/guitar
* Zach Lehrhoff - vocals/bass guitar or guitar
* Shahryar Motia - guitar
* Jake Fiedler - drums
Former
* Mike Masiello - bass guitar
* Kid Millions - drums (guest)
Discography
* Albums
* Other Mathematics (2001, Ace Fu Records)
* Zoo Psychology (2003, Frenchkiss Records)
* Chrome Panthers (2005, Troubleman Unlimited)
* Splits, compilations, LPs
* This Is Next Year: A Brooklyn-Based Compilation (2001, Arena Rock Recording Co.)
* U.S. Pop Life Vol. 13 Northeast New Core (2001, Contact Records) (Japan Only)
* Ex Models/The Seconds Pink EP (2002, My Pal God Records)
* Raw Wild Love 7-inch (2002, X-Mist Records)
* Sonik Mook Experiment Vol. 3: HOT SHIT (2003 Mute/Blast First)
* Zoo Psychology LP (2003, X-Mist Records)
* Ex Models/Holy Molar split 7-inch EP (2004, Three One G)
* Chrome Panthers LP (European Edition) (2005, X-Mist) | WIKI |
Talk:Conocotocko I
Conflicting information in different sources
There are conflicting authorities on the subject of the identity of this and other Cherokee chiefs, as well as the relevant dates. According to the 1999 book The Cherokees and Their Chiefs: In the Wake of Empire by Stan Edward Hoig, University of Arkansas Press, "Old Hop" died in 1760 and was succeeded by Kanagatucko, also known as "Standing Turkey." Similar information appears in a footnote on page 111 of the 2007 book The Memoirs of Lt. Henry Timberlake: The Story of a Soldier, Adventurer, and Emissary to the Cherokees, 1756-1765 by Duane H. King, published by the The University of North Carolina Press, which says that Williams incorrectly identified Kanagatucko (who became civil chief of Chota after Old Hop's death in December 1760) as "Old Hop." Both of these sources are contrary to the current version of this article. --Orlady (talk) 00:04, 20 July 2008 (UTC)
* Kanagatucko and his nephew Kunagadoga, (whose names translate to "Stalking Turkey" and "Standing Turkey" respectively) were two different people with unfortunately (for historians) very similar names in either language. Chuck Hamilton (talk) 21:50, 2 May 2010 (UTC)
More on the name
The name was perhaps a problem even in 1761. The Amherst letters (British Manuscript Project, reel 34/40) include a speech given by Colonel Stephen to the Cherokees, 20 November 1761. It starts with "Gonocotocko". This seems more likely to be Kanagatucko than Kunagadoga, which would suggest that Kanagatucko was alive in 1761, unless Stephen got his names mixed up. A transcription of the speech is below (any errors are mine): Colonel Stephen's speech to the King & Governor, Warriors and other Headmen of the Cherokee Nation.
Gonocotocko,
You have brought to this camp a Copy of the Treaty of Peace which Governor Bull has made with the Cherokee Nation, and it is impossible to doubt but you & your People are sensible of the Generosity & Favourable terms granted to them.
You have escaped very happily! Had you not Prevented it by your earnest solicitations of Peace, the troops under Colonel Grant marching into your Country on one side, whilst the number you see here extend it on the other, must have Effectively ruined your Nation.
A Peace is now concluded, upon your Nations Promising to Perform certain Conditions, but as you are a People without law, without order, or subordination; and as your rash young men can do whatever they Please with impunity, contrary to the advice of your old & wise People; I beg leave to ask you how you can be answerable to their Performing the Conditions upon which the Peace is granted to them.
The case is this: whilst your People are wise and observe this Treaty you will find your Elder Brother the English your best Friends. There will be large quantities of Goods brought to this Post, & you will have the advantage of trading here, or in South Carolina as it best suits your interest.
Your Elder Brother by his situation here, resembles an arm of the Great King stretched over the mountain between you & your Northern Enemies, to Protect you from them; whilst your People behave well they may Hunt Promiscuously with the Warriors & English to be left at this Post, always remembering that the Peace is made with Virginia, North Carolina, and all the King's Subjects as well as with the People of South Carolina.
But if your Young men are rash, & commit any outrage, you and your leading men shall be first informed of it, & it will be expected that you will do Justice, & Punish the offender; But if you are deaf to this application & delay such Punishment, there will be at this Post a sett of Warriors accustomed to fight from their infancy; who will seize and Punish the offender according to the nature of his crime.
Camp at the Great Island
November 20th 1761 Hattrick (talk) 08:55, 23 January 2013 (UTC)
Not colonial
Colonial implies at some level being under the power of a foriegn authorit. Kanagatucko never recognied auhority beyond the Cherokees. He should not be classed as colonial.John Pack Lambert (talk) 23:02, 17 November 2012 (UTC)
* This is one of a number of discussions (started by John Pack Lambert) that are forked from Categories for discussion/Log/2012 November 16. Rather than conduct discussions of this topic in a dozen different places, let's have just one discussion. Please continue the discussion at the WP:CFD page. --Orlady (talk) 06:10, 18 November 2012 (UTC)
Requested move 26 December 2017
The result of the move request was: Page moved. (non-admin closure) sami talk 00:14, 3 January 2018 (UTC)
Kanagatucko → Connecorte – Virtually all modern scholarship refers to Old Hop as "Connecorte". This includes leading scholars in Cherokee history, such as Oliphant, Tortora, Dowd, and Starr among others. He gives his name as Connacorte in a letter collectively written by the Upper Cherokees to Governor Glen as well (Documents Relating to Indian Affairs, 1750-1754, McDowell, 486). Given that Old Hop will typically be listed as Connecorte in book indexes, it makes more sense for his name to be given in a way that will be more identifiable. Omniferous (talk) 20:35, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
* OPPOSED [now changed: see below]: Henry Timberlake, who actually knew Old Hop, called him "Kanagatucko" in his memoirs. The Tennessee Historical Magazine used the name in an article in 1922. I'm not opposed to moving this page in principle, but the actual best option for the average person looking to find an article on the subject would be to move it back to "Old Hop". Chuck Hamilton (talk) 23:12, 26 December 2017 (UTC)
* FURTHER INFO: I edited the sentence previously here because it was incorrect. According to Raymond Evans in his article, "Notable Persons in Cherokee History: Ostenaco", Connecorte was indeed the same person as Old Hop, although he incorrectly states that Stalking Turkey and Standing Turkey were the same, both referring to Connecorte. Connecorte was Stalking Turkey; Cunne Shote was Standing Turkey. That is, in truth, not the case. Chuck Hamilton (talk) 01:45, 28 December 2017 (UTC)
* FURTHERMORE: I change my opinion to APPROVE, provided the link here forwards to the new location and that Kanagatucko is listed as one of the "aka"s.
| WIKI |
Quintilian
Marcus Fabius Quintilianus (c. 35 – c. 100), was a Roman rhetorician. His De Institutione Oratoria was widely referred to in medieval schools of rhetoric and in Renaissance writing.
De Institutione Oratoria (c. 95 AD)
* Falsa enim est querela, paucissimis hominibus vim percipiendi quae tradantur esse concessam, plerosque vero laborem ac tempora tarditate ingenii perdere. Nam contra plures reperias et faciles in excogitando et ad discendum promptos. Quippe id est homini naturale, ac sicut aves ad volatum, equi ad cursum, ad saevitiam ferae gignuntur, ita nobis propria est mentis agitatio atque sollertia.
* It is a complaint without foundation that "to very few people is granted the faculty of comprehending what is imparted to them, and that most, through dullness of understanding, lose their labor and their time." On the contrary, you will find the greater number of men both ready in conceiving and quick in learning, since such quickness is natural to man. As birds are born to fly, horses to run, and wild beasts to show fierceness, so to us peculiarly belong activity and sagacity of understanding.
* Book I, Chapter I, 1; translation by Rev. John Selby Watson
* Laudem virtutis necessitati damus.
* We give to necessity the praise of virtue.
* Book I, Chapter VIII, 14
* Compare: "To maken vertue of necessite", Geoffrey Chaucer, Canterbury Tales, "The Knightes Tale", line 3044
* Atque eam natura ipsa videtur ad tolerandos facilius labores velut muneri nobis dedisse, si quidem et remigem cantus hortatur; nec solum in iis operibus in quibus plurium conatus praeeunte aliqua iucunda voce conspirat, sed etiam singulorum fatigatio quamlibet se rudi modulatione solatur.
* Rev. John Selby Watson's translation:
* Nature herself, indeed, seems to have given music to us as a benefit, to enable us to endure labors with greater facility, for musical sounds cheer even the rower; and it is not only in those works in which the efforts of many, while some pleasing voice leads them, conspire together that music is of avail, but the toil even of people at work by themselves finds itself soothed by song, however rude.
* H. E. Butler's translation:
* Indeed nature itself seems to have given music as a boon to men to lighten the strain of labour: even the rower in the galleys is cheered to effort by song. Nor is this function of music confined to cases where the efforts of a number are given union by the sound of some sweet voice that sets the tune, but even solitary workers find solace at their toil in artless song.
* Book I, Chapter X, 16
* Quamlibet multa egerimus, quodam tamen modo recentes sumus ad id quod incipimus. quis non obtundi potest, si per totum diem cuiuscunque artis unum magistrum ferat? mutatione recreabitur sicut in cibis, quorum diversitate reficitur stomachus et pluribus minore fastidio alitur.
* Rev. John Selby Watson's translation:
* However many things we may have done, we are yet to a certain degree fresh for that which we are going to begin. Who, on the contrary, would not be stupified if he were to listen to the same teacher of any art, whatever it might be, through the whole day? But by change a person will be recruited, as is the case with respect to food, by varieties of which the stomach is re-invigorated and is fed with several sorts less unsatisfactorily than with one.
* H. E. Butler's translation:
* However manifold our activities, in a certain sense we come fresh to each new subject. Who can maintain his attention, if he has to listen for a whole day to one teacher harping on the same subject, be it what it may? Change of studies is like change of foods: the stomach is refreshed by their variety and derives greater nourishment from variety of viands.
* Book I, Chapter XII, 5
* Adeo facilius est multa facere quam diu.
* So much easier is it to do many things than to do one thing for a long time continuously.
* Book I, Chapter XII, 7; translation by H. E. Butler
* Vtrubique autem orator meminisse debebit actione tota quid finxerit, quoniam solent excidere quae falsa sunt: verumque est illud quod vulgo dicitur, mendacem memorem esse oportere.
* In either case the orator should bear clearly in mind throughout his whole speech what the fiction is to which he has committed himself, since we are apt to forget our falsehoods, and there is no doubt about the truth of the proverb that a liar should have a good memory.
* Book IV, Chapter II, 91; translation by H. E. Butler
* Compare: "Liars ought to have good memories", Algernon Sidney, Discourses on Government, chapter ii, section xv.
* Alternate translation for "solent excidere quae falsa sunt": False things tend to be forgotten
* Primum est igitur ut apud nos valeant ea quae valere apud iudicem volumus, adficiamurque antequam adficere conemur.
* Accordingly, the first essential is that those feelings should prevail with us that we wish to prevail with the judge, and that we should be moved ourselves before we attempt to move others.
* Book VI, Chapter II, 28; translation by H. E. Butler
* Quare non ut intellegere possit sed ne omnino possit non intellegere curandum.
* We should not speak so that it is possible for the audience to understand us, but so that it is impossible for them to misunderstand us.
* Book VIII, Chapter II, 24
* Modesto tamen et circumspecto iudicio de tantis viris pronuntiandum est, ne, quod plerisque accidit, damnent quae non intellegunt.
* H. E. Butler's translation:
* But modesty and circumspection are required in pronouncing judgment on such great men, since there is always the risk of falling into the common fault of condemning what one does not understand.
* Book X, Chapter I, 26
* Rev. John Selby Watson's translation:
* Yet students must pronounce with diffidence and circumspection on the merits of such illustrious characters, lest, as is the case with many, they condemn what they do not understand.
* Note: The Latin for "They condemn what they do not understand" is Damnant quod non intellegunt. (Damnent quae non intellegunt, as in the original text, is in the subjunctive mood.
* Historia et scribitur ad narrandum non ad probandum.
* History is written for the purpose of narration and not in order to give proof.
* Book X, Chapter I, 31
* Nihil enim rerum ipsa natura voluit magnum effici cito, praeposuitque pulcherrimo cuique operi difficultatem: quae nascendi quoque hanc fecerit legem, ut maiora animalia diutius visceribus parentis continerentur.
* For it is an ordinance of nature that nothing great can be achieved in a moment, and that all the fairest tasks are attended with difficulty, while on births as well she has imposed this law, that the larger the animal, the longer should be the period of gestation.
* Book X, Chapter III, 4; translation by H. E. Butler
* Compare: Natura non facit saltus
* Pectus est enim quod disertos facit, et vis mentis.
* For it is feeling and force of imagination that makes us eloquent.
* Book X, Chapter VII, 15
* Qui stultis videri eruditi volunt stulti eruditis videntur.
* Those who wish to appear wise among fools, among the wise seem foolish.
* Book X, Chapter VII, 21
* See also: An X among Ys, a Y among Xs
* Sit ergo nobis orator quem constituimus is qui a M. Catone finitur vir bonus dicendi peritus, verum, id quod et ille posuit prius et ipsa natura potius ac maius est, utique vir bonus.
* Let the orator whom I propose to form, then, be such a one as is characterized by the definition of Marcus Cato, a good man skilled in speaking. But the requisite which Cato has placed first in this definition—that an orator should be a good man—is naturally of more estimation and importance than the other.
* Book XII, Chapter I, 1; translation by Rev. John Selby Watson
* Mutos enim nasci et egere omni ratione satius fuisset quam providentiae munera in mutuam perniciem convertere.
* For it had been better for men to be born dumb and devoid of reason than to turn the gifts of providence to their mutual destruction.
* Book XII, Chapter I, 2; translation by H. E. Butler
* Neque enim tantum id dico, eum qui sit orator virum bonum esse oportere, sed ne futurum quidem oratorem nisi virum bonum. Nam certe neque intellegentiam concesseris iis qui proposita honestorum ac turpium via peiorem sequi malent, neque prudentiam, cum in gravissimas frequenter legum, semper vero malae conscientiae poenas a semet ipsis inproviso rerum exitu induantur.
* I do not merely assert that the ideal orator should be a good man, but I affirm that no man can be an orator unless he is a good man. For it is impossible to regard those men as gifted with intelligence who on being offered the choice between the two paths of virtue and of vice choose the latter, nor can we allow them prudence, when by the unforeseen issue of their own actions they render themselves liable not merely to the heaviest penalties of the laws, but to the inevitable torment of an evil conscience.
* Book XII, Chapter I, 3; translation by H. E. Butler
* Videor mihi audire quosdam (neque enim deerunt umquam qui diserti esse quam boni malint) illa dicentis: "Quid ergo tantum est artis in eloquentia? cur tu de coloribus et difficilium causarum defensione, nonnihil etiam de confessione locutus es, nisi aliquando vis ac facultas dicendi expugnat ipsam veritatem? Bonus enim vir non agit nisi bonas causas, eas porro etiam sine doctrina satis per se tuetur veritas ipsa."
* But I fancy that I hear some (for there will never be wanting men who would rather be eloquent than good) saying "Why then is there so much art devoted to eloquence? Why have you given precepts on rhetorical coloring and the defense of difficult causes, and some even on the acknowledgment of guilt, unless, at times, the force and ingenuity of eloquence overpowers even truth itself? For a good man advocates only good causes, and truth itself supports them sufficiently without the aid of learning."
* Book XII, Chapter I, 33; translation by Rev. John Selby Watson
* Et hercule quantumlibet secreta studia contulerint, est tamen proprius quidam fori profectus, alia lux, alia veri discriminis facies, plusque, si separes, usus sine doctrina quam citra usum doctrina valeat.
* To say the truth, whatever improvement private study may produce, there is still a peculiar advantage attendant on our appearance in the forum, where the light is different and there is an appearance of real responsibility quite different from the fictitious cases of the schools. If we estimate the two separately, practice without learning will be of more avail than learning without practice.
* Book XII, Chapter VI, 4; translation by Rev. John Selby Watson
Misattributed
* Vain hopes are often like the dreams of those who wake.
* Perhaps confusion of Book VI, Chapter II, 30
* Similar to Matthew Prior: "For hope is but the dream of those that wake", Solomon on the Vanity of the World, book iii, line 102.
* Similar to Diogenes Laërtius: "The question was put to him [Aristotle], what hope is; and his answer was, 'The dream of a waking man.'" The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers, Book V, Chapter I. | WIKI |
Crete's diversity is not only reflected by the total number of rare plant species but also by the wild animals living on the White Mountains. The Kri Kri, also known as Agrimi, which means the wild one, are untamed goats that are thought to have been brought to Crete from Asia during the Minoan Era.
It was considered a sacred animal, and, according to mythology, it nourished with its milk the little Zeus.
Their character is similar to the one of the Cretan people, independent, intelligent, shy and tough, since it can survive in the rugged Cretan mountains. They rest during the day and avoid people, while in their social organization females live in herds of up to 20 members and males tend to live lonely. Their horns are impressive and you can recognize them on a dark band that stretches from head to tail. The male ones also have a beard.
The Kri-Kri is the only wild goat species still living in Europe.
There are still only about 2,000 Kri-kri Goats on Crete and they are considered vulnerable, due to hunting or reproduction with the normal goats. | FINEWEB-EDU |
Martyna Byczkowska
Martyna Byczkowska (born 26 November 1995) is a Polish actress.
Biography
Martyna Byczkowska was born in Gdynia and grew up in Gdańsk and Kartuzy. She moved to Warsaw at the age of 18 to attend the National Academy of Dramatic Art, and graduated in 2019. | WIKI |
github.com/enaml-ops/enaml/enamlbosh
because (en)ough with the y(aml) already
License
Apache-2.0
Install
go get github.com/enaml-ops/enaml/enamlbosh
Documentation
Enaml
Because (EN)ough with the y(AML) already
wercker status
Intent
• deployment manifests as testable code
• so no one has to write another bosh deployment manifest in yaml again.
Sample
how to use the enaml core to develop OMG product plugins
Download the latest binary release for your OS from: https://github.com/enaml-ops/enaml/releases/latest
create golang structs for job properties from a release
# user @ MacBook-Pro in ~/stuff/sample [00:00:00]
$ wget https://github.com/enaml-ops/enaml/releases/download/v0.0.11/enaml
# user @ MacBook-Pro in ~/stuff/sample [00:00:00]
$ #target the bosh release you with to enamlize
$ enaml generate https://bosh.io/d/github.com/cf-platform-eng/docker-boshrelease\?v\=27
Could not find release in local cache. Downloading now.
136929594/136929594
completed generating release job structs for https://bosh.io/d/github.com/cf-platform-eng/docker-boshrelease?v=27
WARNING: You may see a warning similar to the following:
2016/08/22 17:01:16 W0822 17:01:16.225166 3622 generate.go:47] ******** Recommended creating custom yaml marshaller on GorouterJob for RoutingApi ********
This is warning is letting you know that by default, the RoutingApi field in the generated GorouterJob struct will not be marshalled. The most common reason for this is that the code generator combined multiple YAML objects into a single struct. When this happens, you'll want to create a custom marshaller.
The convention is to place a new file alongside the original, with an __marshal.go_ suffix. In this file, add a MarshalYAML function to the autogenerated struct, and return an object that marshals to your desired output.
In this example, we put some fields of RoutingApi under the routing_api YAML key, and other fields under routing-api:
package gorouter
// MarshalYAML implements the yaml.Marshaler interface.
func (j *GorouterJob) MarshalYAML() (interface{}, error) {
result := make(map[string]interface{})
if j.Nats != nil {
result["nats"] = j.Nats
}
if j.MetronEndpoint != nil {
result["metron_endpoint"] = j.MetronEndpoint
}
if j.RequestTimeoutInSeconds != nil {
result["request_timeout_in_seconds"] = j.RequestTimeoutInSeconds
}
if j.Uaa != nil {
result["uaa"] = j.Uaa
}
if j.Dropsonde != nil {
result["dropsonde"] = j.Dropsonde
}
if j.Router != nil {
result["router"] = j.Router
}
// The routing API is the tricky part that enaml can't solve alone.
// Some of the fields are under "routing_api", and others are under
// "routing-api".
if j.RoutingApi != nil {
result["routing_api"] = map[string]interface{}{
"enabled": j.RoutingApi.Enabled,
}
result["routing-api"] = map[string]interface{}{
"port": j.RoutingApi.Port,
"auth_disabled": j.RoutingApi.AuthDisabled,
}
}
return result, nil
}
When code generation completes, you'll see the resulting code in the enaml-gen directory:
# user @ MacBook-Pro in ~/stuff/sample [00:00:00]
$ ls
enaml-gen
# user @ MacBook-Pro in ~/stuff/sample [00:00:00]
$ #golang packages have been generated for all job properties in the give release version
$ ls enaml-gen/
broker-deregistrar cf-containers-broker docker swarm_agent
broker-registrar containers fetch-containers-images swarm_manager
use the generated structs in your plugin
package main
import (
"github.com/enaml-ops/pluginlib/pcli"
"github.com/enaml-ops/pluginlib/product"
"github.com/enaml-ops/stuff/sample/enaml-gen/docker"
)
func main() {
product.Run(&MyProduct{
DockerRef: new(docker.Docker),
})
}
type MyProduct struct{
DockerRef docker.Docker
}
func (s *MyProduct) GetProduct(args []string, cloudconfig []byte) []byte {
return []byte("")
}
func (s *MyProduct) GetFlags() (flags []pcli.Flag) {
return
}
func (s *MyProduct) GetMeta() product.Meta {
return product.Meta{
Name: "myfakeproduct",
}
}
maybe you've got a manifest but dont know how to maintain it (ie. key/cert/pass rotation, or automated component scaling, etc)
package main
import (
"fmt"
"io/ioutil"
"os"
"github.com/enaml-ops/enaml"
)
//this will take a manifest scale its instance counts and return a new manifest
func main() {
originalFileBytes, _ := ioutil.ReadFile(os.Args[1])
enamlizedManifest := enaml.NewDeploymentManifest(originalFileBytes)
for i, job := range enamlizedManifest.Jobs {
job.Instances += 1
enamlizedManifest.Jobs[i] = job
}
ymlBytes, _ := enaml.Paint(enamlizedManifest)
fmt.Println(string(ymlBytes))
}
#then call it
$> go run main.go my-cf-manifest.yml > my-scaled-cf-manifest.yml
how your deployment could look
package concourse
import (
"github.com/enaml-ops/enaml"
"github.com/enaml-ops/enaml-concourse-sample/releasejobs"
)
var (
DefaultName = "concourse"
DirectorUUID = "asdfasdfasdf"
StemcellAlias = "trusty"
)
func main() {
enaml.Paint(NewDeployment())
}
type Deployment struct {
enaml.Deployment
Manifest *enaml.DeploymentManifest
}
func NewDeployment() (d Deployment) {
d = Deployment{}
d.Manifest = new(enaml.DeploymentManifest)
d.Manifest.SetName(DefaultName)
d.Manifest.SetDirectorUUID(DirectorUUID)
d.Manifest.AddReleaseByName("concourse")
d.Manifest.AddReleaseByName("garden-linux")
d.Manifest.AddStemcellByName("ubuntu-trusty", StemcellAlias)
web := enaml.NewInstanceGroup("web", 1, "web", StemcellAlias)
web.AddAZ("z1")
web.AddNetwork(enaml.Network{"name": "private"})
atc := enaml.NewInstanceJob("atc", "concourse", releasejobs.Atc{
ExternalUrl: "something",
BasicAuthUsername: "user",
BasicAuthPassword: "password",
PostgresqlDatabase: "&atc_db atc",
})
tsa := enaml.NewInstanceJob("tsa", "concourse", releasejobs.Tsa{})
web.AddJob(atc)
web.AddJob(tsa)
db := enaml.NewInstanceGroup("db", 1, "database", StemcellAlias)
worker := enaml.NewInstanceGroup("worker", 1, "worker", StemcellAlias)
d.Manifest.AddInstanceGroup(web)
d.Manifest.AddInstanceGroup(db)
d.Manifest.AddInstanceGroup(worker)
return
}
func (s Deployment) GetDeployment() enaml.DeploymentManifest {
return *s.Manifest
}
Development
Enaml uses Glide to manage vendored Go dependencies. Glide is a tool for managing the vendor directory within a Go package. As such, Golang 1.6+ is recommended.
1. If you haven't done so already, install glide and configure your GOPATH.
2. Clone enaml to your GOPATH: git clone https://github.com/enaml-ops/enaml $GOPATH/src/github.com/enaml-ops/enaml
3. Install dependencies: cd $GOPATH/src/github.com/enaml-ops/enaml && glide install
4. Run the enaml tests go test $(glide novendor)
5. Build the enaml executable go build -o $GOPATH/bin/enaml cmd/enaml/main.go | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
Talk:Gangster: A Love Story
Oliver Shanti
The song is Sacral Nirvana not Mantra. I made Oliver Shanti a link. --Rsrikanth05 (talk) 09:08, 3 April 2008 (UTC)
Article title
Please read "Naming conventions (films)" before moving this page again. Thank you! Gabbe (talk) 15:34, 16 May 2012 (UTC)
External links modified
Hello fellow Wikipedians,
I have just modified 2 external links on Gangster (2006 film). Please take a moment to review my edit. If you have any questions, or need the bot to ignore the links, or the page altogether, please visit this simple FaQ for additional information. I made the following changes:
* Added archive https://web.archive.org/web/20150826102806/http://www.boxofficeindia.com:80/Movies/movie_detail/gangster__a_love_story to http://boxofficeindia.com/Movies/movie_detail/gangster__a_love_story
* Corrected formatting/usage for http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=286&catName=MjAwMC0yMDA5
Cheers.— InternetArchiveBot (Report bug) 20:06, 7 January 2017 (UTC)
Requested move 14 June 2023
The result of the move request was: not moved. (closed by non-admin page mover) C LYDE TALK TO ME/STUFF DONE (please mention me on reply) 00:15, 22 June 2023 (UTC)
Gangster: A Love Story → Gangster (2006 film) – Remove tagline per TAGLINE. DareshMohan (talk) 11:46, 14 June 2023 (UTC) The discussion above is closed. Please do not modify it. Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.
* Oppose WP:NATURAL overrides this, since the title would need to be disambiguated without the tagline. ᴢxᴄᴠʙɴᴍ (ᴛ) 13:52, 14 June 2023 (UTC)
* Oppose per Zxcvbnm. Current title is more WP:NATURAL, and I'm not convinced that the subtitle "A Love Story" constitutes a tagline. ModernDayTrilobite (talk • contribs) 18:34, 21 June 2023 (UTC) | WIKI |
Page:Points of friction.djvu/284
for laughter. "Penrod's efforts—with the aid of a pin—to effect a transference of living organism were unsuccessful; but he convinced himself forever that a spider cannot walk with a beetle's legs." It is funny to those who relish the fun. If it does not, as Mr. Pater advises, make suffering ridiculous, it makes sympathy ridiculous, as being a thing more serious than the occasion warrants. The reader who is not amused tries to forget the incident, and hurries cheerfully on.
A more finished example of callous gaiety, and one which has been more widely appreciated, may be found in a story called "Crocker's Hole," by Blackmore. It tells how a young man named Pike, whom "Providence" had created for angling (the author is comfortably sure on this point), caught an old and wary trout by the help of a new and seductive bait. The over-wrought, over-coloured beauty of Blackmore's style is 272 | WIKI |
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Anatomy clinical correlates: Vertebral canal
Assessments
Anatomy clinical correlates: Vertebral canal
Questions
0 / 9 complete
Questions
USMLE® Step 1 style questions USMLE
7 questions
USMLE® Step 2 style questions USMLE
9 questions
Preview
A 33-year-old woman presents to OB-triage for evaluation of uterine contractions. The patient is 37 weeks gestation and is admitted for labor induction. Once roomed, the anesthesia team begins preparation for administration of analgesia via placement of a catheter in the spine. Following the procedure, the patient has full mobility of the lower extremities and can still feel her contractions. She has no sensation in her pelvic floor and perineum. This procedure involved the administration of an anesthetic agent into which of the following anatomic sites?
Transcript
Our spinal cord is protected by a strong vertebral canal; however, it’s still vulnerable to a variety of clinical conditions. Being able to recognize and identify these clinical conditions can help us understand the functional deficits that coincide with those conditions, and ultimately allow us to treat them.
The spinal cord transmits information from both motor neuron branches and sensory neuron branches between the brain and the rest of the body.
One way we can test whether there is injury to the spinal cord and disruption of these neuronal pathways is eliciting the autonomic tendon reflexes, you know, when the doctor hits your knee with a tendon hammer you automatically kick him?
This occurs because when you hit the tendon with a tendon hammer, stretch receptors in the muscle tendon send afferent impulses to the spinal cord, through their cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglion, which synapse with alpha motor neurons in the anterior horn.
These alpha motor neurons then transmit an automatic efferent signal back to the muscle leading to a contraction in the muscle.
All you have to do is locate the muscle tendon, get the individual to fully relax the muscle, and strike the tendon with a tendon hammer. Testing tendon reflexes can give important information about a patient’s condition.
Eliciting testing tendon reflexes can tell us if there is damage to a particular nerve route, to an area of the spinal cord or brain, or the general state of a patient’s entire peripheral nervous system which can be affected in things such as diabetes and motor neuron disease.
Testing tendon reflexes can also help us to determine different myotome levels that may be affected during nerve dysfunction.
Now remember, a myotome is a group of muscles innervated by a single spinal level, however it is difficult to test a single myotome as each muscle is innervated by multiple spinal levels.
Therefore, clinically when we test tendon reflexes we are gaining information on multiple myotomes.
The commonly affected tendon reflexes and their associated myotomes tested in clinical practice, as well as a little memory trick, are: The brachioradialis and biceps tendon which test myotome C5 and C6 to ‘pick up sticks’, the triceps tendon which tests C6, C7 and C8 to ‘make your arm straight’, the patellar tendon which tests L2, L3 and L4 to ‘kick the door’, and the achilles tendon which tests S1,S2 to ‘buckle your shoe’.
One of the most commonly talked about injuries to the spinal cord is disc herniation, which often results in nerve compression and spinal cord radiculopathy which affects the motor and sensory function of that nerve.
Before we get into this, let's start with some basic anatomy. The intervertebral disc has a rounded region in its center called the nucleus pulposus, and the nucleus pulposus is surrounded by a fibrous ring called the annulus fibrosus.
Disc herniation typically occurs during forward flexion of the vertebral column. This compresses the disc anteriorly and stretches it posteriorly pushing the nucleus pulposus posteriorly, and it is more likely if there is violent hyperflexion of the vertebral column.
Herniation of the nucleus pulposus usually extends posterolaterally. This is because posteriorly the annulus fibrosus is thinner and doesn’t receive support from either the posterior longitudinal ligament or anterior longitudinal ligament.
This type of herniation is more likely to cause symptoms because it’s close to the spinal nerve roots. If there is degeneration of the annulus fibrosus, then the nucleus pulposus can actually herniate into the vertebral canal itself, causing impingement of the spinal cord or cauda equina.
Posterolateral herniations of the nucleus pulposus are most common in the lumbar and lumbosacral region. More specifically they usually occur at the L4-L5 or L5-S1 levels.
When intervertebral discs herniate, that affects the nerve root corresponding to the inferior level of the herniated disc.
This is because spinal nerves in the lumbar region exit the intervertebral foramen superior to the level of the herniated disc.
So for example, a herniated disk at the L4-L5 level will not impinge spinal nerve L4 because it exits the intervertebral foramen above the intervertebral disc located between L4 and L5, however it will impinge on the L5 nerve root because it will cross this disc on its way to exiting the intervertebral foramen between L5 and S1.
Nerve impingement causes clinical symptoms such as lower back pain, paresthesia and weakness in the territory innervated by that nerve. Pain can also be referred down the back of the legs due to this nerve impingement.
Now a particular type of pain often caused by a herniated lumbar intervertebral disc is sciatica, and this results in lower back pain, as well as radiating pain to the hips, the back of the thigh and lower legs.
Individuals may also have weakness in hip extension, knee flexion, and ankle plantarflexion, as well as an absent ankle tendon reflex.
It occurs when a herniated lumbar intervertebral disc compresses any portion of the sciatic nerve from L4-S3, however it most commonly occurs at the level of L5 or S1.
Now, any maneuver that stretches the sciatic nerve can elicit symptoms clinically. Classically, the straight leg test is used to elicit symptoms.
During this test, an individual lies on their back, and their leg is lifted while straight to flex the thigh and stretch the sciatic nerve.
Normally, no pain is present until about 80-90 degrees, where if sciatica is present pain occurs at less than 60 degrees, however this test may be variable.
Now, intervertebral disc herniation can also occur in the cervical region, almost as often as in the lumbar region.
This can be caused by chronic or sudden forced hyperflexion of the cervical region, like with a head-on collision or during sports such as football if someone makes a hit with the top of their head.
In the cervical region, when the spinal nerves exit the intervertebral foramen they cross the intervertebral disc of the same level and exit inferior to it unlike the lumbar region.
Therefore, a herniated disc in the cervical region compresses the nerve that exits at that level and not the inferior level as it would in the case of the lumbar region.
With this in mind, you might expect a cervical disc herniation to therefore affect the spinal nerve above, however we must remember that there are 8 cervical spinal nerves and only 7 cervical vertebrae so each cervical spinal nerve will exit superior to the vertebrae of the same number.
For example nerve root C6 exits the intervertebral foramen above the C6 vertebrae. And because the cervical spinal nerves cross the intervertebral disc at the same level it exits, intervertebral disc herniation in the cervical area will affect the nerve root corresponding to the inferior level of the herniated disk just like in the lumbar region.
Using the two most frequent areas of cervical disc herniation as an example, herniations that occur at the C5-C6 level would impinge the C6 nerve root, and herniation of the C6-C7 level would affect the nerve root of C7.
To make things easy, just remember no matter where you have a disc herniation, the nerve root affected typically corresponds with the same vertebral level as the vertebral body below, so like we said an L4-L5 herniation will impinge on the L5 nerve root, and a C6-C7 herniation will impinge on the C7 nerve root.
Disc protrusions resulting in cervical radiculopathy can cause pain in the neck, shoulder, arm and hand, as well as cutaneous deficits of the nerve roots affected.
Alright, lets review! Where do lumbar disc protrusions mostly occur & where do cervical disc protrusions mostly occur?
We also have two more syndromes that can affect the spinal cord, either of which can be the result of intervertebral disc herniation, fractures or other trauma, and tumor invasion.
The first involves the conus medullaris, which is the point where the spinal cord tapers and terminates in adults at the L1-L2 vertebrae, 1:50 and the branching nerves of L3 to S4 below this point which are collectively known as the cauda equina.
A lesion at the level of L1/L2 can result in conus medullaris syndrome, where a lesion below this can result in cauda equina syndrome.
Any lesion from T12 to S4 can cause damage to both the conus medullaris or cauda equina, and can result in numerous symptoms such as radicular low back pain radiating down the legs, and lower extremity .
Conus medullaris syndrome, however, typically causes symmetric bilateral lower extremity weakness in addition to a potential mixed picture of both upper and lower motor neuron signs, with a preference for upper motor neuron signs, including things such as spasticity and hyperreflexia.
This is in contrast to cauda equina syndrome which typically affects both legs but is more likely to present with asymmetric lower extremity weakness, as well as the potential for loss of the knee and ankle reflex indicative of a lower motor neuron deficit.
Furthermore, lesions in the T12 to S4 region resulting in either conus medullaris and cauda equina syndrome can cause more severe symptoms such as loss of bladder and anal sphincter control due to compression of parasympathetic innervation traveling through the pelvic splanchnic nerves in S2 to S4, as well as the classic finding of saddle anesthesia, meaning that there’s a lo
As these syndromes have the potential for severe neurological dysfunction, they require urgent evaluation, and may ultimately need surgical decompression.
Typically, when we think of damage to the nerves of the spinal cord we think of some sort of trauma or compression.
Sources
1. "Radiologic Anatomy of the Spine" Minimally Invasive Percutaneous Spinal Techniques (2010)
2. "EPIDURAL ADHESIOLYSIS" Current Therapy in Pain (2009)
3. "Prevalence of annular tears and disc herniations on MR images of the cervical spine in symptom free volunteers" European Journal of Radiology (2005)
4. "Imaging the Intervertebral Disk" Radiologic Clinics of North America (2012)
5. "Manipulative Therapy" Churchill Livingstone (2008)
6. "Pain Management" Elsevier Inc. (2006)
7. "Human Embryology" Elsevier España (2000)
8. "Orthopedic Physical Assessment" Saunders (2005)
9. "Deep tendon reflexes" Butterworths (1990)
10. "The association between post-dural puncture headache and needle type during spinal anaesthesia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis" Anaesthesi (2021) | ESSENTIALAI-STEM |
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